DEFINITON

LEADER

A person who demonstrates and exercise influence and power over others. Leaders have a vision and
influence others by their actions and comments.

LEADERSHIP

Leadership is the ability to influence other people

Lansdale

Leadership is the ability of a manager to induce subordinate to work with zeal confidence. Koontz and O
Donnell

Leadership as the ability to secure desirable actions from a group of followers voluntary, without the use
of coercion.

Afford and Beaty

Leadership is the activity to persuade others to seek defined objectives enthusiastically. It is the human
factor which binds a group together and motivate it towards goals

Keith Davis

Leadership is the lifting of mans vision to higher sights, the rising of mans performance to higher
standard, the building of mans personality beyond its normal limitation.
IMPORTANCE-

a) LEADERS MOTIVATES PEOPLE

A leader motivates employees for higher output through motivational techniques. The leader himself
acts as a motivating factor.

b) LEADER COUNSELS EMPLOYEES

In an organization people needs counseling to reduce the emotional disequilibrium and to remove
barriers to effective performance. A leader solves such types of problems and makes employees happy.
Thus, a leader acts as a counselor,

c) LEADER DEVELOPS TEAM SPIRIT

A leader creates confidence in his subordinates and gains their faith and cooperation. Besides, the leader
provides environment conductive to work which results in team spirit.

d) LEADERS AIMS AT TIME MANAGEMENT

Leader is in a position to utilize time productivity in an organization. A leader gets things done by people
by the proper time management.

e) LEADER STRIVES FOR EFFECTIVENESS

A leader brings effectiveness to an organization by providing the workers with the necessary resources in
terms of money, methods, climate, work environment, etc.

FUNCTIONS OF LEADERSHIP-
Executive, Planner, Policy maker, Expert, External group representative, Controller of internal relation,
Purveyor of rewards and punishment

TYPES OF LEADERSHIP

a) INTELLECTUAL LEADER

He is one who possesses rich knowledge and technical competence. All his subordinates listen and follow
his advice because of his specialized intellectual authority.

e.g.-financial advisor, legal advisor, etc

b) CREATIVE LEADER

Creative leader uses the technique of 'circular response' to encourage ideas to flow from group to him
and vice versa. He draws out the best in his followers and controls them with zeal to attain the goals.

PADMASHREE INSTITUTE OF NURSING, M.Sc. Nursing II years (2009-2011 batch)

c) PERSUASIVE LEADER

He gains faith and confidence from his followers. He possesses a magnetic personality which attracts
followers which helps to get work done by them effectively

d) INSTITUTIONAL LEADER

When a person becomes a leader by virtue of his position, he is called an institutional leader. eg. - the
principal of a college, managing director of a company
e) DEMOCRATIC LEADER

A democratic leader is one who does not lead but is lead by his followers. In other words, he follows the
opinion of the majority of his followers and delegates most of his power to them.

1) AUTOCRATIC LEADER

He is one who dominates and drives his group through coercion and command. He institutes a sense of
fear among his followers. Such leaders love power and never delegate their authority.

THEORIES:-

1. TRAIT THEORY/GREAT MAN THEORY-

This theory suggests that leaders have some inborn traits. They have certain set of characteristics that
are crucial for inspiring others towards a common goal. A successful leader i supposed to have the
following traits- good personality, tirelessness, capacity to read other's mind, ability to make quick
decision, courage, persuasion, intelligence, reliability, imagination

2. STYLE THEORY-

This focuses on what leaders do in relational and contextual terms. The achievement of satisfactory
performance measures requires supervisors to pursue effective relationships with their subordinates,
while comprehending the factors in the work environment that influence outcomes.

3. TRANSACTIONAL/TRANSFORMATIONAL THEORY

This theory describes the relationship between leaders and followers. New concepts suc as
empowerment, inspiration motivation and social learning are present. This refers to a process whereby
the leader attends to the needs and motives of followers so that interaction raises to hig

levels of motivation and morality.

4. SITUATIONAL THEORY

THIS THEORY believes that leadership effectiveness depended on the relationship among the leaders
task at hand, their interpersonal skills and the favorableness the work

STYLES OF LEADERSHIP

1. AUTOCRATIC LEADERSHIP:

Tleader assumes complete control over the decisions and activities of the group.

CHARACTERISTIC OF THE LEADER

Firm personality, insistent, self-assured, highly directive, dominating.

Has high concern for the work than for the people who performs task

Shows no regards to the interests of the employees

Set rigid standards and method of performance and expects the sudordinates to

obey the rules and follow the same

Makes all decision by himself or herself

Minimal group participation or none from the workers

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

Efficient in time of crisis, easy to make decision by one group and less time consuming

It is useful when there is only leader who is experienced having new and essential information, while
subordinates are in experienced and new

It is useful when the workers are unsure of taking decision and expect the leader to tell what to do

Does not encourage the individuals growth and does not recognize the potentials, imitativeness and
creates less cooperation among members

Leader lacks supportive power that results in decision made with consultation although he may be
correct

Less job satisfaction leads to less commitment to goals of the organization

PADMASHREE INSTITUTE OF NURSING. M.Sc. Nursing II years (2009-2011 batch)

2. DEMOCRATIC LEADER

Participative consultative style of leadership

CHARACTERISTIC OF THE LEADER

Sense of equality among leader and followers

Open system of communication prevails

Interaction between the leader and group is friendly and trusting

Leader works through people not by domination but by suggestions and persuasions

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

Encourages all employee in decision making

It takes more time for taking decision by the group than the leader alone

Promotes personnel involvement, greater commitment to work and enhance job satisfaction

3. LAISSARE-FAIRE LEADERSHIP

Free-Rein, Anarchic and Ultraliberal style of leadership. The leader gives up all power to the group.

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

> Encourages independent activity by the group member

> Group members are tree to set their own goals determine their own activities and

allowed to do almost what they desire to do

Style effective in highly motivating professional growth

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

In limited situations creativity may be encouraged for specific purposes

May lead to instability, disorganization, inefficiency, no unity of action

4. BUREAUCRATIC LEADERSHIP

In this the leader function only with rules and regulations. Leader cannot be flexible and does not like to
take any risk out of the rules. E.g defense leader

Characteristics of leadership

1. It is a personal quality of character and behavior in man which enables him to exert internal personal
influence.

2. It is concerned with the lying down group objectives and polices for the followers, motivating them
coordinating their efforts to accomplish the objectives.

3. It pre-supposes the existence of a group followers.

4. Its style may differ from situation to situation.

5. It is the ability to perused others and motivate them to work for accomplishing certain objectives.

6. It is process of influencing exercised by leader on members of a group.

7. It involves an unequal distribution of authority among leaders and groups.

LEADERSHIP SKILLS

A. SKILLS OF PERSONAL BEHAVIOUR

Sensitive to the feeling of the group

Identifies self with needs of the group

✓ Does not ridicule or criticize others suggestion

Does not argue

B. SKILLS OF COMMUNICATION

✓ Listen attentively

Make sure everyone understands

✓ Establish positive communication with the group

✔Recognizes that everyone's contribution are important

C. SKILLS OF ORGANIZATION

✓Develop short and long term objectives

✔Break big problem into small ones