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iii.iiiiiii:
d- Block Elements
Those elements in which
last electron enters in d- orbital are

called d -
block elements .
These are also
known as transition elements

General Electronic
' to
configuration : -

Ch Dd Nsa 2
-
-
-

3d series
2¥
( I Transition)

Ad series
( 2nd 2¥
Transition )
5-d series
yay
( 3rd Trans ion
)
Gd series
z*
(4th Transition)
 Federico
LAIT

.mg?in: -: lgeiemen
scandium -

21
Ett titanium 22 Transition
-

Very vanadium -23

Stamm .

MITA Iron -

26
Atl
cobalt -27
off Nickel -28
-
dry copper -29
of Zinc 2h -30 CAR ] 45 3d
"
Y Non -
Transition
.
Q what are transition elements ?
Are Those elements which have partially billed
d- orbital in their
ground state as well as
most common oxidation state .

Q .

why are 2n
,
Cd and
Hg not considered as
transition elements ?
Any 2n c3d l Cd Cadle ) $ have fully
Hg Csd )
" "
,

filled d- orbital . So these are not considered

as transition elements

#Atfu%Idserieswm
.

Focus in
Green curve
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,
Bharat Panchal -

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'

left to in 3 d series,
As we move from
right -

atomic radii of 3- d elements first decreases than

remains same and in the end of the series
atomic radii increases .

Reason
Initially atomic radii decreases due to
the increase in nuclear charge .

In the middle of the

series ,
the increased nuclear charge and

screening effect balance each other and atomic

radii become almost constant .
Towards

the end series , atomic

of the
 ←
{Magnetic Properties
To
Few most of d- block

in
elements are
paramagnetic nature due to
the presence of unpaired electron while Zn C 3dm
,

Csd " )
Cdc 4 die ) and
Hg
are
diamagnetic
due to the presence of paired electron

9 Write a mole on
magnetic character of felt .

And far) 183 db 4S 's

Fe
]
'
-

→
g,
fed (Az) 18
3d 64 so
-1
→

I
feat is
paramagnetic due
to the presence
of Unpaired eo .

=p
magneticmoment-IFIB.my Bohr magneton
↳
.

-
no .

of unpaired eo
= y 414+2) =
ITG B - M .

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fatalyticBehaviourM
www

E .

Positive catalyst Negative catalyst

which increase the speed which decrease the
of chemical reaction .
Speed of chemical RX ?
ALITOyMj
The transition metals readily
formation form alloys because of
similar radii
their
The alloys
www.u~u .

so formed are hard and

have often high m.pt .

WH Atom
of Mi
.

NA Atom of Mz

FET
{formation of Interstitial compounds
'

view --
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cateran sat:'
 Atom of Transition metals are
mr
Transition large in size and
metal have lots of interstitial
sites . The atoms of other
Mr Interstitial elements
having small
void size such H C N
[ small
as
, , ,

are trapped in the

atoms
interstitial sites of
like B.SN .

crystal lattice of transition elements resulting in

the formation of interstice compounds .

PROPERTIES

ciil These
( is
High m.pt than those of pure metals .

arevery hard, chemically inert .

Ciii ) Retain metallic

conductivity .

I
←
- -

formation of Complex Compounds )

he ----- - - - -

Transition metal form a large no .

df complex compounds .
Due to smaller
 have
size
, High nuclear
charge and also vacant d
-

orbtal in which they can accept lone

pair of
co from
ligands .

arm

{FORMATION OF COLOURED IONS

~--- --
¥ transition
metal display a
variety of colour
aqueous in

solution because of the presence of unpaired e ?

visible
These unpaired eo absorb
light from region .

and can
undergo d d transition
-
. The colour of the
compound absorbed is complementing to the colour of
radiation absorbed .

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 Q 2nd -1 is colourless while feat b
coloured 9
And zndt → (Ar ) 's "
3d 4so I
2nd-1 have no unpaired eo
,
so no

d. d transition is possible that's why

,

2nd +
is colourless
felt → (Ar) 's
-
3d 45 I

felt have unpaired EO .

So d d transition
-
is possible .

that's
why re ht is colored .

IOxidation State
~_~#
Transition elements show a

riety of oxidation state in their compounds because

f- very little difference in energies of ns and Cn Md
-
 c- of Oxi State :
Stability
C-www.uw Higher .

The
in its
higher oxidation state of an element is exhibited
compound with fluorine and oxygen because
these are
highly electronegative and
strong oxidising
agent .

"
The stabilize
ability of oxygen to these
higher Oxi .
State exceeds that of fluorine due to
its ability of making double bond .

←
#
( Ionization Enthalpy
Ya?
whew
we move from left
to in any transition
right series the ionisation
,

enthalpy increases gradually due to increase in

nuclear charge
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 Standard Electrode Potential
c- -----
w

Electrode potential depends upon the balance b/w

value of hydration enthalpy and sum of values of
ionisation enthalpy and enthalpy of atomization
→ If hydration enthalpy is less than I. E f- An atm .

than electrode potential and vice versa .

Thirst -

and B. Pt
(w#
Transition metals are good
metals and
generally have high on .pt because
metallic bond
of strong due to unpaired co

Q 2n
,
Cd and
Hg are soft metals why ?
2nC3d ) , Cd Hd ) and
" "
Aug Hg Csd " ) have fully
filled d-orbital So no
unpaired eo is
.

present and weak metallic bond exist .

 ÷
( f block Elements
#
-

✓-w- hose ele men

in which last eo enters em f orbital are called

-

f- -
block elements .
These are also known as
inner transition elements -

There are 2 Series

of f block
-
elements
4f C lanthanoid Series ) Ist Inner
-

transistor
57 C Actinoid series ) -
2nd Inner transition
582

Lanthanoid series

General electronic conf : Actinoid

}
series
Cn 1)do-1ns '
Ih
(n 2) ft
- .

- -
Electronic
L-
configuration
www

-
I .

- that
UT
-

-
strain
-
adit at
- detest
-
Fi
-

JTG JTG
-
dat
-

Ret
-
stat
-
Er
IT
-

- NET GET

-
onset
 A
clan tnanoid Contraction
C- ----
-#As we more
from left to right in tf series .
atomic and ionic
radii of elements decreases and this
regularly
decrease em
regular atomic radii is known as
contraction
"
Lan tha no id ?

Cadent
Estados

consequences
- -

" Basic character of

oxides and Hell dioxide decreases
from left to right
di) Size of Ad series and Ed series elements becomes
similar
ciiil It becomes difficult to separate lanthanides
because of their similar size .