1.(a)What is research methodology?

Why do we need to study research methodology

before starting any research?
Research methodology refers to the process and techniques used to conduct research
studies. It involves the principles, procedures, and guidelines used to collect, analyze, and
interpret data in a systematic and objective manner. Research methodology includes various
stages such as defining the research problem, developing research questions or hypotheses,
selecting the research design, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings.
It is essential to study research methodology before starting any research because it helps
researchers to plan and conduct research studies in a more organized and efficient manner.
It ensures that the research is conducted in a systematic and rigorous manner, and the
results are reliable and valid. The knowledge of research methodology helps researchers to
identify the appropriate research design, sampling techniques, data collection methods, and
statistical analysis techniques that are suitable for their research question or hypothesis. It
also helps researchers to avoid common mistakes and biases that can affect the validity of
the results.
Furthermore, understanding research methodology is essential for evaluating and
interpreting the research findings of others. By knowing the methodology used in a study,
researchers can assess the quality and reliability of the research and determine the extent to
which the findings can be generalized to other populations or settings.
In summary, research methodology is crucial in conducting and evaluating research studies.
It provides researchers with a framework to plan and conduct research studies
systematically, ensuring that the results are reliable and valid. Therefore, it is essential to
study research methodology before starting any research.

(b) List and explain the steps involving in any typical social research process.
The social research process typically involves several interrelated steps. While the exact
steps may vary depending on the specific research question and methodology, the following
are the general steps in any typical social research process:
Identify the research problem: The first step is to identify a research problem or question
that is relevant, significant, and feasible to investigate. This involves reviewing existing
literature, discussing with experts in the field, and identifying knowledge gaps or issues that
require further investigation.

Review literature: Conduct a thorough review of existing literature to understand the state of
knowledge and identify potential research hypotheses, theories, or methodologies.+6

Develop a research design: Develop a research design that outlines the methodology, data
collection, and analysis techniques that will be used to answer the research question. The
research design should be guided by the research problem, literature review, and available
resources.
Collect data: Collect data using appropriate data collection techniques such as surveys,
interviews, observations, or experiments. Ensure that the data collected is reliable, valid,
and relevant to the research question.
Analyze data: Analyze the data using appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis
techniques. This involves organizing, summarizing, and interpreting the data to draw
conclusions that address the research question.
Interpret findings: Interpret the findings of the data analysis in light of the research question
and existing literature. This involves drawing conclusions, making recommendations, and
identifying implications for future research or practice.
Report research: Report the research in a clear, concise, and structured manner. This
includes writing a research report that presents the research question, methodology,
findings, and conclusions, and discussing the limitations and contributions of the study.
Disseminate results: Disseminate the results of the research through various channels such
as presentations, publications, or online platforms. This helps to share the findings with
others in the field and contribute to the advancement of knowledge.

2.(a) What are the differences between a research problem and a research objective?
Explain with an example.
A research problem and research objective are both important components of a research
study, but they serve different purposes and have different characteristics.
A research problem is a broad area of inquiry that is not yet fully understood or requires
further investigation. It is a question or issue that needs to be resolved, and the research
study aims to provide answers to that question or issue. A research problem is often
identified by a literature review or observation of a gap in current knowledge, and it guides
the research study by providing a clear direction.
On the other hand, a research objective is a specific, measurable, and achievable goal that
the researcher aims to achieve through the research study. It is a statement that describes
the intended outcome of the study and provides a clear framework for conducting the
research. A research objective is typically derived from the research problem and helps to
provide a focus for the research.
Here is an example to illustrate the difference between a research problem and a research
objective:
Research Problem: There is a lack of understanding of the factors that contribute to
employee job satisfaction in the healthcare industry.
Research Objective: To identify the factors that contribute to employee job satisfaction in
the healthcare industry through a survey of healthcare workers in the region.
In this example, the research problem is a broad area of inquiry that needs to be addressed,
while the research objective provides a specific and measurable goal for the study. The
research objective is derived from the research problem and guides the study's direction by
focusing on identifying the factors that contribute to employee job satisfaction in the
healthcare industry.
(b) What are the steps to follow while formulating a business research problem?
Formulating a business research problem is a critical step in conducting a research study in
the business field. A well-formulated research problem provides a clear direction for the
study and ensures that the research is relevant, feasible, and significant. The following are
the steps to follow while formulating a business research problem:
Identify the research area: Determine the broad area of inquiry that the research will focus
on. This involves reviewing existing literature, identifying knowledge gaps, and identifying a
topic of interest.
Conduct a preliminary literature review: Conduct a preliminary review of existing literature
to gain a better understanding of the research area, identify gaps in the literature, and
develop research questions.
Define the research problem: Clearly define the research problem based on the literature
review and the researcher's interests. The research problem should be specific, relevant, and
significant, and should aim to address a gap in the literature.
Determine the research objective: Develop a specific and measurable research objective that
will guide the study's direction and provide a clear framework for conducting the research.
Develop research questions: Develop research questions that will help to answer the
research problem and achieve the research objective. The research questions should be
specific, focused, and aligned with the research problem and research objective.
Determine the research approach: Determine the research approach that will be used to
collect and analyze data to answer the research questions. This may involve quantitative or
qualitative research methods, or a combination of both.
Define the research scope: Define the scope of the research, including the population,
sample size, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.
Identify potential limitations: Identify potential limitations that may affect the validity and
reliability of the research findings, and develop strategies to address them.

Example of a well-formulated business research problem:

Research Problem: The high rate of employee turnover in the retail industry is a significant
problem that affects organizational performance and profitability. However, little is known
about the factors that contribute to employee turnover in the retail industry.
Research Objective: To identify the factors that contribute to employee turnover in the retail
industry and develop strategies to reduce turnover rates.
Research Questions:
What are the factors that contribute to employee turnover in the retail industry?
How can organizational policies and practices be modified to reduce employee turnover in
the retail industry?
Research Approach: The study will use a mixed-methods approach, including a survey of
retail industry employees and qualitative interviews with managers to collect and analyze
data.
Research Scope: The study will focus on retail industry employees in a particular region, and
the sample size will be determined based on statistical power analysis.
Limitations: The study's limitations may include self-report biases, social desirability biases,
and the generalizability of the findings to other regions or industries.

3(a) Examine the merits and limitations of the observation studies in relative to survey?
Illustrate with examples.
Observation studies and survey research are two commonly used methods in social
research, each with its own strengths and limitations. Here are some of the merits and
limitations of observation studies in comparison to survey research, along with examples:
Merits of Observation Studies:
Allows for the collection of detailed and accurate data: Observation studies can provide
detailed and accurate data about behavior, actions, and interactions in natural settings.
Can be used to study complex behaviors: Observation studies can be used to study complex
behaviors that may be difficult to measure using surveys, such as nonverbal communication.
Provides a more objective measure: Observation studies provide a more objective measure
of behavior as they rely on direct observation rather than self-reported measures.
Limitations of Observation Studies:
Limited generalizability: Observational studies are typically conducted in specific settings and
may not be representative of a broader population.
Observer bias: Observational studies can be influenced by observer bias, as the observers'
interpretations of behavior can be subjective.
Ethical issues: Observation studies can raise ethical issues, such as invasion of privacy or the
use of covert observation.

Example of an observation study: An observation study may be conducted in a classroom

setting to examine the teacher's teaching methods and how students respond to them. The
study may involve direct observation of the teacher and students in the classroom to collect
data on teaching methods, student behavior, and interactions.
Merits of Survey Research:
Large sample size: Survey research can be used to collect data from a large sample size,
providing a more representative view of the population.
Efficient and cost-effective: Surveys can be conducted relatively quickly and inexpensively,
making them a more efficient and cost-effective research method.
Allows for self-reported measures: Surveys can be used to collect data on attitudes, beliefs,
and opinions, which are difficult to measure using observation studies.
Limitations of Survey Research:

Subjective responses: Surveys rely on self-reported measures, which may be subject to bias
or inaccuracies due to social desirability bias or memory recall errors.

Limited data depth: Surveys may not provide a deep understanding of the phenomenon
being studied, as they are typically limited to predefined questions and answer choices.
Limited ability to measure complex behaviors: Surveys may not be suitable for measuring
complex behaviors or interactions, as they rely on self-reported measures.
Example of survey research: A survey may be conducted to examine the relationship
between job satisfaction and employee turnover. The survey may involve questions about
job satisfaction levels, work environment, and the likelihood of leaving the job. The data
collected can then be analyzed to determine the relationship between job satisfaction and
employee turnover.

(b) You wish to understand effect of music on neurological patients. Will you use
exploratory of descriptive method of research? Justify and explain broadly the method you
have selected.
In this case, the appropriate research method to use would be the descriptive method of
research.

The descriptive method of research is a type of research design that is used to describe the
characteristics of a particular phenomenon or group of people. It is a quantitative research
method that seeks to gather data that can be analyzed statistically to identify patterns and
trends.
In this case, we want to understand the effect of music on neurological patients, and the
descriptive method of research would allow us to gather data on the following:

i)The characteristics of the patients, such as their age, gender, and medical history.
ii)The type of music that is being used, such as the tempo, rhythm, and genre.
iii)The duration and frequency of exposure to the music.
iv)The effects of the music on the patients' neurological conditions, such as changes in
mood, behavior, and cognitive function..
By using the descriptive method of research, we can systematically collect and analyze data
to provide a detailed and comprehensive description of the effects of music on neurological
patients. This data can be used to identify patterns and trends in the patients' responses to
the music, and to identify any factors that may influence the effectiveness of music therapy.
In contrast, exploratory research is a type of research that is used to explore a new or
unexplored topic or phenomenon. It is a qualitative research method that seeks to gain an
understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. While exploratory research can
provide valuable insights into a particular phenomenon, it is not well-suited to providing a
detailed description of the phenomenon or identifying patterns and trends in the data.

In conclusion, the descriptive method of research is the most appropriate method to use
when we want to understand the effect of music on neurological patients. It allows us to
systematically gather and analyze data to provide a comprehensive description of the
phenomenon under investigation, and to identify patterns and trends in the data.
 4(a) Distinguish between primary data and secondary data.

Primary Data Secondary Data

Definition

Primary data are those that are collected for Secondary data refer to those data that have
the first time. already been collected by some other person.

Originality

These are original because these are These are not original because someone else
collected by the investigator for the first time. has collected these for his own purpose.

Nature of Data

These are in the form of raw materials. These are in the finished form.

Reliability and Suitability

These are more reliable and suitable for the These are less reliable and less suitable as
enquiry because these are collected for a someone else has collected the data which
particular purpose. may not perfectly match our purpose.

Time and Money

Collecting primary data is quite expensive Secondary data requires less time and money;
both in the terms of time and money. hence it is economical.

Precaution and Editing

No particular precaution or editing is required Both precaution and editing are essential as
while using the primary data as these were secondary data were collected by someone
collected with a definite purpose. else for his own purpose.

(b) What would be a source for the following secondary data? :

(i) Population, average income and employment rate for a particular organization.

(ii) Maps of U.S countries and cities.

(iii) Child mortality trend for a particular state in India.
(i) Population, average income and employment rate for a particular organization: A source
for this type of data could be the organization's annual reports or financial statements, as
they often include information on their workforce and financial performance.

(ii) Maps of U.S countries and cities: A source for this type of data could be the U.S. Census
Bureau or the National Atlas of the United States, which provide a wide range of geographic
data and maps.

(iii) Child mortality trend for a particular state in India: A source for this type of data could be
the government of India's National Health Mission or the Ministry of Health and Family
Welfare, as they often collect and publish health-related data for different states and regions
in India. Other sources could include academic research publications or international
organizations such as UNICEF or the World Health Organization.

(c) Suppose you wish to learn about the size of the soft drink market, particularly sales,
growth patterns and market shares. Indicate probable sources for these data
To learn about the size of the soft drink market, particularly sales, growth patterns, and
market shares, some probable sources for these data could include:
Industry reports and databases: There are various industry reports and databases available
that provide information on the soft drink market. These reports are often published by
market research firms and industry associations, and they typically include information on
market size, growth patterns, and market shares. Examples of such sources include
IBISWorld, Euromonitor International, and Beverage Marketing Corporation.
Company annual reports: Major soft drink companies such as Coca-Cola and PepsiCo publish
annual reports that include information on their sales and market share, as well as their
financial performance and growth strategies.
Government statistics: National governments often collect and publish data on the food and
beverage industry, including the soft drink market. For example, in the United States, the
U.S. Census Bureau and the U.S. Department of Agriculture collect data on beverage
consumption and sales.

Trade publications: Trade publications such as Beverage Industry and Beverage World often
provide insights into the soft drink industry, including news and trends, market analysis, and
sales data.

Academic research: Academic researchers often conduct studies on the soft drink industry,
which can provide valuable insights into market size, growth patterns, and market shares.
Such studies are often published in academic journals and can be accessed through
academic databases such as JSTOR and Google Scholar.
5(a) What are the guiding phases in the construction of a questionnaire? Explain.
The construction of a questionnaire involves several phases that are critical to ensure that
the questionnaire is valid, reliable, and effective in collecting the desired data. The guiding
phases in the construction of a questionnaire are as follows:
Define the research objectives: The first step in constructing a questionnaire is to clearly
define the research objectives and the research questions that the questionnaire will
address. This involves identifying the variables that will be measured and the population
that will be surveyed.

Determine the type of questions: The second step is to determine the type of questions that
will be included in the questionnaire. These may include open-ended questions, closed-
ended questions, or a combination of both. Closed-ended questions typically provide a
limited set of response options, while open-ended questions allow respondents to provide
their own answers.
Draft the questions: The third step is to draft the questions that will be included in the
questionnaire. The questions should be clear, concise, and unambiguous, and they should be
designed to collect the desired data.
Pilot test the questionnaire: The fourth step is to pilot test the questionnaire with a small
sample of respondents to identify any problems with the questions, such as confusion,
ambiguity, or bias. The feedback from the pilot test can be used to revise and improve the
questionnaire.
Finalize the questionnaire: The final step is to finalize the questionnaire based on the
feedback from the pilot test. This involves reviewing the questions for clarity, coherence, and
relevance, and making any necessary revisions.
Overall, the construction of a questionnaire requires careful planning, drafting, and testing
to ensure that the questionnaire is effective in collecting the desired data. By following these
guiding phases, researchers can develop questionnaires that are valid, reliable, and effective
in achieving their research objectives.

(b) Design four open -ended and four close – ended response questions to measure
consumer satisfaction with an airline.
Four open-ended questions to measure consumer satisfaction with an airline:
i)What did you like about your experience with the airline?
ii)What improvements would you suggest to the airline to enhance your experience?
iii)Can you describe a specific instance where the airline exceeded your expectations?
iv)Do you have any additional comments or feedback about your experience with the
airline?
Four close-ended questions to measure consumer satisfaction with an airline:
i)On a scale of 1-10, how satisfied were you with your experience with the airline?

ii)Did you experience any delays or cancellations during your flight?

Yes
No
iii)How likely are you to recommend this airline to others?
Very Likely

Likely
Neutral
Unlikely
Very Unlikely
iv)Did the airline meet your expectations in terms of comfort and amenities?

Yes, completely
Yes, somewhat
No, not really
No, not at all

6.(a) What are the types of hypothesis? Explain with examples.

Hypothesis is an important component of the research process that helps to guide the
research design and data analysis. There are two types of hypotheses:
Null hypothesis: A null hypothesis is a statement that suggests there is no relationship or
difference between two variables. It is typically denoted as H0 and is the starting point for
statistical analysis. In other words, the null hypothesis assumes that any observed
differences between groups or relationships between variables are due to chance.
Example: There is no significant difference in the mean scores of males and females on a
standardized test.

Alternative hypothesis: An alternative hypothesis is a statement that suggests there is a

relationship or difference between two variables. It is typically denoted as Ha and is the
opposite of the null hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis is tested against the null
hypothesis in order to determine if there is evidence to support it.
Example: The mean scores of males and females on a standardized test are significantly
different.

In addition, there are two types of alternative hypotheses:

i) One-tailed alternative hypothesis: A one-tailed alternative hypothesis is a statement that

suggests a specific direction of the relationship or difference between two variables. It is
typically used when there is a priori reason to expect a particular direction of the
relationship or difference.
Example: The mean scores of males on a standardized test are significantly higher than the
mean scores of females.
ii) Two-tailed alternative hypothesis: A two-tailed alternative hypothesis is a statement that
suggests a relationship or difference between two variables without specifying a particular
direction. It is typically used when there is no prior reason to expect a particular direction of
the relationship or difference.
Example: The mean scores of males and females on a standardized test are significantly
different.

(b) Distinguish between Type – I and Type – II error.

Type I error and Type II error are two types of errors that can occur in hypothesis testing.
Type I error is also known as a false positive. It occurs when a researcher rejects a null
hypothesis that is actually true. This means that the researcher concludes that there is a
significant difference between groups or a significant relationship between variables when
there isn't one. Type I error is usually denoted as alpha (α), which represents the level of
significance of the test. A higher alpha value increases the likelihood of making a Type I
error.
Type II error is also known as a false negative. It occurs when a researcher fails to reject a
null hypothesis that is actually false. This means that the researcher concludes that there is
no significant difference between groups or no significant relationship between variables
when there actually is one. Type II error is usually denoted as beta (β), which represents the
probability of failing to reject a null hypothesis when it is false. A higher beta value increases
the likelihood of making a Type II error.
To illustrate the difference between the two errors, let's use an example of a medical test.
Suppose a new medical test is developed to detect a rare disease, and the null hypothesis is
that the test does not accurately detect the disease. A Type I error would occur if the test
indicates that a person has the disease when they do not, leading to unnecessary treatment
and stress for the patient. A Type II error would occur if the test indicates that a person does
not have the disease when they actually do, leading to a missed diagnosis and delayed
treatment.
In summary, Type I error occurs when a researcher rejects a true null hypothesis, while Type
II error occurs when a researcher fails to reject a false null hypothesis.

(c) Should every research problem have a hypothesis? Explain with examples.
Not every research problem requires a hypothesis. However, having a hypothesis can help to
guide the research and provide a clear direction for the study. A hypothesis is a statement
that proposes a relationship between variables or predicts an outcome based on existing
knowledge or theory. It is a tentative explanation that can be tested through research.
In some cases, the research problem may not require a hypothesis because the study is
exploratory in nature and aims to generate new ideas or hypotheses for future research. For
example, a researcher may want to explore the experiences of people living with a particular
chronic illness, without having a specific hypothesis in mind.
In other cases, the research problem may lend itself to a hypothesis because there is existing
knowledge or theory that can be used to make a prediction. For example, a researcher may
hypothesize that there is a positive relationship between physical activity and mental health,
based on previous research studies that have found such a relationship.
Overall, whether or not a research problem requires a hypothesis depends on the nature of
the problem and the research question being asked. If there is existing theory or knowledge
that can be used to make a prediction, then formulating a hypothesis can be useful.
However, if the research problem is exploratory in nature or there is no existing theory or
knowledge to draw from, then a hypothesis may not be necessary.

7.(a) Differentiate between basic research and applied research.

Basic research, also known as fundamental or pure research, is conducted with the aim of
advancing knowledge and understanding in a particular field of study. It is typically driven by
curiosity and the desire to explore new ideas and concepts, rather than by practical
applications. The findings from basic research may not have any immediate or obvious
applications, but they contribute to the overall body of knowledge in a particular field and
may lead to practical applications in the future. Examples of basic research include studies
that explore the basic mechanisms of biological processes, the fundamental principles of
physics or chemistry, or the underlying causes of social phenomena.
Applied research, on the other hand, is conducted with the aim of solving practical problems
or addressing real-world issues. It is focused on developing solutions to specific problems or
improving existing products, processes, or services. The findings from applied research are
typically more immediately useful and applicable than those from basic research, and they
are often used to inform decision-making in various fields, including business, engineering,
healthcare, and public policy. Examples of applied research include studies that develop new
technologies, improve medical treatments, or investigate the effectiveness of a particular
educational program.

(b) Differentiate between research method and research methodology.

Research method refers to the specific techniques, tools, and procedures that are used to
collect and analyze data in a research study. It involves selecting appropriate methods for
data collection, such as surveys, experiments, case studies, or observations, and applying
statistical or qualitative techniques to analyze the data.
Research methodology, on the other hand, refers to the broader theoretical framework and
principles that guide the entire research process. It includes the overall approach to
conducting research, the design of the study, the selection of research methods, the
interpretation of findings, and the generalization of results. Research methodology is
concerned with the scientific and systematic approach to conducting research, and it
provides the foundation for the research study.

(c) Outline the different steps involved in a business research process.

Defining the research problem: The first step in any research process is to clearly define the
problem or question that the research aims to address. This involves identifying the key
issues or challenges facing the business, and developing a clear research question or
hypothesis.
Conducting a literature review: Once the research problem has been defined, the next step
is to review the existing literature on the topic. This involves gathering information from a
range of sources, such as academic journals, industry publications, and government reports,
to gain a thorough understanding of the current state of knowledge on the subject.

Formulating a research design: Based on the research problem and literature review, the
researcher will develop a research design that outlines the specific methods and techniques
that will be used to collect and analyze data. This may involve selecting a sample population,
choosing a data collection method (such as surveys, interviews, or observations), and
identifying appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis techniques.
Collecting data: With the research design in place, the researcher will begin collecting data
from the chosen sources. This may involve conducting surveys or interviews with customers,
analyzing sales data or financial records, or conducting experiments to test hypotheses.
Analyzing data: Once the data has been collected, the researcher will analyze it using
appropriate statistical or qualitative analysis techniques. This may involve running regression
analyses, conducting factor analyses, or coding qualitative data for thematic patterns.
Drawing conclusions: Based on the data analysis, the researcher will draw conclusions about
the research question or hypothesis. This may involve identifying patterns or trends in the
data, testing the significance of relationships or differences, or developing new theories or
models to explain the findings.
Communicating results: Finally, the researcher will communicate the results of the research
in a clear and concise manner, typically in the form of a research report or presentation. This
may involve using visual aids such as charts or graphs to illustrate key findings, and providing
recommendations for future research or action based on the results.

8. What is measurement? What are the scales of measurement? What are the advantages
of ration scale over an interval scale? Are these advantages significant? What information
does the scales of measurement provide?
Measurement is the process of assigning numbers or symbols to objects or events in order
to describe and quantify them. In research, measurement involves the use of various scales
of measurement to describe different aspects of a phenomenon.

There are four basic scales of measurement:

Nominal Scale: This is the simplest form of measurement, where numbers are used to
categorize data into mutually exclusive categories. Examples include gender (male or
female), occupation (doctor, lawyer, teacher), or marital status (married, divorced, single).
Ordinal Scale: This scale categorizes data in a similar way to nominal scales, but also implies
an order or ranking of the categories. Examples include a restaurant rating system (excellent,
good, fair, poor) or levels of education (elementary, high school, college).
Interval Scale: This scale measures the distance between intervals in addition to categorizing
data. It has a meaningful zero point and equal intervals between points on the scale.
Examples include temperature measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit, or IQ scores.
Ratio Scale: This scale has all the characteristics of interval scales, but also includes a true
zero point, meaning that ratios of values can be calculated. Examples include weight, height,
and income.

The advantages of a ratio scale over an interval scale include the ability to calculate
meaningful ratios between values, which is not possible with an interval scale. For example,
a weight of 100 pounds is twice as much as a weight of 50 pounds, but this cannot be stated
for an interval scale such as temperature. These advantages are significant, as they allow for
more precise and meaningful comparisons and analyses of data.
The scales of measurement provide important information about the nature of the data
being collected, and the type of statistical analyses that can be used on the data. For
example, nominal data can only be analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests, while
interval and ratio data can be analyzed using parametric tests such as t-tests or ANOVA.
Additionally, the scales of measurement also provide information about the level of
precision and accuracy of the data being collected, which is important for drawing valid
conclusions from the research.

9. What is random sampling? Types of random sampling with examples.

Random sampling is a statistical technique used in research to select a subset of individuals
or units from a larger population, where each member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected for the sample. This is done in order to ensure that the sample is
representative of the larger population, and to reduce bias in the research findings.

There are several types of random sampling, including:

Simple Random Sampling: In this method, each member of the population has an equal
chance of being selected for the sample. This can be done using a random number generator
or a random selection process. For example, if a researcher wanted to select a sample of 100
students from a school with 1000 students, they could assign each student a number and
then use a random number generator to select 100 numbers from the list.

Systematic Random Sampling: In this method, the sample is selected by choosing every nth
member of the population. For example, if a researcher wanted to select a sample of 100
employees from a company with 1000 employees, they could select every 10th employee on
a list of employees.
Stratified Random Sampling: In this method, the population is divided into subgroups or
strata based on certain characteristics, and then a random sample is selected from each
subgroup in proportion to their size in the population. For example, if a researcher wanted
to select a sample of 100 voters from a city with 5000 voters, they could divide the voters
into subgroups based on age or gender, and then select a proportional sample from each
subgroup.
Cluster Random Sampling: In this method, the population is divided into clusters or groups,
and then a random sample of clusters is selected for the study. For example, if a researcher
wanted to study the health of people in a certain neighborhood, they could randomly select
several streets or blocks within the neighborhood, and then sample individuals from those
areas.

Overall, random sampling is a crucial tool in research for ensuring that the sample is
representative of the larger population, and for reducing bias in the findings.
10(a) Under what conditions are observation studies most appropriate?
Observation studies are most appropriate under certain conditions, such as:
(i)When the research question involves studying naturally occurring behavior or phenomena
that cannot be manipulated or controlled by the researcher.
(ii)When the research question involves studying sensitive or personal behaviors, such as
drug use or sexual activity, that may be difficult to capture through self-report measures.

(iii)When the research question involves studying behaviors or phenomena that are difficult
to recall or report accurately, such as the amount of time spent on a certain activity or the
frequency of certain behaviors.
(iv)When the research question involves studying group dynamics or interactions in a
naturalistic setting, such as in a workplace or social setting.

(v)When the research question involves studying the physical environment or characteristics
of a specific location, such as in a natural habitat or urban area.

Observation studies can provide valuable insights into human behavior and social
phenomena, but they also have limitations. For example, the researcher may have limited
control over the environment and the behaviors being studied, and may encounter
difficulties in accurately recording and interpreting the data. Additionally, observation
studies may be time-consuming and resource-intensive, as the researcher may need to
spend significant amounts of time observing the target population.

(b) Outline a research design using observation for the following situations: A bank wishes
to collect data on the number of customer services and the frequency of customers use for
this service.
Research design using observation for the following situation could be:

1.Define the research problem: The bank wishes to collect data on the number of customer
services and the frequency of customers using this service.
2.Determine the research objective: To understand the number of customer services and
frequency of customers using the service at the bank.
3.Determine the population and sampling: The population for this study would be all the
customers who visit the bank. A random sampling technique can be used to select a
representative sample of customers who will be observed.
4.Determine the observation method: The observation method used will be a structured
observation method. In this method, the observer will use a checklist to record the number
of customers using each service and the frequency of usage.
5.Determine the observation location and duration: The observation will be conducted at
the bank premises during regular business hours for a week.
6.Pilot testing: Pilot testing of the observation method will be done to ensure that the
observer is able to accurately record the data.
7.Data collection: Data will be collected by the observer using the structured observation
method.
8.Data analysis: The data collected will be analyzed using descriptive statistics to determine
the number of customers using each service and the frequency of usage.
Reporting and presentation of findings: The findings of the study will be presented in a
report that outlines the number of customers using each service and the frequency of usage.
The report will also include recommendations for improving customer service at the bank
based on the findings.

11. Construct a questionnaire for the following survey: TV viewer’s opinion on a specific
news program.
Here is a sample questionnaire for a survey on TV viewers' opinion on a specific news
program:

What is your age?

a) Under 18
b) 18-24
c) 25-34
d) 35-44

e) 45-54
f) 55 or above
What is your gender?
a) Male
b) Female

c) Other
How frequently do you watch the news program?
a) Daily
b) Weekly
c) Monthly
d) Rarely
e) Never

How much do you trust the news program?

a) Completely
b) Somewhat
c) Not sure
d) Not very much

e) Not at all
What is your overall opinion of the news program?
a) Excellent
b) Good
c) Fair

d) Poor
e) Very Poor

How well does the news program cover local news stories?
a) Excellent

b) Good
c) Fair
d) Poor
e) Very Poor
How well does the news program cover national news stories?

a) Excellent
b) Good
c) Fair
d) Poor
e) Very Poor
How well does the news program cover international news stories?
a) Excellent
b) Good
c) Fair

d) Poor
e) Very Poor
How well does the news program present a balanced view of the news?
a) Excellent
b) Good

c) Fair
d) Poor
e) Very Poor
Do you think the news program presents news stories in a way that is easy to understand?
a) Yes

b) No
c) Not sure
Would you recommend the news program to a friend or family member?
a) Yes
b) No

c) Not sure
Is there anything you would like to see changed or improved about the news program?
Thank you for taking the time to complete this survey. Your feedback is greatly appreciated.

12(a) Distinguish between ‘Semantic differential scale’ and ‘Likert scale’. Give examples.

Both Semantic Differential Scale and Likert Scale are popular methods of measuring attitudes
or opinions. However, they differ in the way they are structured and in the way they are
used.

Semantic Differential Scale:

Semantic Differential Scale is a measurement tool that uses a set of bipolar adjectives or
phrases to rate the degree of sentiment towards an object, person or concept. The
respondent is asked to rate the object on a scale of 1 to 7 or 1 to 5. For example, a
respondent might be asked to rate a brand of coffee using pairs of adjectives such as
'good'/'bad', 'tasty'/'tasteless', 'expensive'/'inexpensive', etc.

Example of Semantic Differential Scale:

Rate the brand of coffee on the following scales:

Good/Bad
Tasty/Tasteless
Expensive/Inexpensive

Likert Scale:
Likert Scale is a measurement tool that uses a statement and asks respondents to indicate
their level of agreement or disagreement on a five-point scale ranging from 'strongly agree'
to 'strongly disagree'. For example, a respondent might be asked to indicate their agreement
or disagreement with a statement such as 'I enjoy drinking coffee' on a scale of 1 to 5.

Example of Likert Scale:

Indicate your level of agreement with the following statement:
Strongly disagree
Disagree

Neither agree nor disagree

Agree
Strongly agree
I enjoy drinking coffee.
Key Differences:

Semantic Differential Scale uses bipolar adjectives, whereas Likert Scale uses statements.
Semantic Differential Scale asks respondents to rate the degree of sentiment towards an
object, while Likert Scale asks respondents to indicate their level of agreement or
disagreement with a statement.
Semantic Differential Scale has a fixed number of scales, whereas Likert Scale can have a
varying number of scales.
Semantic Differential Scale focuses on one or more dimensions, while Likert Scale focuses on
a single dimension.
Both Semantic Differential Scale and Likert Scale are popular and effective tools for
measuring attitudes or opinions. The choice of which to use may depend on the specific
research question and the type of data required.
(b) Outline a suitable Likert scale to examine the corporate image of bank measured by its
location, number of branches, timing, service quality, etc.
A Likert scale is a type of rating scale that measures the respondent's attitude towards a
particular statement or statement set. Here's an example of a Likert scale for examining the
corporate image of a bank:
Please indicate your level of agreement with the following statements regarding the
corporate image of the bank:
i)The location of the bank is convenient for me.
Strongly agree, Agree, Neither agree nor disagree, Disagree, Strongly disagree
ii)The number of branches of the bank is satisfactory.

Strongly agree, Agree, Neither agree nor disagree, Disagree, Strongly disagree
iii)The bank's timing suits my requirements.
Strongly agree, Agree, Neither agree nor disagree, Disagree, Strongly disagree
iv)The service quality of the bank is excellent.
Strongly agree, Agree, Neither agree nor disagree, Disagree, Strongly disagree

v)I would recommend this bank to others.

Strongly agree, Agree, Neither agree nor disagree, Disagree, Strongly disagree
In this example, the respondents are asked to rate their level of agreement with the given
statements on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree. The
statements are chosen to capture different aspects of the corporate image of the bank.

13. What is “interviewing” as a method of data collection? What are the reasons for non-
responses in personal interviews? How would you control non-responses?
Interviewing is a method of data collection that involves obtaining information through face-
to-face interactions between the interviewer and the respondent. This method can be used
for both qualitative and quantitative research and can involve structured or unstructured
questions. The interviewer seeks to gain insight into the respondent's attitudes, beliefs,
experiences, and perceptions related to the research topic.
Reasons for Non-responses in Personal Interviews:
Non-responses in personal interviews can occur for a variety of reasons, such as:
i)Time Constraints: The respondent may not have sufficient time to participate in the
interview due to their busy schedule.
ii)Lack of Interest: The respondent may not be interested in the research topic or may not
see the relevance of the study to their personal experiences.

iii)Shyness or Social Anxiety: Some respondents may feel uncomfortable or anxious in social
situations, which may make them hesitant to participate in personal interviews.

iv)Language Barrier: The respondent may not be fluent in the language in which the
interview is being conducted, which may make it difficult for them to express themselves
adequately.

v)Privacy Concerns: Some respondents may be concerned about the confidentiality of their
responses, especially if the research topic is sensitive.

Controlling Non-responses:
To control non-responses in personal interviews, researchers can take several steps:
i)Provide incentives: Researchers can offer incentives such as gift cards or cash payments to
encourage participation.
ii)Increase familiarity: Researchers can build rapport and increase familiarity with the
respondents by introducing themselves and explaining the purpose of the study.
iii)Ensure privacy and confidentiality: Researchers can ensure that the interview
environment is private and that respondents feel comfortable expressing their opinions
without fear of judgment or repercussions.
iv)Allow flexibility: Researchers can offer flexible scheduling options to accommodate the
respondent's availability.
v)Use clear language: Researchers should use clear and simple language to ensure that
respondents understand the questions being asked.
vi)Train interviewers: Researchers should provide interviewers with comprehensive training
to ensure that they follow a standardized approach and maintain a professional demeanor
during the interview.
In conclusion, personal interviews are an effective method for collecting data, but non-
responses can be a challenge. By providing incentives, increasing familiarity, ensuring privacy
and confidentiality, allowing flexibility, using clear language, and training interviewers,
researchers can control non-responses and obtain high-quality data for their study.
14(a) 3 examples of different situations where you might use secondary data as a part of
your research.
Market research: Suppose a company wants to introduce a new product in the market. They
can use secondary data such as market reports, government statistics, and trade association
publications to gather information on market size, consumer preferences, and competitor
strategies. By analyzing the data, the company can make informed decisions about product
design, pricing, and marketing strategies.
Health research: A researcher studying the prevalence of a particular disease in a population
may use secondary data such as medical records, national health surveys, and hospital
discharge data to obtain information about the disease incidence and risk factors. The
researcher can use this information to develop a hypothesis, design a study, and collect
primary data to test the hypothesis.
Social research: Suppose a researcher wants to study the effects of poverty on academic
performance among children. The researcher can use secondary data such as census data,
school district data, and national education statistics to identify areas with high poverty rates
and compare academic performance across different regions. By analyzing the data, the
researcher can gain insight into the relationship between poverty and academic
achievement and develop a research question to investigate further.
(b) Differentiate between an experiment and survey.
Experiments and surveys are two common methods of data collection in research. The main
differences between them are:
Purpose: Experiments are typically used to test causal relationships between variables, while
surveys are used to gather information on people's opinions, attitudes, behaviors, and
characteristics.
Control: In experiments, researchers manipulate one or more independent variables to
observe the effect on a dependent variable, while controlling for extraneous variables that
may affect the outcome. Surveys do not involve manipulation of variables, and researchers
do not have as much control over extraneous variables.
Setting: Experiments are typically conducted in controlled laboratory settings, while surveys
can be conducted in a variety of settings, including in person, over the phone, online, or
through mail.
Sample size: Experiments generally involve smaller sample sizes than surveys, as they are
often more resource-intensive and time-consuming. Surveys can be administered to larger
sample sizes, making them more representative of the population being studied.
Analysis: Experiments often involve statistical analysis to test hypotheses and determine
causality, while surveys may involve both descriptive and inferential statistics to summarize
and draw conclusions from the data.
15. Differentiate between nominal and ordinal scale.
Nominal Scale: A nominal scale is the simplest level of measurement used to categorize data
into mutually exclusive categories or groups. In nominal scales, data is classified into
categories based on name, label or an attribute. The categories have no intrinsic order or
ranking, and they are often represented by numbers or codes for convenience. Examples of
nominal scale include gender (male/female), race/ethnicity (Caucasian, African American,
Hispanic, etc.), marital status (married, single, divorced, widowed), and so on.
Ordinal Scale: An ordinal scale is a level of measurement that categorizes data into ordered
or ranked categories. In other words, the data has a specific order, but the intervals between
each category may not be equal. Ordinal scales often use numbers, letters or symbols to
represent the rank or order. Examples of ordinal scale include ratings (poor, fair, good,
excellent), education levels (primary, secondary, tertiary), socioeconomic status (low, middle,
high), and so on.
The key difference between nominal and ordinal scales is that nominal scales have no
intrinsic order or ranking, whereas ordinal scales have ordered categories or ranks.

16(a) Simple random sampling. Explain with examples and the merits and demerits.
Simple random sampling is a statistical technique used to collect data from a population. In
this method, every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the
sample. This means that each member of the population has an equal probability of being
selected. This method is widely used in research because it is easy to understand and
implement.
For example, suppose we want to select a sample of 100 students from a college with 1000
students. We can assign a unique number to each student, and then randomly select 100
numbers from the list using a random number generator or a table of random numbers. The
students whose numbers are selected will be included in the sample.

Merits of Simple Random Sampling:

i)It is unbiased: Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for
the sample, which ensures that the sample is unbiased.
ii)It is representative: Simple random sampling provides a representative sample of the
population. Since each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected, the
sample reflects the characteristics of the population.
iii)It is easy to use: Simple random sampling is easy to use and requires minimal resources.
Demerits of Simple Random Sampling:
i)It may not be feasible for large populations: When the population is large, selecting a
sample through simple random sampling can be time-consuming and expensive.
ii)It may not be suitable for rare populations: When the population is rare or dispersed,
simple random sampling may not be an effective method to select a representative sample.
iii)It may result in a sample that is not diverse: Simple random sampling can result in a
sample that is not diverse, meaning that it may not capture the unique characteristics of the
population.
In summary, simple random sampling is a useful method for selecting a representative
sample from a population. It is unbiased, easy to use, and ensures that each member of the
population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample. However, it may not be
feasible or suitable for large or rare populations and may not capture the diversity of the
population.

(b) Cluster sampling. Explain with examples and the merits and demerits.
Cluster sampling is a probability sampling technique in which the population is divided into
clusters or groups, and a random sample of clusters is selected for inclusion in the study. The
individuals within each selected cluster are then included in the sample.
Example: Suppose a researcher wants to study the literacy level of school children in a large
city. The city has several schools, and the researcher decides to use cluster sampling to
select schools for inclusion in the study. The schools are grouped into clusters based on their
geographic location. The researcher then selects a random sample of clusters (i.e., groups of
schools) for inclusion in the study. For each selected cluster, all of the students in the chosen
schools are included in the sample.

Merits:
i)Cluster sampling is more efficient than simple random sampling, as it allows researchers to
study a large population while using fewer resources.
ii)It is easy to implement and cost-effective, as only a subset of clusters needs to be sampled,
rather than the entire population.
iii)It is particularly useful when the population is widely dispersed geographically, as it
reduces travel time and costs.

Demerits:
i)Cluster sampling is less accurate than simple random sampling, as it increases the sampling
error due to the potential variation between clusters.
ii)The clusters may not be truly representative of the population, especially if they are
chosen based on non-random criteria, such as convenience or accessibility.
iii)The sample size within each cluster may be too small, resulting in lower precision.
Overall, cluster sampling is a useful technique in situations where the population is
geographically dispersed, and the researcher wants to reduce travel costs and time.
However, it is important to be aware of the potential drawbacks, such as reduced accuracy
and the potential for biased sampling.

17. Develop a suitable scale to measure consumer’s satisfaction of a brand.

One suitable scale to measure consumer satisfaction of a brand is the "Satisfaction Scale." It
is a 5-point scale that ranges from "very satisfied" to "very dissatisfied." The scale can be
modified to include additional response options, such as "somewhat satisfied," "neither
satisfied nor dissatisfied," and "somewhat dissatisfied."

Here is an example of the Satisfaction Scale:

1.How satisfied are you with the overall quality of the brand?
a. Very satisfied
b. Somewhat satisfied
c. Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied

d. Somewhat dissatisfied
e. Very dissatisfied
2.How satisfied are you with the price of the brand? (options same as above)
3.How satisfied are you with the availability of the brand? (options same as above)
4.How satisfied are you with the customer service provided by the brand? (options same as
above)

Merits of this scale include that it is easy to administer and analyze, and it provides a
quantitative measure of satisfaction that can be compared across different brands and over
time. However, its limitations include that it may not capture the nuances of consumer
satisfaction, and it may be subject to response bias if respondents are hesitant to express
extreme satisfaction or dissatisfaction.
18(a) How do you define a research problem?
(b) What is the aim of defining a research problem?
(c)List and explain the steps of a typical research process.
a. A research problem can be defined as a specific statement or question that a researcher
wants to address through a research study. It refers to an area of concern, a gap in
knowledge, or a conflict that needs to be addressed through research. Defining a research
problem is an essential step in the research process, as it helps to identify the purpose of the
study, the scope of the investigation, and the research questions that need to be answered.
A well-defined research problem provides a clear direction to the research study, ensures
that the research is relevant and meaningful, and helps to avoid unnecessary research.

b. The aim of defining a research problem is to clearly identify the research question or issue
that needs to be investigated. Defining a research problem helps to set the scope and
boundaries of the research project, and provides a clear focus for the research process. It
helps to ensure that the research is relevant and meaningful, and that it addresses a gap in
the existing knowledge or literature. By clearly defining the research problem, researchers
can also identify the objectives of the research and the methods that will be used to
investigate the problem. Overall, defining a research problem is a crucial step in the research
process as it helps to ensure that the research is well-planned, focused, and relevant to the
intended audience.

c. The steps involved in a typical research process are:

Identify the research problem: The first step is to clearly identify and define the research
problem. This involves reviewing the literature, identifying gaps in knowledge or
understanding, and formulating a specific research question or hypothesis.
Develop a research plan: Once the research problem has been identified, a research plan
needs to be developed. This involves identifying the research methodology, determining the
sample size and selection criteria, and developing a data collection and analysis plan.
Collect data: The next step is to collect the data required to answer the research question or
test the hypothesis. This can be done through a variety of methods, including surveys,
interviews, observation, and experimentation.
Analyze the data: Once the data has been collected, it needs to be analyzed to draw
conclusions and make recommendations. This may involve statistical analysis, qualitative
analysis, or a combination of both.
Interpret the results: The results of the data analysis need to be interpreted in light of the
research question or hypothesis. This involves drawing conclusions, making
recommendations, and identifying areas for further research.
Communicate the findings: The final step is to communicate the research findings to the
intended audience. This may involve writing a research report, presenting the findings at a
conference, or publishing the results in a peer-reviewed journal.
19. What is sampling frame? Discuss the desired attributes of sampling frame.
Sampling frame refers to a list of all the individuals or units that are eligible to be included in
a sample for a particular research study. It is the source from which the sample is drawn. The
sampling frame is an important aspect of the sampling process as it helps in identifying and
selecting the appropriate sample for the research study.

The desired attributes of a sampling frame are as follows:

Accuracy: The sampling frame should be an accurate representation of the population being
studied. It should include all the individuals or units that are eligible to be included in the
study and exclude those that are not.
Completeness: The sampling frame should be complete, i.e., it should include all the
individuals or units that are eligible to be included in the study.
Non-duplication: The sampling frame should not contain any duplicate entries. Each
individual or unit should be included only once in the sampling frame.
Up-to-date: The sampling frame should be up-to-date and reflect the current population
being studied. It should be regularly updated to reflect any changes in the population.

Adequate size: The sampling frame should be of an adequate size to ensure that the sample
selected is representative of the population being studied.

Accessibility: The sampling frame should be easily accessible to the researcher. It should be
available in a format that is easy to use and manipulate.

Overall, a good sampling frame is critical to ensure the validity and reliability of a research
study's findings. It helps to ensure that the sample selected is representative of the
population being studied, which is essential for making valid inferences and generalizations.