B-102 BIOLOGY

Breathing and
17 Exchange of Gases
Fill in the Blanks : 9. About 90% of carbon dioxide (CO2) is carried by
haemoglobin as carbaminohaemoglobin.
1. The structure which prevents the entry of food 10. Volume of residual air is higher than tidal volume.
into the windpipe is _______ .
2. Carbonic anhydrase is found in high Conceptual MCQs :
concentration in _______ . 1. Air is breathed through
3. Total lungs capacity is approximately _______ . (a) trachea — lungs — larynx — pharynx —
4. The volume of the air that leaves the lungs in alveoli
human is measured by _______ . (b) nose — larynx — pharynx — bronchus —
5. Residual air mostly occurs in _______ . alveoli — bronchioles
(c) nostrils — pharynx — larynx — trachea —
6. ____ in CO2 in your blood, which causes ____
bronchi — bronchioles — alveoli
in pH, would cause your breathing to speed up. (d) nose — mouth — lungs
7. The respiratory centre, which regulates respiration, 2. Although much CO2 is carried in blood, yet
is located in _______ . blood does not become acidic, because
8. As blood becomes fully O2 saturated, haemoglobin (a) it is absorbed by the leucocytes
combines with ______ molecule(s) of oxygen. (b) blood buffers play an important role in CO2
9. Partial pressure of oxygen in inspired and expired transport
air is _______ and _______ mm of Hg. (c) it combines with water to form which is
neutralized by NaCO3
10. p50 value denotes _______ .
(d) it is continuously diffused through tissues
True/ False : and is not allowed to accumulate
3. Carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to
1. Tracheal rings are of hyaline cartilage . respiratory surface by only
2. Dorsal side of thoracic chamber is formed by (a) plasma and erythrocytes
(b) plasma
sternum.
(c) erythrocytes
3. Expiration occurs when there is negative pressure (d) erythrocytes and leucocytes
in lungs. 4. Oxygen dissociation curve of haemoglobin is
4. Solubility of CO2 is higher than O2 by 25 times. (a) sigmoid (b) hyperbolic
5. High conc. of hydrogen ion s favours (c) linear (d) hypobolic
oxyhaemoglobin formation. 5. The function of nasal cavity & nasopharynx is
6. Pulmonary ventilation is equal to alveolar to –
ventilation. (a) warm the inspired air
7. In all animals oxygen is transported by blood. (b) moisten the inspired air
8. Haemoglobin is necessary for transport of (c) filter out the dust particles from the inspired
carbon dioxide and carbonic anhydrase for air
transport of oxygen. (d) All of the above
 Breathing and Exchange of Gases B-103

6. In expiration, diaphragm becomes – Changes occurring are:

(a) flattened (b) relaxed (a) (ii) and (iii) (b) (iii) and (iv)
(c) straightened (d) arched (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (i) and (ii)
7. Rate of respiration is directly affected by – 15. Which of the following are the correct statement
(a) concentration of carbon dioxide for respiration in human
(b) oxygen in trachea (a) Cigarette smoking may lead of inflammation
(c) concentration of oxygen of bronchi
(d) diaphragm expansion (b) Neural signals from pneumotaxic centre in
8. Body tissues obtain oxygen from haemoglobin pons region of brain can increase the
because of its dissociation in tissues caused by– duration of inspiration
(a) low oxygen concentration and high carbon (c) Workers in grinding and stone - breaking
dioxide concentration industries may suffer from lung fibrosis
(b) low oxygen concentration (d) About 90% of carbon dioxide (CO2) is
(c) low carbon dioxide concentration carried by haemoglobin as carbamino
(d) high carbon dioxide concentration haemoglobin.
9. The vital capacity of human lung is equal to 16. Volume of air breathed in and out during normal
(a) 3500 ml (b) 4800 ml breathing is called
(c) 500 ml (d) 1200 ml (a) Vital capacity (b) IRV
10. During inspiration – (c) ERV (d) Tidal volume
(a) the diaphragm gets raised and ribs get 17. The presence of CO2 in blood will lower pH
lowered because CO2 combines with____, with the rate
(b) both diaphragm and ribs get raised of reaction increased by_____ .
(c) both diaphragm and ribs get lowered (a) H2 O to form H+ and HCO3– , carbonic
(d) the diaphragm get flattered and ribs get anhydrase
(b) H2 O to form only HCO 3 – , carbonic
raised
anhydrase
11. Lungs have a large number of alveoli for –
(c) H2O to form only H+, carbonic ions
(a) having spongy texture and proper shape
(d) H+ to form HCO3–, oxyhaemoglobin
(b) more surface area for diffusion of gases
18. The amount of volume of air that can be inspired/
(c) more space for increasing volume of inspired air
expired normally is called
(d) more nerve supply
(a) tidal volume
12. The breathing controlling centre of medulla
(b) vital capacity
oblongata is mainly under –
(c) residual volume
(a) chemical control (b) physical control
(d) normal volume.
(c) neural control (d) all of the above 19. Carbon monoxide is a pollutant because it
13. About 97% of oxygen is transported by RBC. (a) reacts with oxygen
The remaining 3% is (b) inhibits glycolysis
(a) dissolved in plasma and transported (c) reacts with haemoglobin
(b) retained in lungs (d) makes nervous system inactive
(c) attached to cell membranes 20. Dead space air in man is
(d) found inside mitochondria (a) 500 ml (b) 150 ml
14. Which two of the following changes (a–d) (c) 250 ml (d) 1.5 L
usually tend to occur in the plain dwellers when
they move to high altitudes (3,500 m or more)?
(i) Increase in red blood cell size
Diagram Based Questions :
(ii) Increase in red blood cell production 1. The given diagram represents the human
(iii) Increased breathing rate respiratory system with few structures labelled
(iv) Increase in thrombocyte count as I, II, III and IV.
B-104 BIOLOGY

(a) I nasal-cavity (b) II pharynx

I (c) III trachea (d) IV lungs
4. In which one of the options given below, the
III
one part A, B, C or D is correctly identified along
II
with its function?
IV
heart

D
The exchange of gases takes place in which
labelled structure? C
(a) I trachea (b) II Bronchi A
B
(c) III bronchioles (d) IV alveoli
2. In the given diagram of human respiratory
system what is the funciton of structure marked
as X ? (a) A- Alveolar cavity- It is the main site of
exchange of respiratory gases.
X
(b) B- Red blood cell- It transports mainly
carbon dioxide.
(c) C- Arterial capillary- It passes oxygen to
tissues.
heart
(d) D- Capillary wall- Here, exchange of O2 and
CO2 takes place.
5. In the given diagram of human respiratory
system, few parts are marked as I, II, III, IV, V &
VI. Choose the correct combination of labelling
(a) To prevent food from entering into trachea.
from the given options.
(b) To filter and warm the air.
(c) To help in exchange of gases.
(d) To catch dust and bacteria.
3. In the given diagram of human respiratory
system which marked label (I, II, III & IV) is the
common passageway where the nasal and oral
cavities meet?

I
II
III

(a) I- Nose; II- Bronchus; III- Larynx;

IV IV- Diaphragm; V- Trachea; VI- Lung
 Breathing and Exchange of Gases B-105

(b) I- Nose; II- Larynx; III- Bronchus; IV- Lung; carbon monoxide.
V- Diaphragm; VI- Trachea (c) The given graph illustrates the amount of
(c) I- Mouth; II- Trachea; III- Larynx; IV-Lung; HbO2 as similar to Hb at different pO2.
V- Diaphragm; Vi- Bronchus. (d) None of the above.
8. The given figure shows the respiratory system.
(d) I- Mouth; II- Diaphragm; III- Trachea; IV-
Identify the correct structure marked as 1, 2, 3
Bronchi; V-Larynx; VI- Lung
and 4 whose contraction initiated the inspiration
6. In the given figure, label A represents which in turn increases the volume of thoracic
____________ while label B represents chamber in the antero-posterior axis.
_________.

B
heart 3
4
1
2

(a) 1 (b) 2
(a) A- Trachea; B- Bronchus (c) 3 (d) 4
(b) A- Alveolus; B- Bronchiole 9. The figure given below shows the mechanism
(c) A- Bronchiole; B- Trachea
of breathing. Identify the stage (X) of breathing
(d) A- Trachea; B- Bronchiole
explained & A, B and C marked in the figure.
7. Refer the given figure and answer the question.
% saturation of
haemoglobin

100 Ribs and

sternum Volume of
80 A thorax
60 B
40 Rib cage

20
Diaphragm
C
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
partial pressure
of oxygen (Kpa)
(a) X – Expiration, A– raised, B – decreased, C
Which of the following statement is correct – relaxed
regarding the above figure? (b) X – Inspiration, A – raised, B – decreased,
(a) When percentage saturation of haemoglobin C – relaxed
is plotted against the partial pressure of (c) X – Expiration, A – raised, B – increased, C
oxygen, a sigmoid curve is obtained. – contracted
(b) Binding of oxygen with haemoglobin is (d) X - Inspiration, A– raised, B – increased, C
primarily related to partial pressure of – contracted
B-106 BIOLOGY

Assertion/ Reason : 10. Assertion : If there is no air in trachea, it will not

collapse.
DIRECTIONS (Qs. 1-12): These questions consist of Reason : Trachea is having the cartilagenous
two statements each, printed as assertion and reason. ring.
While answering these questions you are required to 11. Assertion : Inspiration occurs due to muscular
choose any one of the following five responses. relaxation.
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the Reason : During inspiration, the diaphragm and
reason is a correct explanation of the assertion. external intercostal muscle contract
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason simultaneously.
is not a correct explanation of the assertion. 12. Assertion : Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
(c) If the assertion is true but reason is false. (SARS) originated in China.
(d) If both the assertion and reason are false Reason : China is the most populated country
(e) If the assertion is false but the reason is true. of the world.
1. Assertion : Most fish when out of water, die of
suffocation. Matching Based Questions :
Reason : Atmospheric air contains far less
DIRECTIONS : Each question has four statements
oxygen content than the dissolved oxygen in
(A, B, C and D) given in Column I and five statements
water.
(1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) in Column II. Any given statement in
2. Assertion : During inspiration, pressure of air
Column I can have correct matching with one
falls in the thorax. statement given in Column II. Each question has 4
Reason : There is a rise in volume of thorax during choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) for its answer, out of
inspiration. which ONLY ONE is correct.
3. Assertion : Vital capacity is higher in athletes
than non-athletes. 1. Column - I Column - II
Reason : Vital capacity is about 3.5-4.5 litres in a (Animals) (Mode of respiration)
normal adult person. (A) Earthworm I. Pulmonary
4. Assertion : Insects develop a complex system (B) Human II. Branchial
of air tubes called trachea for respiratory
(C) Prawn III. Tracheal
purpose.
Reason : Exchange through body surface is not (D) Insects IV. Cutaneous
possible in insects. (a) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV
5. Assertion : Forceful expiration occurs through (b) A – IV; B – II; C – I; D – III
expiratory muscles. (c) A – IV; B – I; C – II; D – III
Reason : Expiratory muscles expires quickly. (d) A – III; B – II; C – IV; D – I
6. Assertion : Coughin g and sneezing are 2. Column-I Column-II
necessary. (Disorders) (Symptoms)
Reason : Coughing and sneezing are reflex (A) Asthma I. Inflammation of nasal
actions tract
7. Assertion : Histamine is involved in allergic and (B) Bronchitis II. Spasm of bronchial
inflammatory reactions. muscles
Reason : Histamine is a vasodilator. (C) Rhinitis III. Fully blown out alveoli
8. Assertion : Aerobic animals are not truely (D) Emphysema IV. Inflammation of bronchi
aerobic.
V. Cough with blood
Reason : They produce lactic acid anaerobically.
strained sputum
9. Assertion : Symptoms of emphysema develops (a) A – IV; B – II; C – V; D – I
when a person living on plains ascends and stays (b) A – V; B – III; C – II; D – I
on a mountain. (c) A – III; B – I; C – V; D – IV
Reason : Air pressure and partial pressure of (d) A – II; B – IV; C – I; D – III
oxygen falls with the rise in altitude.
 Breathing and Exchange of Gases B-107

3. Column -I Column-II (c) bicarbonates

(Respiratory (Respiratory (d) carbamino compounds
capacities) volumes) 2. Oxyhaemoglobin dissociates into oxygen and
(A) Residual volume I. 2500 mL deoxyhaemoglobin at
(B) Vital capacity II. 3500 mL (a) low O2 pressure in tissue.
(b) high O2 pressure in tissue.
(C) Inspiratory reserve III. 1200 mL
(c) equal O2 pressure inside and outside tissue.
(D) Inspiratory capacity IV. 4500 mL
(d) all times irrespective of O2 pressure.
Which one of the following is the correct
3. Even when there is no air in it, human trachea
matching of two capacities and volume?
does not collapse due to presence of
(a) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV.
(a) bony rings
(b) A – IV; B – III; C – I; D – II.
(b) turgid pressure
(c) A – II; B – III; C – IV; D – I.
(d) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II. (c) chitinous rings
4. Column - I Column - II (d) cartilaginous rings
(Organs) (Functions) 4. Dissociation curve shifts to the right when
(A) Nose I. Stops food from going (a) pH increases.
down into lungs. (b) CO2 concentration increases.
(B) Epiglottis II. Produces sound. (c) O2 concentration decreases.
(C) Pharynx III. Traps bacteria as well as (d) 2, 3 D-P-G decreases.
dust. 5. During inspiration in mammals, the diaphragm
(D) Larynx IV. Allows air to pass from becomes
nose to oesophagus. (a) dome shaped (b) raised highly
(a) A – II; B – III; C – I; D – IV (c) flat (d) static
(b) A – III; B – I; C – IV; D – II 6. During oxygen transport, the oxyhaemoglobin
(c) A – I; B – IV; C – II; D – III at the tissue level liberates oxygen to the cells
(d) A – IV; B – II; C – III; D – I because in tissue
2. Column I Column II (a) O2 concentration is high and CO2 is low.
(A) Tidal volume I. 2500 to 3000 ml (b) O2 concentration is low and CO2 is high.
(B) Inspiratory II. 1000 ml of air (c) O2 tension is high and CO2 tension is low.
reserve volume
(d) O2 tension is low and CO2 tension is high.
(C) Expiratory reserve III. 500 ml of air
7. Combining of haemoglobin with O2 in lungs can
(D) Residual volume IV. 3400 to 4800 ml of air
be promoted by
E. Vital capacity V. 1200 ml of air
(a) decreasing CO2 concentration in blood.
(a) A ® III; B ® IV; C ® II; D ® 1; V ® V
(b) decreasing O2 concentration in blood.
(b) A ® III; B ® I; C ® II; D ® 5; V ® IV
(c) A ® III; B ® I; C ® IV;; D ® 5; V ® IV (c) increasing CO2 concentration in blood.
(d) A ® V; B ® IV; C ® II; D ® 1; V ® II (d) introducting CO2 into blood.
8. When CO2 concentration in blood increases,
Critical Thinking Type Questions : breathing becomes
(a) slow and deep.
1. About 70% of CO2 is transported as (b) faster and deeper.
(a) carbonic acid (c) shallower and slow.
(b) darboxyhaemoglobin
(d) there is no effect on breathing.