Optics - Cheat sheet

Lucas Janssens

December 2023

Geometrical optics
Loi de Snell Descartes : n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
Loi de la réflection : θi = θr Loi de la réfraction : ni sin θi = nt sin θt
!
ni cos θi − nt cos θt E0r
Loi de Fresnel : champ E ⊥ au plan d’incidence : r⊥ = =
ni cos θi + nt cos θt E0i
⊥
!
2ni cos θi E0t
Loi de Fresnel : champ E ⊥ au plan d’incidence : t⊥ = =
ni cos θi + nt cos θt E0i
⊥
!
nt cos θi − ni cos θt E0r
Loi de Fresnel : champ E ∥ au plan d’incidence : r∥ = =
ni cos θt + nt cos θi E0i
∥
!
2ni cos θi E0t
Loi de Fresnel : champ E ∥ au plan d’incidence : t∥ = =
ni cos θt + nt cos θi E0i
∥
 n cos θ   n cos θ 
2 t t t t
R⊥ = r⊥ R∥ = r∥2 T⊥ = t2 T∥ = t2
ni cos θi ⊥ ni cos θi ∥
 n − n 2  4n n 2
t i t i
En incidence normale, θi = 0 : R = T =
nt + ni nt + ni
Bouguer’s formula : rn(r) sin i(r) = cste
CA1 IA1 n2
Dioptre sphérique : = C = centre , I = Intersection dioptre, Ai = position
CA2 IA2 n1
n2
Dioptre sphérique : point focal image SF ′ = CS S = apex
n1 − n2
n1
Dioptre sphérique : point focal objet SF = CS S = apex
n2 − n1
n1 n2 n1 − n2
Dioptre sphérique : O=C : − =
CA2 CA1 CS
A2 B2 CA2
Dioptre sphérique : Magnification : O=C : γ = =
A1 B1 CA1
n1 n2 n1 − n2
Dioptre sphérique : O=S : − =
SA2 SA1 SC
A2 B2 n1 SA2 n1 θ 1
Dioptre sphérique : Magnification : O=S : γ = = =
A1 B1 n 2 SA1 n2 θ 2
Dioptre sphérique : Lagrange-Helmholtz : n1 A1 B1 θ1 = n2 A2 B2 θ2

1
 Si |γ| < 1, l’image est plus petite que l’objet. Si |γ| > 1, l’image est plus grande que l’objet.
Si γ > 0, l’image est droite par rapport à l’objet AB, si γ < 0, l’image est renversée par rapport
à l’objet AB.
HA1 HA2
Dioptre plan : =
n1 n2
SC R −2
Mirror : f = f ′ = SF = SF ′ = = Vergence :
, V > 0 : Conv ; V < 0 : Div
2 2 SC
1 1 2
Spherical Mirror : Descartes Formula : O=C : + =
CA′ CA CS
A′ B ′ CA′
Spherical Mirror : Magnification : O=C : γ = =
AB CA
1 1 2
Spherical Mirror : Descartes Formula : O=S : ′
+ =
SA SA SC
A′ B ′ SA′
Spherical Mirror : Magnification : O=S : γ = =−
AB SA
1  1 1 
Lens : image focal length : f ′ = OF ′ Vergence : V = C = ′ = (n − 1) −
f R1 R2
!
1 1 1 (n − 1)d
Lens : Lensmaker Formula : V = ′ = (n − 1) − + Ri = Si Ci
f R1 R2 nR1 R2

1 1 1 A′ B ′ OA′
Lens Formula : O=C : ′
− = Magnification : γ = =
OA OA OF ′ AB OA
2 A′ B ′ OF ′ F ′ A′
Lens Formula : O=focal points : F A.F ′ A′ = −OF ′ Magnification : γ = = =−
AB FA OF ′
Doublet Lenses : Vergence : air-spaced doublet : V = V1 + V2 + eV1 V2
α′ A′ B ′ dm
Magnification Power : M = = dm = 0.25m
α AB f2′
Lentille convergente si f ′ > 0, lentille divergente si f ′ < 0

2
 Figure 1: Construction des images pour lentilles convergentes et divergentes

Figure 2: Nature des objets et images pour lentilles convergentes et divergentes

3
Interferences
[Scalar approximation] Monochromatic light wave : ψ(r, t) = ψ0 cos (ωt + ϕ(r))
ψ0
Convergent and divergent spherical wave : ψ(r, t) = cos (wt ± kr)
r
Plane wave equation : ψ(r, t) = ψ0 cos (ωt + ⃗k · ⃗r)
Z B Z B
1 B
Z
ds LAB
Optical Path : LAB = nds Time of propagation : τ = = nds =
A a v c a c
2π 2π
Phase difference : ∆ϕAB = LAB + ∆φ ∆φ = φ(t − τ ) − φ(t) k=
λ λ
|A1 |2 |A2 |2
Non-Synchronous sources (not the same frequency) only one active : I1 = or I2 =
2 2
Non-Synchrounous sources : simultaneously active I = I1 + I2
p
Synchronous sources : resulting intensity : I = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 ⟨cos (∆ϕ)⟩ ∆ϕ = ϕ2 − ϕ1
2π 2π
ϕi = Li + φi Li = Dist(Si , Observation) 7−→ ∆ϕ = δ + ∆φ
λ λ
Initial phase difference between two synchronous sources : ∆φ = φ2 − φ1
p
Synchronous and coherent sources : resulting intensity : I(M ) = I1 + I2 + 2 I1 I2 cos (∆ϕ(M ))
Constructive interference : ∆ϕ = 2pπ or δ = pλ
λ
Destructive interference : ∆ϕ = (2p + 1)π or δ = (2 + 1)
2
Imax − Imin
Contrast : γ = ≤1
Imax + Imin
h x i h
⃗ · ⃗r + φ)
i
Interference between two mono plane waves : I(M ) = 2I0 1+cos (2π + φ) = 2I0 1+cos (K
i
Here, φ = φ2 − φ1

⃗ · ⃗r = 4π sin α x
K i=
λD (p.26)
=
λ
≡ Fringe Spacing
λ 2 a 2 sin α/2
δ ∆ϕ
Interference order : p = =
λ 2π
n1 − n2 2n1
Fresnel Coefficient : θi small : r1→2 = t1→2 = R = |r1→2 |2 T = |t1→2 |
n1 + n2 n1 + n2
For a Lens system (air-glass-air w/ thickness = e) : δ = 2ne cos(r)
 1
For a fringe of ordre p : 2ne cos (r) = p − λ
2
I0  2π

Intensity distribution in the Michelson Interferometer (no wedge) : I(M ) = 1 + cos δ
2 λ
r
pλ
Radius of circular fringes in MI (no wedge) : rp = L 2 − L = D + 2d′ + d + 2e
e
I0  2π 
Intensity distribution in the Michelson Interferometer (wedge) : I(M ) = 1 + cos δ
2 λ
e′ (r + e′ /2)
New quantities for the MI (wedge) : e′ = 2(d + d′ )α δ= L′ = D + 2d′ + d
L′
L′ D
Radius of the fringes spacing in MI (wedge) : i = rp+1 − rp =
e

4
 I0  2π 
MI - broad sources and wedge configuration : I(M ) = 1 + C cos δ0
2 λ
e ′  e ′   πe′ 
New quantities : δ0 = ′ r + L′ = D + 2d′ + d C = sinc b
L 2 λL′
2π
Gratings : Normal Incidence - Phase difference : ∆ϕ = δ δ = a sin θ
λ
λ
Normal Incidence - Grating Formula : sin θp = p
a
2π
Gratings : Oblique Incidence - Phase difference : ∆ϕ = δ δ = a(sin θ − sin i)
λ
Oblique Incidence - Grating Formula : a(sinθp − sin i) = pλ
"
#
sin Nλπa sin θ
Rectilinear transmission grating - Intensity distribution : I(θ) = K(θ)
sin πa


λ sin θ
 T 2 1
Fabry-Perot Cavity - Intensity Distribution : I = I0  
1 − R 1 + 4R sin2 ∆ϕ
(1−R)2 2

2π
Fabry-Perot Cavity : ∆ϕ = 2ne cos θr
λ
√
π R
Fabry-Perot Cavity - Finesse : F =
1−R

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Lasers
δνD = 7, 16.10−7 ν0
p
T /M
C
I(ω) =
(ω − ω0 )2 + (γ/2)2
2nLc
∆δrt = ∆ω = 2∆kLc
c
c 1−R
∆ωc = √
nLc R
√
π R
F =
1−R
1 1 2i
= −
Q(z) R(z) kω 2
Q(z) = z = izR
 z2 
R(z) = z 1 + r2
z
q
2
ω(z) = ω0 1 + z 2 /zR

at z = 0 : ω 2 = ω02 = 2zR /k
p
ω0 = zR λ/π
πω02
zR =
λ
h i
R(z) = z 1 + (zR /z)2

ϕ(z) = arctan(z/zR )
 
1 L
Matrice de propagation libre :
0 1
 
1 0
Matrice de la lentille :
−1/f 1
 
1 0
Matrice d’un miroir de rayon R :
−2/R 1
f = R/2
h  λz 2 i
0
ω 2 (z0 ) = ω02 1 +
πω02
p
ωoptimum = λz0 /π
 L  L
g1 = 1 − g2 = 1 − 7−→ g1 = g2 ⇒ Cavité symétrique : R1 = R2
R1 R2
AQ1 + B
Q2 =
CQ1 + D
q = q0 + s = izR + s
q ′ = q0′ − s′ = izR
′
− s′
1 1 1
′
= −
q q f

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  2
 
zR
s′ − fs 1 − fs
f
=  2  2
f
1 − fs + zfR
′
zR f2
= 2
zR (f − s)2 + zR
Si cavité symétrique : R1 = R2 ⇒ Q2 = Q1
 2n
A B
Pour un nombre n d’aller :
C D
A B
Condition de non changement dans le milieu : = 1 = AD − BC
C D
Critère de stabilité : 0 ≤ g1 g2 ≤ 1 Lc < R1 + R2