PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION

PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION
ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS
IDEALISM REALISM PRAGMATISM EXISTENTIALISM PERENNIALISM ESSENTIALISM PROGRESSIVISM SOCIAL RECONSTRUCTION

Reality exists independently of human Stresses the preservation of existing

Reality is mentally constructed; ideas Focuses on action and asserts that Reality is subjective, based on individual Embraces change as an inherent part of Developed from pragmatism and
experience, determined scientifically or Believes in timeless, unchanging truths culture and societal norms as essential
1. Philosophical Treatises are the reliable form of reality due to the ideas and actions must align; rejects perceptions. Opposes objective reality life, viewing education as a tool to existentialism, serving as an extension
empirically, focusing on the physical that persist despite changes over time. for societal survival and personal
changing physical world. absolute, unchanging truth. advocated by realism. manage and adapt to societal change. of Progressivism.
world. satisfaction.

Focused on the transmission of Focuses on the individual learner, aiming Focuses on societal change and
Focus on character development through Aims for understanding the unchanging Encourages learners to learn through Emphasizes self-definition, giving Aims to develop human rationality,
essential knowledge, attitudes, and to teach problem-solving, adaptability, rebuilding society, aiming to address
2. Aims of Education absorbing ideas and personal discipline, world through inquiry and verifying ideas their own experiences, reconstructing learners control over academic decisions focusing on intellectual growth through
skills of life, emphasizing social values and practical skills necessary for an societal issues and drive social reform
teaching timeless wisdom. in the physical world. experiences to solve problems. and personal growth. the transmission of classical knowledge.
and cultural heritage. ever-changing world. through education.

Favors inductive and problem-solving Emphasizes critical pedagogy, social

Emphasis on deductive logic, rote
3. Educational Methods memory, Socratic method, and lecture
discussions.
Emphasizes inductive processes,
teaching for mastery of facts, through
experimentation, drills, and exercises.
Emphasizes experiential learning,
individualized instruction, and practical
activities over lectures.
Promotes self-realization through
journals, portfolios, and self-paced
learning with teachers as facilitators.
Emphasizes testing, periodic Relies on demonstration, drill, recitation,
techniques, emphasizes cooperative analysis, problem-based learning, and
assessment, and a structured "one size memorization, and standardized testing
learning, reflection, and experiential community-based projects to analyze
fits all" teaching approach. to impart knowledge and skills.
learning methods. and address societal issues.

Centers around socioeconomic and

Centered on dialogue and "textbook
knowledge" in literature, arts,
4. Curriculum Features
philosophy, history, religion, and
humanities.
Science, mathematics, and vocational
subjects are prioritized, focusing on
practical knowledge and skills.
Focuses on humanities, psychology,
Personalized curriculum based on
arts, self-actualization through diverse
learners' experiences, focuses on the
activities, less emphasis on math and
process of learning rather than content.
science.
Values Great Books and liberal arts, Emphasizes the "3 R's" - reading, Features a flexible and integrated
political problems, focusing on social
focusing on timeless classical writings in writing, arithmetic, and basic skills in curriculum focusing on practical
sciences and problem-based
subjects like philosophy, literature, and literature, history, mathematics, and problem-solving and group activities that
approaches that examine societal
arts. science. adapt to societal changes.
issues, past, present, and future.

Act as authorities and moral character
5. Role of Teachers
models, dispensing knowledge.
Teachers serve as trustees of cultural Teachers act as facilitators guiding Teachers act as catalysts of social
Transmit objective knowledge free from Present principles without bias, Teachers act as "sages on stage,"
Act as facilitators, guides, and and educational heritage, guiding learners in active, relevant, and realistic change, facilitating critical discussions
personal biases, teaching regularities encouraging critical examination and imparting knowledge and controlling the
challengers, students and prescribing the essential experiences, preparing them to handle on societal problems, suggesting
and rhythms of nature. personal value development. learning experiences of students.
curriculum. challenges in the real world. solutions, and promoting social reform.

Active participants engaged in

Passive receivers expected to memorize Trains senses in analyzing the physical
6. Role of Learners classics and emulate teachers'
questioning and reflection.
Central to the educative process,
learning by doing, understanding that
world, focuses on scientific reasoning
truth is what works and is proven through individuality, and take accountability for
and acquiring scientific skills.
personal experiences.
Encourages learners to explore, think,
Encouraged to discover themselves, Learners are seen as empty vessels to understanding broader societal issues,
Learners receive knowledge as passive and experience the world around them,
control their education, value be filled with essential knowledge and encouraged to use personal experiences
recipients, focusing on mastering basic allowing them to reflect on personal
must adhere to prescribed curriculum to uncover and address social problems,
subjects for intellectual cultivation. experiences and solve problems based
actions. without exploration or questioning. preparing learners to actively participate
on their perspectives.
in society as agents of change.

Evaluates learners based on problem-

Subjective evaluation via essays,
7. Learning Assessment reflection papers, focusing on logical
rigor.
Prefers assessment tools like journals,
Prefers standardized testing and
simulations, portfolios, and fieldwork to
competency testing, evaluating learners
integrate personal experiences and
using quantitative measures.
course material.
Opposes standardized testing, values
intrinsic motivation over grades, and
promotes authentic learning.
Emphasizes achievement test scores,
Stresses periodic testing, standardized
standardized testing, and mastery of
assessments, and mastery of timeless
prescribed subject matter through
knowledge for reasoning.
rigorous evaluation.
Assessments center on gauging
solving abilities, learning by doing,
students' critical-thinking, problem
individualized assessments tailored to fit
solving, and active involvement in
learning styles, emphasizing practical
addressing real-world issues.
application of knowledge.

Authoritarian with restrictive discipline,
8. Classroom Atmosphere
limiting learners' freedom.
Subject-centered, less focus on learner
interests and emotions, filled with
teaching and learning materials.
Teacher-led environment with a Classroom environment focuses on Encourages cooperative, democratic A forum for discussing pressing social
Learner-friendly, democratic, where both Nurtures individuality, rejects conformity
structured approach and a focus on lecturing, standardized textbooks, environments, promotes divergent issues, encouraging curiosity, critical
teachers and learners collaborate in to group norms, fosters diverse activities
acquiring important information and assignments, and prioritizes order and thinking, challenges, and practical thinking, and active engagement with the
defining rules and procedures. and free thinking.
principles. discipline. learning experiences. world.

Raises awareness of societal problems,

Provides scientific, technical, and Emphasizes practical thinking, fosters Maximizes intellectual development, Creates societal stability, promotes empowers learners to participate in
Creates an orderly classroom, gives Focuses on individual growth and
vocational education, preparing learners social reform, and teaches problem- Emphasizes individuality, autonomy, and clear focus on transmitting enduring consistency in education, and provides a solving these issues, emphasizes social
9. Advantages teachers control, ensures coverage of development, promotes adaptability and
for practical and beneficial solving skills aligned with learner optimism in developing learner potential. knowledge, and orderly teaching strong foundation of basic knowledge sciences for understanding societal
essential topics. preparation for a fast-changing society.
competencies. experiences. environment. and skills. dynamics and fostering civic
competence.

While promoting societal reform, it

Resists change, focuses on mental
10. Disadvantages development, neglects diverse learning
needs.
Neglects holistic learning, de- May emphasize individuality to the May neglect emotional and practical Passivity of learners, potential loss of Potential challenges in underprivileged doesn't define specific means to achieve
emphasizes ideals, values, feelings, and Criticized for lacking fixed aims and detriment of sociality, leads to multiple development, emphasizes Western memory due to rote learning, restriction communities due to financial this change, and it places sole
socialization, perceived as overly discipline, as well as over-reliance on curricula and challenges in preparing for knowledge over local culture, and can to traditional basics, and potential lag in constraints, may lack finality in students' responsibility on education, whereas
objective and neglectful of subjective personal experiences for learning. citizenship, neglects the utilitarian limit students' engagement and self- addressing contemporary needs and conclusions due to constant testing and societal change requires the
knowledge. aspect of education. expression. changes. experimentation. collaborative effort of various sectors
beyond education.