Fundamental means being an essential part of a foundation or basis.

The question of
which areas of knowledge is the most "fundamental" is subjective and can depend
on one's perspective, everyone could have different opinions on this.
Mathematics is the only subject that is the same in all language. Different countries
have their own language like French, Spanish, Chinese and more, but 10+10 =20 is
always right no matter where you are. Additionally, Mathematics offers a universal
language for describing and comprehending patterns and connections across a range
of topic areas. In many scientific subjects, such as physics, engineering, computer
science, economics, and more, mathematics provides the conceptual framework
required to understand and simulate natural occurrences. For example,
mathematical models are used in physics to describe the universe's law. Maths is
eternal and objective, once the law of maths is proven logically, such as area of a
circle= πr2, it is undisputed and hardly to be change. Studying mathematics improve
people abilities of critical thinking and problem-solving. It improves analytical skills
and abstract reasoning, which both are benefic for different area of life.

Real world examples are always considered as more important than theoretical ones
in ToK. Firstly, real world examples apply a holistic and contextual understanding, it
often incorporates varied factors and complexities that we can face in different
situations which theoretical ones may be simplified. This shows how theories and
concepts applied in specific situations and problem, which makes the information
more understandable and meaningful. Secondly, it improves people’s problem-
solving skills. It can inspire critical thinking as they demonstrate the complexities and
unpredictable situations of real-world problems. Although real-world examples has a
clear advantages over theoretical once, theoretical examples still play an important
role in our study. Theoretical examples frequently offer a basis for understanding
abstract ideas, generalizing concepts, and developing a framework for education.
Therefore, keeping a balance of incorporating both real world and theoretical
examples can lead to a more effective learning.