Class 12

Board 2023
f-
Block
d- and

elements

Panchal Sir
with love -
By Bharat
ARMY
for # BP
OB⑧←④⑧④⑧⊕*⊕¥@ Telegram - Bharat
Panchal Sir

8%8 Unacademic - Bharat

Panchal

bharat panchal 92
B. Instagram -
 d- and f- block elements

d-Block elements
Those elements in which the last e•
enters in the d- subshell of penultimate shell

General Electronic Configuration → (n - 1) d ' -1° nso -2

They are subdivided into four series .

 d-
→ The block elements in which the atoms or ions have incomplete d- orbitals are
called transition elements .

Cd d-
→ 2h , and Hg have completely filled Cn 1) Orbitals -

they much resemblance withsodonotshow

other
transition elements .

6-
There are four series of d- block elements .

3d series Csc to 2h)

led series CY to (d)

5d Series Cla and Hf to Hg ]

Gd series C. Ac and Rf to (a)

Electronic
Configuration : By Bharat Panchal Sir
- -

21 Se Scandium 's '

[ As] 3d 4. S2
.
-

18
22 . Ti - Titanium [ As] 3dL Us 2
23 V Vanadium [ Ar 318 }
3d Us 2
. -

26 Chromium
.
Cr -

[ Air]
18
395µs '

25 Mn [As ] 18345 453

Manganese
.

26 Fe Iron /8
.
-

[At] 3d 6452
18
£7 . Co - Cobalt [ Ar] 397452
28 Ni Nickel
-

18
.

[ Ar] 3d8Us2
29 . Cu - Copper EAR ] 's 3d "4s '
30 . 2h - Zinc EARTH 3d" 452
Co2-1 → [As] 1831445
24 due to halt
[ Ar] 183034
stable
Cpt →
so (
24 )
filled tzg
" " )
29cult →
EAR] 3d 45 ( fully filled
29 cut →
EARTH 3d&4s°
Uso
235C ] -1 [As] 's 3d
◦
→
26 Fest EAR]
'S 30545
filled)
→
( half
Atomic Radius
As we from left to right , atomic radii
decreases
first largely , then decreases slowly
and increases in the end of the series .

This decrease in atomic radii

in to
the beginning is due the increase in
effective nuclear
charge with the increase in
atomic
number .

with the increase in

number of eo in (h 1) d. subshell
-

the screening effect of these d- electrons on the outermos

ns - electrons also increases - This increased
screening
effect counterbalances the effect of increased nuclear
cHna'rge , therefore .
the
atomic radii remains

almost same
in the end of the series e° - e°

increases
repulsion takes place so the size of atom .

IONIC RADIUS state in

in general , ions of the same oxidation a
series
given show progressive decrease
in radius with increase in atomic number due
in
to the increase effective nuclear charge

> Fe3+-3
Ionic Radius 9 o¥+ate [ ionic Radii fed -1

Melting and Boiling Point High m.pt and B- Pt

first increase and then decrease
due to increase and decrease in number of
unpaired electrons
because the strength of bond

depends on number of unpaired e•

 has
Note → Tungsten CWI the highest M.pt
is the metal in
→ Mercury City) only liquid form .

Metallic character
• Show all the briberties of general
metals
• strength of metallic bond a number .

of unpaired eo which increase the chance and

make the bond strong .

•
Cr is a hard metal while Zn is a soft metal .

Ehlhalby of Atomisation :

have metallic
bond due to which They strong
have
atomization they high enthalpy of
Ionisation Energy :
-

By BharatPanchal Sir
- -

( lies b/w S and b- block elements

more than
-

s block but less than b- block elements

in
-

)
I. E increases from left to right a period
as the effective nuclear charge increases .

I E ✗
- Effective Nuclear charge
Iot Cd and is due
• of 2h, Hg very High to fully
filled orbitals
• I. E of 5d and Cod series elements is more than 3d
and led elements due to lanthanide and
Actinide contraction .

formation of Interstitial compounds : -

Transition metals have a tendency

to form interstitial compounds with
H, C, B or N atoms .

stoichiometricThey areusuallynon -

and are neither typically

ionic nor covalent .
 N and Ti etc
g. Tic, MnqN, Ferg
e-
, V40.56 Hit

↳ The interstitial compounds very are hard ,

have
retain metallic conductivity , high m.pt
and are chemically inert .

Alloy formation : -

Alloys are homogeneous solid solution

d- block
many of elements form alloys because they have
similar atomic radii due to which

they can easily replace the atom of other metal Alloys thus formed and .

often have high

M.pt
)
.

e.g Brass ( be -12M q Bronze ( Cutsn

By - Bharat . Panchal Sir
Magnetic Properties : -

Diamagnetic substances are rebelled

by
magnetic field while paramagnetic substances are attracted by
magnetic field .

which attracted
to Those substance are
very strongly
are called ferromagnetic
by the applied field
Many of the d- block elements and their compounds
it to
are paramagnetic in nature is due
the presence of unpaired eo in incomplete
d-orbitals
unpaired eo
→
The paramagnetic Nature 9
no
- of
Magnetic moment cut = thts) Bom
-

↓
n is number Bohr
of unpaired e◦ .
magneton
 Complex formation : -

complex Many of d- block elements form

compounds . because
Cil They have small atomic radii
Ciii High Nuclear charge

Iii ) Presence of vacant d- orbital so they can

accept lone
pair of eo from ligands -

Catalytic Properties :
By Bharat Panchal Sir
-

- -

Transition elements and their

compounds show
catalytic properties due to variable

oxidation state and their ability to adopt multiple

oxidation state .

( contact
↳
250, -10? 250] process)
-13
Nz Hz 2A HI ] ( Haber Process)
The
presence of unpaired e
-0
's in incomplete d- orbitals,
hence possess the
capacity to absorb and re - emit
wide
range of energies which is used as an

activation energy .

Formation Of Coloured Ions :

is
-

• it unpaired eo
present , complex is coloured due to d d - transition
and also paramagnetic in nature

if unpaired e -0 is absent,
complex or compound is due to the absence of d-d transition and
diamagnetic in
nature
blue or
-

e.
g cusoy is
in colour while e
eg
2h50 u is n
e
colourless r
I I -

G - +2g
Oxidation state : -

show large number of oxidation stale

due
to the participation '

of both ( n - nd and ns electrons in bonding in different

compounds .

• Mn shows maximum number of oxidation state due to the presence of

number
maximum of unpaired eo
• Osmium cost show + 8 oxidation state
→ it
cut is more stable than cult because undergoes disproportionation
in Solh
Reaction aqueous
2 cult → coat + Cee

NOH to stabilise these

The ability of oxygen high oxidation state exceeds that of
fluorine because
bond
oxygen can form double bond while fluorine form single
is
.

result
As
a highest Mn fluoride Mnfy
whereas the highest oxide is Mnz07 .

Electrode Potential : _

The s tability of a combo and

depends upon electrode potential and it further
depends Upon . '

til Enthalby of atomisation / sublimation Ii)

Ionisation enthalpy
Liii) Hydration enthalpy By - Bharat. Panchal Sir
 Mes ] Area "
> Mic 99) .

A-
atomisatiou H = + He
A- H AHyd.tl A- ionisation H = + Ve
9hm A- H ve
=-
Hydration
>
"

Meg , Mtg ,

is
There no regular trend for m2-11M standard electrode

potential due to the irregularities in ionisation

enthalpies and enthalpy of atomisation
value
→ copper isthe only metal having positive of
Eo so it does not liberate the hydrogen gas from
acids
chemical Reactivity : -

By Bharat Panchal Sir

- -

chemical
reactivity ✗ if
• Cee
Ecma -11m) is very less ( more -
ve
) except so these metals are

highly reactive
• oxidising power 9 to

• Reducing
Power
✗ ¥ -7
 Oxide formation : -

d-
Many of the block elements forms
oxides
of different types because of the presence of

so many different oxidation state .

N'
¥ Acidic character a oxi . Stale
Ionic Character ✗ Oxi . state .

F- Block Elements : -

Elements in which last e◦

enters in orbital
f- of pre-
penultimate shell
General Electronic
= (n -
" "
2) 1- (h 1) do -
- 1ns 2
Configuration

By - Bharat - Panchal
4T series Sir
or

Lanthanoid Series
Or

Ist Inner Transition

Series

Oxidation State : -
The common oxidation stale &
Ian than oids is + ] with +2 and +4 .
Electronic configuration
of lanthanide
General electronic configuration
I
are 652 Sdo - 41-1-14
→ lutetium have eo in
Only cerium Gadolinium , and
Sd - orbital as well .

and Ionic Radii

-
atomic and Ionic radii The

Which is known
decreases from lanthanum to lutetium .

as LANTHAMOID CONTRACTION .

CAUSE -

eeo
the last

screening
elements
In case of lanthanide series ,

enters into the af - orbital . since the shielding or

,

effect of "
' is much less than
'
s ' and '
b '
orbital
f- orbital
 d- orbital
even less than that of
 at each steb
the effective nuclear charge increases by one .

reduces
Hence the size of entire at subshell .

CONTRACTION
CONSEQUENCES OF LANTHANOID -

Increase in covalent character

lanthanide
• -

of
Covalent properties
metal
hydroxide compounds regularly increases according
to
Fagan's Rule
• similar size and Charge
ions are of about the
since all the lanthanide
same size and also carry the same charge
due to almost
lanthahoid contraction, their properties are identical This
makes separation of lanthanides from one
is
another very difficult .

lanthanide
•
Basic character of Hydroxides of
As we move

from left to sigh basic character of hydroxides of

lanthanides decreases .

• Series
Atomic and Ionic Radii of 4d&5d
Due to lanthanide
ionic
contraction, the atomic and radii of the next
and before on the lanthanide elements with same

group ad ④④⑤
129
145 134

5d
④!⊕
144 134
130

• The decrease in chemical reactivity

Due to lanthanoid
contraction Ionization
, the energy of the next on the tanthan◦ id

elements increases
. This decreases their chemical reactivity .
 Chemical
Reactivity
Ln2O3 "2
%% pied
"

5 in
*
Heated with S Ln with halogens Lnx

Ings, g "
ith
> }
""
Healed ,

with H2O
¥ > ↳
(OH
L ,
} -111
LNN 1h12
Uses
steels for
it lanthanoids are used for the production of alloy
plates and bites
in based
%) Misch metal alloy of lanthanoid is used Mg -

and flint
alloy to produce bullets , shell lighter .

( Iii ) Mixed oxides of lanthanoids are used as catalyst

in
cracking of petroleum in
used as
Hut some lanthanum oxides are phosphorus
television screen

ACTINOID
These are the elements in which taste◦
in
filled Sf - orbitals . The actinoid are radioactive elements

Electronic Confee 51-1-146do

The general electronic confi .
-
'
7s 2

actinoid
irregularities in the electronic configuration of
7 14
is due to stabileties of f- °
, g- , f- occupancies
of 5f - orbital .
 similarities btw Lanthanoids and Actinoid

e Both exhibit +3 oxidation state predominantly

have
• Both are electropositive and high reactivity .

also
• like lanthanoid Contraction, there is actinoid contraction .

Difference b/w lanthanoids and Actinoid

Lanthanoids Actinoid
They Oxi They show +3 Oxi state
•
show mainly +3 . state .
- .

State Higher oxidate like

+2 and -14 Oxidation
also exist -16 -17
+4, -15, and

•
They have boor shielding•They have even boor

effect shielding effect

They are paramagnetic and They arealso paramagnetic
◦ •

their
paramagnetic character but their
magnetic explained
it be
can be explained easily character can
easily
•
They have less tendency to ◦ They have more tendency
form complexes to form complexes

•
Theseare non - radioactive • These are radioactive
substance
except promethium .

Application of Actinoid
in
•
Asteroids are used nuclear
reactors the
for production of electricity .

• Actinoid are also used for the synthesis of

transuranic elements .
COMPOUNDS OF TRANSITION ELEMENTS
• Potassium Dichromate ◦ Potassium Permanganate
)
(192%07)C. 19mn04

Dichromate (14%07)
→ Potassium it is prepared
from chromite ore
-1
step con esision of feonoehoomale into sodium
chromate
4 feck Op + 16 NaOH -1702¥ 8^1%804+2 Ego}
Yellow +8602
-2
step into
Conversion of sodium chromate
sodium dichromate
Nair 041-2116 → Nee,CkO7 -12Nat-1110
-3 Orange
step into
Conversion of sodium dichromate
potassium dichromate
Maack 07 + 2kW -7192%07+2
Nacl

Orange crystals
→ chromates and dichromates are inter convertible

God - Goin -
 structure . .
Chromate ion C.from dichromate ( 8207-2-1
.

ion (
i o

co
• ¥.co/hcrE:
f- o
" -

O
- ,
lo -

Properties
in cold
1.) These are orange red crystals moderately soluble ,

water but
readily soluble . in hot water
2.) Action of heat
.

4kg020 7 4K200g ¥-2620] -1302

3.)
Action Of Alkali -

1%8,07-1214011 2k280g H2O → +

04
2kg604 Has → KIKO 7+11504+110
+

CHOE 200! -

4.) Oxidising Property

-
Kzcrz07 behave as a powerful

into Crc #)
oxidising agent in er (+1-1) is changed
Ionic
Reaction

Croy? +1411++6 e-0-7203++7110

-

Molecular Reaction

K, Cy 07 + 4112504 → Kas04+(2/504)] -14110 -13 [ ] o

↳ It oxidis ed
- Ig
→

"
Fe → Fest ( ferrous salt to Ferri c)

Has → s csulbhide to Sulbhier)

5032 - → soft ( Sulbhite to sulphate]

SO (
,→ 112504 sulphur dioxide to Sulphuric Acid )
HX → × c
, alogen Acid to Halogen )
ethyl alcohol acid
→ acetaldehyde → acetic
→
CHROMYL CHLORIDE TEST
This test is done for
the identification of U
- ions during salt analysis potassium
,

dichromate is heated with conc - Has 04

and a salt
having a -
ceg Nau, KU ) and reddish
brown obtained
vapours of chromyl chloride are .

4kV
Kick07 + -1611,504 → 26029+6 KHSO,-13110
 Potassium
→ Permanganate Ckmn 041
be prepared from KMnot

byoolusite ( Mn02) ore .

metal
↳ Pyronesite ( Mn02) react with alkali hydroxide
CKOH )

to potassium
give manganate
2mn02 -14 KOH +02 → 2142mn04+21120
↳ dark
( green )
Potassium
manganate disproportionate in acid
or alkali to 2K
give potassium bermanganale ,

Mri
0*+62 → 211mn04 -1 QKU
Properties
KMn°4 is dark purple . :b # ack crystalline solid ,
soluble

in warm water .

2.) Action of Heat -

it decomposes
On heating ,

→ Mn
219mn04 ks.mn04 + 02+02
3.) In Acidic Medium
2mn50 +3110 -
214mn04 + 311504→ 142504 + ,

156]
 Mn 2++4140
Mn Oci + 811++50 →
 → it oxidise
2 ferric salt ]
+ → Fest ( ferrous salt into
Hgs → s
oxalic acid → CO2 + H.jo
SO → H SO-1
,
,
I
→ ¥-2

Hg 0*2 → %
Medium
- ☒ Oxidising Reactions in Neutral . . .

1- 3
2km no 1- Hyo → 2 KOH + 2mn02 - [0]
Mn
Of + 211,0 + 3e⊖ → Mn 0 + 4 OH -

,
→
It oxidise

Has → s
Mn
Mn 504 → Oa
thio
Na,Soyo] → NaasOp ( sulphate
to
sulphate
→
Oxidising Reactions in Alkaline medium
214mn04 +☒→ Hop + Hao + to]

¥02 + Hyo → Mn 02 -1*11+363 ✗ 2

to
214mn04 + H2O → Mn 02 -12K OH + ]

Mn 05 + 2 Hao + 350 → Mn Oi + 40h -

NOTE
The
overall reactions in alkaline medium is
same as in
neutral medium .

Structure of

Mno ! - Mn0é

o - f
1 Mn
Mn
If -

!-0 -

ion
Tetrahedral permanganate
Tetrahedral manganate ion
]
burble C Diamagnetic
c. green) ( paramagnetic)