Plumbing and Sanitary Systems Building Utilities 1 1

Malacañang. NAMPAP also assisted in the passage of the law

Introduction: Plumbing and Sanitary Systems creating National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA).

Definition of Plumbing Chapter 1: Water Source, Supply, & Distribution

The art and science of installing pipes, fixtures, and other apparatus to
CONVEY AND SUPPLY WATER in buildings and to DISPOSE AND WATER SOURCE
DISCHARGE WASTE WATER and other liquids, gases, and other Water is usually obtained from:
substances out of buildings in a SAFE, ORDERLY, HEALTHY AND ♡ Wells
SANITARY WAY to ensure health and sanitation of life and property. ♡ Springs
♡ City mains/ Water main/ Street main
Brief History of Plumbing
Plumbing originated during ancient civilizations ❥ Wells - a man-made hole used for recovering groundwater from the
❥ Mesopotamians - introduced the world to clay sewer pipes around water-bearing strata by digging, boring, drilling, or by any other
4000 BCE. method.
❥ Egyptians - copper piping appeared in Egypt by 2400 BCE. ♡ Dug Wells - are holes in the ground dug
❥ Romans - built aqueducts to transport water from the countryside by shovel or backhoe. They are lined
into Rome. (cased) with stones, brick, tile, or other
♡ The Romans used lead pipe as material for waterlines material to prevent collapse. Dug wells
♡ The word “plumber” was derived from the ancient Roman word have a large diameter, are shallow
“plumbarius”, which was taken from the Latin word “plumbum”, (approximately 10 to 30 feet deep), and
which means lead. are not cased continuously.
♡ Driven Wells - are constructed by driving
a pipe into the ground. Driven wells are
cased continuously and shallow (approximately 30 to 50 feet
deep). Though driven wells are cased, they can be contaminated
easily because they draw water from aquifers near the surface.
♡ Drilled Wells - are constructed by percussion or rotary-drilling
machines. Drilled wells can be thousands of feet deep and
Ancient PLUMBING Materials require the installation of casing. Drilled wells have a lower risk
a. Clay pipes/tile of contamination due to their depth and use of continuous
b. Copper pipes casing.
c. Lead pipes

PLUMBING PRACTICE in the Philippines

The birth of the plumbing profession in the Philippines is traced back to
the 17th Century.
♡ The WALLED CITY known as
INTRAMUROS was established by
the Spaniards as a model LEVELS OF WATER SYSTEM/SERVICE
community. The Friar Engineers ❥ LEVEL 1 - POINT SOURCE /STAND ALONE WATER POINTS
who built the government ♡ A protected well or developed spring with an outlet but without
buildings, residential and other distribution.
structures, incorporated European standards in their plumbing ♡ Adaptable for rural areas, serves an average of 15 households
installations. within a 250-meter distance.
♡ PLUMBING took a great leap at the turn of the 20th CENTURY ♡ Hand pump & Shallow wells
with the ARRIVAL OF THE AMERICAN soldiers, engineers,
Thomasite teachers, doctors and evangelists. HEALTH AND
HYGIENE BECAME PRIORITY when epidemics including cholera,
leprosy, schistosomiasis and other contagious diseases
engulfed the Philippines.

The start of PLUMBING TRADE ❥ LEVEL 2 - COMMUNAL FAUCET SYSTEM /STAND POST
❥ Sometime in 1902, the PLUMBING TRADE was duly recognized by ♡ A system composed of a source, a reservoir, a piped distribution
the government. The City of Manila was the model community. network, and communal faucets.
❥ Master Plumber John F. Hass became the first Chief of the Division ♡ One faucet serves 4-6 households within 25-meter distance.
of Plumbing Construction and Inspection. ♡ Adaptable for rural and urban fringed areas.
❥ Through the initiative of the Filipino Master Plumbers, a plumbing ❥ LEVEL 3 - WATERWORKS SYSTEM /INDIVIDUAL HOUSE
code based on the Plumbing Code of the United States was CONNECTIONS
incorporated into the Building Code for the City of Manila. ♡ A system with a source, a reservoir, a piped distribution network,
and households.
The Creation of NAMPAP ♡ For densely populated areas.
❥ In 1935, Francisco Geronimo, Mariano de Ocampo, Igmidio Suarez,
Eusebio Mina, Jose Revera, Raymundo Reyes Sr., Reberto Feliciano,
Gregorio Lazaro, Raymundo Gumapac, John Jones, Trinitario Ortiz,
Valentin Casupanan, Catalino Casupanan, Crispin Francisco,
Teodoro Pastor, Cornelio Odvina and Jesus Tanghal Dera organized
the National Master Plumbers Association of the Philippines
(NAMPAP) and had it with the Securities and Exchange
Commission.
The Significance of NAMPAP
❥ On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines
prepared by the NAMPAP was promulgated and approved by

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THE WATER CYCLE COAGULATION
♡ is often the FIRST STEP in water treatment. During coagulation,
chemicals such as LIQUID ALUMINUM SULFATE or ALUM is
added to the water and mixed.
♡ This causes fine particles to stick together to form larger
particles that can better settle out or be filtered out more
effectively.
FLOCCULATION
♡ follows the coagulation step. Flocculation is the gentle mixing of
the water to form larger, heavier particles called Flocs.
♡ Often, water treatment plants will add additional chemicals, such
as POLYMER, during this step to help the flocs form.
SEDIMENTATION
♡ is one of the steps water treatment plants use to separate out
solids from the water.
The Hydrologic System
♡ During sedimentation, flocs settle to the bottom of the water
❥ Water falls to the earth in the form of precipitation such as rain and
because they are heavier than water.
snow. When water falls, it can collect on the ground becoming
FILTRATION
streams, rivers, lakes, or soaks into the ground to become
♡ During filtration, the clear water passes through filters that have
groundwater.
different pore sizes and are made of different materials (such as
❥ Industrial manufacturers and wastewater treatment plants discharge
sand, gravel, and charcoal). These filters remove dissolved
effluent from their processes into lakes and rivers.
particles and germs, such as dust, chemicals, parasites, bacteria,
❥ Water supplies withdraw water from lakes and rivers to be treated
and viruses. Activated carbon filters also remove any bad odors
for human consumption and other uses.
♡ ULTRAFILTRATION
❥ After the water is used, it is conveyed to a wastewater treatment
○ Water Treatment Plants can use this process either to
plant and discharged back as effluent to a receiving water body or it
supplement or to replace the traditional filtration.
either seeps into the ground which may go to a treatment plant or
○ During ultrafiltration, the water goes through a filter
directly to a river, lake, or another body of water.
membrane with very small pores. This filter only lets
♡ The cycle continues as the water flowing to the ocean
through water and other small molecules (such as salts
evaporates, ultimately falling again as precipitation.
and tiny, charged molecules).
♡ REVERSE OSMOSIS
THE WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
○ Another filtration method used to remove additional
Source water
particles from water.
The water that enters a Water Treatment Plant is usually obtained from
○ Reverse osmosis is often used when treating recycled
either Ground Water or Surface Water.
water or salt water for drinking.
♡ Surface water collects on the ground or in a stream, river, lake,
DISINFECTION
reservoir, or ocean.
♡ After the water has been filtered, chemicals such as:
♡ Groundwater is located below the surface of the earth in spaces
○ Chlorine
between rock and soil.
○ Chloramine
❥ Water Distribution to Metro Manila:
○ or Chlorine Dioxide, may be added to kill any remaining
♡ The Angat Dam supplies 90% of the water needs of Metro
parasites, bacteria, or viruses.
Manila.
♡ It helps to keep water safe as it travels to homes and
○ 60% of which is allocated to Maynilad,
businesses.This remaining disinfectant also kills germs living in
○ while 40% goes to Manila Water
the pipes between the water treatment plant and your tap.
♡ Two Water Utility companies in Metro Manila.
♡ ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT or OZONE
○ Manila Water - provides water to the East Zone of Metro
○ Another way to disinfect water is through the use of
Manila
Ultraviolet (UV) light or Ozone, it could be used as an
○ Maynilad - provides water to the West Zone of Metro
additional method or an alternative to chlorine, chloramine,
Manila
or chlorine dioxide.
❥ Water Distribution to Cabanatuan City:
♡ However, these disinfection methods do not continue to kill
♡ CCWD’s (Cabanatuan City Water District) primary source is
germs from the pipes between the treatment plant or the pipes
groundwater. Thirty-seven (35) deep wells (artesian aquifer),
going to your tap.
shallow wells (water table), and one (1) bulk water are in
♡ FLUORIDE
operation.
○ To adjust the pH level of water, Water treatment plants
♡ "We have the most pristine artesian water coming from the Sierra
commonly add fluoride after the disinfection step.
Madre Mountain located in aquifers 80 to 240 meters below the
○ Adjusting the pH improves taste, reduces corrosion
ground, lending to its outstanding drinking qualities. The water we
(breakdown) of pipes, and ensures chemical disinfectants
serve is considered one of the softest drinking water in the
continue to kill germs as the water travels through pipes.
Philippines." - CCWD
○ Drinking water with the right amount of fluoride keeps
teeth strong and reduces cavities.
❥ Public drinking water systems use different water treatment
methods to provide safe drinking water for their communities.Public
THE TREATMENT OF WATER DIFFERS
water systems often use a series of Water Treatment Steps that
❥ The treatment of water depends from the quality of the source.
include:
❥ Surface water typically requires more treatment and filtration than
♡ Coagulation
ground water because lakes, rivers, and streams contain more
♡ Flocculation
sediment (sand, clay, silt, and other soil particles), germs, chemicals,
♡ Sedimentation
and toxins than groundwater.
♡ Filtration
♡ Disinfection

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SERVICE TAP CONNECTION
1. Street / Water Main
- A main pipe or conduit through which a public or community
water system conveys water to all service connections.
2. Saddle / Service Clamp
3. Corporation Stop (Brass)
- A valve controlling the flow of water or gas from a main to a
service pipe. Also called Corporation cock.
4. Straight Coupling
5. Adapter
6. Gooseneck Connection (Copper Tubing PB or Polybutylene Pipe)
7. Curb Box
- A vertical enclosure with a removable cover providing access to
a curb cock. Also called Buffalo Box.
8. Curb Stop / Gate Valve
- A control valve for shutting off the water supply to a building in
case of an emergency, installed in a water service pipe and
operated by means of a ling key inserted through a curb box.
Also called Curb Stop.

METER CONNECTION DETAILS

Chapter 2: House Water Supply
WATER SYSTEM
A system of pipes, valves, and fixtures for distributing and using water in a
building.

Elements of the Domestic Water Distribution System

❥ Water (Street) Main
♡ refers to the public water connection which is laid underground
along the streets where the house/building service pipe is
connected. TYPES OF VALVES
♡ * HDPE pipe for water main. ❥ Valves are used to control the flow of water throughout the supply
❥ Service Pipe (House/Building Service Pipe) system. The proper location of valves simplifies repairs to the
♡ refers to the pipe connected or tapped to the water main by the system, fixtures, or equipment being served. There are usually valves
personnel of the waterworks authority only. at:
♡ Tapping of the water supply service requires the use of ♡ Pipes in individual fixtures or equipment
corporation cock, curb cock, meter stop, and water meter. ♡ Braches
❥ Water-Distributing Pipe ♡ Risers
♡ a pipe that conveys potable water from the building supply pipe 1. Gate Valve / Full-way / Shut-off /
to the plumbing fixtures and other water outlets. Sluice Valve
♡ * ¾ in or 19mm diameter for water-distributing pipe ♡ A valve used to completely
❥ Fixture Branch close, or completely open the
♡ the supply pipe between the fixture and the water-distributing line but not necessarily to
pipe. control the flow of water.
❥ Fixture Supply
♡ water supply connecting the fixture with the fixture branch. Two types:
♡ The Wedged Shape
Disc - Used where the
stem must be installed
downward.
♡ The Double Disc Valve -
Used chiefly in cold
liquid/sewage disposal installations.

2. Globe Valve
♡ Actuated by a system screw
and hand wheel, suited on
installation that calls for
throttling.
♡ controls water pressure

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3. Angle Valve ♡ 50 psi | * foot valve
♡ Operates in the same
manner as the Globe
Valve. It is used in
making a 90° turn in a
line to reduce the number
of joints.

4. Check Valve / One-way Valve / Re-flux Valve

♡ A valve that automatically closes to prevent the flow of liquid or
gas in a reverse direction.
♡ prevents cross-contamination / prevents the water main from
water contamination
♡ Lift Check Valve, Swing Check Valve, Spring Loaded Check Valve

5. Foot Valve / Retention Valve

♡ Located at the lower end of
the pump, used to prevent 3. Downfeed / Overheaded / Gravity System
loss of priming the pump. ♡ Water is pumped into a large tank on top of the building and is
distributed to the fixtures by means of gravity.
6. Safety Valve ♡ for multi-storey buildings
♡ Used on cold water systems, heating
systems, compressed air lines, and
other pipelines with excessive pressure.
♡ in pressure tanks; get rid of excess
pressure

THREE TYPES OF WATER SUPPLY DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

1. UPFEED / DIRECT SYSTEM
2. AIR-PRESSURE / PNEUMATIC SYSTEM
3. OVERHEAD FEED / GRAVITY SYSTEM

1. Upfeed / Direct System

♡ Directly connected to the water main. Used when water pressure
from the water main is sufficient.
♡ direct from the water main to water fixtures; for adequate
pressure

2. Air Pressure / Pneumatic System

♡ Used when water pressure from the water main is NOT
sufficient.
♡ Compressed air is used to raise and push water into the system.
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WATER PUMPS AND LIFTS 3. PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
❥ Public water distribution systems usually have an average water ♡ Not used for hot water lines
pressure of 50 psi, which is only adequate to serve buildings less ♡ Commercial length: 10 ft. (3.00 m)
than 5 storeys high. ♡ Types:
Types of Pipes: ○ Rigid: for plumbing
There are two types of water pumps commonly used for water distribution ○ Flexible: for electrical
in buildings, they are: ♡ PVC pipes can be fused together using various solvent cements,
1. The Piston Pump creating permanent joints.
♡ Used on small water distribution systems for elevating water in ♡ Plasticizer - added to PVC to become flexible.
wells or other sources. ♡ * uPVC - Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
2. The Centrifugal Pump
♡ Is a pump associated with a tall building water distribution 4. PPR Polypropylene
system. ♡ Polypropylene pipe is used in many industrial settings due to its
chemical and thermal resistance, affordability, and cost.
PIPES USED FOR WATER DISTRIBUTION ♡ Use PPR PN 10 for cold water piping.
1. Galvanized Steel / Iron Pipe ♡ Use PPR PN 20 for hot & cold water piping.
♡ Made from mild carbon steel and galvanized to prevent rust.
♡ Commercial length: 20 ft. (6.00 m) 5. CPVC Chlorinated PVC
♡ Size: ⅛ in. - 20 inches diameter ♡ Produced by chlorination of PVC resin
♡ Should not be installed underground (installed at least 150mm ♡ Light or yellowish colored
above ground). ♡ Used for hot water lines
♡ Tuberculation - accumulation of mounds inside a pipe occurs in ♡ Length: 3m or 10ft
steel/iron pipes.
♡ zinc-coated 6. PE Polyethylene
♡ Colored black
2. Copper Tube ♡ Circular Cross Sectional Shape
♡ Used for HVAC systems, Refrigerant Lines, medical gas piping, ♡ Used for Hot & Cold water lines, Sprinkler System, & Drainage
or oxygen systems System
♡ Durable and extremely corrosive-resistant material. Classified ♡ Length: 100 ft. or 30 m. Coils
into three types, depending upon its wall thickness ♡ Two Variants:
♡ Copper tubes shall not be used for piping carrying chemical or ○ High-Density PE (HDPE)
industrial wastes. - Hot & Cold Water
♡ Types K, L, and M. - Storm Drainage
○ PEX ( Polyethylene Cross-Linked)
Types K (Color Coded Green) - Hot & Cold Water Line
○ Heaviest type
♡ Heat Resistance: 120⁰ C
○ Suitable for underground installation
○ Rigid or flexible type ♡ Flexible, Can be cold bent
○ Commercial length: 20 ft / 100 ft Coils ♡ Can only be joint by mechanical joining by means of:
○ Crimped/Pressed Joint
Types L (Color Coded Blue ) ○ Compression Joint
○ Lighter than Type K
○ Commonly used for residential water supply and for 7. PB Polybutylene
♡ Colored black or gray
radiant heating installations
♡ AKA. “Polypipe”
○ Rigid or flexible type
♡ Hot & Cold water lines
○ Commercial length: 20 ft / 100 ft Coils
♡ Flexible Type
♡ Not Widely used
Types M (Color Coded Red)
♡ Reacts w/ chlorinated water
○ Thinnest type
♡ Oval Cross Sectional Shape
○ Can be used for water supply piping with ff. conditions:
Installed underground - outside building with a
COMMON PLUMBING FITTINGS
protective coating.
❥ Pipe Fittings - used to connect pipe, adapt to different sizes, and
Installed above ground - inside the building
○ Rigid type only regulate or measure fluid flow (valves).A standard part, such as an
elbow, union, or tee, for connecting two or more pipes.
Types DWV (Color Coded Yellow) 1. Coupling
○ Can be used for underground and above-ground drainage ♡ Used to connect two pipes
and vent pipings ♡ Female Threaded

2. Elbow
PLASTIC PIPES ♡ A pipe fitting having a bend and
Basic types of plastic pipes: Rigid type and Flexible type. makes an angle of 90° (¼ bend) or
Rigid types: 45° (⅛ bend) between adjacent pipes
○ Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) for a change in direction.
○ Chlorinated PVC (CPVC)
○ Unplasticized PVC 3. Tee
♡ A “T-shaped” pipe fitting that joins 3 or
○ (uPVC)
4 pipes in perpendicular directions.
○ Polypropylene (PP)
○ Straight tee
Flexible types:
○ Straight cross tee
○ Polyethylene (PE)
○ Reducing tee
○ Polybutylene (PB)
○ Reducing cross tee

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❥ WASTE PIPE – a pipe, which conveys only wastewater or liquid
4. Reducer waste free of fecal matter.
♡ A pipe coupling withi inside ❥ GRADE – the slope or fall of a line of pipe in reference to a horizontal
threads, having one end with a plane
smaller diameter than the other
and used for connecting pipes of GRADE OF HORIZONTAL EXCRETA DRAINAGE PIPING
different size. Horizontal Drainage:
♡ Shall have a slope of two (2) percent or 20mm / m.
5. Union ♡ 10 mm/m or one (1) percent is allowed as long as pipe dia. Is
♡ To connect pipes and allow the 102mm or above.
pipework to be separated and ♡ 5 mm/m or five (5) percent slope is allowed as long as the pipe
reconnected. diameter is 203mm (8”) or above.
♡ Used on pipes that are to be
taken down occasionally.

6. Adapter
♡ Used to connect pipes with
different materials.

7. Nipple
♡ A short piece of pipe, threaded on the outside
(male threaded) at both ends, used to join
two fittings.
MATERIALS
Excreta Drainage pipings shall be cast iron, ductile iron, galvanized steel,
8. Plug
galvanized wrought iron, lead, copper, brass, Series 1000 PVC DWV, extra
♡ Used to close the end and
strength vitrified clay pipe or other approved materials having smooth and
opening in a fitting
uniform bore except that:
♡ Male threaded

9. Cap
♡ To cover the end of a pipe
♡ Female threaded

Chapter 3: DWV System Excreta Drainage

System
ELEMENTS OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM
❥ House Sewer (Building Sewer)
♡ is that part of a plumbing system extending from the house drain
at a point 0.60 meters from the outside face of the foundation
wall of a building and connected to a public sewer or private
treatment facility.
❥ House Drain (Building Drain)
♡ is that part of the lowest horizontal piping of a plumbing system
which receives the discharges from soil, waste, and other
drainage pipes inside of a building and conveys it to the house
sewer outside of the building.
❥ Soil Pipe
♡ Any pipe, that conveys the discharge of water closet, urinal, or
fixtures having similar functions, with or without the discharges
from other fixtures to the building drain or building sewer.
❥ Waste Pipe
♡ A pipe, which conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free of
fecal matter.

Definition of Terms
❥ PIPE – cylindrical conduit/conductor; known as “pipe size”/denoted
by its interior diameter (I.D.)
❥ INVERT – the lowest portion of the inside of any pipe
❥ HORIZONTAL PIPE – horizontal position; forms an angle not more
than 45⁰ with horizontal plane
❥ VERTICAL PIPE – pipe/fitting in a vertical position, makes an
angle not more than 45⁰ with the vertical plane Changes in DIrection of Excreta Drainage Flow
❥ SOIL STACK PIPE – vertical soil pipe conveying fecal matter and Changes in direction of the drainage piping shall be made by the
wastewater appropriate use of approved fittings and shall be of the angles presented
❥ STACK – general term used for any vertical line of soil, waste, or by a 22 ½ ° or 1/16 bend, 45° or ⅛ bend, and 60° or ⅙ bend or other
vent piping/vertical main approved fittings of equivalent sweeps.
❥ SOIL PIPE – any pipe, which conveys the discharge of water closet,
urinal or fixtures having similar functions, with or without the
discharges from other fixtures to the building drain or building
sewer.

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Correct Methods of Making Changes in Direction in Soil Piping
Wrong Methods of Making Changes in Direction in Soil Piping
Building Utilities 1 7
CLEANOUT
❥ Each horizontal drainage pipe shall be provided with a cleanout at its
upper terminal and each run of piping which is more than 15 meters
in total developed length shall be provided with a cleanout and at
every 15 meter length or a fraction thereof.
❥ Each cleanout shall be installed so it opens in the direction of flow to
allow cleaning of the soil or waste line or at right angles thereto.
❥ An additional cleanout shall be provided on a horizontal line with an
aggregate offset angle of direction exceeding one hundred and
thirty-five (135) degrees.

Horizontal drainage branch lines connecting with a vertical stack:

❥ Shall enter through 45 or 60-degree Wye branches, combination
wye and 1/8 bend branches, sanitary tee or sanitary tapped tee
branches or other approved fittings of equivalent sweeps.
❥ Double sanitary tees may be used when the barrel of the fitting is at
least two (2) pipe sizes larger than the largest inlet, (pipe sizes
recognized for this purpose are 51, 64, 76, 89, 102, 114, 127 & 152
mm diameters, etc.)
TRAPS FOR PLUMBING FIXTURE
❥ TRAP
♡ A trap is used on plumbing fixtures is a device scientifically
designed to prevent the backflow of gases coming from the
septic tank or sewer line passing through the outlet of the
fixture.

Horizontal drainage lines connecting with other horizontal drainage lines:

❥ Shall enter through forty-five (45) degree wye branches, combination
♡ P-Trap is Classified into Two
wye and one/eight bend branches or other approved fittings of
○ Common Seal P-Trap has
equivalent sweep.
5 cm deep water seal
between the overflow and
the dip.
○ Deep Seal P-Trap has from
7.5 - 10 cm of liquid
Vertical drainage lines connecting with horizontal drainage lines: content between the
❥ Shall enter through forty-five (45) degree branches or other approved overflow and the dip.
fittings of the equivalent sweep. Sixty (60) degree branches or
offsets may be used only when installed in a true vertical position. ❥ DRUM TRAP
♡ Classified as a water seal device, intended for fixtures that are
set on the floor like bathtubs, and other similar fixtures.

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VENTS
❥ Ventilation of a plumbing system, is that portion of the drainage pipe
installation, designed to maintain a balance atmospheric pressure
inside the system and prevent problems like:
♡ Trap Seal loss
♡ Retardation of flow
♡ Deterioration of the materials
❥ Ventilation protects the system against siphonage and back-
pressure.
♡ NORMAL ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE – 14.7 Psi
♡ BACKPRESSURE – pressure exceeds 14.7 Psi
♡ BACK SIPHONAGE – pressure is less than 14.7 Psi
LOOPED VENT
♡ Used on fixtures in a room away from
Definition of Terms
partitions.
❥ VENT PIPE – a pipe or opening used for ensuring the circulation of
air in a plumbing system and for relieving the negative pressure
RELIEF VENT
exerted on trap seals.
♡ A vertical vent line, the
❥ VENT SYSTEM – pipes installed to provide flow of air to or from a
primary function of which
drainage system or to provide a circulation of air within such system
is to provide additional
to protect traps seals from siphonage and back pressure.
circulation of air between
❥ STACK - the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or vent pipings
the drainage and vent
extending through one or more stories and extended thru the roof
systems by connecting a
❥ MAIN VENT (VENT STACK) – the vertical vent pipe installed
vent stack to a horizontal
primarily for providing circulation of air to and from any part of the
drain between the first
soil, waste of the drainage system.
fixture and the soil or waste
❥ STACK VENT – the extension of a soil or waste stack above the
stack.
highest horizontal drain connected to the stack. The uppermost end
above the roof is called stack vent through roof (SVTR) .
YOKE VENT
❥ DRY VENT – a vent that does not carry liquid or water-borne wastes.
♡ A pipe connecting upward from
❥ WET VENT – that portion of a vent pipe through where wastewater
a soil or waste stack below the
also flows through.
floor and below a horizontal
connection to an adjacent vent
BACKVENT PIPE
stack at a point above the floor
♡ the part of a vent line, that connects directly
and higher than the highest
with an individual trap underneath or behind
spill level of fixtures for
the fixture and extends to the branch or main
preventing pressure changes in
vent pipe at any point higher than the fixture
the stacks.
or fixture traps it serves.
♡ This is sometimes called an individual vent
or revent pipe.

BRANCH VENT
♡ A horizontal vent connecting one or
more individual vertical back vents
with the vent stack or stack vent.

UNIT VENT / DUAL VENT / COMMON VENT

♡ An arrangement of venting so installed that
one vent pipe will serve two (2) traps.

CIRCUIT VENT
♡ A group vent pipe which starts in front of the
extreme fixture connection on a horizontal
branch and connects to the vent
stack.

LOOP / CIRCUIT VENT

♡ A vertical vent connection on a
horizontal soil or waste pipe
branch at a point downstream of
the last fixture connection and
turning to a horizontal line above the highest overflow level of
the highest fixture connected thereat;
♡ The terminus connected to the stack vent in the case of loop
venting or to the vent stack nearby in the case of circuit venting

LOCAL VENT
♡ A pipe or shaft to convey foul air from a plumbing fixture or a
room to the outer air.

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