Transition elements

First transition series scary viscous creatures lean Females

tiny
I If ÉÉÉas
3d series
stg É
É j
21 22 23 25 26
as

electron

27 28 30
29
317452 398452 3410451 3110452
Te Ruthenium
You Just Need Mo
4d series
Y Zr Nb Ru
Mo Te
491552 49255 4095s 445551 446551 447551
21 18 39
less
Very
energy gap Rhodium to pay all
your credits
Cn nd and
Same
Rh Pd Ag Cd
Ms 418581 4410580 44105,1 4110552
energy level
so it can easily
exchange from
dtos andvice
versa
C No Regulartrend of electronicconfiguration No adj In
14 Lanthanides is Half taken windy reaches out

Id
Series
Ily
Lat
5416 2
tee
592652
Ta w Re
543852 544652 5456,2 56752
Os

Pyg already Hirai

ng
597652 5496s 54106s 5110652
All are d block elements but are are not transition
elements
Transition elements are those elements which have incompletely

billed d orbitals in their G s ar E s

Mn 345452 CTransitionelements
EFFIE
CU 3d D blockelements
as Guy
Cut 349452 Most Commonform Transitionelements

Luth C G s 3410452 Pseudotransitionelements

Ent Common oxi state 3ploy

Transition elements are the elements which have

in their ground state or
incompletely filled d orbitals
their Common oxidation state

filled
Group 12 Can ed Hg elements have completely
d orbitals in the ground state as weer as in their
Common Oxidation States Therefore they are not regarded
as transition elements

General electronic 2
configuration EÉ g0
block elements
The general electronic configuration of d
shell
is Cn 1 d 10ns t
h where n is the outermost

In D block elements the energy gap b w Cn Dd and

almost at same
Ms orbital is
very small and they are
energy level
Poorshielding effect
t it will pull 4s orbital
thats
towards Nucleus C because
of high Leff and y
Cn 1 d as small Hence shifting of
electrons energy gap very
possible only in D block
are
This type of shifting is not possible in P block as
the energy gap between us and mp are maximum

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
In ed not transition elements
ng entirely
their physical properties are elements
different from rest of the
They have low meeting and boiling points bus of
its fully billed configuration and does not for any
type of bond
it is liquid at R T
All are solids except try

1 anthe transition elements display typical

Nearly
metallic properties Such as high tensile strength
and electrical
ductility Malleability high thermal
Conductivity and Metallic lustre
2 The melting point and boilingpoint of transitionmetals

atdeonthtt.it mitotetaniib'id bend

er Ignetaliehigh unpairedelectron
thats has
it
31541 energygap is y
Very leis
highest meeting point
3 The metallic bond becomes stronger with the increase in
number of impaired electron
the to
So m
P and B
p generally increases
middle of the series till er and then decreases
However In 3910452
are in the paired
All the electrons
state so it cannot bow metallic
bend also follow theany
same trend as
Hg
it also contains paired electrons
 The metals of the second ad and third sd series
have greater enthalpies of atomisation than the
corresponding
elements
of the first series
Move downthe
group
34
I Zeff increases
ad the form metallicband
tendency to
increases and packing of lattice
also increases
Id we need higher energy to break
the lattice of metals in ad and sdseries

Mcs 7 Mcg
Anatomisation
To
Energy required
break the lattice we need higher energy
is the metallic bonding
to do this stronger
higher will be the lattice energyand
Process we required higher energy to break the
lattice
5dg ad 7 3d Anatomisation
2 Variation Atomic and ionic radii
of d
se ti Y er Mt Fe dokivi cu Zn
3dm452
311452 342412 395451 340452 say
outer electrons are intact and electrons are
Basically
billed in their inner orbitals

MIM.iq iiYtneronitae
electrons are billed in
moving from L R one
by one
innerorbitals
 are
No electrons increases and no of protons
of
also increases in the Nucleus due to which the
Charge on the Nucleus will also increases

e Nuclear charge increases on

moving
from left to
right
ability of d electrons have
as a
poorscreeningpower
Mesut increases
Zeff attraction is increases
4
SC To u pun
1 2 345231542
Size
Les Zeff 7 Repulsion

Zeff Screening
AIosts.mil size Attraction Repulsion

MIT ones
Cn nd

Ca Zn
3310451 34104,2
Zeff tres f Repulsion attraction
Repulsion
Size increases
for an the series from
Variation is same
Left to right
The Variation of size is irregular in on moving
from left toright
the series
The atomic size first decreases till middle of
due to increase in effective Nuclearcharge and then
remains almost constant at the middle of the series as
with the increase in the d elections screening effect
 increases This counter balances the increased
Nuclear charge Then it increases at the end of series
due to increased shielding of outer electrons by inner d
electrons
on
moving
down thegroup

Se Atomic size
increases as
a result of
new shell
y

fav
14 Lanthanides
EP Ito s
Cn 2 F innermost
This season comes in to Act
Poor shielding
Zeff P'es Sc Zr Hf
4d almost similar to sd
bcoz of lanthanoid contraction
On moving down the group the
atomic size first
increases from 3d series to ad series and
remains
almost same from ad to sd series due to poor
f electrons Chanthanoid contraction
shielding provided by

Nff's Elements of 3rd group se ha do not follow

y
this order f the atomic size regularly increases as the
lanthanide elements fall after lanthanum
So Sc
y a La
ff
ITitzr
 Group 11
very important coinage elf
Ionisation energy of Coinage metals
Cu 7 Ag A higher ionisation energy

IAUTIAT
Sd Series elements have relatively higher
I E
due to increased Leff as a result of Poor screening
provided F electrons
by
Lanthanoid Contraction
Single word
OXIDATION STATE I
Most of the transition elements shows variable
O S due to Smail energy gap btw n 1 d and ms
orbitals and thus more electrons can participate in
binding showing different o aid States

Se y La do not show variable o s

are the transition
only
elements
What about 2n

Intl it is not an transitionelements

cut is unstable in
ague
solm and disproportionate

cut then it is unstable

310 why
at gaseous phase
Do remember
it only stable
is

apu phase hydration energy Play

in an
important role
High An Hydration
cut ca t
calf
 cut 3d

say 3
cat
than cutcan is due to high

Esquiretohigh heat of hydration

convert 3110 399
Cuctay
cast
The high heat of hydration of cast compensates for
high ionisation energy of cut ions
ctgoy ctioya ntnt.ge Mtn
of
oil
explosive
Never seen Gtfo Mta X
The have higher
compounds ofaretransitionelements
oxygen and
formed
oxidation states generally by
Fluorine out of oxygen and fluorine oxygen has
oxidation state as
greater ability to stabilise higher
compared to fluorine why

di f pi
o
y o o

the central metal

Oxygen bum double bend with bond
atom but fluorine forms single only
mostly higher oxidation States of transition
elements
are shown in compounds with fluorine and oxygen
due to its higher electronegativity Oxygen has greater
States due to its
ability of stabilising higher oxidation
ability to form multiple buds eg Mnoy exist but
Mn ft does not exist
 Formation of coloured ion t
Most of the compounds of transition elements are
coloured and their ag solutions are also in coloured
state due to d d transition
Wavelength
falls in visible
b w 2 D orbitals
absorbs
Some energy
In an isolated
Nobs
exitation
Te are have some
energy level
Thepaired elechn
Cannot be exited because of spinburbiden
only impaired e can move to exited stale

Colour cycle
Emitted
colour feet

That
emitted colour will be
between
green or blue or in
both
of observedcolour
Formation coloured ions
of most of the compounds of
transition metals are coloured in the solid form
or

solution born The colour of the compounds of transition

metals be attributed to the presence of incomplete
may
Cn 1 d sub shell
The colour exitation of election
is observed due to
from lower energy d orbitals to higher energy d orbitals
C ie d d transition erst cast blue
Nist Fest green Mn't Pink
In either in the form of
ar solution they will be
Tet Green
Same will be
or
the
Fe chop
colour
y't
of hydrated complex
COMPLEX FORMATION
TENDENCY
Transition metals mostly born most of the
However there are some s block
complex compound
elements which do bum certaincomplexes But majority of
the complexes are formed by d block metal as
central atom due to following reason
1
Very small size
2
high 2 effect
3 Vacant d orbital C to accommodate those extra
electron
pair
Co Nhs 337

coffin
12 elections will be
cobalt
alarnodated
by
Mo Fe Habers
preen
Hydrogenation of vegetable oil Ni

Catalytic properties
metals and their compounds act
as a
Many transition
for Various reactions of these the use
good catalyst common
of Fe co Ni V er Mm Pt etc Very
are
I Fe Mo is used as a catalyst in the synthesis
of Ammonia Haber's process
by in
Ni is used in hydrogenation heactions organic
chemistry
to in the
3
V20 is used for the oxidation of so so

contact process for the Manufacture of thysoy

the decomposition of
4 Mnoa is used to catalyse
1202 solution
The catalytic property of transition metals is due to
with
their tendency to form reaction intermediates
Suitable reactants These intermediates giveheactions
Paths of lower activation energy

Éightiffegg catalyst

Nacg 312cg
7 2m31s

ftp.t.iiiismmana
Na and Hz
gaseous reaction these
When used in the metals
adsorb reactant gases on their surface and provide
Surface area for the him to occur
 Formation of Interstitial compounds
in p b p increases
C H N densityincreases
dueto of smaller
occupancy atom
pies
those voids
and bom Inters
08T voids Cor Interstitial sites for
interstitial spaces
compuds
Most of the intention compounds 7
non stoichiometric compnd
formed when
Formation ofatoms
intestinal compounds are
Iman sized like H e or N are trapped in the
Vacant
space contention sites in the lattice of the metal
Tie Fez e C cementite
carbide non
Interstitial mpnd

Crye interstice carbides

are non stoichiometric are
These compounds usually
neither ionic or covalent Clemente
are some important properties
Following
I have high meltingpoints higher than those of
Theymetals
Pure
2 are hard some borides approach
They very
hardness
diamond in
3 retain metallic conductivity
They
inert
4 They
are chemically
are used to
hard thatsy they
Since they
are
very
make took
ALLOY FORMATION
solid solutions in which
one
Alloys homogenous are
metal or non metal is distributed in other metal
Best example steel Fe is base metal in which
CU an alloy either metal or non metal is
Zn base metal dissolved carbon is dissolvedin Fe
 are formed by the atoms with Metallic radii
Alloys C same metallic radii easy to form
within 157 of each other
Because of Similar of radii transition elements they
have high tendency to form alloys

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
Potassiumdichromate C Kalra07
and gives
t Its an orange colour crystalline compound in water
colour solution when it is dissolved
Orange
Chromite one
Fec
204
t
Mixed oxide Ito Enjoy
Fused with Naycoz Alkali
I
or
absorb120 Naz Cy 07
Nazcrog and
as
I oxidised nom
Na cry of Hygroscopic init nature
C is not used in titration
boringetcolourtutthdifferent in
I Kel both in
properties
120207
it is not Hygroscopic in nature
it is used in titration
PREPARATION
in
I First chromite one is roasted with sodium carbonate
Presence of air in a reverberatory Furnace
4 Feo cryo t SNazco 702 Stray Croat
Chromite ore
2520 802
2 The yellow filtered and
of chromate is a solution
solution
from
acidified with sulphuric acid to give
which orange Sodium dichromate Nayar 07 2120 can be
 Crystallised
angelito IF Faliro tanatthao
3 This then treated
solution is with Kel to obtain

Orange crystals of Kacra07

CHROMATE DICHROMATE EQUILIBRIUM

Croatian Cra Fear

Yellow Orangecolour
colour dichromate
chromate
In acidic medium Dichromate will exist and
Solution will be in orange
colour
In basic medium chromate win exist and
solution will be yellow in
colour
STRUCTURE Of
Croft
Tetrahedral Two tetrahedral units
sonallejoined
su
I
0 1 Cr
Voter
of
I
o

chemical Proper
1 Effect of healing sesonance
Bund length will
on heating strongly it decomposes be in double
and liberates oxygen partial
bond character

2K207g 2k og Ego to

Fed
2 Acidified Kyer Oy solution reacts with tho to give
due to the formation of Cros
a
deep blue solution

g do Blue butterfly
structure

01 y
f
C2072 Leros t 51120
ant t 41202

3 test
chide
chromyl ions
used to detect presence a
of
Red blown colourgas
Crozet
is soluble than K2Cra 07
Nay era 07 more

4 er t cry 072 t but Largely 3120

deep red
cagey Iii's trig
yellow
act tango

crop
cyenow
t Pbt
C
Pberog t
yellow
Lead chromate
in acidic
It acts as powerful oxidising agent
a
Medium dilute tysog

Cry072 Ight be got 7120

It oxidises C EO 1 33N

l I to I 2 Feet to Fest 3 Has to s

to 5042 6 No to Noz
4 02042 to Coy 5 502
2 Potassium permanganate
Preparation
Mnoz Pyrolusite Core

I treated with Alkali to 2

C Fusion mixture
Kalos 02 C Mnog
Hasog
Mno t Kon t
02 KII Kitnog
Pamangand
PotassiumManganate ion
oxidation
then
I electrolytic

In I.im
disproportionate in
7 neutral or
m'p manganaeekmnoycint47
Purplecolour Per Manganateion
3mn04 4 ht 2mn04 t Mno 21120
the electrolytic oxidation of
Commercially it is prepared
bysolution
ion in alkaline
Manganate
Chemical properties
which are isostructural
I It forms dark purple crystals
with Kelo B O I
2 Effect of healing
Mn
ÉÉau decomposes I
When heated alone con within it
evolving oxygen
2kmnog 7 152mn04 Mno 02
The Manganate Mn and PermanganateCanoy
og
ions are tetrahedral The green manganate is paramagnetic
with one unpaired electron but the permanganate is
diamagnetic
Mn 3454s 2
Mn042 Mnt oxidisation state
3d 1 Paramagnetic
Mn
og Matt
Diamagnetic
I
 no unpaired electrons in ions However it is
Mnog
coloured
Cr 3154s 1
Cry072 off
IT unpairedelectron

Cd is due to change transfer

Mor

É
M L due to
ok which it is colour

ng oxidising ago
Mito tide Mit my 5 Enno Magid
Nino 3 E
nf

Fafsa
II
Globe
Ninoy ng I E
I
1 Potassium permanganate is a
powerful oxidising agent
2 Potassium permanganate acts as an oxidising agent is
alkaline neutral for acidic solutions

In acidic Medium it oxidizes

salts
Ca Ferrous salts are oxidised to ferric
Mn t 5ft t sht 5 Fett Matt 4h20
og
b Iodine evolved from potassium iodide
is
I Mnog t 10 I t 16kt 2 Mnt 512781120
t
Cc Has is oxidised to sulphur
7 2mn27 8h20
5s
2 Mnog t 16kt t 552
 D So is oxidised to tysog
t 3 55042 t 2mn't t
2mn04 t 5502 2120
4kt

02042 3 Co2 f NOT Nos

Alkaline potassium permanganate is Called Bayers

eagent This reagent is used in Organic chemistry
REAGENT
for the test unsaturation C ly Kmnog BAYERS
of
IN NEUTRAL OR FAINTLY ALKALINE SOLUTION
oxidised to sulphate
a thiosmphate is quantitatively
8mn04 t 352034 ago 8mn02 t 65092 t
Rou
b Iodide into iodate Neutral Iodate
slightly basic
IF E tho ammo TEI the
t 20h

C salt is oxidised to Mno presence

Manganous
Zinc Cor Line oxide catalyses theoxidation
of sulphate
2 Mnog t 3mn27 t 2h20 5mn02 ant
COMPOUNDS of IRON
Green Vitriol Cag Sohn is green in colour
Fesog 7h20
Prepaffom
Kipp's waste 557gal
3Ésj't 2120 1102 Éesog t Fea coal
Ferrous t 242504
Iron pyrites
sulphate
Fey sog t Fe Ibd 3
fesog
1 on
strong heating it decomposes as
2 Fesog Feds soy 503
Brownsolid B C
fat
2 due to cationic hydrolysis of
Aq solution is acidic
Fest
t
Fog yo felony
Wealebate S A

Fet't 2120 3 Felony t ant

A cold solution of ferrous sulphate absorbs
nitric oxide forming dark blown addition compound
nitroso ferrous sulphate
No
Fesog No
fesog
Fe Ctgols No Sog
ag Sohn
Feel Ferric chloride
most ferric salt It is known in
This is the important The
hydrated form
consist of
and hydrated forms
anhydrous
Six water molecules Feels 6120

Preparation
1 Anhydrous Ferric chloride is obtained by passing dry
chlorine
gas over heated iron filling
Ife t 2 Feels
3012
drychunnegas
2 chloride is a dark red deliquescent
Anhydrous isFerric
solid It exist as a dimer Fey elf The dimer
dissociates at high temp to feels The dissociation into
Fed is complete at 750 c Above this temp it breaks
into ferrous chloride and chlorine
CI
d
g Fe
c i 1a a
Fe 016 Is 2 Feels 2 feck t c129
greenish
yellow
 chloride behaves covalent compounds
Anhydrous ferric
3 as a
soluble in non polar solvents like
ether alcohol
it is
etc It is sepresented by chlorine bridgestructure
acidic in
4 It dissolves in Hyo The solution is below
nature due to its as shown
hydrolysis
Fest Felons 3Mt
styo
Felon 3
Feels 3120 Wealebase
Acidicsolution
absorbs
Anhydrous ferric
5 chloride Ammonia
Feel t GNH Feely Gnn
Addition compound

6 Feel Cag 3
Mayor Fe Cont It 3mn44
Reddish brown
Ppt C insoluble in
excess of any
7 Fest Sen Fe Sen Tri thiocyanate
deep red
when a solution foolish is added to
of thiocyanate
Ferric chloride solution a deep red colouration is produced
due to formation of a complex salt
Feel t 3 NHL Cws Fe Cscw t 3Nayef

9 Prussian and Turn buns blue

Prussian blue
Ée É can y Outermost Fe 3
innermost fee t 2

FE Fte
Conley Turn buns blue
2 outside 3 inside

Fet can t
kg Éefirl
PotassiumFerro
cyanate

Fatty Fey Felon 1633

Prussian blue
 A solution containing
Fett t Kz FteCon Fet fecento
d
FI Éecento
Compounds of Copper Blue vitriol Cusog 5120
is fairly
t It is a blue crystalline compound and
soluble in water

Tyg 1042
tho
not Mona
2019 TEE MAIN
coordinated
In its hydrated form Four Water molecules
to cu and one water molecule is present in hydrated
form
Sig effect
Cusog 5120 cusog 3120 casog 120
Casog
Exposureto air
on
stronghealing
Casey Cero
oxide 8 382 1202
Cupric
blue ppt
2 Caso t NHyon Calonly I
soluble in excess of Nh
1 t
In Co will also CucNHs
Show
I
whiteppt
 Differentiate Cust and 2n2t
cut t Naor cuconk I tag'ginaon
bluePpt
soluble in
zn2t t Naoh 3 In 6h12 Tarawa
Whiteppt
Ampoteric NayEnos
Soluble Compnd
IFI
Cust t Fe cent Cua Fe CCN 6
kg chocolate brown ppt
Action of potassium iodide First cupric iodide is
iodide
formed which decomposes to give white cuprous
and iodide C Iodometrictitration
Cusog take ftp.jidkasoyjxz

a.am I
brown Ppt
Action of potassium ferrocyanide Chocolate
is formed C Test for custions
of cupric ferrocyanide
Cuz fecento t 242504
Quesog t kyffeCon
Photography
A photographic film consists of a lightsalts sensitive
emulsion bine particles C grains of silver Agar in
of
gelatine spread on a clear celluloid strip
or a
glassplate
on exposure to light
Ager decomposes to give
2 Ag Br
Lag Bra This
Next the film is placed in a developer solution
is a mild reducing agent contains Quincy Its purpose
is to
usually
more silver halide to metal
Seduce Ag
 bromide removed
is
Any unchanged silver
solution
by
A solution of
Placing the film in is fixer
a
used as a fixer It forms a
Sodium thiosulphate
Soluble complex with silver halides

Agar t 2 Na 203 Naz Ages0312 tNaBr

into
After fixing the film can be safely brought outthe
blackened by silver represents light
day light Parts therefore negative
a
Parts the
of picture This is
original
F BLOCK ELEMENTS
Last electrons in 4f
1a 58 717 2
57 4f 5916s
CN 2 f Ch 17ns

Ac f 89 103 Sf 647s
878 CN 2 f
elements
These are also known as the inner transitioninto Cn 2 f
The elements in which the last elections enters block
called f block elements The F
Subshen are
of the two
elements comprises series

i Lanthanides 58 717 C the fourteen elements following

Lanthanum
following elements
8g 1033 C the
2 actinides fourteen
actinium
table
Both belong to the 3rd group of the periodic
Lanthanoid C4f series

La Sm Eu
ce por Nd Pm 477652
591652 45154168 4746,2 455652 4766,2
Lu
Gd Tb Dy
Ho Er Tm yb
4F 479652 4 f 18,2 4711652 4512652476 2 4ft 24814galGs
3 Common oxidation stole Lanthanides
 2 4 Lanthanum Europium
3 ions 470 4714
Electronic configuration t The atoms of these elements have
Variable
electronic configuration with 652 common but with
Occupancy of Gf level However the electronic configurationsof
an the tripositive ions which is the most stable oxidation
of the form 4th
are n
State an the Lanthanides
of
to 14 with no
increasing atomic
Atomic size
electrons the
Due to the poor shielding of F
decreases
atomic size Cnut regulartrend
All the ions in 3 0 s the ionic radii regularly
radii is
in atomic
bean La La C the decrease
degular bor MT3 ions
OXIDATION STATE
Lanthanides La cu and Ln Cnn Compounds are
In the
2 and 4 ions
Predominantspecies However Occasionally
in solution
or in solid compounds are also obtained
This irregmality C as in ionisation enthalpies arises
from the extra stability of empty half filled
mainly
or filled f Sub shell
strongreducing
its
Thus the formation of eelv is favoured by is a
Nobel e 4ft sd 6,2 but it
gas configuration

552516 nobel gasconfiguration

14 Configuration is a
Similarly ybt2 which has
reducing agent 4796,2and
Tb has half filled C F orbitals Tb
is an oxidant
 The behaviour Samarium Csm is very much
like
of both 2 and 3 oxidationstates
europium exhibiting
General characteristics
lanthanides white soft
1 All the are
silvery
in air
metals and tarnish rapidly
trivalent lanthanoid ions are coloured both in
2 these
Manysolid state
the and in solutions Colour of
agthe f electrons
ions be attributed to presence of
may ion shows
3 Neither fast for lust electrons
no unpaired
to do so
but
colour rest
any they
Chemical properties
Ln 3
s

c
s Lng th C2
4203
Acids
due tohighReactivity

In Con

Actinides If series
Fourteen elements from Thorium to
The actinoid include the elements and the
Lawrencium The actinoids are radioactive
earlier members have relatively long half lives the latter
ones have half life values Ganging from a day to 3minutes
for Lawrencium C 2 1037
Atomic sizes t
The general trend in Lanthanides is observable in the
actinoids as well
There is decrease in the size of atoms or
a
gradual
M't ions across the series This be referred to as the
actinoid contraction C like
may
lanthanoid Contraction
 The Contraction is however greater from element to element
in this series resulting from poor shielding by If elections

I oxidation state
in the
Variable oxidation state results due to difference
energies of Gd Sf 7s
which is in
There is a greater range of oxidation stateGdand 7s
Part attributed to the fact that the 55
levels are of comparable energies The
3 oxidation state
The actinoid shows in
general exhibit
series frequently
elementsin the first half to the
higher oxidation state Ex The Maximum oxidation state
5,76 and 7 respectively in
increases from 4 in th to elements
Pa U and Np but decreases in succeeding
The actinoid s Gesemble the lanthanoids is having more
Compounds on 3 state than in the 4 state