PARAGRAPH 2

Over five decades, the largest per cent changes in land use are associated with
urban areas (Figure 2.1.12, Figure 2.1.15, Figure S24). City areas doubled in 1992–
2015. The most severe increases were for tropical and subtropical savannas and
grasslands, deserts and xeric shrublands, where the urban areas tripled.
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Characteristics of an Urban area

Pre-Modern Era
Cities had to be compact enough
Roads did not have to be very wide or regular
Population size was limited.
Limited by the ability to supply the city with food.
No manufacturing done in the cities
Modern Era
Characterized by the kinds of infrastructure they provide to their residents. -
Residents are dependent on strangers
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Definition of Urban area

How 228 countries of UN define urban area.

1. Roughly half use administrative considerations - for example kapag nakatira ka
sa capital ng isang bansa

2. 51 distinguish urban and rural populations based on the size or density of

locales - sa pilipinas dapat ang density ng population is 5000 people per 1 km.
Category 1 at 86% ng mga urban areas sa pilipinas ay under

3. Functional characteristics is used to define if an area is an urban in 39

countries - Sa Pilipinas isang establishment meron atleast 100 employees Category
2. 5 establishments 10-99 employees at 5 facilities sa 2 km radius ng baranggay
hall,category 3.

4. There is no definition of the word ‘urban’ in 22 countries.

5. 8 countries define all of their residents as urban dweller. Singapore

6. Some countries in Polynesia does not define any of their residents as urban
dweller.

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Metro manila
1972, hindi pa masyadong ganap

sa 1989 naman mas nag improve yung metro manila.

sa 2006, mostly sa mga arable areas nalang nag expand yung metro manila.

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Urbanization is the number one cause of land use.

what causes ba this urbanization and increase in cultivated areas?

Population growth and cities are becoming more populated.

Anorth America nasa 80% na yung taong naninirahan sa mga Urban Areas ayon kay Moll
et al. Dagdag pa dito nung 2022, 65 milion people yung tinaas ng population natin.
Additionally, since every decade yung total forest lost natin is between 150-110
million hectares especially during 1990-2010.

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Urban areas and agricultural areas are more developed in developed countries.

Developing countries is using more land in urbanizing and expanding their

agricultuRAL lands.

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City Areas Doubled in 1992-2015

Half of the world's population are living in urban areas, and it is predicted that
by 2050, ⅔ of the population will be living in urban areas.

Kaya kung titignan natin dito sa may graph na galing sa UN na dumoble talaga yung
mga urban settlements from 1990-2018 dito sa pilipinas for example. So ano nga ba
yung cause nito?
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PARAGRAPH 3

Agricultural area increased by over 100 million hectares between 1980 and 2000
across the tropics, half at the expense of intact tropical forests (Gibbs et al.,
2010). Pasture for cattle contributed to the largest agricultural land expansion in
Latin America, with an increase of ~35 million ha in South America and ~7 million
ha in Central America (Gibbs et al., 2010). In 1980–2000, cropland area increased
by half in East Africa and a quarter in West Africa, while falling in Central
Africa (Gibbs et al., 2010). Africa lost the highest share of tropical forests in
the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s (IPBES, 2018b). In Southeast Asia tree
plantations occupy the largest share of agricultural land, which rose by 7 million
ha in 1980–2000, while by the 1990s oil palm was responsible for over 80% of the
expansion in tree plantations (Gibbs et al., 2010). Timber extraction and fuelwood
collection have also led to forest loss, while opening land for agriculture
(Haines-Young, 2009; Hooke et al., 2012). Yet, fuelwood collection is not a main
driver, as it is based on collection of dry wood
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main drivers of forest loss

Agricultural Lands
Tree plantations
Cattle Pasture Lands

Contributor in forest loss but not a main driver.

Timber extraction and fuelwood collection.

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The demand for food, feed and fuel is increasing but the agricultural land that can
be used for production is shrinking.

1-2% increase in annual crop yield.

article nila gibbs, 1% crop yield by 2050.

Indonesia, Brazil, and Malaysia increased their production in sugarcane, soybean,

and oil palm.
1980-1990 yung agricultural lands ng mga developing countries ay tumaas.

629 million ha of agricultural lands while developed countries lost 335 million ha
of agricultural land.

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Where do they create this agricultural land?

The total increase in agricultural lands is 100 million ha.

shrublands, pastures, etc

Gibbs during 1980-1990, 55% ng developments ay nangyari sa intact forests, 28% sa
disturbed forests. at 8% naman is galing sa shrublands.

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Pasture for cattle contributed to the largest agricultural expansion in Latin

America.

In Latin America, there is an increase of 35 million ha.

Increase of 7 million ha in Central America.
tmostly plain areas sila which is good for grazing.

Pero this doesnt mean na hindi na tumaas yung mga agricultural areas nila
there was an increase in the usage of intact forests to create agricultural lands
in 1980-1990
Sa South America kasi, 5 million hectares ang tinaas ng agricultural lands nila
while half naman nun is sa central america noong 1980-2000. Even though na mostly
sa forest areas nangyayari yung expansion ng agricultural lands nila, may mga
instances pa din na sa shrublands nila ito ginagawa.

Kaya kung makikita natin sa pictures, noong 1980s-1990s, sa central america mostly
sa forest areas nangyari yung mga expansion ng agricultural areas pero sa south
america mas konti yung forest areas at medyo malaki din yung shrublands na nagamit.
Pero noong year 2000, gladly na bumababa na yung usage ng forest at shrublands sa
convertion ng agricultural lands. from 73% usage of forest lands, naging 67% nalang
at from 7% usage ng shrublands, naging 4% nalang.

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Africa
13% lang ang global harvested area dito despite the fact na pangalawa yung africa
sa pinaka malaking kontinente sa mundo.

Pero tumataas na din ang number mga agricultural lands ng africa sa taon 1980-1990

Cropland area increased by 50% in East Africa, 25% in West Africa, and declined in
Central Africa.
60% of new agricultural lands came from intact forests, 35% from disturbed forests
and 5% from shrublands.

Makikita sa graph na sa central africa, noong 1980, 75% ng new agricultural lands
ay galing sa intact forest at nabawasan to ng 10 percent nung 1990. Sa east africa
naman nadagdagan ng 20% ang nagamit na intact forest sa 1990 compared noong 1980 at
sa west africa naman is mas dumami ng 20 percent ang paggamit nila ng disturbed
forest para makabuo ng agricultural land

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Southeast Asia’s agricultural lands were mostly occupied by tree plantations.

Tree plantation in southeast asia rose by 7 million ha during 1980-2000 at mostly

ng mga plantation na ito ay oil palm tree plantation since 80% ng bagong tree
plantations ay oil palm trees noong 1990s.

60% ng mga bagong agricultural lands sa southeast asia ay galing sa intacts forest
at 30% naman is sa disturbed forests. Sa southern asia naman, 35% ng new
agricultural lands ang galing sa intacts forests at 60% ang galing sa disturbed
forests. Sa mainland asia naman at sa philippines, moslty shrublands yung ginagamit
sa paggawa ng mga agricultural lands.

Yung mga pinanggagalingan ng mga agricultural lands noong 1980-2000 ay stable sa

asia pero sa tree plantation lang nag-iiba iba.

1980s most tree plantation were carved from forests, in 1990s, the conversion of
agricultural land contributed 70% to the overall tree plantation increase
Pero sinabi naman ni Pin Koh and Wilcove na more than half of the new tree
plantations were carved from forests at sabi naman nila Gibbs sa study nila na 90%
of tree plantations were from intact and disturbed forests between 1990-1997.

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Kagaya ng sinabi sa previous slide, hindi nag v-vary masyado yung lands na ginamit
para sa pag expand ng mga agricultural lands. Kaya sa graph noong 1980s at 1990s,
makikita na mostly the same yung nagamit na lands sa pag expand ng mga agricultural
lands.