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Kognitivna Psihologija Jedan Na Jedan
Kognitivna Psihologija Jedan Na Jedan
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3ABO,n: 3A YI,IBEHI1KE
BEOfPA,n:
CA)J;PlliAJ
YBO.IJ;HA PEq XI
I1KOHHqKa MeMOpHja 60
Exo11qKa MeMop11ja 64
Tip11po,I1;a qyJIHe MeMop11je 67
IIperro3HaBaH>e 061111Ka 70
Pa3JIHqHTH np11cTyrr11 npo6JieMy npeno3HaBalha o6JIHKa 72
KorHHTHBHa peJieBaHTHOCT ,Il;HCTHHKTHBHHX O,Il;JIHKa 80
YT11u;aj KOHTeKcTa 81
IlmKH>a 83
Iloqeu;H eKcnepHMeHTaJIHHX HCTpa)f{HBalha na)f{Ibe 84
Teop11je paHe ceJieKu;11je 85
Teop11je no3He ceJieKu;11je 91
3aBpIIIHH KOMeHTap 0 TeopHjaMa paHe H Il03He ceJieKu;Hje 93
KonTpoJIHCaHH H aYToMaTCKH npou;ecH 95
3aBprnHo pa3MaTpaH>e o paHHM rrpou;ecHMa o6pa;a;e H rra}l{H>H 99
Pe3HMe 103
O,n;)TBeK caM Boneo rrpHKase je,n;He Hay•rne o6nacTM sacHoBaHe Ha JIMqHoM BM}jel::hy
ayrnpa KOjM Kp03 COITCTBeHy rrpH3MY rrpeJiaMa o6JiaCT Kojy rrpHKasyje, MMajyt:rn rrpH
TOM cno6o,n;y ,n;a HeKe ,n;eJioBe 3aHeMapH MJIM IlOTITyttO M30CTaBM a HeKMM ,n;eJIOBMMa ,n;a
rroCBeTM Behy rrmKI::hy. Ayrop rn,n;a MO)l{e ,n;a M3Hece CBojy MHTeprrpernu;Mjy rro,n;arnKa,
MMa rrpaBo ,n;a rrpaBM ,n;HrpecMje, ,n;o,n;ajyhM rroHeKa,n; ,n;enoBe KojM M He crra,n;ajy y o6nacT
Kojy pasMaTpa. CeTMMO ce ,,KocMoca" KapJia CeraHa, KI::hMre ,,fe,n;en, Ernep, Bax" ,IJ;a-
maca XocprnTe,n;epa MJIM ,,Kpos BaCMOHY M BeKoBe" MMJIYTMHa MMJiaHKOBMha. Y TMM
KI::hMraMa cMo y)l{MBaJIM, M3 I::hMX cMo TOJIMKO Tora ca3HaJIM. AlIM, oHe HMcy yi;r6eHMI.J;M.
MO)l{,II;a CMO MX 6arn saTo TOJIMKO BOJieJIM.
Tipe,n; ayTopa yi;r6eHMKa rrocTaBJba ce saxTeB ,n;a o6nacT Kojy pasMaTpa rrpHKa)l{e
u;enoBMTO M jarno, He yttocehM CBoja yBepeI::ha M rrpecpepeHu;Mje. AyrnpH KOjM ce rrpHxBa-
rnjy OBaKBOf ITOCJia Hajqeruhe MMajy o6JiaCT Kojy 6oJbe I103Hajy, y OKBMPY Koje cy MO)l{,II;a
pa,n;MJIM MCTpa)l{MBaI::ba M 0 Kojoj MMajy CBoje CTaBOBe l1 MMIIIJbeI::ha, aJIM IlOCToje l1 o6JiaCTM
y Koje cy Mal::he yrryheHM M Koje TeK TOKOM rrpHrrpeMe sa rmcal::he yi;r6eHMKa TeMeJbHMje
yrrosHajy. CTora je M3a30B ,n;a rrpMJIHKOM M3JiaraI::ha ayTop He HaMeTHe CBoje cTaBoBe
M BM}jel::ha y o6nacTMMa Koje 6oJbe rrosHaje MJIM KojMMa ce 6aBM, aJIM M ,n;a ce He oceTM
Heyje,n;HaqeHocT y o,n;Hocy Ha o6nacTM y Koje je Mal::he yrryheH. 0Bo yje,n;HaqaBaI::he je rro-
HeKa,n; TeIIIKO ITOCTl1lll1, rra rra)l{Jbl1BOM ql1Taou;y He MO)l{e ,n;a rrpoMaKHe Heyje,n;HaqeHOCT
M y BpXyttCKMM yi;r6eHMI.J;l1Ma KOjM cy ,Il;O)l{I1BeJIM MHOra l13,II;al::ha.
Je,n;aH o,n; MoryhMx BM,n;oBa rrpHcTpacHocTM je M36op o6nacTM y OKBMPY ,n;MCI.J;M-
rrJIMHe Koja ce rrpm<asyje y yi;r6eHMKy. TioCBenMBaI::he Bene rra)l{I::he HeKMM M saHeMapH-
BaI::he ,n;pyrHx o6nacTM HY)l{HO ,n;oBo,n;M ,n;o Tora ,n;a yi;r6eHMK He ,n;aje o6jeKTMBHY CJIMKY o
rrpe,n;MeTy KOjM ce y I::heMy pasMaTpa. CTOra je ayrop rroHeKa,n; cyoqeH ca ,n;MJieMoM Koje
o6nacTM ,n;a rrpHKa)l{e, a y OKBMPY o6nacTM Koje rrpHKasyje, KOJIMKO rrpocTopa ,n;a MM
ITOCBeTJI. Ka,n;a je y Ill1Tal::by KOfHMTMBHa ITCMXOJIOfMja OBa ,II;MJieMa je, ql1Hl1 ce, Mal::he
l13pa)l{eHa. Tipeme,n;OM CTaH,n;ap,n;HMX yi;r6eHMKa KOfHMTMBHe IlCMXOJIOfMje c eHrJieCKOr
fOBOpHor rro,n;pyqja JiaKo ce MO)l{e yoql1Tl1 ,n;a y TeXHMqKoM l1 ca,n;p)l{ajHOM CMMCJIY Me})y
I::hMMa He rrocToje sHaqajHe pasJIMKe. AKo rrocToje pa3JIMKe, oHe ce yoqaBajy y BeneM
MJIM MaI::beM HarJiaCKy Ha rroje,n;MHMM rrpo6JieMMMa My TO Me IIITO cy HeKe o6JiaCTl1 rrpH-
cyrHe y HeKMM, aJIM He l1 y CBMM yi;r6eHMI.J;MMa. TaKo cy y MaI::heM 6pojy yi;r6eHMKa rrpo-
6neMMMa orra)l{al::ha, pasBojy KOrHMTMBHMX cpyttKu;Mja M ,n;eTaJbHOM orrMcy u;eHTpanHor
HepBHor cMcTeMa rrocBeheHa rroce6Ha rrornaBJba. HacyrrpoT TOMe, o6nacTMMa, Kao
IIITO cy o6pa,n;a HHcpopMau;Mja l1 pa3Jil1ql1TM TMITOBM MeMopHje, jesMK, 3aKJbyqMBaI::he M
pernaBaI::he rrpo6neMa y CBMM yi;r6eHMI.J;MMa rroCBeneHa cy rroce6Ha rromaBJba, a y HeKMM
M BMIIIe o,n; je,n;Hor ITOfJiaBJba. TipH l136opy o6JiaCTM Koje he 6MTl1 rrpHKa3aHe y OBOj
KI::hl13l1 orpaHMqMo caM ce Ha oHe Koje cy, 6es MsyseTKa, sacTyrrJbeHe y CBMM yi;r6eHMI.J;M-
Ma KOfHl1Tl1BHe IlCMXOJIOfMje. ,Il;p)l{elll1 ce OBOr KpHTepHjyMa CBeCHO caM l130CTaBl10 ,n;Be
o6nacTM Koje cy, no MOM MMIIIJbeI::hy, sHaqajHe sa pasyMeBaI::he KOrHMTMBHMX rrpou;eca
xii KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJ10fl1JA
Hl13My. Ha11Me, HajBerrn 6poj rrpo6JieMa Koj11 crraµ;ajy y ,Il;OMeH KOfHl1Tl1BHe I1Cl1XOJIO-
r11je l1CI1l1TaH je 113 rrepcrreKTl1Be KOfHl1Tl1BHe o6pa,n;e 11mpopMau;11ja, IIITO Hllje YBeK
c.n:y•rnj ca KoHeKu;110Hl1CT11qK11M rrp11cTyrroM. YK0JI11Ko 611 ,n;Ba rrp11CTyrra 6HJia ,n;orne,n;Ho
paBHOrrpaBHO rrp11Ka311BaHa, rrojaBHJia 611 ce Heyje,n;HaqeHOCT y rroje,n;l1Hl1M ,n;eJIOBl1Ma
Klli11re, Hapoq11To OH11M y Koj11Ma je Koprryc 11CTpa)l{11Ballia l13Be,n;eH11x y OKB11py Ko-
rHl1Tl1BHe o6pa,n;e 11mpopMau;11ja 3HaqajHo Ben11. Ho, 6e3 ofo11pa Ha HaBe,n;eHe pa3Jiore,
y eBeHTYaJIHOM ,n;pyroM 113,II;alliy OBe Kllillre KOHeKD;l10Hl13MY ne 611Tl1 ITOCBeheHa Bena
rra)l{llia jep je y I111Talliy rrp11cTyrr KOjl1 l1Ma CBe Ben11 3Haqaj y l1CTpa)l{l1Ballil1Ma KOfHl1-
Tl1BHl1X rrpou;eca.
3a pa3JI11KY o,n; Ben11He yi,:r6eH11Ka KOfHl1Tl1BHe I1Cl1XOJIOr11je, HeypaJIHl1M OCHO-
BaMa KOfHl1Tl1BHl1X rrpou;eca 11 cpyHKu;11ja ITOCBeTl10 caM rroce6Ho rromaBJbe, Koje y
CBeTny HeypoJIOIIIKl1X HaJia3a peKarr11TyJI11pa TaKOpen11 CBe o6JiaCTl1 11 rrpo6JieMe KOjl1
cy rrp11Ka3aHl1 y OBOj Kllil1311. HaKO Ha OBaj Haq11H q11Tanau; MO)l{e Ha je,n;HOM MeCTY ,n;a
,n;o611je rrpeme,n; HeypanH11x ornoBa rrpou;eca 11 cpyttKu;11ja Koje ce pa3MaTpajy y oBoj
Kllil1311, OBO rrorJiaBJbe ce He MO)l{e CMaTpaTl1 llil1XOB11M l1HTerpaJIHl1M rrp11Ka30M. TaKaB
rro,n;yxBaT 3axTeBao 611 ,n;aneKo Bl1IIIe rrpocTopa, a 11 caM rrp11Ka3 611 Mopao ,n;a 6y,n;e
,n;pyraq11je ITOCTaBJbeH.
I1a)l{Jbl1Bl1 q11Tanau; be BepoBaTHO rrp11MeT11T11 ,n;a Ben11Ha rrp11Ka3aH11x l1CTpa-
)l{l1Ballia ITOT11qe 113 aMep11qKe 11 6p11TaHCKe I1Cl1XOJIOr11je, ,II;OK cy l1CTpa)l{l1Ballia 113
,n;pyr11x cpe,n;11Ha Mallie 3acTyrrlheHa. 0BaKaB O,II;HOC H11je ycJIOBJbeH CTaBOM aJTOpa Ben
CTallieM y caBpeMeHoj KOrHl1Tl1BHOj ITCMXOJIOmj11 y Kojoj ,II;OMl1H11pajy 11CTpa)l{l1Ballia
pa))eHa y Cje,n;11llieH11M AMep11qK11M ,Il;p)l{aBaMa. 0Ba Hecpa3Mepa je Mallie yoqJb11Ba y
l1CTop11jcKOM rrp11Ka3y rroje,n;l1Hl1X o6JiaCTl1, IIITO TaKo))e o,n;pa)l{aBa CTallie y rroje,n;HHHM
rrep110,n;11Ma pa3Boja rrc11xoJior11je. HacHJIHO rrpaBJbellie 6anaHca He 611 6HJio orrpaB,n;aHo
11 CBaI<aKO 611 ,II;aJIO l1CKp11BJbeHy CJI11KY CTallia y KOfHl1Tl1BHOj I1Cl1XOJIOr11j11 y rrorne,n;-
llil1X rre,n;eceTaK ro,n;11Ha. Y HeK11M rrorJiaBlh11Ma rrp11Ka3aHa cy l1CTpa)l{11Ballia Koja cy
pa))eHa y Jia6opaTOp11j11 3a eKcrrep11MeHTaJIHY rrrnxoJiomjy <DHJio3ocpCKor cpaKyJITeTa y
Eeorpa,n;y, an11 caMo oHa 3a Koja caM cMaTpao ,n;a 3a11cTa l1Majy 3Haqaj 3a o6JiacT Koja ce
pa3MaTpa. Ha oBaj Haq11H q11Tanau; MO>Ke ,n;a cTeKHe ,n;eJI11M11qaH yB11,n; y l1CTpa)l{11Ballia
KOfHl1Tl1BHl1X rrpou;eca Koja ce pa,n;e y HaIIIoj 3eMJbH.
Yo611qajeHo je ,n;a rrpm<a3 rroje,n;11H11x 06JiacT11 KorHl1Tl1BHe rrc11xoJior11je 3axBa-
Ta llil1XOB l1CTOpHjCim rrpeme,n; 11 KlhyqHa l1CTpa)l{l1Ballia Koja cy ,II;OBeJia ,n;o OITIIITe
rrp11xBaneH11x Mo,n;eJia 11 Teop11ja. ITocMaTpaHo 113 oBaKBe rrepcrreKT11Be, rrp11Ka3 He
611 Tpe6ano ,n;a 06yxBaT11 HajHOBllja l1CTpa)l{l1Ballia jep je I10Tpe6aH o,n;pe))eHl1 BpeMeH-
CKl1 rrep110,n; y KOjeM ce llil1XOB11 HaJia311 rrpoBepaBajy, aJil1 11 y KojeM ce jacH11je yoqaBa
llil1XOB 3Haqaj KOjl1 l1X KBaJI11cp11Kyje ,n;a 6y,n;y rrp11Ka3aHl1 y yI,I6eH11Ky. y Benmm yi,:r-
6eH11Ka KOfHl1Tl1BHe I1Cl1XOJIOr11je jacHO ce yoqaBa KOH3epBaTl1BHl1 rrp11cTyrr aJTOpa
- l1cTpa)l{11Ballia o6jaBlheHa y rrorne,n;lli11x ,n;eceTaK ro,n;11Ha Mallie cy 3acTyrrlheHa, a 0H11x
Koja cy ce rrojaBHJia y rrorne,n;lli11x rreT ro,n;11Ha TaKopen11 11 HeMa. 0BaKaB Kp11Tep11jyM
rrp11xBaTl10 caM 11 rrpHJI11KOM l136opa l1CTpa)l{l1Ballia Koje caM rrp11Ka3ao y OBOj Kllil1311.
Oc11M HeKOJil1D;l1He l13y3eTaKa r,n;e je TO 6HJIO 3al1CTa Heorrxo,n;HO, rrp11Ka3 Ce)l{e ,n;o cpe-
,II;l1He ,n;eBe,n;eceT11x ro,n;11Ha rrpoIIIJior BeKa.
H Ha Kpajy, Heorrxo,n;HO je HarJiaCl1Tl1 ,n;a je OBaj yi,:r6eHl1K rr11caH Ca)l{eT11je, a
KOJI11q11Ha rrp11Ka3aHOr MaTep11jana je HeIIITO Bena, HO IIITO je TO rnyqaj ca Behl1HOM yi,:r-
6eH11Ka KOfHl1Tl1BHe I1Cl1XOJIOr11je Koj11 cy HaMellieHl1 cTy,n;eHTl1Ma OCHOBH11X cTy,n;11ja.
xiv KOfHI1TI1BHA I1CI1XOJIOfI1JA
***
y pa,n;y Ha OBOj KEDM3M MMao caM Hece6wrny IIOMOn CBOjMX KOJiera M rrpMjaTeJDa. Ee3 I:bMX
MHOrM rrpo6JieMM pa3MaTpaHM y OBOj KI:bM3M OCTaJIM 6M He,n;ope11eHM M M3BeCHO je ,n;a 6M ce
IIOTKpaJia M IIOHeKa 036MJDHa rpenIKa. lhMXOBM caBeTM M cyrecTMje IIOMOrJIM cy MM ,n;a OTKJIO-
HMM He,n;orne,n;HOCTM Koje rrpMJIMKOM IIMCal:ba HMCaM yo11Mo, ,n;a yBe,n;eM TeMe Koje y rrpBM Max
HMCaM CMaTpao 3Ha11ajHMM M ,n;a ypaBHOTe)KHMM rrpMKa3 rroje,n;MHMX o6JiaCTM.
CyH11Mu;a 3,n;paBKOBMn, CJio6o,n;aH MapKoBMn M Ilernp MMJIMH cy MM y Bmne HaBparn cKpe-
HYJIM IIa)KI:by Ha TO IllTa 6M cTy,n;eHTMMa KOjM KOpMcTe OBaj y:r;r6eHMK MOrJIO ,n;a 6y,n;e HejacHO M
TelllKO 3a pa3yMeBal:be, ,n;oK cy MM KOMeHTapM BacMJIMja fBo3,n;eHOBMna oMorynMJIM YBM,n; y To
KaKo pJKOIIMc M3me,n;a M3 rrepcrreKTMBe yrrynettor l:IMTaou;a. ,II;ejaHy To,n;opoBMny ce 3aXBaJDyjeM
Ha CTporMM M TeMeJbHMM KOMeHTapMMa Koje je ,n;ao 3a HeKOJIMKO IIOrJiaBJDa. KoMeHTapM M cy-
reCTMje ,II;pare 3eu; M HMKOJie Ilpe,n;oJiu;a 6MJIM cy ,n;parou;eHM M 3Ha11ajHo cy rro6oJDillaJIM IllecTo
M ce,n;MO IIOrJiaBJbe y KOjMMa ce pa3MaTpajy KOfHMTMBHM acrreKTM je3MKa. ,II;y6paBKM IlaBJIMl:!Mn
,n;yryjeM 3aXBaJIHOCT Ha cyrecTMjaMa Be3aHMM 3a TeOpMjy O,I1;JIYl:IMBal:ba, a ,II;aHMIJ;M U:BeTKOBMn M
BJia,n;MMMPY U:BeTKOBMny Ha KOMeHTapMMa y Be3M ca cpMJI030cpCKMM rrpeTel:IaMa MCIIMTMBal:ba
KOrHMTMBHMX rrpou;eca M ,n;eJIOM KojM ce o,n;HOCM Ha 3aKlbJl:IMBal:be y JIOrMu;M. JeJieHa XaBeJIKa MM
je ,n;aJia ,n;parou;eHe cyrecTMje y Be3M ca ,n;eJIOM KOjM ce 0,lJ;HOCM Ha orrepaTMBHY MeMOpMjy, ,lJ;OK MM je
,II;ejaH JianoBMn rrocJie TeMeJDHor l:IMTal:ba rrpBor ,n;eJia pJKOIIMca JKa3ao Ha HeKe TepMMHOJIOillKe
M KoHu;errTyaJIHe He,n;orne,n;HOCTM. CyrecTMje Ha,n;e)K,n;e KpcTMn M Ha,n;e)K,n;e He,n;eJDKOBMn o
HeypaJIHMM OCHOBaMa KOfHMTMBHMX rrpou;eca rro60JblllaJIM cy rroje,n;MHe ,n;eJIOBe IIOCJie,n;I:ber IIO-
rJiaBJDa. JeJieHa MMpKOBMn MM je y BMille HaBparn 06e36e,n;MJia ,n;eo JIMTepaType Koja MM HMje 6MJia
,lJ;OCTyrrHa M 6e3 Koje 6M OBaj y:r;r6eHMK y HeKMM CBOjMM ,n;eJIOBMMa 6Mo He,n;ope11eH M HeIIOTIIytt.
KoMeHTapM Moje cyrrpyre ,II;apMHKe AH~eJIKOBMn cKpeHyJIM cy MM rra)KI:bY Ha ,n;eJioBe pJKOIIMca
KOjM HMCY 6MJIM ,Il;OBOJbHO jacHM, IllTO je IIOHeI<a,n; 3Hal:IMJIO M I:bMXOBO TeMeJbHO rrpepa~MBal:be.
3aXBaJiaH caM joj Ha cTprrJDel:by M rro,nplllU:M Kojy MM je rrpy)KMJia.
MMpjaHa Hmn je oMorynMJia ,n;a oBa KI:bMra yrJie,n;a rneTJio ,n;aHa, a rnojMM cyrecTMjaMa M
caBeTMMa yMHoroMe je rro6oJDillaJia cTpyKTYPY rroje,n;MHMX rromaBJDa. Iloce6Hy 3aXBaJIHOCT ,n;y-
ryjeM AJieKcaH,n;py Pa,n;oBaHoBMny KojM je ca rrpe,n;aHolllny M 6ecKpajHMM cTprrJDel:beM pa,n;Mo Ha
rrpeJioMy M TeXHMl:IKOM ype~el:by oBe KI:bMre. U:pTe)KM M caBeTM ,II;opMjaHa KoJiytt1,rnje y BeJIMKOj
MepM cy rro6oJDillaJIM rpacpMl:IKM M3me,n; KI:bMre. 3axBaJDyjeM ce I,IopI,Iy CrrepJIMHry, EJieHop
Polll, I,IejMcy MeK KJIMJieH,n;y, CTMBeHy KoCJIMHy, EJIM3a6eT JiocpTyc, I,loHy AH,n;epcoHy M 3eHoHy
IlMJIMillMHY KOjM cy ,I1;03BOJIMJIM ,n;a ce I:bMXOBM rropTpeTM perrpO,n;JKyjy y OBOj KI:bM3M, ,lJ;OK cy MM
EH TpM3MaH M EH,n;eJI TaJIBMHr ycTyrrMJIM rnoje cpoTorpacpMje BMCOKor KBaJIMTern, Ha 11eMy MM ce
rroce6Ho 3axBaJDyjeM. CJIMKa CTMBeHa KoCJIMHa perrpo,n;yKoBaHa je JDy6a3HOillny XapBap,n;CKor
cpoTO cepBMca (Harvard Photo Services).
MMJiaH 1)yJIMn Me je IIO,lJ;CTal<aO ,n;a rrpMCTyrrMM IIMCal:by OBOr y:r;r6eHMKa M 6e3 I:beroBOr
oxpa6peI:ba OH BepoBaTHO HMKa,n;a He 6Mo 6Mo HaIIMCaH. H Ha Kpajy, ,n;yryjeM 3aXBaJIHOCT CBOM
rrpocpecopy Ilpe,n;pary OrI:beHOBMny KojM MM je oMorynMo ,n;a ce 6aBMM HayKoM M 6e3 11Mje
,n;yroro,D;Mllll:be rro,n;plllKe He 6Mx MMao rrpMJIMKe ,n;a ce IIOCBeTMM KOfHMTMBHOj IICMXOJIOrMjM.
A.K.
ITPE,IJ;MET, METO,IJ;H I1 I1CTOPI1JCKI1 PA3BOJ
KOfHI1TI1BHE I1CI1XOJIOfI1JE
0BaKaB ,r:i;oral)aj CBaKO O,IJ; Hae MMa HJIH je Morao ,r:i;a MMa y CBOM MCKycTBy. I1aKO
HaOKO He3aHMMJbMB, OH y ce6M ca,r:i;pMM HeKe O)J; cpytt,r:i;aMeHTaJIHMX rrpo6JieMa caBpe-
MeHe KorHMTMBHe rrcnxoJiorMje. KpeHMMO pe,r:i;oM. Ce,r:i;enM Ha TepacM aocMawpao caM
crnpm.:i;e KaKO Kyrryjy Bone. lllTa YKJbyqyje oBaj cerMeHT ,r:i;oral)aja? Moje O'IM cy pem-
CTpoBarre o,r:i;pel)eHy rrpocTopHo-BpeMeHcKy CTPYKTYPY eJieKTpoMarHeTCKMX spa'Ielha
( cpM3MKa), Kojy cy crren;MjaJIM30BaHe HepBHe neJIMje TpaHccpopMMCaJie y CTPYKTYPY
HepBHMX MMrryJica (HeypocpM3MOJiomja), Kojy je 3aTMM MOj M03aK rrpB06MTHO pem-
CTpoBao Kao o,r:i;pel)eHy CTPYKTYPY 6oja M o6JIMKa (rrepn;errn;Mja), a Moj KOrHMTMBHM
rncTeM MHTeprrpeTMpao Kao cmapu4e M Bone (KomMn;Mja). UeJIY rnTyan;Mjy caM saTMM
MHTerpMcao y nmpM KOHTeKCT KOjM caM MHTeprrpeTMpao Kao KYUOBal-be. ,I.(a 6M TO 6HJIO
Moryhe, Her,r:i;e cy Moparre ,r:i;a 6y,r:i;y yCKJia,r:i;mIITeHe rrpe,r:i;crnBe OBMX rrojMoBa, a.JIM M rrpe,r:i;-
CTaBa peJian;Mje Kojy soBeMo KyuoBal-be. ,I.(pyrMM pe'IMMa, rro,r:i;an;M Koje je pemcTpoBarro
Moje qyJio BM,IJ;a MOparrM cy ,r:i;a 6y,r:i;y o6pal)eHM M OCMMIIlJbeHM. KaKO cy o6pal)eHM, Ha
KOjM Ha'IMH je o6aBJbeHo ocMMIIlJbaBaIDe M r,r:i;e ce o,r:i;BMjao rnj rrpon;ec?
,I.(oK caM rrocMaTpao cn;eHy Ha yJIHIJ;M, rrMo caM qaj. MoMe JIM ce saMMCJIMTM
je,r:i;HocTaBMja orrepan;Mja o,r:i; rrMjeIDa qaja? ArrM Ta orrepan;Mja je, BM,r:i;eneMo, MsyseTHO
rnoMeHa. I1pmrncenM IllOJbY qaja Mopao caM ,r:i;a Koop,r:i;MHMIIleM BeJIMKM 6poj MMIIlMna
pyKe M IllaKe M ceJieKTMBHO ,r:i;a pacrropel)yjeM eHeprnjy KaKo 6Mx n;eo cMcTeM crrperHyo
y CBpcMcxo,r:i;Hy aKn;Mjy rrpMHollleIDa IllOJbe ycTMMa. KaKo caM sHao Koje MMIIlMne 1I1aKe
Tpe6a ,r:i;a aKTMBMpaM M y KOJM ITOJIOMaj Tpe6a ,r:i;a IlOCTaBMM rrpcTe, KaKo caM 3Hao Koje
2 KOfHI1TI1BHA fICI1XOJIOfI1JA
npoMeHe Mopajy ,r:i;a ce o,r:i;nrpajy H KojoM 6psHHOM ,r:i;a He 6nx npocyo -ciaj? 0BaKo onnca-
HO nnjefhe -ciaja cna,r:i;a y npo6JieM q:mHe MOTopHe Koop,r:i;nHau;nje Kojn, naKo Hnje npe,r:i;-
MeT OBe KfhHre, npe,r:i;CTaBJba je,r:i;aH O,Ll; u;eHTpaJIHHX npo6JieMa CaBpeMeHe 6nocpH3HKe.
KoHcTaTau;nja ,r:i;a yCKopo Rene BHIIIe 6nTH MaJIHX npo,r:i;aBHnu;a cna,r:i;a y ,r:i;oMeH
saKJbY"CfHBafba Ha OCHOBY npeTXO,Ll;HO OCMHilIJbeHHX eJieMeHaTa H FhHXOBOr ,Ll;OBo})efba
y o,r:i;pel)eHe peJiau;nje. Kojy BpcTy 3Hafba caM Mopao ,r:i;a noce,r:i;yjeM ,r:i;a 6nx ,r:i;oIIIao ,r:i;o
noMeHyTor saKJbyqKa H Ha KOjH Ha"CJHH caM TO 3Hafbe noBesao ca onncaHHM ,r:i;oral)ajeM?
,II;a JIM je Moj saKJbyqaK Ta-ciaH, H aKo jecTe, KaKo sHaM ,r:i;a je TaKo? Hajsa,r:i;, noMeHy-
TH ,r:i;oral)aj JKlliyqyje H jesn-ciKy KOMJHHKau;njy Koja ce cacTOjH O,Ll; HH3a KOMnJieKCHHX
npou;eca Kojn oMorynyjy npo,r:i;JKu;njy n nepu;enu;njy roBopa. TiponsBo,r:i;Fha aKycTH-ciKor
CHrHaJia H KOOp,Ll;HHau;nja MHIIIHna apTHKyJiaI.J;HOHOr anapaTa ,r:i;a 6n ce npOH3BeO HCKa3
npe,r:i;MeT cy cpoHeTHKe, o6JiaCTH JIHHfBHCTHKe Koja ce 6aBH aKyCTH"CJKHM KapaKTepn-
CTHKaMa maca. Arrn, Moj ncKas ce caCTojao o,r:i; HHsa pe-cin. Ha Kojn Ha-cinH caM o,r:i;a6pao
6am Te pe-cin, a He HeKe ,r:i;pyre? Pe-cin Koje caM nsroBopno pacnopel)eHe cy no npaBHJIHMa
MOpcpoJiornje H CHHTaKce, IIITO je npe,r:i;MeT nsyqaBafba JIHHrBHCTHKe. KaKO y peaJIHOM
BpeMeHy Koop,r:i;HHHIIIeMo He caMo 6nocpnsn-ciKe napaMeTpe nponsBo,r:i;Fbe macoBa H
FhHXOBor cnajafha y pe-cin n pe-cieHnu;e Ben n npaBHJia MopcpoJIOIIIKor rnarafha pe-cin
H CHHTaKce? Hajsa,r:i;, Ha Kojn Ha-cinH je,r:i;Hy MHcao Koja HMa cpopMy nponosnu;nje H
joIII HHje H3pam:eHa je3H"CJKHM cpe,r:i;CTBHMa, npeBO,Ll;HMO y ,Ll;OMeH je3HKa? 0BO cy caMO
HeKH O,Ll; npo6JieMa Koje yo-ciaBaMO y nOKYIIIajy ,r:i;a pasyMeMO Ha"CJHH Ha KOjH ce O,Ll;BHja
j esn-ciKa KOMYHHKau;nj a.
TiocMaTpaHo ns nepcneKTHBe Mor npnjaTeJba Kojn ca MHOM Ha Tepacn nnje -ciaj,
u;eo ,r:i;oral)aj nsme,r:i;a oBaKo. Tipn-cia o npo,r:i;aBHHI.J;aMa HSpam:eHa je pe-cinMa Koje je ap-
THKYJIHcao Moj roBopHH anapaT H THMe nponsBeo aKycTH-ciKy CTPJKTypy, Tj. BaSAYIIIHe
Bn6pau;nje. 0Be BH6pau;nje pemCTpoBao je CJIYilIHH anapaT Mor npnjaTeJba H TpaH-
ccpopMncao HX y HepBHY aKu;njy Kojy je FheroB KOfHHTHBHH CHCTeM HHTepnpeTHpao
Kao pe-cin Ha OCHOBY Kojnx je peKOHCTpyncao H CXBaTHO Mojy MHCao. Ta MHCao je sa-
THM H3a3BaJia acou;njau;njy 0 JiaHu;y TproBa"CJKHX u;eHTapa Kojy je OH H3pa3HO pe-ciHMa.
Pe-cin je Moj npnjaTeJb apTHKYJIHcao CBojnM roBopHHM anapaTOM, -cinMe je nponsBeo
aKycTH-ciKy CTPYKTypy, ,r:i;a 6n ce u;eo JiaHau; pasJIH"CJHTHX npou;eca noHOBHO, IIITO je ,r:i;o-
BeJio ,Ll;O MOr pasyMeBafba FberoBor HCKasa.
Ka,r:i;a ce onncaHH ,r:i;oral)aj Ha oBaj Ha-cinH paIII-ciJiaHH H Ka,r:i;a ce ynnTaMO IIITa je
CBe Heonxo,r:i;Ho ,r:i;a 6n ce OH o,r:i;nrpao, caM ,r:i;oral)aj HecTaje, a npe,r:i; HaMa ce nojaBJbyje
HH3 nHTafba Koja ce6n ,Ll;O Ta,r:i;a HHCMO nocTaBJbaJIH.
L(HJb OBaKBOr onnca je ,r:i;a yKam:e Ha TO ,r:i;a HeKa O,Ll; cpytt,r:i;aMeHTaJIHHX nHTafba ca-
BpeMeHe HaJKe BennHa lliYAH He onam:a Kao npo6JieM jep cy ,r:i;eo CBaKo,r:i;HeBHnu;e, MaHH-
cpeCTyjy ce Kao nojaBe Koje HaM nsme,r:i;ajy cacBHM ,,npnpo,r:i;He'' H Ha Koje He o6panaMo
nam:Fby. Arrn, HCTopnja HaJKe noKasyje ,r:i;a cy HaOKO je,r:i;HOCTaBHH cpeHOMeHH ca KOjH-
Ma ce CBaKO,LJ;HeBHO cycpeneMO no npaBHJIY nsyseTHO CJIOMeHH. <PnHa MOTOpHa KOOp-
,Ll;HHau;nja je HeIIITO IlITO o6aBJbaMo 6es HKaKBHX TeIIIKona, npn -cieMy Haj-ciemne H He
o6panaMo nam:Fhy Ha To KaKo To pa,r:i;nMo. Ka,r:i;a roBopnMo HJIH CJIYillaMo HeKora KaKo
rOBOpH, nam:Fby o6panaMO Ha OHO 0 -cieMy rOBOpHMO HJIH 0 -cieMy roBopH Ham carOBOp-
HHK, a He Ha To KaKo To pa,r:i;HMO. Hajsa,r:i;, onam:afbe 06je1<aTa, KpeTafba n ,r:i;y6nHe ( Tpene
,r:i;nMeHsnje) TaKol)e cy npou;ern Ha Koje He o6panaMo nam:Fhy n Kojn HaM He nsme,r:i;ajy
rnom:eHH. YnpaBo s6or JiaKone KojoM H3BO,LJ;HMO oBe onepau;nje -ciHHH HaM ce ,r:i;a cy n
ITPE,D;MET, METO,D;I1 I1 I1CTOPI1JCKI1 PA3BOJ KOfHI1TI1BHE 11CI1XOJIOfI1JE 3
OHe caMe je,n;HOCTaBHe - CBe ,II;OK He rroKyrnaMO ,n;a HX OIIMilleMo. A Ka,n;a IIOKyrnaMo,
CXBaTaMO ,n;a cy y CBaKOM CBOM cerMeHTY OBH rrpou;ecH HsyseTHO CJIO}l{eHH, aJIH ,n;a je
IhHXOBa CJIO}l{eHOCT CKpHBeHa O,II; Hae. AKO 6HCMO CBaKH rryT Ka,n;a IIHjeMO qaj MOpaJIH
,n;a HspaqyttaBaMo rryraH> y IIIOJbe HS TaqKe a y TaqKy 6 II rrpH TOM ,n;a rrpepaqyttaBaMo
,II;HHaMHKY eHepreTCKHX HHBeCTHIJ;Hja KaKO 6HCMO o,n;pel)eHOM 6p3HHOM IIOKpeHyJIH
MHIIIHne IIIaKe II pJKe, HHKa,n;a He 6HCMO IIOIIMJIH IllOJbY qaja. AKO 6HCMO MOpaJIH ,n;a
ce rrpHcenaMO MopcpOJIOIIIKHX II CHHTaKcHqKHX rrpaBMJia CBaKH rryT Ka,n;a H3fOBapa-
MO HeKy peqeHHIJ;Y MJIH CJiyrnaMO carOBOpHHKa, jesHqKa KOMJHHKau;Hja He caMO ,n;a 6H
6MJia oTe}l{aHa Ben 6H, HajBepoBaTHHje, 6MJia oHeMoryneHa.
11 ,n;oK qJ1TaTe oBe pe,n;oBe o,n;BHjajy ce cJio}l{eHH rrpou;ecH, Kao IIITO cy rrepu;err-
u;Hja cJioBa, H>HXOBO rrpeTBapaH>e y macoBe, crrajaH>e macoBa y peqH, rro6yl)HBaH>e
rrpe,n;cTaBa rroje,n;HHaqHHX peqH II rrojMoBa, pasyMeBaH>e H>HXOBor sHaqeH>a II crrajaH>e
y IIIHpe u;eJIHHe ITO o,n;pel)eHHM CHHTaKCJ1qKHM rrpaBMJIHMa, rrpH,II;aBalbe CMHCJia HCKasy
II IIIHpHM u;eJIHHaMa, Kao IIITO cy rraparpacpH II rrorJiaBJba, acou;HpaH>e II rroBeSHBaH>e
ca,n;p}l{aja ca rrpeTXO,II;HHM 3HalbHMa HT,II;. I1aKO OBaj TeKCT He H3me,n;a CJIO}l{eH, y Tpe-
HYTKY ,n;oK OBO qJ1TaTe o,n;BHjajy ce BepoBaTHo HajCJio}l{eHHjH rrpou;ecH y rrpHpo,n;H. Ko-
rHHTHBHa IICHXOJIOrHja HaCTOjH ,n;a HeKe O,II; THX rrpou;eca OIIHIIIe II OMorynH IhHXOBO
6olbe pasyMeBaH>e.
30Ha y M03ry, Ha rrprrMep, Mory ,n;a ,n;oBe,n;y ,n;o ceneKTMBHMx OIIITeneIDa 3axBaTajynrr
caMO HeKe acrreKTe cpJHKD;Mje. CMMIITOMM HaCTaJIM yrne,n; IICMXMqKMX rropeMenaja MJIM
rroBpe,n;a M03ra JKa3yjy Ha cTpyKTYPY rrpou;eca, anrr rr Ha Moryne Mel)y3aBMCHOCTM ca
,n;pyrrrM KOfHMTMBHMM cpJHKD;MjaMa M rrpou;ecrrMa. 0BMM rrpo6JieMMMa 6aBe ce IICMXO-
rraTOJIOrrrja rr Heyporrcrrxonorrrja.
Heypall1-lU acueKUl. - lfaBeCHO je ,n;a y OCHOBM CBMX KOfHMTMBHMX rrpou;eca M cpJHK-
u;rrja CTOje HeypaJIHM rrpou;ecrr y M03ry. Pa3yMeBalbe HeypanHe OCHOBe KOfHMTMBHMX
cpJHKD;Mja, O,rt;HOCHO lhMXOBO M3Boljelbe MH,II;JKTMBHMM IIJTeM M3 rrpou;eca KOjM ce
O,rt;BMjajy Ha HMBOY HeypoHa M lhMXOBMX Mel)yco6HMX Be3a, je,n;aH je o,n; M3a30Ba rrpe,n;
KOjMM ce HaJia3M Heyponorrrja, aJIM M KOfHMTMBHe HaJKe.
Beiuillai-tKa uHilleJLufeH~uja. - I1oTIIJHO pa3yMeBaIDe HeKor rrpou;eca rr cpJHKu;rrje rro,n;pa-
3yMeBa MorynHOCT lhMXOBe cpopMaJIM3au;rrje, a caMMM TMM M MorynHOCT paqJHapCKe
CMMynau;rrje. 06nacT Kaja ce 6aBM paqJHapcKOM CMMynau;rrjoM KOfHMTMBHMX rrpou;e-
ca Ha3MBa ce Beiumai-tKa UHfileJLufeH~uja (artificial intelligence). U:rrJb rrcTpa)l{MBaIDa y
OKBrrpy oBe o6nacTrr je ,n;a ce cpopManrr3au;rrjoM KorHMTMBHMX rrpou;eca oMorynrr IDMxo-
Bo rrpeBol)eIDe Ha je3MK MaIIIrrHe Kaja 6rr, rne,n;enrr o,n;pel)eHe anroprrTMe, 6MJia y cTaIDy
,n;a M3Be,n;e rrpou;ece Kojrr cy aHanorHM KOrHMTMBHMM rrpou;ecrrMa (Hrrp. rrperro3HaBaIDe
o6jeKaTa, pa3yMeBaIDe rrprrpo,n;Hor je3MKa, peIIIaBaIDe rrpo6neMa MT,rt;.). Ycrrex y crrMy-
nau;rrjrr o,n;pel)eHrrx cpJHKu;rrja je yje,n;Ho rr eBanyau;rrja HaIIIer pa3yMeBaIDa rrpou;eca MJIM
cpJHKD;Mje KOjM ce CMMynrrpajy.
EKcrrepHMeHT
Iy Harnoj TepMHHOJiornju ce ycTaJIHO TepMHH peJZeBaT-tUlHe Bapuja6;ze. y OBOj KH>I13I1 KOpHCTHneMO TepMHH
upe;zeaaHUlHe aapuja6;ze jep cy y IIHTaH>y Bap11ja6Jie "L£11je ,n:ejcTBo Ha saBHCHY sap11ja6ny H11je o,n: rrp11MapHor
HHTepeca sa eKcrrep11MeHTaTopa, 6ap He Ha Ha"LJ:HH Ha Koju je TO CJIY"Lfaj ca HesaBHCHHM sap11ja6JiaMa.
TIPE)J:MET, METO)J:I1 I1 I1CTOPI1JCKI1 PA3BOJ KOfHI1TI1BHE I1CI1XOJIOfI1JE 9
ca,n;a HMaMo ,n;Be He3aBHCHe BapHja6Jie (IToJI H 6JKa) Koje Ha3HBaMo eKcuepuMeHillall-
HUM <jjaKillopuMa. I1pHMeTHMO ,n;a je CBaKH op: ITOMeHJTHX <i>aKTOpa Moryne ITO,IJ;eJIHTH
Ha ,IJ;Be ITOTKaTeropHje (ITOJI: MynIKH/)KeHCKH; 6JKa: ITpHCYCTBO/o,n;cycTBo). ITOTKaTero-
pHje <i>aKTopa Koje BapHpaMo y eKCITepHMeHTY Ha3HBaMo HU60UMa <jjaKillopa, HJIH HU-
60UMa He3a6UCHe aapuja6Jle. y HarneM ITPHMepy HMaMO ,IJ;Bo<i>aKTOpCKH eKCITepHMeHT
ca ITO ,IJ;Ba HHBOa CBaKor <i>aKTopa. Mo)KeMo, ,IJ;a.Jbe, ITOCTaBHTH ITHTaH>e ,n;a JIH eBeHTYaJI-
Ha pa3JIHKa y ITpou;eHTY rnqHo 3aITaMneHor MaTepHjaJia, ITope,n; HaBe,n;eHHX <PaKTopa,
3aBHCH H op: CTapOCTH HCITHTaHHKa (crnpH/MJia,n;H). THMe CMO yBeJIH HOBH <i>aKTOp
KOjH TaKOl)e HMa ,IJ;Ba HHBOa. y ITPBOM cnyqajy, Ka,n;a CMO HMaJIH caMO je,n;Hy He3aBHCHY
BapHja6ny ca ,IJ;Ba HHBOa (ITOJI), rOBOpHMO 0 je,n;Ho<i>aKTOpCKOM eKCITepHMeHTY ca ,IJ;Ba
HHBOa. y ,n;pyroM cnyqajy HMaMO ,IJ;Bo<i>aKTOpCKH eKCITepHMeHT ca ITO ,IJ;Ba HHBOa CBaKor
<i>aKTopa (MynIKO/)KeHCKO; ITpHcycTBO/o,n;cycTBO 6JKe), ,Il;OK y TpeneM cnyqajy HMaMO
Tpo<i>aKTopcKH eKcITepHMeHT (IToJI, 6JKa, crnpocT).
YKOJIHKO )KeJIHMO ITpeu;H3HHjH JBH,Il; y ,n;ejcTBO IToje,n;HHHX <PaKTopa, MO)KeMo
JEeCTH BHllle HHBOa He3aBHCHe BapHja6Jie. E<PeKaT 6YKe MO)KeMO ITpaTHTH TaKO lllTO
neMO H>eH HHTeH3HTeT BapHpaTH y HeKOM OITCery (HITp. 20 dB, 40 dB, 60 dB). I1cTO
MO)KeMo yqHHHTH H ca <i>aKTOpOM ,n;o6H (HITp. HCIIHTaJ;IHIJ;H op: 20, 40, 60 H 80 fO,Il;HHa).
y TOM cnyqajy 6HCMO HMaJIH ,IJ;Ba <i>aKTopa, npH q~µy 6H <i>aKTOp QYKe HMao TPH HH-
Boa, a <PaKTop ,n;o6H qeTHpH HHBoa. 14
IJ.puMep 6aJlaHcupa1-ba JlaillUHCKUM KBaqpaillOM. - TipeTIIOCTaBHMO )];a JKeJIHMO )];a HCIIHTaMO ,!:l;aJIH Ha KOrHH-
THBHY o6paAy HMeHnu;e YTH':le rra,[l;eJK y KOMe je rrpHKaSaHa (Hrrp. HOMHHaTHB, reHHTHB H .[l;aTHB). Je.[J;aH
O,!:l; Ha':IHHa )];a OBO ypa,!:l;HMO je )];a HCTHM HCIIHTaHHIJ;HMa rrpHKaJKeMo TPH rpyrre pa3JIH':IHTHX HMeHHIJ;a, 0,!:l;
Kojnx 6n cBaKa ca,!:l;pJKaJia HMeHnu;e y je.[l;HOM OA TPH rra.[l;eJKa, rrpn qeMy 6n BpeMe pearoBaH>a 6HJio saBHCHa
Bapnja6Jia. Mel)JTHM, y oBaKo saMHIIIJbeHoM eKcrrepnMeHTY He 6ncMo SHaJIH )];a JIH je AO eBeHTYaJIHHX
pasJIHKa y 6psHHH o6paAe AOIIIJIO s6or Tora IIITO cy HMeHnu;e rrpnKasaHe y pasJIH':IHTHM rra.[l;eJKHMa HJIH
s6or Tora IIITO cy y rpyrraMa rrpHKaSaHe pa3JIH':IHTe HMeHnu;e . .JJ:a 6HCMO ns6erJIH OBY .[l;HJieMy, HCIIHTaHHKe
MO)KeMO .[l;a IIO.[l;eJIHMO y TPH rpyrre, rrpH qeMy 6n je.[l;Ha rpyrra BH.[l;eJia CBe HMeHnu;e y HOMHHanrny, Apyra
rpyrra 6n BH.[l;eJia Te HCTe HMeHnu;e y reHHTHBy, a Tpeha y .[l;aTHBy. I1 OBora IIYTa 6HCMO HMaJIH rrpo6JieM
c HHTeprrpeTau;njoM pesyJITaTa jep He 6HCMO 3HaJIH )];a JIH je AO eBeHTYaJIHHX paSJIHKa y BpeMeHy o6pa,!:l;e
AOIIIJIO s6or Tora IIITO cy HMeHnu;e rrpnKasaHe y pasJIH':IHTHM rra.[l;eJKHMa, HJIH s6or Tora IIITO je HeKa rpyrra
HCIIHTaHHKa 6HJia 6pJKa HJIH crropnja O,!:l; Apyrnx rpyrra. Hajsa,!:l;, MOrJIH 6HCMO HCTHM HCIIHTaHHIJ;HMa HCTe
HMeHm:i;e .[l;a rrpHKa)l<eMO y CBa TPH rra,[l;eJKa. I1 y OBOM CJIYt:Iajy HMaJIH 6HCMO rrpo6JieM ca rroys.[l;aHOIIIhy
pesyJITaTa jep IIOHaBJbalhe HCTOr CTHMYJIYCa ,!:l;OBO,!:l;H AO H>eroBe 6pJKe o6pa,!:l;e. To 3Ha':IH )];a He 6HCMO 3HaJIH
)];a JIH je ,!:l;O eBeHTYaJIHHX pa3JIHKa y 6p3HHH o6pa,!:l;e ,!:l;OIIIJIO s6or Tora IIITO cy y IIHTalby paSJIHqHTH rra.[l;eJKH
HJIH s6or Tora IIITO je HCTa HMeHnu;a rrpHKasaHa y pa3JIH':IHTHM rra.[l;eJKHMa O,!:l;pel)eHHM pe,!:l;OCJie.[l;OM, IIITO
je Momo )];a yTuqe Ha BpeMe H>eHe o6pa,!:l;e .
.JJ:a 6HCMO y HCTpaJKHBalby Koje CMO yseJIH sa rrpHMep eJIHMHHHCaJIH ecpeKTe KOHcpytt,!:l;Hpajyhnx Bapn-
ja6JIH, rrpnCTyrraMO 6aJiaHcnpaH>y eKcrrepHMeHTa JiaTHHCKHM KBa,!:l;paTOM, IIITO. saxTeBa yBol)eH>e BHIIIe
rpyrra HCIIHTaHHKa.<GCJIHKa 1). 0BHM IIOCTYIIKOM ce o6es6el)yje .[l;a 6yAy rrpHKaSaHH CBH cpaKTOpH H CBH
HHBOH cpaKTOpa, Kao H )];a HCIIHTaHHK BH,!:l;H CBe CTHMYJIYCe, a )];a MY rrpn TOM HCTH CTHMYJIYC He 6y.[l;e
rrpnKaSaH )];Ba HJIH BHIIIe rryTa.
H f ~~,
1 2 3 I
3 1 ... 2 II
"
i'~ 3 1 III
C!luKa 1. - IJ.puMep JlaillUHCKOl KBaqpailla
3a ome.[l; Kojn CMO yseJIH sa rrpnMep 6HJie 6n HaM rroTpe6He TPH rpyrre HCIIHTaHHKa (I, II n III) n TPH
rpyrre HMeHHIJ;a (1, 2 H 3). TipBy rpyrry HMeHnu;a (1) rrpBa rpyrra HCIIHTaHHKa (I) BH.[l;ehe y HOMHHaTHBY
(H), Te HCTe HMeHnu;e Apyra rpyrra HCIIHTaHHKa (II) BH.[l;ehe y reHHTHBY (f), )];OK he HX Tpeha rpyrra (III)
BH.[l;eTH y ,!:l;aTHBY (.JJ:) . .JJ:pyry rpyrry HMeHHIJ;a (2) rrpBa rpyrra HCIIHTaHHKa he BH.[l;eTH y reHHTHBY (f), Apyra
rpyrra (II) y .[l;aTHBY (.JJ:) HT)];. Ha OBaj HaqnH CBH HCIIHTaHHIJ;H BH.[l;e CBe HMeHnu;e y CBa TPH o6JIHKa, rrpH
qeMy HHje.[l;aH HCIIHTaHHK He BH,!:l;H HCTY peq BHIIIe rryTa.
EcpeKaT MO)Ke 6MTM ,zwojaK: rrpeTXO,I::t;HO HayqeHM MaTepMjaJI MO)Ke ,z::t;a oJiaKIIIa yqeIDe
HOBOf MaTepMjaJia (U03Uil1UBHU illpaHcifjep ), a MO)Ke ,I::t;OllM M ,I::t;O OTe)KaBaIDa yqeIDa (He-
faillUBHU mpaHcifjep).
3agaillaK aepuifjuKa11uje (apocy'f)uaaHJa). - 0Baj eKcrrepMMeHTaJIHM rrocTyrraK KopMCTM
ce y MCIIMTMBaIDy rrpou;eca cyl)eIDa, rnqHMje, HaqMHa Ha KOjM ,1::t;OJia3MMO ,I::t;O 3aKJhyqKa ,I::t;a
JIM je HeKM MCKas MCTMHMT. CTMMYJIYCM ce Hajqemne cacToje o,z::t; je,z::t;HocTaBHMX MCKasa
(Hrrp. ,,PMM je rpa,z::t;."), a 3a,I::t;aTaK MCIIMTamma je ,I::t;a rrpMTMCKOM Ha TaCTep (,z::t;a/He) O,I::t;-
roBope ,I::t;a JIM je rrpMKa3aHM MCKa3 MCTMHMT. 3aBMCHe BapMja6Jie cy BpeMe rrpoTeKJIO O,I::t;
TpeHyTKa rrpMKa3MBaIDa MCKasa ,I::t;O TpeHyTKa ,z::t;aBaIDa O,I::t;fOBopa M rrpou;eHaT rpeIIIaKa. y
sa,z::t;aTKY BepMcpMKau;Mje Mory ,z::t;a ce BapMpajy pasJIMqMTe KapaKTepMCTMKe MCKasa (Hrrp.
KBaJIMTeT /acpMpMaTMBHM : HeraTMBHM/, MCTMHOCHa Bpe,z::t;HOCT /MCTMHMT : HeMCTMHMT/,
KJiaca Kojoj rrpMrra,z::t;a cy6jeKaT MCKasa /Hrrp. rpa,z::t;OBM : peKe/) MT,z::t;.
ITocTyrru;M Koje CMO OIIMCaJIM Haj-qeIIIhe ce KOpMCTe y MCIIMTMBaIDy rrpou;eca
yqeIDa, sarraMnMBaIDa, cyl)eIDa M opraHMsau;Mje rrojMoBa y ,z::t;yroTpajHoj MeMopMjM. ITo-
MeHyTMM IIOCTyrrIJ;MMa He Mcu;prrlbyje ce MHBeHTap eKcrrepMMeHTaJIHMX IIOCTyrraKa jep
y OKBMPY CBaKe o,z::t; HaBe,z::t;eHMX BapMjaHTM rrocTojM BeJIMKM 6poj rro,z::t;BapMjaHTM.
IToce6Ha rpyrra TeXHMKa KOpMCTM ce y eKcrrepMMeHTaJIHMM MCIIMTMBaIDMMa je-
3MKa Koja MMajy sa IJ;MJb pasyMeBaIDe KOrHMTMBHe opraHMsau;Mje jesMqKe MHcpopMau;Mje
M HaqMHa IDeHe o6pa,z::t;e.
3aga11u je3u11Ke KJLacuifjuKa11uje. - Je,z::t;Ha o,z::t; qecTMX TeXHMKa 1<0jM~a ceMCIIMTyje o6pa-
,z::t;a jesMqKe MHcpopMau;Mje cacTOjM ce y rrpMKa3MBaIDy jesMqKMX CTMMyeyca, rrpM qeMy
MCIIMTaHMK Tpe6a ,I::t;a MX KJiaCMcpMKyje ITO o,z::t;pel)eHMM KpMTepMjyMMMa. TaKO ce, Ha rrpM-
Mep, y 3agail1KY JLeKCU11Ke ogJLyKe rrpMKasyjy HJ130BM CJIOBa O,I::t; KOjMX HeKM rrpe,z::t;cTaBJbajy
peqM ,z::t;aTor jesMKa, a HeKM rrcey,z::t;opeqM (Hrrp. mpaaa/Ul.JLOHa). 3a,z::t;aTaK MCIIMTaHMKa je
,z::t;a rrpMTMCKOM Ha TaCTep (,z::t;a/He) O,I::t;fOBOpM ,I::t;a JIM je rrpMKa3aHM HM3 CJIOBa peq ,I::t;~TOf
jesMKa. HajqeIIIhe saBMCHe BapMja6Jie cy BpeMe pearoBaIDa, Koje ce MepM o,z::t; TpeHYTKa
rrpm<a3MBaIDa CTMMyJiyca ,I::t;O TpeHYTKa ,I::t;aBaIDa O,I::t;fOBopa, M rrpou;eHaT rpeIIIaI<a. l1cTOM
TeXHMKOM Moryhe je MCIIMTMBaTM M JTMu;aj KOHTeKcrn Ha o6pa,z::t;y peqM. CTMMYJIYCM ce
rrpMKasyjy y rrapy, a MCIIMTaHMK rrpou;eIDyje ,z::t;a JIM je ,z::t;pyrM CTMMYJIYC y rrapy peq ,z::t;aTOr
je3MKa. y OBaKBOj BapMjaHTM sa,z::t;aTKa JieKcMqKe O,I::t;JiyKe rrpBM CTMMYJIYC ce Ha3MBa KOH-
illeKCill (prime), a ,z::t;pym Meilla (target). 3a,z::t;aTaK MCIIMTaHMKa je ,z::t;a o,z::t;roBopM ,z::t;a JIM je
CTMMYJIYC MeTa peq ,z::t;aTor jesMKa. ITope,z::t; HaBe,z::t;eHMX rrpMMepa, sa,z::t;aTaK KJiacMcpMKau;Mje
ce KOpMCTM My MCIIMTMBaIDy ,z::t;pyrMx acrreKaTa jesm<a, Kao IlITO cy MOpcpoJIOrMja (Hrrp.
,z::t;a JIM je KOM6HHau;Mja ,I::t;Be peqM rpaMaTMqHa), CHHTaKca (Hrrp. ,I::t;a JIM je rrpHKa3aHM
MCKa3 rpaMaTMqaH) MT,I::t;.
3aga11u je3u11Ke apogyK11uje. ITope,z::t; rrepu;erru;Mje M pasyMeBaIDa jesMqKe HHcpopMa-
u;Mje, O,I::t; HHTepeca je M HaqMH Ha KOjM opraHMsyjeMO jesMqKy MHcpOpMau;Mjy rrpHJIMKOM
rrpo,z::t;yi<u;Mje jesMKa (roBopa). JesMqKa rrpO,I::t;JKIJ;Hja MO)Ke ,z::t;a BapMpa y saBMCHOCTM o,z::t;
KOHTeKCTa, BpcTe CTMMyeyca, CTaIDa y KojeM ce HaJia3M MCIIMTaHMK MT,I::t;. y OBaKBMM
McTpa)KMBaIDMMa yo6MqajeHo ce KOpMcTe ,z::t;Be TeXHMKe. ITpBa, rrosHarn rro,z::t; Ha3MBOM
3agaillaK U3foaapa1-ba (rroHeKa,z::t; ce Ha3MBa H 3agaillaK uMeHoBaHJa HJIM 3agaillaK 11Uilla1-ba
HafJLac) cacTojM ce y BMsyeJIHOM rrpMKa3MBaIDy jesMqKor MaTepMjaJia (Hrrp. rnoBa, peqM
HJIM peqeHMu;e), a sa,z::t;aTaK MCIIMTaHMKa je ,I::t;a rrpMKa3aHe CTHMyeyce M3fOBOpM. 3aBMCHe
Bap11ja6Jie cy rrpou;eHaT rpeIIIaKa M BpeMe rrpoTeKJio o,z::t; TpeHyTKa rrpMKa3MBaIDa CTM-
Myeyca ,I::t;O TpeHYTKa M3fOBapaIDa. ,IJ;pyra TeXHMKa ce cacTojM y CHMMaIDy fOBopa IIO,I::t;
TIPE,IJ;MET, METO,IJ;I1 I1 I1CTOPI1JCKI1 PA3BOJ KOfHI1TI1BHE TICI1XOJIOfI1JE 13
KopeJian;noHH MeTo,r:i;
ITope.n: YTBPQHBalha KaysanHe Bese H3Mel)y ,n:Be Bap11ja6Jie, lllTO je o,n:JIHKa eK-
crrep11MeHTaJIHor MeTo,n:a, y eMrrHpHjCKHM HCTpa)l{HBalhHMa y IICHXOJIOrHjH qecTO ce
JTBpl)yje I1 U06C3aHOCi11 H3Mel)y Bap11ja6JIH, TaqHnje, .n:a JIM je Bap11palhe Bpe,n:HOCTH je-
,n:He Bap11ja6Jie rrpaheHo Bap11palheM Bpe,n:HOCTH HeKe ,n:pyre Baplija6Jie. YKOJIHKO rro-
cToj11 IIOBe3aHOCT I13Mel)y ,n:Be Bap11ja6Jie, sa lhHX KmKeMO ,n:a cy y KopellatA;Uju.
CTerreH rroBesaHOCTH (KopeJiau;11je) 11spm1<aBa ce Koe<jju71ujeHi110M Kopella71uje (r)
q11je Bpe,n:HOCTH Bap11pajy o.n: -1 ,n:o 1. YKOJIHKO je rrp11palllrnj Bpe,n:HOCTH je,n:He Bap11ja6Jie
rrpaheH rrp11paI11TajeM Bpe,n:HOCTH ,n:pyre Bapnja6Jie, fOBOpHMO 0 U03Ui11U6HOj KOpeJiau;HjH,
JKOJIHKO je rrpaheH orra,n:alheM Bpe,n:HOCTH ,n:pyre Bap11ja6Jie o Hefai11uBHoj KopeJiau;11j11, a
JKOJIHKO rrpoMeHe y Bpe,n:HOCTHMa je,n:He Bapnja6Jie HHcy rrpaheHe c11cTeMaTCKHM rrpoMe-
HaMa Bpe,n:HOCTH .n:pyre Bap11ja6Jie, fOBOpHMO 0 ogcyci11By KOpeJiau;11je ( CJIHKa 2).
20 20 20
••
15 15 15
IO 10 IO
0 0 0
0 IO 15 20 0 IO 15 20 0 10 15 20
a 6 B
2
0Ba TeXHHKa ce KOpI1CTI1 I1 y I1CIII1TI1Ba:H>y o6pap;e pa3JII1'II1TI1X BpCTa BHsyeJIHHX CTI1MYJIYCa (He HY)l{HO
je3I1'IKHX).
14 KOrHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
Kpane BpeMe pearOBaI:Da ne ITO rrpammy 6MnI rrpaneHO BehMM 6pojeM rpernaKa. Y OBOM
c1ry~rnjy KopeJiau;nja je HeraTMBHa: Kpane BpeMe pearoBaH>a rroBe3aHo je ca BenMM
6pojeM rpernaKa.
CBaKM eKcrrepnMeHT ce MO:Me cMaTpaTM M KopeJiau;noHMM ncTpam:nBafheM jep ce
yTBpryMBafbeM Kay3aJIHe Be3e M3Me])y .ri;Be Bapnja6Jie yTBp])yje JI fbMXOBa IIOBe3aHOCT.
KopeJiau;noHo ncTpa)KJIBaH>e ce, Meryy-TMM, He Mom:e cMaTpaTM eKcrrepnMeHTOM jep ce
fbMMe JTBp])yje IIOBe3aHOCT, a.JIM He JI Kay3aJIHa Be3a M3Me])y .ri;Be Bapnja6Jie.
3
Ta':IKa IDUI HeKH 3HaK (m1p. * IDIH X) Koj11 ce Ha.Jia3H Ha cpe,n;HHH eKpaHa. Y osaKBHM eKcrrep11MeHTHMa
CBe
O,ll; HCIIHTaHHKa ce 3aXTeBa ,n;a MY IIOrJie,n; BpeMe 6y,n;e ycMepeH Ha <l:>HKCa:o;HOHY Ta':IKy.
4
Hase,n;eHH Ha.Jia311 sa:>Ke 3a ,n;elllH>aKe Koj11 rrpe,n;crnBJDajy sen.H ,n;eo rrorryJia:o;11je.
16 KOfHI1TI1BHA IICI1XOJIOfI1JA
orpamrqeHa Ha oncer nsMeljy 16 Hz n 20 000 Hz. Harn BnsyenHM arrapaT Hnje y cTalhy
.n;a pernCTpyje nmppa:u;pBeHM M ynTpaJDy6nqacTn .n;eo crreKTpa, a MnpncHa oceTJbMBOCT
HaM je penaTMBHO CKpOMHa y rropeljelhy c oceTJbllBOrnny HeKMX )l(llBOTlllhCKllX BpCTa.
,I(pyrnM peqnMa, HarnnM qynnMa cy .n;ocTyrrHn caMo cerMeHTM crreKTpa eHepreTCKMX
Bapnpalha - BaH TMX cerMeHaTa rrpoMeHe y rrpnpo.n;n Hncy .n;ocTyrrHe HarnnM qynnMa.
Ms Tora cne.n;n .n;a caMo Ha ocHoBy qyJIHMX rro.n;aTaKa He MO)l(eMo .n;a crrosHaMo CBeT
OHaKBllM KaKaB OH CTBapHo jecTe jep HaM Hncy ,D;OCTyrrHM CBll rro.n;a:u;n 0 rrpoMeHaMa
Koje ce y lheMy .n;ernaBajy. 5
Pa3JLu1m U3Me~y 11,JllHof aogaiilxa u aep71eama. - Y c.nyqajy BnsyenHe rrep:u;err:u;nje yoqaBaMo
pasnnKy M3Meljy oHora rnTo pemcTpyjy Harna qyna n oHora rnTo orra)l(aMo. 6 TiocMaTpa-
jynn rrpojeKTOBaHy CJIMKY Ha Mpe)l(Jhaqn yoqaBaMO .n;a je OHa ll3BpttyTa, ,D;llCTOp30BaHa
yrne.n; KOHKaBHOCTM Mpe)l(Jhaqe (Tj. JHYTparnlhe cTpaHe oKa) n .n;a je p;Bop;nMeH3MOHaJIHa.
MelJYTMM, Harn rrep:u;errT Hllje Hll ll3BPHYT Hll ,D;llCTOp30BaH, a rrpn TOM jell TpO,D;MMeH-
3llOHaJiaH,"rnTO ra qnHM 6JIM)l(MM ( cmrqHnjnM) o6jeKry Kojn ce orra)l(a o.n; rrpojeKTOBaHe
CJIMKe Ha Mpe)l(Jhaqn. KaKo je .n;olliJio .n;o pasnuKe M3Meljy CJIMKe Ha Mpe)l(lhaqn u rrep-
:u;errrn? O.n;roBop Ha OBO rruTalhe ll3Bep;eH je us rrpeTrrocTaBKe .n;a je Hap; rro.n;a:u;nMa Koje
.n;o6ujaMo o.n; qyna HaKHap;Ho o6aBJbeHa TpaHccpopMa:u;nja y OKBlipy MeHUlaJLHOf goMeHa
(p;aHac 6nCMO peKJill HepBHOf cucUleMa ll KOlHUillUBHOf cucUleMa) /CJIMKa 3/.
A B B r
5
0Baj apryMeHT .n;o6Hja Ha 3Haqajy OTKpHfiHMa orpaHH":Ielba Harner qyJIHO-HepBHor arrapaTa Koja cy cKo-
parnlber .n;aTyMa, TaKO .n;a ra He HaJia3I1MO y KJiaCM":IHI1M rHOCeOJIOlIIKI1M pacrrpaBaMa.
6
HHje jaCHO .n;a JII1 je TO rnyqaj I1 ca OCTaJII1M qyJIHHM MO,JJ;aJIMTeTHMa. 3a pa3JII1KY O)J; qyJia BH,JJ;a, r.n;e MO-
)KeMo .n;a IIOCMaTpaMO rrpojeKTOBaHy CJIMKY Ha Mpe:>I<lba":IH, 3a OCTaJie MO)J;aJIHTeTe HeMaMO MoryfiHOCT
.JJ:HpeKTHor rrope})elba qyJIHor rro.n;aTKa I1 rrepu;errTa.
ITPE,D;MET, METO,D;I1 I1 I1CTOPI1JCKI1 PA3BOJ KOrHI1TI1BHE ITCI1XOJIOfI1JE 19
Koje HacTajy KOMfornau;HjOM H,n;eja Koje ,n;o6HjaMO rrocpe,n;CTBOM qyJia H ypol)eHHX H,n;eja.
0Be TPH BpcTe H,n;eja cy rroTrrytto cy6jeKTHBHe jep rrocToje caMo y HarneM YMY H Tpe6a
HX cxBaTHTH Kao !heroBe pa3JIHqHTe Mam1cpecTau;Hje. To, HapaBHO, He 3HaqH ,n;a He
IIOCTOjH CIIOJballilha, cpH3HqKa peaJIHOCT, jep H,n;eja je yrrpaBO rrorne,n;Hu;a Te peaJIHOCTH
( OCHM ypol)eHHX H,n;eja). AKO rrpHXBaTHMO peaJIHOCT H,n;eja, OH,n;a MOpaMO rrpHXBaTHTH
H peaJI:fIOCT CIIOJballi!her CBeTa KOjH je y3pOKOBaO H,n;eje.
cy MJIH Herrocpe,n;HH rro,n;an;H ,n;o6HjeHH o,n; qyJia (Hnp. 6oja) MJIH, naK, ,n;HpeKTHa CBecT
o rrpou;ecHMa H cTalhHMa, Kao IIITO cy cyMiha, 3Halhe MJIH saKJhyqHBalhe. Hajsa,n;, Kao
IIITO MO)Ke ,n;a pasJIHKyje je,n;HocTaBHe H,n;eje Koje ce jaBJbajy saje,n;Ho, YM MO)Ke H ,n;a
crrojH HeKOJIHKO je,n;HOCTaBHHX H,n;eja y KOMUJleKCHY ugejy.
Mon rrpoHsBo))elha H,n;eje JioK HasHBa KBaJLuflleflloM o6jeKTa KOjH rroce,n;yje TaKBY
Mon, rrpH qeMy pasJIHKyje apuMapHe H ceKyHgapHe KBaJIHTeTe. ITpHMapHH KBaJIHTeTH
cy Heo,n;BojHBH o,n; caMor o6jeKTa ( TeJia) H yBeK cy orra)KeHH aKo je caM o6jeKaT orra)KeH.
y rrpHMapHe KBaJIHTeTe cna,n;ajy qBpcnrna, rrpOCTHpalhe, o6JIHK H M06MJIHOCT, a H,n;eje
0 THM KBaJIHTeTHMa o,n;roBapajy caMHM KBaJIHTeTHMa Kao CBOjCTBHMa o6jeKTa, 6es o6-
3Hpa Ha TO ,n;a JIM o6jeKaT orra)KaMO MJIH He. 3a pa3JIHKY o,n; rrpHMapHHX, ceKytt,n;apHH
KBaJIHTeTH ce O.II;HOCe Ha MorynHOCT o6jeKTa ,n;a H3a3oBe o,n;pe))eHe ceHsan;Hje, Kao IIITO
cy 6oja, MHpHc, 3BJK, TOIIJIOTa HT.II;. CeKytt,n;apHH KBaJIHTeTH He o,n;pa)KaBajy KBaJIHTeTe
caMHX o6jeKaTa, OHM cy caMo 3Han;H ,n;ora))aja y cPH3HqKHM TeJIHMa. JioK IIOMHihe H
mep11ujapHe KBaJLuflleflle HMajynH y BH,n;y MorynHocT HsasHBalha o,n;pe))eHHX rrpoMeHa
Ha ,n;pyrHM TeJIHMa (Hrrp. crroco6HOCT BaTpe ,n;a HCTOIIH BOcaK).
JioK pa3JIHKyje HeKOJIHKO crroco6HOCTH yMa, o,n; KOjHX je ona)Kalbe rrpBa H Haj-
Ba)KHHja crroco6HocT jep 6es Ihera sHalhe HHje Moryne. ,IJ;pyra crroco6HocT je sa,n;p)KaBa-
Ihe MaTepHjana Koje ce MaHHtj:lecTyje IDIH Kao rro6y))HBalhe HeKe H,n;eje H IheHo rrpHBpe-
MeHo sa,n;p)KaBalhe y CBeCTH (JioK OBO Ha3HBa KOHflleMUJla11ujoM), MJIH Kao naMnelhe, Tj.
TpajHo CKJia,n;HIIITelhe H,n;eja, rrpH qeMy YM HMa crroco6HocT ,n;a HX O)KHBH (no6y,n;H). Y
OCTaJie crroco6HOCTH yMa crra,n;ajy pa3JIHKOBalhe H,n;eja, IhHXOBO rrope))elhe H KOM6HHO-
Balhe, HMeHoBalhe H arrcTpaxoBalhe. Ka,n;a je peq o pa3JIHqHTHM BH.II;OBHMa MHIIIJbelha,
JioK He yJia3H y ,n;eTaJbHa pasMaTpalha, Ben cyMapHo o6pa))yje ceHsan;Hje, naMnelhe, rrpH-
cenalhe, IIa)Klhy, Calhapelhe, 3aKJbyqHBalhe, cy))elhe H 3Halhe.
fIHTalhe ,n;a JIM je Hallie 3Halhe ypo))eHO MJIH CTeqeHO, IIOCTaBJbeHO y IIOJieMHII;H
H3Me))y eMIIHpHCTa H pan;HOHaJIHCTa rrpe BHIIIe o,n; TPH CTOTHHe ro,n;HHa OCTane aK-
TyeJIHO ,n;o ,n;aHaIIIIhHX ,n;aHa, H TO He caMo y cPMJI030cPHjH Ben H y IICHXOJIOrHjH. I1cTO
TIPE,Il,MET, METO,Il,I1 I1 I1CTOPI1JCKI1 PA3BOJ KOfHI1TI1BHE I1CI1XOJIOfI1JE 23
foxaHec Mwiep, XepMaH ifjoH XellMXOll14, EpHcill XajHpux Be6ep u I'ycillaB Teogop <J>exHep
7
MaTue cy rrosHaTe BJHTOBe aKTMBHOCTM Koje cy rrpeTxo,n;IDie ocmrnaTuy Jia6opaTop11je y Jlajrru;11ry 11
Koje cy rrp11rrpeMIDie ocHoBy sa ycrrocTaBJbalbe rrcMXoJiomje Kao eMrr11p11jcKe HaJKe. fo,n;11He 1858. BJHT
rrocTaje arncTeHT XepMaHa XeJIMXOJirt;a Ha YH11Beps11TeTy y Xaj,n;eJI6epry 11 TOKOM rne,n;eh11x HeKOJIMKO
rO,IJ;MHa o6jaBJbyje BMIIIe ,n;eceTMHa Hay<IHMX pa,n;oBa I1 ,IJ;Be KI:bMre (,,I1CMXOJIOr11ja Kao rrp11po,n;Ha HaJKa"
I1 ,,,r:t:orrpHHOC Teop11j11 'IYJIHOr OIIa)KaI:ba"). BJHT ce c rrpaBOM CMaTpa TBOprt;eM eKcrrep11MeHTaJIHe
IICI1XOJIOr11je, He caMO s6or Tora IIITO je OCHOBao rrpBy IICMXOJIOIIIKY Jia6opaTop11jy Beh I1 s6or Tora IIITO
je CBOjOM KI:bMrOM rro,n; HaCJIOBOM ,,Ilp11Hrt;I1III1 cpI13I10JIOIIIKe IICI1XOJIOr11je" IIOCTaBMO OCHOBe sa ,,HoBy",
Hayq:Hy IICMXOJIOrMjy, rrp11 '!eMy OB,n;e HMje peq 0 cpI13I10JIOIIIKOj Beh eKcrrepHMeHTaJIHOj IICMXOJIOrMjM.
8
BJHT KacH11je 113,n;aje qacorr11c rro,n; HaCJIOBOM ,,I1c11xoJI01IIKe cTy,n;11je" (,,Psychologische Studien").
26 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJI0fl1JA
9
Y rrpBHM ro.n;HHaMa pa.n;a Jia6opaTopHje y Jiajrru;11ry BeJI11Ka Ha.n;a rroJiaraHa je y eKcrrep11MeHTe ca Bpe-
MeHOM pearoBaH>a l1 y .D:oH.n;epcoB MeTo.n; o.n;ysHMaH>a. 0Ba oqeKHBaH>a ce, Mel)JTHM, HHcy rroKasaJia
orrpaB.n;aHHM jep cy BpeMeHa pearoBaH>a sa rroje.n;11He rrpou;ece .n;paMaTH"'IHO BapHpaJia He caMo o.n; l1crr11-
TaH11Ka .n;o HCIIHTaH11Ka Beh l1 o.n; orne.n;a .n;o orne.n;a. KoHa"'!aH y.n;apau; MeTo.n;y o.n;ysHMaH>a sa.n;ao je 0CBaJI,D;
KHJirre (Oswald Kulpe), BJHTOB capa.n;H11K, KojH je rroKasao .n;a yrno:>KH>aBaH>e sa.n;aTI<a sa je.n;Hy orrepau;11jy
H11je rrpocTo .n;o.n;aBaH>e, Beh .n;a sa rrorne.n;11u;y HMa rrpoMeHy u;eJioKyrrHor rrpou;eca (cf. Boring, 1950). O.n;
IIIes.n;eceTHX fO)J;HHa rrpoIIIJior BeKa .D:oH.n;epcoB MeTO)J; ce IIOHOBO rrpHMeH>yje y eKcrrepHMeHTaJIHOj IICI1-
XOJIOrl1jl1, aJIH caMO y I1CIIl1THBaH>HMa rrpou;eca KOjM cy He)J;BOCMHCJieHO a.n;MTI1BHl1.
HarryIIITaH>eM MeTo.n;a o.n;ys11MaH>a H l1CTpa)IrnBaH>a BesaHHX sa a.n;MTHBHY CTPJI<TYPY MeHTaJIHl1X rrpo-
u;eca, BJHTOB l1HTepec ce oKpehe rrpo6JieMy rra:>KH>e. TaKo, Ha rrpHMep, HaJia3H I,IejMca MeKKHH KaTeJia
(James McKeen Cattell), Koj11 je y OHO BpeMe 6110 BJHTOB cTy.n;eHT, a KaCHHje je.n;aH o.n; Bo.n;ehHx aMepH"'IKHX
IICHXOJiora, IIOKasyjy .n;a je rrpH KpaTKOj eKCII03HIJ;HjH CTl1MYJIYCa Moryhe o6pa.n;HTl1 IIIeCT je.n;11HHu;a, HaJia3
KOjM he IIOHOBO IIOCTaTH aKTyeJiaH rre.n;eceTHX fO)J;HHa xx BeKa.
10 B
JI<BaJIHl1 rrpeBO)J; OBOr TepM11Ha rJiaCHO 6l1 ,,Hapo.n;Ha IICHXOJIOfHJa
. " HJil1 ,,IICHXOJIOfl1Ja
. Hapo.n;a" .
ITpeBo.n; 6JI11:>K11 CMl1CJIY KOjH je Ha YMY HMao BJHT 6Ho 611 ,,aHTporroJIOIIIKa rrcHXOJior11ja".
TIPE)J,MET, METO)J,I1 I1 I1CTOPI1JCKI1 PA3BOJ KOfHI1TI1BHE TICI1XOJIOfI1JE 27
KOjM cpYJIKIJ;MOHMIIle Halli yM. Y p;pyroM TOMY ,,Volkerpsychologie" BYJIT pasBMja Mp;ejy
o TOMe p;a ornoBHa jep;MHMu;a y rrpoyqaBaIDy jesMKa Tpe6a p;a 6yp;e pe-cieHMu;a, Kojy je
Morylie palll-ciJiaHMTM Ha cy6jeKaTCKM M rrpep;MKaTCKM p;eo, a IDeHy CTPYKTYPY rrpep;-
CTaBMTM CTa6JIOM. 0Ba Mp;eja lie IIOCTaTM peBOJIYIJ;MOHapHa y JIMHfBMCTMIJ;M rrep;eceTMX
fO,ll;MHa rrpOIIlJIOf BeKa, 6Mlie IIO,ll;CTMu;aj MHOfMM JIMHfBMCTM"CJKMM MCTpa)l{MBalbMMa M
p;oBellllie p;o cpopMHpaH>a rrcMXOJIMHrBMCTMKe Kao caMOCTaJIHe p;MCIJ;MIIJIMHe, aJIM BYJIT
Helie 6MTM HaBep;eH Kao rrpeTe-cia.
11 0.D: ocTaJII1X BJHTOBHX cTy.D:eHaTa Tpe6a rroMeHyTH CTemrnja XoJia (Stanley Hall), I,IejMca MeKKHH KaTe-
Jia (James McKeen Cattell), OcBaJI.D:a KHJirrea (Oswald Kiilpe), Xyra MHHCTep6epra (Hugo Miinsterberg),
EpHcTa MojMaHa (Ernst Meumann), EMHJia KperreJIHHa (Emil Kraepelin) H I,IejMca MapKa BoJI.D:BHHa
(James Mark Baldwin).
28 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
BullujeM IJejMc
ITOcTyirnK Efornrxayc 6H ITOHaBJbao HeKOJIHKO ITYTa Ha HCToj JIHCTH cJioroBa MepenH ITPH
TOM ynITe.n;y y yq:elh y Hspa)l{eHy Kpos cMalhelhe BpeMeHa ITOTpe6Hor p;a 6H ce Hayq:HJia
JIHCTa CJIOfOBa, qJ1Me je .n;o6Ho JBH,Il; y BpeMeHCKY cpyttKD;Hjy sa6opaBJbalba.
EHXejBHOpHCTH-cIKa peB011yu;Hja
CBe .n;o IToqeTKa XX BeKa rnaBHH ITpe.n;MeT HCITHTHBalha eKcITepHMeHTaJIHe ITCH -
xoJiorHje cy ITpou;ecH CBeCTH, 6HJio y OKBHpy CTPYKTYPaJIHCTHqKor, 6HJio y OKBHPY
cpyttKD;HOHaJIHCTHqKor ITpHcTyrra, a OCHOBHH MeTO,Il; je HHTpocITeKn;Hja. OcHHBajy ce
Jia6opaTOpHje Ha XapBap.n;y (I,IejMc), KopHeJiy (THqeHep ), Ha YHHBepsHTeTy y To-
poHTY (BoJip;Birn) H .n;pyrHM n;eHTpHMa y CBeTy, a Mel)y HCTpa)l{HBaqHMa ce pa3BHja
)l{HBa ,Il;HCKYCHja KaKO 0 MeTO,II;OJIOIIIKHM ITHTalhHMa, TaKo H 0 eMITHpHjCKHM HaJia-
3HMa. 0BaKBO CTalhe ITOTpajane p;o IlpBor CBeTCKOf paTa, TaqHHje, p;o 1913. fO,Il;HHe,
Kap;a I,IoH BoTCOH o6jaBJbyje CBOj ,,MaHHcpeCT" 6HxejBHOpH3Ma y pa.n;y ITO,Il; HaCJIOBOM
,,IlrnxoJiomja KaKO je BH,Il;H 6HxejBHOpHCTa" (Watson, 1913). BHne TO ITpeKpeTHHn;a
Koja he HMaTH 3HaqajHe ITOCJiep;Hn;e ITO ,Il;aJbH pasBoj eKCITepHMeHTaJIHe ITCHXOJIOrHje,
HapoqHTO ITO pa3BOj HCTpa)l{HBalha Be3aHHX sa ITpou;ece CBeCTH. BoTCOH je y CBOM pa.n;y
H3JIO)l{H0 OCHOBHe ITOCTaBKe HOBOf ITpam:t;a y ITCHXOJIOrHjH H HCTOBpeMeHO YIIYTHO
KpHTHKe .n;oTa.n;arnlhHM HcTpa)l{HBalhHMa ITpou;eca cBeCTH. MeTop; caMoITocMaTpaTha
ce, ITO BoTCOHOBOM MHIIIJbeThy, He MO)l{e CMaTpaTH HaycIHHM jep cy cpeHOMeHH KOjH ce
OBHM ITOCTyrrKOM HCITHTyjy ITPHBaTHH H HHcy ITO,II;JIO)l{HH o6jeKTHBHOM ITOCMaTpalhy.
O.n;6an;HBIIIH caMOITOCMaTpalhe BoTcoH HHje IToHy.n;Ho aJITepHaTHBHH MeTo.n;, Benje o.n;-
6an;Ho H cpeHOMeHe KOjH cy THM MeTO,Il;OM HCITHTHBaHH. TI pep;CTaBe, ceHsan;Hje H OCTaJia
CTalba CBeCTH ITporJiaIIIeHH cy MeHTaJIHCTHqKHM ITOjMOBHMa H o.n;6aqeHH Kao ITpep;MeT
HCITHTHBalha. IloJiasenH op; CTaBa p;a cy y ITpHpO,II;HHM HaJKaMa ITpe.n;MeT HCTpa)l{HBalha
30 KOrHHTHBHA ITCHXOJIOrHJA
cpeHoMeHM KojM ce Mory o6jeKTMBHO rrocMaTpaTM M MepMTM, BoTCOH saKJDyqyje ,n;a cpe-
HOMeHM CBeCTM HMCY ITO,ll;JIO)KHM OBaKBOM ITOCMaTpaIDy, rra caMMM TMM He Mory ,n;a
6y,n;y rrpe,n;MeT IlCMXOJIOrMje. Je,n;MHO lllTO je ,n;ocTyrrHo o6jeKTMBHOM IlOCMaTpaIDy je
CITOJha BM,IJ;JhMBO ITOHalllaIDe, M CTora rrpe,n;MeT IlCMXOJIOrMje Tpe6a ,n;a 6y,n;e U01-lauta1-be
( oTy,n;a M Ha3MB 6uxejauopu3aM).
IjoH BomcoH
12
IloHeKa.z:i; ce -qyjy MHIIIJbeH>a .z:i;a je 611xejB11op11saM 6110 cTpam::ryrn:u;a y 11cTop11j11 TICHXOJiornje. 0BaKBa
o:u;eHa je He caMO npecTpora Bell I1 HeTa1rna. H11Ka.z:i;a y rnojoj HCTOpHjH TICHXOJIOrnja HHje HMaJia TaKBY
KOHIJ;eTITYaJIHY jaCHofiy I1 MeTO)J;OJIOIIIKY CTpOrOCT Kao IIITO jy je HMaJia TOKOM )J;OMI1Ha:u;11je 6rrxejBHOpI1-
3Ma. Hrrje TO 6rro ,,XI1p" 6HXejBrroprrcTa - H>HXOBH saxTeBH H11cy 6HJI11 saxTeB11 HaycIHHX .z:i;orMaTa. Brr-
xejB11oprrsaM je caMO IIpHMeHHO CTaH.z:i;ap.z:i;e np11po.z:i;HI1X HaYKa Ha HCTIHTHBaH>e TICI1XI1"IKI1X npo:u;eca.
32 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
y TH:u;aj KM6epHeTHKe
I1 ,r:t;OK je YTMu;aj MCTpaMMBaH>a y o6nacTM TeJieKOMJHMKau;Mja 6Mo ,r:t;MpeKTaH, jep
cy ce OHa y CYIIITMHM 6aBHJia KOfHMTMBHMM rrpo6JieMMMa, JTMu;aj KM6epHeTMKe M TeO-
pMje MHcpopMau;Mje Ha cpopMMpaFbe KOrHHTMBHe IICHXOJIOrMje je MH,r:t;MpeKTaH; 6Mo je
TO BMIIIe JTMIJ;aj ,,,n;yxa BpeMeHa" KOjM ce MaHMcpecTOBao Kao rroqeTaK HOBMX BMQefba
rrpo6JieMa, He caMO y IICMXOJIOrMjM, Ben M y Hayu;M yorrIIITe.
KM6epHeTMKa je ,r:t;MCIJ;MIIJIMHa Koja ce 6aBM M3yqaBafbeM KOMJHMKau;Mje M KOHTpO-
Jie KO,r:t; MMBMX opraHM3aMa M MaIIIMHa (Wiener, 1948). OcHOBHM rrojaM KM6epHeTMKe je
aoepatllHa capefa, Tj. KOHTpoJia aKu;Mje. Hop6epT BMHep, rnopau; oBe ,r:t;MCIJ;MIIJIMHe, ,n;oIIIao
je ,r:t;O 3aKJhyqKa ,n;a je 3a KOHTpOJiy M3BpIIIeHe aKu;Mje HeOIIXO,r:t;Ha IIOBpaTHa MHcpOpMau;Mja
TIPE)J:MET, METO)J:I1 I1 I1CTOPI1JCKI1 PA3BOJ KOfHI1TI1BHE TICI1XOJIOfI1JE 33
o IheHoM ecpeKTY Koja 6rr oMorynIDia emuryau;rrjy rr eBeHTya.Jmy KopeKu;rrjy aKu;rrje. Kao rr
BenrrHa ;IJ;MCIJ;MIIJIMHa Koje cy MMaJie YTMu;aj Ha pa3BOj KOfHMTMBHe IICHXOJIOrMje, M KM6ep-
HeTMKa je HaCTaJia TOKOM ,il;pyror CBeTCKOr paTa Kao p;eo MCTp3)KMBalba Be3aHMX 3a BOjHe
rroTpe6e (rro6oJbIIIalbe ;ri;ejcrna rrpoTrrBaBMOHcKe apTMJbeprrje). Ha3MB p;rrcu;rrrrmrnrr p;ao
je BrrHep, a caMa peq IIOTM'Ie op; rp'IKe peqrr kybernotos (Kottujaw, yapaBJbatt).
Hop6epm Bw-tep
13
y TOM CMHCJIY OHa je CJiff'IHa Teopuju HHCpopMai::i;uje, Koja je yrrpaBO s6or CBoje arrcTpaKTHOCTH rrpHMeH-
JbHBa y pa3Jiff':IHTHM o6JiaCTHMa.
14,Il,o6ap rrpuMep sa OBY TBp,r:i:lhy je Teopuja cpHJITepa ,Il,oHaJI,r:i:a Bpo,r:i:6eHTa o Kojoj lie 6uTH Bmrre pe'IH y
Hape,r:i:HOM IIOrJiaBJby.
34 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
I<llog llieHOH
}f3pa11yHaBaJ-be KOllU11UHe uHcjjopMm4uje. - BepoBaTHoha HeKor .n;oral)aja MO:>Ke .n;a ce 11spas11 Kao rrporropu:11ja
·p H>eroBor jaBJbaH>a y O,D;Hocy Ha jaBJbaH>e (BepoBaTHohe) OCTaJII1X .n;oral)aja y HeKOM CI1CTeMy. ,na 611CMO
BepoBaTHohy .n;oral)aja 11spasmrn Kao KOJII11:II1HY 11HcpopMau;11je, H>eroBy rrporropu;11jy JiorapHTMyjeMo
HeraTI1BHI1M JIOrapI1TMOM c OCHOBOM 2 (hi= -log2p). ,JJ;o611jeHa je.n;I1HI1U:a KOJII11II1He I1HcpopMau;11je Ha3I1Ba
ce 611T (binary digit).
Jiorap11TaM c OCHOBOM 2 (Koj11 ce 30Be I1 611HapHI1 JiorapI1TaM) .n;aje MoryhHOCT I13pa:>KaBaH>a KOJII1-
1II1He I1HcpopMau;11je rrpeKO HI13a 611Hapm1x o.n;JiyKa. YKOJII1KO I1MaMO CHCTeM ca ,D;Ba je.n;HaKO BepoBaTHa
Hcxo.n;a, KOJIH1:II1Ha HHcpopMau;11je Kojy HOCH je.n;aH HCXO,II; je 1 611T (-log2 0,5 = 1), y CI1CTeMy ca 'IeTHpH
Moryha 11cxo.n;a, je.n;aH HCXO,D; (.n;oral)aj) HOCH 2 6HTa (-log2 0,25 = 2) I1T,D;. 0Bo heMO HIIYCTpOBaTI1 Ha
CJie.n;eheM rrp11Mepy. 3aMHCJIHMO Ta6Jiy ca 1:IeTHpH IIOJba (CIIHKa 4).
Ca KOJIHKO 611HapH11x OJJ:JIYKa MO:>KeMo .n;a saKJbY1:IHMO y KojeM rrolliy ce HaJia3I1 Kpy:>Krrh? ITpBa
6HHapHa O,D;JIYKa O,Il;HOCH ce Ha TO .n;a JIH ce Kpy>KHh HaJia3H y JieBOM HJIH .n;ecHOM .n;eJIY I<Ba.n;parn. I1oIIITO ce
HaJias11 y JieBoM, CJie.n;eha O,D;JIYKa je .n;a JIH ce HaJia3H y ropH>eM HJII1 .n;oH>eM .n;eJIY. ,JJ;a 6rrcMo o.n;pe.n;HJIH r.n;e
ce HaJia3H Kpy:>Krrh y HaBe.n;eHoM rrprrMepy, rroTpe6He cy HaM .n;Be 6rrHapHe O,D;JIYKe. I1HcpopMau;11ja .n;a ce
Kpy:>Krrh HaJia3H y .n;oH>eM JieBOM rroJby HOCH 2 6rrTa (log 2 4).
y THII;aj mrnrBHCTHKe
IJoqeTKOM rre,n;eceTMX ro,n;MHa rrponrnor BeKa ,n;oJia3M ,n;o pa,n;MKaJIHMX rrpoMeHa y
HaqMHY Ha KOjll JII1HrBI1CTI1Ka OIIMcyje je3MK. 3a pa3m1Ky o,n; Tpa,n;m..J;MOHaJIHe ,n;eCKpHII-
TllBHe JIMHrBMCTMKe, IJ;lllb JII1HrBI1CTI1qKI1X llCTpaJKMBa:fha IIOCTaje I1,II;eHTI1cpI1KOBa.fhe
orpaHMqeHor 6poja CMHTaKcMqKMX rrpaBllJia Ha ocHoBy KojMx Mory ,n;a ce orrm.rry me
rpaMaTHqHe M o,n;6au;e me HerpaMaTMqHe peqeHMu;e rrpHpo,n;Hor jesMKa. Tiytt saMax
oBaKBOM rrpHcTyrry ,n;aje HoaM lfoMCKM rnojoM TpaHccpopMau;MoHoM rpaMaTMKOM Koja
je ,IJ;OBeJia ,n;o rrpoMeHa He caMo y CXBaTaIDY je3MKa, Ben I1 y pa3yMeBaIDy IIOBe3aHOCTI1
je3I1Ka I1 KOrHI1TI1BHI1X rrpou;eca, O,II;HOCHO ,,yMa", KaKo 6M peKaO qOMCKll (Chomsky,
1957). 3acTyrrajynn: cTaB ,n;a M,n;eHTHcpHKoBaIDe cKyrra rrpaBllJia KojMM 6M Moma ,n;a ce
orrmrre saKOHOMepHOCT jesMqKor MCIIOJbaBaIDa roBopH Mo CTPYKTYPM Harner yMa, qoM-
CKM IIOCTaBJba TeMelbe IICI1XOJII1HrBI1CTI1Ke.
HoaM LfoMcKu
je3HKa; HeKa ,n;eu;a 6H rrporoBoprnrn ca rnecT Meceu;H, HeKa ca ,n;Be ro,n;HHe, a HeKa MO)K,Il;a
HHKa,n;a He 6H rrporOBOpHJia. YKa3yjynH Ha rrpaBHJIHOCTH y yCBajalh y je3HKa Koje cy y
BeJim<Oj MepH y3pacHO ,n;eTepMHHHCaHe, qOMCKH HamarnaBa ycKy IIOBe3aHOCT je3HqKor
H KOfHHTHBHOr pa3BOJa.
0BaKaB, y OCHOBH HaTHBHCTHqKH rrpHcTyrr, IIOKpene HH3 IIHTalha Be3aHHX 3a rrpH-
po,n;y je3HKa H je3HqKHX rrpaBHJia. Harn yM (KorHHTHBHH rncTeM) HMa rrpe,n;Hcrr03Hu;Hjy
3a yCBajalhe je3HKa, o,n;HocHo je3HqKHX rrpaBHJia, cMaTpa qOMCKH. KorHHTHBHH H je-
3HqKH pa3BOj, rro,n; ycJIOBOM ,n;a ce O,Il;BHjajy y HOpMaJIHHM ycJIOBHMa, 6HOJIOIIlKH cy yc-
JIOBJheHH Ha HaqHH Ha KojH cy yrnoBJheHH H ocTaJIH acrreKTH pa3Boja je,n;HHKe. 0BaKBHM
rrpHcTyrroM Tpa,n;Hu;Hja pau;HOHaJIH3Ma ,n;o6Hja Ha 3HaL£ajy KaKo y JIHHrBHCTHIJ;H, TaKO
H y pa3MaTpaFhy rrpHpo,n;e KorHHTHBHHX rrpou;eca. CTaB qoMcKor y cyrrpoTHOCTH je
ca ,n;o rn,n;a Ba)KellHM CTaBOM 6HXejBHOpHCTHqKH opHjeHTHCaHHX IICHXOJIOra 3a Koje ce
MO)Ke penH ,n;a cy HaCTaBJhaqH eMIIHpHCTHqKe Tpa,n;Hu;Hje ITO Kojoj cy CBa 3Halha CTeqeHa
HCKYCTBOM (yqelheM).
,neJioM rro,n; YTHu;ajeM qoMcKor, ,n;eJioM Kao rrorne,n;Hu;a cHJiacKa Heo6HxejBHOpH3Ma
ca HayqHe cu;eHe, Mel)y KOfHHTHBHHM IICHXOJI03HMa rrpenJTHO je rrpHXBaneH CTaB ,n;a cy
KapaKTepHCTHKe KOfHHTHBHOf CHCTeMa OHTHqKa CBojcrna (CBojcrna BpCTe), O,Il;HOCHO ,n;a
cy orpaHHqefha rroje,n;HHHX KOMIIOHeHTH CHCTeMa o6pa,n;e HmpopMau;Hja 6HOJIOIIlKH yc-
JIOBJheHa. KoJIHqHHa MaTepHjaJia KOjHM MO)KeMo HCTOBpeMeHo ,n;a orrepHrneMo, ,n;y)KHHa
3a,n;p)KaBalha MaTepHjaJia y pa3JIHqHTHM MeMOpHjCKHM ,Il;OMeHHMa ( 6p3HHa 3a6opaBJhalha)
H ,n;pyre KapaKTepHCTHKe o6pa,n;e H orrepHcalha HHcpopMau;HjaMa rrpHXBarnjy ce Kao KapaK-
TepHCTHKe Koje HCIIOJhaBajy MHHHMaJIHe HH,Il;HBH,Il;YaJIHe BapHjau;Hje.
JlHHrBHCTHKa je, BH,Il;HMO, HMaJia BHIIleCTPJKH YTHu;aj Ha pa3BOj HCTpa)KHBaFha
KOrHHTHBHHX rrpou;eca. Ca je,n;He cTpaHe, yKa3aJia je Ha TO ,n;a rroje,n;HHH rrpou;ecH, 6ap
Ka,n; je y IIHTalhy je3HK, HCIIOJhaBajy peryJiapHOCT KOja ce MO)Ke OIIHCaTH rrpaBHJIHMa.
0By Te3y je KOfHHTHBHa IICHXOJIOrHja rrpHXBaTHJia, IIOCTYJIHpajynH CKyrr HHTepH-
opH30BaHHX rrpaBHJia o,n;roBopHHX 3a o6aBJhalhe HeKHX KorHHTHBHHX orrepau;Hja. Ca
,n;pyre CTpaHe, CBOjHM HaTHBHCTHqKHM rrpHcTyrrOM yCBajalhy je3HKa, JIHHfBHCTHKa je
JKa3aJia :Ha 6HoJiornKy ycJIOBJheHocT KOrHHTHBHHX cpyttKu;Hja. 0Baj YBH,n; 6Hne rrpe,n;-
MeT MHOfHX IIJIO,Il;HHX pacrrpaBa Mel)y KOfHHTHBHHM IICHXOJI03HMa. Haj3a,n;, KpHTHKOM
CKHHepa qOMCKH je 3HaqajHo ,n;orrpHHeo ,n;a Heo6HxejBHOpH3aM cHl)e ca HayqHe cu;eHe,
qHMe je y BeJIHKOj MepH IIO,Il;CTaKaO IIOHOBHO HHTepecoBalhe 3a BHIIle KOfHHTHBHe rrpo-
u;ece H ornapaFhe rrpocTopa 3a KorHHTHBHY o6pa,n;y HHcpopMau;Hja Kao HOBor rrpHcTyrra
HCIIHTHBalhy KOfHHTHBHHX rrpou;eca.
Tj. Ha 6oJbe pasyMeBaIDe Ha111rna Ha KOjM p;aTe orrepau;Mje o6aBJba -croBeK. Tio-creTHa
McTpmKMBaIDa cy 6mrn ycMepeHa Ha CMMynau;Mjy BMsyenHe rrepu;erru;Mje (rrperrosHaBaIDe
o6jeKaTa), pasyMeBaIDe rrpHpO,Il;HOr je3MKa, CMMynau;Mjy qmHe MOTOpHe KOOp,Il;HHau;Mje
M HrpaIDe waxa. 15
IToMemrMo Ha Kpajy jow jep;aH 3Ha-ciajaH ymrp; p;o Kojer ce p;owno y rroKywajHMa
CHMyJiar.:t;Hje KOfHHTHBHHX rrpou;eca. YcrrecH H HeycrrecH y CHMynar.:t;HjH IIOKa3aJIH cy p;a
cy Hawe HHTYHr.:t;Hje 0 TO Me WTa je KOfHHTHBHO KOMIIJieKCHO a WTa KOfHHTHBHO jep;HO-
CTaBHO qecTO rrorpewHe. I1aKO Hrpalhe waxa 3axTeBa H3y3eTHO KOMIIJieKCHe KOfHHTHB-
He orrepar.:t;Hje, Hrpy je Moryhe cpopMaJIH30BaTH, TaKO p;a je pa-ciyttap p;aHac y CTalhY p;a
rro6ep;H CBeTCKOf rrpBaKa y waxy. HacyrrpoT TOMe, IIOKyrnajH CHMynar.:t;Hje rrpeII03Ha-
Balha o6jeKaTa, pa3yMeBalha rrpHpO,D;HOf je3HKa H cpHHe MOTOpHe KOOp,D;HHar.:t;Hje, p;aK-
Jie, rrpou;eca KOjH cy HHTYHTHBHO CMaTpaHH jep;HOCTaBHHM, cyo-ciHJIH cy ce ca HerrpeMO-
CTHBHM TewKonaMa KOje HH ,Il;O ,D;aHac HHCY peweHe Ha 3a,D;OBOJbaBajynH Ha"l!HH.
Y Tmi;aj Heo6HxejmrnpH3Ma
BHp;eJIH cMo p;a je rrojaBoM 6HxejBHop113Ma HHTpocrreKTHBHH MeTop; 6Ho op;6a-cieH
jep, ITO MHWJbelhy 6HxejBHOpHCTa, H11je 3a,D;OBOJbHO HeKe op; OCHOBHHX Kp11TepHjy-
Ma HayqHe o6jeKTHBHOCTH. Jep;HHH BaJbaHH MeTO,Il; je KOHTpOJIHCaHH na6opaTOpHjCKH
eKcrrepHMeHT, CMaTpajy 6HxejBHOpHCTH. BHO je TO pa3JI0f WTO cy TOKOM rnep;enHx
HeKoJIHKO p;eu;eHHja pa3BHjeHe MHoro6pojHe eKcrrep11MeHTaJIHe TeXHHKe WTO je, y3
MeTO,D;OJIOWKY CTporoCT Kojy je yBeo y HCIIHT11Balhe IIC11XH"l!KHX rrpou;eca, H jep;HO op;
Haj3Ha-ciajHHjHx Harnel)a 6HxejBHOpH3Ma.
B. <I>. CKuHep
AKo cy rre;n;eceTe ro;n;1rne rrpoIIDior BeKa 6IIJie BpeMe rrpem1palha y KojeM je ;n;onrno
;n;o yTiu:i;aja pas1rnqHTHX p;HCD;HIIJIIrna, noqeTKOM rnes;n;eceTHX ro;n;HHa cpopMHpa ce Koxe-
peHTaH rrpHcTyrr HCITHTHBalhy KOfHHTHBHHX rrpon;eca, I103HaT Kao KOl1-lUUlU61-la o6paga
16
uH<fJ0pMat1;uja. ,lJ;oMHHan;Hja oBor rrpHcTyrra Tpajane ;n;o cpe;n;HHe ocaM;n;eceTHX ro;n;HHa
rrpOIIIJIOf BeKa Kap;a ne ce, y BeJIHKOj MepH 110)1; JTHI.J;ajeM pa3Boja paqJHapcKe TeXHOJIO-
rHje, rrojaBHTH aJITepHaTHBHH rrpHcTyrr Ha3BaH K01-leKU;U01-lU3aM. ,lJ;aHac OBa p;Ba rrpHcTy-
rra paBHorrpaBHO Koer3HCTMpajy, HaKo cy JIM OCHOBHe rrpeTITOCTaBKe pa3JIHqHTe.
16
HasHB ,,KOrHHTHBHa o6pa,n:a HHcpopMa:o;Hja" (information processing) ,n:oHeKJie je HecpenHo Hsa6paH jep
ce IIOKJiarra ca rrpe,n:MeTOM HCTpa)l{HBa:H>a. CTora CHHTarMa ,,KorHHTHBHa o6pa,n:a HH¢poMa:o;Hja" osHa'!aBa
H rrpHCyYII H rrpe,n:MeT HCIIHTHBaI-ba.
TIPE.IJ:MET, METO.IJ:I1 I1 I1CTOPI1JCKI1 PA3BOJ KOrHI1TI1BHE TICI1XOJIOfI1JE 41
rrpou;ern: l:I yTBp}jHBa:fhe lhl:IXOBe Me})yco6He Be3e l:I eBeHTYaJIHHX l:IHTepaKu;Hja. 17 ,,EJie-
MeHrn:" rrpou;eca cy crreu;HjaJIH30BaHH p;oMeHH KojH o6aBJbajy op;pe})eHe orrepau;Hje H KOjH
cy op;roBopHH 3a pa31rnqI:ITe cerMeHTe o6pap;e HmpopMau;Hja. 18 To je yjep;Ho H pa3Jior IIITO
ce KOfHHTHBHH rrpou;ecI:I OITI:Icyjy KI:I6epHeTI:IqKI:IM Mop;eJII:IMa qI:IjH p;eJIOBH qecTo HMajy
crnrycxnrroTenrqKor KOHCTPYKTa (u;pHa K-yTHja). I1aKo 6I:I ce OBOM rrpHcTyrryMorneyrry-
THTH MHOre 3aMepKe, rrpe CBera, y Be3H ca KOfHHTHBHHM CTaTycoM rrpeTITOCTaBJbeHHX
rrpou;eca H cpyttKu;Hja, eMrrHpHja rrpoH3aIIIJia H3 OBaKBHX HCTpa)l{I:IBaIDa p;oHeJia je MHora
ca3HaIDa o HaqHHY cpyttKU:HOHHCaIDa KorHHTHBHor cI:IcTeMa. YrrpaBo cy I:IcTpa)l{HBaIDa y
OKBHPY KOrHHTHBHe o6pap;e HHcpopMau;Hja p;aJia 3HaqajHe JEI:Ip;e o orpaHHqeIDHMa KO-
rHHTHBHOr Cl:ICTeMa, opraHI:I3au;HjH 3HaIDa, pa3JII:Iql:ITHM Hl:IBOHMa o6pap;e HHcpopMau;Hja
M HaqnHa lhl:IXOBOf CKJiap;I:IIIITeIDa l:I rro6y})HBaIDa.
KoHeKI.I;HOHHCTHqKH rrpHCTJil
17
HeKe op; OCHOBHHX rrocrnBK11 KOrH11T11BHe o6pa,n;e 11HcpopMau;11ja cpopMyJI11caHe cy jorn y XIX BeKy.
TaKo je, Ha rrp11Mep, y BYHTOBoj Jia6opaTop11j11 113Bep;eH BeJI11K11 6poj eKcrrep11MeHarn Koj11 cy 11MaJI11
11cT11 u;11Jb 11 y Koj11Ma je KopmuheHa 11cTa eKcrrep11MeHTaJIHa rrpou;ep;ypa Kao 11 y HeK11M ornep;11Ma 113
rne3p;eceT11x rop;11Ha rrpournor BeKa, aJI11 OB11 HaJia311 H11cy u;11T11paH11yJI11TepaTyp11113 rne3p;eceT11x rop;11Ha.
Pa3JIOre Tpe6a Tpa:>K11T11 y '-:I11FbeH11u;11 p;a pap;oB11 06jaBJbeH11 y HeMa'-:IK11M '-:Iacorr11c11Ma H11CY rrpeBol)eH11
Ha eHrJiecK11, TaKo p;a cy Ben11H11 11cTpa:>K11Ba'-:Ia Ha eHrJieCKOM roBopHOM rrop;pY1.Jjy 6I11I11 Herro3HaT11. Oc11M
Tora, rrpornJIO je B11Ille op; cep;aMp;eceT rop;11Ha TOKOM KOjHX H11je 611JIO KOHT11HYJ1TeTa 11CTpa:>KHBaFha
3arro'-IeTHX y Jiajnu;11rnKoj Jia6opaTop11j11. Op; 11cTpa:>K11Ba'-:Ia 113 XIX .BeKa Haj'-:Iernhe je u;11T11paH ,II:oHp;epc,
3a'-:IeTH11K 11p;eje p;a ce cJio:>KeH11 KOrH11T11BH11 rrpou;ecH cacToje op; H113a orrepau;11ja 11 rrop;orrepau;11ja '-:I11je je
TpajaFhe Moryh.e Mep11T11.
18
Ilpou;ecop X, Ha rrp11Mep, o6aBJba orrepau;11jy A, a pe3yJITaT Te orrepau;11je rrpornel)yje rrpou;ecopy Y, Koj11
o6aBJba orrepau;11jy B.
42 KOfHMTMBHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
19
I1 llCIIllTHBa:Ebe HeypaJIHllX OCHOBa pas;mqllTllX cpyttKD;Hja 3aXTeBa capap;Iby Belier 6poja ,lJ;llCD;llIIJIHHa,
IIITO je p;oBeJio .z:i;o cpopMnpa:Eha HeyportayKa (neuroscience), HHTep.z:i;11cu;11IIJI11HapHor rrp11cTyrra Koj11 yr<JE> y-
qyje ,lJ;llCIJ;llIIJIHHe Kao IIITO cy HeypOIICllXOJIOfHja, HeypOJillHfBHCTHKa, HeypoJior11ja llT,11;.
ITPE)J,MET, METO)J,I1 I1 I1CTOPI1JCKI1 PA3BOJ KOfHI1TI1BHE I1CI1XOJIOfI1JE 45
20
XeJIMXOJII.I, je 6no yqeHHK JoxaHeca MHJiepa, ByttT je 6no XeJIMXOJII.I,OB, a Tw1eHep ByHTOB yqeHHK.
46 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
PE3MME
ITCI1XOJIOrMjI1 OKB11p y KojeM ce KOrHl1Tl1BHl1 rrpo:u;ec11 TpeT11pajy Kao p;eo nmper KOMJHl1Ka:u;110HOr
Cl1CTeMa 11 MorynHOCT MO,IJ;eJI11paH>a KOrHl1Tl1BHI1X rrpo:u;eca, ,Il;OK Teop11ja 11HcpopMa:u;11je OMoryna-
Ba OITl1CHBaH>e HesaB11CHe Bap11ja6Jie y TepM11Hl1Ma KOJIWIHHe 11HcpopMa:u;11je (Hel1SBeCHOCT11).
KorHl1Tl1BHa rrcMXOJior11ja op; Jil1HrBl1CTl1Ke rrpeys11Ma 11p;ejy o 11HTep11op11soBaH11M rrpaBHJI11Ma
Ha OCHOBY KOjMX ce o6aBJbajy KOMIIJieKCHe KOrHl1Tl1BHe orrepa:u;11je, ,Il;OK O,Il; Heo6MXejB11op11sMa
rrpeys11Ma MeTO,Il;OJIOIIIKJ CTporocT. I1cTpaJK11BaH>a 11S o6JiaCTl1 BeIIITalJKe l1HTeJI11reH:u;11je cy OMory-
nHJia eBanya:u;11jy CTaryca rrojep;l1HI1X IICI1XOJIOIIIKI1X ITOjMOBa 11 JKaSaJia Ha TO p;a cy 11HTJHQ11je 0
CJIO)J{eHOCTl1 rroje,IJ;l1HI1X KOrHl1Tl1BHI1X rrpo:u;eca 6HJie HajqeIIIne rrorpeIIIHe.
• y caBpeMeHoj KOrHl1Tl1BHOj ITCHXOJIOmj11 ,Il;OMl1H11pajy ,IJ;Ba rrp11cryrra - KOrHl1Tl1BHa o6pap;a
11HcpopMa:u;11ja 11 KOHeKQl10Hl1CTl1qK11 rrp11cryrr. KorHl1Tl1BHa o6pap;a 11HcpopMa:u;11ja HeMa CTa-
ryc IICHXOJIOIIIKe Teop11je, Ben je peq 0 cKyrry 11MIIJil1Ql1THO 11 eKCIIJI11Ql1THO rrp11XBaneHHX rrpeT-
IIOCTaBKl1 KOje ce O,Il;HOCe Ha rrp11pop;y KOrHl1TJIBHHX rrpo:u;eca JI Haq11H cpyttKIJ;JIOHl1CaH>a lfYJIHO-
HepBHOr arrapaTa. 0CHOBHe IIOCTaBKe OBOr rrpHCTyrra cy CJiep;ene: a) lfYJIHO-HepBHH arrapaT je
rncTeM orpaHI11IeH11x I<arra:u;11TeTa, 6) KOrHHTHBHe rrpo:u;ece je Moryne paIIIqJiaHHTH Ha rrojep;11He
orrepa:u;11je 11 rrop;orrepa:u;11je 11 B) KOrHHTHBHa o6pap;a je y HajBeneM 6pojy ceyqajeBa pep;Ha. II;I11b
I1CTpaJKI1BaH>a je I1,IJ;eHTI1cpI1KOBaH>e rrpo:u;eca rrpHcyTHHX y OCMHIIIJbaBaHy rrpHMJbeHor MaTep:ajaJia
11 yTBp}j11BaH>e H>HXOBor pep;ornep;a y JiaH:u;y orrepa:u;11ja. HacyrrpoT TOMe, KOHeK:u;110H11CTJiqK11
rrp11cryrr ITOJiaSJI O,Il; rrpeTITOCTaBKe p;a OCHOBY CJIO)J{eHHX KOfHHTHBHHX rrpo:u;eca 1II1HI1 ITOBesaHOCT
I1 I1HTepaK:u;11ja jep;HOCTaBHHX je,IJ;HHHIJ;a (Heypotta). Crre:u;11cp111!Ha KOHcpmypa:u;11ja Besa OCHOBHHX
je,IJ;HHHIJ;a qJ1HI1 CJIO)J{eH11jy je,IJ;HHHIJ;y, Koja TaKoi)e cryrra y Besy c OCTaJIHM CJIO)J{eH11j11M jep;HHHQaMa
q11ja KOHcpmypa:u;11ja Besa 11 HHTepaK:u;11ja op;roBapa op;pei)eHoj MeHTaJIHoj perrpeseHTa:u;11j11. OrnoBy
HaIIIer SHaH>a I1 Haq11Ha KOfHHTHBHOr cpyttKQ110HI1CaH>a q11He crre:u;11cp11qHJ1 CKJIOITOBl1 OCHOBHHX
jep;HHHIJ;a, lhHXOBe I1HTepaK:u;11je I1 crre:u;11cp11qHOCTI1 KOHcpmypa:u;11je rrojep;11HaqHJ1X aKTI1Ba:u;11ja/
l1HXH611:u;11ja KOje cy ,Il;I1CTpI16JI1paHe Kpos :u;eo CHCTeM (HeypoHCKY Mpe)J{y).
PAHI1 ITPOUECI1 KOfHI1TI1BHE OBPA)J;E I1 ITA)ICEDA
11,r:i;eja ,r:i;a rro,r:i;a~11 ,r:i;o611jeH11 op; qyJia Mopajy ,r:i;a 6y,r:i;y rro,r:t;Bpmynr ,r:t;a.Jboj 06pa,r:i;11 H11je
HOBa. 0Ha je, Bl1,r:t;eJil1 CMO, 6MJia rrpe,r:t;MeT pa3MaTpaH>a cpI1lI030cpa, a KaCH11je l1 IICl:IXOJIOra y
rrpB11M ,r:i;e~eH11jaMa rrcMXoJior11je Kao eMrr11p11jCKe HaJKe. HrraK, c11cTeMaTcKo eMrr11p11jcKo
l13JllaBaH>e rrpo~eca o6pa,r:i;e 11HcpopM~11ja rroq11H>e TeK cpe,r:t;l1HOM XX BeKa. Tie,r:i;eceTMX
ro,r:t;11Ha rrporrrnor BeKa ca3peBa 11,r:t;eja o TO Me ,r:i;a ce o6pa,r:i;a 11HcpopMa~11ja o,r:t;B11ja y OKB11py
Tp11 Mel)yco6Ho rroBe3aHa MeMop11jCKa ,r:t;OMeHa. To cy t.ty;LHa MeMopuja, oaepamuaHa MeMo-
puja l1 gyzompajHa MeMopuja, rrp11 qeMY rro,r:i; TepM11HoM MeMopuja rro,r:i;pa3JMeBaMo goMeH
y KojeM ce rrp11BpeMeHo I1Jll1 TpajHO CKJia,r:t;MIIITe 11HcpopMa~11je. ,D;o JBl1,r:t;a 0 IIOCTOjaIDy
pa3Jil1ql1Tl:IX Tl1IIOBa MeMop11je ,r:t;OIIIJIO ce Ha OCHOBY 6pojHMX l1CTpIDK11BaH>a KOja cy
o6y:x:BaTMJia pa3JI11q11Te acrreKTe o6pa,r:i;e 11HcpopMa~11ja. 0Ba l1CTpIDK11BaH>a cy rroKa3ana
3HaqajHe pa3Jll1Ke Meljy HaBe,r:t;eHl1M Tl1IIOBl1Ma MeMop11je, Koje ce MaH11cpecryjy KaKO y
Haq11Hy CKJia,r:t;MIIITeH>a, TaKO H y ,r:t;y)Kl1Hl1 3a,r:t;p)KaBaH>a 11HcpopMa~11je l1 rrpo~ec11Ma Koj11
ce y H>l1Ma o,r:i;11rpaBajy. OB,r:i;e CBaKaKo Tpe6a l13,r:t;Boj11T11 l1CTpa)K11BaH>a rra)KH>e ,Il;oHaJI,r:t;a
Bpo,r:i;6eHTa, Koj11 rrocTaBJba rrpB11 MO,r:t;eJI o6pa,r:i;e 11HcpopMa~11ja, an11 l1 HaJia3e UopI,Ia
MMJiepa, Koj11 JKa3yjy Ha orpaH11qeHe Karra~11TeTe rncTeMa o6pa,r:i;e 11HcpopMa~11ja (Broad-
bent, 1954, 1958; Miller, 1957). 0 Bpo,r:i;6eHTOBl1M l1CTpa)K11BaID11Ma 611ne Bmne peq11
Ha Hape,r:t;Hl1M CTpaHaMa OBOf IIOfJiaBJha, ,r:t;OK he MMJiepOBl1 HaJia3l1 611Tl1 rrp11Ka3aHl1 y
CJie,r:i;eneM rrornaBJhy.
Ben KpajeM rre,r:i;eceTMX ro,r:i;11Ha rrporrrnor BeKa l1CTpIDK11Baq11 cy carnacH11 ,r:i;a qyJIHa,
orrepaTl1BHa l1 ,r:i;yroTpajHa MeMop11ja rrpe,r:t;CTaBJhajy OCHOBHe KOMIIOHeHTe Cl1CTeMa o6pa-
,r:i;e 11HcpopMa~11ja, a l1CTpa)Kl1BaH>a ce ycMepaBajy Ha yTBpl)11BaH>e Ihl1XOBl1X KapaKTep11-
CTl1Ka l1 Mel)yco6Hl1X Be3a ( CJil1Ka 1).
y OKB11py OBa TPl1 Tl1IIa MeMop11je, q11j11 neMo ,r:t;eTa.JbaH rrpm<a3 ,r:t;aTl1 y OBOM l1
CJie,r:i;en11M rrornaBJhl1Ma, o,r:i;11rpaBajy ce pa3JI11q11T11 upo~ec11 Koj11 ce, yCJioBHO peqeHo,
Mory cMaTpaT11 l1 ,r:i;11cKpeTHl1M cpa3aMa o6pa,r:i;e 11acpopMa~11ja.
1IYJIO
1 -.f
,............................... ;r:i;yroTpajHa MeMop11ja ~
: :
ry6JbeH>e MaTepHjan:a BHsye;rna 1ay,n:HTHBHa1
H3 p;yroT. MeMOpHje l
Bep6aJIHa l
CJtu1<a 2. - MogeJt o6page uH<jjopMa4uja AwxuHcoHa u Illu<jjpuHa (Atkinson & Shif-
frin, 1968)
1 ,Il;a ;rn, Ha rrpMMep, peq aucMo MO)l{e ,n:a ,n:oBpnrn pe':IeHMU:Y ,,Y3eo je OllOBKY u uo11eo ga auiue ... "?
2 Y oBoj rnTyau;MjM je ,n:ornJio .n:o T3B. clly11ajHot (HeHaMepHot) y11e1-ba (incidental learning), Koje Tpe6a
pa3JIMKOBaTM b,n: T3B. HaMepHot y11e1-ba (intentional learning) .n:o Kojer 6M .D;OllIJIO JKOlIMKO 6M MCIIl1TaHMIJ;M
yHarrpe.n: 3HaJIM .n:a Tpe6a .n:a perrpo.n:JKyjy rrpMKa3aHM MaTep11jaJI. Ha OBaj Ha':I11H cy KpejK M TaJIBl1Hr
JTl1IJ;aJil1 Ha TO .n:a l1CIIl1TaHl1IJ;l1 Ko,n:yjy peq11 OHaKo KaKO je TO o.n: IhllX 3axTeBaHo y 3a,n:aTKy. YKOJil1KO 611
3HaJil1 .n:a Tpe6a ,n:a perrpo.n:JKyjy rrpm<a3aHe peq11, BeJI11Ka je BepoBaTHoha .n:a Ko,n:oBalhe y 3a,n:au;11Ma a l1 6
He 611 6I1JIO Ha Hl1BOY KOjl1 je crreu;mpHKOBaH 3a,n:aTKOM.
58 KOfHI1TI1BHA I1CI1XOJIOfI1JA
1. orra:>I<eHM o6jeKaT
2. qyJio
3. qyJIHa MeMopHja
4. rrperrosHaBaH>e o6JIMKa
5. ceJieKTMBHa rra:>I<H>a
6. orrepaTMBHa MeMopHja
7. .n:yroTpajHa MeMOpHja
Mo,n;en rrprrKa3aH Ha rnrru;rr 3 ca,n;p)l{M rr HeKe eneMeHTe Kojrr Hrrcy ,n;eo cTaH,n;ap,n;He
BaprrjattTe Mo,n;ena ATKMHCOHa rr IIIrrcpprrHa. To cy rrperro3HaBaH>e o6nrrKa ( o6jeKaTa)
/4/ M ceJieKTMBHa IIa)l{H:>a (5). lhMXOBO JBO})eH:>e rrpe,n;cTaBJha M3Berny He,n;ocne,n;HOCT jep
cy y rrrrTaH>y rrpou;ecrr, a He MeMoprrjcKrr ,n;oMeHrr. JiirraK, y o6pa,n;rr rrHcpopMau;rrja OBM
rrpou;ecrr MMajy Ba)l{HY ynory, IllTO je rr pa3nor H>rrxo:Bor JKlliyqMBaH>a. Mo,n;en rrprrKa3aH
Ha rnrru;rr 3 ca,n;p)l{M cBe KOMIIOHeHTe Koje ca,n;p)l{e CTaH,n;ap,n;HM rrprrKa3rr rrpou;eca o6pa,n;e
rrHcpopMau;rrja. JiI3naraH:>e o rrpou;ernMa rrprrcyrHMM y o6pa,n;rr rrHcpopMau;rrja rroqrrH>eMo
pa3MaTpaH:>eM qyJIHe MeMoprrje, rrpBe KOMIIOHeHTe CMCTeMa o6pa,n;e MHcpopMau;rrja.
PAHI1 ITPOll,ECM KOfHMTMBHE OBPA,lJ,E I1 ITAlliH>A 59
qyJIHA MEMOPMJA3
1. qyJIHa MeMOpHja
3
Bn.n;n .n;o.n;arnK.
60 KOrHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
aHTMIJ;Ima:u;Mja M,n;eje 0 IIOCTojafhy qy;rne MeMOpMje MO)Ke Harrn Beh y pa,n;OBMMa Ka-
TeJia c Kpaja XIX BeKa, a rroce6Ho y MCTpa)KMBafhMMa Bpo.n;6eHTa M3 rre.n;eceTMX ro-
,IJ;MHa rrponrnor BeKa (Cattel, 1886a, 1886b; Broadbent, 1954; Sperling, 1960; Averbach
& Coriell, 1961). IToIIITO cy rrpBa McTpa)KMBafha qyJIHe MeMopMje M3Be,n;eHa y OKBMPY
BM3yeJIHOf MO,Il;aJIMTeTa, pasMaTpaFbe OBOr MeMopMjCKOr ,Il;OMeHa rroqJifbeMO KapaKTe-
pHCTMKaMa MKOHJiqKe MeMopMje.
J1KOHJiqKa MeMOpHja
CrrepJIMHr ysMMa OBe HaJiase Kao rroJiasHy ocHoBy sa CBoje MCTpa)KMBafbe. ITpMKasy-
jyhM Ha.eKpaHy TaxHCTOCKOIIa cpHKcau;MoHy rnq1<y y Tpajafhy o.n; 500 MMJIMCeKytt,Il;M (ms),
a saTMM MaTpM:u;y o.n; ,n;eBeT mo Bay Tpajafhy o.n; 50 ms, CrrepJIMHr Tpa)KM o.n; MCIIMTaHMKa
.n;a perrpo.n;JKyjy IIITO BehM 6poj rnoBa ca rrpMKasaHe MaTpM:u;e (cJIMKa 4a). 0Ba Bpcrn
eKcrrepMMeHTaJIHor sa,n;aTKa Ha3MBa ce 3agafllaK aomuyHOf U3Beutfllaja (full report MJIH
whole report). ,Uo6MjeHM pesyJITaTM rroKasyjy .n;a cy MCIIMTaHMD;M y rrpoceKy ycrreBaJIM .n;a
perrpo.n;JKyjy 4.:5 CJIOBa, qJiMe cy perrJIMIJ;MpaHM HaJia3M paHMjMX MCTpa)KMBafba.
Kollu11uHa 3agpJ1CaHOf MaUlepujalla. - IToJiasehM o.n; rrpeTrrocTaBKe .n;a je Herrocpe,n;Ho no
rrpMKa3MBafb y MaTpMu;e u;eJIOKyrraH MaTepMjaJI ycKJia,IJ;MIIITeH y MKOHJiqKoj MeMopHjM,
CrrepJIMHr saKJbyqyje .n;a je peJiaTMBHO cJia6a perrpo.n;JK:u;Mja y sa,n;aTKY rroTrryttor
M3BeIIITaja rrorne,n;Mu;a ry6Jbefha MHcpopMau;Mje. ,Ua 6M yrnp,n;Mo KOJIMKO je MaTepMjana
sa.n;p)KaHo Herrocpe,n;Ho no rrpMKa3MBafhy MaTpMU;e, ,n;aKJ:ce, rrpe Ho IIITO je MHcpopMau;Mja
rroqeJia .n;a ce ry6M, CrrepJIMHr YBO,IJ;M HoBy eKcrrepMMeHTaJIHY rrpou;e.n;ypy y Kojoj
PAHI1 I1POIJ;ECI1 KOfHI1TI1BHE OEPA.IJ:E I1 TIA>KIDA 61
npHKa3yje HCTY MaTpmw (TaKol)e y Tpajal:hy o,IJ; 50 ms), a.JIH ce oBora nyTa Henocpe,IJ;HO
no muqe3aBal:hy MaTpm:i;e nojaBlhyje TOH pa3JrnqHTe BHCHHe KojH 03HaqaBa pe,IJ; KOjH
Tpe6a penpO,Il;JKOBaTH (cJIHKa 46). °BHCOK TOH 03HaqaBaO je ropl:bH pe,IJ;, TOH cpe,IJ;l:be
BHCHHe cpe,Il;l:bll pe,IJ;, a ,IJ;y6oK TOH ,Il;Ol:bll pe,IJ;. 0Ba BpCTa 3a,IJ;aTKa Ha3HBa ce 3agaUlaK
geJLUMU'tfHOf u3aeiumaja (partial report). Ka,IJ;a je Tpe6aJio penpo,IJ;yKoBaTH 03HaqeHH pe,IJ;,
HCnHTaHHIJ;H cy penpO,IJ;yKOBaJIH TaKopenH CBa CJIOBa. ITornTO HHcy yttanpe,Il; 3Ha.JIH KOjH
pe,IJ; Tpe6a ,IJ;a penpo,IJ;JKyjy, CnepnHHr 3aKJhyqyje ,IJ;a je HHcpopMar:t;Hja y je,IJ;HOM TpeHyTKy
,Il;OCTJTIHa y HHTerpaJIHOM o6JIHKJ.
JMF
+ DLG A
WI B
~
.... ...
~
JM F ~
+ D L G VVVV\J Ii
w I B ~
1 3ByqHII lIH.Il: IIKaTop
.... ..._:
~ ~ :
SOOms SO ms
Cllu1w 4. - EKcuepuMeHmam-ia cumya71uja y sagamKy aomuyHof usBeutmaja (A) u
sagamKy gellUMUt.tHof usBeutmaja (E) /Sperling, 1960/
JMF
+ DLG
WI B
SOOms SO ms ISI
80
:: ,
60
... ...................................
4 Ben npn HHTepcTnMynyrnoM HHTepmu:ry op; 250 ms npou;eHaT Ta"l:He penpop;yr<u;nje je 61urny npou;eHTY
Ta"l:He penpop;yr<u;nje y 3ap;aTKY IIOTIIYHOr H3BernTaja, IllTO je HaBeJio HeKe aYTope p;a TpajaH>e nmpopMau;rrje
y HKOHH"IKOj MeMopnjn CBep;y Ha OKO 250 ms.
PAHI1 ITPOU:ECI1 KOfHI1TI1BHE OEPA.IJ;E I1 ITAlliI-hA 63
je orrao. PasMoTpMMO ,n;eTa.JbHMje oBaj HaJias. Y TpeHyrKy rrp11Kas11BaIDa ,n;pyre rpyrre TaqaKa,
JKOJIMKO MM HMje rrpeTXO,Il;MO MHTepcTMMYJIYCHM MHTepBaJI, rrpBa rpyrra TaqaKa je jorn YBeK
sa,n;p}l{aHa y MKOHMqKoj MeMop11j11. T11Me je oMoryneHo rrpeKJiarraIDe ,n;Be rpyrre TaqaKa
Koje ,n;ajy rrperrosHaTJDMB TpmpaM. YBoDeIDeM MHTepcTMMYJIYCHor MHTepBaJia rrpBa rpyrra
TaqaKa HecTaje 11s MKOHMqKe MeMop11je, q11Me je oHeMoryneHo cyrreprroH11paIDe. 0Baj HaJias
je, MeDYTMM, ,n;oBe,n;eH y rr11TaIDe HaJias11Ma MCTpa}l{MBaIDa Xon,n;11Hra 11 OpeHCTMHa Koj11 HMcy
ycrren11 ,n;a perrn11u;11pajy pesyJITaTe Ep11KceHa 11 Kon11Hca (Holding & Orenstein, 1983).
:.. .
.. ... ...... ....
. . ..
....
. . .· . .. .... .
.... ....~
.
. .. .. .. . .. . ..
.. ~
"
. .. ... . __.,. . ... .
ClluKa 7. Kaga ce gBe lpyue ma11aKa (cilluMyJLycu 1 u 2) cyuepu01wpajy, go6uja ce
mpulpaM (HAM). KpaillKoillpajHUM cyK4ecU6HUM upuKa3U6a1-beM upBol u gpylol
cilluMyllyca 6e3 UHillepcilluMyJLycHol UHillepBalla ucuuillaHu4u ouaJKajy mpulpaM.
YBo'ljeHJeM UHillepcilluMyJLycHol UHillepBalla Koju je gyJKu og 100 ms ucuuillaHu4u
ouaJKajy gpylu cilluMyJLyc Kao lpyuy ma11aKa 6e3 CMUClla (Eriksen & Collins, 1967).
ExoJiqKa MeMopHja
CnepJIHHrOBM HaJiasrr no,n;cTaKJIM cy rrcTpa)KMBaaa qyJIHe MeMoprrje M y ,n;py-
rrrM MO,II;aJIMTeTMMa. 0CMM HeKOJIMKO MCTpa)KJIBaIDa Koja cy MMaJia sa IJ;MJb MCnMTM-
BaIDe TaKTHJIHe qyJIHe MeMoprrje (cf. Bliss, Hewitt, Crane, Mansfield & Townsend, 1966;
Hill & Bliss, 1968), HCTpa)KMBaIDa oBe BpcTe cy ce orpaHrrqHJia Ha rrcnMTMBaIDe ay,n;rr-
TMBHOr acneKTa qyJIHe MeMoprrje. PasJior je 6rro MeTo,n;oJIOIIIKe nprrpo,n;e. I1oKa3aJIO
ce ,n;a je y OKBrrpy ocTaJIMX qyJIHMX Mo,n;aJIMTeTa TeIIIKO, aKo He rr HeMoryne, rrsBeCTM
MCTpa)KJIBaIDe Ha HaqJIH Ha KOjM je TO yqMHMO CnepJIHHr y CBOjMM ome,n;MMa ca BMsyeJI-
HMM MaTeprrjaJIOM. 5
,[(a 6rr ce rrcnMTaJie cneu;rrcprrqHOCTM exorrqKe MeMoprrje, 6Mo je noTpe6Ho Mo,n;rr-
cprrKoBaTM CnepJIHHroBy eKcneprrMeHTaJIHY npou;e,n;ypy TaKO ,n;a IDeHe ocHOBHe KapaK-
TeprrcTrrKe OCTaHY CaqyBaHe, KaKo 6rr ce HaJia3M ,n;o6rrjeHM y BMsyeJIHOM M ay,n;MTMBHOM
MO,II;aJIMTeTy Momrr nope,n;MTM. ITpBH eKcneprrMeHT c ay,n;rrTMBHMM CTMMYJIYCMMa, aHaJIO-
raH CnepJIHHroBMM orJie,n;rrMa ca sa,n;aTKOM nOTIIJHOr M ,n;eJIMMJiqHor MSBeIIITaja rrsBe-
JIM cy Mopej, BejTc M BapHeT, Kojrr cy rrcToBpeMeHo eMMTOBaJIM pasJirrqrrTe CTMMy.rryce
Ha qeTrrprr KaHaJia (sByqHMKa) /Morray, Bates & Barnett, 1965/.6 Y sa,n;aTKY noTnyttor
M3BeIIITaja o,n; MCnMTaHMKa je saxTeBaHO ,n;a penpo,n;JKyjy IIITO BMIIIe CTMMy.rryca ca CBa
qeTHPM KaHaJia. y sap;aTKY ,n;eJIMMJiqHor M3BeIIITaja CBaKM KaHaJI (sByqHHK) 03HaqeH je
CBeTJIOCHMM MH,II;MKaTOpOM, a penpO,II;JKOBao 6rr ce MaTeprrjaJI caMO c 03HaqeHor Ka-
HaJia. Kao My CnepJIHHrOBMM ome,n;rrMa, 6oJba penpo,n;JKu;rrja je ,n;o6rrjeHa y sa,n;aTKY
,n;eJIMMJiqHor M3BeIIITaja.
Y rrcTpa)KMBaIDy ,[(apBHHa, TepBrrja H Kpay,n;epa npou;e,n;ypa MCIIMTMBaIDa exorrqKe
MeMoprrje je ,n;oHeKJie MSMeIDeHa (Darwin, Turvey & Crowder, 1972). HcrrMTaHMIJ;MMa cy
npeKO CJIYIIIa.TIHu;a MCTOBpeMeHo eMMTOBaHe TPM rpyrre CTMMy.rryca KOjM cy ce cacTOjaJIM
o,n; MMeHa CJIOBa HJIM 6pojeBa (cJIMKa 8). ITpBa rpyrra CTMMy.rryca npHKasaHa je Ha
JieBOM, ,n;pyra Ha ,n;eCHOM KaHa.rry, a Tpena rpyrra je npHKasaHa 6rrHaypaJIHO, TaKO IIITO
je MCTM ca,n;p)Kaj eMMTOBaH Ha o6a KaHaJia, nprr qeMy je rrcnMTaHMK HMao yTrrcaK ,n;a MY
CTMMYJIYCH ,n;oJiase cppoHTaJIHO. Ha oBaj HaqrrH ,n;o6rrjeHe cy TPM JIOKau;rrje eMMTOBaHMX
CTHMy.rryca (JieBo, ,n;ecHo M cppoHTaJIHO). CTrrMy.rrycrr cy MSJiaraHM CHMYJITaHo, no TPM y
rpyrrrr, y Tpajaay o,n; je,n;He ceKytt,n;e. 7 y sa,n;aTKY noTnyttor M3BeIIITaja MCIIMTaHMIJ;M cy
ycrreBaJIM ,n;a penpo,n;JKyjy OKO 20% MaTeprrjaJia, IIITO je Malbe Hero y CnepJIHHfOBOM
eKcneprrMeHTY ca BMsyeJIHMM CTHMYJIYCMMa.
5 HHje jaCHo KaKo 6H Tpe6an:o .n;a Hsrne.n;a sa.n;aTaK y KojeM 6H ce rrpHKa3HBaJIH ompaKTOpHH HJIH rycTa-
THBHH CTHMYJIYCH, IIITa 6H y THM cnyqajeBHMa 6HJia perrpo.n;yKIJ;Hja, KaKo 6H H3me.n;ao HHTepCTHMYJIYCHH
HHTepBan: H IIITa 6H 6Ho HH,ll;HKaTop KOjH JKasyje Ha TO illTa Tpe6a perrpO,ll;JKOBaTH.
6
y IIHTaFDY cy 6HJia HMeHOBaHa CJIOBa (Hrrp. kej /Kl, bi /B/, si /Cl HT,D;.).
7 TaKo 6H, Ha rrpHMep, HCTOBpeMeHo 6IDIH eMHTOBaHH CTHMYJIYCH K, UH P (cJIHKa 8).
PAHI1 I1POU:ECI1 KOfHI1TI1BHE OBPA)J,E I1 TIA}I{H:iA 65
/.,..1 U G F 1•......
0\fl
ClluKa 8. EMua:toBa1-be aygua:tuBHUX ca:tuMyllyca y 3agaa:tKy aomuyHol U3Bema:taja
(Darwin, Turvey & Crowder, 1972)
/
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3
G F I
<=>
4.8
4.6
4.4
9 0Ba ,i1;i1cTHHKI.1;I1ja 6H Morna ,n;a ytiece TepMHHOJIOllIKY sa6yHy, jep HeKH ayropH (m1p. Baddeley, 2002)
acrreKT ay,n;HTHBHe 'ryJIHe MeMOpHje y Kojoj ce HH<j:>opMal.l;Hja sa,n;p)l<aBa HeKOJIHKO CTOTHHa MHJIHCeKyH,n;H
Ha3HBajy exou-ttKOM MeMopujoM, a acrreKT y KojeM je HmpopMa1.1;Hja sa,n;p)l{aHa HeKOJIHKO ceKytI.D;H aygu-
UlUBHOM KpaiUKoillpajHoM MeMopujoM (auditory short-term memory).
68 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
,IJ)meMa ,n;a ;rn cy rrpou;ern y qy;rnoj MeMopMjM u;eHTpaJIHor IDIM rrepmpepHor rro-
peKJia rrpMcyTHa je My caBpeMeHMM MCTpaJKMBalhMMa, a rrpeoBJia,n;aBa CTaB ,n;a je y IIM-
Talhy cpeHoMeH ,n;BojHe rrpMpo,n;e, Tj. ,n;a cy 3a 3a,n;p)KaBalhe MaTepMjaJia y qy1rnoj MeMopMjM,
Hapo"t:IMTO MKOHM"t:IKOj, o,n;roBOpHM M rrepMcpepHM M u;eHTpaJIHM rrpou;ern.
EKOJLOutKa BaJLugHocm. - Kojrr je CMMcao qyJIHe MeMopMje MKaKBa je IheHa yJiora y orra)Kalhy
M o6pa,n;M MHcpopMau;Mje? I1aKo cy CrrepJIMHrOBM HaJia3M MHCIIMpMcaJIM BeJIMKM 6poj
MCTpa)KMBalha, CBe ,n;o cpe,n;MHe ocaM,n;eceTMX ro,n;MHa MaJIO je rra)Klhe rroCBeneHo yJio3M
qyJIHe MeMopMje y orra)Kalhy M o6pa,n;M MHcpopMau;Mje. ITo,n;CTpeK pa3MaTpalhMMa yJio-
re qyJIHe MeMOpMje y OBMM rrpou;ecMMa ,n;ana je pa,n;MKaJIHa KpMTMKa CTaTyca MKOHM"t!Ke
MeMopMje Kojy je cpe,n;MHOM ocaM,n;eceTMX ro,n;MHa yrryTMO Xej6ep. I1KOHM"t!Ka MeMopMja
ce He MO)Ke CMaTpaTM eKOJIOIIIKM BaJIM,Il;HOM, CMaTpa Xej6ep, jep je BM3yeJIHO OIIa)Kalhe
KOHTMHyrrpaH rrpou;ec KOjM ce He caCTOjM o,n; rrpMKyrrJbalha KpaTKOTpajHO M3JIO)KeHMX
CTaTM"t:IHMX CJIMKa. OcMM Tora, TaXMCTOCKOIICKO M3Jiaralhe CTMMynyca KOjMM cy MCIIMTM-
BaHM rrpou;ern y MKOHM"t:IKOj MeMopMjM je, ITO MMIIIJbelhy Xej6epa, Kpajlhe HerrpMpo,n;HO
M HM Ha KOjM Ha"t:IMH ce He MO)Ke CMaTpaTM aHaJIOfHMM rrpMpo,n;HOM rrpou;ecy OIIa)Kalha.
He rropMqynM BaJbaHOCT eMIIMpMjCKMX HaJia3a ,n;o6MjeHMX y MCIIMTMBalhMMa MKOHM"t!Ke
MeMopMje, OBaj ayrop KOHCTaTyje ,n;a cy OHM MpeJieBaHTHM 3a pa3yMeBalhe orra)Kalha jep
je peq 0 KpaTKOTpajHMM ,Il;MCKpeTHMM CTaTM"t:IHMM CJIMKaMa, ,Il;OK je Hallie orrmI<alhe perM-
CTpoBalhe KOHTMHYaJIHMX ,n;MHaMM"t:IKMX rrpoMeHa y cpe,n;MHM (Haber, 1983).
Xej6epoBa KpMTMKa M3a3BaJia je MHoro6pojHe peaKu;Mje. HamaIIIeHo je ,n;a je
MKOHM"t:IKa MeMopMja eMrrMpMjCKM IIOTBpl)eH cpeHoMeH. CTOra 6M, CMaTpajy HeKM ayropM,
yMeCTO HerMpalha IheHe eKOJIOIIIKe BaJIM,Il;HOCTM Tpe6aJio crrpoBeCTM MCTpa)KMBalha Koja
6M 6oJbe ocBeTJIMJia yJiory oBor MeMopMjCKor ,n;oMeHa y rrpou;ecy orraJKalha M o6pa,n;e
MHcpopMau;Mja (cf. Loftus, 1983). 3aHMMJbMBO je ,n;a cy HaJia3M KOjM OIIOBpraBajy HeKe o,n;
Xej6epoBMX CTaBOBa 6IDIM caorrIIITeHM y pa,n;oBMMa KOjM cy rrpeTxo,n;IDIM Xej6epoBoM
"t:IJiaHKy. Y eKcrrepMMeHTY TpM3MaHoBe, y KojeM ce o,n; MCIIMTaHMKa 3axTeBa perrpo,n;JKu;Mja
rrpaBu;a KpaTKOTpajHo I13JIO)KeHMX IIOKpeTHMX Ta"t:IaKa, ,n;o6MjeHa je 6oJba perrpO,D;JKD;Mja
y 3a,n;aTKy ca ,n;eJIMMM"t:IHMM I13BeIIITajeM y O.[l;HOCY Ha perrpO,D;JKD;Mjy y 3a,n;aTKY IIOTIIyttOr
M3BeIIITaja. 0BaKaB HaJia3 cyrepMIIIe ,n;a ce rrpou;ecM y MKOHM"t!Koj MeMopMjM He CBo,n;e Ha
KpaTKOTpajHo 3a,n;p)KaBalhe ,Il;MCKpeTHMX CTaTM"t:IHMX CJIMKa, Ben ,n;a JKlliyqyjy M ,Il;MHaMMKY
eJieMeHaTa cu;eHe Koja ce orra)Ka (Treisman, Russell & Green, 1975).
11PEII03HABAIDE OEJIMKA
2. rrperrosHaBaH>e o6JIHKa
10 Byi<BaJIHII npeBo,n: CIIHTarMe ,,pattern recognition" 6IIo 6II ,,npenosHaBaFhe CJIO)Kaja". I1aKo ce oBaj
TepMIIH y BeJIIIKOj MepII ycTaJIIIO y JJ:OMahoj CTpy<IHOj TepMIIHOJIOrHjH, onpe,n:eJIHJIII CMO ce sa CHHTarMy
,,npenosHaBaFhe o6JIIIKa" jep je OHa HHTYHTIIBHO npIIXBaTJbIIBHja II pasyMJbIIBIIja, a HIIje HeTat.J:Ha y
o,n:Hocy Ha II3BOpHII TepMIIH y eHrJieCKOM jesm<y. OcIIM Tora, npe,n:MeT IICTpa)KIIBaFha OBe o6JiaCTH je
npenosHaBaFhe o6JluKa (o6jeKaflla), ,n:aKJie, cTpyi<Typa Koje IIMajy CMIIcao II sHat.J:eFhe.
11 MapBIIH MHHCKII, je,n:aH o,n:nIIOHIIpa y o6JiaCTII BernTat.J:Ke IIHTeJIIIreHI.1,IIje, ,n:aje saHIIMJbIIBO CBe,n:ot.J:aHCTBO
0 IIOt.J:eTHIIM IIHTYH:U:IIjaMa KOje cy ynyhIIBaJie Ha TO ,n:a je y IIIITaFhy je,n:HOCTaBaH npo6JieM. MHHCKII ce ceha
,n:a je cpe,n:IIHOM ne,n:eceTHX ro,n:HHa npoIIIJior BeKa CBOM IIOCTJJ:IIIIJIOM:U:Y ,n:ao ceMHHapcKII pa,n: y KojeM
je cTy,n:eHT Tpe6aJio ,n:a pernII npo6JieM rnMyJia:u;Hje npenosHaBaFha o6jeKaTa. Ilorne Mece:u; ,n:aHa cTy,n:eHT
ce BpaTIIO II peKao ,n:a HHje y CTaFhY ,n:a pernII npo6JieM. Ysrpe,n:, npo6JieM jorn YBeK HIIje perneH, ynpKoc
orpoMHIIM cpe,n:CTBHMa II BeJIIIKOM 6pojy IICTpa)KIIBat.J:a KOjH ce FhIIMe 6aBe Beh IIOJia BeKa.
72 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
pa3JIIfiMTe TeKCTOBe CTaJIHO cpeneMo OBO CJIOBO, a.JIM ce OHO rrojaBJbyje y BeJIMKOM
6pojy pasmfiMTMX BapMjaHTM. PJKOM MCIIMcaHo cnoBo ,,A" pasJIMKOBane ce o,n; oco6e
,n;o oco6e, ,Il;OK he ce IIITaMrraHo ,,A" pa3JIMKOBaTM y 3aBMCHOCTM o,n; TMIIa CJIOBa KOjMM je
IIITaMrraH TeKcT. HcTo TaKo, cnoBo MO)I{e ,n;a ce jamr rro,n; pasJIM'IMTMM yrnoM, a MO)I{e ,n;a
6y,n;e M Mso6nMqeHo. Hajsa,n;, CBM MMaMo oco6eHM PYKOIIMC. HeKM PYKOIIMCM cy, Hapa-
BHO, cacBMM HeqMTKM (rra M cnoBo ,,A"), a.JIM OHO IIITO o,n;JIMKyje pasnMqMTe pJKOIIMce
To je CTPYKTYPaJIHa CJIMqHocT cnoBa. YKoJIMKO IDe He 6M 6MJio, CBaKM pyKorrMc 6M 6Mo
IIOTIIyttO HeqMTaK. TioIIITO je 6poj MorynMX BapMjaHTM CJIOBa ,,A" (M OCTaJIMX CJIOBa)
HeorpaHMqeH, TO 3HaqM ,n;a 6M sa IDeroBo rrperrosHaBaIDe 6Mo rroTpe6aH 6ecKoHaqaH
6poj o,n;roBapajynMx rrpe,n;cTaBa (rnMKa 12).
C!luKa 12. - C o63upoM Ha Ulo ga je 6poj Mofynux Bapujauutu HeKof o6jeKUla ueo-
1pauu11eu, ycaf!lautaBa1-be ca y3opKoM UMUllUl{upa 6ecKoJ-ta11au 6poj apegcutaBa
gautof o6jeKUla.
HeKMM c.rryqajeBMMa MMHMMaJIHe rrpoMeHe Mory p;a )"IMHe o6jeKaT IIOTJHO Herrperros-
HaTJbMBMM. 0BO :lie, BMp;eneMO, 6MTM jep;aH op; OCHOBHMX rrpo6JieMa aJITepHaTMBHMX
rrpMcTyrra rrperrosHaBalhy o6jeKaTa.
Teopuja getlleKt1;uje ogJZuKa. - HarryrnTalheM rrpMCTyrra KOjM ce sacHMBa Ha ycarnarnaBalh y
c ysopKOM rrojaBMJIO ce HeKOJIMKO an:TepHaTMBHMX IIOKyrnaja pasyMeBalha HaqMHa Ha
KojM rrperrosHajeMo o6jeKTe, op; KojMx je rnaKaKo HajrrosHaTMjM rrpMcTyrr rrosHaT rrop;
Ha3MBOM tlleopuja getlleKt1;uje ogJZuKa (Feature detection theory). OrnoBHa rrpeTrrocTaBKa
oBor rrpMcTyrra je p;a cy guctllUHKtllUBHe ogJZuKe OHO no qeMy ce jep;aH o6jeKaT pasJIMKyje
op; p;pyror o6jeKTa. Tiop; )J;MCTMHKTMBHMM O)J;JIMKaMa rrop;pasyMeBaMO KapaKTepMCTMqHe
eJieMeHTe MJIM KapaKTepMCTMqaH CKJIOII eJieMeHaTa KOjM op;pel)yje H)J;eHTMTeT p;aTe KJiace
o6jeKaTa. TiperrosHaBalhe o6jeKaTa ce, p;aKJie, He op;MrpaBa TaKO rnTo 11x ycarnarnaBaMo
ca lhMXOBOM perrpeseHTau;MjoM Koja MMa Mp;eHTMqHy cTpJKTypy, Ben TaKo rnTo M.IJ;eHTM-
cpMKyjeMo HeKe op; lhHXOBMX KapaKTep11cTJiqHMX oco6MHa. YsMMMO rroHoBo sa rrpMMep
rrperrosHaBalhe CJIOBa. CBaKo op; TpMp;eceT cnoBa an:cpa6eTa Mory:lie je parnqJiaHMTM Ha
HeKOJIMKO ocHOBHHX eJieMeHaTa (p;HCTMHKTMBHMX op;JIMKa). CJioBo ,,A" ce, Ha rrp11Mep,
caCTOjM op; p;Be KOCe M jep;He xopI130HTaJIHe JIMHHje, CJIOBO ,,M" op; )];Be BepTHKaJIHe M p;Be
KOCe JIMHHje HT)];. 12 AKO OBaKO p;ecpMHMllleMO CJIOBO, OH)J;a 6M lberOBO rrperr03HaBalhe
rrpeTIIOCTaBJbaJIO rrpeTXO)J;HO parnqJialhaBalhe Ha OCHOBHe KOMIIOHeHTe (p;MCTMHKTMBHe
op;JIMKe) qJijM crreu;McpMqHH CJIO)Kaj q11HM p;aTo CJIOBO. Bes o63Mpa Ha Bap11jaHTY KojoM
je CJIOBO Mcrr11caHo OHO 6M Tpe6an:o p;a 6yp;e rrperrosHaTO jep je p;aTM CJIO)Kaj ycarnarneH
ca rrpep;CTaBOM Koja cap;p)KM )J;HCTMHKTMBHe O)J;JIMKe a He 6yKBaJIHY KOIIHjy p;aTor CJIOBa
(MJIM o6jeKTa). 0Bo 6M 6MJie HaqeJIHe rrocTaBKe TeopMje p;eTeKu;Mje op;JIMKa. TIMTalhe
je p;a JIM cy OHe KOrHHTHBHO peJieBaHTHe 13 M p;a JIM je Ha OCHOBY lhMX Mory:lie M3BeCTM
ycrrernHy rnMyJiau;Mjy rrperrosHaBalha o6JIMKa ( o6jeKaTa).
TipBM rroKyrnaj p;a ce rrpo6JieM rrperrosHaBalha o6JIMKa pern11 Ha oBaj HaqMH
HaqJIJheH je y o6JiaCTM BernTaqKe MHTeJIMreHu;Mje, KpajeM rrep;eceTMX rop;MHa rrpornJior
BeKa. 0JIMBep CeJicppm,1, jep;aH op; IIMOHHpa y oBoj o6JiaCTM, KOHCTPYHllle paqJHapcKM
rrporpaM rrop; Ha3MBOM IIaHgeMoHujyM (Pandemonium), KojM MMa sa I.J;HJb rrperrosHa-
Balhe cnoBa (cn11Ka 13) /Selfridge, 1959/.
PasMoTpHMO p;eTaJbHHje KapaKTepMCTMKe CeJicppm,ioBor TiaHp;eMOHMjyMa. CBa
CJIOBa an:cpa6ern p;ecpMHHCaHa cy Ha OCHOBY orpaHMqeHor 6poja OCHOBHHX eJieMeHaTa
(p;MCTMHKTMBHHX OAJIMKa). Ha CBaKoM HMBOY o6pap;e Han:ase ce p;eTeKTopM KapaKTe-
pMCTMKa rpacpeMcKor CJIO)Kaja Koje CeJicppm,1 Ha3HBa ,,p;eMOHMMa" ( oryp;a M Ha3MB
,,TiaHp;eMOHHjyM")' a rrporpaM pap;M rrapan:eJIHO jep cy pa3JIMqJ1TM HHBOM o6pap;e MHTep-
aKTMBHO crrperHJTM. Tiojep;11HaqHJ1 p;eTeKTOpH ce aKTHBHpajy caMo OH)J;a Kap;a CJIO)Kaj KOjH
Tpe6a rrperrosHaTH cap;p)KM eJieMeHT sa KojM je p;aTM p;eTeKTop sap;y)KeH. 06pap;a rroqMJhe
Ha HHBoy getlleKtllopa oglluKa (feature demons) /BJ, Tj. p;MCTMHKTMBHHX OAJIMKa Koje ce
ceJieKTMBHO aKTMBMpajy. AKTMBau;Mja ce rrporrarMpa Ha HHBO KOfHUtllUBHUX getlleKtllO-
pa (cognitive demons) /BJ, KOjM rrpep;CTaBJbajy CKJIOIIOBe (cnoBa). CKJIOIIOBM KO)]; Koj11x
12
,Il;eTaJbaH OIUIC p;i1cTMHKTMBHHX OPJIMKa CJIOBa a6eu;e.n:e p:aJia je EJieHop f116coH (Gibson, 1969).
13
KorHHTMBHO peJieBaHTHOM CMaTpaMo oHy KapaKTeprrcTMKY CTMMyJiau;rrje Koja y o.n:pel)eHoj eKcrrep11-
MeHTaJIHoj MaH11rryJiau;11j11 ,D;OBOP:M .n:o KOrHMTMBHHX ecpeKaTa. AnTepHaTMBHM TepMHH je UCUXOJlOutKa
peallHOCUl (psychological reality).
PAHI1 I1POUECI1 KOfHI1TI1BHE OEPA,[(E I1 TIA)f{IDA 75
rrocTOjrr HajBerrn 6poj aKTHBau;rrja rrporrarnpajy ce ,IJ;O HUBoa ogllyKe (decision demon)
/fI r,IJ;e CJIO)Kaj rrs rrpeTXO,IJ;HOr HHBoa ca HajBenrrM 6pojeM aKTHBau;rrja 6rrBa rrsa6paH
Kao oHaj Kojrr je Tpe6aJio rrperrosHaTH.
: ~ * ~ * : : : :
C!Jc;JocpcpQJ~}···E
!..................L.. . . . . . ...!......... [!:].-:::::.:·\:::::::::::::::::L:::::::::.~.::::L..................... A
ClluKa 13. - Cell<jjpulJ-OB llaHgeMoHujyM. IIpeuo3HaBa1-be o6JluKa ( CllOBO A) apolla3u
Kp03 HeKOllUKO <jja3a. Y apBoj <fia3u ce aKilJUBupajy geweKwopu oglluKa (B ), Ha
CllegeneM HUBOJ KOlHUWUBHU geweKwopu (B) a KOHa1iHJ ogllJKY 0 ugeHwumemy
o6jeKwa gaje g0Hoculla71 ogllyKe (T).
TuerOBHX ,IJ;HCTHHKTHBHHX O,IJ;JIHKa, Mopana ,n;a 6y,n;e o,n;peJ)eHa Kao arrCTpaKTaH eHTHTeT,
CBaKaKO arrcTpaKTHHjH op; Ha'IHHa Ha KOjH je CXBaneHa y rrpBo6HTHHM rrpnCTyrrHMa
rrperro3HaBaTuy o6nnKa. IloBenaTueM arrcTpaKTHOCTH rrpe,n;cTaBa rrocrnje q)JieKcn6HJI-
HHja, IIITO IIOBenaBa TOJiepaHii;njy Ha Bapnja6HJIHOCT o6jeKTa. HcTpaMHBaTua Koja cy
yrne,n;HJia HIIIJia cy yrrpaBo y TOM rrpaBI:i;y.
Teopuja apomomuaoBa. - YKoJIHKo 6n ce o,n;6au;no ycnoB ,n;a rrpe,n;cTaBa y CBHM CTPYKTYPHHM
,n;eTaJbHMa Tpe6a ,n;a 6y,n;e aHanoma o6jeKTY Kojn rrpe,n;cTaBJba, pa3JIH'IHTe BapnjaHTe
HCTOr o6jeKTa He 6n Mopane ,n;a HMajy rnojy IIOTrryHy MeHTaJIHY peIIJIHKy. Ce,n;aM,n;eceTHX
fO,IJ;HHa rrpoIIIJIOf BeKa 3aroBopHHIJ;H OBaKBOr CXBaTaTua pa3BHJIH cy rrpncTyrr KOjH je
rro3HaT rro,n; Ha3HBOM meopuja apomomuaoBa (Prototype theory). Ilpe,n;cTaBa ca KojoM ce
ycamaIIIaBajy KapaKTepncTHKe orraMeHor o6jeKTa Tpe6a ,n;a 6y,n;e rrpoTOTHII, ,n;aKJie, HeKa
BpcTa ,,n,n;eanHor" rrpe,n;cTaBHHKa KJiace Kojoj o6jeKaT rrpnrra,n;a. ATpn6yr ,,n,n;eanaH" He
HMIIJIHIJ;Hpa Bpe,n;HOCHH CTaB Ben ce O,IJ;HOCH Ha, ycJIOBHO pe'IeHo, rrpoceK KapaKTepHCTHKa
CBHX 'IJiaHOBa o,n;peJ)eHe KJiace. Ilo OBOM MO,n;eny rroje,n;HHH 'IJiaHOBH p;aTe KJiace (Hrrp.
amuup) BHIIIe cy HJIH Malhe CJIH'IHH rrpoToTnrry. TaKo 6n, Ha rrpnMep, rrpoTOTHII 3a
KJiacy rrTnu;a 6HJia ,,HeKa" rrTnu;a Koja 6n y Benoj HJIH MaTuoj Mepn ca,n;pMana oco6nHe
CBHX IITHu;a ca KOjHMa ce cycpeneMo, aJIH He 6n rrpe,n;cTaBJbaJia HHje,n;Hy KOHKpeTHY Bpcry.
Ilperro3HaBaTue o,n;peJ)eHor o6jeKTa 3aBHCHJIO 6n op; Tora y Kojoj Mepn ,n;enn oco6nHe ca
rrpoTOTHIIOM KJiace Kojoj rrpnrra,n;a.
EKcrrepnMeHTaJIHa HCTpaMHBaTua y1<a3yjy Ha TO ,n;a OBaKo.. CXBaneHa rrpep;CTaBa
HMa CTaTyc KOrHHTHBHe peneBaHTHOCTH. To cy, H3MeJ)y OCTaJIHX, IIOKa3aJIH HaJia3H
ome,n;a y KOjHMa je op; HCIIHTaHHKa 3aXTeBaHO ,n;a KJiacmpnKyjy pa3JIH'IHTe BpcTe o6JIH-
Ka, rrpn 'IeMy cy o6JIHIJ;H KOjH cy rrpHXBaneHH Kao rrpOTOTHIIOBH KJiacmpHKOBaHH 6p)l{e
n ca Malhe rpeIIIaKa (cf. Franks & Bransford, 1971; Reed, 1972). 0 OBOM rrpncTyrry 6nne
BHIIIe peqn y je,n;HOM op; Hape,n;HHX rromaBJba y KojeM lie 6HTH ,n;eTaJbHO pa3MaTpaHe
KapaKTepncTHKe rrpe,n;crnBa y ,n;yroTpajHoj MeMopnjn.
CmpyKmypaJLHU oauc uJLu cmpyKmypaJLHe meopuje apeuo31-la6a1-ba o6JLuKa. - Je,n;aH op;
He,n;ocrnrnKa Teopnje ,n;eTeKu;nje o,n;JinKa je TO IIITO He Y3HMa y o63np penau;nje MeJ)y
O,IJ;JIHKaMa Koje ,n;eq:mHHIIIY cMncaoHy u;ennHy. Y3MHMO rrpnMep rrpnKa3aH Ha cnnu;n 14.
2 ................
y o6Jiacnr rnMyJia~Mje orra)l{alha o6JIMKa: rrpe,D;cTaBa y MeMopMjM paqyttapa Mopa ,JJ;a 6y.JJ;e
arrcTpaKTHa ,JJ;a 6M Moma ,JJ;a o6yx:BaTM CBe BapMjaHTe o6jeKTa KojM ce rrperrosHaje. BMne
TO Hy)l{aH aJIM He M ,JJ;OBOJDaH ycJIOB sa ycrreurny CMMyJia~Mjy rrperrosHaBalha o6jeKarn.
IIpeuo3HaBa1-be Ha ornoey KOMUOHeHafJla. - 3a pasJIMKY O,JJ; aJicpa6ern, y rrperrosHaBalhy
o6jeKaTa y peaJIHOM CBeTy orrepmneMo oTBopeHMM cKyrroM jep 6poj o6jeKaTa Koje
cpeneMo M Koje rrperrosHajeMo HMje orpaHw:reH. OcMM Tora, o6jeKTe BMi)aMo y pasJIM-
qMTMM BeJIMqMHaMa M rro,JJ; pasJIMqMTMM yrJIOBMMa. Harne rrperrosHaBalhe je, Mel)YTMM,
MsyseTHO ycrrernHo, rrpM qeMy JEeK MMaMO KOH3epBa~Mjy o6jeKTa KOja HaM OMorynyje
,JJ;a ra yrrpKOC TpaHccpopMa~MjaMa OIIa)l{aMO Kao MCTM eHTMTeT. 0,JJ;rOBOp Ha IIMTalhe
KaKO TO ,JJ;a yrrpKOC HeorpaHMqeHoj BapMja6MJIHOCTM 6es TernKona rrpeII03HajeMO 06-
jeKTe MO)l{,JJ;a Tpe6a Tpa)l{MTM y qMlheHM~M ,JJ;a CMO rrpM OIIa)l{alhy oceTJbMBM Ha MH-
BapMjaHTe BMIUer pe,D;a Koje ,D;ecpMHMrny ,JJ;aTM o6jeKaT MJIM CKyrr 06je1<aTa. YKOJIMKO je
TaKO, Koje cy TO MHBapMjaHTe?
Y rroKyrnajy ,JJ;a o,JJ;roBopM Ha OBO IIMTalhe, EpBMHr BM.JJ;epMaH rrpe,D;Jia)l{e rrpM-
cTyrr no KojeM je o6jeKTe y peaJIHOM CBeTy Moryne CBeCTM Ha orpaHMqeHM 6poj OCHOB-
HMX reoMeTpMjCKMX TeJia Koje Ha3MBa feOHUMa (Biederman, 1985, 1987, 1993a, 1993b)
I CJIMKa 16/. 0Baj rrpMcTyrr II03HaT je IIO,JJ; Ha3MBOM apeU03HaBa1-be Ha OCHOBY KOMUO-
HeHafJla (recognition-by-components - RBC). BM.JJ;epMaH rrpe,D;Jia)l{e TPM,JJ;ecernK reoHa
Koje je JiaKO M,JJ;eHTMcpMKOBaTM M3 CBMX yrJioBa M qMjOM je KOM6MHa~MjOM Moryne
KOHCTPYMCaTM CJIO)l{eHMja TeJia, Tj. o6jeKTe Koje CBaKO,JJ;HeBHo cpeneMo. Ha oBaj HaqMH
je 6ecKoHaqaH 6poj IIOTeH~MjaJIHMX ,JJ;MCTMHKTMBHMX O,JJ;JIMKa CBe,JJ;eH Ha orpaHMqeHM
CKyrr reoMeTpMjCKMX TeJia.
3 4 5
CD V V:::0
CJZuKa 16. -IIpuMep zeoHa (lleBa CllUKa) u o6jeKaill.a Koje je Ha ocHosy 1-bUX Mozyfie
KoHcill.pyucaUl.u.
\)
A
11
,II;o6rrjeHH pesyJITaTH rroKasyjy ,D;a Ka,D;a cy Ha rnrru;rr oqYBaHrr crrojeBH Mel)y reoHrr-
Ma ( CJIHKa 176) HCIIHTaHHI.J;H y 70% rnyqajeBa TaqHo H)J;eHTmprrKyjy rrprrKa3aHH o6jeI<aT,
,Il;OK je y mTyau;rrjrr Ka,D;a cy crrojeBH ,D;erpa,D;rrpaHH (cJIHKa 17B), Taj rrpou;eHaT 6rro Mal:hH
o,D; 50% (Biederman, 1985). 0BaKaB HaJias cyreprrIIIe ,D;a cy HeKH acrreKTH o6jeKTa BHIIIe, a
HeKH Mal:he peJieBaHTHH sa l:heroBo rrperrosHaBal:he. TioIIITO cy y Brr,D;epMaHOBOM orne,D;y
,D;erpa,D;rrpaHH pasJirrqrrTH acrreKTH reoHa, 6rro je TO HaJias Kojrr, ,Il;O,Il;JlIIe HH,Il;HpeKTHO,
roBoprr y rrpHJior TOMe ,D;a reOHH HMajy CTaTYC KOfHHTHBHe peJieBaHTHOCTH.
,II;rrpeKTHa eBanyau;rrja KOfHHTHBHe peJieBaHTHOCTH reoHa rrpe,D;MeT je HCTpa)lm-
Bal:ha Brr,D;epMaHa rr Kyrrepa (Biederman & Cooper, 1991). HcrrrrTaHHI.J;HMa cy rrprrKa-
saHe ,D;Be rpyrre rrapoBa CJIHKa. Y je,D;Hoj rpyrrrr CJIHKa je ,D;erpa,D;rrpaHa Ha HHBoy reoHa,
TaKO IIITO 6rr 50% CJIHKe 6HJIO 3a,Il;p)l(aHO y rrpBoj, a KOMIIJieMeHTapHHX 50% y ,D;pyroj
BaprrjaHTH CJIHKe. Y ,D;pyroj rpyrrrr, CJIHKe cy ,D;erpa,D;rrpaHe TaKO IIITO cy rrsocTaBJhe-
HH u;eJIH reoHH KOjH ce rrojaBJhyjy y KOMIIJieMeHTapHoj ,D;erpa,D;rrpaHoj BaprrjaHTH HCTe
CJIHKe. 3a,D;aTaK HCIIHTaHHKa je 6rro ,D;a HMeHyjy CBaKy CJIHKY y rrapy. YKOJIHKO cy reOHH
KOfHHTHBHO peJieBaHTHH, Tj. JKOlIHKO rrperrosHaBal:he o6jeKaTa rrpeTIIOCTaBJha l:hHXOBO
H,D;eHTmprrKoBal:he, HMeHoBal:he rrpBe CJIHKe y rrpBoj rpyrrrr Tpe6aJio 6rr ,D;a oJiaKIIIa
HMeHOBal:he l:heHe KOMIIJieMeHTapHe BaprrjaHTe jep cy rro6yl)eHH HCTH reoHH, IIITO HHje
rnyqaj ca rrapoBHMa CJIHKa y ,D;pyroj rpyrrrr. PesyJITaTH eKcrreprrMeHTa cy rroTBp,Il;HJIH
OBY rrpeTrrocTaBKy, IIITO je 3HaqajaH eMrrrrprrjcKH apryMeHT y rrpHJior rrpeTrrocrnBu;rr ,D;a
reOHH HMajy CTaTyc KOfHHTHBHe peJieBaHTHOCTH.
I1po6JieM ca Brr,D;epMaHOBHM rrprrcTyrrOM je, Mel)yrrrM, y TOMe IIITO HHje y CTal:hY
,D;a o6yxBaTH mTyau;rrje y KojrrMa je o6jeKaT rrprrKa3aH y KOHTeKcTy ,D;pyrrrx o6jeKaTa.
TioIIITo HCTH reoH MO)l(e ,D;a rrprrrra,D;a BeneM 6pojy o6jeKaTa, oBaj rrprrcTyrr He MO)l(e ,D;a
peIIIH rrpo6JieMe O,Il;BOjHBOCTH H saje,D;HHqKor ,D;eJia, IIITO je rnojeBpeMeHO 6rro je,D;aH O,II;
u;eHTpaJIHHX rrpo6JieMa BeIIITaqKe HHTeJirrreHu;rrje y IIOKYIIIajrrMa CHMJJiau;rrje rrperro-
3HaBal:he o6jeKaTa.
80 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
ODUGQR IVMXEW
CDRQOD EXIWMV
RQODUG VMEXWI
UGRCDO XIWMVE
DUZUOG WXZMVI
CDRQOD EXIWMV
C!luKa 18. HqmmuifmKa71uja JlaCUUJ-tU1iHOf Cll06a Z je
RQODUG IVMXEW oCUeJ/CaHa YKOJlU1W ce OHO HaJla3U y KOHCUeK.cCUy CJl06a ca
UGRCDO VMEXWI UCCUUM UJlU CJlU1iHUM qucCUUHKCUU6HUM oqllUKaMa (qec-
a 6 Ha Mawpu71a) (Neisser, 1964).
y Tmi;aj KOHTeKCTa
sHaKa y peqM HAOS Kao ,,A" Ma.JIO je BepoBaTHa jep Herrocpe,n;Ho Msa H>e rne,n;M ,,A" Koje
Msrne,n;a ,n;pyraqMje. Y ,n;pyroj peqM MHTeprrpernu;Mja rrorne,n;H>er 3HaKa Kao naTMHMqHo
,,H'' je TaKol)e Ma.JIO BepoBaTHa jep Mcrrpe,n; H>era CTOjM ,,K", IIITO M3rOBapaH>e OBaKO
MHTeprrpeTMpaHor rpacpeMCKOr CJIO)l{aja qMHM CKopo HeMorynMM.
f\AOS
LUKA ClluKa 21. - Hcmo llailluHuttHo CllOBo, y saBucHocmu og KOHilleKcilla, 6u-
lie upottuillaHo Kao JlaillUHUttHO ,,H" UllU Kao ,,A".
14 Y cTaH;ri;ap;ri;Hoj emJieCKoj TepMHHOJiornjM oBe BpcTe o6pa;i:i;e Ha3MBajy ce top-down H bottom-up processing.
AKO 6McMo eHrnecKe TepMHHe 6yKBaJIHO rrpeBeJIM Ha cprrcKM, ;i:i;o6HJIM 6McMo o6paga ogo3go-Haiope H
o6paga ogo3fo-Hagolle. ITonITo OBaKo rrpeBe;ri;eHH M3pa3M 3Byqe poro6aTHO, orrpe;ri;eJIHJIH CMO ce ;i:i;a oBe ;ri;Be
BpCTe o6pa;i:i;e Ha30BeMO uHgyKillUBHOM (bottom-up) H gegyKillUBHOM (top-down), CBeCHH ;i:i;a OBaKBO peIIIeFbe
HHje HajcpenHMje jep rrojMOBH UHgyKillUBHO H gegyKillUBHO HMajy HeIIITO ;i:i;pyra<mjH CMHCaO y JIOfllIJ;H.
PAHI1 TIPOUECI1 KOfHI1TI1BHE OEPA)J:E I1 TIA)I{I-bA 83
IlA)l{lhA
~~3
.,..11 iO~ ~ ... .4 i . ~
3. CeJieKTHBHa IIa}R:H>a
\............................................................................................/
KorHl1Tl1BHl1 c11cTeM l1Ma crroco6HocT p;a ceJieKTyje p;eo l1HcpopMa:o;11ja Koj11 je
3a,I!;p)I(aH y qyJIHOj MeMop11j11 l1 KOjl1 ce rrpornel)yje y ,IJ;aJby o6pap;y. 0By O,Il;Jll1KY KOrHl1-
Tl1BHOr Cl1CTeMa MJIYCTpoBaneMO CJiep;en11M rrp11MepoM.
IIpo11umajme UleKcUl ucaucaH MacHUM c;ioauMa.
Je,11;Ha Tor o,n; p;aHa KorHHTHBHHX y crroco6HocTH rrpep;Beqepje je rroqeJI11 MoryliHocT
cy ,n;a p;a pas,n;nojHMO ce ,n;ne roMI1Jiajy nopJKe. 06Jia:o;11. To J13mep;aJio 'llHHHMO je
TaKO p;a IIITO neycMepaBaMO Hal1lll1 nam.lhy CHa)I(Ha Ha OJiyja o,n;pel)eHe rrpaneHa
KapaKTepHCTHKe rpap;OM IIOpJKe, I<Ojl1 Ha IIpHMep, yttl1IIITl1Tl1 Ha yceBe ,n;e6JbHffY ne
Ha CJIOBa. Ibl1BaMa.
llfra je 6110 cap;p)I(aj peqeH11:o;a l1CIIl1CaHMX 0611qHl1M CJIOBl1Ma? HaKO CMO I1X Bl1-
p;eJil1, TeIIIKO p;a 611CMO MOfJil1 HeIIITO Bl1IIIe 0 Ibl1Ma p;a Ka)I(eMO, 0Cl1M p;a cy l1CIIl1CaHe
0611qH11M CJIOB11Ma. 36or rrp11pop;e YTIYTCTBa Ha IDl1X Hl1CMO 06panaJI11 IIaMIDy, IIITO 3Haq11
p;a cap;p)I(aj OBMX peqeH11:o;a Hl1je 6110 rrpoCJiei)eH y p;y6Jby o6pap;y, aJil1 CMO l1IIaK y CTaIDY p;a
HaBep;eMo Ibl1XOBe cp11311qKe KapaKTepl1CTl1Ke. 0Baj rrp11Mep I1JIYCTpyje cpeHOMeH rra)I{Ibe
l1 rrpep;oqaBa HeKe op; IbeHl1X 611THl1X O,Il;Jll1Ka, Kao IIITO cy ceJieKTMBHOCT l1 CBeCT 0
cp11311qKl1M KapaKTepl1CTl1KaMa MaTep11jaJia Ha KOjl1 Hl1je o6paneHa IIa)I(Iba.
Mel)y l1CTpa)I(l1Baq11Ma KOfHl1Tl1BHl1X rrpo:u;eca IIOCTOjl1 camacHOCT Kap;a je y IIl1-
TaIDY p;ecp11H11:o;11ja cpeHoMeHa IIaMIDe: uaJ1C1-ba je ycMepaaal-be MeHUlaJlHe aKUlUBHocmu Ha
84 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
ogpe~eHu cagpJ1Caj u 3aHeMapuaa1-be ocmallux cagpJ1Caja Koje pezucmpyjy Haiua ttylla. HrraK,
3aIIITO He o6pal)yjeMO CBe IIITO HaIIIa qyJia pemcTpyjy? O;z:i;roBop Ha OBO Ill1TaH>e Tpe6a
TPaJKl1Tl1 y orpaH11qeH11M Karra:o;11TeT11Ma KOfHl1Tl1BHOf Cl1CTeMa Koj11 H11je y MoryhHOCTl1
;z:t;a 06pa;z:t;11 CBe rrp11crreJie 11HcpopMa:o;11je. Tiope;z:t; OBOf, IlOCToj1111 eKOJIOIIIKl1pa3JI0f3aIIITO
je Heorrxo;z:t;Ha ceJieK:o;11ja 11HcpopMa:o;11ja. Ha11Me, H11cy cBe 11HcpopMa:o;11je Koje pemcTpyjy
HaIIIa qyJia peJieBaHTHe, IIITO 3Haq11 ;z:t;a 611cMO, JKOlil1KO He 611 IlOCTOjaJia ceJieK:o;11ja, 6MJI11
3arYIIIeH11 11HcpopMa:o;11jaMa 6e3 3Haqaja.
Kao IIITO CMO ITOMeHyJI11 Ha rrpeTXO;z:t;Hl1M CTpaHaMa OBOf IlOfJiaBJha, JBl1;z:t; y orpa-
H11qeTua KOfHl1Tl1BHOf CMCTeMa ;z:i;o611jeH je y l1CTpa)K11BaH>11Ma TeJieKOMJHl1Ka:o;11ja r;z:i;e je
IlOKa3aHO ;z:t;a rrp11MaJia:o; MO)Ke ;z:t;a 06pa;z:t;11 caMo ;z:i;eo 11HcpopMa:o;11ja JK01Il1KO H>MXOBa KO-
JI11q11Ha rrpeBa3MJia311 Karrai:.:t;11TeTe o6pa;z:i;e. J13 OBaKBMX HaJia3a 113Be;z:t;eH je 3aKJhyqaK
;z:i;a KOJI11q11Ha 11HcpopMa:o;11ja Kojy ca;z:t;p)K11 HeKa rropJKa Mopa ;z:i;a 6y;z:i;e ycKJial)eHa ca
Karra:o;11TeT11MaKorH11T11BHorc11cTeMa. TeKrre;z:i;eceTMXro;z:t;11HarrpoIIIJiorBeKaoB11rrpo6JieM11
he rrp11Byh11 rra)KH>Y IlCMXOJIOra Koj11 rrp11cTyrrajy l1CTpaJK11BaH>11Ma cpeHOMeHa rra)KH>e Ha
OCHOBY KOjMX he 611Tl1 ITOCTaBJheHe OCHOBe MO;z:t;eJia CMCTeMa o6pa;z:i;e 11HcpopMa:o;11ja.
*
CJtuKa 22. - IIpuMep eKcuepuMeHUl.a ca guxomu11KoM ape3eHUl.a11ujoM cUl.uMyJtyca
/uaJKHJa je ycMeperta Ha Jteeu KaHaJt/ (Cherry, 1953)
0Ba BpCTa 3a;z:t;aTKa Il03HaTa je IIO;z:t; Ha311BOM 3agatlJaK upahe1-ba (shaddowing task),
a KaHaJI Ha Koj11 ce o6paha rra}KH>a Ha311Ba ce apaheHu KaHall (attended channel). ,Il;oK je
rra)KH>a 11crr11TaH11Ka ycMepeHa Ha ca;z:t;p)Kaj Koj11 ce eM11Tyje Ha rrpaheHOM KaHaey, Ha Ka-
HaJIY Ha Koj1111Cill1TaHl1K He o6paha rra)KH>y, a Koj11 ce Ha311Ba 6JloKupaHU KaHaJl (unatten-
ded channel), ca;z:t;p)Kaj ce Ha pa3JI11q11Te Haq11He Melba (Hrrp. TeKcT ce rrpeK11;z:t;a 11 rroq11Tue
113JiaraH>e HOBOf TeKCTa, MJil1 rroq11Tue TeKCT Ha ;z:t;pyroM je311KY 11T;z:t;.). I1p11 perrpO;z:t;YKIJ;11jl1
15
Tio,n; rrojMoM ,,Kamm" rro,n;pasyMeBaMo ca,n;p)l{aj 'n:rjtt je H3BOp eMHTOBa1na Moryne tts,n;BojHTH. I1s
CBaKO,lJ;HeBHOr lICKYCTBa 3HaMO ,n;a CMO '-IeCTO lI3JIQ)l{eHH pa3JilI'IlITlIM lI3BOpHMa HHcpopMau;ttja KOje ce
eMHTyjy HCTOBpeMeHo. YcMepaBaH>e rra)l{H>e Ha je,n:aH H3Bop eKBHBaJieHTHO je ceJieKu;ttjH KaHaJia.
PAHI1 ITPOUECI1 KOfHI1TI1BHE OBPNJ:E I1 fIA}f{I-hA 85
16
0Baj p;y:xoBHTH TepMHH Tpe6a p;a aco:o;Hpa Ha CHTya:o;Hjy Kap;a ce H<Uia3HMO Ha KOKTe.JIY rp;e BenH 6poj
JbYAH HCTOBpeMeHO pa3rOBapa. YrrpKOC BeJIHKOM 6pojy pa3JII-IqJ1THX H3Bopa HH<pOpMa:o;Hja Harna IIa)l{J:ha
je ycMepeHa Ha cap;p:>I<aj 0 KojeM rOBOpH Harn caroBOpHHK, Tj. ycMepeHa je Ha jep;aH KaHaJI, ,ll;OK cy OCTaJIH
KaHaJIH 6JIOKHpaHH. MelJYTHM, YKOJIHKO qyjeMO p;a HeKO y OKOJIHHH IIOMHH>e Harne HMe, Ha rrpHMep,
MeH>aMO KaHaJI H IIa)KH>Y ycMepaBaMO Ha Taj pa3rOBOp.
86 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfl1JA
~........, 6 3 8
17 TeopHja cpHJITepa H TeopHja rrpHryrrrnBaH>a HMajy cTaTyc MO,Il;eJia a He Teopnje y rrpaBoM CMHCJIY Te pe•m.
IToIIITO ce y JIHTepaTypH MO,Il;eJIH Bpo,I1;6eHTa H TpH3MaHOBe Haj'!eIIIhe Ha3HBajy TeopHjaMa, oBaKaB Ha3HB
3a,Il;p>KaheMO Hy H>HXOBOM ,Il;aJbeM pa3MaTpaH>y y OBOj KH>H3H.
PAHH ITPOUECM KOfHI1TI1BHE OBPNJ:E I1 fIA)l{l--bA 87
)l,oHallg Bpog6eHUI
18
Perrpop;yKoBaI:De 1rncpopMau;Hja ca jep;Hor Ka1-iana Tpaje op;peljeHo BpeMe. YKoJIHKO HHcpopMau;Hja ca
p;pyror KaHaJia He 6H 6HJia 3a,1:1;p)l{aHa y HeKOM MeMOpHjCKOM )l;OMeHy, HCIIHTaHHIJ;H He 6H 6HJIH y CTal:b)' p;a
je perrpop;y:Kyjy, lliTO 3Ha'IH p:a perrpo,IJ;y:Ku;Hja Ha OCHOBY yJia3HHX KaHaJia He 6H 6HJia Moryha.
88 KOfHI1TI1BHA IICI1XOJIOfI1JA
2 )llrii- GD
a ............... Jlrii-
61 ...............
B ............... Jlrii-
3 ........ ~ 4
6
.....)llrii-
a2
A 0
CllUJ<.a 24. - JJ.ee eapujaHUle apuKa3a Epog6eHUloBo't Mogella. (A) 1) HmjjopMaU;uje
(a, 6, e) Koje je pe'tucmpoeallo 1iJllO, 2) ylla3HU KaHallu (6a¢ep), 3) rjjullUlep, 4)
KaHall o'tpaHu1ieHo1 Kaua11umema (KaHa!l ogllyKe), 5) gy1ompajHa MeMopuja, 6)
peaKU;uja (ogfoeop); (E) al) u a2) uHrjjopMaU;uje apuMlbeHe og 1iJlla, 6) ylla3HU
KaHallu (6a¢ep), e) rjjullUlep, l) KaHall o1paHu1ieHo1 Kaua11umema (KaHall ogllyKe)
!Broadbent, 1958/
EH Tpu3MaH
* ······························································································"'
ClluKa 25. IIpoMeHa ¢01<.yca uaJ1CHJe yCJleq apeMeutillaHJa cMucaoHoi caqpJ1caja ca
apaneHoi Ha 6Jlo1<.upaHu KaHall (Treisman, 1960)
~Hje I
Kpoja'I
5
o,n;eJio .........,...
•·-·I
*
CJiuKa 26. EKcuepuMeHiUaJIHa apo11egypa ca guxomuttKOM ape3eHma11ujoM 6po-
je6a u pettu Koje KOM6uHa11ujoM c o6a KaHaJia gajy cMucaoHu ucKa3 (Gray & Wed-
derburn, 1961).
,II,o CJIHqHHX Han:asa ,z:i;oIIIJIH cy H fpej H Be,z:i;ep6epH KOjH cy H3BeJIH ome,z:i; aHan:o-
raH KJiacHqHoM Bpo,z:i;6eHTOBOM ome,z:i;y ca ,z:i;HXOTHqKoM rrpeseHTau;HjoM 6pojeBa (Gray
& Wedderburn, 1961). 3a pasJIHKY o,z:i; Bpo,z:i;6eHTOBor ome,z:i;a y KojeM cy rrpHKasaHH
caMO 6pojeBH, fpej I1 Be,z:i;ep6epH HCIIHTaHHIJ;HMa ,[l;HXOTHqKH eMHTyjy cepHjy CTHMyny-
ca KojH ce cacToje o,z:i; 6pojeBa H peqH, an:H TaKO ,z:i;a ce KoM6HHau;HjoM peqH c o6a KaHan:a
,z:i;o6Hja CMHCaOHH HCKa3 ( CJIHKa 26).
I1crrHTaHHIJ;H cy 6HJIH y CTalhy ,z:i;a perro,z:i;yKyjy CMHCaOHe HCKa3e, HaKo cy IDHXOBH
,z:i;enoBH 6HJIH eMHTOBaHH Ha 6no1mpaHOM KaHan:y. YKOJIHKO 6H Bpo,z:i;6eHTOBa rrpeTrro-
cTaBKa 0 ceJieKTHBHOj rrporrycTJbHBOCTH 6asHpaHoj Ha yna3HHM KaHaJIHMa 6HJia TaqHa,
HCIIHTaHHIJ;H 6H Tpe6an:o ,z:i;a perrpo,z:i;yKyjy MaTepHjan: Ha CJie,z:i;etrn HaqHH: ,,Kpoja11, 5, oge-
JlO (( ( CJIHKa 23). I1crrHTaHHIJ;H, Mei)yTHM, perrpo,z:i;yKyjy CMHCaoHe u;eJIHHe KOM6HHyjytrn
HHcpOpMau;Hje ca o6a KaHan:a, o,z:i; KOjHx je je,z:i;aH, HarJiaCHMO, 6JIOKHpaH.
Teopuja apuzyutu6a1-ba. - I1MajynH y BH,z:i;y Han:ase cBojnx ome,z:i;a, an:H H ome,z:i;a Mopeja
H fpeja H Be,z:i;ep6epHa, TpH3MaHOBa IIOKYIIIaBa ,z:i;a Mo,z:i;HcpHKyje Bpo,z:i;6eHTOB Mo,z:i;en
cpHJITepa, rrpe,z:i;Jia)l{ynH Uleopujy apuzyutu6a1-ba. OcHOBHa H,z:i;eja oBe TeopHje je ,z:i;a cpHJITep
He 6noKHpa HHcpopMau;Hje ca KaHan:a Ha KojH ce He o6pana rra)l{IDa, Ben HX apuzyutyje.
,II,pyrHM peqHMa, H ca 6noKHpaHor KaHan:a HHcpopMau;Hja 6HBa rrpornei)eHa y ,z:i;y6JDe
HHBOe o6pa,z:i;e, aJIH je IDeH HHTeH3HTeT yMaIDeH. 0Bo 6H 6HJie OIIIIITe rrpeTIIOCTaBKe
TeopHje IIPHrYIIIHBaIDa.
PasMoTpHMO ,z:i;eTaJDHHje Mo,z:i;en TpnsMaHOBe KOjHM oHa IIOKYIIIaBa ,z:i;a o6yxBaTH
CBoje Han:ase I1 Han:ase KOjH IIOKasyjy ,z:i;a cpHJITep He 6JIOKHpa y IIOTrryHOCTH HHcpopMa-
u;Hje ca KaHan:a Ha KOjH ce He o6pana IIaJKIDa (CJIHKa 27). ,Il,Be KOMIIOHeHTe MO,[l;eJia cy o,z:i;
rroce6Hor 3Haqaja: CeJleKUlU6HU <jjullUlep I1 (MeHUlaJlHU) pe11HUK. <!>HJITep ,[l;HCKpHMHHHIIIe
ca,z:i;p)I<aje Ha OCHOBY IDHXOBHX cpI13HqKHX KapaKTepHCTHKa Kao IIITO cy HHTeH3HTeT I1
BHCHHa maca, JIOKau;Hja HT,[!;. TipH TOM, 3a pa3JIHKY o,z:i; MO,[l;eJia KOjH je rrpe,z:i;JIO)l{I10 Bpo,z:i;-
6eHT, cpHJITep He 6n01mpa HHcpopMau;Hjy ca KaHan:a Ha KOjH ce He o6pana rra)l{IDa Benje
rrpHrYIIIyje. PeqHHK, KOjH rrpe,z:i;cTaBJba je,z:i;Hy o,z:i; OCHOBHHX KOMIIOHeHTH MO,[l;eJia, ca,z:i;p)I{H
rrpe,z:i;cTaBe peqH qHjH rrpar rro6yi)HBaIDa 3aBHCI1 o,z:i; IDHXOBOf cy6jeKTHBHOf 3Haqaja sa
rrpHMaou;a rropJKe. TaKo he JIHqHo MMe, Ha rrpHMep, HMaTH HH)l{H rrpar rro6yi)HBaIDa o,z:i;
peqH Koje HHcy o,z:i; sHaqaja sa oHora KOMe je eMHTOBaH ca,z:i;p)l{aj. Tipeme,z:i;oM CJIHKe 27
PARM TIPOU:ECI1 KOrHI1TI1BHE OBPA,D:E I1 TIA}I{lbA 91
BH;r:t;HMO ;n;a he caMo OHe pe-ciH KOje HMajy HH3aK rrpar rro6yl)nBalba ( Tj. BHCOK cy6jeKTHB-
HH 3Ha-ciaj) 6HTH perHCTpoBaHe aKO cy eMHTOBaHe Ha 6JIOKHpaHOM KaHaJIY. TiparOBH
rro6yl)nBaTuy pe-cin y pe-ciHHKy, cMaTpa TpnsMaHoBa, Hncy <j_)nKCHH Beh ce MeTuajy y sa-
BHCHOCTH o;n; KOHTeKCTa, O;r:t;HOCHO 3Ha"CJelba HCKa3a. Ha OBaj Ha"CJHH je Moryhe o6jacHHTH
e<j_)eKTe Koje je TpnsMaHoBa ;n;o6HJia MeTuajyhn KaHaJI Ha KojeM ce eMHTyje HCKas, o;n;Ho-
cHo HaJia3 ;n;a cy HCIIHTaHHIJ;H rro-cieJIH ;n;a o6pahajy Ila)KlhY Ha 6JIOKHpaHH KaHaJI JKOJIHKO
je ca;n;p:}l<:aj Ha TueMy 6no sHa-cieTuCKH KoxepeHTaH ca ca;r:t;p)l{ajeM Ha rrpaheHoM KaHaJIY.
rrpar rro6yljnsalba peqn
t
"~ cy6jeKTHBHa
,,pe'IHHK j jaq1rna peqH
t t
t
~ HMe HCIIHTaHHKa
.....__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ CeJieKTHBHH <l>IDITep
1 q--:
ICJI
~::::::::~:::::(J-...... -p.~.~
a ....... : ... {o················································.
1 6 .............. illr> 3 '
ls
+.
.. llr>
'olll
B .............. jJlr> 1
B"·············
~ ttt I 1
I 4 I
A \. ........................................................) E l.......................................................)
Mory:lie KaTeropHcaTH Ha OCHOBY 3Ha"l!elha (HIIp. 6pojeBH), yJia3HH KaHaJI OCTaje je,r:t;HHH
KpHTepHjyM KJiacmjmKau;Hje. To je, rrop;ceTHMO ce, 6Ho rny-qaj ca KJiaCH"l!HHM Epop;6eH-
TOBHM eKcrrepHMeHTHMa (Broadbent, 1954).
LJ:oj-q H LJ:oj"llOBa, Me])yrHM, He pa3pa]Jyjy MexaHH3Me KOjH 6H o6jaCHHJIH KaTe-
ropH3au;Hjy 3acH0BaHy Ha 3Ha"l!elhy, Kao IIITO je TO 6Ho cny-qaj y ome,r:t;HMa Mopeja,
TpH3MaHoBe H fpeja H Bep;ep6epHa (Moray, 1959; Gray & Wedderburn, 1961; Treisman,
1964). 0Baj rrpo6JieM :lie HeKOJIHKO ro,r:t;HHa KarnHje rroKYIIIaTH p;a peIIIH HopMaH, a u;eo
rrpHcTyrr :lie p;o6HTH Ha3HB )I,oj11-HopMaHOBa Uleopuja. IlpHXBaTajynH OCHOBHe H,r:t;eje
Koje cy pa3BHJIH ,lJ:oj-q H LJ:oj"l!oBa, HopMaH pa3pa]Jyje yrrpaBo p;eo KojH ce O,r:t;HOCH Ha ce-
JieKu;Hjy rrpHMJbeHor MaTepHjana (Norman, 1968). HopMaHoBa MO,r:t;H<pHKau;Hja Moma
6H, y rpy6HM u;praMa, p;a ce orrmrre Ha rnep;enH Ha"l!HH. I1mpopMau;Hja Koja p;oJia3H H3
6acpepa 6HBa y BeJIHKoj MepH ayroMaTCKH o6pa])eHa. 06pap;a ce 3aCHHBa Ha MaTepHja-
JIY KojH je ycKJia,r:t;mrrTeH y p;yroTpajHoj MeMopHjH Koja je, BH,r:t;eneMo, CTPYKTypHpaHa
no op;pe])eHHM KpHTepHjyMHMa. 0,r:t;JIHKe yJia3HOf CTHMynyca 6HBajy rpy6o ycamaIIIeHe
c o,r:t;JIHKaMa op;roBapajynHx rrpe,r:t;cTaBa y p;yroTpajHoj MeMopHjH. Ilo HopMaHOBOM
MHIIIJbelhy, HHcpopMau;Hje ca rrpaneHOf H 6JIOKHpaHor KaHaJia ca rrop;je,r:t;HaKOM JiaKOllOM
6HBajy rrporne])eHe y p;yroTpajHy MeMopHjy y Kojoj aKTHBHpajy op;roBapajy:lie rrpe,r:t;cTa-
Be. y 3aBHCHOCTH op; THrra 3a,r:t;aTKa, KOHTeKCTa y KOjeM ce CTHMYJIYC rrpHKa3yje, aco-
IJ;HjaTHBHHX Be3a y p;yroTpajHoj MeMOpHjH H ,r:t;pyrHx "l!HHHJiau;a, ,r:t;OllH :lie ,r:t;O ceJieKTHBHe
aKTHBau;Hje MeMopHjCKHX je,r:t;HHHu;a, IIITO je eKBHBaJieHTHO KaTeropH3au;HjH Ha OCH OBY
3Ha"l!elha. 0BaKaB rrpHcTyrr, Me])yrHM, He o6jaIIIlhaBa 6oJDy perrpo,r:t;yKu;Hjy ca rrpaneHor
KaHana. IloIIITO TBp,r:t;H p;a cy HHcpopMau;Hje c o6a KaHaJia o6pa])eHe y p;yroTpajHoj Me-
MOpHjH, p;a 6H H36erao KpHTHKe oBe BpcTe, HopMaH p;op;aje p;a ce o6pap;a o,r:t;BHja y
pa3JlU1iUUlOM cmeueHy y 3aBHCHOCTH op; paHHje HaBe,r:t;eHHX "l!HHHJiau;a ( THil 3a,r:t;aTKa,
KOHTeKCT, acou;HjaTHBHe Be3e HT,r:t;.), H3 -qera CJie,r:t;H p;a HHcpopMau;Hja ca 6JIOKHpaHor
KaHaJia 6HBa caMo gellUMU1iHO o6pa])eHa. 0Ba H,r:t;eja :lie IlOKpeHyrH IlHTalhe HHBOa KO-
fHHTHBHe o6pap;e Koje :lie IlO"l!eTKOM cep;aM,r:t;eceTHX fO,r:t;HHa rrpOIIIJIOf BeKa ,r:t;OBeCTH ,r:t;O
TeOpHje HHBOa o6pap;e 0 Kojoj CMO ,r:t;HCKYTOBaJIH Ha IlO"l!eTKY OBOf rromaBJba.
19
ITojaM MeHiUallHU pecypcu WIM KOtHUiUUBHU pecypcu (mental, cognitive resources) op;Horn ce Ha Karrau;i1TeTe
KOfHHTHBHOr CHCTeMa, rrpe CBera Ha Karrau;HTeTe T3B. oaepaiUUBHe MeMopuje. ITpeTIIOCTaBKa je p;a cy OBH
Karrau;11TeTH (pecyprn) cpHKCHH I1 p;a ce He Mory IIOBehaBaTH.
PAHI1 ITPOUECI1 KOfHI1TI1BHE OBPA,Il,E I1 ITA)f{I-bA 95
Ymu71aj yBeJ1C6a6a1-ba. - ,IJ;a JIM he HeKH rrpou;ec rrocTaTH ayroMaTH30BaH HJIH he ocTaTH
rro,IJ; rnecHoM KOHTpoJIOM, 3aBHCH o,IJ; HCKYCTBa, Ta'IHHje, o,IJ; YBe)K6aBaH>a. Yrne,IJ; Belier
6poja rroHaBJDaH>a rrpou;ec ce ayroMaTH3yje II cMaH>yje ce KOrHHTHBHO aHra)KoBaH>e Koje
je I10Tpe6Ho 3a FberoBO o6aBJDaFbe. 0 TOMe CBe,IJ;O'Ie He caMO CBaKO,IJ;HeBHO HCKYCTBO Ben
II BeJIHKH 6poj HcTpa)KHBaH>a y KOjHMa je HCIIHTaH ecpeKaT YBe)K6aBaH>a Ha o6aBJDaH>e
CJIO)KeHHX 3a,IJ;aTaKa. KoMrrJieKCHH 3a,IJ;au;H, Kao IIITO je TO 6Ho CJIY'Iaj ca perrpo,IJ;yKOBaH>eM
MaTepHjaJia y ,IJ;HXOTH'IKoj rrpe3eHTau;HjH y Kojoj HCIIHTaHHD;H HHcy 6HJIH y CTaH>Y ,IJ;a
perrpo,D;JKyjy MaTepHjaJI ca 6JioKHpaHor KaHaJia (Hrrp. y ome,IJ;HMa Bpo,D;6eHTa), rrocrajy
peJianrnHo JiaKH yKoJIHKO ce HCIIHTaHHK rrpeTXO,IJ;HO JEe)K6a ,IJ;a o6paTH rra)KH>Y Ha o6a
KaHaJia (Zbrodoff & Logan, 1986; Logan & Klapp, 1991).
0 TOMe ,IJ;a ce YBe)K6aBaH>eM rrpou;ec rrperro3HaBaH>a ayroMaTH3yje, roBope HaJia-
3H ome,IJ;a IIIHaj,D;epa II illHcppHHa y KojeM je o,IJ; HCIIHTaHHKa Tpa)KeHo ,IJ;a y OKBHPY Ma-
TpHu;e Ha Kojoj ce HaJia3HO Berm 6poj CJIOBa II 6pojeBa H,IJ;eHTHcpHKYjY O,D;pel)eHa CJIOBa
II 6pojeBe (Schneider & Shiffrin, 1977). I1crrHTaHHD;H cy 6HJIH rro,IJ;eJDeHH y ,IJ;Be rpyrre.
Je,IJ;Ha rpyrra je HMaJia cpHKCHe MeTe, Tj. Tpe6aJio je ,IJ;a rrperro3Ha yBeK HCTe 6pojeBe II
CJIOBa, ,Il;OK cy ,D;pyroj rpyrrH y CBaKOM IIOKYIIIajy MeFbaHH 6pojeBH II CJIOBa Koja je Tpe-
6aJio ,IJ;a H,IJ;eHTHcpHKYjy. Tiorne Belier 6poja IIOHaBJDaFha HCIIHTaHHD;H KOjH cy HMaJIH
cpHKCHe MeTe 6HJIH cy y CTaFhy ,IJ;a HX H,IJ;eHTHcpHKyjy y BpJIO KpaTKOM BpeMeHy ( 450 ms)'
,Il;OK je HCIIHTaHHD;HMa KOjH cy HMaJIH BapHja6HJIHe MeTe 6HJio IIOTpe6Ho BHIIIe O,Il; je-
,IJ;He ceKytt,IJ;e. Kpane BpeMe rrpeII03HaBaFba KO,Il; HCIIHTaHHKa KOjH cy H,IJ;eHTHcpHKOBaJIH
cpHKCHe MeTe ayropH o6jaIIIH>aBajy ayroMaTH3au;HjoM rrpou;eca rrperro3HaBaH>a yrne,IJ;
Belier 6poja IIOHaBJDaFba HCTHX MeTa. y HaMepH ,IJ;a HCIIHTajy KOJIHKO je IIOHaBJDaFba
rroTpe6Ho ,IJ;a 6H rrpou;ec rrperro3HaBaH>a rrocTao ayToMaTH30BaH, illHaj,D;ep II illHcppHH
HOBHM HCIIHTaHHD;HMa ,IJ;ajy HCTH 3a,IJ;aTaK KOjH ce cacTOjao O,Il; 2 100 IIOKYIIIaja. Ha
ornoBy H3BeIIITaja HCIIHTaHHKa yrnpl)eHo je ,IJ;a cy ce OHM TOKOM rrpBHX 600 IIOKYIIIaja
HHTeH3HBHO rrpecJIHIIIaBaJIH y ce6H, IIOCJie 'Iera 6H IIOCTaJIH HeCBeCHH rrpeCJIHIIIaBaFba,
IIITO 3Ha'1H ,IJ;a je rrpou;ec rrperro3HaBaH>a rrocrao ayroMaTH30BaH. Y rne,IJ;eneM ome,IJ;y
illHaj,D;ep II illHcppHH 3aMeFbyjy MeTe II ,Il;HCTpaKTOpe ( 6pojeBH II CJIOBa y rrpeTpa)KHBaHoj
MaTpHD;H KOjH HHCY MeTe) TaKO ,IJ;a ,Il;HCTpaKTOpH IIOCTajy MeTe, a MeTe ,Il;HCTpaKTOpH.
0Bora rryra je HCTHM HCIIHTaHHD;HMa 6HJIO IIOTpe6Ho 2 400 IIOKYIIIaja ,IJ;a 6H ce ,Il;OCTH-
ma 6p3HHa rrpeTpare Koja je y rrpBoj ceaHrn rrocTHrHYTa Ben Ha 1 500 rroKYIIIaja. 0Baj
HaJia3 IIOKa3yje ,IJ;a je,IJ;HOM ayroMaTH30BaH rrpou;ec IIOCTaje HHXH6HpajynH JKOlIHKO ce
rrpoMeHe yrnoBH y KojHMa ce o6aBJDa.
I1 HaJia3H TpH3MaHoBe rrornpl)yjy ,IJ;a je YBe)K6aBaH>eM Moryne ayroMaTH30BaTH
rrpou;ece KOjH 3axTeBajy KOHTpOJIHCaHy rra)KH>y. y cepHjH ome,IJ;a, 0 KOjHMa he 6HTH
BHIIIe pe'IH y ,IJ;aJDeM TeKcTy, Tpe6aJio je y OKBHPY MaTpHu;a pa3JIH'1HTOr o6HMa y
KOjHMa cy ce HaJia3HJia CJIOBa pa3JIH'1HTe 6oje H,IJ;eHTHcpHKOBaTH rrpHcycTBO CJIOBa, 6oje
HJIH CJIOBa O,D;pel)eHe 6oje. TipB06HTHH HaJia3H cy IIOKa3aJIH ,IJ;a je H,IJ;eHTHcpHKau;Hja
caMo CJIOBa HJIH caMO 6oje BeOMa 6p3a, aJIM je H,IJ;eHTHcpHKau;Hja CJIOBa O,D;pel)eHe 6oje
I13y3eTHo crropa j~p 3axTeBa KoHTpoJIHCaHy rra)KH>Y (Treisman & Gelade, 1980). Y
KaCHHjHM HCTpa)KHBaH>HMa TpH3MaHoBa YBe)K6aBa HCIIHTaHHKe, TaKo ,IJ;a cy rrorne 9 000
IIOKYIIIaja 6HJIH y CTaFbY ,IJ;a H,IJ;eHTHcpHKyjy CJIOBO O,D;pel)eHe 6oje HCTOM 6p3HHOM KOjOM cy
rnojeBpeMeHO H,IJ;eHTHcpHKOBaJIH caMo CJIOBO HJIH caMO 6ojy, IIITO 3Ha'1H ,IJ;a je rrpou;ec IIOCTaO
ayTOMaTH3oBaH (Treisman, 1992). ,IJ;o Koje Mepe je YBe)K6aBaH>eM Moryne orno6o,IJ;HTH
pecypce 3a rrapaJieJIHO o6aBJDaH>e ,IJ;Be CJIO)KeHe pa,D;H>e rroKa3yje HCTpa)KHBaH>e CrreJIKea,
98 KOrHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfl1JA
21
TepMHH aepi{euiilueHa uaJ1C1va HHje 6y1rnan:aH rrpeBo,n; TepMHHa spot-light attention. Ha11sme,n;, 6oJbe 611
o,n;roBapao TepMHH cfioKycupaHa UaJICl-ba, an:11 OBaj rrojaM HMa ,n;pyra•rnje sHa~elhe y JIHTeparypH. I1Majyrrn
y BHAY rrp11po,n;y OBe BpcTe IIa)!{lbe, O~HJIH CMO ce sa CHHTarMy aepLlifUiilU8Ha uaJICl-ba.
PAHI1 ITPOU:ECI1 KOfHI1TI1BHE OEPA)J,E I1 ITA}KlhA 99
Bn,n;eJIH CMO ,n;a je Befi o,n; caMor rroi:ieTKa CHCTeMaTCKHX HCTpa)KHBalba KOrHHTHB-
HlIX rrpon;eca rrpeoBJia,n;ao CTaB ,n;a ce rro,n;au;n Koje pemcTpyjy Rama i:iyJia He o6pal)yjy
TpeHyTHO, Befi ,n;a je pei:i 0 HH3Y rroje,n;irna1IHHX rrpon;eca KOjH ce O,Il;BJijajy y HeKOJIHKO
cpa3a, o,n; HHTerpau;nje HeocMHlllJbeHHX eJieMeHaTa orra)KeHor CTHMyeyca Koje rrpnBpeMe-
HO 3a,n;p)KaBaMO y i:iyJIHOj MeMopHjH, ,n;o rryttor lI OCMHlllJbeHor rrepn;errTa. y HaCTojaIDy
,n;a ce y IIOTIIJHOCTH rrpoHHKHe y MexaHH3aM rrpeBol)eIDa HeoCMHlllJbeHHX rro,n;aTaKa y
OCMHlllJbeHH rrepn;errT, H,IJ;eHTHcpHKau;nja KOMIIOHeHTH CHCTeMa o6pa,n;e HHcpopMan;nja
IIOCTaje je,n;aH o,n; OCHOBHHX JJ;HJbeBa y HCTpa)KHBalhHMa KOrHHTHBHHX rrpou;eca. I1aKO cy
rroi:ieTHa ncTpa)KHBalha MO)K,n;a yKa3HBaJia Ha TO ,n;a je pei:i o cepnjaJIHOM rrpou;ecyy KojeM
ce pe3yJITaTH je,n;He cpa3e o6pa,n;e rrpornel)yjy y rne,n;eby cpa3y, BpJio 6p3o je rrocTaJIO jarno
,n;a je oBaKBa CJIHKa cyBnrne yrrpornfieHa H ,n;a He o,n;roBapa CTBapHOCTH. CBaKo ,n;y6Jbe
3a,n;HpaIDe y MexaHH3Me o6pa,n;e y OKBHPY rroje,n;HHHX KOMIIOHeHTH cncTeMa o6pa,n;e HH-
cpopMan;nja JKa3HBaJIO je Ha HHTepaKTHBHe rrpon;ece y KOjHMa cy paHe cpa3e o6pa,n;e rro,n;
jaKHM YTHn;ajeM rro3HHjnx cpa3a, H o6paTHO. 0Bo je Hapoi:inTO yoi:ieHo y o,n;Hocy H3Mel)y
orrepaTHBHe H ,n;yroTpajHe MeMopnje, o i:ieMy be 6HTH BHrne pei:in y Hape,n;HHM rromaB-
JbHMa, aJIH cy H paHe cpa3e o6pa,n;e, Kao rnTo cMo BH,n;eJIH, rro,n; jaKHM yTnn;ajeM ,n;y6JbHX
HHBOa KOrHHTHBHe o6pa,n;e.
YrrpKOC OBaKBOM CTalby CTBapH, Morybe je, BHllle HJIH Malbe rrpeu;H3HO, H3,Il;BO-
jHTH rrpon;ece Kojn ce HecyMIDHBO o,n;nrpaBajy y paHHM cpa3aMa o6pa,n;e. I13BeCHo je
,n;a rrpHBpeMeHo 3a,n;p)KaBalbe rro,n;aTaKa y i:iyJIHOj MeMOpHjH rrpeTXO,Il;H CBHM KaCHHjHM
cpa3aMa o6pa,n;e, jep cy y OBOM MeMOpHjCKOM ,Il;OMeHy rro,n;an;H HeOCMHlllJbeHH. lbHXOB
CTaTyc, Mel)YTHM, HHje caCBHM jacaH. ,Il;oK HeKH ayTOpH 3aCTyrrajy CTaB ,n;a je pei:i 0
rrep3HCTeHn;HjH aKTHBan;nje pen;errTOpa, ,n;pyrn ayTOpH cMaTpajy ,n;a cy 3a oBe cpeHoMeHe
o,n;roBopHH u;eHTpaJIHH rrpon;ern. AKo je crnTyc rrepncpepHor rropeKJia i:iyJIHe MeMopnje
,n;oHeKJie crropaH, cTaB ,n;a je y IIHTaIDy H n;eHTpaJIHH rrpon;ec HHje crropaH; rrpBH
rrpon;ern HHTerpan;nje eJieMeHaTa y o6JIHKe Koje je Morybe ocMHCJIHTH o,n;nrpaBajy ce y
BpeMeHCKOM orrcery KOjH je o6yxBafieH TpajalbeM HHcpopMan;nje y i:iyJIHOj (HKOHHl:JKOj)
MeMopnjn. ,II;a cy y IIHTaIDy caMo rrepncpepHH rrpon;ern, oBaKBa HHTerpan;nja He 6n
6HJia Moryba. MHore rroJieMHKe cy Bol)eHe H oKo yJiore i:iyJIHe MeMopnje y orra)Kalhy
H o6pa,n;n HHcpopMan;nja. OB,n;e je, 1IHHH ce, rrocTHrHYTa Befia camacHOCT. Ka,n;a je pei:i o
ay,n;HTHBHOM MO,Il;aJIHTeTy, IberoBa BpeMeHCKa ,Il;HMeH3Hja HaJiaMe ,n;a HHcpopMau;nja Mopa
,n;a 6y,n;e rrpnBpeMeHo 3a,n;p)KaHa KaKo for ce ,n;o6no IDeH n;eJIOBHTHjH o6JIHK rrpe Hero rnTo
ce rrporrycTH y ,IJ;aJbY o6pa,n;y. Ka,n;a je y IIHTalhy BH3yeJIHH MO,Il;aJIHTeT, MO)Ke ce rrpeTIIO-
CTaBHTH ,n;a je y IIHTalhY HHTerpaTHBHa cpyttKu;Hja Koja o6e36el)yje OIIaMalhe KOHTHHJH-
paHor rroKpeTa, Ma,n;a OBa rrpeTIIOCTaBKa HHje HaHrnJia Ha rrytto pa3yMeBalhe.
Ilperr03HaBalhe o6JIHKa je TaKol)e rrpon;ec Kojn ce o,n;nrpaBa ,n;eJIOM y paHHM
cpa3aMa o6pa,n;e. IlHTalhe Hai:inHa Ha Kojn rrperro3HajeMo o6JIHKe MO)Ke ,n;a ce parni:iJiaHH
Ha ,n;Ba rroTrrpo6JieMa. Je,n;aH ce o,n;Hocn Ha rrpou;ece HHTerpan;nje eJieMeHaTa CTHMYJIYCa
KOjH cy 3a,Il;p)KaHH y i:iyJIHOj MeMopnjH lI Ha cpopMHpaibe n;eJIOBHTOr CJIO)Kaja, ,Il;OK
ce ,n;pyrn O,Il;HOCH Ha MexaHH3Me OCMHlllJbaBalha caMor CJIO)Kaja (o6JIHKa). y rrpBOM
rnyi:iajy roBopnMo o rrpon;ernMa Kojn ce o.n;nrpaBajy y paHHM cpa3aMa o6pa.n;e, ,n;oK cy y
100 KOrHI1TI1BHA IICI1XOJIOfI1JA
,JJ;O,JJ;ATAK
PE3MME
Hajsa,n:, rrpHcTyrr rrosHaT rro,n: Ha3HBOM apeuo3HaBa1-be Ha ocHoey KoMuoHeHaa:ta rroJiasH o,n:
rrpeTIIOCTaBI<e ,n:a ce CBH o6jeKTH y peaJIHOM CBeTy Mory paIIrcIJiaHHTH Ha orpaHWieHH 6poj
reoMeTpHjcKHX TeJia Koje EH,n:epMaH, ayrop oBor rrpHcTyrra, Ha3HBa feoHuMa. IIperrosHaBa:H>e
o6jeKaTa CBO.lJ:H ce Ha H,n:eHTHcpHKOBaI:be reoHa H I:bMXOBHX peJiar.i;Hja.
• IIpBa CHCTeMaTCKa HCIIHTHBaI:ba orpaHUCieI:ba KOrHHTHBHOr CHCTeMa Koja cy KaCHHje ,n:oBeJia
,n:o HHTerpaJIHor Mo,n:eJia o6pa,n:e HHcpopMar.i;Hja H3Beo je ,Il;oHaJI,n: Epo,n:6eHT, 1<0jH KpajeM
rre,n:eceTHX ro,n:HHa rrpoIIIJior BeKa rrpe,n:Jia)l{e T3B. a:teopujy <jju;ia:tepa. HaJiasH eKcrrepHMeHaTa ca
,n:HXOTWIKOM rrpesrnrnu;HjoM CTHMYJIYCa rroKasyjy ,n:a HCIIHTaHHU:H HHcy y cTaI:by ,n:a perro,n:JKyjy
MaTepHjaJI Ha ocHoBy pe,n:orne,n:a HSJiaraIDa, Ben caMo Ha ocHoBy yJiasHHX KaHaJia. IIoKasaHo je
H ,n:a y sa,n:ar.i;HMa rrpaneIDa HCIIHTaHHU:H HHcy y cTaID y ,n:a perrpo.n:JKyjy ca,n:p)l{aj ca 6JIOKHpaHor
KaHaJia, Tj. KaHaJia Ha KojH He o6panajy rra)l{IDy. I1MajynH oBe HaJiase y BH,n:y, Epo,n:6eHT je
rrpeTIIOCTaBHO ,n:a ce HHcpopMar.i;Hja KpaTKOTpajHO sa,n:p)l{aBa y yJia3HHM KaHaJIHMa ( 6a¢epy)
y Heo6pai)eHOM BH,n:y, rrpH qeMy je rrojaM 6a¢epa eKBHBaJieHTaH rrojMy exoH11Ke MeMopHje. Ha
HSJiasy HS 6a¢epa HaJia3H ce <jju;imep KojM rrpoIIYIIITa HHcpopMar.i;Hjy caMo ca je,n:Hor KaHaJia,
,n:oK cy HHcpopMar.i;Hje c ocTaJIHX KaHaJia 6JIOKHpaHe. PasJior ceJieKTHBHOM rrpOIIYIIITaIDy je,
cMaTpa Epo,n:6eHT, orpaHH11eHH Karrar.i;HTeT KaHalla ogllyKe (orrepaTHBHe MeMopHje). KacHHja
HcTpa)l{HBaIDa cy rroKasaJia ,n:a Ha ceJieKr.i;Hjy HHcpopMar.i;Hja yrH11e sHa11eIDe rropyr<e, IIITO je
ycJIOBHJio MO,n:HcpHKar.i;Hjy Epo,n:6eHTOBor Mo,n:eJia. Tp11sMaH0Ba rrpe,n:Jia)l{e meopujy aputymu-
Bal-ba ITO Kojoj I1HcpopMau;11je ca I<aHaJia Ha KOje ce He o6pana IIa)l{IBa HHCY y IIOTIIJHOCTH
6JioK11paHe, Ben rrpmYIIIeHe, 11 ,n:eJIHMH11HO rrpoCJiei)eHe y ,n:y6Jby o6pa,n:y. 36or rrpeTrrocTaBKe
,n:a ce <i:>HJITep HaJia3H Herrocpe,n:Ho ys 6a¢ep, TeopHje Epo,n:6eHTa H TpH3MaHoBe rrosHaTe cy
rro,n: Ha3HBOM meopuje paHe ceJleKt1;uje. Pa,n:HKaJIHO ,n:pyra11Hj11 CTaB saysHMajy rrpHCTaJI11u;e T3B.
Uleopuja U03He CeJleKU;Uje (,IJ;ojq H ,IJ;oj110Ba I1 HopMaH) KOjH CMaTpajy ,n:a Ce CBe HHcpOpMar.i;Hje H3
6a¢epa rrpoCJiei)yjy y ,n:y6Jby o6pa,n:y, a ,n:a ce ceJieKr.i;Hja o,n:BHja Ha HHBoy ,n:aBaIDa o,n:roBopa.
• IIo,n: rra)l{I:bOM rro,n:pasyMeBaMo rnecHo ycMepaBaIDe MeHTaJIHe aKTHBHOCTH Ha ,n:eo yttyTpa-
IIIIDHX HJIH crroJbaIIIIDHX s6HBaI:ba. PasJIHKyjeMo HeKOJIHKO BpcTa rra)l{I:be. KoHa:tpollucaHa
uaJ1C1-ba JKThyqyje rnerne rrpou;ece KOjH ce o,n:Bnjajy pe,n:Ho H KojH saxTeBajy aHra)l<OBaIDe Beiler
,n:eJia KOrHHTHBHHX Karrar.i;HTeTa. Ms HcKycTBa sHaMo ,n:a je rra)l{IDY Moryne ,n:HcTpH6YHpaTH
Ha BHIIIe pa,n:IDH HCTOBpeMeHO H Ta,n:a rOBOpHMO 0 aogelbeHoj UaJICT-bU. y Kojoj MepH he
rroje,n:HHHM pa,n:I:baMa KOje ce o6aBJbajy HCTOBpeMeHO 6HTH IIOCBeneHa IIa)l{I:ba saBHCH o,n: Tora
y Kojoj MepH cy OHe ayroMaTH30BaHe. AyroMaTH3ar.i;Hja ce IIOCTH)l{e yBe)l{6aBaI:beM: JKOJIHKO
je HeKa pa,n:IDa BHIIIe ayToMaTH30BaHa, sa IDeHo o6aBJbaIDe je rroTpe6Ho MaIDe aHra)l{OBaIDe
KOrHHTHBHHX pecypca. IIoce6Hy BpcTy rra)l{IDe rrpe,n:cTaBJba aept1;eamueHa uaJ1C1-ba Koja He
JKThyqyje rnerne rrpou;ece. 06pa,n:a rrpH OBaKBoj rra)KI:bH je 6psa H o,n:BHja ce rrapaJieJIHO, a
rrpou;ecH cy ayroMaTH30BaHH.
OITEPATI1BHA MEMOPI1JA
4. orrepaTHBHa MeMOpHja
rrur•;vP?,.,0H3'°1 Mervmpuja
1
y ,lJ;OMahoj CTpyqHoj TepMHHOJIOrHjII OBaj )J;OMeH je op; CaMor IIO'-IeTKa Ha3BaH oaepaUiU81-la MeMopuja, IIaKO
je y CBeTCKOj, rrpe rnera eHrJieCKOj, CTpyqHoj TepMIIHOJIOrHjH Haj'-Ielllhe KOpmrrheH Ha3IIB KpaUiK0Uipaj1-1a
MeMopuja (short-term memory). Cpe,n;IIHOM ce,n;aM,n;eceTIIX ro,n:IIHa rrponrnor BeKa oBaj rrojaM ce rrpollIIIpyje
II ,n:o6IIja HasIIB paq1-1a MeMopuja (working memory), aJIII ce sap;p)l{aBa II TepMIIH KpaUiK0Uipaj1-1a MeMopuja.
ITOIIlTO TepMHH oaepaUiU81-la MeMopuja y IIOTrryHOCTII o6yxBaTa ca,n:p)l{aje rrojMOBa KpaUiK0Uipaj1-1a II
paq1-1a MeMopuja, a IIOilITO 6II HaKHap;Ho MeH>aH>e TepMHHa MOrJIO .n;a 11sas0Be sa6ytty, orrpe,n:eJIHJIII cMo ce
sa CJie,n:ehe pellieH>e. ITo,n: TepMHHOM oaepaUiUBHa MeMopuja rro.n;pasyMeBaheMo II KpaTKOTpajHy 11 pa,n;Hy
MeMOpHjy. Ka,n:a je IIOTpe6Ho rroce6Ho HarJiaCHTH ,n:a je peq 0 je,n:Hoj HJIII ,n:pyroj, KOpIICTHneMO TepMHHe
KpaUiKoUipajHa, O,ll;HOCHO paq1-1a MeMopuja.
OTIEPATI1BHA MEMOPI1JA 107
y JBO,D;HOM ,n;eJiy OBOf rromaBJba orrepaTHBHY MeMopHjy CMO ,n;ecpHHHCaJIH Kao Me-
MOpHjCKH ,n;oMeH sa,n;y)KeH sa apuapeMeHo sa,n;p)KaBalhe H orrepHcalhe HHcpopMau;HjaMa
Koje cy y ,n;aTOM TpeHyn<y rrpe,n;MeT Hawe rra)Klhe. 0BaKBO o,n;pel)elhe 3BycIH arrcTpaKTHO
H He ,n;aje caCBHM jacHy CJIHKY 0 orrepaTHBHOj MeMOpHjH H lheHHM KapaKTepHCTHKaMa.
IIITa 3Haqe TepMHHH ,,rrpHBpeMeHo sa,n;p)KaBalhe" H ,,orrepHcalhe HHcpopMau;HjaMa"?
Mo)KeMo JIM oBe KapaKTepHCTHKe ,n;a rroBe)KeMo ca corrcTBeHHM HCKYCTBoM? YsMHMO
rne,n;enH rrpHMep. 3aMOJIHJIH cMo rrpHjaTeJba ,n;a HaM ,n;a 6poj TeJiecpoHa saje,n;HHqKor
II03HaHHI<a KOMe )KeJIHMO ,n;a ce jaBHMO. IIpHjaTeJb HaM Ka)Ke 6poj, aJIH IIOIIITO ce TeJie-
cpoH HaJia3H y y,n;albeHoj rrpocTOpHjH 6poj rroHaBJbaMo y ce6H ,n;a ra He 6HcMo sa6opaBH-
JIH. ,I(oJia3HMO ,n;o TeJiecpoHa H II03HBaMO II03HaHHKa. IIpHqa 6H Moma ,n;a HMa H OBaKaB
TOK. KpenynH Ka rrpocTOpHjH y Kojoj ce HaJia3H TeJiecpoH rroqHlheMo ,n;a rroHaBJbaMo
6poj y ce6H, aJIH ce Ha H3Jiasy cy,n;apaMo ca KOJieroM KojH HOCH IIIOJbY qaja. Y cy,n;apy qaj
ce rrpocHrra no HarneM 1,1eMrrepy, KOJiera ce H3BHlhaBa, Ba,n;H MapaMHu;y H rroKyrnaBa ,n;a
oqHCTH I,IeMrrep, a MM Ka)l{eMO KaKO TO HHje HHIIITa II ,n;a TO MO)Ke CBaKOMe ,n;a ce ,n;oro-
,D;H. HacTaBJbaMo IIYT Ka rrpoCTopHjH y Kojoj ce HaJia3H TeJiecpoH H cxBaTaMO ,n;a CMO sa-
6opaBHJIH 6poj. Y BapHjaHTaMa oBor H3MHIIIJbeHor ,n;oral)aja ca,n;p)KaHe cy HeKe Ba)KHe
KapaKTepHCTHKe orrepaTHBHe MeMopHje. Bpoj TeJiecpoHa KojH CMO qyJIH o,n; rrpHjaTeJba
3a,D;p)KaH je y orrepaTHBHOj MeMopHjH, aJIH IIOIIITO je OBO sa,n;p)KaBalhe apuapeMeHO, MO-
PaJIH cMo TY HHcpopMau;Hjy ,n;a o6HaB!baMo. YKOJIHKO je o6HaBJbalhe rrpeKHHJTO HJIH
OHeMoryneHO, MaTepHjaJI ce ry6H H MM BHIIIe HHCMO y CTalhy ,n;a ra perrpo,n;JKyjeMo.
IIocTOje, Mel)YTHM, CHTyau;Hje y KOjHMa ce HHcpopMau;Hja H3 orrepaTHBHe MeMopHje
rrpornel)yje ,D;HpeKTHO y ,n;yroTpajHy MeMopHjy H THMe IIOCTaje TpajaH ,n;eo HHBeHTapa
Harner 3Halha. YKOJIHKO 6H HaM HeKo peKao ,n;a ce cpyrnHo Topalh y I1H3H, He 6HcMo
OITEPATI1BHA MEMOPI1JA 109
H LS 3 7 5
..........................................................
0.8
0.6
0.4
2
Ha rrp11Mep, y cep11j11 3, 5, 1, 8, 6 MTJl:. MHJl:MKaTop je 8, a Tpe6a perrpo.z:i;yKOBaT11 1.
112 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
3
TipoaKTMBHa HHXM6m.I,11ja ce rroHeKa,n; 1-rnsrrsa rr upoaKiUUBHa u11i11epcfiepem"iuja (proactive interference).
3a pasJI11Ky o,n; rrpoaKTHBHe HHXM6m.I,11je, pempoaKillUBHa u11xu6ui~uja (o,n;Horno pempoaKillUBHa
u11mepcfiepe11~uja) je HeraTrrBaH ecpeKaT HosorrpHKasaHor MaTep11jana Ha perrpo,n;JKI.I,Hjy (sarraMnHBa:the)
rrpeTxo,n;Ho rrp11KasaHor (yg:eHor) MaTep11jana.
OIIEPATI1BHA MEMOPI1JA 113
OrrepaTMBHa MeMOpMja HMje TpajHo CKJia,IJ;MIIITe jep je y H>Oj, BM,IJ;eJIM CMO, Tpaja-
lbe MaTepMjaJia orpaHMLJeHo. 11 ,IJ;OK Mel)y MCTpa:)KMBaLJMMa IIOCTOjM camaCHOCT ,n;a ce
MaTepMjaJI sa,n;p)l{aBa M3Mel)y 18 M 20 ceKytt,n;M, MexaHM3MM KojM ,n;oBo,n;e ,n;o IDeroBor ry-
6JheIDa MaIDe cy jacHM. Pas11or Tpe6a Tpa)l{MTM Y LIMIDeHMIJ;M ,n;a rrocTojM BMIIIe LIMHHJiau;a
KojM Mory ,n;a YTMLIY Ha sa,n;p)l{aBaIDe, a caMMM TMM M Ha TaLJHOCT y perrpo,n;YKu;MjM. I1pBo-
6MTHa rrpeTIIOCTaBKa ,n;a je ry6Jhelbe MaTepnjaJia y orrepaTMBHOj MeMopMjM CIIOHTaH
rrpou;ec KOjM ce MaHMcpecTyje rrpoTOKOM BpeMeHa, ,n;oBe,n;eHa je y IIMTaIDe He caMo s6or
Tora IIITO je HMje Moryne eMIIMpMjCKM rrpoBepMTM, Ben M s6or Tora IIITO ce IIOKa3aJIO ,n;a
aJITepHaTMBHM MexaHM3MM, Kao IIITO cy MHTepcpepeHu;Mja M rrpoaKTMBHa MHXH6Mu;Mja,
Mory ,n;a o6jarne HeJIMHeapHM rra,n; y TaLIHOCTM perrpo,n;YKu;Mje. qMIDeHMu;a ,n;a rrpMpo,n;a
,n;McTpaKTopa KOjMM ce oMeTa o6HaBJhaIDe MO)l{e ,n;a YTMLie Ha TaLJHOCT perrpo,n;yKu;Mje
roBopn o MHTepcpepeHu;MjM: YKOJIMKO ,n;McTpaKTOp sa:xTeBa MaIDe KOrHMTMBHMX pe-
cypca, oMeTaIDe he 6MTM rna6nje. 0BM HaJiasn cyrepMIIIY ,n;a je o6aBJhaIDe rrapa11e11Hor
sa,n;aTKa rrpaneHo 6pMcaIDeM Tpara y orrepaTMBHoj MeMopMjM, a ,n;a cTerreH MHTepcpe-
peHu;Mje 3aBMCM o,n; CJIO)l{eHOCTM ,IJ;MCTpaKTopa. HacyrrpoT TOMe, BM,IJ;eJIM CMO, IIOCToje
HaJiasM KOjM rroKasyjy ,n;a ,n;o rna6Mje perrpo,n;YKu;Mje MmKe ,n;onM M yrne,n; rrpoaKTMBHe
MHXH6Mu;Mje: rrpeTXO,IJ;HO rrpMKa3MBaIDe MaTepMjaJia MCTe BpCTe OMeTa sarraMnMBalbe
(perrpo,n;yKu;Mjy) KaCHMje rrpMKasaHor MaTepMjaJia. Hajsa,n;, rroje,n;MHM eKcrrepMMeHTM
cyrepMIIIY ,n;a CBaKM o,n; HaBe,n;eHMX LIMHHJiau;a YTMLie Ha sa,n;p)l{aBaIDe MaTepMjaJia, rrpM
LJeMy jaLIMHa ecpeKTa y BeJIMKoj MepM saBMCM o,n; eKcrrepMMeHTaJIHe rrpou;e,n;ype.
CTerreH MHTepcpepeHu;Mje saBMCH M o,n; sHaLJeIDCKHX LIMHHJiau;a. Y CMTyau;MjM Ka,n;a
MMaMO MHTepcpepeHu;Mjy ,IJ;Ba sa,n;aTKa 6oJhe ce perrpo,n;YKyjy peLIM o,n; 6eCMMCJieHMX TpM-
rpaMa. I1cTo TaKO, ecpeKaT rrpoaKTMBHe MHXH6Mu;Mje ce CKopo y rroTIIYHOCTM ry6M YKO-
JIMKO ce rrpoMeHM KaTeropMja CTMMyeyca Koje Tpe6a perrpo,n;YKOBaTM. 0BM HaJiasM roBope
114 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJ10fl1JA
3.5 ~------------------,
1.5
,,CPIIT" cacTojn O,IJ; 11eTnpn eJieMeHTa n HOCH ,IJ;Ba 6nrn nmpopMa:o;nje. Mel)yTnM, aKo
ce MCTM HM3 Ha O,IJ;fOBapajynn Hal:JMH rrperpyrrmrre, ,IJ;o6nja ce CKJIOII KOjM rrpe,II;CTaBJba
je,IJ;HY CMMCaOHY je,IJ;MHMIJ;Y (IIPCT). YKOJIMKO cy rpyrrncaHM y CMMCaOHe je,IJ;MHM:o;e, 6poj
eJieMeHaTa KOjMMa je Moryne MCTOBpeMeHO orrepncaTM MO)l{e ,IJ;a 6y,IJ;e BeOMa BeJIMK.
YsMMMO sa rrpnMep 06n11Hy pe11eHn:o;y Koja MMa ce,IJ;aM pe11n. IIpeTrrocrnBMMO ,IJ;a Ta
pe11eHn:o;a ca,II;p)l{H pe11n Koje y rrpoceKy HMajy rreT CJIOBa (macoBa). To sHa11n ,IJ;a ce
pe11eHn:o;a cacTojn o,IJ; 35 eJieMeHarn, aJIM HeMa cyMIDe ,IJ;a 6n CBaKo o,IJ; Hae 6no y crnIDy
,IJ;a je rroHOBM. Mel)yTMM, JKOJIMKO 6n HaM CJiy11ajHMM pe,II;ocJie,IJ;oM 6MJio rrpnKasaHo 35
CJIOBa, M3BeCHO je ,IJ;a He 6MCMO 6MJIM y CTaIDy ,IJ;a MX IIOHOBMMO. I-bMXOBMM rpyrrncaIDeM
y CMMCaOHe :o;eJIMHe (peqn) CBO,IJ;MMO MX Ha ce,IJ;aM CMMCaOHMX je,IJ;MHM:o;a Koje MO)l{eMO
6es TeIIIKona ,IJ;a o6pa,II;MMO. fpyrrncaIDe eJieMeHarn y cMncaoHe je,IJ;MHM:o;e MMJiep Ha-
snBa peKogoaa1-beM (recoding). ,Il;a 6ncMo MOrJIM eJieMeHTe ,IJ;a peKo,IJ;yjeMo, rroTpe6Ho je
MJIM rrpeTXO,IJ;HO 3Halhe MJIM yqeIDe, IIITO 3Hal:JM ,IJ;a je y o6a CJiyqaja Heorrxo,IJ;aH KOHTaKT
ca ,IJ;yroTpajHOM MeMopnjoM.
IJop;t Mwiep
eJieMeHaTa KOjM ce o6pal)yjy, ,ll;OK ,z:i;pyrM IIOJia3M op; 6poja CMMCaOHMX jep;MHMu;a. EMIIM-
pMjCKM HaJia3M IIOKasyjy ,z:i;a je KOfHMTMBHM CMCTeM oceTJbMB Ha 6poj CMMCaOHMX je,z:i;M-
HMu;a a He Ha 6poj eJieMeHaTa.
MMJiepoB "t:IJiaHaK je BepoBaTHO je,z:i;aH o,z:i; HajYTMu;ajHMjMx pa,z:i;oBa y MCTopMjM Ko-
rHMTMBHe IICMXOJIOrMje. EMO je TO 3HaqajaH rrpo,z:i;op He caMO y MCIIMTMBaihMMa rrpeHoca
MHcpopMau;Mje Ben M y CTMIJ;a:fby YBM,z:i;a y HaqMH cpyttKIJ;MOHMcaH>a orrepaTMBHe MeMo-
pMje I1 rrpMpo,z:i;e H>eHMX orpaHMqe:fba. Crreu;McpMKyjynM HMBO CTMMyJiau;Mje Ha Kojy je
KOfHMTMBHM CMCTeM oceTJbMB, MMJiep je ,z:i;ao KpMTepMjyM 3a H>eHo ersaKTHO OIIMCM-
BaH>e. I1cToBpeMeHo, yBo,z:i;enM rrojaM CMMcaoHe je,z:i;MHMu;e, MMJiep HamalllaBa yJiory
3Haqe:fba y o6pa,z:i;M MHcpopMau;Mje. TiolllTO ce 3HaqeH>cKa u;eJIMHa MO}Ke o,z:i;pep;MTM Ha
pa3JII1qMTe HaqMHe, 6Mne TO rroqeTaK MCIIMTMBaH>a CTpaTerMja y OCMMIIlJbaBaH>y MaTe-
pMjaJia KojM ce o6pal)yje.
BpaTMMO ce Ha TpeHyTaK Ha paHMje OIIMCaHa MCTpa}KMBaH>a Be3aHa 3a TpajaH>e
MHcpopMau;Mje y orrepaTMBHOj MeMopMjM r,z:i;e CMO KOHCTaTOBaJIM ,z:i;a 3HaqeH>CKI1 qMHMOIJ;M
YTMqy Ha TpajaH>e MaTepMjana. BMp;eJIM cMo ,z:i;a ce y rnTyau;MjM Ka,z:i;a MCIIMTaHMK Tpe6a
,z:i;a perrpo,z:i;JKyje 6ecMMCJieHe rnoroBe MJIM peqM MCTe ,z:i;y}KMHe, 6oJbe perrpo,z:i;JKyjy peqM
(Peterson, Peterson & Miller, 1961). Y CBerny MMJiepoBe ,z:i;MCTMHKIJ;Mje M3Mel)y eJie-
MeHTa I1 CMMCaOHe je,z:i;MHMu;e OBaj HaJia3 6M Morao ,z:i;a ce MHTeprrpeTMpa I1 Kao ecpeKaT
OIITepeneH>a. y rrpBOM cnyqajy MMaMO o,z:i;pel)eH 6poj eJieMeHaTa, Tj. CMMCaOHMX je,z:i;MHM-
u;a (rnoBa y 6ecMMCJieHOM rnory), ,ll;OK y ,z:i;pyroM cnyqajy MMaMO caMO je,z:i;Hy CMMCaOHY
jep;MHMIJ;Y (peq). y rrpMJior Te3M ,z:i;a orrepaTMBHa MeMOpMja orrepMIIle CMMCaOHMM je,z:i;M-
HMIJ;aMa roBope M HaJia3M Map,z:i;oKa KOjM je rroKasao ,z:i;a TpajaH>e MHcpopMau;Mje saBMCM
op; 6poja CMMcaoHMX je,z:i;MHMu;a, a He op; 6poja eJieMeHaTa ( CJIMKa 5).
0.8
0.6
0.4
ClluKa 5. - BpeMe (ceKyHge) apoilleKllO go wpe-
0.2 HJillKa peapogyK71uje (X-oca); apoaop71uja
illa'LfHO peapogyKoBaHux cilluMyllyca (Y-oca) y
eKcuepuMeHilly MapgoKa (71pHu KpyJ1Cun - je-
0 3 6 9 12 15
gHa pe'Ll; 6ellu KpyJ1Cun - wpu pe'Llu; KBagpaw
- wpu CllOBa) /Murdock, 1961/.
Tpe6aJio ;n;a ce ;n;o6rrje y rnTyau;rrjrr y Kojoj cy rrprrKa3aHe Tprr pe11rr (;n;eBeT eJieMeHaTa).
3a rnTyau;rrje y KojrrMa cy rrprrKa3aHa TPH CJIOBa rr je;n;Ha pe11 o;n; TPH CJIOBa (y o6a CJIY11aja
Tprr eJieMeHTa) perrpo;n;yKu;rrja 6rr Tpe6aJio ;n;a 6y;n;e 601ha, a H3Mel)y OBHX rnTyau;rrja He
6rr Tpe6aJio ;n;a 6y;n;e pa3JIHKe y rrpou;eHTY Ta-crne perrpo;n;yKu;rrje. TioIIITO KOrHHTHBHH
CHCTeM orreprrIIIe CMHCaOHHM je;n;HHHIJ;aMa, CHTyau;rrje y KOjHMa ce rrprrKa3yjy TPH CJIO-
Ba rr Tprr pe11rr cy no TOM KprrTeprrjyMy rr,n;eHTH11He jep ca;n;p)Ke Tprr je;n;rrHrru;e, ;n;oK je
crrTyau;rrja y Kojoj je rrprrKa3aHa je;n;Ha TpornoBHa pe11 KOrHHTHBHO JiaKIIIa jep ca;n;p)KH
caMO je;n;Hy CMHCaOHY je;n;HHHIJ;y.
Kojrr je MaKCHMaJIHH 6poj eJieMeHaTa Kojrr cMrrcaoHa je;n;rrHrru;a MO)Ke ;n;a cap;p)Krr?
J13 ;n;oca;n;aIIIIDer H3JiaraIDa Momo 6rr ce 3aKlhJ1IHTH ;n;a je oBaj MaKCHMYM Be3aH 3a Ka-
paKTeprrcTrrKe KJiace Kojoj rrprrrra;n;a cMrrcaoHa u;eJIHHa (Hrrp. pe11 HJIH CJIO)Kaj 6pojeBa).
3a;n;p)KHMO ce Ha TpeHyTaK Ha Bep6a.JIHOM MaTeprrja.Jiy. Tipoce11Ha ;z:J;y)KHHa pe11rr y rrH;n;oe-
BporrcKHM je3rru;rrMa Kpene ce H3Mel)y 4 rr 6 macoBa, H3 11era 6rr ce Momo 3aKlhJ1IMTH ;n;a je
TO OIITHMJM Kap;a je y IIHTaIDY Bep6a.JIHH MaTeprrjaJI. l1cTpa)KHBaIDa, Me})JTMM, IIOKa3yjy
;n;a y OKBrrpy pe11rr rrocToje pa3JIHKe Koje Hrrcy Be3aHe 3a 6poj eJieMeHaTa (macoBa HJIH cJio-
Ba), Ben 3a 6poj MaIDHX CMHCaOHHX u;eJIHHa Kao IIITO cy CJIOI'OBH: perrpO;z:J;JKIJ;Hja peqrr ca
BenrrM 6pojeM rnoroBa rna6rrja je op; perrpo;z:i;JKu;rrje pe11rr rrcTe ;n;y)K1rne ca MaIDHM 6pojeM
cJioroBa (Baddeley, Thompson & Buchanan, 1975; Naveh-Benjamin &Ayers, 1986; Schwei-
ckert & Boruff, 1986). 0BaKBH HaJia3rr JKa3yjy Ha CJIO)KeHocT KprrTeprrjyMa 3a o;n;pel)rrBaIDe
CMHCaOHHX je;n;HHHIJ;a, jep je CMHCaOHY u;eJIHHY Moryne o;n;pe;n;HTH Ha BHIIIe Ha1IHHa.
HeKH aYTOPH ocrropaBajy MHJiepoB 3aKJDyqaK ;n;a KOrHHTHBHH crrcTeM MO)Ke rrcTo-
BpeMeHo ;n;a orreprrIIIe ca ce;n;aM cMrrcaoHrrx je;n;rrHrru;a. MaH;n;Jiep, Ha rrprrMep, cMaTpa ;n;a
je rnj 6poj MaIDrr rr ;n;a H3HOCH H3Mel)y 11eTrrprr ;n;o rreT je;n;rrHrru;a (Mandler, 1967). MaKrn-
MaJIHH 6poj CMHCaOHHX je;n;HHHIJ;a je H p;aJDe rrpe;n;MeT pa3MaTpaIDa, H3Mel)y OCTaJIOr H 36or
Tora IIITO 6poj je;n;HHHIJ;a MO)Ke ;n;a Baprrpa y 3aBHCHOCTH op; KpHTeprrjyMa peKO;z:J;OBaIDa.
HacyrrpoT TOMe, Mel)y jep;HHHIJ;aMa IIOCTOje pa3JIHKe H y 3aBHCHOCTH op; KapaKTepHCTHKa
Koje Mory ;n;a OJiaKIIIajy HJIH OTe)Kajy o6pa;n;y, IIITO 3Ha1IH ;n;a he 3a HeKe je;n;HHHIJ;e MaKCH-
MJM 6rrTH Benrr, a 3a HeKe MaIDH. l1rrnK, H3BeCHO je ;n;a MaKCHMaJIHH 6poj CMHCaOHHX je-
;z:J;HHHIJ;a KojrrMa je Moryne rrcToBpeMeHo orreprrcaTrr (Karrau;rrTeT orrepaTHBHe MeMoprrje)
He MO)Ke 3Ha11ajHo ;n;a ce pa3JIHKyje o;n; 6poja Kojrr je rrpe,IJ;JIO)KHO MHJiep.
OITEPATI1BHA MEMOPI1JA 119
6 r-········ .. ······~
o.s ~ ~ a
I ,
0.6
0.4
4
AnTepHanrnHH TepMHHH cy e<fieKaUJ. apuMau,uje 11 e<fieKaUJ. peu,eHu,uje.
OITEPATHBHA MEMOPHJA 121
20 30 40
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
6 11 16 21 26 31 36
,II;a for npoBepIIo OBY XIInoTesy, fJieHsep II3BO,IJ;II orJie,n; y KojeM TPIIMa rpyrraMa
IICIIIITaHIIKa y sa,n;aTKY rno6o,n;He penpo,z::i;JKu;IIje II3Jia)Ke JIIICTY o,n; 15 CTIIMYJIYCa (no
je,n;aH CTIIMYJIYC CBaKe ceKytt,n;e). I1pBa rpyrra je penpo,n;JKOBaJia CTIIMYJIYCe Henocpe,n;Ho
no OKOWia:fhy npIIKa3IIBaIDa, ,n;pyra ca sa,n;plllKOM o,n; 10 ceKytt,n;II, ,n;oK je Tpena rpyrra
penpo,r:i;JKOBaJia ca sa,n;plllKOM o,n; 30 ceKytt,IJ;II (Glanzer & Cunitz, 1966). YKOJIIIKO 6II sa
BIICOKII npou;eHaT Ta IHO penpO,Il;JKOBaHOf MaTepIIjaJia c Kpaja JIIICTe 6IIJia O,IJ;fOBOpHa
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
ClluKa 9. - IIpo4eHaUl Ula 1me peapogyK4uje apu U3JlafaHJy og 3 ( 4pHu Kpyl), 6 (6eJlu
Kpyr) u 9 (KBagpaaz) ceKyHgu. Ha X-ocu gaaza je uo3u4uja cUluMyllyca y HU3y, a Ha
Y-ocu apoaop4uja Ula11Ho peapogyKoBaHux cUluMyllyca (Glanzer & Cunitz, 1966).
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
I1o saBprneTKY rrpHKa3JfBafba CBHX ,n;eceT JIMCTM, KpejK MCITHTaHm:t;HMa ,n;aje sa,n;aTaK
KOHaqHe CJI06o,n;He perrpO,n;yKIJ;Hje M Tpa)f(H ,n;a perrpo,n;yKyjy CTHMynyce rrpHKa3aHe y CBMM
JIHCTaMa. Ycrrex y perrpo,n;yKu;11j11 je, IllTO ce Momo oqeKHBaTH, CJia611j11. Me))yTHM,
rrope,n; Tora IllTO je rrpou;eHaT TaqHo perrpO,D;JKOBaHHX CTHMynyca MafhH, y OBaKBOj
Bap11jaHTH sa,n;aTKa CJio6o,n;He perrpo,n;JKu;Hje HHje ,n;o611jeH crnH,n;ap,n;HH ecpeKaT rro-
s11u;11je y HHsy. ITpeme,n;oM CJIHKe 10 BH,D;HMo ,n;a je y o6e Bap11jaHTe sa,n;aTKa yoqJbHB
ecpeKaT rroqen<a (6oJba perrpo,n;yKu;11ja CTHMyJiyca c rroqeTKa JIHCTe). B11,n;11Mo, TaKo))e,
,n;a je perrpo,n;JKu;Hja CTHMynyca rrpm<asaHHX y cpe,n;HHH JIHCTe rna611ja 11 ,n;a rrocTOjH
,n;pacTJ1qHa pa3JIHKa y rrporropu;11j11 TaqHo perrpO,D;JKOBaHHX CTHMynyca c Kpaja JIMCTe.
,II;pyr11M peq11Ma, ei<crrep11MeHTaJIHa MaH11rryJiau;11ja je YTHIJ;aJia caMo Ha perrpo,n;JKu;Hjy
124 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
CTepH6eproBa HcTpa*HBalba
Y rrpBOM rromaBlhy, ,n;ajynn rrpeme,n; rro11ernKa eKcrrepnMeHTaJIHe rrcnxoJiornje,
KOHCTaTOBaJill CMO ,n;a je ,II;oH,n;epcoB MeTO,II; o,n;y3HMaH>a HaIIYIIITeH jep je Kllllrre IIOKa3aO
,n;a ,n;o,n;aBaH>e je,n;He orrepa:u;nje ,n;oBo,n;n ,n;o mo6aJIHllX rrpoMeHa rrpo:u;eca Kojn ce ncrrn-
Tyje. KllllrreoBn HaJia3ll ,n;o6njajy Ha aKTyeJIHOCTll ocaM,n;eceTaK ro,n;nHa KacHnje, Ka,n;a
BpeMe pearoBaH>a IIOHOBO IIOCTaje 3aBllCHa Bapnja6Jia y llCTpa)KHBaIDHMa CJIO)KeHllX
KOrHllTllBHllX rrpo:u;eca (cf. Pachella, 1974; Teichner & Krebs, 1974). CBe ,n;o IIIe3,n;eceTHX
ro,n;nHa rrpoIIIJior BeKa Haj11eIIIna 3aBHCHa Bapnja6Jia je rrpo:u;eHaT rn11Ho perrpo,n;yKo-
BaHor MaTepnjaJia. Cpe,n;nHOM IIIe3,n;eceTnx ro,n;nHa CTepH6epr rroHoBo JBO,Il;ll ll36opHo
BpeMe pearoBaH>a (Sternberg, 1966, 1967, 1969a, 1969b, 1975). He rropn11ynn11nH>eHn:u;y
,n;a ce ,n;o,n;aBaH>eM HOBor 3a,n;aTKa MeH>a :u;eJioKyrraH rrpo:u;ec, CTepH6epr cMaTpa ,n;a ce OBO
o,n;Hocn caMo Ha CJIY11ajeBe y KojnMa cy 3a,n;au;n KBaJLufilafilUBHO pa3Jill11llTll. Me})yTnM,
aKo 6n ce ycJIO)KH>aBaH>e o6aBJhaJIO yttYTap ncTor 3a,n;an<a, Moryne je, cMaTpa CTepH-
6epr, rrpnMeHHTll ,II;oH,n;epcoB rrocTyrraK. YKOJIHKO 6n ce llCTll 3a,n;aTaK KOHTpoJincaHo
yrno)KH>aBao, BpeMe pearoBaH>a 6n Momo ,n;a IIOCJIY)Kll Kao llH,Il;llKaTop TpajaH>a rroje-
,n;HHHX orrepa:u;nja yttyrnp ,n;aTor 3a,n;aTKa.
Coll Cuzepu6epl
~
---,...-- CJIOBO-MeTa
~ ..................
8···GJ··{~]·{~]··-
,.............1 ;ri;a
D "··········1 He I
C!luKa 11. -IIpuKa3 apo4egype y CutepH6eplo6oM eKcuepuMeHuty. Y lop1PeM pegy je
apuKa3aH HelaUlU6HU, a y go1PeM U03UUiU6HU CKJU (Sternberg, 1966).
a 6 B
2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6 2 3 4 5 6
YKOJIMKO 6M rrpeTpara 6MJia rrapaJieJIHa, Tj. JKOJIMKO 6M ce CBM eJieMeHTM cKyrra rrpe-
TpaHrnBaJIM MCTOBpeMeHO, BeJIMqMHa CKyrra He 6M Tpe6aJIO p;a JTMqe Ha BpeMe rrpeTpare, a
M3Me~y CMTyan;Mja Kap;a ce CJIOBO-MeTa HaJia3M M Kap;a ce He HaJia3M y CKyrry He 6M Tpe6aJIO
p;a 6yp;e pa3JIMKe y BpeMeHy pearoBaIDa ( rn11Ka 12a). YKOJIMKO 6M rrpeTpara 6MJia pep;Ha,
Bemri:nrna CKyrra 611 yT11u;arra Ha BpeMe rrpeTpa)KHBalha: Ben11 cKyrr 611 saxTeBao ,ri;y)Ke
rrpeTpa)KHBalhe. Mel)yTHM, y oBaKBOM c.rryqajy Moryn11 cy pas;rnqHTH 11cxo,ri;11. YKOJIHKO
611 ce IIOKasarro ,ri;a He IIOCTOjH pa3JIHKa y BpeMeHy rrpeTpa)KHBalha I13Mel)y CHTyau;11ja
y KOjHMa ce CJIOBO-MeTa HaJia3H I1 y KOjHMa ce He HaJia3H y CKyrry, saKJbyqaK 611 6110
,ri;a ce rrpeTpara o6aBJba ,ri;o 11cu;prrlbelha, Tj. ,ri;a ce CKyrr YBeK rrpeTpa)Kyje ,ri;o Kpaja, 6es
06s11pa Ha TO ,ri;a JIM je CJIOBO-MeTa rrpoHal)eHo (rn11Ka 126). Y c.rryqajy ,ri;a ce rrpeTpa-
ra He o6aBJba ,ri;o 11cu;prrlbelha, Ben ce rrpeK11,ri;a y TpeHyTKY Ka,ri;a je Mern rrpoHal)eHa
( caMooKoHqaBajyna rrpeTpara), Harn6 JIHHeapHe cpyttK:o;11je sa rrosHTHBHe o,ri;roBope
(MeTa ce Harras11 y CKyrry) 6110 611 MalhH op; Harn6a cpyttK:o;11je sa HeraTHBHe o,ri;roBope
(CJIHKa 12B). Tipe Hero IIITO KpeHeMO y ,D;albe pasMaTpaibe pasJiora OBaKBOr HCXO,D;a,
rro,ri;ceTHMO ce ,ri;a je y OIIIIITeM rnyqajy Bpe,ri;HOCT Harn6a JIHHeapHe cpyttK:o;Hje HH,Ll;HKa-
TOp cTerreHa rrpoMeHe Ha Y-oc11 (saBHCHa Bap11ja6Jia) ,ri;o Kojer ,ri;oJiasH rroBenalheM sa
je,ri;Hy je,ri;11H11u;y Ha X-orn (HesaBHCHa Bap11ja6Jia). Y HaIIIeM c.rryqajy, Harn6 JIHHeapHe
cpyttK:o;11je HaM rroKasyje sa KOJIHKO ce MHJIHCeKytt,D;H rrpo,ri;y)KaBa rrpeTpara JKOJIHKO
ce cKyrr Koj11 ce rrpeTpa)Kyje rroBena sa je,ri;Ho CJIOBO. ,Il;a 611 ce ,ri;ao o,ri;roBop ,ri;a JIM ce
MeTa HaJiaSH y CKyrry, HeraTHBHH cKyrr yBeK Mopa ,ri;a ce rrpeTpa)KH ,ri;o Kpaja jep IIOCTOjH
MorynHOCT ,ri;a je MeTa IIOCJie,D;IhH CTHMYJIYC y HHsy, IIITO 3HaqJ1 ,ri;a Har116 cpyttKIJ;Hje
sa HeraTHBHH cKyrr YBeK o,ri;pa)KaBa rrpeTpary ,ri;o 11cu;prrlbelha. YKOJIHKO 611 ce rroKa-
sarro ,ri;a je Har116 cpyHKIJ;Hje sa II03HTHBHH CKyrr MalhH, TO 611 3HaqHJio ,ri;a je y IIHTalhy
caMooKoHqaBajyna rrpeTpara, o,ri;HocHo ,ri;a je rrpeTpara no je,ri;Hoj je,ri;HHHIJ;H 6HJia y rrpo-
ceKy Kpana. 06jaIIIIhelhe oBarrnor ecpeKTa Tpe6a Tpa)KHTH y q11IheH11u;11 ,ri;a je rros11-
u;11ja cJioBa-MeTe 6arraHc11paHa, HS qera rne,ri;H ,ri;a 611 rrpeTpara y rrpoceKy Tpe6arro ,ri;a ce
SaBpIIIH Ha IIOJIOBHHH CKyrra.
I1cxo,ri; eKcrrep11MeHTa je rroKasao ,ri;a je rrpeTpara pegHa H ,ri;a ce o6aBJba ,ri;o uci1;p-
Ulbe1-ba ( CJIHKe 126 H 13). Ha CJIHIJ;H 13 BH,D;HMO ,ri;a ca rropacTOM BeJI11q11He cKyrra JIH-
HeapHo pacTe BpeMe pearoBalha. Harn6 JIHHeapHe cpyttK:o;11je y CTepH6eproBoM eKcrre-
p11MeHTY I13HOCH 38 MHJIHCeKytt,D;H, IIITO 3Haq11 ,ri;a ce IIOBenalheM CKyrra sa je,ri;HO CJIOBO
rrpeTpara rrpo,ri;y)KaBa sa 38 MHJIHceKyttAH (Sternberg, 1966).
Harras ,ri;a ce rroBenalheM CKyrra rrpo,ri;y)KaBa BpeMe rrpeTpare je oqeKHBaH. I1sHe-
Hal)yje, Mel)yrHM, HaJias ,ri;a I13Mel)y II03HTHBHOr I1 HeraTHBHOr CKyrra HHje ,ri;o611jeHa
pasJIHKa y Har11611Ma cpyttK:o;11ja. To sHaq11 ;n;a 11crr11TaH11u;11, HaKo cy 11,ri;eHTHcpHKOBaJIH
128 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
CJIOBO Ha rroqeTI<y IDIM y cpe,n;MHM CKyrra, HaCTaBJbajy ,n;a rrpeTpaEyjy CKyrr ,n;o Kpaja
(cJIMKa 14). ITpeTpara ,n;o rrcu;prrJDeFba ce MOEe qrrHMTM HeeKOHOMMqHoM, aJIM CTepH-
6epr y CBOM o6jaIIIFbeFby IIOJia3M o,n; rrpeTIIOCTaBKe ,n;a je eKOHOMMqHrrje rrpeTpaEMBaTM
CKyrr ,n;o Kpaja Hero Ramo saycTaBMTM rrpeTpary rrornTo je rrpoHal)eHo cJIOBO-MeTa.
,..........................................................................................................................................................:
~ ............... ···:::::::::.-~.,::::::::::::::;;.;~;;::'.::·=:::::.:::---:.c··.. !
6HHapHa
oroi:y1<:a
(Aa/He)
o6aBJba caMo yHyrap ,n;aTe KaTeropHje, ,n;aKJie, He M,n;e ,n;o Mcu;prrlbelha (Naus, Gluck-
sberg & Ornstein, 1972). I1cTo TaKo, MHTeH3MBHMM yBe)l{6aBalheM Morylie je 3Ha11ajHo
CMalhMTM ,n;y)l{MHY rrpeTpa)l{MBalha no je,n;HOM eJieMeHTY CKyrra (Dumas, 1972). I1oce6Ho
cy 3aHMMJbMBM HaJia3M KOjM IIOKasyjy ,n;a o6JIMK cpyttKU:Mje 3aBMCM o,n; BepoBaTHOlie rroja-
BJbMBalha CTMMYJIYCa. YKOJIMKO ce CTMMYJIYCM qernlie rrojaBJbyjy Kao MeTe, lhMXOBa M,n;eH-
rncpHKau;Mja lie 6MTM 6p)l{a (Theo is, Smith, Haviland, Traupman & Moy, 1973). Hajsa,n;,
Ha o6JIMK cpyttKU:Mje YTM11e M rroHaBJbalhe CTMMynyca y cKyrry; yKOJIMKO ce ,n;aTM CTMMYJIYC
rrojaBM mrrne rryTa y MCTOM HM3y, BpeMe M,n;eHTHcpHKau;Mje lie 6MTM 6p)l{e (Baddeley &
Ecob, 1973). 0BaKBM pesyJITaTM He ,Il;OBO,n;e y IIMTalhe OCHOBHe HaJia3e ,n;o KOjMX je ,n;ornao
CTepH6epr, aJIM rroKasyjy ,n;a Ha rrpeTpary, rrope,n; BeJIM11MHe cKyrra, JTM11e M BeJIMK!I 6poj
cpaKTOpa Koje CTepH6epr y CBOjMM MHMII;MjaJIHMM MCTpa)l{MBalhMMa HMje yseo y o63Hp.
3Ha11aj CTepH6eproBMX HaJiasa je BMrnecTpyK. EMJIM cy TO, rroCJie ,n;y)l{er BpeMe-
Ha, ome,n;M y KOjMMa je BpeMe pearoBalha IIOHOBO KOpHrnlieHo Kao 3aBMCHa BapHja-
6Jia. PesyJITaTM CTepH6eproBMX ome,n;a cy rroKa3aJIM ,n;a je cBojeBpeMeHo HarryrnTalhe
M36opHor BpeMeHa pearoBalha Kao MH,Il;MKaTopa sa MCIIMTMBalhe CJIO)l{eHMX KOrHMTM-
BHMX rrpou;eca MO)l{,n;a 6MJio rrpeypalheHo. IToCJie CTepH6eproBMX HaJiasa BpeMe pea-
roBalha lie ,n;o ,n;aHac ocTaTM je,n;Ha o,n; Haj11ernlie KOpHrnlieHMX saBMCHMX BapHja6JIM y
KOrHMTMBHOj IICMXOJIOrMjM. OcMM Tora, CTepH6eproBa MCIIMTMBalha cy OTBOpMJia MHO-
ra IIMTalha Koja ,n;o Ta,n;a HMCY 6MJia IIOCTaBJbaHa, o,n; KOjMX je CBaKaKo HajsHa11ajHMje
IIMTalhe rrapapeJIHMX M cepHjaJIHMX rrpou;eca.
Ilpo6JieM MO,Il;aJIMTeTa
Karrau;11TeTa. ,II,o rroqeTKa cep;aMp;eceTHX rop;11Ha rrponrnor BeKa oBaj rrpo6neM pas-
MaTpaH je rrpeTe)KHO y OKBHPY Hanasa H saKJbyqaKa p;o Koj11x je p;oIIIao I,lopI,I MMJiep
(Miller, 1956). Mel)JTHM, omep;H ca ,IJ;BOCTPJKHM sap;au;11Ma JKasanH cy Ha TO p;a je y
OKBHPY qmKCHHX Karrau;11TeTa orrepaTHBHe MeMop11je Moryha pep;11cTp116yu;11ja KOrHH-
TMBHHX pecypca, 0 qeMy CMO ,IJ;HCKJTOBaJIH y rrpeTXO,IJ;HOM IIOfJiaBJbY Kap;a CMO pas-
MaTpaJIH cpeHOMeH IIa)KH>e. I1HTaH>e Karrau;HTeTa H pe,II;HCTpH6yu;11je KOfHMTHBHHX pe-
cypca ,IJ;OBeIIIhe cpep;HHOM cep;aM,IJ;eceTHX fO,IJ;HHa AO rrpoMeHe rrpHcTyrra y OIIHCHBaH>y
cTaTyca H ¢YHKD;Hja orrepaTHBHe MeMop11je. HajBehH p;orrpHHoc OEHM rrpoMeHaMa p;ao
je AnaH Bep;nH, KojH je rrpep;JIO)KHO Mop;11cp11Kau;11jy CTaHp;app;Ho cxBaheHe orrepaTHBHe
(KpaTKOTpajHe) MeMop11je Koja y H>eroBoM Mop;eny rrocTaje KOMIIOHeHTa CJIO)KeHHjer
CHCTeMa KOjH Bep;JIH Has11Ba pagrtoM MeMopujoM.
PA,II;HA MEMOPHJA
Ha rrpnMep, sap;aTaK BepmpnKau;nje ncKasa mrn apHTMeTwIKe sap;aTKe, HaKo Hnje crrop-
HO p;a je sa lhHXOBO o6aBJhalhe sap;ym:eHa orrepaTHBHa MeMopnja. YKpaTKO, MHoro6poj-
HH Ha.Jia3H cy JKa3HBa.JIH Ha TO p;a je CTaHp;app;HH OIIHC orrepaTHBHe MeMopnje HeIIOTIIYH
n Hep;oBOJhHO nsp;ncpepeHu;npaH p;a 6n Morao p;a o6yx:BaTH me Benn 6poj Harrasa ns
Kojnx ce Hasnparra H>eHa cpyttKD;HOHa.JIHa rnom:eHocT.
AllaH EegJLu
6
Ha rrpMMep, "A rrpeTXO,D;JiI n:: ''A He rrpeTXO,D;JiI E:: ''A je "rrpeTxo:ljeHo" op; E:' JiI ''A HJ!Ije "rrpeTxo:ljeHo" op;
E:: Y cprrcKOM jesMKY HMje Moryhe rrpesecTM cse op11rnHaJIHe CTMMyrryce MS Eep;rrMjesor JiI Xwrnsor omep;a,
HapO'IJiITO rracMBHe KOHCTpyKu;Mje (Hrrp. Bis preceded by A).
OI1EPATI1BHA MEMOPHJA 133
ITpe l1CKa3a l1 CJIOBa q11j11 je O,IJ;HOC Tpe6aJio p;a Bepmp11Kyjy 611JIO ITPl1Ka3aHO jep;HO
O,IJ;HOCHO p;Ba CJIOBa, Koje je Tpe6aJIO p;a peITpop;yKyjy ITO o6aBJDeHoj Bepmp11Kau;11j11.
Pe3ymaT11 oBor omep;a ITOKa3yjy p;a je peITpop;yKu;11ja CJIOBa 611na CKopo caBpIIIeHa,
a BpeMe Bepmp11Kau;11je H11je 611no 3HaqajHo ITpop;y)KeHo ITapaneJIHl1M 3ap;aTKOM
(peITpop;yKu;11j OM CJIOBa).
,Il;pym eKCITep11MeHT je 6110 CJIO)KeH11j11. YMecTo p;Ba CJIOBa, l1CITl1TaH11u;11Ma je
ITp11Ka3aHo IIIecT CJIOBa Koja je Tpe6ano p;a perrpop;yKyjyrrocne o6aBJDeHe Bepmp11Kau;11je.
KoHTponHa rnTyau;11ja y op;Hocy Ha Kojy je yTBpl)eH ecpeKaT ITapaneHor 3ap;aTKa
(peITpop;yKu;11ja ITp11Ka3aH11x crroBa) cacTojana ce y ITp11Ka3l1Ba:Eny IIIecT cJ:ioBa ITOIIITO
je o6aBJDeH 3ap;arnK Bepmp11Kau;11je, ITOCJie qera je Tpa)KeHa l-bl1XOBa peITpop;yKu;11ja
(rn11Ka 16). EKcrrep11MeHT je p;op;aTHo ycJIO)Kl-beH TaKO IIITO je y jep;Hoj rnTyau;11j11
l1CIT11TaH11u;11Ma ITop;jep;HaKo. HamaIIIeHa rnqHocT l1 Bepmp11Kau;11je l1 peITpop;yKu;11je,
,IJ;OK je y p;pyroj l13p11q11To HarJiaIIIeHa caMO TaqHOCT peITpop;yKu;11je.
.:.
CTJ1MYJIYCJ1 OJJ;fOBOPYI
t. . . . . . . . . .!::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·L....L.:::::::·.::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·.:·::.:::·.J.............................·
r··················~;~~;~;~······································~;;~~~~·-············1 (. . . ~.;~~~~;~························~;;~·~·~~············. .!
I1 A rrpeTXOAH B ~ .... .,.~ .....,.I BEPJ1<PJ1KAl(J1JA 11·····~ I JIM HT 3 <P 1. . .~ 1I
PEI1POJJ;YKl(J1JA
~-.......•...•.•.•.•........•••.......••.•••••••.•..••...•...•.•.•••.••..........................................•..••••...•.1 ~.•....•••••••••••.•.......•...•....•..........•....•....••••••..••....•..••....••••..•.•..••.••.•.}
ClluKa 16. - CmpyKmypa qpy101 eKcuepuMeHflla Eeqlluja u Xu11a (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974)
0 6 0 6
CllUKa 17. Pe3yllmamu opyzoz 02JleoaEeOllUja uXu11.a. Halle60M zparfiuKOHY npuKa3aHU cy pe3yllmamu
oo6ujertu y 3aoamKy 6epurfiuKa4uje. Ha X-ocu je MeM.opujcKO onmepehe1-be (O - 6 Cll06a), OOK je Ha
Y-ocu 6peM.e peKa4uje (y ceKyrtoaM.a). Ha OeCHOM zparjJUKOHY npuKa3aHU cy pe3yllmamu oo6ujertu y
3aoamKy penpooyK4uje: (O) cumya4uja y Kojoj cy Cll06a npuKa3arta no o6a6lbertoj 6epurjJUKa4uju,, (6)
cumya4uja y Kojoj cy Cll06a Kaja je mpe6allo penpooyKoBamu npuKa3arta npe 3aoamKa 6epurfiuKa4uje.
Ha Y-ocu oam je npoce11.aH 6poj penpooyKo6aHUX Cll06a. Ha o6a zpacfiuKOHa, maMHUM Kpy:HCuheM je
03Ha11.erta cumya4uja y Kojoj je oo ucnumartut<:a U3pu11.umo 3axme6arta ma11.rtocm y penpooyK4uju
Cll06a (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974).
0Be Hanase Be,IJ;JIH H XHq o6jallIIhaBajy y OKBHPY MO,IJ;eJia pa,IJ;He MeMoprrje Ko-
jrr ca,IJ;p)l{H TPH KOMITOHeHTe (CJIHKa 18). HajsHaqajHrrja KOMrroHeHTa je 11eHmpallHU
U3Bpwullal1 (central executive) Kojrr je sa,IJ;y)l{eH sa KOHTPOJIY H ycMepaBalhe rra)l{Ihe, ,IJ;H-
cTprr6yu;rrjy KOrHHTHBHHX pecypca, sarroqrrlhalhe o6HaBJbalha sa,IJ;p)l<aHor MaTeprrjana
H ,IJ;OHOllielhe pa3JIHqHTHX BpcTa O,IJ;JIYKa (cf. Baddeley and Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, 1988,
2002; Morris & Jones, 1990; Shallice, 2002). Tiope,IJ; n;eHTpanHor H3BpllIHon;a, MO,IJ;eJI
ca,IJ;p)l{H jollI ,IJ;Be KOMITOHeHTe: cjjoHOllOUlKY ueillJby (phonological loop), Koja ce Ha3HBa H
apmuKylla11uoHa ueillJba (articulatory loop), H au3yellHo-caa11ujallHY Maillpu11y (visuo-spa-
OITEPATHBHA MEMOPHJA 135
......
H3Mel)y KOMIIOHeHTH MO)I{e ,ri;a ,ri;ol)e ,ri;o pe,ri;ncTpn6yu;nje pecypca Koja, no rrpaBHJIY, HMa
sa rroCJie,ri;nu;y CJia6Jhel:he rrepcpopMaHCH KOMIIOHeHTe o,ri; Koje cy pecypcn rrpeyseTH.
D ~
<POHOJIOillKA
ITETJbA
.................... .
IJ;EHTPAJIHI1
I13BPII1I1JIAU
BI13YEJIHO-CI1AIJ;I1JAJIHA
MATPI1UA
........... .D:yrOTpajHa
MeMop11ja
MMa u;eHTparrHM M3Bpnnmau;, KojM He caMo ,n;a MO}l{e ,n;a Mairnrrynmne MHcpopMau;MjoM
y OBOM rrpHBpeMeHOM CKJia,n;mnTy Ben MO}l{e M ,n;a je MO,n;HcpHKyje. Ynora eIIM30,Il;WIKOr
6acpepa ome,n;a ce KaKo y M3BJiai:reIDy HHcpopMau;Mja M3 ,n;yroTpajHe MeMopHje, TaKo M y
IDMXOBOM rrporne})MBaIDy y ,n;yroTpajHy MeMOpHjy. EIIM30,Il;M1IKM 6acpep je y ,n;HpeKTHOM
KOHTaKTY ca eIIM30,Il;M1IKOM MeMopHjOM, acrreKTOM ,n;yroTpajHe MeMopHje y KojeM cy
ycKJiap;MIIITeHa HaIIIa cenaIDa M JIM1IHa MCKYCTBa, M MH,Il;HpeKTHO C acrreKTMMa ,n;yro-
TpajHe MeMOpHje y KOjMMa cy ycKJia,Il;MIIITeHM rrojMOBM M IDMXOBe aHarrOrHe rrpe,n;cTa-
Be (Hrrp. BM3yenHe rrpe,n;cTaBe). 9 ITpeme,n;oM CJIMKe 19 BM,Il;MMO ,n;a errM30,Il;M1IKM 6acpep
MMa ynory rrocpe,n;HMKa M3Me})y KOMIIOHeHTM y KOjMMa cy HHcpopMau;Mje KO,Il;OBaHe Ha
pa3JIWrnTe Hai:rMHe My pa3JIM1IMM Mo,n;anMTeTMMa. Be,n;JIM rrpeTrrocTaBJba ,n;a je MHTerpa-
U:Mja HHcpopMau;Mja Moryna 3aXBaJbyjynM 1IMIDeHMU:M ,n;a eIIM30,Il;M1IKM 6acpep orrepHIIIe
y ,,3aje,n;HM1IKOM, MYJITM,Il;MMeH3MOHarrHOM Ko,n;y" (Baddeley, 2000). 10
PeBM,n;HpaHa Bep3Hja Mo,n;ena pa,n;He MeMopHje ,n;HpeKTHO YKJbyi:ryje rrpou;ece y
,n;yroTpajHoj MeMOpHjM, 1IMMe je O,Il;HOC M3Me})y pa,n;He M ,n;yroTpajHe MeMopHje jaCHMje
op;pe})eH. Q OBMM O,Il;HOCMMa neMO p;eTaJbHMje ,Il;MCKJTOBaTM y Hape,n;HMM IIOrJiaBJbMMa
y KOjMMa he 6MTM pa3MOTpeHM pa3JIM1IMTM acrreKTM ,n;yroTpajHe MeMopHje Mo rrpou;e-
CM KOjM ce y IDOj o,n;mpaBajy. I1aKo ce y peBM,Il;HpaHOM MO,n;eny pa,n;He MeMopHje KOjM
je rrpe,n;JIO}l{MO Be,n;JIM 3a ca,n;a He jaBJbajy o36MJbHMje TeIIIKone, IDeroBo rrpHXBaTaIDe
CBaKaKO 3axTeBa ,n;o,n;aTHY eMrrHpHjCKy rrpoBepy.
9
0Baj acrreKT p;yroTpajHe MeMOpHje ,D;eTaJbHO neMO rrpm<a3aTH y rreTOM IIOrJiaBJby.
IOHa)l{aJIOCT, Bep;;m He eKCIIJIHIJ;I1pa rrpttpop;y OBe BpCTe KO,D;a, OCTajynH Ha cpopMyJia:u;HjH Koja je cymnrre
Heop;pel)eHa p;a 6H fomo jaCHO 0 KaKBOM je KO,D;Y peq.
OI1EPATI1BHA MEMOPI1JA 141
O,n; rrpBHX ttcrrttTHBalha orrcera rra)KTue rrponrno je BHIIIe o,n; cTo ro,n;ttHa, a cKopo
rre,n;eceT ro,n;ttHa je rrpoIIIJIO o,n; rrpBHX cttcTeMaTCKHX ttcTpa)KttBalha cpy1mu;ttja sa Koje
ce rrpeTrrocTaBJ:oa ,n;a ce o,n;Bttjajy y orrepaTHBHoj MeMopttjtt. AKo 6ttcMo ce yrrttTaJill KO-
JIHKO je eMrrllpttjCKllX rro,n;aTaKa caKyrrJheHO y llCIIllTllBalhy OBOr cpeHoMeHa, MOrJill 6ll-
CMO ,n;a KOHCTaTyjeMo ,n;a je 6poj CBaKaKo llMII03aHTaH. AKO 6HCMO ce, rraK, yrrttTaJill ,n;a
JIM CMO Ha OCHOBY TllX rro,n;aTaKa ,n;o6llJill u;eJIOBllTY CJillKY OBOr MeMopttjcKor ,n;oMeHa,
o,n;roBop 6tt Mopao ,n;a 6y,n;e HeraTHBaH. KoJittqHHa eMrrttpttjcKHX rro,n;aTaKa y HecpasMe-
ptt je ca HaIIIHM pasyMeBalheM orrepaTHBHe MeMopttje ll rrpou;eca sa Koje rrpeTrrocTaB-
JhaMo ,n;a ce y lhoj o6aBJhajy.
y CBaKOM o,n; rreptto,n;a Koje CMO IIOMeHyJIH Ha rroqeTKY OBOr rrorJiaBJha IIOCTO-
jaJia je CJillKa CllCTeMa o,n;roBOpHOr sa KOrHllTllBHY o6pa,n;y ll MeCTO orrepaTllBHe Me-
MOpttje y TOM CllCTeMy. I1 ,Il;OK HaM HaJia3ll I)eKo6ca ll KaTeJia Mory ll3rJie,n;aTll Kao
)'Bll,Il;ll BaH IIIllper KOHTeKCTa, I)ejMCOBO CXBaTalbe orrepaTllBHe (rrpttMapHe) MeMopttje
HaroBeIIITaBa ,n;ttcTHHKII;Hjy HSMel)y pasJittqHTllx MeMopttjcKHX ,n;oMeHa. Tpe6aJio je ,n;a
rrpol)e CKopo IIIes,n;eceT ro,n;ttHa o,n; rrpBor tts,n;alha I)ejMCOBHX ,,ITpttHn;ttrra rrcttxoJiorttje"
,n;a 6tt je,n;Ha yorrIIITeHa CJillKa, saCHOBaHa Ha llHT)'llII;lljll ll caMOIIOCMaTpalhy, ,n;o6llJia
CBOj TeopttjCKll OKBllp ll eMrrllpttjcKy IIOTBp,n;y. I1po6JieM orpa~mqeHllX Karran;ttTeTa
KOI'HllTllBHOr CllCTeMa yoqeH je BaH IICllXOJIOrllje y OKBttpy llCTpa)KllBalba TeJieKoMy-
HllKan;ttja, ,n;a 6tt rroqeTKOM rre,n;eceTHX ro,n;ttHa OBaj rrpo6JieM ,n;o6tto CBoj jacaH (MO)K,n;a
HC)'BHIIIe jacaH) OKBttp. Ben y Mo,n;eJIY Bpo,n;6eHTa HaJiasttMo tts,n;BojeHe, oMeljeHe H
,n;ecpttHttcaHe cp)'HKD;ttje ll orpaHttqelha orrepaTHBHe MeMopttje, 6es o6sttpa Ha TepMH-
HOJiomjy Koja je y To BpeMe KopttIIIneHa. Y JiaHu;y o6pa,n;e ttHcpopMan;ttja orrepaTHBHa
MeMopttja saysttMa je,n;HO o,n; u;eHTpaJIHllX MeCTa, ll3Mel)y OCTaJIOr ll s6or TOra IIITO ce
cxBaTa Kao ,,ycKo rpJio", Kao cttcTeM orpaHttqeHHX Karran;ttTeTa qttja orpaHttqelha ycJio-
BJhaBajy IIOHaIIIalbe OCTaJillX KOMIIOHeHTll CllCTeMa. J13 ,n;aHaIIIlbe rrepcrreKTllBe IIOCMa-
TpaHo oBaKaB, y ocHOBll cTp)'KTypaJIHCTllqKH, rrpttcTyrr Kao ,n;a je )'Beo pe,n; H jacHony y
HCIIHTHBalhy o6pa,n;e ttHcpopMan;ttja. OrrepaTHBHa MeMopttja je tts,n;BojeHa Kao sace6aH
,n;oMeH, aJill llMa CTaTYC u;pHe K)'Tllje 0 Kojoj, Kao ll 0 CBaKoj u;pHoj K)'Tlljll, He 3HaMO
HllIIITa, llJill rOTOBO HllIIITa. I1rraK, IIOCTOjaJia je Ha,n;a ,n;a he 6y,n;yna llCTpa)KllBalba 6a-
II;llTll Bllllle CBeTJia Ha lbeHe KapaKTepllCTHKe. I1pBll KOpau;tt cy, qllHllJIO ce, orrpaB,D;aJill
oBaj orrTHMH3aM. I)opI,I MllJiep, cyMttpajyntt HaJiase BeJittKor 6poja eKcrrepttMeHaTa,
,n;orn,n;aIIIlhy llHT)'llII;Hjy o orpaHttqelhttMa MeMopttjCKor orrcera rrpernapa y ersaKTaH
orrttc Karran;ttTeTa orrepaTHBHe MeMopttje. Btto je TO ttMrrpecttBaH KopaK, rroroToBo aKo
ce ttMa y Btt,n;y ,n;a Httje rrpoIIIJIO BHIIIe o,n; ,n;eceT ro,n;ttHa o,n; HacTaHKa Teopttje ttHcpop-
Man;ttje ll sHaqajHHX HCTpa)KttBalha BesaHHX sa rrpeHoc ttHcpopMan;ttja. 3Halhe o orre-
paTHBHoj MeMopttjll rrpOIIIHpeHo je ll HaJia3HMa KOjll cy ,Il;aJill jarnttjy CJillKY 0 Tpajalhy
MaTepttjaJia. OrreT HMaMo ersaKTaH orrttc (18-20 ceK)'HAH), ll orreT je yqttlheH SHaqajaH
KopaK y pasyMeBalhy KapaKTepttcTHKa oBor MeMopttjcKor ,n;oMeHa. Y rreptto,n;y o,n; caMo
,n;eceT ro,n;ttHa casHaJIO ce BHIIIe o rra)Klhll, cp)'HKII;ttjaMa ll KapaKTepttcTttKaMa orrepaTHB-
He MeMopttje Hero y rrpeTxo,n;HHX ocaM,n;eceT.
I1cTpa)KttBalha Koja cy yrne,n;llJia rrorne OBHX sattcTa HMrrpecHBHHX OTKpttna rroKa-
saJia cy He caMO ,n;a je OBaj MeMopttjCKll ,Il;OMeH CJIO)KeHlljll HO IIITO ce rrpeTIIOCTaBJhaJIO Ben
OITEPATI1BHA MEMOPI1JA 143
M p;a HeKM saKJbyqIJ;M o lheroBMM KapaKTepMCTMKaMa HMcy TaKo IToysp;aHM Kao lllTO ce
qMHIDIO. KaKo je ,D;OlllJIO p;o Tora p;a ce peJiaTMBHO jacHa CJIMKa c IToqeTKa lllesp;eceTMX
rO,D;MHa ITPOlllJIOr BeKa ITpeTBOpM y Malhe jaCHy CJIMKY KOja y BeJIMKOj MepM Tpaje ,D;O
p;aHallllhMX p;aHa? PesMMe casHalha cTeqeHMX p;o cpep;MHe lllesp;eceTMX rop;MHa HaJiasM-
MO y MO,D;eJIY ATKMHCOHa M IllmppMHa. 0Baj MO,D;eJI MMa ITpeu;MSHO p;eq:mHMCaHe KOM-
ITOHeHTe, CBaKa KOMITOHeHTa MMa Malhe-BMllle jacHO op;pel)eHe <}:lyttKIJ;Mje, a jacHO cy
op;pel)eHM M op;HOCM MSMel)y p;eJIOBa CMCTeMa. Mop;eJI ATKMHCOHa M lIIM<}:lpMHa HMje,
Mel)yTMM, caMO jep;aH O,D; KM6epHeTMqKMX MO,D;eJia: OH O,D;CJIMKaBa BM])elhe HaqMHa
Ha KOjM je KOrHMTMBHM CMCTeM ycTpojeH. 3a KM6epHeTMqKe MO,D;eJie, Kao lllTO je MO-
p;eJI ATKMHCOHa M lIIM<}:lpMHa, ITOce6Hy TelllKony ITpep;cTaBJbajy MHTepaKu;Mje MSMel)y
KOMITOHeHTM CMCTeMa. l1aKO MX OBaKBM MO,D;eJIM HaOKO jep;HOCTaBHO ITpeBasHJiase
yBol)elheM ,D;BOCTPJKMX Besa, CBaKa MHTepaKu;Mja y ce6M cap;p}KM ITOTeHu;MjaJIHM ITpo-
6JieM KOjM MO}Ke p;a MMa sa ITOCJiep;Mu;y yBol)elhe HOBMX eJieMeHaTa y CMCTeM. AKO ce
ITOKa}Ke (Kao lllTO ce M ITOKaSaJIO) p;a Ha sap;p}KaBalhe MaTepMjaJia y OITepaTMBHOj MeMO-
pMjM Y™qY MHTep<}:lepeHu;Mja, ITpoaKTMBHa MHXH6Mu;Mja, sHaqelhcKe KapaKTepMCTMKe
sa,D;p}KaHor MaTepMjaJia M p;pyrM qMHMOIJ;M, aKo ce, ,D;aJbe, ITOKa}Ke p;a y saBMCHOCTM O,D;
eKcITepMMeHTaJIHe ITpou;ep;ype p;o6MjaMo pasJIMqMTe Mcxop;e M, Hajsap;, aKo ce ITOKa}Ke
p;a HeKM op; ITOMeHyrMx qMHIDiau;a He yTHqe caMo Ha sap;p}KaBalhe MaTepMjaJia Ben M Ha
MaKCMMaJIHY KOJIMqMHY MH<}:lopMau;Mja KOjOM MO}KeMO p;a OITepMllleMO, OH,D;a OBaKBM
HaJiaSM ITpeBasHJiase MorynHOCTM MO,D;eJia, Ma KOJIMKO OH 6Mo CJIO}KeH.
KpeHMMO pep;oM. 0 Tpajalhy MaTepMjaJia y oITepaTMBHoj MeMopMjM He MO}KeMo
p;a p;aMO KOHaqaH cyp; jep OHO saBMCM He caMo 0,lJ; paSJIMqMTMX MexaHMSaMa Kao lllTO
cy ITpoaKTMBHa M peTpOaKTMBHa MHXM6Mu;Mja, Ben M 0,lJ; Tora p;a JIM OITepMllleMO CMM-
caOHMM IDIM 6ecMMCJieHMM MaTepMjaJioM. CMMcaoHocT MaTepMjaJia He 6M Tpe6aJio p;a
6yp;e op; sHaqaja sa lheroBo sap;p)KaBalhe Ben 6M, yKoJIMKo ITpMxBaTMMo MIDiepoBe YBM-
p;e, Tpe6aJio p;a 6yp;e op; sHaqaja Kap;a je y ITMTalhY KaITaIJ;MTeT oITepaTMBHe MeMopMje.
qMlheHMIJ;a p;a je Tpajalhe ycJIOBJbeHO M SHaqelhCKOM KOMITOHeHTOM cyrepMllle p;a cy
,D;Be HaOKO HesaBMCHe KapaKTepMCTMKe OITepaTMBHe MeMopMje, Kao lllTO cy KaITaIJ;MTeT
M Tpajalhe MH<}:lopMau;Mje, saITpaBO KOMMITJIMKaTMBHe. AKO saHeMapMMO Ha TpeHyraK
OCTaJie qMHMOu;e, 0 Tpajalhy MO}KeMO p;a rOBOpMMO caMO aKO SHaMo HelllTO 0 ITPMHIJ;M-
ITMMa ITO KOjMMa je MaTepMjaJI peKO,D;OBaH, Tj. rpyrrMcaH y CMMCaOHe u;eJIMHe. TMMe OBe
p;Be KapaKTepMCTMKe ITocrnjy p;Ba acITeKrn MCTor <}:leHoMeHa KojM sa cap;a jolll YBeK He
pasyMeMo p;oBOJbHO (cf. Cowan, 2001).
,I(pyrM ITpo6JieM ITOTMqe MS MCTOr OKBMpa M O,D;HOCM ce Ha MS,D;Bajalhe OITepaTMB-
He MeMopMje Kao ,lJ;MCKpeTHe KOMITOHeHTe CMCTeMa o6pap;e MH<}:lopMau;Mja. 3HaqelhCKa
KOMITOHeHTa, BM,D;eJIM CMO, MO}Ke p;a yTMqe Ha Tpajalhe MaTepMjaJia y OITepaTMBHOj MeMo-
pMjM, a ys TO M p;a peJiaTMBMsyje ITMTalhe lheHMX KaITaIJ;MTeTa. AlIM OITepaTMBHa MeMopMja
HMje TpajHo cKJia,D;MlllTe, y lhoj He ITOCTOje TpajHo sap;p}KaHe ITpep;cTaBe. Ms Tora rnep;M p;a
SHaqelhCKa KOMITOHeHTa Mopa p;a ITOTMqe MS p;yroTpajHe MeMopMje. To, )J;aJbe, SHaqM p;a cy
KapaKTepMCTMKe oITepaTMBHe MeMopMje ITO,D; yrMu;ajeM cap;p}Kaja M MexaHMSaMa p;pyror
MeMopMjCKor p;oMeHa. Illrn cy oHp;a cITeu;M<}:lMqHa rnojcrna oITepaTMBHe MeMopMje M p;a
JIM ce OHa yoITlllTe Mory MS,D;BOjMTM Kao TaKBa, ITOlllTO je TaKopenM CBaKa lheHa KapaKTe-
pMCTMKa ITO,D; yrMu;ajeM p;pymx KOMITOHeHTM CHCTeMa o6pap;e MH<}:lopMau;Mja?
l1aKo p;yro BpeMeHa OCTaBJbaHM ITO CTpaHM, ITpo6JieMM o6aBJbalha CJIO}KeHMjMX
KOrHMTMBHMX sap;aTaKa y KOjMMa, HeMa cyMlhe, yqeCTByje M OITepaTMBHa MeMOpMja,
144 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCHXOJIOfI1JA
PE3HME
KaKo rJiac11 I111Tarop11Ha TeopeMa? lliTa je IIap11s? KaKo Tpe6a .n;a n0Mep11M
waxoBcKe q:mrype .n;a 611x HanpaB110 poKa,n;y? f.n;e caM 6110 Ha JieToBaIDy npowJie ro-
.n;11He? 0BaKBa 11 CJIWIHa n11Talba HaM ce CBaKO,n;HeBHO nocTaBJbajy a o.n;roBope Ha lhl1X
Hajqernne .n;ajeMo 6es 11KaKBl1X TelllKOna. AKO 611CMO ce yrr11TaJil1 KaKO TO q11Hl1MO, Be-
poBaTHO 611CMO o.n;roBOpHJI11 .n;a je TO .n;eo Harner 3Halba Koje CMO CTeKJil1 y lllKOJil1, HeKe
CTBap11 CMO HaY"CJHJil1 BaH lllKOJie a HeK11X ;n;ora)jaja Ce je,n;HOCTaBHO cenaMO jep CMO y
IDl1Ma yqecTBOBaJI11. AKo 611cMo ce, ,n;a1be, yrr11TaJI11 r.n;e ce HaJiase CBe Te 11mpopMan;11je
HJil1, .n;a yrr0Tpe611MO npen;11sH11jy cpopMyJian;11jy, r.n;e je ycKJia)J;11lllTeHo TO 3Halbe, Ha TO
nl1Talhe, no CBOj np11JI11n;11, He 611CMO MOfJil1 .n;a ,n;aMO o.n;roBop. I1MaJil1 611CMO HejacHy
11HTYJ1D;l1jy .n;a je TO 3Halbe ycKJia)J;l1lllTeHo y HallleM MOsry, aJil1 Bl1llle o.n; Tora TelllKO .n;a
611cMo MOrJI11 .n;a Ka)I{eMo. ,II;ar<Jie, r.n;e cy ycKJia,n;11wTeHa oBa sHaIDa? I1cTpa)I{11Baq11 Ko-
rH11T11BH11x npon;eca 611 ce CJIO)I{HJil1 .n;a cy oHa yc1<Jia,n;11wTeHa y gyzompajHoj MeMopuju,
KOMnoHeHTl1 CHCTeMa o6pa.n;e 11HcpopMan;11ja y Kojoj je y 06JI11Ky MeHTaJIHl1X penpeseH-
Tan;11ja (npe,n;CTaBa) U1pajHO ycKJia,I1;11lllTeHO Harne UplOKYUHO 3Halbe. I111Tarop11Ha TeO-
peMa, IIap11s, npaBHJia noMepalba wax:OBCKl1X cp11rypa 11 cenalbe Ha npornJioro.n;11wIDe
JieToBaIDe .n;eo cy ca,n;p)I{aja Hawe .n;yroTpajHe MeMop11je Koj11 no n0Tpe611 MO)I{eMo .n;a
no6y,n;11MO 11 KOp11CTl1MO.
KoHcTarnu;11ja .n;a je y .n;yroTpajHoj MeMop11j11 ycKJia,n;11wTeHo n;eJioKyrrHo sHaIDe
q11H11 ce 11HTYJ1Tl1BHO jacHOM, )];OK ce He yrr11TaMO o.n; qera ce OHO cacToj11. lliTa je TO
148 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
lllTO 3HaMO, Koje BpeTe 3Halba MMaMO y BM,1JY Kap;a Ka)l{eMO ,,u;eJIOKynHo 3Halbe", p;a
JIM OHO MO)l{e p;a ee rrop;eJIM Ha IIO,D;BpeTe, II aKo MO)l{e, 0 KOjMM IIO,D;BpeTaMa 3Halba je
pe11? y IIOKYlllajy p;a op;roBOpMMO Ha OBa IIMTalba BepoBaTHO 611eMO 3aIObJ1IMlIM p;a OHO
o6yxBaTa sHalbe o ernap11Ma Koje Hae oKpy)l{yjy, o arreTpaKTHMM rrojMOBMMa, 3Halbe
0 eap;allllbMM II rrpOlllJIMM p;oral)ajMMa II lbMXOBMM yi:ieeHMIJ;MMa, 3Halbe 0 rrojep;MHMM
o6JiaeTMMa (Hrrp. cpI13MKa, KlbM)l{eBHOeT, yMeTHOeT MT,IJ;.), p;a o6yxBaTa Hallla eehalha Ha
p;oral)aje y KOjMMa eMo yi:ieeTBOBaJIM, sHalbe o TOMe KaKo ee o6aBJbajy rrojep;MHe orrepa-
u;11je II pap;Ibe MT,II;. I1sBeCHO je p;a 611eMO y OBaKBOM Ha6pajalby MOrJIM p;a HaBep;eMo jolll
MHOfO pa3JII11IMTMX BpeTa 3Halba, ys HeM36e)l{H0 oeenalbe p;a eMO HelllTO rrporryeTMJIM.
qMlbemru;a p;a eMo Ha6pojaJIM BeJIMKM 6poj pa3JIM1IMTMX BpeTa 3Halba YKasyje Ha To p;a
je eap;p)l{aj p;yroTpajHe MeMop11je MsyseTHO pa3HOJIMK II p;a Mel)y pa3JII11IMTMM BpeTaMa
3Halba rroeToje KBaJIMTaTMBHe pa3JIMKe. 0Ba pa3HOJIMKOeT pa3JIOr je lllTO rroeTojM HeKo-
JIMKO KpMTep11jyMa KJiaCMcpMKau;Mje eap;p)l{aja p;yroTpajHe MeMOpMje KOjM, Kao lllTO neMO
BM,IJ;eTM, HMey YBeK p;o Kpaja p;ornep;HM.
KpeHMMO HaBol)elbeM HeKOJIMKO rrp11Mepa. llfra eMo pap;MJIM rrpolllJior JieTa,
lllTa je Ilap11s, KaKo ee 11rpa lllax, KaKo rJiaeM Il11Tarop11Ha TeopeMa, CBaKaKo ey eap;p-
)l{ajM KOjM rrpep;eTaBJbajy p;eo MHBeHTapa Halller 3Halba, aJIM ee OHM pa3JIMKyjy no MHO-
rMM KapaKTepMeTMKaMa. llfra eMO pap;MJIM rrpOlllJIOr JieTa I1HcpopMau;11ja je JII11IHe
rrp11pop;e 1111je yCBajalbe Haj11elllne MO)l{eMo p;a Jiou;11paMo y BpeMeHy II rrpoeTOpy, p;oK
je sHalbe o TOMe p;a je Ilap11s rJiaBHM rpap; <PpaHu;yCKe 3Halbe o rrojMy. Ms oBor rrp11-
Mepa HarnyhyjeMo pasJIMKY M3Mel)y p;Be BpeTe 3Halba. To lllTO sHaMo p;a je Ilap11s rJiaB-
HM rpap; jep;He eBporrCKe p;p)l{aBe 3Ha1111 p;a HaM je rrosHaT eap;p)l{aj rrojMa KOjM je Ha
MeTM Ha1IMH II03HaT (MJIM 611 Tpe6aJIO p;a 6yp;e II03HaT) II OeTaJIMM qJiaHOBMMa eou;110-
JIMHfBMeTM1IKe sajep;HMu;e Kojoj rrp11rrap;aMO. HaeynpoT TOMe, Hallie eenalbe Ha TO lllTa
eMo pap;MJIM y Ilap11sy rrpolllJIOr JieTa rrpep;eTaBJba eap;p)l{aj JIM11He rrp11pop;e KOjM He
Mopa p;a 6yp;e II03HaT oeTaJIMM qJiaHOBMMa sajep;HMu;e.
,[(eo eap;p)l{aja p;yroTpajHe MeMop11je KOjM o6yxBaTa 1IMlheHM1IHO sHalbe, p;aKJie,
3Halbe 0 rrojMOBMMa II I1HcpopMau;11je pa3JII11IMTe BpeTe Ha3MBaMO geKllapaU1UB1-lUM
31-lal-beM. 0BOM BpeTOM 3Halba He 11eu;prrJbyje ee MHBeHTap Halller JKynHor sHalba.
HeKM op; Hae 3Hajy p;a mpajy lllax, HeKo je BelllT y rrporpaM11palhy, HeKo sHa cppaH-
u;yeKM, a CBM BJiap;aMO MaTeplbMM je3MKOM. IlpaBMJia KpeTalba cp11rypa Ha lllaXoBeKoj
Ta6JIM, ynoTpe6a op;pel)eHMX CMM6oJia rroMohy Koj11x pa11yttap o6aBJba HeKe orrepau;11je
II rroeTaBJbalbe pe1111 y O,Il;HOee KOjM p;ajy eMMeaoHy u;eJIMHY rrpep;eTaBJbajy orrepau;Mje sa
Koje je rroTpe6Ho 3Halbe o apowgypu p;a 611 ee ,IJ;OlllJIO p;o )l{eJbeHor 11exop;a. CTOra ey
HaBep;eHM rnyi:iajeBM rrp11Mep11 apowgypallHOf 31-lal-ba. Yo1111Mo pasJIMKY M3Mel)y rrojMa
II rrpou;ep;ype. To lllTO 3HaMo p;a je lllax 11rpa, p;a je rrporpaM11palbe rroeTyrraK KOjMM
oMorynaBaMo p;a pa11yttap o6aBM HeKe orrepau;11je II p;a je cppaHu;yeKM poMaHeKM jesMK
KOjMM ee rOBOpM y <PpaHu;yCKoj, He 3Ha1IM II p;a 3HaMO p;a MrpaMO lllax, p;a rrporpaMM-
paMO II p;a rOBOpMMO cppaHu;yeKM. y HaBep;eHMM e.r.ryqajeBMMa MMaMO 3Halbe 0 rrojMo-
BMMa, aJIM He II rrpou;ep;ypaJIHO 3Halbe. YKoJIMKo 611eMo )l{eJieJIM y HajKpanMM u;pTaMa
p;a IIOBJ1IeMO pa3JIMKY M3Mel)y p;eKJiapaTMBHOr II rrpou;ep;ypaJIHOr 3Halba, MOrJIM 6MeMo
peh11 p;a je p;eKJiapaTMBHO 3Halbe sHalbe ,,o" He11eMy, p;oK ee rrpou;ep;ypaJIHO sHalbe op;Ho-
e11 Ha TO ,,KaKo" ee o6aBJbajy rrojep;MHe orrepau;11je. Ilop;eJia Ha p;eKJiapaTMBHO II rrpou;e-
p;ypaJIHO 3Halbe eaMO je jep;aH op; Moryh11x KpMTep11jyMa Ha oeHOBY KOjMX MO)l{eMO p;a
pasJIMKyjeMo pa3JIM1IMTe BpeTe eap;p)l{aja p;yroTpajHe MeMop11je.
.[()TOTPAJHA MEMOPHJA: OPfAHI13AU:I1JA 3HAfhA 149
1
ITocTOje rrojMOBM Koj11 ce He o;n;Hoce Ha KaTerop11jy Ben Ha rroje;n;11tta"l!He MHcTami:e. 0Bo je ttaj-qernbe
C.IIJ'Iaj c OHOMaCTI1"l!KI1M rrojMOBI1Ma y Koje crra;n;ajy TOIIOHI1MI1, aHTpOIIOHI1MI1 I1 Ha3I1BI1.
150 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
,[(eo Harner yi<yrrnor 3Halha qMHM 3Halhe o nojMOBMMa KojM cy, no TaJIBMHroBoj
KJiacmpMKau;MjM, ycKJiap:MrnTeHM y ceMaHTMqKoj MeMopMjM (Tulving, 1972). IllTa je TO
rnTo nojaM qMHM nojMOM M Ha KojM HaqMH ce jep:aH nojaM pasJim<yje op: ocTaJIMX noj-
MOBa? CBaKM nojaM Moryne je op:pep:MTM npeKo CKyrra gucillUHKillUBHUX oglluKa (distin-
ctive features), Tj. KapaKTepMcTMKa Koje ra jep:HosHaqHo crreu;m):rnKyjy M no KOjMMa ce
p:aTM nojaM pasJIMKyje op: OCTaJIMX nojMOBa. y Haqeny, nojaM HaM je nosHaT JKOJIMKO
cy HaM nosHaTe lheroBe ,ll;MCTMHKTMBHe O,ll;JIMKe, a.JIM M lheroBa noBe3aHOCT ca p:pyrMM
nojMOBMMa. YsMMMO rnep:enM npMMep. AKO 6McMo )KeJieJIM p:a p:eq:mHMrneMo nojaM
J1Cupa<jja, peKJIM 6McMo p:a ce OH op:HOCM Ha )l{MBOTMlhy Koja npMnap:a KJiacM cMcapa, p:a
je op:JIMKyjy p:yraqaK BpaT, p:yre TaHKe Hore, p:a )l{MBM y AcppMu;M, p:a ce xpaHM JIMrnneM
MT,ll;. ITpMMeTMMO p:a CMO y OBOM Ha6pajalhy HaBeJIM oco6MHe Koje npMnap:ajy caMO
:>IrnpacpM (gyfa11aK apam, gyfe illaHKe Hofe), a.JIM M oco6MHe Koje npMnap:ajy M p:pyrMM
)l{MBOTMlhaMa (cucap, xpaHu ce llUutheM, JICUBU y A<jjpu11u) Koje TaKol)e MMajyCBoje p:M-
CTMHKTMBHe O,l];JIMKe, qMMe CMO OBaj nojaM CMeCTHJIM y rnMpM KOHu;enTyaJIHM OKBMp.
ITornTo HaBep:eHe op:JIMKe rnKol)e npep:cTaBJbajy nojMoBe, sa pasyMeBalhe jep:Hor nojMa
Heonxop:Ho je nosHaBalhe M BeJIMKor 6poja p:pyrMx nojMoBa. TernKo 6M 6HJio op:pep:M-
TM rnTa je )l{Mpacpa JKOJIMKO He 6MCMO nocep:OBaJIM 3Halha 0 nojMOBMMa Kao rnTO cy
JICUBoillu1-ba, cucap, gyfa11aK, illaHaK MTP:.
Mel)yrMM, sHalhe o CBeTy HMje 3Halhe o cKyrry M30JIOBaHHX nojMoBa Ben YKJbyqyje
M lhHXOBY Mel)yco6Hy noBesaHOCT. I1MajynM TO y BMp:y, MO)l{eMO ce yrrMTaTM KOjM cy
TO npMHIJ;MnM no KOjMMa cy nojMOBM Mel)yco6Ho noBesaHM, jep CaMo aKo cy opraHM-
30BaHM no op:pel)eHOM npMHIJ;Mrry (HJIM npMHIJ;MnMMa), nojMOBM npep:CTaBJbajy 3Halhe
o HeqeMy. CKyrr M30JIOBaHMX, HenoBesaHHX nojMoBa He caMo p:a je TernKo saMMCJIMTH
Ben 6M TaKBo sHalhe 6HJio op: MaJie KOpMCTM. ITornTo op:pel)elhe nojMa saxTeBa sHalhe o
p:pyrMM nojMoBMMa, yCBajalhe HOBHX nojMoBa HMje Moryne 6es Ben nocTOjenHX sHalha.
YKpaTKO, 3Halhe o op:pel)eHoM nojMy YKJbyqyje M 3Halhe o lheroBoj noBesaHOCTM ca p:py-
rMM nojMOBMMa. Y onMCMBalhy Tor sHalha HaMene ce nMTalhe roracMcpMKau;Mje nojMoBa,
rnqHMje, nMTalhe lhMXOBe opraHMsau;Mje y ceMaHTMqKoj MeMopMjM. I1aKo je 6poj nojMoBa
noTeHu;MjaJIHO HeorpaHMqeH, caMo op:pel)eHa nojMOBHa opraHMsau;Mja KopecnoHp:Mpa c
op:HOCMMa y peaJIHOM CBeTy. I1MTalhe je, p:aKJie, KaKo onMcaTM TaKBY opraHMsau;Mjy M
KaKO yrBp,ll;MTM p:a JIM OHa 3aMcTa KopecnoHp:Mpa c O,ll;HOCMMa y peaJIHOM CBery.
Ha npBM nomep:, qMHM ce p:a je oBo npo6JieM op: MaprMHaJIHor sHaqaja. CBaKa
eHu;moronep:Mja HaM MO)l{e p:aTM onrnTe p:ecpMHMIJ;Mje BeJIMKor 6poja nojMoBa, a p:e-
TalbHMje p:ecpMHMIJ;Mje M KJiaCHcpMKau;Mje MO)l{eMo p:a p:o6MjeMO y OKBMPY pa3JIMqMTMX
p:Mcu;MnJIMHa. TaKo 6M HaM sooJiorMja, Ha npMMep, p:aJia npeu;MsHe p:ecpMHMIJ;Mje CBMX
BpCTa )l{MBOTMlha M lhMXOBY KJiaCMcpm<au;Mjy, 6oTaHMKa 6M HaM TO MCTO npy)KHJia sa
6M.JbKe MT,ll;. ,,EHIJ;MKJionep:MjCKo" 3Halhe, p:ecpMHMIJ;Mje M KJiaCMcpMKau;Mje KOje OHO npy-
)l{a CBaKaKO cy Mcu;pnHM M (ycJIOBHO peqeHo) TaqHM, a.JIM ce nocTaBJba nMTalhe p:a JIM je
Harne 3Halhe aHaJIOrHO KJiacMcpMKau;MjaMa OBe BpCTe, O,ll;HOCHO p:a JIM cy M nojMOBM y
ceMaHTMqKoj MeMOpMjM opraHM30BaHM Ha OBaj Haq1rn. 0Bo nMTalhe nocTaje aKTyeJIHO
cpep:MHOM rnesp:eceTMX rop:MHa npornJior BeKa Kap:a noqMlhy M npBa eMnMpMjcKa
MCTpa}KMBalha opraHMsau;Mje ceMaHTMqKe MeMopMje.
,Il,YfOTPAJHA MEMOPI1JA: OPfAHI13Al(I1JA 3HAlliA 153
Poe KwcujaH
6HCMO y cyrrpoTHOM p;o6mm HCKa3e KOjH HeMajy CMHCJia I1 Koje je CTora HeMoryne Be-
pmpHKOBaTH (Hrrp. ,,Cncap je nae."). TipnMeTHMO p;a je H orpamrqeHo 3Halhe CHHTaKce
JKThyqeHo y xnjepaXHjCKy CTPJKTYPY· Cy6jeKaT H rrpep;nKaT ncKasa op;pe))eHH cy HJIH
IIOJIO)l{ajeM y XHjepapXHjCKOj opraHH3au;njH (Hrrp. aac => cucap ), HJIH O,Il;HOCOM rroj-
Ma I1 ,Il;HCTHHKTHBHHX O,D;JIHKa Ha HCTOM HJIH pa3JII1qHTHM XHjepapXHjCKHM HHBOHMa
(Hrrp. aac => JLaje, aac => guiue). Tioce6Ho 3HaqajHa KapaKTepncTHKa KHJinjaHOBor
rrpHcTyrra je p;a ce ,Il;HCTHHKTHBHe O,D;JIHKe ca BHiller HHBOa y XHjepapXHjH rrporrarH-
pajy Ha CBe HH)l{e HHBOe. AKO je JLeille1-be, Ha rrpnMep, jep;Ha O,Il; ,Il;HCTHHKTHBHHX O,D;JIHKa
rrojMa amu71a, OHa ce He IIOHaBJha Ha HI1)l{I1M HHBOHMa y XHjepapXHjH, IllTO 3Haqn p;a
JLeille1-be Helie 6HTH y cKyrry op;JIHKa roey6a HJIH 6HJio Koje p;pyre BpcTe rrTnu;a. TnMe je,
ITO KHJIHjaHOBOM MHillJhelhy, IIOCTHrHyTa MaKCHMaJIHa eKOHOMHqHOCT rrojMOBHe op-
raHH3au;nje, IllTO je sa IIOCJiep;nu;y HMaJIO I1 MHHHMaJIHY OIITepeneHOCT MalliHHe .
.tf HMaKom:y
. ···<:iv Kpelie ce
lKMBOTMlb~,Q/::·::: .... ~Hme
..··•··· ···.•...
je ../ je..··..
KHJinjaHoB rrporpaM je, Kao rnTo cMo BH,D;eJIH, HMao p;Ba 3HaqajHa orpaHnqelha.
Tipnpop;a xnjepapXHjCKe opraHnsau;nje je cBeJia perrepTOap HCKasa Ha jep;HocTaBHe
ncKase (Hrrp. ,,nae je cncap." HJIH ,,TITnu;a HMa KpHJia. "),a orpaHnqeH je 6no H perrep-
Toap rrojMoBa KojnMa je MarnnHa orrepncaJia. HrraK, oBaKo KOHu;nrrnpaH rrporpaM 6no
je y cTalh y ycrrernHo p;a Bepmpm<yje HCKase Kojn cy MOrJIH p;a ce reHepnrny Ha ornoBy
pacrroJIO)l{HBOr perrepToapa rrojMoBa.
Crroco6HOCT MarnnHe p;a BepmpnKyje orpaHnqeHH 6poj HCKasa rrponcTnqe H3
rrpnpop;e XHjepapXHjcKe opraHnsau;nje. TI pemep;oM CJIHKe 1 BH.D;HMO p;a ce p;o ncrrpaBHor
O,Il;fOBOpa ,Il;OJia3H JKOJIHKO ce rrpaTH rrpaBau; Be3e I13Me)jy rrop;pe))eHHX I1 Hap;pe))eHHX
rrojMoBa. l1CI<a3 ,,Opao je )l{HBOTHlba." KBaJIHcpHKyje ce Kao HCTHHHT IIOillTO IIOCTOjH
p;npeKTHa Besa H3Me))y rrojMoBa opao H JICU60illu1-ba. HacyrrpoT TOMe, ncKa3 ,,Opao je
pn6a." 6nne ou;elheH Kao HeHCTHHHT jep ce rrojaM pu6a HaJiasn y p;pyroj XHjepapXHjcKoj
IIJTalbH. 36or MaJIHX MeMopnjcKHX Karrau;HTeTa I1 CKpOMHe 6p3HHe paqJHapa OHOf
BpeMeHa 6HJie cy rrpHMeTHe pa3JIHKe y 6p3I1HI1 BepHcpHKau;nje pa3JII1qHTHX HCKa3a.
156 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
2)J;aHac 6ncMo Kmni:jaHoB rrporpaM Ha3BaJII1 eKcuepiUHUM cucilleMoM jep rrpep;CTaBJna 6a3y CTPJKTyp11paHor
3HaH>a o HeKoj o6JiaCTH.
,[l;YfOTPAJHA MEMOPI1JA: OPfAHI13AUI1JA 3HAfuA 157
Kpenece
pa3JII1Ka H3HOCIIJia ,II;Ba XHjepapXHjcKa HHBOa (m1p. ,,Opao je )KHBOTHH>a.") /CJIHKa 1/.
I1pHKa3aHH cy H HCKa3H KO,II; KOjHX cy rrocTOjaJie XHjepapXHjCKe pa3JIHKe H3Mel)y rrojMa
. ITTHII;a rpa6JbHBHJJ;a. " ' " 0 pao JieTH. " ' " 0 pao ,II;Hllle. ")
H H>erOBHX O,II;JIHKa (Hrrp. " 0 pao Je
/cJIHKa 1/. ,Il;o6HjeHH pesyJITaTH rrpHKa3aHH cy Ha CJIHII;H 3.
1550~-------------~
opao
1400
3agautKy Kautefopu3a11uje rrp11Ka3arm: Benn 6poj rrapoBa CTHMJJIYCa (Schaeffer & Wallace,
1970).3 Ha eKpaHy Ta:XHCTOCKorra 611 ce rrojamme p;Be peq11 (rrojMa), a 3ap;aTaK HCIIHTa-
HHKa 6110 je p;a rrpHTHCKOM Ha TaCTep op;rOBOpH p;a JIM rrpHKa3aHH rrap rrpHrrap;a HCTOj
HJIH pa3JIHqHTOj KaTeropHjH. I1pHKa3aHe cy qeTHpH KaTeropHje rrojMOBa, a HCIIHTaHH-
u;H 611 AaJIH rro3HTHBaH op;roBop JKOJIHKO 611 rrpHKa3aHH rrap rrp11rrap;ao HCToj KaTero-
pHjH Ha HCTOM XHjepapXHjCKOM HHBOY (Hrrp. pyJ1Ca: Kaparufiwi). I1pHKa3aHH rrojMOBH
HMaJIH cy CBoje Hap;pel)eHe KaTerop11je (Hrrp. pyJ1Ca H KapaH<jjull cy rrop;pel)eHH rrojMOBH
y op;Hocy Ha Hap;pel)eHH rrojaM 11aeut). To 3Haq11 p;a je rrapoBe CTHMYJIYCa KojH He rrpH-
rrap;ajy HCTOj KaTeropHjH (Ha Koje je HCIIHTaHHK pearoBaO HeraTHBHHM op;roBopoM)
6HJio Moryne p;aJbe KJiacmpHKOBaTH Ha OHe KOjH rrpHrrap;ajy H OHe KOjH He rrpHrrap;ajy
HCTHM Hagpe'IJeHUM KaTerop11jaMa (Hrrp. pyJ1Ca: 6ulbKa H pyJ1Ca: J1Cuaoutu1-ba). Pe3yJITaTH
eKcrrepHMeHTa cy rroKa3aJIH p;a je BpeMe KaTerop113au;11je rrapoBa KojH cy rrp11rrap;aJIH
pa3JIHqHTHM Hap;pel)eHHM KaTerop11jaMa (op;roBop ,,He") 6p)l{e op; BpeMeHa KaTerop11-
3au;11je rrapoBa KOjH cy rrpHrrap;aJIH HCTHM Hap;pel)eHHM KaTeropHjaMa. 0BaKaB HCXOA
y cyrrpoTHOCTH je ca rrpep;BHl}aI:bHMa MO)];eJia XHjepapXHjCKHX Mpe)l{a jep 611 ITO OBOM
MO)];eJIY rrojMOBH KOjH ce HaJia3e Ha HCTOj rryTaI:hH XHjepapXHjCKOr CTa6Jia Tpe6aJio p;a
6yp;y KaTeropHcaHH 6p)l{e op; OHHX KOjH ce HaJia3e Ha pa3JIHqHTHM IIYTaI:baMa, O)];HOCHO
p;eJIOBHMa CTa6Jia.
H p;oK HaJia3H Illecpepa H BoJiaca cyrepmuy p;a XHjepapXHjcKa opraHH3au;11ja MO-
)l{)];a HHje jep;HHH HaqHH opraHH30BaI:ha rrojMoBa y ceMaHTHqKoj MeMop11j11, omep; BHJI-
KHHca je JKa3ao Ha o36HJhHHje rrpo6JieMe ca KojHMa ce cyoqaBa Mop;eJI XHjepapXHjcKHX
Mpe)l{a (Wilkins, 1971). Jep;Ha op; KapaKTepHCTHKa OBOr MO)];eJia je paBHOrrpaBaH CTa-
TYC CBHX rrojMoBa Kojn cy o6yxBaheHH Hap;pel)eHHM rrojMoM. ITojMOBH Kao IIITO cy aac,
Ma11Ka, Jlucu11a, 3e6pa HTp;. y ncTOj Mepn rrpnrrap;ajy Hap;pel)eHoj KaTerop11j11 cucapa n y
TOM CMHCJIY Mel)y I:bHMa He IIOCTOjH pa3JIHKa. J13 Tora CJiep;H p;a 6n BpeMe Bep11cpnKa-
u;11je Tpe6aJio p;a 6yp;e HCTO 3a CBe HCKa3e KO)]; KOjHX ce Ha MeCTY cy6jeKTa HaJia3e rrojMo-
BH KOjH rrpHrrap;ajy HCTOj Hap;pel)eHoj KaTeropnjn. BHJIKHHC je, Mel)YTHM, IIOKa3ao p;a ce
y 3ap;aTKY KaTeropn3au;11je p;o611jajy pa3JinqnTa BpeMeHa pearoBaI:ha 3a pa3JIHqHTe rrpH-
rrap;HHKe HcTe KaTerop11je. ITapoBH THrra Hoj: autu11a HJIH uuHfBUH: autu11a KaTerop11ca-
HH cy crrop11je op; rrapoBa THrra apa6a11: autu11a HJIH folly6: autu11a (Wilkins, 1971). IIITa
611 Morao p;a 6yp;e y3poK OBHM pa3JIHKaMa? HHTYHTHBHO, peKJIH 6HcMo p;a Bpa6au; BHIIIe
,,JIHq11" Ha IITHI.J;Y Hero IIHHrBHH. I1HHfBHH He JieTH, p;o6ap p;eo )l{HBOTa rrpoBO)];H y BO)];H
a I:heroBa KpHJia He JIHqe Ha IITnqja KpHJia. YKpaTKO, IIHHrBHH HHje ,,THIIHqHa" IITHu;a.
YKoJIHKO je oBa HHTYHI.J;Hja TaqHa, OHp;a HaJia3H BHJIKHHCOBor omep;a JKa3yjy Ha TO p;a
H CTerreH UlUUU"iHOCUlU rrojMa y O)];HOCY Ha KaTerop11jy Kojoj rrpHrrap;a ( Tj. Hap;pel)eHH
rrojaM) MO)l{e p;a YTHqe Ha BpeMe KaTerop113au;11je a caMHM THM H Ha BpeMe Bep11cpm<a-
u;11je. To, p;aJbe, 3Haq11 p;a je Heorrxop;Ha Mop;ncp11Kau;11ja XHjepapXHjcKe opraHH3au;nje
Koja 611 JKlliyqHJia H CTerreH THIIHqHOCTH rrojMa y op;Hocy Ha Hap;pel)eHy KaTeropnjy.
3
3a pasm,IKy O,IJ; sa,IJ;aTKa Bepmp11Ka:u;rrje, y sa,IJ;aTKY KaTeroprrsa:u;rrje He rrpHKasyje ce HCKas Ben ce crr-
MYJITaHo HJIH cyK:u;ernBHO rrprrKasyjy ,z:i;Ba rrojMa (pe<m), a sa,z:i;arnK HCIIHTaHHKa je ,IJ;a o,z:i;roBopH (rrpHTH-
CKOM Ha TaCTep) ,z:i;a JIH rrpHKa3aHH rrojMOBH rrprrrra,z:i;ajy HCTOj KaTeropHjH. ITpHMeTHMO ,z:i;a je KaTeroprrsa-
:u;11ja rrpHCYTHa Hy sa,z:i;aTKY Bepm}mKa:u;11je HCKasa: ,z:i;a 6rr ce YTBP,D;HJIO ,IJ;a JIH je HCKa3 HCTHHHT, HeOIIXO,Il;HO
je rrpeTXO,ll;HO yTBp,ll;HTH ,z:i;a JIH cy cy6jeKaT H rrpe,IJ;HKaT y HCTOM XHjepapXHjCKOM HHBOY HJIH HCTOj
XHjepapXHjCKoj IIYTalhH, IIITO je aHaJIOrHO rrp11rra,IJ;HOCTH y:>Koj HJIH IIIHpoj KaTeroprrjH.
160 KOrHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
HaMepH ,JJ;a HCIIHTa ,JJ;a Jil1 HHTeH3HTeT O,JJ;JIHKa yTuqe Ha BpeMe Bepmj:mKau;Hje, KoHpa,D;o-
Ba perrJIHD;Hpa rrpou;eAypy KopmnneHy y orne,JJ;y KoJIHHca l1 KHJIHjaHa TaKO IllTO BapHpa
l1CKase y KOjHMa cy l1CTOM rrojMy rrpmrncaHe pa3JIW:Il1Te OAJIHKe (Hrrp. ,,)KHBOTHH>a ce
Kpene." H ,,)KHBOTHH>a HMa YlliH. "). ,II;o6HjeHH pesyJITaTH cy rroKasaJIH ,JJ;a je BpeMe Be-
pmpHKau;Hje Kpane sa HCKase y KojHMa ce Ha MecTy rrpe,D;HKaTa HaJiasH 11elllne HaBoljeHa
O,Il;JIHKa. l1 0Bl1 HaJia3l1 cy y cyrrpoTHOCTl1 ca rrpe,D;HKD;HjaMa MO,JJ;eJia XHjepapXHjCKHX
Mpe)l{a jep IIOKasyjy ,JJ;a BpeMe BepmpHKau;Hje He 3aBl1Cl1 HY)l{HO O,II; Hl1BOa y XHjepapXHjl1
y KojeM cy ycKJia,JJ;HlllTeHe O,JJ;JIHKe, Ben OA sHa11aja O,JJ;JIHKa sa o,D;pel)eH>e rrojMa. THMe
je OIIOBprHyTa rrpeTIIOCTaBKa 0 eKOHOMl111HOCTl1 saCHOBaHoj Ha rrporrarHpaH>y O,Il;JIHKa
Ha,D;pel)eHor rrojMa Ha rro,D;pel)eHe rrojMoBe.
OA HHTepeca sa OBY ,JJ;HcKycHjy cy l1 HaJia3H PHrrca, IIIo6HHa l1 CMHTa KojH rro-
Kasyjy ,JJ;a BpeMe BepmpHKau;Hje BapHpa l1 y saBHCHOCTH OA KaTeropHje Kojoj rrpHrra,JJ;a
rro,D;pel)eHH rrojaM. noKasaHo je ,JJ;a cy HCKasH THIIa ,,Bpa6au; je IITHu;a." HJIH ,,foey6 je
IITHD;a." BepmpHKOBaHH 6p)l{e Hero l1CKa3l1 THIIa ,,Bpa6au; je )l{l1BOTHH>a." l1 ,,foey6 je
)l{l1BOTHH>a. "' IllTO je y carnaCHOCTl1 ca rrpe,D;HKD;HjaMa MO,JJ;eJia XHjepapXHjCKHX Mpe)l{a jep
je rrojaM amuU;a rro,D;pel)eH rrojMJ JICUBoiJlu1-ba. Mel)JTHM, sa KaTeropHjy cucapa ,JJ;o6HjeHH
cy Apyra11HjH pesyJITaTH. l1cKasH THrra ,,Ma11Ka je cHcap." l1 ,,nae je cHcap." BepmpHKO-
BaHH cy crropHje O,II; l1CKasa THIIa ,,Ma11Ka je )l{MBOTMH>a." l1 ,,nae je )l{HBOTHH>a. "' IllTO je y
cyrrpoTHOCTM ca rrpe,D;HKD;HjOM MO,JJ;eJia jep ce rrojaM JICUBOillU1-ba HaJia3l1 Ha BMilleM XHje-
papXHjCKOM HMBoy OA rrojMa cucap. Y HCTOM orne,JJ;y rroHOBJbeHH cy l1 HaJias11 BHJIKHHca,
oBora rryrn y sa,JJ;aTKY Bepmp11Kau;11je. noKasaHo je, Ha rrp11Mep, ,JJ;a ce MCKas ,,KpaBa je
mcap." Bepmp11Kyje 6p)l{e OA HCKasa ,,KHT je rncap." (Rips, Shaben & Smith, 1973).
PesyJITaTM HaBe,JJ;eHHX HcTpa)l{HBaH>a os6MJbHO cy ,JJ;OBeJIH y cyMIDY OCHOBHe
IIOCTaBKe MO,JJ;eJia XHjepapXHjCI<MX Mpe)l{a. noKa3aHO je ,JJ;a Bap11paH>eM Tl1IIl111HOCTM
rro,D;pel)eHor rrojMa y O,JJ;Hocy Ha H>eroBy Ha,D;pel)eHy KaTeropHjy BpeMe KaTeropHsau;Hje 11
BepmpHKau;Hje MmRe ,JJ;a BapHpa. TaKol)e je rroKasaHo ,JJ;a BpeMe KaTeropHsau;11je saBHCH
l1 OA YlJeCTaJIOCTH ,JJ;aTe O,JJ;JIHKe, HesaBHCHO OA xHjepapxHjcKe rrosHu;Hje rrojMa. Hajsa,JJ;,
IIOKa3aHO je ,JJ;a ce rrojMOBM y MCTOM XHjpepaxHjCKOM Hl1BOY BepmpHKyjy pa3Jil111l1TOM
6psHHOM y saBHCHOCTH OA Tora KOjoj Ha,D;pel)eHoj KaTeropHjH rrpHrra,JJ;ajy (Schaeffer &
Wallace, 1970; Wilkins, 1971; Collins, 1972; Rips, Shaben & Smith, 1973).
,II;o cpe,D;HHe ce,JJ;aM,JJ;eceTMX ro,JJ;HHa rrpolllJior BeKa rrpHKyrrJbeH je BeJIMKH 6poj
HaJiasa KOjH HHCY MOfJil1 ,JJ;a 6y,JJ;y o6yxBaneHl1 MO,JJ;eJIOM XHjepapXHjCI<MX Mpe)l{a. 0Bl1
HaJia3l1 cy yr<a3l1BaJil1 Ha TO ,JJ;a je rrpeTIIOCTaBI<a 0 XHjepapXHjCKoj opraHH3aD;Hjl1, aKO
He rrorpelllHa, a OHO CBaI<aKO orpaHl111eHor ,Il;OMeTa, a ,JJ;a cy HaJia3l1 KOjM je IIOTBpl)yjy
CBe,JJ;eHM Ha orpaHH11eHH 6poj rrojMoBa. B110 je TO HaroBelllTaj ,JJ;a je Ha1111H Ha Koj11 cy
rrojMOBM opraHl130BaHl1 CJIO)l{eHHjH Hero IllTO ce rrpeTIIOCTaBJbaJIO l1 ,JJ;a KJiacmpHKau;Hje
Koje cpeneMO y rroje,JJ;l1Hl1M ,Il;MCD;l1IIJil1HaMa He Mory ,JJ;a IIOCJIY)l{e Kao IIOJia3Ha OCHOBa sa
orrHCHBaH>e opraHHsau;Hje rrojMoBa y ceMaHTM11Koj MeMopHjH. HaJias11 Koj11 cy ,JJ;OBeJIM y
IIMTaH>e MO,JJ;eJI XHjepapXHjcKe opraHMsau;11je rrojMOBa l1CTaKJil1 cy HeKOJIHKO 11l1HHJiau;a
KOjM 3Ha11ajHO JTl111Y Ha BpeMe BepmpHKau;11je (KaTeropHsau;Hje) a HHCY o6yxBaneHl1
MO,JJ;eJIOM XHjepapXHjCKHX Mpe)l{a. Mel)y IDMMa CBaKaKO je HajsHa11ajHHjM cpaKTOp
Tl1Ill111HOCTM, Tj. y Kojoj MepM je ,JJ;aTH rrojaM ,,,JJ;o6ap" rrpe,D;CTaBHHK KaTerop11je Kojoj
rrp11rra,JJ;a (Ha,D;pel)eHor rrojMa). 0By KapaKTepMCTHKY Moryne je KBaHTHTaTHBHO l13pa3M-
TM Ha pa3Jil111MTe Ha11MHe, a ,JJ;06HjeHe Mepe KopeJIHpajy ca BpeMeHOM BepHcpHKau;Hje l1
I<aTeropHsau;11je, IllTO 3Ha11l1 ,JJ;a OBaj 11l1~l1Jlar:t; HMa CTaTyc KOrHl1Tl1BHe peJie13aHTHOCTM.
162 KOfHMTMBHA IICMXOJIOrMJA
e . ~_. e
HM~:::::e:~::·
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ie
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~
:e \
nace ~
:
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p;aje
MJieKO
Iii!;\
\
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je
,./MMe.
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8
,;!f MmI<e p;a
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rrepJe
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je l
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lliKpre
MOJKe~aS \. . . · · ·. .
8 ~ ·\. .:.: 8
G~~.~~·~G
CJtuKa 4. - OptaHusal{uja aojMo6a apeMa MogeJty mupene aKiUu6al{uje KoJtuHca u
Jiocjjwyco6e (Collins & Loftus, 1975)
Mo,n;eJI ITPOTOTHITa
3HaqajaH ,IJ;OITpHHOC pa3yMeBaIDy HaqHHa Ha KOjH cy ITOjMOBH opraHH30BaHH y
ceMaHTHqKoj MeMopHjH HMaJia cy HCITHTHBaIDa EJieHop Polll, Koja cy y IToqeTI<y 6HJia
ycMepeHa Ha yTBpl)HBalbe ITPHHIJ;HITa ITO KOjHMa ce o6aBJba KaTeropH3au;Hja eHTH-
TeTa y peaJIHOM CBeTy. 0Ba HCITHTHBalba cy y6p30 eBOJIYHpaJia y eKCITepHMeHTaJIHO
JTBpl)HBalbe HaqHHa Ha KOjH cy KaTeropHCaHH ITOjMOBH, qHMe cy ITOCTaJia peJieBaHT-
Ha H 3a pa3yMeBalhe ITPHHIJ;HITa ITO KOjHMa je opraHH30BaHa ceMaHTHqKa MeMopHja
(Rosch, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1978; Rosh & Mervis, 1975). KoHcTaTyjynH p;a cy ITojep;HHH
ITOjMOBH y Benoj HJIH MaIDoj MepH p;o6pH ITpep;cTaBHHIJ;H KaTeropHje Kojoj ITPHITap;ajy,
POillOBa 3aKJbyqyje p;a cy OHH opraHH30BaHH OKO apomomuuU'LlHe UHCillaHZ-1;e HJIH apo-
momuaa 3a p;aTy KaTeropHjy, H p;a cy op; IDe y Benoj HJIH MaIDoj MepH yp;allieHH.
BlleHop Pow
HMajynM TO y BHp;y, rrpOTOTMII HMje q:mKCaH, Ben MO)Ke p;a BapHpa y 3aBMCHOCTM op;
KYJIType, erroxe, a Moryne cy M MH,ll;MBMp;yanHe pasJIMKe. ITo MMIIIJbeJ:Dy PoIIIoBe, I<aTero-
pHja rrpep;cTaBJbeHa rrpoTOTMIIOM HMje saTBopeH cKyrr ca jarno op;pel)eHMM rpaHMu;aMa,
Ben ce MO)Ke cMaTpaTM KJiacTepoM rrojMoBa -i:rnje cy rpaHMu;e cpJIYMp;He M rp;e rrpHrrap;HMK
jep;He KaTeropHje MO)Ke MCTOBpeMeHo p;a rrp1map;a M HeKoj p;pyroj KaTeropHjM.
ITpHcTyrr KojM pasBMja PoIIIoBa HMje sarnoBaH Ha MHTJMD;MjM Ben Ha BeJIMKOM
6pojy eMrrHpHjCI<MX MCTpa)KMBaJ:Da KOja o6yxBaTajy He caMo rrpou;eHe MCIIMTaHMKa Ben
M Jia6opaTopHjcKe eKcrrepHMeHTe. Ha ocHoBy OBaKBMX MCIIMTMBaJ:Da yrBpl)eHe cy HeKe
0,11; KapaKTepHCTMKa rrpOTOTMIIOBa KOje neMO yKpaTKO rrpHKa3aTM.
)J)'fOTPAJHA MEMOPI1JA: OPfAHI13AIJ,I1JA 3HAfhA 167
IIpuaagHuK game Kamezopuje Koju je 6JtuJ1Cu apomomuay t-teiufie ce HaBogu Kao apuMep
Kamezopuje. KopncTenn KaTeropnjCKe HOpMe ca11nH>eHe Ha ocHoBy yqecTaJIOCTH rrpo-
,n;yKu;nje r,n;e je o,n; ncrrnTaHnKa saxTeBaHo ,n;a HaBe,n;y lllTO Benn 6poj rrpe,n;cTaBHHKa
ocaM KaTeropnja (Hrrp. rrTnu;e, Bone, opy)I(je nT,n;.) MepBnc, KeTJIHH n PollloBa Tpa)I(e
o,n; HOBe rpyrre ncrrnTaHnKa ,n;a rrpou;eHe y Kojoj Mepn je CBaKn o,n; HaBe,n;eHnx rrpn-
rra,n;HnKa Tnrrn11aH rrpe,n;cTaBHHK KaTeropnje. AHaJIH3a pesynTaTa je rroKasaJia ,n;a cy
Haj11elllne HaBol)eHn rrpe,n;cTaBHnu;n ,n;aTe KaTeropnje rrpou;eH>eHn n Kao HajTnrrn11Hnjn
H o6pHyro, rrpe,n;CTaBHHIJ;H Kojn cy peTKO HaBoljeHH HMaJIH cy HH3aK CKOp Ha rrpou;eHH
THIIH'IHOCTH (Mervis, Catlin & Rosch, 1976).
IIpomomua UMa yJtozy pe<fiepeHillHe mat-tKe. l1cTpmKHBaH>a PollloBe rroKasyjy ,n;a rrpo-
TOTHII rrpe,n;CTaBJba HeKY Bpcry ,,KOTBe" MJIH pecpepeHTHe Ta'IKe y O,II;Hocy Ha Kojy ce
o,n;pel)yjy OCTaJIH 'IJiaHOBH KaTeropnje (Rosch, 1975a). 0Baj HaJia3 neMO MJIYCTpOBaTH
,n;enoM ncTpa)ImBaH>a PollloBe Kojn ce o,n;Hocn Ha 6pojeBe. ITpe Hero lllTO rrpel)eMo Ha
rrpnKas OBHX ncTpa)I(HBaH>a rrome,n;ajMo sa,n;aTKe Kojn cy ,n;aTn y cne,n;eneM rrpnMepy.
A. I1a)KJbHBO rromep;ajTe rrapose 6pojesa 11 Hep;osprneHe peqeH11u;e Koje ce Han:a3e rropep; lhHX. 3aTHM 113a6e-
p11Te jep;aH 6poj KOjHM neTe IIOrryHI1TI1 rrpsy rrpa3HI1HJ I1 p;pym 6poj KOjHM neTe IIOrryHI1TI1 p;pyry rrpa3HI1HJ.
a. ( 10, 11) je y OCHOBI1 HCTO lIITO I1 - - - -
6. (103, 100) je y cTBap11 _ _ __
B. (48, 50) je rrp116mrnrno _ _ __
r. (1000,1 004) je 3arrpaso _ _ __
B. Y3MHTe qeT11p11 rrpa3Ha JIHCTa xapT11je. Ha Jiesoj Mapr11H1111crr11rn11Te JieBH 6poj y rrapy a 3aTHM rrosyu;11Te
JIHH11jy Koja rro sarneM ocenalhy rrpep;cTaBJna yp;an:,eHocT Tor 6poja op; p;pyror 6poja y rrapy. I1pI11IHKOM
CBaKor IIOBJiaqelba JII1HI1je KOpI1CTI1Te HOBI1 JIHCT, He mep;ajyn11 y csoje rrpeTXOp;He rrpou;eHe. BpojeBH y
rrapy ce rroHasn:,ajy, an:11 Ha TO He Tpe6a p;a o6panaTe rrmKlhy. Ypap;11Te osaj 3ap;aTaK rnTo 6p)Ke MO)KeTe.
1. (14, 10)
2. (10, 13)
3. (10, 14)
4. (13, 10)
(rrp11Mep ypaljeHor 3ap;aTKa)
50 58
PesynTaTH ,n;o Kojnx je ,II;OlllJia PollloBa jarno rroKasyjy ,n;a rrpoTOTHII CJIY)I(H Kao
pecpepeHTHa Ta11Ka y o,n;Hocy Ha Kojy ce o,n;pel)yje cTaryc rrpnrra,n;HnKa KaTeropnje. Y
rrpBoM sa,n;aTKy MYJITHIIJIHKau;nja 6poja 10 ( 50, 100 n 1 000) MO)I(e ce cMaTpaTn rrpo-
TOTHIIOM jep CMO HaBHKJIH Ha ,n;eu;HMaJIHH CHCTeM. PelllaBajynn OBaj sa,n;aTaK HCIIH-
TaHHIJ;H cy y HajBeneM 6pojy rnyqajeBa ysHMaJIH OBe 6pojeBe Kao KOTEY (Hrrp. ,,48 je
rrpn6JIH)I(HO 50.", ,,1 004 je sarrpaBo 1 000."). HaJiasn ,n;o6njeHH y,n;pyroM sa,n;aTKY cy
nsHettal)yjynn. Y cnyqajeBnMa Ka,n;a je rrpoToTnrr (6poj 10) ysnMaH Kao pecpepeHTHa
Ta'IKa y o,n;Hocy Ha Kojy je rrpou;eIDHBaHa y,n;aJDeHOCT IIOBJia'IeH>eM JIHHHje, rrpou;eH>e-
Ha y,n;aJDeHOCT je 6MJia MaH>a Hero aKo je Kao pecpepeHTHa Ta11Ka yseT 6poj Kojn Hnje
rrpoToTnrr. ,II;pyrnM pe11nMa, rrpou;eH>eHo je ,n;a je pasJIHKa nsMel)y 10 n 14 Mal-ba Hero
H3Mel)y 14 n 10 (Rosch, 1975a).
Eif°JeKam apuMo6a1-ba u3paJ1CeHuju je 3a UHCWaHZ{e 6JtUJICe apomomuay. HaJia3H PolllOBe
rroKasyjy ,n;a je rrpeTxo,n;Ho rrpnKa3HBaH>e HMeHa 6oje rrpaneHo 6p)I(OM KaTeropn3au;njoM
168 KOfHI1TI1BHA 11CI1XOJIOfI1JA
HaKHa,z:i;Ho nprmasaHe 6oje yKoJIHKO je oHa 6mrnrn npoTOTHny (Hnp. japKon;pBeHa) Hero
aKO je y,z:i;aJbeHHja o,z:i; npOTOTHna (Hnp. npJbaBOJJ;pBeHa), r,z:i;e je 1:£aK yoqeH ecpeKaT HHXH-
6Hn;Hje (Rosch, 1975b ).
IIpegcillaBHUtf;U 1millefopuje 6JlUJICU apoilloilluuy Mofy ga 3aMeHe Ha3U6 Kaillefopuje y pe-
tfeHUtf;U. IIoKasaHo je ,z:i;a npe,z:i;cTaBHHJJ;H ,z:i;aTe KaTeropMje KojH cy 6JIHCKH npoTOTHny Mory
JiaKo ,z:i;a saMeHe Ha3HB KaTeropMje. YsMHMo rne,z:i;errn npMMep. AKo 6HcMo y peqeHHJJ;H
,,BH,z:i;eo je nTHn;e KaKO CTOje Ha TeJiecpoHCKOj )KHJJ;H." peq UillUU;e saMeHHJIH peqjy Bpaat1;u
(,,BH,z:i;eo je Bpann;e KaKO CTOje Ha TeJiecpOHCKOj )KHJJ;H. ") ,z:i;o6HJIH 6I:i:CMO ca,z:i;pMaj KOjH 6H
6Mo cacBHM npHxBaTJbHB. YKOJIHKO 6McMo, Mel)yrHM, peq amuw saMeHHJIH peqjy Hoj,
,z:i;o6HJIH 6HCMO KpajH>e 6HsapaH ca,z:i;p)f(aj ,,BH,z:i;eo je HojeBe KaKO CTOje Ha TeJiecpOHCKOj
)KHJJ;H." (Rosch, 1977).
IIpegcillaBHUljU Kaillefopuja 6JluJ1Cu apomomuay gelle Beriu 6poj KapaKillepucilluKa c
ocillaJluM tfllaHoBuMa Kaillezopuje. BM,z:i;eJIH cMo ,z:i;a Mel)y npe,z:i;cTaBHHJJ;HMa ,z:i;aTe KaTero- .
pHje nocTOje 3HaqajHe pa3JIHKe y npon;eHH npHna,z:i;HOCTH KaTeropHjH, lllTO je yje,z:i;Ho
H Mepa y,z:i;aJbeHOCTH o,z:i; npoTOTHna. IIolllTO cy o,z:i; McnHTaHHKa ,z:i;o6HJIH npon;eHe npH-
na,z:i;HOCTH KaTeropHjH sa o,z:i;pel)eHH 6poj nojMoBa ,z:i;aTe KaTeropMje, PollloBa H MepBHC
o,z:i; HOBe rpyrre HCnHTaHHKa saxTeBajy ,z:i;a HaBe,z:i;y lllTO BenH 6poj KapaKTepHCTHKa sa
CBaKH o,z:i; npon;eH>eHHX nojMoBa. AHanMsa OBaKo ,z:i;o6MjeHHX KapaKTepHCTHKa je no-
Kasana ,z:i;a npHna,IJ;HHJJ;H KOjH cy HMaJIH BHlllH CKOp Ha npon;eHH npHna,IJ;HOCTH (KOJH
cy 6JIH)f(H npOTOTHny) HMajy Ben 6poj KapaKTepHCTHKa KOje cy HaBol)eHe H KO,IJ; OCTa-
JIHX npHna,IJ;HHKa KaTeropHje (Rosch & Mervis, 1975). TaKo ne, Ha hpHMep ayilloMo6uJl,
Kao Hajl:Jelllne HaBol)eH npHna,z:i;HHK KaTeropHje 603UJlO, HMaTH KapaKTepHCTHKe Koje
cy qecTo HaBol)eHe H Ko,z:i; ocTaJIHX npHna,z:i;HHKa KaTeropHje (Hnp. Kpefie ce ao xopu3oH-
illallHoj paBHU, uMa illotfKOBe, Kopucillu zopueo HT,IJ;). 3a pasJIHKY o,z:i; ayroMo6HJia, Jluifjm
ce HaJia3H Ha ,IJ;HY paHra npon;eH>eHe npHna,IJ;HOCTH H npe,z:i;cTaBJba HHCTaHJJ;Y BeOMa
y,z:i;aJbeHy o,z:i; npOTOTHna jep BenHHa H>erOBHX KapaKTepHCTHKa HHje HaBe,z:i;eHa y HHBeH-
Tapy KapaKTepHCTHKa OCTaJIHX npHna,z:i;HHKa KaTeropHje.
HcTpa)f(HBaH>a PollloBe noKasyjy ,z:i;a cTeneH npMna,z:i;HOCTH noje,z:i;HHHX nojMoBa
,z:i;aToj KaTeropHjH, O,IJ;HOCHO, H>HXOBa y,z:i;aJbeHOCT o,z:i; npOTOTHna, KOpeJIHpa H ca BpeMe-
HOM BepHcpHKan;Hje. PolllOBa npHKasyje HCKa3e y KOjHMa je cy6jeKaT y pa3JIHl:JHTOj MepH
THnHl:JaH npe,z:i;cTaBHHK KaTeropHje 03Hal:JeHe npe,z:i;HKaTOM. ,Uo6HjeHH pesyJITaTH noKa-
syjy 3HaqajHy noBesaHOCT BpeMeHa BepHcpHI<aJJ;Hje H npon;eHe npHna,z:i;HOCTH KaTeropHjH:
HCKa3H l:JHjH je cy6jeKaT HMao BHlllH CKOp Ha npon;eH>eHoj npHna,z:i;HOCTH BepHcpHKOBaHH
cy 6pH{e, lllTO je y CKJia,z:i;y ca HaJia3HMa BHJIKHHca H PMnca, Illo6eHa H CMHTa (Rosch,
1973; Wilkins, 1971; Rips, Shaben & Smith, 1973). CJIHl:JHe HaJiase PolllOBa je ,z:i;o6HJia Hy
sa,z:i;aTKY KaTeropMsan;Mje, r,z:i;e je noKasaHo ,z:i;a je KaTeropMsan;Mja 6p)Ka JKOJIHKO je KaTero-
pHja npm<asaHa y napy ca CBOjHM THnHl:JHHM npe,z:i;cTaBHHKOM (Hnp. nap UillUU;a: Bpa6at1;
KaTeropMcaH je 6p)f(e Hero nap amut1;a: uuHfeu1-1) /Rosch, 1975/.
HaKo HCTpaHrnBaH>a PollloBe HMcy HMaJia sa JJ;HJb noTBp,z:i;y HJIH onoBpraBaH>e
nocTojenHX MO,IJ;eJia, ,z:i;o6HjeHH HaJia3H cy y BeJIHKOj MepH y camacHOCTH ca MO,IJ;eJIOM
KoJIHHCa H JiocpTycoBe. 06a MO,IJ;eJia noJiase o,z:i; npeTnOCTaBKe ,z:i;a je THnHl:JHOCT ( CTeneH
npHna,IJ;HOCTH KaTeropHjH) KJbYl:fHH l:JHHHJian; KOjH o,z:i;pel)yje O,IJ;HOC Mel)y nojMOBHMa.
PasJIHKa H3Mel)y ,z:i;Ba npHcTyna je y TOMe lllTO PolllOBa npeTnocTaBJba ancTpaKTHY HH-
cTaHn;y (npoTOTHn) Koja npe,z:i;cTaBJba ,,KoTBy" y o,z:i;Hocy Ha Kojy ce o,z:i;pel)yje npMna,z:i;-
HOCT noje,z:i;HHHX nojMoBa ,z:i;aToj KaTeropHjH H lllTO He nocTyJIHpa lllHpeny aKTHBan;Mjy
,IJYfOTPAJHA MEMOPI1JA: 0PfAHI13AL(I1JA 3HAfbA 169
O)J)IHKa H cTerreH cJiarafha 6H 6Ho HHSaK ( 1). C o6sHpoM Ha TO p;a cy y o6a cn:yqaja p;o6Hje-
He eKCTpeMHe Bpep;HOCTH, MO,[l;eJI rrpep;BHl)a p;a hey OBaKBHM cn:yqajeBHMa BpeMe BepmpH-
Kan;Hje (KaTeropHsan;Hje) 6HTH HsyseTHO KpaTKO, IllTO je H eMIIHpHjCKH rrornpl)eHO.
KAHAPiifHAU ITTiifUA
)l{HBO 6Hne )l{HBO 6Hne
)l{HBOTHlha )l{HBOTHlha
HMa rrepje HMa rrepje
)l{yre 6oje
rreBa
······················r·····················
...
cpep;lhH crerreH ( 4-7)
t
. __
.:.~.~::.~~~~~ ~.~~~~·~··1 A_P_rr_a_<P_a_3_a_rr_o_p_e_l}_elb_a_l···~Jo'":.".1:':'.'.?.~~~~.. ~ ,[(A
C!luKa 7. IIpo11ec 6epu<jjuKa11uje uCKa3a apeMa Mogelly ape1uiaua1-ba oglluKa
(Smith, Rips & Shaben, 1974)
IJoH AHgepcoH
4
I1o MHIIIJbeH>y AH,n;epcoHa rr Bayepa ,, ... OrnoeHu apo6JLeM ca KojuM ce cyo11aea caepeMeHa KOlHUUlU6Ha
acuxoJLoluja je KaKo UleopujcKu apegcUlaeuUlu 3Ha1-be Koje aocegyje aojeguHatF utUla cy ocH06HU cuM6oJLu u
aojM06U, KaK6U cy ogHOCU Meljy 1-bUMa, Ha Koju HattUH cy U06e3aHU u ycUlpojeHU y utupe cUlpyKUlype 3Ha1-ba u
KaKo ce oeuM ,,uH<jjopMaUiUOHUM jeguHUUiaMa" apucmyaa, Ha Koju HattuH ce apempa:;JCyjy u KaKo ce Kopucme
y peuta6a1-by C6aKogHe6HUX apo6JleMa." (Anderson & Bower, 1973, CTp. 151).
5
'-IrrTa ce Kao ,,eKT".
,IJ:YfOTPAJHA MEMOPI1JA: 0PfAHI13AUI1JA 3HAI-hA 175
ACT* ce cacTojM ce o.ri: TPM MHTepaKTMBHO IIOBe3aHe KOMIIOHeHTe (CJIHKa 8). I1pBy KOMIIOHeHTY MO-
,i:i:e;rn 1IMHM paqHa MeMopuja (working memory) Koja je eKBMBan:eHTHa cTaH,i:i:ap,i:i:Ho cxBaneHoj orrepaTMB-
Hoj (KpaTKOTpajHoj) MeMopHjM y MO,i:i:e.rry ATKI1HCOHa I1 lllmpp11Ha, I1 pa3JII1Kyje ce o.ri: pa,i:i:He MeMopHje
AllaHa .5e,i:i:JI11ja. ,II,pyra KOMIIOHeHTa je qeKllapafUU6Ha MeMopuja (declarative memory) Koja je eKBMBan:eHTHa
rrojMy .ri:yroTpajHe MeMopHje M y Kojoj cy TpajHo ycKJia,i:i:mIITeHa SHaH>a Koja YKJDy-qyjy ,i:i:eKJiapaTMBHe
ca,i:i:p:iKaje (1IHH>eH11u;e) M err11so,i:i:111IKe ca.ri:p)l{aje ( cenaH>a). I1pHcTyrr OBMM HHcpopMau;11jaMa je y cpJHKD;MjM
rrpeTXO.ll:HOr I1CKYCTBa (y-qecTaJJ:OCTI1 KOpmIIneH>a). I1HcpOpMau;Mje Koje qernne KOpI1CTMMO 611ne rrpHcTy-
rra1IHMje I1 o6paTHO, rrpHcTyrr I1HcpOpMau;MjaMa Koje pel)e KOpHCTMMO 6Mne OTe)l{aH a CaM rrpHCTyrr ycrropeH.
AH,i:i:epcoH pasJIMKyje TPM BpcTe ca.ri:p)l{aja ,i:i:eKJiapaTMBHe MeMopHje y saBMCHOTM o.ri: Ha1IMHa Ko,i:i:oBaH>a.
To cy aucfilpaKfUHe apou03u11uje ycKJia,i:i:11rnTeHe y Bep6an:HOM Ko,i:i:y, BpeMeHcKu HU306U (temporal strings)
y Koj11Ma je Ko,i:i:oBaH pe,i:i:orne.ri: 1IMH>eHMu;a M .ri:oral)aja M apocfUopHe CllUKe (spacial images) y Koj11Ma cy
Ko,i:i:oBaHM rrpocTopHH o,i:i:Horn ,i:i:aTOr o6jeKTa I1JII1 ,i:i:oral)aja My Koje crra,i:i:ajy 11 BI13yeJIHe rrpe,i:i:cTaBe.
ITperne,i:i:oM rn11Ke 8 BM.ll:MMO ,i:i:a ce HHcpopMau;Mje MS pa,i:i:He MeMopHje rrpornel)yjy y ,i:i:eKJiapaTMBHY
MeMopHjy, an:11 ce M ca.ri:p)l{aj rro6yl)eH y ,i:i:eKJiapaTMBHoj MeMopHjM rrpornel)yje y pa,i:i:Hy MeMopHjy. Tpeny
KOMIIOHeHTY Mo,i:i:eJia 1II1HM apoqyKUiUOHa MeMopuja (production memory) y Kojoj je ycKJia,i:i:11rnTeHo rrpou;e-
.ri:ypan:Ho SHaH>e, Tj. SHaH>e o o6aBJDaH>y o.ri:pel)eHMX orrepau;Mja M aKu;Mja.
,i:i:eKJiapaTMBHa rrpO.ll:JKI.l;HOHa
MeMop11ja MeMop:rrja
pa,i:i:Ha
MeMop11ja
CIIOJbaIIII-bH CBeT
KaKo Hsme,n;a cTpJKTypa nponosHu;Hja y OKBHPY ACT Mo,r:t;eJia? BH,n;eJIH cMo ,n;a
AH,n;epcoH nponosHu;Hje o,n;pel)yje Kao je,r:t;HHHII;e sHaFha Koje Mory ,n;a cTOje Kao caMo-
CTaJIHe TBp,r:t;Fbe Koje je Moryne BepmpHKOBaTH, Tj. ,n;aTH cy,n; 0 TOMe ,n;a JIH cy HCTH-
HHTe mm He. Ifa Tora rne,n;H ,n;a je Bese H3Mel)y nojMa H FheroBHx o,r:t;JIHKa, Kao H Bese
H3Mel)y nojMoBa, Moryne H3pa3HTH y o6JIHKY npon03HII;Hje y Kojoj CBaKH KOHCTHTyeHT
HCKasa ,n;o6Hja jarno ,n;eqmHHCaHy yJiory H Ha,n; KojoM je Moryne H3BpIIIHTH sHaqefhCKY
aHaJIHsy. YsMHMO sa npHMep je,n;HOCTaBHY npono3HII;Hjy (HcKa3) ,,KpaBa ,n;aje MJieKo.".
YoqHMO ,n;a oBa nporrosHu;Hja HMa TPH KOHCTHTyeHTa (Kpa6a, gaBafJlu, MJLeKO) KojH
CTOje y o,n;pel)eHOM 3HaqefbCKOM O,r:t;Hocy. y CHHTaKCHqKOM CMHCJIY Kpa6a je cy6jeKaT
HCKasa, ,n;oK je gaje MJleKo npe,r:t;HKaT. Mel)yrHM, y sHaqefhCKOM CMHrny, Kpa6a je afe1-1c,
176 KOfHI1TI1BHA IICI1XOJIOfI1JA
Tj. Bpnnmau; pa,n;ae, MJLeKo je pe4uaujertm mn1 o6jeKaUl, ,n;aKJie, oHo Ha,n; q11M je pa,n;aa
11sBprneHa, a gaje rrpe,n;cTaB1na peJLa4ujy H3Mel)y areHca 11 peu;11rr11jeHTa ( CJIHKa 9).
~ pe:u;:mrnjeHT
areHc )-.___...(. (o6jeKaT)
.......... 1 ••·..···:&_
~I~
perra:u;njal
db
CllUKa 9. - Ogrtoc U3Me'ljy aojMa u HJe'ioBe oglluKe y OKBupy ceMa1-1mu11Ke MpeJ1Ce
(lleBu gujatpaM) u HJUXOB ogrtoc y OKBupy apouo3u14uo1-1e cmpyKmype tge CBaKu
KortcmumyerttlJ uMa jacrto ge<fmrtucarty ylloty (gecrtu gujatpaM). IIpa3rta eJluuca
031-1a11aBa apouo3u14ujy.
c:=>::::··~;p~6~····~~
areHc ......./ I
perra:u;nj;···········.... pe:u;mmjeHT
..../ ~ ··.......... (o6jeKaT)
Ji.~·· .......
~~
ClluKa 10. - IIpouo3u14uo1-1a <f>opMa uCKa3a ,,BucoKu agBoKatlJ je BepoBao ga cy Jbygu
aopeKllOM ca Mapca." (Anderson, 1983)
ITocTojrr saHHMJbHBa rrpwrn o TeJiecKorry. Y XoJiaHp;rrjrr je :>KHBeo orrTwrnp rro rrMeHy Jierrpnrn. Je-
p;Hor p;aHa, rrrpajynrr ce CO'IHBHMa, H>eroBa p;eu:a cy rrprrMeTrrJia p;a crnaprr y co6rr rrsrnep;ajy Bene aKo
ce ITOCMaTpajy Kpos )];Ba pasMaKHJTa CO'IHBa. Brrp;eBIIIH TO, JierrepIIIH je ITO'IeO p;a eKcrreprrMeHTHIIIe
CO'IHBHMa rr y6pso je HarrpaBrro crrpaBy Koja je rrpHBJKJia BeJirrI<y rra:>KH>y. ITorne rrsBeCHor BpeMeHa
JierrpIIIH je rrornao ITHCMO faJIHJiejy, BeJIHKOM HTaJIHjaHCKOM HayqHrrKy. faJIHJiej je O,[l;Max CBaTHO 3Ha'Iaj
oBor OTKprrna rr rroqeo p;a rrpaBrr corrcrneHrr rrHcTpyMeHT. YrroTpe6rro je cTapy u;eB op; opryJba y Kojy je
yrnaBrro ,n;Ba CO'IHBa, a oH,n;a je jep;He Be,n;pe Honrr ycMeprro co'IrrBa Ka He6y. Brro je sarraH>eH Kap;a je Brrp;eo
p;a je ,[l;O Ta,n;a rrpasHO TaMHO He6o o,n;jep;HOM ITOCTaJIO rrpeKprrBeHO BeJIHKHM 6pojeM 3Besp;a. ITorne Tor
OTKprrna faJIHJiej je CBaKe HOUH O,[l;Jia3HO Ha TOpaH> H ITOCMaTpao He6o CBOjHM TeJieCKOITOM. Jep;He HOUH
je yrnep;ao JyrrrrTep, rr Ha CBoje BeJIHKO HSHeHa}JeH>e rropep; H>era je rrprrMeTrro Tprr cjajHe sBesp;e, ,n;Be c
rrcTO'IHe rr jep;Hy ca sarrap;He cTpaHe. CJiep;ene Honrr CBe sBesp;e cy 6HJie Ha sarra,n;Hoj cTpaHrr, a HeI<oJirrI<o
Honrr KaCHrrje yrnep;ao je rr qernpTy sBesp;y.
IIoKyutajme 6e3 lliegaHJa y apemxogHu aaparpa<jj ga ugeHmu<jjuKyjeme pe11eHut{y Kaja ce aoja6wia y UleKcUly.
a. ITorne I13BeCHOr BpeMeHa JierrpIIIH je rrornao ITHCMO faJIHJiejy, BeJIHKOM HTaJIHjaHCKOM HayqHrrKy.
178 KOfHI1TI1BHA I1CI1XOJIOfI1JA
6. I1oCJie H3BeCHOr BpeMeHa, BeJIHKH HTaJIHjaHCKH HayqHHK fanHJiej, IIOCJiao je IIHCMO JierrpIIrnjy.
B. I1oCJie H3BeCHOr BpeMeHa IIHCMO je op; CTpaHe Jierrpnrnja IIOCJiaTO f anHJiejy, BeJIHKOM HTaJIHjaHCKOM
HayqHrrKy.
r. Jierrprnrr je IIOCJie H3BeCHor BpeMeHa IIOCJiao IIHCMO fanHJiejy, BeJIHKOM HTaJIHjaHCKOM HayqHrrKy.
(Sachs, 1967, apey3ea:to U3 Aschraft, 1994. Cllo6ogaH apeBog u goHeKJle U3Me1-beH UleKcill).
0,l1)IJKY 0 TOMe Koja je O,IJ; ITOHyl)eHMX Bap11jaHTI1 6MJia y I13BOpHOM TeKCTY MCIIM-
TaHMIJ;M cy ,IJ;OHOCMJIM MJIM HeITocpe,IJ;HO ITO lheHOM ITOjaBJbMBalhy, MJIM ITOCJie op;pel)eHOf
BpeMeHCKOf MHTepBarra KOjM je op;pel)eH 6pojeM CJIOfOBa y ,IJ;albeM TeKCTY ( 80 I1 160
CJIOfOBa). 3aBMCHa Bap11ja6Jia je 6110 ITpou;eHaT TaqHJ1X O,IJ;fOBopa, a TaqaH O,IJ;fOBOp je
ITpHxBaTalhe Bap11jaHTe a 11 op;6au;11Bmhe ocTarrMx Bap11jaHTM. PesyJITaTM omep;a ITPMKa-
saHM cy Ha CJIMIJ;M 11.
6
Do.n: IIYH03Ha'IHHM pe'IHMa rro,n:pasyMeBaMo HMemn.i;e, nrnroJie, rrpH,n:eBe H rrpHJiore.
7 y OBOj rnTyau;HjH He 6H Tpe6ano ,n:a ,n:ol)e .n:o rrpHMOBa:EDa jep CTHMYJIYCH rrpHrra,n:ajy pa3JIH'IHTHM pe'IeHH-
u;aMa H HHcy HH Ha KOjH Ha'IHH rroBesaHH.
180 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
Tipo1103mv1je cy CBaKaKo p;eo Harner JKyrrHor 3Halha, a.JIM cy oHe M p;a.Jbe M30Jio-
BaHM eJieMeHTM, 11oje,IJ;Mlfal'.IHM c.r.ryqajeBM KOjM Mory, a.JIM He MOpajy p;a 6yp;y JKlIOllJbeHM
y rnMpe n;eJIMHe. MelJYTMM, Harne 3Halhe HMje caCTaBJbeHo caMo op; 11ojep;MHal'.!HMX 11oj-
MOBa, HMTM op; 11oje,IJ;MHal'.!HMX, BMrne MJIM Malhe CJIOEeHMX 11po1103MD;Mja. OHO o6yxBa-
Ta KOMllJieKce TBp,IJ;H>M M pa3JIM1'.!MTe ac11eKTe p;oral)aja M CTalha, OHO ce caCTojM M op;
Mel)yco6Ho l10Be3aHMX rnMpMX n;eJIMHa Koje Mory p;a BapMpajy y o6MMY M Koje Mory
6MTM BMrne MJIM Malhe KOXepeHTHe.
TaKBe rnMpe n;eJIMHe Kpos Koje ce opraHM3yje Harne sHalhe Ha3MBaMo uteMaMa. Peq
je o jep;MHmi;aMa opraHM30BaHor 3Halha y 1'.!MjeM n;eHTPY ce HaJia3M op;pel)eHM 11ojaM, a.JIM
M BeJIMKM 6poj p;pymx 11ojM0Ba, rnTyan;Mja, p;oral)aja M aKn;Mja Koje cy ca lhMM y Be3M.
TipM TOM, oBa Be3a He Mopa HYEHO p;a 6yp;e ceMaHTMl'.!Ka MJIM acon;MjaTMBHa. Y3MMMO 3a
11pMMep 11ojaM pecmopaH. Y p;yxy paHMje pa3MaTpaHMX MO,IJ;eJia M 11pMcTyrra, oBaj 11ojaM
MoEeMo p;a op;pep;MMO 11peKo H>eroBMX ,IJ;MCTMHKTMBHMX O,IJ;JIMKa. MelJYTMM, Harne 3Halhe
0 pecTopaHy He Mcu;p111byje ce CKyrrOM ,IJ;MCTMHKTMBHMX O,IJ;JIMKa OBOr 11ojMa. OHO je rnMpe
M o6yxBaTa HM3 ;n;pymx 11ojM0Ba KOjM cy ca H>MM y Benoj MJIM MaH>oj MepM 110BesaHM.
Kao rnTO CMO CBojeBpeMeHO, ,IJ;MCKJTyjynM 11po6JieM TMllMl'.!HOCTM, yol'.!MJIM p;a cy HeKe MH-
CTaHu;e TMllHl'.!HM 11pep;CTaBHMD;H p;aTe KaTeropMje a HeKe Malhe TMllHl'.!HM MJIM HeTMllMl'.!HM,
TaKO M rneMa op;pel)eHor 11ojMa JKlbyqyje BeJIMKM 6poj He caMo 11ojM0Ba, Ben M THllHl'.!HMX
peJiau;Mja M aKu;Mja. YJia3enM y pecTOpaH MMaMo op;pel)eHa ol'.!eKMBaH>a Koja 11poMCTM1'.!Y Ms
Harner l103HaBalha rneMe pecTopaHa. 01'.!eKyjeMO p;a neMO HaMnM Ha BeJIHKH 6poj CTOJIOBa,
oqeKyjeMo KeJIHepe, 110HeKap; M MYSMKy, ol'.!eKyjeMo p;a TY Ben cep;e lliYAM KojM pyqajy MJIH
Beqepajy MTp;. CBM OBM eJieMeHTM p;eo cy rneMe pecTopaHa. MelJYTMM, 6MJIH 6McMo BeoMa
M3HeHal)eHH JKOJIMKO 6M ce p;oK Bel'.!epaMo yracMJia CBeTJia, a Ha 3MAY 11oqeo p;a ce 11pojeK-
Tyje cpMJIM. 3arnTO 6MCMO 6MJIM M3HeHal)eHM? 3aTO rnTO ce rneMa pecmopaHa pa3JIMKyje op;
rneMe 6uocKoua (BM)J;M CJIMl'.!aH 11pMMep Ha CJIMD;M 13).
Y OKBMPY 11ojep;MHMX rneMa Moryne cy 11op;rneMe, Tal'.!HMje c11eu;McpM1'.!Ha oqeKMBaH>a
Be3aHa 3a KOHTeKCT. TaKO, Ha 11pMMep, HaJia3enM ce y OTMeHOM pecTopaHy He 01'.!eKyjeMO
p;a ce y H>era yrneTa 11MjaHan; ca YJIMn;e KojM MaJITpeTMpa rocTe, a.JIM TaKO HernTo MOEeMo
p;a Ol'.!eKyjeMO y cyMlhMBMM pecTOpaHMMa Ha 11epMcpepMjM. IlleMa jep;Hor 11ojMa MOEe
6MTM p;eo rnMpe rneMe MJIM, 11aK, rneMe Be3aHe 3a HeKM ;n;pyrM 11ojaM. TaKo, Ha 11pMMep,
rneMa pecTopaHa (M CBe 11op;rneMe oBor 11ojMa) MOEe 6MTM p;eo rnMpe rneMe 11ojMa o6eg.
Tiojep;MHe rneMe yKJbyqyjy M pep;ornep; 011epan;Mja M p;oral)aja. BpaTMMO ce 110Ho-
Bo 11pMMepy ca peCTopaHOM. Tiopep; Tora rnTO 3HaMO p;a y pecTopaHy llOCTOje CTOJIOBM,
KeJIHepM, rocTM M (MoEp;a) MY3MKa, 3HaMo M pep;ornep; p;oral)aja KOjM ce y H>eMy op;M-
rpaBajy. YJia3enM y pecTOpaH CKM,IJ;aMo Ka11yT ( aKo je y llMTalhy OTMeHMjM pecTOpaH,
OCTaBJbaMO KallYT y rapp;epo6M), cep;aMo 3a CTO M 1'.!eKaMo p;a HaM KeJIHep )J;OHece jeJIOB-
HMK. 3aTMM 6MpaMo jeJia, 30BeMo KeJIHepa M HapyqyjeMo. Pa3JIM1'.!MTe BpcTe jeJia MAY
op;pel)eHMM pep;ornep;oM (11pep;jeJio, maBHO jeJio, p;e3epT M Ha Kpajy /MoEp;a/ Kacpa).
TiornTO CMO 3aBprnMJIM ca jeJIOM, llOHOBO 30BeMO KeJIHepa, TpaEMMO pal'.!ytt, llJianaMO
M M3Jia3MMO M3 pecTOpaHa. 0Bo 6M 6Mo yo6Ml'.!ajeHM pep;ornep; p;oral)aja KOjM Ol'.!eKyjeMo
yJia3enM y pecTOpaH. Pep;ornep; p;oral)aja M 011epan;Mja y OKBMPY p;aTe rneMe Ha3MBaMO
CKpuam HJIM CUieHapuo M OH 11pep;cTaBJba MHTerparrHM p;eo rneMe p;aTor 11ojMa (y HarneM
182 KOfHI1TI1BHA I1CI1XOJIOfI1JA
J13 HaBe,n;eHMX rrpMMepa BM,II;MMO ,n;a je Harne 3Halhe Moryne OIIMCMBaTM Ha BMIIIe
HMBOa MOJiapHOCTM. YBo,n;enM rrojaM rneMe M CKpMIITa, jacHe rpaHMU:e M3Mel)y MeMo-
pMjCKMX eHTMTeTa rroqMlh y ,n;a ce ry6e, ycTyrrajynM MeCTO qmyM,II;HMM u;eJIMHaMa 3aCHO-
BaHMM Ha McKycTBY M oqeKMBalhMMa. I1 caMe rneMe je, Kao rnTo cMo BM,II;eJIM, Moryne
,II;OHeKJie xrrjepapxrrjcKM opraHM30BaTM, aJIM jacHe rpaHMU:e Mel)y lhMMa He IIOCTOje.
,II;a JIM cy rneMe caMo KOHCTPYKT HJIM KOrHMTMBHM CMcTeM saMCTa orrepMrne
rneMaMa, M aKo orrepMrne, Ha KojM HaqMH MO)l{eMo To ,n;a YTBp,II;MMo? BenMHa MCTpa-
)l{MBalha Koja cy MMaJia sa U:Mlb YTBpl)MBalhe KOrHMTMBHor CTaTyca rneMa 3acHOBa-
Ha cy Ha MCIIMTI1Balhy lhMXOBe yJiore y OCMMIIIJbaBalhy HOBMX MH<popMau;Mja. CBaKa
HOBa MH<popMau;Mja Mopa ,n;a 6y,n;e YKlliyqeHa y Ben rrocTOjena 3Halha jep je TO je,n;MHM
Haq1rn ,n;a OHa 6y,n;e OCMMIIIJbeHa M ,n;a ,n;o6Mje CBOje MeCTO y OIIIIITOj opraHM3au;MjM
3Halha. YKJbyqMBalhe HOBe MH<popMau;Mje, MJIM MH<popMau;Mje KOja He MOpa ,n;a 6y,n;e
HOBa aJIM Kojy TpeHyTHO o6pal)yjeMo, rro,n;pasyMeBa lheHO CMeIIITalhe y KOHTeKCT
II03HaTor. y CBeTJIY OBe ,II;MCKYCMje, peKJIM 6MCMO y KOHTeKCT IIOCTojenMX rneMa.
I1MajynM TO y BM,n;y, MO)l{eMo ce yrrMTaTM ,n;a JIM, M y Kojoj MepM, IIOCTojene rneMe
YTMqy Ha rrpMMalhe M 3arraMnMBalhe HOBOr MaTepMjaJia. YKOJIMKO 6M ce IIOKa3aJIO ,n;a
TaKaB YTMU:aj IIOCTOjM, 6Mo TO 3HaqajaH apryMeHT y rrpHJior TOMe ,n;a rneMe MMajy CTa-
TYC KOrHMTMBHe peJieBaHTHOCTM.
,IJYfOTPAJHA MEMOPI1JA: 0PfAHI13AUI1JA 3HAfhA 183
ITpo'I11TajTe cJie,n:eh11 rraparpacp. 3aT11M, He rne,n:ajyh11 y Te1<cT, rro1<yrnajTe ,n:a perrpo,n:y1<yjeTe IIITO B11IIIe
,n:eTa.Jba 113 TeI<cTa.
ITocTyrra1< je BpJio je,n:HOCTaBaH. ITpBo, rro1<yIIIajTe ,n:a pasBpCTaTe cTBap11 y Mafhe roMIDie no 6oj11:. Y
saBHCHOCTH o,n: I<OJIH'IHHe MaTep11jana, MO)l{e ce ,n:oro,n:HTH ,n:a cBe cTaHe H Ha je,n:Hy rOMHJIY. Y1<0JI111<0 BaM
je CBe rrpH py:o;H MO)l{eTe ,n:a ITO'IHeTe, aJIH a1<0 HHje MOpaheTe ,n:a o,n:eTe Ha ,n:pyro MeCTO. Ba)KHO je ,n:a He
rrpeTepaTe. Eo.Jbe ,n:a o,n:je,n:HOM ypa,n:11Te Mafhe Hero rrpeB11IIIe. Ha 1<pah11 po1< TO MO)l<e 11:srne,n:aT11 HeBa)l{HO,
an11 Ha JJ:Y)KH po1< Mory ,n:a ce rrojaBe 1<0MrrJI111<a:o;11je a rpeIIII<a 611: Morna ,n:a 6y,n:e c1<yrro rrJiaheHa. PyKoBaIDe
MexaHH3MOM je je,n:HOCTaBHO H 0 TOMe HeheMo OB)J;e rOBOpHTH. y ITO'IeTI<y he BaM ce rrpou;e,n:ypa 'IHHl1Tl1
1<0MrrJI111<0BaHoM, aJIH he rrocJie 1<paher BpeMeHa rrocTaTH ,n:eo BaIIIe CBa1<0,n:HeB11:o;e. Mano je BepoBaTHO ,n:a
hey CI<Op11joj 6y,n:yhHOCTl1 OBO rrpeCTaTH ,n:a 6y,n:e HeOITXOJJ:HOCT, aJIH Hl1I<a,n: ce He 3Ha.
(IIpey3efilo U3 Bransford & Johnson, 1972. Cllo6oqaH apeBoq u qoHeKlle U3Mel-beH iaeKcia)
IlleMe HHCY rracHBHe je,ri;HHHu;e Harner 3Hallia Beh aKTHBHH, ,JJ;HHaMHqKH qHHHOIJ;H
KOjH yqecTByjy y OCMHrnJbaBalliy HOBHX HHcpopMau;Hja H y BeJIHKOj MepH OJiaKrnaBajy
lliHXOBO pasyMeBallie. ITpH TOM, OHe ce CTaJIHO ,JJ;OIIJihyjy H Melliajy, a HeKH eJieMeHTH
rneMa HecTajy ,ri;a 6H 6HJIH saMellieHH HOBHM. Ha qeMy ce sacHHBa OBa ,lJ;HHaMHKa H rnTa
je TO rnTO rneMy qHHH rneMoM? JacHO pasrpaHHqellie H3Mel)y rroje,ri;HHHX rneMa je qecTO
HeMoryhe, a lliHXOBe HOHaKO cpJIYH,Il;He rpaHHu;e IIOCTajy ,ri;o,ri;aTHO peJiaTHBH30BaHe aKo
ce HMa y BHAY qHllieHHu;a ,ri;a rroje,ri;HHe rneMe Mory 6HTH ,ri;eJIOBH rnHpHx rneMa, Kao H TO
,ri;a rroje,ri;HHH eJieMeHTH Mory rrpHrra,ri;aTH pa3JIHqHTHM rneMaMa. YrrpKoc TO Me, rneMe ce
HIIaK jaBThyjy Kao BHrne HJIH Mallie KoxepeHTHH MeMOpHjCKH eHTHTeTH.
CTaTyc KOrHHTHBHe peIIeBaHTHOCTH rneMa rroTBpl)yjy pesyJITaTH HCTpa:}lmBalha
y KOjHMa je HCIIHTaH lliHXOB YTHu;aj Ha OCMHrnJbaBallie H perrpo,ri;yKu;Hjy pa3JIHqHTHX
ca,ri;p)l{aja. 0BH HaJia3H IIOKasyjy ,ri;a je OCMHrnJbaBallie HHcpOpMau;Hja y BeJIHKOj MepH
ycJIOBJbeHo rneMaMa, o,ri;HocHo oqeKHBalliHMa sacHOBaHHM Ha rrpeTxo,ri;HOM HCKYCTBY
H 3HalliHMa. I1MajyhH OBaKBe HaJia3e y BH,ri;y, IIOCTaBJba ce IIHTallie Ha qeMy cy sacHO-
BaHa Harna oqeKHBallia H rnTa CTOjH y OCHOBH rneMa. CBaKO oqeKHBallie sacHOBaHO je
Ha 6epo6aillHOnu Koja je H3Be,ri;eHa H3 rrpeTXO,JJ;HHX ,ri;oral)allia, O,JJ;HOCHO Harner HCKy-
CTBa BesaHor sa o,ri;pel)eHe ,ri;oral)aje H CHTyau;Hje. CacBHM je HSBeCHo ,ri;a heMo y pe-
cTopaHy saTehH KeJIHepa, ,ri;a he y pecTopaHy 6HTH MYSHKa Mallie je BepoBaTHO aJIH He
H HeoqeKHBaHO, ,JJ;OK je BepoBaTHoha ,ri;a heMo y pecTopaHy cpeCTH IIHHrBHHa (Kao Ha
CJIHIJ;H 13) 3aHeMapThHBa. IlleMa je, ,ri;aKJie, CKyrr rroje,ri;HHaqHHX eJieMeHaTa Heje,ri;HaKHX
BepoBaTHoha KojH rrpe,ri;cTaBJbajy BHrne HIIH Mallie KoxepeHTHY u;eJIHHy. To je o,ri;JIHKa
rneMe, aJIH H ,ri;oral)aja, rrojMa, aKu;Hje H CBera rnTO MO)l{e 6HTH o6yxBaheHO rneMOM.
ITornTO ce rrojMOBH, ,ri;oral)ajH H aKu;Hje y OKBHPY ,ri;aTe rneMe jaBJbajy ca Heje,ri;HaKoM
BepoBaTHohoM, rpaHHu;e H3Mel)y rneMa rrocTajy cpIIJH,JJ;He. Ka,ri;a ,,peCTopaH" rrpecTaje
,ri;a 6y,ri;e ,,pecTopaH" saBHcHhe o,ri; cTerreHa rrpHcycTBa eJieMeHaTa KojH He crra,ri;ajy y
oqeKHBaHH HHBeHTap OBOr rrojMa (rneMe). AIIH, Ka,ri;a ce ,JJ;OCTH:IB.e OBa KpHTHqHa rpa-
HHu;a, Ka,ri;a MO)l{eMO ca CHrypHornhy KOHCTaTOBaTH ,ri;a ce He HaJia3HMO BHrne y OKBH-
pHMa ,ri;aTe rneMe, IIHTallie je Koje sa ca,ri;a ocTaje 6es o,ri;roBopa.
I1sBeCHO je ,ri;a je KOrHHTHBHH CHCTeM HsyseTHO cpIIeKCH6HJiaH H rrpHIIarO,JJ;JbHB H ,ri;a
je y CTalliY ,ri;a ,ri;aTy CHTyau;Hjy CMeCTH y ROBY rneMy HJIH Beh IIOCTOjehy rneMY MO,Il;HcpHKyje
Ha HaqHH KOjH y HajBehoj MepH o,ri;roBapa BepoBaTHohaMa H3Be,ri;eHHM H3 rrpeTXO,JJ;HOr
186 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
PE3l1ME
,IJ;a JUI ce cenaMo IllTa CMO pa,IJ;I1JIH rrpOII1JIOr JieTa Ha O,IJ;MOpy? CenaMO JIH ce JbY,IJ;H
ca KOjHMa CMO 6HJIH, Kylie y Kojoj CMO o,n;ceJIH, MeCTa KOja CMO o6HJia3HJIH? BenHHa Hae
6H Ha OBa IIHTaI:ba O,Il;fOBOpHJia IIOTBp,Il;HO. HrraK, IIOKYillajMo je,n;HHM H3MHII1JbeHHM
,n;oral)ajeM ,n;a HJIYCTpyjeMo KaKo cMo eBou;HpaJIH ycrroMeHy Ha rrpolllJIO JieTo.
,IJ,oK Hauolby cuau Kuiua, apucenaMo ce !leUla Koje cMo apoBellu y MalloM apuMopcKoM
fpaguny. YKa3yje HaM ce c!luKa yBalle ca 'tleMupecuMa u uuHujaMa, BuguMo 3elleHou!laBu
UllUnaK, ocenaMO Mupuc Mapa, 'tlyjeMO Wallace KaKO puUlMU'tlHO UOB!la'tle tulbyHaK Co6a!le.
IIpucenaMo ce 3awuM Be'tlepu Kojy cMo ca apujaUlelbuMa apoBellu y MalloM pecwopaHy zge
cMo jellu WKOlbKe u uu!lu go6po goMane BUHo. Ko je we Be'tlepu 6uo ca HaMa? Y uoKyiuajy
ga ce apuceUluMo, cUlBapaMo CllUKY pecwopaHa u ,,yHywpaiu1-buM" uozllegoM apella3uMo
apeKO CWO!la. BuguMO llUKOBe apujaUlelba, go Hae goaupy 1-bUXOBU fllaCOBU, 'tlyjeMO ux KaKO
zoBope u KaKo ce cMejy. ]aBlba HaM ce Mupuc BUHa u yKyc UlKOlbKU a 3aUluM HaM ce HaMene
Mucao ga je HeKo we Be'tlepu Hegocwajao. CUlBapaMo 3aUluM CllUKY y Kojoj je u waj HeKo
Meljy HaMa. Toce, 3HaMo, Huje gozogullo, allu c!luKa apeg HaMa je caga !leuiua u aowuyHuja.
JI goK gozaljaju HacUlaBlbajy ga ce HUJ1Cy, oHu Koju cy ce gozogullu u Koju ce Huey gozogullu,
cHaJ1CaH Bewap je 3allyuuo Bpawa Ha wepacu u apeHyo Hae u3 oBof ca1-bape1-ba.
I1 Kao IllTO Hae je y,n;ap BeTpa rrpeHyo HS caI:hapeI:ha, Hape,n;HH pe,n;oBH Hae Bpanajy
y ,Il;HCKyrnjy 0 ,n;yroTpajHoj MeMOpHjH sarro-cieToj y rrpeTXO,Il;HOM IIOrJiaBJby. y I:beMy CMO
192 KOrHI1TI1BHA TICHXOJIOrMJA
I Kap;a ce rOBOpH 0 CHM60JIH':IKOM Kop;y, Hajqernne ce HMa y BHAY Bep6aJIHll KO,l];. CTora neMO y ,l];a.JbeM
TeKCTY yMeCTO ,lJ;BOCTPYKOr HaBoljeH>a KOpHCTHTH H3pas ,,CHM60JIH'IKH Kop;".
2
0Ba KOHCTaTa:o;Hja BmKH Sa cprrCKH je3HK y KOjeM Ce paBHOITpaBHO KOpHCTe nnpHJIH'IHO ll JiaTHHH'IHO
ITHCMO.
)J.YfOTPAJHA MEMOPHJA: AHAJIOfHE ITPEJJ;CTABE 193
(Bep6a.JIHa) rrpe,r:t;CTaBa, a caMMM TMM M BHIIle MH¢opMau;Mja Koje 6M MOme ,n;a IIOMOrHy
rrpM rrperrosHaBaihy. YKOJIMKO je aHa.JIOrHa rrpe,n;cTaBa MeHTa.JIHa ,,KorrMja" HeKor acrre-
KTa o6jeKTa, oH,n;a 6M oHa Tpe6a.Jio ,n;a ca,r:t;p)KM BenMHY ,n;eTaJna y OKBMPY ,n;aTor qyJIHor
MO,r:t;a.JIMTeTa. y rrpHJIOf OBOj rrpeTIIOCTaBD;M roBope Ha.Jia3M MCTpa)KMBalha y KOjMMa je
IIOKa3aHO ,n;a IIOCTOjM M3y3eTHO ,n;o6po rraMneI:he cPM3MqKMX KapaKTepMCTMKa Bep6a.JI-
HMX CTMMYJIYCa.
lfa OBaKBHX HaJJ:a3a MOrJIO 6n ce 3aKJbY'JHTH p;a cy BH3ye;rna IDIH ayp;HTHBHa rrpe-
,Il;CTaBa p;aTe peqn yomap;HlllTeHe Kao lheHe ,,Korrnje", H3 qera cJiep;n p;a 6n y 3ap;aTKY
rrperro3HaBalha HCIIHTaHHII;H Tpe6an:o 6e3 TelllKona p;a rrperro3Hajy paHnje rrpnKa3aHe
Bep6an:He CTHMynyce. I1aKo cTyp;nja KoJiepca H OCTpnja cyrepnllle oBaKaB 3aKJnyqaK,
HaKHa,II;Ha HCIIHTHBalba cy IIOKa3an:a p;a TO HHje rnyqaj. YKOJIHKO ce Bapnpa BeJinqnHa
H 6oja CTHMynyca (HCIIHCaHe peqn HJIH pe11eHHu;e) HCIIHTaHHIJ;H rnqHo rrperr03Hajy je-
p;aH HJIH p;pyrn aTpn6yT (BeJinqnHy HJIH 6ojy), an:n peTKO o6a (Light & Berger, 1976).
0BaKaB Han:a3 je p;oHeKJie H3HeHaJ)yjynn. AKo je BH3yeJIHa rrpep;crnBa MeHTan:Ha pe-
IIJIHKa CTHMynyca, o6a aTpn6yrn 6n Tpe6an:o p;a 6yp;y rrperro3Harn ca rrop;jep;HaKoM
TaqHolllny. ,II;o6njeHH Han:a3H, Mel)YTHM, cyrepnllly p;a BH3yeJIHa rrpep;crnBa He cap;p)KH
me aTpn6yTe o6jeKTa, rrpn qeMy Hnje Moryne ca rnrypHolllny rrpep;Bnp;eTH Kojn ne
aTpn6yT 6HTH 3a,II;p)KaH.
Bnp;eJIH cMo p;a je jep;Ho op; o6jallllhelha 6olber rrperro3HaBalha BH3yeJIHor Ma-
Tepnjan:a 3acH0BaHo Ha rrpeTrrocrnBu;H p;a, y rropel)elhy ca Bep6an:HHM CTHMYJIYCHMa,
CJIHKa cap;p)KH BHille p;eTalba. 0By rrpeTIIOCTaBKY ,Il;OBeJIH cy y cyMlhY HaJJ:a3H orJiep;a
HeJICOHa, Meu;JiepoBe H Pnp;a (Nelson, Metzler & Reed, 1974). Y lhHXOBOM omep;y
rrpHKa3aHa cy qeTHpH THIIa CTHMynyca KOjH ce O,Il;HOCe Ha HCTy,cu;eHy: cpoTOrpaqrnja
cu;eHe ( CJIHKa rrytta p;eTalba), p;eTalbaH u;pTe)K cpoTOrpacpnje, pep;YKOBaH u;pTe)K cpoTO-
rpacpnje H peqeHnu;a Koja orrncyje cu;eHy (rnnKa 2).
3 Ha rrpHMep, a) ,,My)!{ je soJieo csojy )KeHy.", 6) ,,)l{eHa je soJieJia csor My)Ka.", s) ,,Cyrrpyr je BOJieo csojy
)KeHy."
200 KOfHl1Tl1BHA IICMXOJIOrMJA
'I}'JIHO-HepBHH anapaT
penpeseHTau;HoHe Bese 1
1-..............................................................~~
... ...
11ororeHH pecpepeHii;Hjarrne HMareHH
Be3e
8
..................................
'"""
1/ ClluKa 3. -Mogell gBocmypKof Koga. Bep6w-
He U 6U3JellHe upegcUl.a6e JCKllaguutUl.eHe C)'
.
Bep6aJIHH npo:u;ecH HeBep6aJIHH npo:u;ecH
.. y sace6HuM, allu uoBesaHuM uogcucUl.eMuMa
gyrompajHe MeMopuje (Paivio, 1986)
4 TepMHH JlOloleH H3Be,n:eH je ll3 rp'IKe pe'IH logos Koja, H3Me~y OCTaJIOr, 3Ha'IH pet.t, ,Il;OK je TepMHH UMafeH
H3Be,n:eH ll3 JiaTHHCKe pe'IH imago (CllUKa).
)J,YfOTPAJHA MEMOPI1JA: AHAJIOrHE IIPE,IKTABE 201
3eHOH llUllUUlUH
0
0
CJLuKa 4. - IIpugaBaHJe cMucJLa 6ecMucJLeHoM upilieJKy 01iaKUtaBa HJefoBo apeuo3-
HaBaHJe: a) 6ecMucJLeHu 4pi1IeJ1C, 6) ucmu 4pi1IeJ1C KOMe je apugogam cMucao ( Hup.
011.U Ma11.Ke y MpaKy), 6) upoMeHa Kaja je goBeJla go fy6uUl.Ka CMUcaOHOCUl.U 4pi1IeJ1Ca,
l) upoMeHa Kaja HUje goBella go fy6uUl.Ka CMUCaOHOCUl.U 4pi1IeJ1Ca (Bower, Karlin &
Dueck, 1975; prema Klatzky, 1980).
MEHTAJIHA BM3YAJIM3AII;MJA
qHjH ce JIHK HaJia3H Ha HoBqaHHII;H o,r:i; CTO ,r:i;HHapa? KoJIHKO crrpaToBa HMa Ha-
po,r:i;HH Mysej y Beorpa,r:i;y? Ha Kojy cTpaHy je oKpeHyra maBa MHKeJiaHl)eJioBor ,II;aBH-
,r:i;a? Y IIOKylllajy ,r:i;a O,Il;fOBOpHMO Ha OBa IIHTaIDa BpJIO je BepoBaTHO ,r:i;a neMO rro6y,r:i;HTH
BHsyeJIHY rrpe,r:i;CTaBY OBHX o6jeKaTa H ycMepHTH IIa)l{IDY Ha JIHK Ha HOBqaHHII;H H ma-
BY ,II;aBH,JJ;a, a crrpaTOBe Hapo,r:i;Hor Myseja neMo je,r:i;HOCTaBHO rrpe6pojaTH IIOllITO II0-
6y,r:i;HMO IDeroBy rrpe,r:i;cTaBy, Kao llITO 6HCMO TO yqHHHJIH H aKo 6HCMO ra IIOCMaTpaJIH
y pea.JIHOCTH. 0BaKBe H CJIHqHe CHTyau;Hje CBH HMaMO y CBOM HCKYCTBy. I1aKO 3HaMO
,r:i;a aHaJIOrHe rrpe,r:i;cTaBe MO)l{eMo ,r:i;a TpaHccpopMmneMo, ,r:i;a y~MepaBaMo rra)l{IDY Ha
IDHXOBe ,r:i;eTa.Jbe, ,r:i;a HX rrpeTpa)l{yjeMO H IDHMa MaHHIIYJIHllleMO, IIOCTaBJba ce IIHTaIDe
Ha KOjH HaqHH TO qHHHMO H ,r:i;a JIM cy OBH rrpou;ecH cpJHKII;HOHaJIHO aHaJIOfHH rrpou;e-
CHMa KOjH ce O,Il;BHjajy Ha o6jeKTHMa y pea.JIHOCTH. I1o1IITO OBaKO IIOCTaBJbeHo IIHTaIDe
saxTeBa HellITO ,r:i;eTa.JbHHjy eJia6opau;Hjy, KpeHyneMo O,Il; OCHOBHHX KapaKTepHCTHKa
aHaJIOfHHX rrpe,r:i;CTaBa.
BH,r:i;eJIH cMo ,r:i;a je KJbyqHa o,r:i;JIHKa aHaJiorHHX rrpe,r:i;cTaBa TO llITO rrpeCJIHKaBa-
jy HeKe KapaKTepHCTHKe o6jeKTa KOjH rrpe,r:i;CTaBJbajy, O,Il;HOCHO llITO H3Mel)y o6jeKTa H
rrpe,r:i;cTaBe IIOCTOje o,r:i;pel)eHe CTPJKTYPaJIHe H KBaJIHTaTHBHe aHaJIOmje. I1MajynH OBO y
BH,r:i;y, MQ)KeMO ce yrrHTaTH ,r:i;a JIM H3 OBaKBHX KapaKTepHCTHKa rne,r:i;e H cpJHKII;HOHaJIHe
aHaJIOrHje H3Mel)y TpaHccpopMau;Hja H MaHHIIyJiau;Hja aHaJIOfHHM rrpe,r:i;CTaBaMa H o6jeK-
THMa ypeaJIHOM rneTy. YsMHMO rne,r:i;enH rrpHMep. Je,r:i;aH o6jeKaT MO)l{eMo ,r:i;a rrocMaTpaMo
H3 pa3JIHqHTHX yrJIOBa, ,r:i;a ra rrpH6JIH)l{HMO HJIH y,r:i;aJDHMO, ,r:i;a ycMepHMO IIa)l{IDY Ha je,r:i;aH
IDerOB ,r:i;eo, MO)l{eMO IDHMe cpH3HqKH ,r:i;a MaHHIIYJIHllleMO TaKO llITO neMO ra pOTHpaTH
HJIH IIOMepaTH ITO xopH30HTaJIHOj HJIH BepTHKaJIHOj OCH HT,JJ;. ITocTaBJba ce IIHTaIDe ,r:i;a JIM
ce aHaJIOrHe TpaHccpopMau;Hje H MaHHIIyJiau;Hje O,lJ;BHjajy H ca rrpe,r:i;CTaBOM HCTOf o6jeKTa
H ,r:i;a JIM cy BpeMeHCKH O,Il;HOCH y peaJIHOj MaHHrryJiau;HjH rrporropu;HOHaJIHH O,Il;HOCHMa
rrpH MaHHIIyJiau;HjH rrpe,r:i;cTaBOM o6jeKTa. YKOJIHKO OBaKBe aHaJIOrHje IIOCToje, IIOCTaBJba
ce, ,JJ;a.Jbe, IIHTaIDe KOja je KOMIIOHeHTa CHCTeMa o6pa,r:i;e HHcpopMau;Hje 0,Il;fOBOpHa sa rrpo-
u;ece KojH oMorynaBajy MaHHrryJiau;Hje H TpaHccpopMau;Hje aHaJIOrHHM rrpe,r:i;cTaBaMa.
ITocTojaIDe cpJHKII;HOHaJIHe aHaJIOrHje eMIIHpHjCKo je IIHTaIDe Koje neMO ,r:i;e-
Ta.JbHHje pa3MOTPHTH Ha rne,r:i;enHM CTpaHaMa, ,Il;OK je IIHTaIDe ,Il;OMeHa y KOjeM ce o,r:i;-
BHjajy TpaHccpopMau;Hje H MaHHIIyJiau;Hje ,r:i;eJIHMHqHo ,Il;OTaKHYTO y rromaBJbY y KOjeM
CMO rrpHKa3aJIH HaJiase KOjH IIOTBpl)yjy CTaTyc KOfHHTHBHe peJieBaHTHOCTH BHsyeJIHO-
crrau;HjaJIHe MaTpHu;e Kao KOMIIOHeHTe MO,JJ;eJia pa,r:i;He MeMOpHje ArraHa Be,r:i;JIHja (Bad-
deley & Lieberman, 1980). Ha ocHoBy pesyJITaTa OBHX HCTpa)l{HBaIDa Morao 6H ce cTenH
yTHCaK ,r:i;a MaHHrryJiau;Hja aHaJIOrHHM rrpe,r:i;crnBaMa crra,r:i;a y ,r:i;oMeH orrepaTHBHe (pa,r:i;He)
a He ,r:i;yroTpajHe MeMopHje. 0BaKaB JTHCaK HHje HeTaqaH, a.JIM je HeIIOTIIJH. Je,r:i;aH O,Il;
pasJiora KOjH je Be,r:i;JIHja HaBeo ,r:i;a pe,r:i;ecpHHHllle KOMIIOHeHTe CHCTeMa o6pa,r:i;e HHcpop-
Mau;Hja H IDHXOBe Mel)yco6He O,Il;HOCe 6Ho je Taj llITO je y BeJIHKOM 6pojy HCTpa)l{HBaIDa
,IJ;YfOTPAJHA MEMOPHJA: AHAJIOrHE ITPE,IJ;CTABE 205
5 TepMHH MeHUi.a1lHa 6U3yallU3at1;uja je Hajrrptt6mDKHHjH TepMHHY mental imagery. MelJJTHM, TepMHH ima-
gery y eHrJieCKOM je3HKY HHje orpaHH':IeH caMO Ha BH3yeJIHH MO,Il;aJIHTeT. TaKO, Ha rrpHMep, HCTpa)l{HBa':IH
roBope 0 auditory images (ay,n;HTHBHHM CJIHI<aMa), HaKO O':IHrJie,Il;HO mrje peq 0 CJIHI<aMa Ben 0 ay,n;HTHBHHM
rrpe,n;CTaBaMa. 0BaKO CXBaneH TepMHH imagery O,Il;HOCH ce, ,n;aKJie, Ha CBe 'IJlIHe MO,Il;aJIHTeTe. ,n:a 6HCMO
H36erJIH qy,n;He CHHTarMe (Hrrp. TaKTHJIHe CJIHI<e) I<OpHCTHneMo TepMHH ayguUi.U6He apegcma;e, O,Il;HOCHO
Ui.aKUi.UllHe apegcUi.aBe, ollcpaKUi.opHe apegcUi.a6e HT,n;.
6
Pe':I je o EEG sarrttcy ,n;o6ttjeHoM y KpanHM BpeMeHCKHM HHTepBaJIHMa y oKBHpy I<OjHX ce sa,n;ajy crre-
u;mptt'IHH sa,n;au;H ( eHrJI. event related potential).
7 IIITaBHIIIe, OHe JKlI:>yqyjy H MaHHIIyJiau;ttje H ,Il;HHaMHKY Koje y peaJIHOM CBeTy HHCY Moryhe (Hrrp. MO:>I<e-
MO ,n;a 3aMHCJIHMO ,n;a JieTHMO).
,lJ,YfOTPAJHA MEMOPI1JA: AHAJIOfHE ITPE,l],CTABE 207
CmueeH KocJlUH
TiocTaBJha ce IIMTalhe p;a JIM he rrpep;CTaBa seu;a rropep; I,IMHOBCKe MJBe 6MTM MCTO
TOJIMKO p;eTaJhHa Kao rrpep;CTaBa seu;a rropep; MMHMjaTypHor CJIOHa (Kosslyn, 1975). 0BO
rrMTalhe MO)I{e p;a ce cpopMyJIMIIIe MHa rnep;enM Ha-Y:MH. ,II:a JIM je BapMpalhe BeJIM-Y:MHe rrpep;-
CTaBe saKOHOMepHo rrpaheHo M BapMpalheM 6poja lheHMX p;eTaJha M p;a JIM je yo-Y:aBalhe
p;eTaJha Be3aHO sa rrpMpOp;He O,Il;HOCe BeJIM-Y:MHa M3Mel)y 3aMMIIIJheHHX eHTMTeTa?
HarrasM KocJIMHOBor eKcrrepMMeHTa y1rnsarrM cy Ha HeKOJIMKO SHa-Y:ajHMX aHa-
JIOrMja ca rrpMpO,Il;HMM OIIa)I{alheM. I1crrMTaHM1l;M cy MsjaBHJIM p;a je MeHTaJIHa CJIMKa
seu;a rropep; MJEe 6HJia p;arreKo Bena Hero MeHTaJIHa CJIMKa seu;a rropep; CJIOHa. 0BaKaB
M3BeIIITaj HaBO,Il;M Ha saKJhyqaK p;a IIOCTOjM CKaJIMpalhe BMsyeJIHMX rrpep;cTaBa Ha O,Il;HO-
ce rrpMpO,Il;HMX BeJIM-Y:MHa, -Y:MMe BMsyeJIHa rrpep;cTaBa cu;eHe IIOCTaje aHaJIOrHa cu;eHM
y pearrHOCTM. PesyJITaTM eKcrrepMMeHTa rroKasyjy p;a cy MCIIMTaHMu;M 6HJIM 6p)I{M y p;a-
Balhy op;roBopa Kap;a je O,Il;HOC BeJIM-Y:MHa op;roBapao O,Il;HOCMMa y peaJIHOCTM (CJIMKa 6).
Op;roBopM Ha saMMIIIJheHe cu;eHe y KojMMa je op;Hoc BeJiuqMHa op;roBapao rrpMpop;HOM
op;Hocy 6HJIM cy OKO IIOJia ceKytt,IJ;e 6p)I{M op; op;roBopa p;o6MjeHMX sa cu;eHe y KOjMMa cy
)J,YfOTPAJHA MEMOPH)A: AHAJIOrHE TIPE,UCTABE 209
o,n;Hoc11 6mrn l1HBepT0BaH11 (Hrrp. 3eu; rrope.n; Ml1H11jaTypHor CJIOHa) /cJI11Ka 6: Pa3Jil1Ke
I13Mel)y yrrpoceqeHllX Bpe,n;HOCTll BpeMeHa pearoBalha Ha JieBOM l1 .n;ecHOM rpaqmKOHy/.
TaKol)e, BpeMe pearoBaH>a je 6I11Io ,n;y)Ke JK01Il1KO je rr11TaH>e ca,n;p)KaJIO KapaKTep11cT11Ky
Kojy rrpe,n;cTaBa H11je rroce,n;oBaJia (Hrrp. }1,a llU 3e11 uMa KJbyH?) /rn11Ka 6: Pa3Jil1Ka l13Mel)y
rnTyau;11ja 06eJie)KeH11x u;pHllM 11 6eJil1M Kpy)K11neM/. 0Baj HaJia3 cyrepmne .n;a je 3a
pa3Jil1KY o.n; II03llTl1BHl1X o.n;roBopa, HeraTl1BHl1M o.n;r0Bop11Ma rrpeTXO,IJ;I1Jia rrpeTpara
.n;o 11cu;prrJbeH>a, Tj . .n;a cy 11crr11TaH11u;11 .n;o Kpaja rrpeTpa)KI1Jll1 Bl13yeJIHY rrpe,n;cTaBY rrpe
Hero IllTO cy ,IJ;aJill HeraT11BaH o,n;rOBOp. 8
3000- 3000-
2600- 2600-
2200-
1800-+-------....--------i
3eQ: CJIOH seQ: MyBa 3eQ: CJIOH seQ: M)'Ba
8
Yo'IHMO pa3JIHKY H3Mel)y OBHX HaJia3a H HaJia3a CTepH6epra KOjH IIOKasyjy ,z:i;a je BpeMe pearoBalha
sa o,z:i;rosope ,,,z:i;a" H ,,He" rrpH6JimKHO HCTO, H3 1'..!era CTepH6epr saKlbJ'Iyje ,z:i;a ce rrpeTpara o6asJba ,z:i;o
11cu;prrlbeH>a. KocJIHHOBH HaJiasH, Mel)yrHM, rroKasyjy ,z:i;a ce rrpeTpara ,z:i;o 11cu;prrlbelba o6aBJba caMo sa
HeIIOCTojene KapaKTepHCTHKe, ,!l;OK ce sa IIOCTOjene KapaKTepHCTHKe rrpeTpara OKOH'IaBa y TpeHYTKY
Ka,z:i;a je ,z:i;aTa KapaKTepHCTHKa H,!l;eHTH<pHKOBaHa. 0BaKBa BpcTa rrpeTpare aHaJIOfHa je peaJIHOj BHsyeJIHOj
rrpeTpasH y Kojoj je Heorrxo,z:i;Ha rrpeTpara ,z:i;o 11cu;prrlbelba ,z:i;a 611 ce ca c11rypHoIIIny YTBPAHJIO ,z:i;a HeKH
eJieMeHT o6jeKTa HHje rrp11cyTaH.
210 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfl1JA
ITpep; BaMa ce HaJiase p;Ba rrapa qacoBHMKa Koj11 rroKasyjy pasJIM'IMTO BpeMe. IToKyrnajTe y OKB11py CBaKor
rrapa p;a op;pep;11Te qacoBHMK q11je Ka3aJbKe saKJiarrajy MalhM yrao.
3:20 H 7:25
4:05 H 9.23
YKOJillKO 611 OBa npeTnOCTaBKa 6HJia TaqHa, BpeMe noTpe6Ho ,IJ;a ce O,IJ;rOBOpll Ha
noCTaBJbeHo n11Tal:he 3aBl1CHJIO 611 O,II; pa3Jil1Ke Me})y yrJIOBl1Ma Koje 3aKJianajy Ka3aJbKe
,IJ;Ba qacoBHl1Ka. YK0JI11Ko je pa3Jil1Ka Belia, BpeMe ,IJ;aBal:ha o,IJ;roBopa 611 Tpe6aJio ,IJ;a 6y,IJ;e
Kpalie. I1a11B110 l1cn11TaH11r:.t;11Ma 3a,IJ;aje 3a,IJ;aTaK rnu-qaH ropl:heM np11Mepy l1 Tpa)lrn ,n;a
)J,YfOTPAJHA MEMOPI1JA: AHAJIOrHE ITPEJJ:CTABE 211
op;pep;e qacoBHHK 'tmje Ka3a.JhKe sa1ornrrajy MaIDH yrao. ,II;o6HjeHH mUia3H cy rroTBpp;mm
IIaHBHjeBy rrpeTrrocTaBKy. YKOJIHKO je pa3JIHKa Mel)y yrJioBHMa MaH>a, HcrrHTaHHIJ;HMa
je 6HJio rrOTpe6Ho Bmue BpeMeHa p;a p;ajy o;n;roBop.
IIosHaTo je p;a rrocToje oco6e Koje IIaKo CTBapajy BHsye;rne rrpep;crnBe H oco-
6e KojHMa TO Tem:e rroJia3H sa pyKoM. }[{eJienH p;a HcrrHTa HH,II;HBH,II;YaJIHe pasJIHKe
y crroco6HOCTH MeHTaJIHe BH3YaJIH3ai:i;Hje BeJiwmHa (yrIIoBa), IIaHBHO je HcrrHTa-
HHKe rrop;eJIHO y ,II;Be rpyrre Ha OCHOBY ycrrexa Ha TeCTY MeHTaJIHe BH3YaJIH3aIJ;Hje, a
saTHM HM je sap;ao sap;arnK ca qacoBHHIJ;HMa (Paivio, 1978). ,II;o6HjeHH HaJia3H rroKa-
syjy ecpeKaT pasJIHKe Mel)y yrIIOBHMa (sa MaH>e pa3JIHKe rroTpe6Ho je p;ym:e BpeMe sa
,II;OHOIIIeH>e O,II;JiyKe), aJIH H pa3JIHKe H3Mel)y ,II;Be rpyrre HCrrHTaHHKa. I1crrHTaHHIJ;H
KOjH cy ce O,Il;JIHKOBaJIH BHCOKOM crroco6Hornny MeHTaJIHe BH3YaJIH3aIJ;Hje 6pm:e cy
p;aBaJIH op;roBope (cJIHKa 8). 3aHHMJhHBO je p;a HHje p;o6HjeHa HHTepaKIJ;Hja H3Mel)y
pa3JIHKe y ymoBHMa H crroco6HOCTH MeHTaJIHe BH3YaJIH3ai:i;Hje, IIITO rroKasyje p;a cy
o6e rpyrre o6aBJhaJie sap;arnK Ha HCTH HaqHH.
m1sye1rny rrpe.z:i;crnBy H Ha H>oj yoqe Ta'1KY A (Hrrp. jesepo ). 3aTHM 6tt eKcrrepHMeHTaTOp
ttsroBoptto Ha3HB JIOKau;ttje osHa'1eHe Ta'1KOM E (Hrrp. Ko1rn6a), a sa.z:i;arnK HCITHTaHHKa
je 6tto .z:i;a y CBojoj BttsyeJIHoj rrpep;cTaBH Mane rrpel)y H3 Ta'1Ke A y Ta'1KY E. Y TpeHyTKy
Ka.z:i;a 6H ,,CTHnrn" .z:i;o Ta'1Ke E, HCITHTaHHu;H 6tt rrpHTHCHYJIH TacTep. 3aBHCHa Bapttja6Jia
je 6HJio BpeMe pearoBaH>a op; TpeHYTKa Kap:a je eKcrrepHMeHTaTop HsroBoptto HH,IJ;HKa-
TOp (Hrrp. Ta'1Ka E) .z:i;o TpeHYTKa ,z:i;aBaH>a o.z:i;roBopa. ,IJ;o6ttjeHH HaJiasH rroKasyjy .z:i;a je
BpeMe pearoBaH>a .z:i;pK.e JKOJIHKO je pasp;aJbHHa H3Mel)y Ta'1aKa Bena, '1HMe je rroTBpl)eHa
jorn je,z:i;Ha aHanomja H3Mel)y eKcrrJiopau;ttje BttsyJieHHX rrpe.z:i;crnBa H eKcrrJiopau;ttje rrpH
BttsyeJIHOM orra)KaIDy (Kosslyn, Ball & Reiser, 1978). CJIH'1He HaJiase ca rrpe.z:i;crnBaMa
Tpo,z:i;HMeH3HOHaJIHHX o6jeKarn .z:i;o6tto je H CTHBeH I1HHKep (Pinker, 1980). 0Baj ecpeKaT
je rrosHaT rro.z:i; Ha3HBOM e<j)eKa-Ul cuM60JZu11Ke gucfllaHtA;e (symbolic distance effect).
Koje npeppaBJDajy reoMeTpMjcKa TeJia (Shepard & Metzler, 1971; Cooper & Shepard,
1972; Metzler & Shepard, 1974) /CJIMKa 10/.
a 6 B r
S~~~~~~~~~~~ s~~~~~~~~~~~~
4 4
3 3
2 2
0° 20° 60° 100° 140° 180° 0° 20° 60° 100° 140° 180°
Meu;JiepoBe MymKapu;M 6p)KM o,n; )KeHa, aJIM M ,n;a rrocTOje pasJIMKe y saBMCHOCTM o,n; crnpo-
rne ,n;o6M (cf. Linn & Petersen, 1985; Burnett, 1986; Richardson, 1991).
MaHmiyJiau;Mja aHanorHMM rrpe,n;crnBaMa HMje orpaHwieHa Ha peJiaTMBHO je,n;Ho-
CTaBHY MeHTaJIHY pornu;Mjy ,n;eMoHcTpMpatty y ome,n;MMa Illerrap,n;a M Meu;JiepoBe, Ben
YKJDyqyje M CJIO)KeHMje MaHMrryJIU:Mje Koje cy rroHeKa,n; yrnoB pernaBalha o,n;pel)eHHX
rrpo6JieMa. ITome,n;ajMo CJIMKY 12 M rroKymajMo ,n;a o,n;roBopMMO ,n;a JIM he ce, JKOJIMKO
IIOByqeMO Bprru;y (a), JieBM roplhM -cieKpK (f) OKpeTaTM y rrpaBu;y Ka3aJbKe Ha caTy HJIM y
rrpaBu;y cyrrpoTHOM O,Il; Kpernlha Ka3aJbKe Ha caTy. ,IJ;a 6MCMO O,Il;fOBOpHJIM Ha OBO IIMTalhe,
HeoIIXO,IJ;Ha je MeHUlaJlHa aHUMa-4uja, Tj. CTaBJDalhe CTaTM"l!He rrpe,n;cTaBe y IIOKpeT KOjMM ce
,n;o6Mja yspo-ciHo-rrorne,n;M-ciHM JiaHau; rrpoMeHa (rrpaBau; pornu;Mje -cieKpKa 6 KojM o,n;pel)yje
rrpaBau; pornu;Mje -cieKpKa 6, KOjM Ha Kpajy o,n;pel)yje rrpaBau; pornu;Mje -cieKpKa z).
r 6
,IJ;a JIM rrpM pernaBalhy oBaKBe BpcTe rrpo6JieMa saMcTa ,n;oJiasM ,n;o aHMMau;Mje MeH-
TaJIHMX rrpe,n;CTaBa M ycrrOCTaBJbalha KaysanHOf JiaHu;a? y rroKymajy ,n;a O,Il;fOBOpM Ha OBO
IIMTalhe XerapTM MCIIMTaHMU:MMa ,n;aje cmmy cMcTeMa rrpeHOCHMKa (-cieKpKa) /cJ1MKa 12/ ys
Kojy cy ,n;aTM MCKa3M KOjM ca,n;p)Ke rnp,n;lhe 0 O,Il;HOCHMa rrpMKasaHMM Ha CJIMU:M (Hegarty,
1992). I1cKasM cy ce pasJIMKOBaJIM no TOMe ,n;a JIM ce YlhMMa IIOMMlhe Kpernlhe (Hrrp. Top1-bu
Jle6u 11eKpK je 0Ka11eH o lllla<jJoH. /He rroMMlhe ce Kpernlhe/; Top1-bu lle6u 11eKpK ce ot<pene y
apa6t'1Y Ka3a.JbKe Ha camy. /rroMMlhe ce Kpernlhe/). 3a,n;arnK MCIIMTaHMKa je 6Mo ,n;a rrpMTM-
CKOM Ha TaCTep O,Il;fOBope ,n;a JIM O,Il;HOC OIIMCaH y MCKasy O,Il;fOBapa O,IJ;Hocy rrpMKasaHOM Ha
CJIMIJ;M. 0Ba BpCTa sa,n;aTKa II03HaTa je IIO,Il; Ha3MBOM 3agaUlaK 6epu<jJuKat'1Uje ogHoca CllUKe
u ucKa3a (picture-sentence verification task). YKOJIMKO ce rrpM pernaBalhY OBaKBHX sa,n;arnKa
saMCTa O,IJ;MrpaBa MeHTaJIHa aHMMau;Mja M CTBapa 3aMMIIIJbeHM KaysanHM JiaHau;, ca rropa-
CTOM eJieMeHaTa y JiaHU:Y Tpe6ano 6M ,n;a pacTe M BpeMe Bepm)mKau;Mje. XerapTMjeBM Ha-
JiasM rrornpl)yjy OBY rrpeTrrocrnBKy. BpeMe Bepm]mKau;Mje sa MCKase KojM cy orrMCHBaJIM
Kpernlhe -cieKpKa 6 6MJIO je Kpahe O,Il; BpeMeHa IIOTpe6Hor ,n;a ce BepmpMKyjy MCKa3M KOjM
orrMcyjy Kpernlhe -cieKpKa 6, a Haj,n;y)Ke BpeMe je ,n;o6MjeHo sa MCKase KojM orrMcyjy Kpernlhe
-cieKpKa 'i. 3a MCKase y KOjMMa ce He IIOMMlhe Kpernlhe, KOjM cy, ,n;aKJie, OIIMCMBaJIM CTaTM"CJHe
eJieMeHTe rncTeMa, HMje ,n;o6MjeHa pasJIMKa y BpeMeHy BepmpMKau;Mje (Hegarty, 1992).
HanasM HaBe,n;eHMX ome,n;a rroKasyjy .n;a je Moryha MeHTaJIHa MaHMrryJiau;Mja 6HJio
KOjOM BpCTOM MaTepMjaJia M ,IJ;a je Ta MaHMIIyJiau;Mja cpyttKU:MOHaJIHO aHaJIOrHa MaHMrry-
Jiau;MjM o6jeKTMMa y peaJIHOM CBeTy.
)J,YfOTPAJHA MEMOPMJA: AHAJIOfHE fIPE.lJ:CTABE 215
EIIM30,II;I1qKA MEMOPMJA
HrraK, mrje crropHo ,n;a M ca,n;p)l{ajM Koje rrpMBpeMeHo rraMTMMO crra,n;ajy y ,n;oMeH
eIIM30p;MqKe MeMopMje. AKO CMO ca HeKMM yroBopmrn caCTaHaK KOjM Tpe6a ,n;a ce o,n;p)l{M
3a HeKOJIMKO ,n;aHa, MM neMO TY MH<popMau;Mjy 3a,n;p)l{aTM y ,n;yroTpajHoj ( emI30p;MqKoj)
MeMopMjM M OHa he 6MTM IIOBpeMeHO o6HaBJbaHa. ITOIIITO je cacTaHaK o,n;p)l{aH, OHa
ce ry6M M rrpecTaje ,n;a 6y,n;e ,n;eo MHBeHTapa errM30,n;MqKe MeMopMje. OB,n;e yoqaBaMo
je,n;Hy o,n; 6MTHMX pa3JIMKa M3Mel)y ca,n;p)l{aja ceMaHTMqKe M eIIM30,n;MqKe MeMOpMje.
Ca,n;p)l{aj ceMaHTMqKe MeMopMje je y HajBeneM 6pojy rnyqajeBa TpajHo 3a,n;p)l{aH. MaJia
je BepoBaTHOna ,n;a neMO, Ha rrpMMep, 3a6opaBMTM 3Haqeae HeKor rrojMa. Ka,n;a je peq 0
ca,n;p)l{ajy eIIM30,IJ;MqKe MeMopMje MO)l{eMO penM ,n;a cy CBa HaIIIa MCKYCTBa y je,n;HOM Tpe-
HJTKY ,n;eo ca,n;p)l{aja errM30p;MqKe MeMopMje, aJIM TeK MalhM ,n;eo ocTaje TpajHo 3a,n;p)l{aH.
0CMM Tora, OBM ca,n;p)l{ajM cy IIO,IJ;JIO)l{HM 3HaqajHMM rrpoMeHaMa, IIITO HMje rnyqaj ca
ca,n;p)l{ajeM ceMaHTMqKe MeMopMje.
Ertgell TallBUH1
Ayro6HorpacpCKa cehalha
KlhyqHa KapaKTeprrcTrrKa errrrso,n:rrqKe MeMoprrje BesaHa je sa rrprrpo,n:y ca,n:p}Kaja
Kojrr je y I:hoj ycKJia,n:rrlllTeH. Y rrrrTal:hy cy, Kao lliTO cMo rroMeHyJirr, ca,n:p}Kajrr qrrje je
yCBajal:he Moryhe JIOIJ;HpaTH y BpeMetty H rrpocTopy H Kojrr ce o,n:Hoce Ha JIHqHO HCKYCTBO.
0By BpcTy ca,n:p}Kaja, Koja y IIOCJie,n:I:he BpeMe CBe BHllie rrpHBJiaqrr IIa}KI:hY HCTpa}KHBaqa,
HasrrBaMo ayt1106uo1pa<j)cKuM ce!ia1-bUMa (autobiographical memories) /Neisser, 1989/. Y
Haqeny, CBaKrr TpeHJTaK Halller }KHBOTa MO}Ke ,n:a 6y,n:e ,n:eo HHBeHrnpa aYTo6rrorpacpcKrrx
9 BeJIH llIYM je 3B)7K o.n:pel)eHe ja-q1rne KOjH ca.n;p)KH :o;eJioKyirnH cppeKBeH:o;HjcKH crreKrnp KOjH "'IOBeKOB
ay.n;HTHBHH rnCTeM MO)Ke .n;a pernCTpyje (o.n: 16 Hz .n:o 20 000 Hz).
,IJ,YfOTPAJHA MEMOPI1JA: AHAJIOrHE IIPE.IJ:CTABE 219
cehaIDa. CpehoM, TO m1je TaKo. HajBenM 6poj ;n;ora])aja sa6opaBJbaMO, a TeK MaIDM ;n;eo
sa;n;p}l(aBaMO Kao TpajHM MHBeHTap eIIM30)J;M"tIKe MeMopHje.
Y Kojoj MepH cy Harna ayT06MorpacpCKa cehaIDa rroys;n;aHa, mm sa6opaBJbaMO a
IIITa He, KaKO ce OHa MeIDajy M 6Jie;n;e, KaKO MX rro6yljyjeMO, caMO cy HeKa o;n; IIMTaIDa Be-
3aHa 3a OBaj cpeHOMeH a o;n;rOBOpH Ha IDMX y BeJIMKOj MepH 3aBMCe o;n; TeXHMKa KOjMMa ra
MCIIMTyjeMo. HaMMe, y MCIIMTMBaIDY ayT06MorpacpcKMX cehaIDa HMje JEeK Moryhe rrpH-
Ka3aTM jacHO o;n;peljeHe CTMMynyce M rrpaTMTM IIOHaIIIaIDe MCIIMTaHMKa, Ma;n;a IIOCToje
MCIIMTMBaIDa y KOjMMa je KOpHrnneHa M OBaKBa rrpou;e;n;ypa. 36or crreu;HcpHqHOCTM M
pa3HOBpCHOCTM TeXHMKa KOjMMa ce MCIIMTyje ca;n;p}l(aj eIIM30;D;MqKe MeMOpHje HaJia3M
ce qecTo pasJIMKyjy, a HeKM o;n; IDMX cy M Meljyco6Ho HecamacHM. 10
Je;n;aH o;n; rroys;n;aHMjMX HaqMHa MCIIMTHBaIDa aYT06MorpacpcKMX cehaIDa je CMCTe-
MaTCKO BoljeIDe ;n;HeBHMKa M perrpO;D;JKOBaIDe sa6eJie}l(eHMX ;n;oraljaja y pa3JIMqMTMM
BpeMeHCKMM MHTepBaJIHMa. Hajrr03HaTMje MCTpa}l(MBaIDe OBe BpCTe M3BeJia je JlMHTO-
HOBa Koja je TOKOM rnecT ro;n;MHa rnaKor ;n;aHa Ha rroce6He KapTHu;e 6eJie}l(MJia ;n;oraljaje
M3 CBOr }l(llBOTa (Linton, 1975, 1978). Je;n;HOM MeceqHo lIMHTOHOBa 6M HacyMMqHo
M3;D;BOjMJia ;n;Be KapTHu;e, a saTMM rroKyrnaJia ;n;a ce rrpHceTM ;n;oraljaja KOjM je Ha IDMMa
orrMcaH M o;n;pe;n;M ;n;aTyM Ka;n;a ce ;n;oraljaj o;n;Hrpao. OcMM OBMX rro;n;arnKa, JlMHTOHOBa
je 6eJie}l(MJia sHaqaj ;n;oraljaja M eMOD;MOHaJIHa crnIDa Koja cy sa IDMX 6MJia BesaHa, Kao M
eMOil;MOHaJIHa CTaIDa rrpMJIHKOM IhMXOBOr rrpHcehaIDa. ,D;o6MjeHM pesyJITaTM cy IIOKa-
3aJIM ;n;a je rrpou;eHaT sa6opaBJbeHor peJiaTMBHO MaJIM, aJIM M ;n;a je cpyttKu;Mja sa6opaBJba-
IDa, 3a pa3JIMKY o;n; CTaH;n;ap;n;HMX cpyttKD;Mja sa6opaBJbaIDa, JIMHeapHa (CJIHKa 12).
lO 0Bo HIIje pe,n;aK c.n:yqaj y HCIIHTHBalbHMa KOrHHTHBHHX rrpou;eca. HecarnaCHOCT pesy1ITaTa ,n;o6HjeHHX
pas1mqHTHM TeXHHKaMa Hajqernbe y1:<asyje Ha TO ,n;a cy rrpOBOIJ;HpaHH pas1mqHTH acrreKTH HCIIHTHBaHOr
cpeHOMeHa a He ,n;a cy y IIHTalby He,D;OBOJbHO rroys,n;aHH HaJla3H yrne,n; HeCaBeCHO H3Be,n;eHor HCTpa:>KHBalba.
220 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
cenaIDe, ,n;oK cy ce ,n;eTalbM BesaHrr sa noje,n;rrHa1rne caCTaHKe rrsry6mrn. ,[(pyra BpcTa sa6o-
paBJbaIDa o,n;Hocrr ce Ha caMe ,n;oral)aje - HeKrr cy je,n;HocTaBHO 6mrn sa6opaBJbeHrr.
CJrnqHo rrcTpa:>KMBaIDe rrsBeo je BareHap Kojrr je cBaKor ,n;aHa 6eJie)lrno ,n;oral)aje
rrs cBor )!{MBOTa, ,n;a 6rr TOKOM rnecT ro,n;rrHa sa6eJie)KMO npeKo ,n;Be XHJbap;e pasJirrqrrTrrx
,n;oral)aja (Wagenaar, 1986). BareHap je 6eJie)KMO rr eMOTMBHM TOH, Tj. ,n;a JIM cy ,n;oral)ajrr
6HJIM nprrjaTHM, HenprrjaTHM HJIM eMOTMBHO HeJTpaJIHM. I1pHJIMKOM nprrcenaIDa Koprr-
CTMO je cneu;mj:mqHe MH,IJ;MKaTope BesaHe sa ,n;oral)aj, Ha nprrMep, utUla ce ,n;oro,n;HJio, KO
je yqecTBOBao y ,n;oral)ajy, zge rr Kaga ce ,n;oral)aj o,n;mpao rrT,n;. EberoBrr HaJiasrr noKasyjy
,n;a je nprrcenaIDe nprrjaTHMX 6oJDe Hero nprrcenaIDe HenprrjaTHHX ,n;oral)aja JKOJIMKO Hrrje
npoTeKJio MHOro BpeMeHa op; TpeHYTKa Ka,n;a cy ce ,n;oro,n;HJIM. PesyJITaTrr BareHapoBor
MCTpa)!{MBaIDa cy noKa3aJIM ,n;a BpeMeHCKM MHTepBaJI HMje 3HaqajHO YTMu;ao Ha 6poj
,n;oral)aja Kojrrx ce nprrceTrro, IllTO je y camacHocTrr ca HaJiasrrMa llHHTOHOBe. BareHap
KOHCTaTyje M JTMD;aj eMOTMBHOr Ha6oja KOjMM je ,n;oral)aj o6eJie)KeH, nprr qeMY eMOTMBHM
Ha6oj rrMa orpaHrrqeHo BpeMeHcKo ,n;ejcrno. Eolbe nprrcenaIDe Ha ,n;oral)aje ca BenrrM eMo-
TMBHMM Ha6ojeM o,n;Hocrr ce Ha ,n;oral)aje Kojrr cy ce ,n;oro,n;HJIM y noCJie,n;IDrrx ro,n;1rny rr no
,n;aHa. I1oCJie Tora, nprrcenaIDe oBrrx ,n;oral)aja He pasJirrKyje ce op; nprrcenaIDa ,n;oral)aja ca
HMCKMM eMOTMBHMM Ha6ojeM.
lIMHTOHOBa je, BM,IJ;eJIM CMO, M3,IJ;BOjHJia noce6Hy Bpcry sa6opaBJbaIDa Koje ce O,IJ;HO-
m Ha CJirrqHe ,n;oral)aje Kojrr ce noHaBJDajy, KOHCTaTyjynrr ,n;a ce OHM crnnajy y je,n;aH onrnTrr,
Herrs,n;mpepeHu;rrpaH ,n;oral)aj. Y OBOM CJiyqajy nprrMenyjeMo CJirrqHocT ca nojMoM rneMe.
Hrrs noje,n;rrHaqHrrx ,n;oral)aja Kojrr cy Mel)yco6Ho CJIMqHrr crnnajy ce y je,n;aH onrnTrr, aJIM
p;eTalbMMa peJiaTMBHO mpoMaillaH p;oral)aj. Y TaKBOj CMTyau;rrjrr MOryne je p;a cenaIDe Ha
,n;oral)aj nocrnHe rrsMeIDeHo, Tj. ,n;a ca,n;p)!{M rr ,n;eTaJDe Kojrr ce Hrrcy ,n;oro,n;HJirr. )I{eJienrr
,n;a rrcrrrrTa y Kojoj Meprr cy ,n;oral)ajrr rnqHo sanaMneHrr, EapKJirr je Tpojrru;rr cTy,n;eHaTa
,n;ao sa,n;arnK ,n;a TOKOM qeTrrprr Meceu;a rnaKo,n;HeBHO 6eJie)Ke ,n;oral)aje y KojrrMa cy cy,n;e-
JIOBaJIM. I1oCJie ,n;Be rr no ro,n;rrHe saxTeBao je ,n;a npoqrrrnjy rnoje sanrrce rr rr,n;eHTrrcprrKyjy
oHe sa Koje cy crrrypHrr ,n;a cy rrx caMrr sa6eJie)KHJIM. Tiprr TOM je noJIOBMHM sa6eJie)KaKa
6rro ,n;oHeKJie rrsMeIDeH ca,n;p)!{aj (Barclay, 1986; Barclay & Wellman, 1986). TaqHocT npe-
nosHaBaIDa oprrrnHaJIHHX sanrrca 6HJia je ,n;ocrn BMCOKa (oKo 85%). Mel)YTMM, y 50%
CJiyqajeBa cTy,n;eHTM cyrr,n;eHTMcpMKOBaJIM ,IJ;OHeKJie M3MeIDeHe cap;p)!{aje Kao concTBeHe sa-
nrrce, rnTo sHaqrr ,n;a je BpeMeHOM ,n;ornJio p;o YKJianaIDa ,n;oral)aja y onrnTy rneMy: ,n;oral)aj
Kojrr je napacppasrrpaH c o,n;pel)eHMM rrsMeHaMa rr,n;eHTrrcprrKoBaH je Kao ,n;oral)aj Kojrr ce
3aMCTa O,IJ;Hrpao. Q OBOM cpeHOMetty neMO p;eTalbHMje fOBOpMTM Kap;a 6yp;eMO pa3MaTpaJIM
rne,n;oqeIDa oqeBrr,n;au;a.
Jep;aH O,IJ; HaqrrHa p;a Ce MCnMTa noysp;aHOCT aJT06MorpacpCKMX cenaIDa je p;a Ce Tpa-
)!{ll nornp,n;a op; ,n;pyrHX yqecHrrKa ,n;oral)aja. 0BaKBO rrCTpa)!{MBaIDe rrsBeo je <l>HJI,n; Kojrr je
qJiaHOBMMa Bener 6poja nopo,n;rru;a nocTaBJDao nrrTaIDa o ,n;oral)ajrrMa y KojrrMa cyyqecrno-
BaJIM cBrr qJiaHOBM nopo,n;rru;e. TaqHocT nprrcenaIDa <l>HJI,n; je npoBepaBao TaKO rnTo je op;
ocTaJIHX qJiaHOBa nopo,n;rru;e TpaMrro ,n;a onrrrny MCTM ,n;oral)aj. HaJiasrr noKasyjy ,n;a cy, Ka,n;a
je peq 0 KOHKpeTHMM p;oral)ajMMa, aJT06rrorpacpcKa cenaIDa ,IJ;OCTa noys,n;aHa jep je ,n;o6rrje-
Ha BMCOKa camacHOCT Mel)y qJiaHOBMMa nopo,n;rru;e. MHoro MaIDa camacHocT je ,n;o6rrjeHa
Kap;a cy y nrrTalhy cenaIDa Ha op;pel)eHa eMOTMBHa CTaIDa M CTaBOBe (Field, 1981).
HcnMTMBaIDe aYTo6rrorpacpcKMX cenaIDa MO)!{e ,n;a 6y,n;e orpaHrrqeHo M Ha o,n;pe-
l)eHy BpcTy ,n;oral)aja. Y rrcTpa)!{MBaIDy Koje je Ha ce6rr rrsBeo CexaJicTep ,n;o6rrjeHo je He-
KOJIMKO saHMMJbMBMX JBM,D;a BesaHMX sa aYTo6rrorpacpcKa cenaIDa. CexaJicTep je TOKOM
WfOTPAJHA MEMOPI1JA: AHAJIOfHE IIPE,[(CTABE 221
11 11aKo OBH ca,n;p)l{ajn crra,n;ajy y ,n;oMeH ceMaHTH'!Ke a He errnso,n;H'!Ke MeMopnje, jarno je ,n;eMOHCTpnpaH
YTlll.J;aj rrpeKoMepHor yqeH>a n ,n;nCTpn6ynpaHor YBe)l{6aBaH:ia.
12 IIpnceTnMo ce Teopnje ry6JbeH>a Tpara IIeTepcoHoBnx o Kojoj cMo ,n;ncKYTOBaJIH y TpeneM rrornaBJby.
222 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
qHTan:au: BepoBaTHO Hac.nyhyje HeraTHBaH op;roBop jep je II03HaTo p;a ce crnpHje oco-
6e, Ha IIpHMep, H3y3eTHO p;o6po cenajy p;oraljaja H3 CBOje MJia,IJ;OCTH, aJIH p;a Ce CJia6Hje
cenajy p;eTa.Jha H3 rrepHO,IJ;a O,LI; rrpe HeKOJIHKO fO,Ll;HHa HJIH HeKOJIHKO p;eceTHHa fO,Ll;HHa,
IIITO JKa3yje Ha CeJieKTHBHOCT aJT06HorpaqKKHX cena:EDa.
)f{eJienH p;a YTBPAH KojH cyTO rrepHop;H )KHBOTa 3a Koje je Be3aH HajBenH 6poj aYTo-
6HorpacpcKHX cehaaa, ,I.I;ejBH,IJ; Py6HH H3BO,IJ;H HCIIHTHBaH>e Ha rrep;eceTOfO,Ll;HIIIH>aU:HMa
H cep;aMp;eceTorop;HIIIH>aU:HMa (Rubin, Wetzler & Nebes, 1986). Pe3yJITaTH oBor HCTpa-
)KHBaH>a rroKa3yjy p;a ce HajBHIIIe p;eTa.Jha rraMTH H3 paHor 3peJior rrepHop;a (H3Meljy
p;Bap;eceTe H TpHp;eceTe rop;HHe) H Herrocpep;He rrpoIIIJIOCTH, a p;a ce p;oraljajH H3 3peJior
rrepHop;a peJiaTHBHO rna6o rraMTe (cJIHKa 13).
70
Py6HH oBe Han:a3e o6jaIIIH>aBa i:maeHHU:OM p;a ce y paHOM 3peJioM p;o6y p;eIIIaBajy
Haj3Ha"tJajHH p;oraljajH y HaIIIeM )KHBOTy. l13Meljy l:JeTpp;eceTHX H IIIe3p;eceTHX fO,Ll;HHa
HacTyrra rrepHop; crn6HJIHOCTH H MaH>e-BHIIIe PYTHHCKHX aKTHBHOCTH Koje ce crnrrajy y
HeH3,Ll;HcpepeHD;HpaHO cenaH>e Ha p;oraljaje, IIITO je y CKJiap;y ca HMa3HMa J1HHTOHOBe.
Tipernep;oM CJIHKe 13 BH,IJ;HMO p;a cep;aMp;eceTorop;HIIIH>au;H 60.Jhe rraMTe p;oraljaje H3
CBOjHx TpHp;eceTHX, p;oK rrep;eceTorop;HIIIH>aU:H H3 cBojHx p;Bap;eceTHX rop;HHa. Mo)Ke
ce penH p;a je Py6HH p;o6Ho HeKy BpcTy ecpeKTa rro3HU:Hje y HH3y. AKo rrepHop; H3Meljy
p;Bap;eceTe H TpHp;eceTe rop;HHe TpeTHpaMo Kao rrol:!eTaK 3Ha"tJajHHX p;oraljaja y HaIIIeM
)KHBOTY KOjHX ce qecTO rrpHcenaMo, HHje H3HeHaljyjyhe IIITO HX H 60.Jhe rraMTHMO. Ha-
cyrrpoT TO Me, CKOpaIIIIDH p;oraljajH cy CBe)l{HjH y. HaIIIeM cenaH> y H CTOra je H>HXOBa
perrpOAJKU:Hja Ta"tJHHja H 6oraTHja p;eTa.JhHMa. Han:a3H Py6HHa H capap;HHKa JKa3yjy
Ha p;Ba l:!HHHou;a KojH YTHl:!Y Ha ceJieKTHBHOCT ayT06HorpacpcKHX cehaaa. To cy 6poj
pa3JIH"tJHTHX p;oraljaja y jep;HHHU:H BpeMeHa H 3Hal:!aj caMHX p;oraljaja.
<PlleUl celia1-ba. 13 - I1oce6Hy BPCTY aYT06HorpacpcKHX cenaH>a l:JHHe T3B. <fmeut celia1-ba
(flashbulb memories) Koja ce op;Hoce Ha 3Ha"tJajHe TpeHYTKe H p;oraljaje y HaIIIeM )KHBoTy,
,I(a 611 Ce MCIIMTaJia rroysp;aHOCT OBe BpCTe cenalha, HeGIIX0,11;HO je ,n;o6MTI1 0,11;fOBOpe
Herrocpe,n;Ho rrorne caMor .n;oral)aja, a saTMM HX yrrope,n;MTM c o.n;r0Bop11Ma rrorne Kpaner
MJIM ,11;J)Ker BpeMeHcKor rrep110.n;a. 0BaKBO MCIIMTMBalhe MsBeJIM cy Hajcep 11 Xaprn Koj11 cy
Herrocpe,n;Ho rrorne Tpare.n;11je rnarna 1-Jemrn:r;rep, 1986. ro,n;11He, BeneM 6pojy 11crr11TaH11Ka
AaJIM yrr11THMK Koj11 je ca,n;p)Kao rrMTalha BesaHa sa caM .n;oral)aj, aJIM 11 sa MecTo Ha KojeM cy
MCIIMTaHMII;M 6MJIM y BpeMe Ka,n;a cy sa .n;oral)aj ca3HaJIM, lliTa cy y TOM TpeHYTKY pa,n;MJIM,
BpeMe Ka,n;a ce Hecpena .n;oro,n;MJia MT,n;. (Neisser & Harsch, 1992). ITorne cKopo TPM ro,n;11He
(32 Meceu;a) Hajcep 11 Xaprn cy ycrreJIM .n;a cTyrre y KOHTaKT ca rroJIOBMHOM MCIIMTaHMKa 11
IIOHOBO cy MM AaJIM MCTM yrrMTHMK. O.n; 220 CTaBKM Koje je ca,n;p)KaO yrrMTHMK, MCIIMTaHM-
II;M cy Ha OKO 150 AaJIM o.n;roBope KOjM cy ce pa3JIMKOBaJII1 0,11; OHMX Koje cy AaJIM TPM ro,n;M-
He paHMje. 1-JaK 25% MCIIMTaHMKa je AaJIO IIOTrryHO pa3JII111MTe o.n;roBope op; rrpB06MTHHX,
lliTO IIOKasyje p;a je rroysp;aHOCT cpJielli cenalha p;aJieKO Malha HO lliTO HaM Ce 1'.JMHM. 0
224 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJ10fI1JA
,IJ;a cenal:ha Mory 6HTH ,n;paCTHqHo H3Mel:beHa y:KOJUIKO Ce IIOCTaBe mITal:ba KOja He
ca,n;pm:e eJieMeHTe ,n;ora})aja, rroKa3yje H je,n;Ho paHHje HCIIHTHBal:he Jioq)TycoBe y KojeM
je HCIIHTaHHIJ;HMa rrpHKa3aH cpHJIM, a 3aTHM cy IIOCTaBJbeHa IIHTal:ha Be3aHa 3a OHO
lllTO cy BH,n;eJIH. Je,n;Hoj rpyrrH HCIIHTaHHKa je IIOCTaBJbeHo IIHTaihe: ,,KojoM 6p3HHOM je
Hlllao ayTOM06HJI Ka,n;a je rrpoJia3HO rrope,n; aM6apa Ha IIJTy?", rrpH qeMy Ha cpHJIMY HHje
6HJio aM6apa, ,n;oK je ,n;pyra rpyrra Tpe6ano ,n;a o,n;roBopH Ha IIHTal:he: ,,KojoM 6p3HHOM je
Hlllao aYTOM06HJI ,II;OK ce Kperno ceoCKHM rryTeM?". He,n;eJby ,n;aHa KaCHHje CBHM HCIIH-
TaHHIJ;HMa je IIOCTaBJbeHO IIHTal:be ,n;a JIM cy Ha rrpHKa3aHOM cpHJIMY BH,II;eJIH aM6ap. qaK
je 17% HCIIHTaHHKa KOjHMa je IIOCTaBJbeHo IIHTal:be y KojeM ce IIOMHI:he aM6ap o,n;rOBO-
pHJio IIOTBp,n;HO, ,II;OK je H3 ,n;pyre rpyrre Ha OBO IIHTal:be IIOTBp,n;aH o,n;roBop ,II;aJIO caMO
3% HCIIHTaHHKa (Loftus, 1975).
EJlu3a6em Jiorpmyc
ca,n;p)Kaj ocHOBHilX peLieHm:i;a (Hrrp. ,,CJia,n;aK rreKMe3 je 6ilo Ha CTOJIY. ") il peLieHm:i;e
Koje cy ca,n;p)KaJie KOM6ilHaIJ;ilje ca,n;p)Kaja TPil OCHOBHe peLJeHilIJ;e (Hrrp. ,,MpaBil y
KyxMihil cy rrojeJiil rreKMe3 Ha cTO;:ry.") /Bransford & Franks, 1971/. I1crrilTaHilIJ;ilMa cy
3aTilM rroHoBo ,n;aTe paHilje rrpilKa3aHe peLieHilIJ;e, aJiil il HoBe peLieHilIJ;e KOHCTPYMCaHe
KOM6ilHOBalbeM ca,n;p)Kaja OCHOBHilX peLJeHilIJ;a. y HajBeneM 6pojy CJryc:IajeBa ilCIIilTaHillJ;il
ey TBp,II;MJiil ,n;a ey Bil,II;eJiil peLJeHilIJ;Y ,,MpaBil y KyxMihil ey rrojeJiil CJia,n;aK rreKMe3 Ha CTO-
IIY·" Koja Hilje 6MJia y rrpeTxo,n;Ho rrpilKa3aHOM cKyrry. BpeHc¢op,n; il cJ>peHKC OBaj HaJia3
o6jarnlhaBajy ilHTerpau;iljOM ilH¢opMaIJ;ilja ca,n;p)KaHIIX y pa3JiilLJilTilM peLJeHilIJ;aMa, rrpil
LJeMY peLieHilr:i;e Hiley ,n;ocJioBu;e rraMneHe Benje arrcTpaxoBaH IDMXOB ca,n;p)Kaj. IlornTo cy y
rrpBOM rrpilKa3ilBalhy il3JIO)KeHe il peLieHilIJ;e Koje cy 6MJie KOM6ilHaIJ;ilja ca,n;p)Kaja OCHOBHMX
peLJeHilIJ;a, ilCIIilTaHillJ;il Billlie Hiley 6MJiil y CTalhy ,n;a HarrpaBe pa3JiilKY il3Mel)y peLieHilIJ;a
Koje cy 3ailCTa rrpilKa3aHe il COIICTBeHe ilHTerpar:i;ilje IhilXOBOf ca,n;p)Kaja, IIITO je ,n;oBeJIO ,n;o
rrpo,n;yKIJ;ilje peLieHilIJ;a Koje Hiley 6MJie ilHilIJ;iljaJIHO rrpilKa3aHe y eKcrrepilMeHTy.
CeJieKTilBHOCT ayT06ilorpa¢cKilX cenalba il ¢aKTOpil KOjil JTilLIY Ha IhllXOBY rrpo-
Metty He ilCIJ;pIIIbyjy ce HaBe,n;eHilM LJilHilOIJ;ilMa. HepeTKO pa3JI0f rrpoMeHa y cenalhilMa
Mory ,n;a 6y,n;yyttyrpallIIhil LJilHilOIJ;il (Hrrp. MexaHil3Mil o,n;6paHe) KOjil IIOHeKa,n; il3a3ilBajy
,n;pacTilLJHa ilCKpilBJbeIDa. To, Mel)yrilM, Hilje rrpe,n;MeT oBor pa3MaTpaIDa.
IIpeuo3HaBa1-be JlUKa. - Ilperr03HaBalhe JiilKa (JiilIJ;a) rrpo6JieM je KOjil je TOKOM IIOCJie,n;-
IhilX ,n;Ba,n;eceTaK fO,II;ilHa ,n;o6ilo Ha 3HaLJajy, KaKO Mel)y ilCTpa)KilBaLJilMa KOjil ce 6aBe
OIIa)KalheM, TaKO il Mel)y KOfHilTilBHilM IICilXOJI03ilMa. Kao il rrpo6JieM rne,n;oLJelha
OLJeBil,n;au;a il rrpo6JieM rrperr03HaBalha JIHKa rrpeBa3MJia3il OKBHpe LJHCTO HaYLJHHX
pa3MaTpaIDa jep HMa H3y3eTaH 3HaLJaj y cy,n;cKoj rrpaKrn. MHora rne,n;oLieIDa 3aCHHBajy
ce Ha H,n;eHTHcPHKaIJ;HjH JIHKa a Herroy3,n;aHOCT y rrperro3HaBalhy MO)Ke ,n;a HMa K06He
rrorne,n;ttu;e. IlocTaBJba ce cTora IIHTaIDe KojH LJHHHOIJ;H JTHLIY Ha H,n;eHTHcPHKau;ttjy JIH-
Ka, Tj. Ibero BO rro6yl)HBalbe H3 errH30,II;HLJKe MeMOpHje Hy Kojoj MepH je OBO rrperr03HaBa-
Ihe rroy3,n;aHO. J1aKO IIOCTOjH BeJIHKH 6poj HCTpa)KHBalba IIOCBeneHHX rrpeII03HaBalhy
JIHIJ;a, OB,n;e neMO Ce orpaHHLJHTH CaMO Ha je,n;aH cerMeHT OBOf rrpo6JieMa LJHHHOIJ;e
KOjH JTHLIY Ha rrpeII03HaBalhe H,n;eHTHTeTa oco6e.
Je,n;aH o,n; Haj3HaLJajHHjHx LJHHMJiau;a Kojtt YTHLJe Ha ,n;HcKpHMHHau;ttjy H 3arraMnH-
BaIDe JIHKa je paca. BpojHa HCTpa)KHBaIDa rr0Ka3yjy ,n;a 6oJbe ,n;tt¢epeHu;ttpaMo H rraMTHMO
JIHIJ;a cprrcTBeHe pace (Brigham & Malpass, 1985; Bothwell, Brighham & Malpass, 1989)
/CJIHKa 16/. IlpHMeneHO je, Mel)yrHM, ,n;a OBa TeH,n;eHIJ;Hja CJia6H JKOJIHKO CMO H3BeCTaH
rreptto,n; BpeMeHa oKpy)KeHH rrpttrra,n;HHIJ;HMa ,n;pyre pace, rnTo 3HaLJH ,n;o rrocrnjeMo oceT-
JbHBHjH Ha cPHHe pa3JIHKe Koje ,n;o rn,n;a HHCMO OIIa)KaJIH. ,IJ;y)KHHa IIOCMaTpaiba JIHKa
TaKol)e YTHLJe Ha IhefOBO 3arraMnHBalhe, IIITO je H OLJeKHBaHo; rrperro3HaBalhe ne 6HTH
6olbe JKOJIHKO CMO HMaJIH Billie BpeMeHa ,n;a IIOCMaTpaMO o,n;pel)eHH JIHK (Ellis, 1984,
rrpeMa Shapiro & Penrod, 1986).
Ha TaLJHOCT rrperro3HaBaIDa JTHLIY H ,n;ttcTpaKTopH KojH OMernjy 3arraMnHBaIDe
(Hrrp. rrJbaLJKaIII 6aHKe Kojer Tpe6a ,n;a rrperro3HaMo Ha cy,n;y y TpeHyrKy IIJbaLJKe je y Hae
yrreptto IIYIIIKY) /Loftus, 1979; Ellis, 1984; Cutler, Penrod & Martens, 1987/. 3aHHMJbHBO
je ,n;a ,n;y)KHHa HHTepBaJia rrpoTeKJior o,n; TpeHyTKa BHl)eIDa JIHKa ,n;o TpeHyTKa IDero-
Bor rrperro3HaBaIDa He Mopa 3HaLJajHo ,n;a YTHLJe Ha TaLJHOCT rrperro3HaBaIDa. Mel)yrttM,
JKOJIHKO ce y Mel)yBpeMeHy rrpHKa)Ky JIHIJ;a Koja cy CJIHLJHa, MJIH HCTO JIHIJ;e ca He3HaT-
HHM H3MeHaMa, TaLJHOCT rrperro3HaBaIDa MO)Ke ,n;a 6y,n;e 3HaLJajHo yMaIDeHa (Davies &
Jenkins, 1985, Jenkins & Davies, 1985).
228 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
0,IJ; rroqeTKa ce,IJ;aM,IJ;eceTHX ro,IJ;HHa rrpolllJior BeKa, Ka,IJ;a TaJIBHHr yBo,IJ;H ,IJ;HCTHH-
KII;Hjy H3Mei)y ceMaHTHqKe H errH30,Il;HqKe MeMopHje, CTaTYC eIIH30,Il;HqKe MeMopHje je
HeKOJIHKO rryrn ,Il;O)I{HBeO 6HTHe rrpoMeHe. y rroqeTHHM cpasaMa HCIIHTHBaiha KapaK-
TepHCTHKa ,n;yroTpajHe MeMopHje rrpeoBJia,n;ao je cTaB ,IJ;a ce 3HaFbe o rrojMoBHMa pa3JIHKy-
je o,n; HalliHX cehaFba. 0Ba ,n;HCTHHKII;Hja HHje ce sacHHBaJia caMo Ha HHTYHII;HjH o To Me ,n;a
jepeq 0 ,n;Be KBaJIHTaTHBHO pa3JIHqHTe BpcTe ca,n;p)I{aja, Ben cyrroCTOjaJie H KapaKTepHCTH-
Ke KOje cy HX jarno O,II;BajaJie. ITpBa KapaKTepHCTHKa O,II;HOCH ce Ha pa3JIHKY H3Mei)y rroj-
Ma Kao OIIlllTer, arrcTpaKTHOr eHTHTeTa ca je,n;He, H celiaFha Ha o,n;peJ)eHH ,n;oral)aj, oco6y,
ca ,n;pyre cTpaHe. ITojMoBH cy, ,n;aKJie, HHBeHTap 3HaFba Koje je saje,n;HHqKo sa o,n;pei)eHy
cou;HjaJIHY saje,n;HHu;y, ,n;oK cy celiaFha yBeK HH,II;HBH,n;yaJIHa. ,IJ;pyra, H sa TaJIBHHra KJDyqHa
pa3JIHKa, je y TOMe lliTO je ca,n;p)I{aj errH30,Il;HqKe MeMopHje Moryhe JIOII;HpaTH y BpeMeHy
H rrpocTopy. Hallla cehaFba cy, cMaTpa TaJIBHHr, o,n;peJ)eHa ,,Koop,n;HHaTaMa" iuma?, fge?
H Kaga? 0Bo je CBaKaKO KapaKTepHCTHKa Koja O,II;Baja ca,n;p)l<aj eIIH30,Il;HqKe MeMopHje o,n;
rrojMOBHor HHBeHTapa r,IJ;e cy MecTo H BpeMe yrnajaFha o,n;peJ)eHor rrojMa HpeJieBaHTHH,
,I.(YfOTPAJHA MEMOPI1JA: AHAJIOfHE TIPE,l:J;CTABE 229
a qecTo MX HMje HM Moryhe YTBP,IJ;MTM. 14 Tpeha pa3JIMKa rrpoMCTMqe M3 rrpeTxo,n;He ,n;Be jep
cBa Harna MCKYCTBa Mory ,n;a 6ycy ,n;eo MHBeHTapa errM30,n;MqKe MeMopMje. To, Mel)YTMM,
HMje rnyqaj, jep BehMtty MHcpopMan;Mja (,n;oral)aja, rnryan;Mja, crnapM, oco6a MT,n;.) Koje cy
Harna qyJia perMcTpOBaJia 3a6opaBJbaMO. Haj3a,n;, pa3JIMKa M3Mel)y rrojMOBHOr MHBeHrnpa
M ca,n;p:arnja eIIM30,IJ;MqKe MeMOpMje je My TOMe IIITO je rrojMOBHM MHBeHTap OTIIOpHMjM Ha
rrpoMeHe M 3a6opaBJhalbe.
Cpe,n;MHOM ocaM,n;ecen1x ro,n;MHa rrpornJior BeKa TaJIBMHr je ,n;oHeKJie MO,n;McpMKO-
Bao CBOj rroqeTHM CTaB 0 jacHoj ,IJ;MCTMHKD;MjM M3Mel)y OBa ,IJ;Ba acrreKTa ,n;yroTpajHe
MeMopMje. I1aKo HaBe,n;eHe pa3JIMKe y rrpMpo,n;M ca,n;p)l(aja errM30p;MqKe M ceMaHTMqKe
MeMOpMje HMCY ,IJ;OBe,n;eHe y IIMTalbe, MCTpa)l(MBalba cy IIOKa3aJia ,n;a Ha rro6yl)MBalhe
ca,n;p)l(aja M3 errM30,n;MqKe MeMopMje YTWie rrpeTxo,n;Ho 3Halbe, IIITO YKa3yje Ha To ,n;a
cy OBa ,IJ;Ba acrreKTa ,n;yroTpajHe MeMopMje y MHTepaKn;MjM M ,n;a HMje Moryhe fOBOpM-
TM o lbMXOBoj rroTrryttoj cpyttKD;MOHaJIHoj He3am1cHOCTM. CTora TaJIBMHr rrpMxBaTa
CTaB ,n;a je eIIM30,IJ;MqKa MeMopMja IIO,IJ;,IJ;OMeH ceMaHTMqKe MeMOpMje. y )J;aJbOj MO,IJ;M-
cpMKan;MjM TaJIBMHr je cy3MO errM30,n;MqKy MeMopMjy Ha aYT06MorpacpcKa cehalba qMMe
cy McKJbyqeHM cpeHoMeHM ,n;o6MjeHM y crnH,n;ap,n;HMM 3a,n;an;MMa perrpo,n;YKn;Mje. KpMTe-
pMjyM ,n;a JIM HeIIITO MO)l(e HJIM He MO)l(e 6MTM ,n;eo MHBeHTapa eIIM30,IJ;MqKe MeMOpMje
CBO,IJ;M ce Ha TO ,n;a JIM ce yCBajalbe MO)l(e JIOD;MpaTM y BpeMeHy M rrpocTopy M ,n;a JIM cy
BpeMe M rrpocTop peJieBaHTHM 3a 3arraMheHM ca,n;p)l(aj. I1aKo je CBojeBpeMeHo rrpMXBa-
TMO CTaB ,n;a je eIIM30,IJ;MqKa MeMOpMja IIO,IJ;,IJ;OMeH ceMaHTMqKe MeMopMje, TaJIBMHf OBaj
CTaB KaCHMje o,n;6au;yje. 0Ba rrpoMeHa MOTMBMCaHa je HeypoJIOIIIKMM HaJia3MMa KOjM cy
YKa3MBaJIM Ha TO ,n;a cy McTe 30He aKTMBMpaHe rrpHJIMKOM BM3yeJIHe rrepu;errn;Mje M rrpM-
JIMKOM rro6yl)MBalba ca,n;p)l(aja KOjM qMHM ,n;eo MHBeHTapa eIIM30,IJ;MqKe MeMopttje.
I1HTeH3MBHa M3yqaBalba eIIM30,IJ;MqKe MeMOpMje TOKOM IIOCJie,IJ;lhe TPM ,n;en;eHMje,
a HapoqMTO McTpa)l(MBalba Be3aHa 3a rroy3,n;aHOCT aYT06MorpacpcKHX cehalba, ,n;aJia cy
3HaqajaH ,n;orrpMHOC HarneM pa3YMeBalhy qMHHJian;a KojM YTMl!Y Ha TO ,n;a JIM he HeIIITO
6MTM 3arraMheHO, ,n;a JIM he, M Ha KOjM HaqMH, cehalbe 6MTM rrpoMelbeHO y O,IJ;Hocy Ha M3-
BOpHM ,n;oral)aj, Ha KOjM HaqMH ce aYT06MorpacpcKa cehalba Melbajyy 3aBMCHOCTM o,n; CTa-
pocHe ,n;o6M MT,IJ;. HaJia3M OBHX McTpa)l(MBalha oMoryhHJIM cy HaM jacHMjM YBM,IJ; He caMo y
rroy3,n;aHocT aYTo6ttorpacpcKHX cehalha, Ben M y rrpMpo,n;y oBe BpcTe rrpe,n;cTaBa.
14
YKOJIHKO ce HIIaK celiaMo MecTa 11 BpeMeHa yrnaja1na op;pel)eHor rrojMa, OHp;a 611 Ta 11Htj:>opMau;11ja 6I11Ia
p;eo err1130,D;I1'IKe MeMop11je.
230 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
PE3MME
no rrpaBimy KOHKpeTHH, Tj. o,ri:Hoce ce Ha o,ri:pel)eHH ,ri:oral)aj, oco6y, rrpe,ri:MeT, ca,ri:p)Kaj H TaKo
,ri:aJDe, a IDHXOBO yCBajaI:De Moryne je Jiou;ttpaTH y BpeMeHyH rrpocTOpy. BenH 6poj eMrrttpttjcKHX
HaJia3a, Mel)yTHM, JKa3yje Ha TO ,ri:a jacHy ,IJ;HCTHHKU:Hjy I13Mel)y ceMaHTWIKe I1 errH30,IJ;ffC:IKe
MeMopttje HHje Moryne ,ri:o Kpaja rroByntt rroIIITO ceMaHTffC:IKa MeMopttja (Tj. rrpe,ri:3HaIDe) y
BeJIHKoj MepH yTH11e Ha 3arraMnHBaI:De H 3a,ri:p)KaBaI:De MaTepttjaJia y eIIH30,IJ;H'IKOj MeMopttjH.
CTOra je TaJIBHHr y je,ri:HOM TpeHJTKY rrpttxBaTHO cTaB ,ri:a je errH30,ri:H11Ka MeMopttja rro,ri:,ri:oMeH
ceMaHTH'IKe MeMopttje, ,ri:a 6H ra KaCHHje peBH,Il;Hpao I1 rrpHXBaTHO ,ri:a je eIIH30,Il;I1'1Ka MeMO-
pttja crreu;ttcptt11aH acrreKT ,ri:yroTpajHe MeMopttje, jaCHo o,ri:BojHB o,ri: ceMaHTH'IKe MeMopttje.
• Ca,ri:p)KajeM eIIH30,Il;I1'1Ke MeMopttje ,IJ;OMHHHpajy T3B. aymo6uo1pa<jjcKa cenaHJa, Tj. cenaIDa Ha
o,ri:pel)eHe ,ri:oral)aje H3 HaIIIer )KHBOTa. Je,ri:aH o,ri: rroy3,ri:aHHjHX Ha'IHHa HCIIHTHBaI:Da a)'T06Ho-
rpacpcKHX cenaI:Da je CHCTeMaTCKO BO:l)eI:De ,IJ;HeBHHKa I1 perrpO,Il;JKOBaI:De ,IJ;Oral)aja 3a6eJie)KeHHX
y pa3JIH'IHTHM BpeMeHCKHM HHTepBaJIHMa rrpoTeKJIHM o,ri: 3a6eJie)KeHor ,ri:oral)aja. 0BaKBa
HCTpa)KHBaI:Da IIOKa3yjy ,ri:a je rrpou;eHaT 3a6opaBJDeHor peJiaTHBHO MaJIH.
• fioce6H)' BpCTJ aJT06ttorpacpCKHX cenaI:Da 'IHHe T3B. <jjlleUl cena1-ba. 0Ba cenaI:Da O,ri:JIHKyjy ce
I13pa3HTOM )KHBOIIIny, rraMneI:DeM BeJIHKOr 6poja ,ri:eTaJba I1 BHCOKOM JEepeHOIIIny y Ta'IHOCT
OH Ora 11era ce cenaMO. fio rrpaBHJIY, y IIHTaI:Dy cy 3Ha'IajHH ,ri:oral)ajH KOjH cy H3a3BaJII1 IIOja11aHy
eMOTHBHY peaKu;ttjy. cDaKTOp I13HeHal)eI:Da HHje O,IJ; 3Ha11aja jep Ce IIOKa3aJIO ,ri:a je cenaIDe ,ri:eTaJbHO
I1 Ka,ri:a cy y IIHTaI:Dy 3Ha'IajHH ,ri:oral)ajH KOjH cy 6HJIH rrpe,ri:BH,IJ;JDHBH. BpojHa HCTpa)KHBaI:Da rro-
Ka3yjy ,ri:a cpJieIII cenaI:Da He MOpajy ,ri:a 6y,ri:y rroy3,ri:aHa I1 ,ri:a cy IIO,Il;JIO)l(Ha HCTHM IIpOMeHaMa KO-
jHMa cy IIO,ri:JIO)l(Ha J1 OCTaJia a)'T06ttorpacpCKa cenaIDa .
• O,ri: rroce6Hor HHTepeca je rroy3,ri:aHOCT a)'T06ttorpacpcKHX cenaI:Da I1 'IHHHJiau;a KOjH JTH'IY Ha
I:DHXOBY rrpoMeHy. I1cTpa)KHBaI:Da yKa3yjy Ha HeKOJIHKO 3Ha11ajHHX cpaKTOpa, o,ri: KOjHX Tpe6a
I13,IJ;BOjHTI1 HOBe HHcpopMau;ttje ,ri:o KOjHx CMO ,IJ;OIIIJIH y BpeMeHy I13Mel)y caMor ,ri:oral)aja I1
IDeroBor rrpttcenaI:Da. IloKa3aHo je ,ri:a oBaKBe HHcpopMau;ttje Mory ,ri:paMaTH'IHO ,ri:a rrpoMeHe
ca,ri:p)Kaj H cMHcao ,ri:oral)aja.
• Iloce6aH rrpo6JieM y OKBttpy HCTpa)KHBaI:Da errH30,IJ;H'IKe MeMopttje rrpe,ri:cTaBJDa rrperro3HaBa-
I:De JIHKa. IloCTaBJDa ce IIHTaI:De KOjH cy TO 'IHHHOU:H KOjH YTH'IY Ha rrpeII03HaBaI:De JIHKa, ,ri:a JIM
je OHO rroy3,ri:aHo H, aKo jecTe, y Kojoj Meptt je rroy3,ri:aHo. I1cTpa)KHBaIDa rroKa3yjy ,ri:a je paCHa
rrpttrra,ri:HOCT je,ri:aH o,ri: 3Ha11ajHHjHX 'IHHHJiau;a, aJIH o,ri: 3Ha11aja cy I1 ,ri:y)KHHa IIOCMaTpaI:Da JIHKa,
rrpttcycTBO ,IJ;HCTpaKTopa, Kao I1 I13JIO)KeHOCT CJIWIHHM JIHU:HMa.
JE3I1K: ITEPI(EITI(HJA fOBOPA I1 KOfHHTHBHA
OBPA,il;A ITOJE,il;HHAqHJ1X PEqJ1
y JBO,IJ;HOM ,z:i;eny npBor nomaBJDa IlOMeHyJIM CMO ,z:i;a IlOCToje CJIO)l{eHM KOfHM-
TMBHM npou;ecM M <PYHKU:Mje Koje c JiaKOllOM o6aBJDaMo M l:rnje CJIO)l{eHOCTM HMCMO
CBecHM. Ta,z:i;a cMo, M3Mel)y ocTaJior, HaBeJIM npHMep je3MKa yKa3yjynM Ha pa3JIMqMTe
acneKTe je3JiqKe KOMJHMKau;Mje M lbMXOBY KOMITJieKCHOCT, HamarnaBajynM ,z:i;a je y IlM-
Talby <PYHKU:Mja Koja je crreu;McpMqHa 3a qoBeKa Kao BpcTy. Arm, rnTa je To rnTo je-
3MK qJiHM noce6HMM M IllTO ra M3,IJ;Baja op; OCTaJIMX <PYHKU:Mja 0 KOjMMa CMO p;o ca,z:i;a
,IJ;MCKJTOBaJIM? 3ap OH HMje npHCJTaH y TaKopenM CBaKoj Harnoj aKTMBHOCTM? ffiMMe
CBaKO,IJ;HeBHO KOMJHMU:HpaMO M3fOBapajynM peqeHMu;e MJIM rnyrnajynM caroBOpHHKa,
qMTajynM MJIM IlMillYllM TeKCTOBe. IlpH TOM, na)l{lhY o6panaMO Ha cap;p)l{aj OHora IllTO
caonrnrnBaMo MJIM npHMaMo a He Ha TO KaKo To pa,ri;MMO. YnpaBo 36or JiaKone KojoM
KOpHCTMMO je3MK qJiHM HaM ce ,z:i;a je y nMTalhy je,z:i;HocTaBaH npou;ec. 0Ba MHTYMU:Mja
je norpernHa. Je3MK je BepoBaTHo HajcJIO)l{eHMja <PYHKU:Mja y npHpo,z:i;M Koja YKJDyqyje
M HM3 p;pymx cpyHKD;Mja 0 KOjMMa CMO ,IJ;O cap;a ,IJ;MCKJTOBaJIM. CTOra neMO, MMajynM y
BMAY lheroBy CJIO)l{eHOCT M pa3JIMqMTe BMAOBe McnoJDaBalba, npo6JieMy je3MKa npHnM
nocTynHo, oCJialhajynM ce Ha npHMepe M3 cBaKop;HeBHor McKycTBa. IloqeneMo u;MTa-
TOM M3 ITJTOITMca ,,Jby6aB y ToCKaHM" MMJiorna 1.I,plhaHcKor.
C6a je ToC1mHa yoKoJlo Kao Bptn. JbyuKa je c6a, Maga je 6allo6utna, JeJleHa u lby6u-
ttactna Kao Mope. Bpga yoKoJlo cy MeKa, uttno ce Buute uge Ha ]yl, C6e CBetnJluja, a tnoae ce y
oCBeiillbeHJuMa 6ettep1-buM. Hactnyaa ttac ucaapa6a1-ba HeKol, Bpllo apoBugHol; U3Malllu71e
uttno octna6lba 3eMlbY Kao gyuta. 3eMlba tnaMH03eJleHa, cpe6pHa og 6e36pojHux MaCJLUHa,
HeU3MepHo je Begpa, Hag 1-bOM ce tnaJlacajy 6pga J1Cytna, Mallo MytnHuja. Jl,albuHa je ttuctna
u Kao ga tnpeaepu og 36e3ga.
qMrnjynM oBe pe,z:i;oBe, JI<a3yje HaM ce CJIMKa TOcKaHCKMX npe,z:i;eJia. CBeCHM ,z:i;a he-
MO y ,IJ;aJDeM TeKCTY HapyrnHTM CBe OHO 36or qera cy OBM pe,ri;OBM HaITMCaHM, KpeHyneMO
y lbMXOBY aHaJIM3Y JIMilleHM npe,z:i;3Halba. qMTaJIM CMO MX y ce6M M OHM cy no6y,ri;MJIM CBa
qyJia, nojaBMJie cy ce CJIMKe npe,z:i;eJia, yKa3aJia HaM ce TocKaHa. ,Il;a cMo MX npoqMTaJIM
236 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
Hamac rr ,n;a je jorn HeKo 6rro rrope,n; Hae, HMao 6rr rrcTe mrn BpJio CJIHqHe ,n;mKHBJbaje. Arm,
IllTa je rro6y,n;HJIO OBe CJIHKe? IIome,n;ajMO IIOHOBO peqeHHD,e H saMHCJIHMO ,n;a HaM HX je
HeKO rrpoqrrTao. KaKo TO ,n;a ce y H>HMa Kprrjy TOCKaHCKH MaCJIHH>aD,H H rrpe,n;eJIH Koje
sHaMo ca peHecaHCHHx CJIHKa? KaKo je SBJK Kojrr cMo qyJIH rro6y,n;rro CBe Te ,IJ;O)I{HBJbaje
Ka,n;a rrsMel)y rrsroBopeHHX peqrr H peqeH11u;a rr oHora rnTo cy y HaMa rro6y,n;HJie He rro-
cTojrr CJIHqHocT? IIoKyrnajMo HacyMrru,e ,n;a rrpoMeHHMO pe,n;oCJie,n; peqrr y peqeHHD,H H
,n;o6rrneMO 6ecMHCJieH HCKas.
Ms oBor rrprrMepa BH,IJ;HMO ,n;Be 6rrTHe o,n;JIHKe jesrrKa. IIpBa je ap6rrTpapHOCT jesrr-
qKrrx cTpyKTypa, rnTo sHaqrr ,n;a cy jesrrqKM sHaKOBH CTBap KOHBeHu,rrje, qrrMe rrocTajy
cuM60JlU. Peq He rrpeCJIHKaBa O,IJ;JIHKe rrojMa - HSMel)y HsroBopeHe peqrr HOH Ora IllTO OHa
OSHaqaBa HeMa HHKaKBe CJIHqHOCTH, HS qera CJie,n;rr ,n;a 6rr H 6HJio KOja ,n;pyra peq MOrJia
,n;a osHaqrr HCTH rrojaM. To, ,n;aJbe, sHaqrr ,n;a je H o,n;Hoc rrsMel)y macoBa Kojrr qrrHe peq
H rrojMa KOjH OHa OSHaqaBa ap6rrTpapaH. Mel)yr11M, HHje 6HJio KOjOM KOM6HHau,rrjoM
macoBa Moryne cpopMrrpaTH peq rrornTo HeKe KOM6HHau,rrje macoBa Hrrcy Moryne.
qHH>eHrru,a ,n;a Hrrje Moryna 6HJio Koja KoM6rrHau,rrja macoBa roBoprr HaM o orpaHH-
qeH>HMa y cpopMrrpaH> y peqrr Koja Mory ,n;a ce rrspase Kao cKyrr cpoHOJIOillKHX rrpaBHJia.
McTO TaKO, qrrH>eHHD,a ,n;a cy caMO HeKe KOM6HHau,rrje peqrr y peqeHHll,H ,Il;OSBOJbeHe, Tj. ,n;a
caMO OHe qrrHe CMHCaOHH HCKaS, YKasyje Ha TO ,n;a IIOCToje H orpaHrrqeH>a KOja o,n;pel)yjy
O,IJ;HOCe peqrr y peqeHHll,H. M ,IJ;OK je O,IJ;HOC HSMel)y SHaKa H OSHaqeHOr ap6rrTpapaH,
rroBes1rnaH>e macoBa y peqrr H peq11 y peqeHrru,e Hrrje ap6rrTpapHo Benje o,n;pel)eHo cKy-
rroM jesrrqKrrx orpaHrrqeH>a Koja JIHHrBHCTM orrrrcyjy Kpos jesrrqKa rrpaBHJia. Ms oBora
CJie,n;H ,n;pyra KapaKTepHCTHKa jeSHKa; jeSHK HHje CKyrr ap6rrTpapHO IIOBesaHHX eJieMeHaTa
Ben cucuteM, rrornTo je o,n;Hoc Mel)y eJieMeHTHMa peryJirrcaH orpaHrrqeH>HMa Koja Mory
,n;a ce rrspase Kao jesrrqKa rrpaBHJia. JesrrK je, ,n;aKJie, cuM6ollU1iKU cucuteM Kojrr HMa CBoja
orpaHrrqeH>a Koja o,n;pel)yjy O,IJ;HOCe Ha paSJIHqHTHM HHBOHMa jesrrqKor HCIIOJbaBaH>a.
0Ba orpaHrrqeH>a HaCTOjH ,n;a OIIHille JIHHrBHCTHKa Koja HMa sa ll,HJb ,n;a rr,n;eHTHcpHKyje
peryJiapHOCTH HCIIOJbeHe Ha paSJIHqHTHM HMBOHMa jes11qKe opraHHSau,rrje.
JesHK je rrprrpo,n;HH CHCTeM, ,n;aKJie, CMCTeM KOjH HHje CTBopeH KOHBeHu,rrjoM, HHTH
MO)I{e KOHBeHu,rrjoM ,n;a ce Melba. OH je rrmXHqKa cpyttKn,rrja no Kojoj ce qoBeK pasJIHKyje
o,n; OCTaJIHX BpCTa H rrpe,n;CTaBJba CJIQ)KeH CHM60JIHqKH CHCTeM KOjH HaM OMorynaBa
KOMJHHKau,rrjy, OIIHCHBaH>e H pasyMeBaH>e CBeTa OKO Hae. 0Ba KOMJHHKau,rrja HHje rry-
KO CHrHaJIHSHpaH>e, Ben CBaKH rryr IIOHOBHO CTBapaH>e HOBOr CBeTa KOjH MO)I{eMo ,n;a
rrpeHeceMo ,n;pyrrrMa H o,n; ,n;pyrHX ,n;a rrpHMHMO. Arrrr, KaKo To qrrHHMo? KaKo rrporrsBo-
,IJ;HMO roBopHe crrmane, KaKo HX o6pal)yjeMo, KaKo pasyMeMo rroje,n;rrHaqHe peqrr H peqe-
HHD,e, KaKo rrs orpaHrrqeHor cKyrra jesrrqKHX rrpaBHJia rrporrsBo,n;rrMo HeorpaHrrqeHrr 6poj
rrcKasa, caMo cy HeKa o,n; rrrrTaH>a Koja HaM ce HaMeny Ka,n;a roBoprrMo o jesrrqKoj KOMJ-
HHKau,rrjrr. MaKO HaM JIHHrBHCTHKa rrpy)I{a BHille HJIH MaH>e KOxepeHTaH OIIHC jesrrqKor
CHCTeMa, OHa He ,n;aje o,n;roBop Ha OBa IIHTaH>a. HaBe,n;eHa IIHTaH>a rrpe,n;MeT cy UCUXOllUH-
l6UCUlU1<e, HayqHe ,IJ;HCll,HIIJIJIHe Koja HaCTOjH ,n;a OIIHille KOrHHTHBHe MexaHHSMe KOjH CToje
y OCHOBH rrpO,n;yKD,Hje I1 rrepu,erru,Hje jeSHKa, O,IJ;HOCHO ,n;a OIIHille HaqHH Ha KOjH pasyMeMO
I1 KOpHCTHMO jeSHK.
MaKO ce jesHK MO)I{e paSJIO)I{HTH Ha paSJIHqHTe HHBOe OIIHCa, o,n; HHBOa maca ,n;o
HHBOa HCKasa I1 IllHpHX ca,n;p:>KHHCKHX u,eJIHHa, rrorpernHO 6H 6HJIO rrpeTIIOCTaBHTH ,n;a cy
y IIHTalhy O,IJ;BojeHH, HesaBHCHH ,IJ;OMeHH jesrrqKor HCIIOJbaBaH>a. BH,n;eneMO ,n;a cy CBH OHM
y HHTepaKn,HjH H ,n;a je rro,n;eJia Ha pasJIHqHTe acrreKTe jesHKa yCJioBHa. TaKo, Ha rrpHMep,
JE3I1K: ITEPL(Elll(I1JA fOBOPA I1 OBPA,IJ,A ITOJE,IJ,I1HAqHJ1X PEqJ1 237
Ha rrep:o;em:.:i;ujy u rrpo,r:i;yi<:o;ujy rJiaca )7TH"lfY OCTaJIH rJiacoBH y pequ, aJIH H ocTaJie pequ
y peqeHH:o;H. 11,r:i;eHTHcpHKa:o;uja rJiaca y pequ, rra H caMe pequ, y BeJIHKoj Mepu 3aBHCH
O,IJ; KOHTeKCTYaJIHHX quHHJia:o;a Ha HHBOY HCKa3a H 3HaqeJba caMor HCKa3a. y IIHTalby je,
,r:i;aKJie, CHCTeM KOjH je HHTepaKTHBaH Ha CBHM CBOjHM HHBOHMa. To je HecyMlhHBO je,r:i;aH
O,II; pa3JIOra IIITO JIHHfBHCTHqKH OIIHCH rroje,r:i;HHHX acrreKaTa je3HKa IIOHeKa,r:i; HHCY ,IJ;O Kpa-
ja ,Il;OCJie,IJ;HH H CBe06yxBaTHH, aJIH H je,r:i;aH O,IJ; pa3JIOra IIITO je HCIIHTHBalbe KOfHHTHBHHX
MexaHH3aMa o,r:i;roBopHHX 3a je3uqKy rrpo,r:i;yi<:o;ujy H rrep:o;err:o;ujy qecTo cyoqeHo ca cKopo
HerrpeMOCTHBHM TeIIIKohaMa Koje rrpoHCTH"lfY H3 BHIIIecTpyi<HX HHTepaK:o;Hja pa3JIHqHTHX
acrreKaTa je3HKa.
11rraK, rrperJie,IJ;HOCTH pa,r:i;H, pa3JIHqHTHM HHBOHMa je3uqKor HCIIOJbaBalba rrpHhH
heMo Kao cpyttKIJ;HOHaJIHO 3ace6HHM acrreKTHMa, jep HM TaKO, y Behoj HJIH Malboj MepH,
rrpHcTyrrajy H rroce6He JIHHfBHCTHqKe ,IJ;HCIJ;HIIJIHHe, Kao IIITO cy cpoHeTHKa, cpoHOJIOrHja,
MopcpoJioruja, CHHTaKca HT,IJ;. Pa3MaTpalbe 0 je3HKY rroqefieMO KOHTpaCTOM H3Mel)y
JIHHrBHCTHqKor OIIHCa je3HKa, ca je,r:i;He, H OIIHCa KOfHHTHBHe opraHH3a:o;uje je3HKa, ca
,r:i;pyre CTpaHe, O,Il;HOCHO pa3JIHKOM H3Mel)y JIHHrBHCTHqKor rrpHcTyrra y ym:eM H IIIHpeM
CMHCJIY H IICHXOJIHHfBHCTHqKor rrpHcTyrra je3HKy. Tiam:lby heMo 3aTHM IIOCBeTHTH
rrep:o;err:o;HjH H pa3yMeBalby roBopa Kao rroqeTHOj Taqrm y HCIIHTHBalhy KOfHHTHBHHX
quHHJia:o;a Koju yTuqy Ha o6pa,r:i;y je3HKa. Tioce6aH ,r:i;eo oBor rrorJiaBJba 6uhe rrorneheH
MeHTaJIHOM JieKCHKOHy, rrpeTIIOCTaBJbeHOM crre:o;ujaJIH30BaHOM ,Il;OMeHy ceMaHTHqKe
MeMopuje y KojeM cy ycKJia,IJ;HIIITeHe rrpe,r:i;crnBe rroje,r:i;HHaqHux pequ ,r:i;aTor je3HKa. Orruc
cpyttKIJ;HOHaJIHHX H cTpyi<TypaJIHHX KapaKTepucTHKa MeHTaJIHor JieKCHKOHa ,r:i;ahe HaM
YBH,r:i; y MexaHH3Me o6pa,r:i;e rroje,r:i;uHaqHux pequ H pequ y MHHHMaJIHOM ceMaHTHqKoM
KOHTeKcTy. TuMe cMo o6yxBaTHJIH o6pa,r:i;y aojegurta-tmux je3uqKux eHTHTeTa Kao IIITO cy
rJiaCOBH H pequ.
Je,r:i;Ha O,II; KapaKTepHCTHKa je3HKa je H TO IIITO ce lberoBa peaJIH3a:o;uja O,IJ;BHja Ha
pa3JIHqHTHM HHBOHMa OIIIIITOCTH. 11MeHH:o;a y cprrcKOM je3HKy, Ha rrpHMep, MOW:e ,r:i;a ce
rrojaBH y BHIIIe pa3JIHqHTHX rra,r:i;em:a, 6e3 o63upa Ha lbeHo 3HaqeJbe. 11cTo TaKo, y OKBHPY
,r:i;aTe peqeHHqHe CTpyi<Type MQ)KeMO ,r:i;a rrpOH3Be,r:i;eMO 6ecKoHaqaH 6poj pa3JIHqHTHX
HCKa3a. Haj3a,r:i;, o,r:i;pel)eHe rnTya:o;uje 3axTeBajy crre:o;ucpuqHe o6JIHKe je3uqKe KOMy-
HHKa:o;uje, 6e3 o63upa Ha lbHXOB KOHKpeTaH ca,r:i;pm:aj. }13 OBaKBHX rrpHMepa BH,IJ;HMO
,r:i;a rrocToje acrreKTH je3HKa Koju Hucy ,r:i;upeKTiio ycJIOBJbeHH rroje,r:i;uHaqHHM 3HaKOM,
6e3 o63upa Ha TO ,r:i;a JIH je y IIHTalhy mac MJIH peq. 0BH acrreKTH je3HKa rrpe,r:i;MeT cy
MopcpoJioruje, CHHTaKce H rrparMaTHKe, KojuMa he 6HTH rrorneheHo rne,r:i;ehe rrorJiaBJbe.
238 KOfHJ1TJ1BHA ITCJ1XOJIOfJ1JA
y JBO,l:t;HOM ,I:t;en:y OBOr rromaBJDa IIOMeifYJIH CMO ,I:t;a JIHHrBHCTHKa HaCTOjH ,I:t;a je-
3HK OIIHIIIe y CBHM acrreKTHMa TueroBor HCIIOJbaBaTua, ,l:t;OK rrpe,I:t;MeT IICHXOJIHHrBHCTHKe
o6yx:saTa KorHHTHBHe acrreKTe je3wIKe rrpo,I:t;yKIJ,Hje n pa3yMeBaTua je3HKa. 11pe Hero IIITO
,I:t;eTaJDHHje pa3MOTpHMO pa3JIHKe H3Mei)y JIHHrBHCTIPIKOr H IICHXOJIHHrBHCTWIKOr OIIH-
ca, HeOIIXO,l:t;HO je rrpell,H3HHje O,I:t;pe,I:t;HTH KapaKTepHCTHKe je3HKa Koje ra qnHe pa3Jllfqn-
THM O,l:t; OCTaJIHX BH,l:t;OBa KOMJHHKaIJ,nje. HaKO CMO HeKe O,l:t; THX KapaKTepHCTHKa HaroBe-
CTHJIH Ha rrpeTXO,l:t;HHM CTpaHaMa, OBOra rryTa lieMo HX rrpell,H3HHje O,I:t;pe,I:t;HTH. .
y HajIIInpeM CMHCn:y, je3HK MO)KeMO ,I:t;eqmHHCaTH Kao CUM60JlU11.KU cuctneM Koju
Kopuctnu ogpebeHa 3ajegHw1a y f1WbY KoMyHuKa11uje. 0BaKBO o,I:t;pei)eIDe ca,I:t;p)KH TPH
6HTHe KapaKTepHCTHKe je3HKa.
a) H3Mei)y je311qKor 3HaKa H 03HaqeHor He IIOCTOjH H30Mopqm3aM HHTH 6HJIO
KaKBa rrpnpo,I:t;Ha aHaJiornja H3rOBOpeHa peq He JIHqn Ha OHO IIITO 03HaqaBa, HHTH je y
rrpnpo,I:t;Hoj Be3H c OHHM IIITO je IDOMe 03HaqeHo. H3 Tora rne,I:t;n ,I:t;a cy je311qKn 3HaKOBH
CTBap KOHBeHIJ,Hje, H TO je OHO IIITO HX qnHH CUM60JlUMa.
6) Je3HK je cuctneM, IIITO 3Haqn ,I:t;a HHje y IIHTaTuy CKyrr He3aBHCHHX H HerroBe3aHHX
CHM6oJia. Ka,I:t;a Ka)KeMO cuctneM, HMaMo y BH,I:t;y ,I:t;a je eJieMeHTe ( CHM6oJie) Moryh.e KOM6H-
HOBaTH y IIInpe IJ,eJIHHe no o,I:t;pei)eHHM rrpaBHJIHMa y OKBnpy Kojnx cy HeKe KoM6HHaIJ,nje
,I:t;03BOJDeHe a HeKe Hncy.
B) Je3HK Kao CHM60JIHqKM CHCTeM 3ajegHU11.KU je 3a cae apuaagHUKe ogpebeHe COf1UO-
JlUHl6UCtnU11.Ke 3a;egHu11e, IIITO 3Haqn ,I:t;a rrpHMaJiaIJ, MO)Ke ,I:t;a peKOHCTpyttIIIe CHCTeM CHM-
6oJia peaJIH30BaH Kpo3 cKyrr rrpaBHJia n ,I:t;a ra rrpeBe,I:t;e y cMncaoHH ca,I:t;p)Kaj. TnMe ce
OCTBapyje KOMY1-lUKaf1U01-la <f>yHKf1Uja, KOja je yje,I:t;HO H OCHOBHa cpyttKIJ,Hja je3HKa.
0BaKBO O,I:t;pei)eTue je3HKa OCTaBJDa OTBOpeHHM IIHTaTue pa3JIHKe H3Mei)yrrpnpo,I:t;-
1
HOr je3HKa H OCTaJIHX BH,l:t;OBa 03HaqaBa1ha, Kao H HaqnHa KOMYHHll,HpaIDa ,I:t;pyrnx Bpc-
Ta. Y qeMy je pa3JIHKa H3Mei)y rrpnpo,I:t;Hor je3HKa n HaqnHa crropa3yMeBaTua ,I:t;eJicpHHa n
KHTOBa? 3aIIITO He 6ncMO H HaqnH Ha KOjH ce crropa3yMeBajy rrqeJie Ha3BaJIH je3HKOM?
3a pa3JIHKY O,l:t; IIOMeHyTHX HaqnHa KOMJHHKaIJ,nje, rrpnpO,I:t;HH je3HK HMa HeKOJIHKO
KapaKTepHCTHKa Koje ra qnHe crreIJ,ncpnqHHM H HeCBO,l:t;JbHBHM Ha OCTaJie BpcTe KOMy-
HHll,HpaIDa n 03HaqaBaIDa (cf. Hocket, 1966). YKpaTKO lieMo H3JIO)l<MTH HeKe O,l:t; OBHX
KapaKTepncTHKa Koje cy O,I:t; HHTepeca 3a Hallie pa3MaTpaIDe.
JI,aoctnpy1w ctnpyKtnypa. Je3HK MO)l{eMO OIIHCHBaTH Ha pa3JIH"t:IHTHM HHBOHMa MOJiap-
HOCTH, O,l:t; HHBOa rJiaca, ,l:t;O HHBOa HCKa3a HJIH IllHpHX 3Haqe1hCKHX IJ,eJIHHa. Pa3JIHqHTH HH-
BOH je3HKa cy xnjepapxnjc1rn ycTpojeHn, rrpn qeMy jep;nHHIJ,e HH)l{er pe,I:t;a (macoBn) CBojoM
KOM6HHaIJ,HjOM p;ajy jep;HHHll,e BHiller pep;a (peqn), Koje orreT, CBOjOM KOM6HHau;njoM ,I:t;ajy
jep;nHnu;e BHiller pep;a (peqeHnu;e). ITpnMeTHMO ,I:t;a HeKe je,I:t;HHHll,e HeMajy caMOCTaJIHO
3Haqe1he (maCOBH), aJIH ,I:t;a ce IDHXOBOM KOM6HHau;njoM p;o6njajy je,I:t;HHHll,e Koje HMa-
jy caMOCTaJIHO 3HaqeTue (peqn). ,Il;HXOTOMHja H3Me~y je,I:t;HHHll,a Koje HMajy H Koje
I TI op; rrojMOM ,,rrpttpop;mr je3l1I<" rrop;pasyMeBaMo je3I1I< I<Ojl1 ce I<OpI1CTH y CBaI<O)J;HeBHOj I<OMJHHI<aJ:J;HjH Me-
l)y JDYAHMa. Tiopep; rrpnpop;ttor jesnI<a, rrocTOjH H Betrn 6poj BelllTa'!KHX jesnI<a (ttrrp. pa1:fYHapcI<H jesm.:i;tt).
JE3l1K: TIEPUETIUI1JA fOBOPA l1 OBPA)J,A TIOJE)J,l1HAqHl1X PEqJ1 239
HeMajy caMOCTaJIHO 3Haqelbe qHHH jesHqKH CHCTeM eKOHOMHqHHM jep OMorynaBa p;a
ce orpaHHqeHHM 6pojeM macoBa reHepmrre 6ecKoHaqaH 6poj peqtt, qttjoM ce ,IJ;aJhOM
KOM6HHa:o;HjOM MOMe rrpoH3BeCTH 6ecKOHaqaH 6poj HCKa3a (peqeHH:o;a).
IIpogyKillUBHocill. JesHK oMorynaBa 6ecKoHaqHo cTBapalbe HOBHX HCKasa. KoMrreTeH-
THH roBOpHHK p;aTor je3HKa MOMe p;a rrpOH3Bep;e HCKa3e KOjH HHKap;a rrpe Tora HHCY
rrpottsBep;eHH, aJIH H p;a pasyMe HCKase Koje rrpe Tora Httje qyo. 0Ba oco6ttHa jesttKa, Kojy
Ha3HBaMO apogyKillU61-lOCill, OMorynaBa HaM p;a IIOMony orpaHHqeHor 6poja je,IJ;HHH:o;a
H3pa3HMO 6eCKOHaqHaH 6poj CMHCaOHHX :o;eJIHHa.
Jl,UCJlOKa11uja. Jep;Ha O,II; 3HaqajHHX KapaKTepHCTHKa je3HKa je lberoBa ,,H3MenITeHOCT"
y op;Hocy Ha rrpoCTop H BpeMe y KojeM ce op;ttrpaBa roBopHH qHH. MoMeMo p;a roBopHMO
0 CTBapHMa Koje cy ce p;orop;HJie y rrpOIIlJIOCTH HJIH Koje lie ce p;orop;HTH y 6yp;ynHOCTH,
Kao H o cTBapttMa Koje ce p;ora})ajy BaH MecTa rp;e ce op;ttrpaBa roBopHH qHH. Hajsap;,
MOMeMO p;a roBopHMO H 0 H3MHII1JbeHHM H XHIIOTeTHqKHM p;ora})ajHMa y pa3JIHqHTHM
BpeMeHCKHM H rrpocTOpHHM KOOp,Il;HHaTaMa.
I1Majyntt y BHAY CJIOMeHOCT jesm<a Kao CHCTeMa KOMyttHKa:o;ttje, lberOBOM OIIHCHBa-
lhY MOMeMO rrpttnH H3 BHille rrpaBa:o;a. y 3aBHCHOCTH O,II; Tora KOjH acrreKT je3HKa orrttcy-
jeMo, y Benoj HJIH Malhoj MepH y11a3HMO y OKBHpe 3ace6HHX HayqHHX ,Il;HCIJ;HIIJIIrna, O,II;
KOjHX je cpopMaJIHa JIHHfBHCTHKa CBaKaKO :o;eHTpaJIHa, jep OIIHcyje je3HK y CBHM lberOBHM
BH,IJ;OBHMa. Me})YTHM, rrojep;HHH acrreKTH jesHKa ce Mory pasMaTpaTH H y OKBttpy p;pyrttx
p;ttc:o;ttrrJIHHa. TaKo, co:o;ttjarrHy y11ory jesttKa H co:o;ttjarrHe qHHHo:o;e KOjH Ha lhera YTHLIJ
HCIIHTyje co11uoJZU1-lf6ucilluKa. KorHHTHBHe acrreKTe jesttqKe rrpO,Il;JKD;Hje H rrep:o;err:o;ttje
H qHHHo:o;e KOjH Y™LIY Ha o6pap;y je3HKa HCIIHTyje UCUXOJlUHf6UCillUKa, ,Il;OK cy HeyparrHe
ornoBe jesttqKe rrep:o;err:o;ttje H rrpop;yK:o;ttje rrpep;MeT HeypollUHfBucillw<e. Hajsap;, jesHK Mo-
Me p;a ce IIOCMaTpa H H3 acrreKTa lberoBor pa3Boja H HHTepaK:o;ttje ca pa3BOjeM KOrHHTHBHHX
cpyttK:o;ttja, IIITO je rrpep;MeT pa360j1-le UCUXOJlU1-lf6UCillUKe.
IloIIITO cy 3a Hae O,II; rroce6Hor HHTepeca KOrHHTHBHH MeXaHH3MH H rrpo:o;ecH KOjH
yqecTByjy y rrpO,Il;JKD;HjH H pasyMeBalhy je3HKa, a KOjH cy, Kao IIITO CMO peKJIH, rrpep;MeT
IICHXOJIHHrBHCTHKe, HeOIIXO,Il;HO je ycTaHOBHTH Besy H3Me})y JIHHrBHCTHqKor OIIHCa je3HKa
H lheroBe KOrHHTHBHe opraHttsa:o;11je. CTOra lie Hapep;He CTpaHe 611TH rroCBeneHe op;Hocy
H3Me})y JIHHfBHCTHKe, IICHXOJIHHrBHCTHKe H KOrHHTHBHe IICHXOJIOrttje. IJonH neMO
O,II; HaqJIHa Ha KOjH JIHHrBHCTH ormcyjy je3HK, a 3aTHM neMO IIOKYIIIaTH TaKaB OIIHC p;a
IIOBeMeMO ca KOrHHTHBHHM IIJiaHOM, IIOCTaBJbajyn11 IIHTalbe aHaJIOrttje H3Me})y OIIHCa KOjH
HYAH JIHHrBHCTHKa 11 KOrHHTHBHe opraHttsa:o;ttje jes11Ka.
y o6JIMKY je3WIKMX rrpaBMJia. ITprr TOM, BM,IJ;eJIM CMO, JIMHrBMCTM He IIOCTaBJhajy IIMTaH>e
KOfHMTMBHe OCHOBe JTBp])eHMX rrpaBMJIHOCTM, HMTM H>MXOBOr rropeKJia, Ben MX CaMO
KOHCTaTyjy.
KOfHHTHBHH CHCTEM
<l>OHETHKA =il li!i
<l>OHOJIOfHJA -111 llli
CEMAHTHKA . Iii
MOP<l>OJIOfHJA ~
CHHTAKCA . "'
1111
TIPAfMATHKA iilll ~
ClluKa 1. - )J,a llU U3Me~y ouuca je3uKa Koju uygu llUH'iBucilluKa u 1-tJe'ioBe KO'irtuillu-
Brte opiartu3al{uje uocmoju U30Mopcfm3aM u, yKolluKo uocmoju, o KaKBOM U30Mop-
cfm3MY je pet-t?
2 Ey:KBaJiaH rrpeBo,n: for Tpe6aJio ,n:a rnacH 3agai11aK UMeHoBaHJa. Ilouuo ce sa,n:aTaK cacTojH y U3tOBapa1-by
BHsyeJIHO rrp1masaHHX CTHMYJIYCa KOjH Mory 6HTH H rrcey,n:opeqrr, orrpe,n:eJIHJIH CMO ce sa Ha3HB 3agai11aK
U3toBapa1-ba.
3
l13Mel)y OCTaJIOr, prime y eHrJieCKOM jesHKY 3HaqH UO"'leiUaK, ,n:aKJie HeIIITO IIITO rrpeTXO.!J:H HeqeMy IIITO
fie yrne,n:HTH. y eKcrrepHMeHTaJIHOj CHTyau;rrjH y IIHTalhy je rrpBH CTHMYJIYC y rrapy HJIH cepHjrr CTHMYJIYCa
sa KOje ce rrpeTIIOCTaBJDa ,n:a Y™qY Ha o6pa,n:y .n:pyror HJIH OCTaJIHX CTHMyJiyca. IloIIITO peq prime H lbeHe
HSBe,n:eHHu;e (priming H rnaroJI to prime) He Mory a,n:eKBaTHO ,n:a ce rrpeBe,n:y Ha Halli jesm<, y ,n:0Mat1oj
CTp)"-IHOj TepMHHHJIOrHjH ycTaJIHO ce TepMHH apuM06a1-be.
JE3HK: TIEPU:ETIU:HJA fOBOPA I1 OEPA)J;A TIOJE)J,HHALIHHX PPrn 245
IIEPQEIIll;IIJA fOBOP A
y CBOM OCHOBHOM H rrpnpo,r:t;HOM o6JIIIKY je3HK ce peaJIH3yje Kp03 roBop KOjH rrpe,r:i;-
CTaBJba aKyCTHqKH CHfHaJI rrpOH3Be,r:i;eH fOBOpHHM opraHHMa, a rrpnMa ce "tfYJIOM rnyxa,
Tj. ay,r:t;HTHBHHM arrapaTOM. AKO 3a TpeHYTaK OCTaBHMO fOBOpHy rrpO,I:t;JKD;Hjy IIO CTpaHH,
Ha ocHoBy oBor KpaTKor orrnca rrepu;erru;nje roBopa qnTanau; 6n Morao ,r:i;a ce yrrnTa y
qeMy je rrpo6JieM ca orra)l{al:heM H pa3yMeBal:heM roBopHor cnrHaJia. 4 3ap roBop Hnje,
Kao H CBaKH aKyCTHqKH ,r:i;oral)aj y orrcery Harne "tfYJIHe oceTJbHBOCTH, perHCTpoBaH "tfYJIOM
rnyxa a 3aTHM HHTeprrpeTHpaH y 3aBHCHOCTII O,I:t; CBOjHX KapaKTepHCTHKa? I1aKO y OCHO-
BH rnqaH, OBaKaB OIIHC je y BeJIHKOj Mepn HerroTrrytt, a BH,r:t;elieMo, y HeKHM c.rryqajeBHMa
n He cacBHM TaqaH. HanMe, rrpnpo,r:i;a roBopa je y MHoroqeMy crreu;n<1_)nqHa, a rrpou;e-
cn Kojn cToje y ocHOBH l:heroBe rrepu;erru;nje H pa3yMeBal:ha ,r:i;0He1me ce pa3JIHKyjy o,r:i;
rrpou;eca aHfa)l{OBaHHX y rrpnjeMy H o6pa,r:t;II OCTaJIHX Bpcrn ay,r:i;HTHBHHX HH<1_}opMau;nja.
Crreu;n<1_)nqHOCTH rrpO.I:t;JKD;Hje H rrepu;erru;nje roBopa, Kao H crreu;n<1_)nqHocTH l:heroBor
pa3yMeBal:ha HaBeJie cy HeKe ncTpa)l{HBaqe Ha rrpeTrrocTaBKY ,r:i;a je y rrnrnl:hy rroce6Ha
Bpcrn rrepu;erru;nje Koja MO)l{e ,r:i;a ce cXBaTH Kao 3ace6aH Mo,r:t;yJI ay,r:i;nTHBHe rrepu;erru;nje,
rra H rrepu;erru;nje rnnpe cXBalieHo.
4
foBopmI CI1THaJI je aKyCTJiqKH ,n;oral)aj IIpOHSBe,n;eH roBopHHM opraHHMa KOjH je cneu;mjrnqaH sa rOBOp.
Tiope,n; rOBOpHHX CHfHaJia roBopHH opraHH IIpOHSBO,n;e Ii aKyCTJiqKe ,D;Oral)aje Kao IIITO cy pas;mqHTH
IIIYMOBH, KOjH He CIIa,D;ajy y roBop.
246 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
HOCH a
illyrr.JbHHa
cpapHHKC ---1-W~
JCHe
je3HK
JiapHHKC
sy611
JCHa
lliyrIJbHHa
.,.....---"<---- Tpaxea
rmyha
KOMJHHKau;11j11 je <fioHeMa, Koja ce ;n;eq:mHHIIIe Kao Iliac 11ujoM ce 3aMeHoM y gamoj pe11u
Me1-ba 1-beHo 3Ha11e1-be. 5 Yo6nqajeHa KJiacmp11Kau;11ja cJ.:>oHeMa sacHoBaHa je Ha LieT11p11 KpH-
Tep11jyMa: 3BJttHocmu, utyMHocmu, Mecmy apU1uKylla11uje 11 HattuHy api11uKylla11uje. ITo;n;
3BY"tfHOIIIny no;n;pasyMeBaMO aKTHBHOCT rJiaCHHu;a TOKOM npOH3Boi)elha cJ.:>oHeMa. <I>o-
HeMe ;z:t;eJIHMO Ha 36J11He H 6e36JttHe, Tj. Ha OHe KO;z:t; KOjMX nOCTOjH H OHe KO;z:t; KOjMX He
nocToj11 aKTHBHOCT rJiacH11u;a. ITope;n; oBe KJiac11cJ.:>11Kau;11je, Moryna je 11 no;n;eJia Ha ;z:t;Be
OCHOBHe KJiace rJiaCOBa: caMOlllaCHUKe (BOKa!le) H cylllaCHUKe (KOHCOHaHUle), na TaKO y
cpncKoM jes11Ky HMaMo neT caMorJiaCHHKa (hr./, /e/, /a/, lo/, !yl) H ;z:t;Ba;n;eceT 11 neT cyrJiac-
HHKa. YKOJIHKO Ba3;z:t;YIIIHa CTpyja npoJia3H Kp03 BOKaJIHH TpaKT 6es npenpeKe, CTBapa
ce aKycTHLIKH cHrHaJI Koj11 je KapaKTep11cTHLiaH sa 6eutyMHe cJ.:>oHeMe. Cy*elhe BOKaJIHor
TpaKTa H3a3I1Ba cJ.:>p11Ku;11jy, a cJ.:>oHeMe nocTajy IIIYMHe, IIITO je O;z:t;JIHKa BenHHe KOHCOHa-
HaTa. <I>oHeMe ce Mory KJiacMcJ.:>MKOBaTH H no MeCTY apTHKyJiau;11je, Tj. MecTy IhHXOBOf
cTBapalha y OKBHPY BOKaJIHOr TpaKTa. HanoMeHHMO ;n;a MecTo apT11eyJiau;11je sa je;n;tty
cJ.:>oHeMY HHje YBeK cJ.:>MKCHO, Ben y Benoj HJIH MalhOj MepH Bap11pa y 3aBHCHOCTH o;n; cJ.:>o-
HeMCKOf KOHTeKCTa KOjHM je OKpr*eHa. Hajsa;n;, cJ.:>oHeMe MO)K.eMO KJiacMcJ.:>MKOBaTH H no
HaLIHHY apTHKyJiau;11je. 0Baj KpHTep11jyM 3aCHOBaH je Ha HaLIHHY Ha KOjH je Ba3;z:t;YIIIHa
CTpyja o6JIHKOBaHa y BOKaJIHOM TpaKTy.
TexHuKe 3a ucaumuaa1-be loaopa. - Y aKycTHLIKHM aHaJIH3aMa roBopHor cHrHaJia Haj-
LieIIIne ce Kop11cTH cueKUlpolpa<fiuja, TeXHHKa KojoM ce perncTpyje Bap11palhe cJ.:>peKBeH-
u;11je H HHTeH3HTeTa roBopHor cHrHaJia y peaJIHOM BpeMeHy. 6 Ha rn11u;11 3 np11KasaH je
cneKTporpacJ.:>cKH san11c (cneKTporpaM) Ha KojeM ce Ha X-ocH HaJias11 BpeMe, Ha Y-ocH
cJ.:>peKBeHu;Hja, ;z:t;OK je HHTeH3HTeT fOBOpHor CHfHaJia npe;z:t;CTaBJbeH BenHM HJIH MalhHM sa-
TaMihelheM, npH LieMy Bene 3aTaMihelhe 03HaLiaBa BenH HHTeH3HTeT, Tj. Beny aKycTHLIKY
eHepr11jy. AHaJIH30M cneKTporpaMa ;n;o611jaMo YBHA y ;z:t;HHaMHKY aKycTHLIKHX npoMeHa
fOBOpHor CHfHaJia H aKyCTHLIKe KapaKTepHCTHKe noje;z:t;HHHX cJ.:>oHeMa y 3aBHCHOCTH o;n;
IhHXOBOf OKpy)K.elha.
ITperJie;z:t;oM cneKTporpaMa np11KasaHor Ha rn11u;11 3 np11MenyjeMo TaMHe xop11-
30HTaJIHe JIHHHje. y nHTalhy cy eHepreTCKe KOHIJ;eHTpau;11je Ha o;n;pei)eHHM cJ.:>peKBeH-
u;HjCKHM oncesHMa Koje Ha3HBaMO <fiopMaHUlUMa. fpy6o rJie;z:t;aHo, npBH cJ.:>opMaHT ce
jaBJba Ha oKo 1 000 Hz, ;n;pyrn Ha oKo 2 000 Hz, a Tpen11 Ha oKo 3 000 Hz. ,IJ;11cTp116yu;11ja
cJ.:>opMaHaTa y orpaHHLieHOM cJ.:>peI<BeHu;HjCKOM oncery, Kao H IhHXOB o6JIHK, o;n;pei)yjy Ka-
paKTepHCTHKe Kao IIITO cy cne:u;11cJ.:>MLIHOCTH MYIIIKOr H )K.eHcKor rJiaca, oco6eHoCTH rJiaca
no KojeM MO)K.eMO ;n;a npenosHaMO fOBOpHHKa, aJIH H ;z:t;HCTHHKTHBHa o6eJie)K.ja noje;z:t;H-
HMX rJiacoBa. TaKo, Ha np11Mep, ocHOBHa o6eJie)K.ja BOKaJia Hoce npBa TPH cJ.:>opMaHTa,
aJIH cy sa IhHXOBO npenosHaBalhe ;z:t;OBOJbHa H npBa ;z:t;Ba. <I>opMaHTH ce O;z:t;JIHKyjy ;z:t;BeMa
KapaKTepHCTHKaMa. To cy <fiopMaHUlcKe mpa1-1,3u11uje (formant transitions) 11 cma6ullHO
ci11a1-be <fiopMaHUla (formant's steady state). <I>opMaHTCKe TpaHs11u;11je ce MaH11cJ.:>ecTyjy
5 Ha rrprrMep, saMeHoM rJiaca Hy pe1:1rr gaH rJiacoM p p;o6rrjaMo HOBY pe1:1 gap.
6
y paHHM HCITHTHBalbHMa roBopa ,ll;OMHHHparra je COHotpa<fmja, TeXHHKa KojoM cy KHMOrpac):>cKH 6eJie)l{eHe
c):>peKBeHIJ;Hja H aMITlIHTJ,ll;a rJiaca. CoHorpaM je ITO rrpaBHJIY HMaO H BpeMeHcKy 6asy Koja ce ITOCTaBJba
KOHCTaHTHHM BH6prrpalbeM BpeMeHCKH 6IDI<p;apeHe 3BJ1:IHe BHJbyrnKe. ,Il;aHaC ce TepMHH COHOTpaM O,ll;HOCH Ha
sarrrrc p;o6rrjeH YJITpa3BJKOM. y HCITHTHBalhy roBopa KOpHCTH ce H UaJlailloTpa<fmja, TeXHHKa Koja. OMorynaBa
JBH,ll; y ITOJIO)l{aj rrojep;HHHX p;eJIOBa BOKaITHOr TpaKTa rrpHJIHKOM H3f0Bapalba op;pel)eHHX rJiaCOBa.
248 J{OfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
Kao nopacT IDIH nap; cppeKBemi;Hje y OKBHPY .n;aTOr cpopMaHTa H no npaBMJIY ce jaBJDajy
Ha noqeTKY MJIH Ha Kpajy maca. Tioje.n;HOCTaBJbeHO, MOrJIO 6H ce penH p;a CTa6MJIHa
CTaIDa cpopMaHaTa o.n;pam:aBajy BOKaJICKH a cpopMaHTCKe TpaH3HI.I;Hje KOHCOHaHTCKH
.n;eo cJiora.
Hz
Hz
3600
2400
1200
0 300ms 0 300 ms
JI.a Jlu je aep11euU;uja foBopa aoce6aH Bug aepU;eilU;uje? - Ifa ;z:i;oca;z:i;aIIIlhe ;z:i;11cKyrnje BM-
;z:i;11Mo ;z:i;a ¢11sM'1Ke (aKyCTM'IKe) KapaKTepHCTMKe IToje;z:i;11Ha'1HMX macoBa Bap11pajy y
saBMCHOCTM o;z:i; KOHTeKCTa, a s6or aHaTOMCKMX pa3JIMKa BOKaJIHOr TpaKTa OHe Bap11jajy l1
y saBMCHOCTM o;z:i; roBopHHKa. YITpKoc ToMe, MM M ;z:i;aJbe 'IJjeMo o;z:i;pe))eHM mac ( <j_)oHeMy),
a He 6ecKOHa'1He Bap11jau;11je aKyCTM'IKMX ;z:i;ora))aja, IIITO 611 ce MOfJIO O'IeKMBaTM aKo
611CMO aHaJII13HpaJII1 CITeKTporpaMe pa3JII1'1MTMX fOBOpHHKa MJIM CITeKTporpaMe MCTOf
maca y pa3JII1'1MM OKpy)KelhMMa. TiocTaBJba ce ITMTalhe IIITa je TO IIITO je saje;z:i;HM'IKO y
OKB11py 11cTe ¢oHeMe IIITO HaM oMorynaBa ;z:i;a je 11cITpaBHO oITa)KaMo (11HTepITpeT11pa-
Mo), 6es 06s11pa Ha Bap11jau;11je lheHMX ¢11sM'1KMX KapaKTepHCTMKa. 0'1MrJie;z:J;HO, y ITM-
Talhy je MHBap11jaHTa BMIIIer pe;z:i;a KOja ITpeTITOCTaBJba IToce6He MeXaHM3Me o;z:i;rOBOpHe
sa lheHO ;z:i;eTeKTOBalhe KOjM cy, ITO CBeMy cy;z:i;enM, CJIO)KeHMjM o;z:i; MeXaHM3aMa Ha KOjMMa
ce sacHMBa ay;z:i;11TMBHa ITepu;eITu;11ja CTMMYJIYCa Koj11 H11cy roBop. Ms Tora 611 ce Momo
saKlbJ'IMTM ;z:i;a je ITepu;eITu;11ja roBopa IToce6aH BM;z:J; ITepu;eITu;11je, a caMMM TMM 11 ;z:i;a je
fOBOpHH CMfHaJI ITOce6Ha BpcTa CTMMyJiau;ttje.
0BaKaB ITpHcTyrr ITepu;eITu;11j11 roBopa ;z:i;o611ja Ha sHa'Iajy cpe;z:i;11HoM IIIes;z:i;eceTMX
ro;z:i;11Ha ITpoIIIJior BeKa, saxBaJbyjyn11 ITpe CBera 11cTpa)K11Ba'111Ma 11s XacKMHCOBMX Jia-
6opaTOp11ja ca JeJia, Koj11 cy y To BpeMe MMaJIM 11syseTaH yr11u;aj (cf. Liberman, Cooper,
Shankweiler & Studdert-Kennedy, 1967; Liberman, 1970; Mattingly, Liberman, Syrdal &
Halwes, 1971). Y ITpMJior CXBaTalhy ;z:i;a je ITepu;eITu;11ja roBopa crreu;11¢11'1Ha BpcTa ay;z:i;11-
TMBHe ITepu;eITu;11je JKasyjy pesyJITaTM MCTpa)KMBalha y Koj11Ma je ycTaHOBJbeHa ;z:i;aJieKo
6olba ;z:J;MCKpHMMHau;11ja fOBOpHHX CMfHaJia o;z:i; CJKD;eCMBHO ITPMKasaHMX IIIYMOBa, TOHO-
Ba l1 KJIMKOBa, ;z:i;aKJie, MaTep11jaJia KOjM HMje roBOpHH CMfHaJI. ,D;a 611 MCITMTaHMD;M 6MJIM y
cTalh y ;z:i;a pasJI11Kyjy 11 o;z:i;pe;z:i;e pe;z:i;orne;z:i; MSJiaralha OBaKBMX CTMMYJIYCa lhMXOBO Tpajalhe
He cMe ;z:i;a 6y;z:i;e Kpane o;z:i; 650 ms. Ca ;z:i;pyre cTpaHe, roBop je pasyMJbMB 11 Ka;z:i;a y ceKyH;z:i;M
MMaMO 20 CJKD;eCMBHO l13JIO)KeHMX macoBa (50 ms ITO macy), IIITO YKasyje Ha TO ;z:i;a je
;z:J;MCKpHMMHau;11ja macoBa ;z:J;aJieKo 6olba o;z:i; ;z:J;MCKpHMMHau;11je ay;z:i;MTMBHOr MaTep11jaJia
HejesffqKe ITp11po;z:i;e (Warren, Obusek, Farmer & Warren, 1967; Clark & Clark, 1977).
Ha To ;z:i;a cy sa ITepu;eITu;ttjy roBopa BepoBaTHO o;z:i;roBopHH IToce6H11 MexaHM3MM
YKasyje 11 <j_)eHoMeH KaillefopujallHe aepU;eilU;uje Koj11 je crreu;11¢11'1aH sa ITepu;eITu;11jy
roBopa. Ka;z:i;a je pe'I o HejesM'IKMM CTMMYJIYCMMa ;z:i;11cKpHMMHau;11ja je, 6es 06s11pa Ha
MO;z:J;aJIMTeT, ITO ITpaBMJiy KOHTMHYJ1paHa. y CTalDY CMO ;z:i;a yo'IMMO ¢11He pa3JIMKe y
6oj11, KBaJIMTeTy l1 ja'IMHM TOHa, y KBaJIMTeTy, sac11neHOCTM l1 CBeTJIMHM 6oje, ITPM 'IeMy
KOHTMHYJ1paHa ITpoMeHa ;z:i;aTor aTp116yra He ;z:i;0Bo;z:i;11 ;z:i;o Harne ITpoMeHe ITepu;eITTa. YKo-
JIMKO 611cMO ¢11HOM ITpOMeHOM MeCTa Ha CITeKTPY BapHpaJIH KBaJIMTeT 6oje, Ha ITpH-
Mep, He 611cMo MSHeHa;z:i;a ;z:J;O)KMBeJIM ITpoMeHy 113 u;pBeHe y Hapam,rncTy. Taj ITpeJias 6110
611 ITOCTeITeH 11 ITOCTOjaJia 611 o;z:i;pe))eHa soHa y ITpoMeHM KBaJIMTeTa y OKB11py Koje 611c-
MO ce ;z:J;BOYMMJIM ;z:i;a JIM je y ITMTalhy je;z:i;Ha MJIM ;z:i;pyra 6oja. Me))yr11M, Ka;z:i;a je y ITMTalhy
;z:i;11cKpHMMHau;11ja macoBa, Bap11palhe IToje;z:i;MHMX ITapaMeTapa 11sas11Ba Harne ITpoMeHe
y ITepu;eITTy. Ha OBO YKasyjy HaJias11 ome;z:i;a TittsoH11ja y KOMe je Bap11paH ao11eUlaK
3BY11HOcUlu (VOT- voice onset time) ;z:i;Ba KOHCOHaHTa (Pisani, 1978). 7 Ha11Me, y crreK-
Tporpa<j_)cKoj aHaJI11s11 Moryne je yo'IMTM pasJIMKY 11sMe))y SBJ'IHOr 6a 11 6eSBJ'IHOr aa.
7
Ilo'IeTaK 3ByqHOCTH je IIO'IeTaK aKTHBHOCTH fJiaCHHU:a H npe,n;cTaBJba B<DKaH HH,IJ;HKaTOB,3a pa3JIHKOBaH>e
3ByqHHX H 6esByqHHX KOHCOHaHaTa.
JE3I1K: ITEPUEITUHJA fOBOPA I1 OBPAJJ:A ITOJEJJ:HHN:IHHX PEtIH 251
8 Pe':Iemro;a je rnacrnrn The state governors met with their respective legi*latures convening in the capital city.
<DoHeM s y pe':IH legislatures 6Ho je saMeH:>eH KpaTKHM KaIIIJbyo;aH:>eM.
9Ha rrpHMep: Og uoMopaHI,i,e je ocillalla caMo 1-beHa *opa.; llcaua:z je 6uo apaea 11on11a *opa. Y rrpBOM rny-qajy
HCITHTaHHIJ;H 6H HSjaBHJIH p;a cy -qyJIH peq Kapa, a y p;pyroM Mapa.
10 CBojeBpeMeHo je Ha jep;Hoj orpap;11 y u;eHTPY Beorpap;a 6110 11crr11caH rnep;elm rpaqmT: 011aj11u11e, 011aj
11u11e, 011aj11u l.Je, 0 11aj11u11e, 0 11aj 11u11e. AI<o 6HcMo saHeMapHJIH rrposop;11jCKe ':I11H11ou;e H c11HTaI<cy,
p;o6HJI11 6HCMO H113 011aj11u11e. Bap11paH:>eM rrposop;11jcKI1X KapaI<Tep11cT11I<a p;o6HjaMo joIII qeT11p11 Morylie
11HTeprrpeTau;11je. I1sroBopeHe, oHe 611 p;aJie caCB11M pa3JI11':I11TJ JieKc11qJ.<y cerMeHTau;Hjy I<oja 611 CBaI<OM
I<OMITeTeHTHOM roBopH11I<y cprrcI<or jes11Ka oMorynHJia p;a MX 6es TeIIII<Ona pasyMe.
JE3I1K: I1EPUEITUI1JA fOBOPA I1 OEPA,UA I10JE,UI1HNIHI1X PE'-II1 253
o6pap;y. AKo 6HcMo TOMe p;op;aJIH H 3Ha"llefhe peqeHHu;e, p;aKJie fheH cap;p)l<aj, p;o6mrn 6Hc-
MO ,Il;O,IJ;aTHO orpaHH"llefbe Koje HaM IIOMmKe rrpH JieKCUlJKOj cerMeHTaIJ;HjH. I1 OBOra rryrn
je peq 0 pep;yKu;HjH HeH3BeCHOCTH, Tj. O"lleKHBafbHMa Koja ce reHepmrry TOKOM rrpHjeMa
fOBOpHor CHfHaJia.
11 Ha H3BOpHoM CHHMKY roBopHHK saHcTa usroBapa Ia, aJIH ce 3B)7K y KaCHHjeM rrpHKa3HBaH>y eJIHMHHmne.
254 KOrHI1TI1BHA llCI1XOJIOfI1JA
CllCTeM, ,,Mop;y1I'' KaKO ra OBll ayTop11 Ha311Bajy, KOjll p;eTeKTyje IIOKpeTe apT11KyJiau;110Hor
arraparn roBopH11Ka. Y CTPJKTYPY rrpep;JIO)KeHor Mop;yJia yrpaQeHo je 3HaH>e o crreu;11-
q:rnqHoj (aJI113aKOHOMepHoj) peJiau;lljll l13MeQy IIOKpern fOBOpHllX opraHa 11 aKyCTllqKor
CJIO)Kaja (Mattingly & Liberman; 1988, Liberman & Mattingly, 1989).
A1iallU3a cuHUle3oM. Teop11ja rrepu;erru;11je roBopa Koja Hacrnje rroqeTKOM rne3p;eceT11x
fO,Il;llHa rrpoIIIJIOf BeKa, II03HaTa IIO,IJ; Ha311BOM aHaJlU3a CUHUle30M, cap;p)Kll l13BecHe
CJillqHOCTll ca MOTOpHOM Teop11joM rrepu;erru;11je roBopa, aJill ce O,IJ;JillKyje 11 KapaKTep11-
CTl1KaMa Koje MOTOpHa Teop11ja He cap;p)Kll. AHaJil13a CllHTe30M IIOJia311 op; rrpeTIIOCTaB-
Ke p;a rrpl1JI11KOM rrepu;erru;11je roBopa rnyrnaJiau; o6paQyje (aHaJI11311pa) roBopH11 mmaJI
TaKo IIITO llMIIJillD;llTHO reHep11rne (CllHTeT113yje) fOBOp KOjll qyje, a 3aTllM rrp11MJheH11
ayp;11TllBHll CJIO)Kaj rropep;ll ca H>eroBOM CllHTeTl130BaHOM Bap11jaHTOM (Stevens, 1960;
Halle & Stevens, 1962; Stevens & Halle, 1967). AHaJI113a CHHTe3oM ce ornaH>a Ha ayp;11T11B-
HY 11HcpopMau;11jy 3ap;p)KaHy y qyJIHoj (exo11qKoj) MeMop11j11. Y HeKllM rnyqajeB11Ma je
3a pa3yMeBalbe fOBOpHor CllfHaJia ,IJ;OBOJhHO 113,IJ;BOjllTll H>eroBe llHBap11jaHTHe Kapa-
KTepllCTllKe (JKOJillKO je CllfHaJI jacaH, a rropJKa He,IJ;BOCMllCJieHa) Koje OMorynaBajy
TaqHy llHTeprrpernu;11jy. MeQJTllM, y BeUllHll rnyqajeBa TO Hllje TaKO, jep je p;eKO,IJ;OBalhe
HeKllX KapaKTepllCTllKa fOBOpHor CllfHaJia Hajqernne ycJIOBJheHO KOHTeKCTOM. y TaKBllM
rnyqajeBllMa rnyrnaJiau; crnapa rrpeTIIOCTaBKY 0 KapaKTep11cT11KaMa fOBOpHor CllfHaJia
Koja ce peaJI113yje y 06JI11Ky H>eroBe c11HTeT113oBaHe Bep311je Koja ce 3aTllM rropep;11 ca Ma-
Tep11jaJioM y exo11qKoj MeMop11j11. YK0JI11Ko rrocTOj11 cJiaraH>e, MaTep11jaJI ce rrporneQyje
y ,IJ;aJhY o6pap;y (ceMaHTllqKa 11 CllHTaKCllqKa aHaJil13a), a JKOJillKO CJiaraH>e He IIOCTOjll,
rrpou;ec ce rroHaBJha.
MEHTAJIHM JIEKCMKOH
3HaFhe jesnKa ,n;eo je ca,n;p)Kaja ,n;yroTpajHe MeMopnje Koje je, Kao n ocTaJia sHaFha,
ycKJia,rt;MIIITeHo y o6JinKy MeHTaJIHMX perrpeseHTau;nja. I1Majynn y Bn,n;y pasJinqnTe
acrreKTe jesnKa 0 KOjMMa CMO roBOpMJIH Ha rrpeTXO,It;HMM CTpaHaMa, IlOCTaBJba ce IlMTaFbe
Ha Kojn HaqnH je oBo SHaFhe ycKJia,rt;MIIITeHo, rnqHnje, Ha Kojn HaqnH cy ycKJia,n;nIIITeHe
cpOHOJIOIIIKe, ceMaHTMqKe Ii MOpcpoJIOIIIKe KapaKTepHCTMKe peqn Ii MopcpoJIOIIIKa Ii
CMHTaKcnqKa rrpaBMJia. Tiol)nMo o,n; rne,n;ener rrpnMepa. Peq foJty6 nMa sHaqefhe Koje
MO)KeMo ,n;a o,n;pe,n;MMO rrpe1<0 CKyrra ,It;MCTMHKTMBHMX O,It;JIMKa (JICUBO 6uhe, JICU80illU1-ba,
amu11a, uMa aepje, Jteillu nT,n;.). 0Ba peq nMa n cpoHOJIOIIIKe KapaKTepncTnKe jep ceca-
cTojn o,n; ,rt;Ba rnora Ii rreT cpoHeMa (,n;Ba BOKaJia Ii TPM KOHCOHaHTa). 0Ha MMa Ii o,n;pel)eHM
rpaMaTnqKn crnTyc jep rrpnrra,n;a KJiacn nMeHnu;a, IIITO sHaqn ,n;a ce o,n;JinKyje KapaKTepn-
CTMKaMa, Kao IIITO cy rpaMaTnqKn po,n;, rpaMaTnqKn 6poj n rra,n;e)K. TioIIITO MO)Ke ,n;a ce
jaBM y BMIIIe rra,rt;e)Ka KOjn ce pasJIMKyjy no HaCTaBKY (nHcpJieKCMOHOM cycpnKcy), MO)KeMo
ce yrrnTaTM ,n;a JIM je CBaKn rra,rt;e)KHM o6JIMK ycKJia,rt;MIIITeH Kao sace6Ha MeMopnjcKa je,n;n-
Hnu;a (Hrrp. foJty6a, foJty6y, foJty6oauMa MT,n;.). fpaMaTnqKn cTaTyc oBe nMeHnu;e JKlliyqyje
joIII HeKe KapaKTepncTMKe, Kao IIITO je rnaraFhe ca ,n;pyrnM BpcrnMa peqn (Hrrp. rnaraFhe
ca rrpn,n;eBoM y po,n;y, 6pojy n rra,rt;e)Ky). I1cTo TaKO, qnfheHnu;a ,n;a peq rrpnrra,n;a KJiacn
MMeHnu;a IlOBJiaqn sa co6oM Ii HeKe CMHTaKCMqKe KapaKTepHCTMKe (Hrrp. MO)Ke ,n;a 6y,n;e
cy6jeKaT MJIM rrpe,n;nKaT y peqeHnu;n).
Hs HaBe,n;eHnx rrpnMepa BM,rt;MMO ,n;a rrpe,n;crnBa ,n;aTe peqn He o6yxBaTa caMo
FbeHo 3Haqefhe Ben ,n;a ca,rt;p)KH Ii ,n;pyre JIMHrBMCTMqKn peJieBaHTHe KapaKTepHCTMKe.
YoqnMo oB,n;e pasJIMKY nsMel)y rrpe,n;crnBe rrojMa n rrpe,n;crnBe peqn Koja osHaqaBa rro-
jaM. Tipe,rt;CTaBa rrojMa y ceMaHTMqKoj MeMopnjn ca,rt;p)KH CKyrr ,It;MCTMHKTMBHMX O,It;JIMKa
256 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJ10fI1JA
12 TiojaM lf.eKCUKOH ITpeyseT je O,ll, HoaMa 1foMCKOr KOjH je y CBojoj KI-h11311 ,,AcITeKTH Teop11je CHHTaI<ce"
HaITpaBHO ,ll,HCTHHKIJ;Hjy 113Meljy cpopMaJIHHX acrreI<aTa je3HI<a ( CHHTaI<ca) H 3Ha':IeH>a IToje,JJ,HHa':IHHX pe':IH
I<Oje je H3,ll,BOjrro y sace6aH ,ll,OMeH I<OjH je Ha3BaO llCKCUKOHOM. y JieKCHKOHY pe':IH cy KaTerop11caHe ITO
BpCTH H cyrrI<aTeroprrcaHe ITO CHHTaKCH':IKHM CBOjCTBHMa (HITp. rnaroJI he 6rrTH o6eJiem:eH Kao ITpeJia3aH
HJIH HeITpeJiasaH) /cf. Chomsky, 1965/.
JE3HK: IIEPUEIIUHJA fOBOPA H OBPA,IJA IIOJE,Il,HHNIHHX PEqH 257
y x
CllUKa 6. Ha JleBOM lpa<fJUKOHY Ha X-ocu je apuKa3aJ-lO BpeMe a Ha Y-ocu KOllU11UHa
KJMYllupaHux uHCpopMa-u1uja Koje cy y calJtacHocmu ca oglluKaMa apegcUlaBe. Ha ge-
CHOM lpa<jJUKOHJ gaUl je upuKa3 gocUlU3a1-ba upala Koju UOlla3U og upeUlUOCUlaBKe
o HejegHaKoM uo11eUlHOM HUBoy aKUluBa4uje. Ha Y-ocu je BpeMe gocUlu3a1-ba upala
uo6y'/juBa1-ba.
op;6au;yjy 6p)Ke op; cpOHOJIOIIIKM rrpIDIBaTJhMBMX JKa3yje Ha TO p;a je JieKCM'IKa O)];JlyKa, Tj.
O)];JlyKa p;a JIM je HeKM HM3 peq, y CBOjMM rroqeTHMM cpa3aMa 3aCHOBaHa Ha cpOHOJIOIIIKMM,
op;HocHo rpacpeMCKMM KapaKTepMcTMKaMa rrpMKa3aHor HM3a. 13 Ben Ha cpoHOJIOIIIKOM
(rpacpeMCKOM) HMBoy, p;aKJie, HMBOY KojM He YKJbyqyje CJIO)KeHMje rrpou;ece o6pap;e, Moryhe
je op;pep;MTM p;a JIM je HeKM CJIOBHM HM3 cpoHOJIOIIIKM rrpIDIBaTJhMB.
13 I1aKO je y IIHTaH>y IIHcaHH je3HK, rpacpeMCKH CJIO)l{aj ce rrpH 'IHTaH>y rrpeBO,Il;H y cpOHOJIOIIIKH, TaKO ,n;a
o,n;pel)eHH CJIOBHH HH3 MQ}Ke ,n;a ce O,Il;HOCH H Ha cpoHOJIOIIIKH HerrpHXBaTJhHBY KOM6HHau;Hjy.
14
0Baj rrpo6JieM je HapO'IHTO H3pa)KeH y eHrneCKOM je3HKY y KojeM s6or rrpHpo,n;e opTOrpacpHje HHje MO-
ryne, Kao y cpIICKOM jes11Ky, je,n;H03Ha':IHO rpacpeMCKO-cpoHeMCKO rrpeCJIHKaBaH>e.
260 KOfHI1TI1BHA 11CI1XOJIOfI1JA
Kap;a je y rrrrrnlhy ecpeKaT p;y:>KrrHe peqrr Hajrroy3p;amrjrr HaJia3rr p;o6rrjajy ce y 3ap;aTKy H3-
roBapalha, rp;e je rroKa3aHo p;a BpeMe H3roBapalha 3aBrrcrr op; 6poja cJioroBa y peqrr (Erik-
sen, Pollack & Montague, 1979). Ha TO p;a 6poj rnoroBa, a He 6poj rnoBa, yrrrqe Ha BpeMe
o6pap;e JKa3yjy rr HaJia3H BrrKca Kojrr je rroKa3ao p;a JKOJIHKO cy CBe OCTaJie KapaKTeprrc-
THKe KOHTpOJIHCaHe, 6poj CJIOBa HeMa ecpeKTa Ha o6pap;y CJIOBHOr HH3a (Weekes, 1997).
Ytnu71aj <jjpeKBeH71uje. - YqecTaJIOCT peqrr, Tj. IheHa cppeKBem:i;rrja, Haj3HaqajHrr je q1rnHJian;
Kojrr yrrrqe Ha BpeMe o6pap;e, KaKo y 3ap;an;rrMa JieKcrrqKe O,Il;JIYKe, TaKO rr y 3ap;an;rrMa H3-
roBapalha: peqrr Koje ce qernhe KoprrcTe o6pal)yjy ce 6p:>Ke op; peqrr Koje ce pel)e KoprrcTe.
YTrrn;aj cppeKBeHn;rrje Ha rrperro3HaBalhe pe11rr rrpBrr cy rroKa3aJIH Xay3 rr CoJIOMOH, p;oK
je BejJirr rroKa3ao p;a je cppeKBeHn;rrja p;oMHHaHTaH qrrHHJian; Kojrr yrrrqe Ha BpeMe pea-
roBalha y 3ap;aTKY JieKrnqKe O,Il;JIYKe (Howes & Solomon, 1951; Whaley, 1978). 15 EcpeKaT
yqecTaJIOCTH je Malhe oqeKHBaH y 3ap;aTKY H3fOBapalha jep ce op; HCIIHTaHHKa He Tpa:>KH
p;a cJIOBHH HH3 pa3yMe, Ben caMo p;a ra H3roBoprr. HrraK, HaJia3rr <I>opcTepa rr qejM6epca
rroKa3yjy p;a ce rr y oBaKBOM 3ap;aTKy p;o6rrja ecpeKaT cppeKBeHn;rrje (Forster & Chambers,
1973). Op;Hoc H3Mel)y BpeMeHa pearoBalha rr cppeKBeHn;rrje peqrr je HeJirrHeapaH (Jiora-
prrrnMcKrr), TaKo p;a ce y aHaJIH3aMa pe3yJITaTa cppeKBeHn;rrja Hajqernhe TpaHccpopMrrrne
JioraprrrnMCKOM TpaHccpopMan;rrjoM KaKo 6rr ce p;o6rro JIHHeapaH op;Hoc (rnrrKa 8).
800
840
600
720
400
600
480 200
log F B<D C<D H<D
YTrrn;aj cppeKBeHn;rrje Ha o6pap;y je3rrqKor MaTeprrjaJia rroKa3ao ce Kao jep;aH op; Haj-
cTa6HJIHHjHX ecpeKarn rr p;o cap;aHrryjep;HOMHCTpa)lmBalhyHrrjep;oBep;eHyrrrrrnlhe. IllTa-
BHIIIe, cppeKBeHn;rrja ce 1:.IecTo Y3HMa rr Kao KOHTpoJia 3a yjep;HaqaBalhe CTHMYJIYCa KaKo
for ce rr36erno KOHcpyttp;rrpalhe ca cpaKToprrMa Koje JBO,Il;HMO Kao He3aBrrcHe Baprrja6Jie.
<I>peKBeHn;rrja peqrr rr rrpar rro6yl)rrBalha cTOje y o6pHyrorrporropu;rroHaJIHOM
op;Hocy: BHIIIa cppeKBeHn;rrja rrpaheHa je HH:>KHM rrparoM rro6yl)rrBalha, a caMHM THM
H KpahrrM BpeMeHOM pearoBalha, Tj. 6p:>KOM O,Il;JIYKOM p;a JIM je rrprrKa3aHH HH3 peq.
15 KopeJiau;Hja H3Mel)y cppeKBem:.i;Hje pe'IH II BpeMeHa pearoBalba H3HOCH y rrpoceey oKo 0.5, lllTO 3HaLJ:H ,r:i:a je
OKO 25% BapHpalba BpeMeHa pearoBaH>a y 3a,r:i:au;HMa JieKCH'!Ke O,Il/I)'Ke o6jaIIIFbeHo BapHpalbeM cppeKBeHu;Hje
peLJ:H.
JE3HK: TIEPU:ETIU:HJA fOBOPA H OBPNJ:A I10JE,IJ,HHAqHJ1X PE'-IH 261
y KaKBOj cy Be3l1 yqecTaJIOCT l1 rrpar rro6yl)11Balba, 0Cl1M IIITO CMO KOHCTaTOBaJil1 ,n;a
cToje y 06pHyTorrporropu;110HaJIHOM o,n;Hocy? Bena yqecTaJIOCT 3Haq11 ,n;a cMo ,n;aTy peq
qeIIIne cpeTaJil1 HJil1 ,n;a cMo je qeIIIne Kop11cTHJI11, YKPaTKo, ,n;a ca IDOM l1MaMo Bl1IIIe
HCKYCTBa. 3a pa3Jil1KY o,n; ,n;pyr11x BpCTa MaTep11jaJia Koje Bap11paMo y eKcrrep11MeHTaJI-
Hl1M l1CTpa:Ml1Balbl1Ma, yqecTaJIOCT peq11 Moryne je o,n;pe,n;l1Tl1 lbl1XOBl1M rrpe6pojaBa-
lbeM y OKB11py ,n;aTor jes11qKor ysopKa, q11Me ,n;o611jaMo HyMep11qK11 rrpe,n;11KTop Koj11
MO)KeMO ,n;a yBe,n;eMO Kao He3aBl1CHY Bap11ja6ny (H.7Il1 Kao KOHTpony) y eKcrrep11MeHT.
CTOra ce yr11u;aj cppeKBeH:o;11je Ha KOrHl1Tl1BHY o6pa,n;y HajJiaKIIIe l1 Hajrrpe:o;l13Hl1je ,n;e-
. .
MOHCTp11pa yrrpaBO Ha Jes11qKOM MaTepl1JaJiy.
y ,n;oca,n;aIIIIDeM l13JiaraIDy pa3MOTpH.7Il1 CMO ,n;Ba q11H11ou;a KOjl1 yr11qy Ha o6pa,n;y
peq11. To cy cpoHOJIOIIIKa cTpJKTypa l1 yqecTaJIOCT peq11, Mel)yr11M, OBa ,n;Ba q11H11ou;a H11cy
HesaB11cHa. KoMrreTeHTHl1 roBopH11K jes11Ka MO)Ke ca BeJI11KoM TaqHoIIIny ,n;a o,n;pe,n;11 y Ko-
joj Mep11 je HeK11 CJIO)Kaj macoBa y camacHOCTl1 ca cpoHOJIOIIIKl1M orpaH11qeID11Ma ,n;aTor
jes11Ka. ,TI;aJil1TO3Haq11 ,n;a rroce,n;yjeMO arrcTpaKTHO 3Halbe 0 cpoHOJIOr11j11, TaqH11je, 0 TOMe
Koje cy rJiaCOBHe KOM611Hau;11je Moryne l1 y Kojoj Mep11 cy y camaCHOCTl1 ca cpOHOJIOIIIKl1M
orpaH11qelb11Ma? Halli ocenaj sa cpoHOJIOIIIKY CTPYKTYPY l1 BepoBaTHony cpoHeMCKl1X
cKJiorroBa o,n;pel)eH je cppeKBeH:o;11joM peq11, jep je BepoBaTHona cpoHOJIOIIIK11x cTpJKTypa
yrnoBJbeHa HajcppeKBeHTH11j11M peq11Ma y jes11Ky. Tipeme,n;oM cppeKBeH:o;11jcK11x peqH11Ka
rrp11MenyjeMO HeKOJil1KO rrpaBHJIHOCTl1 Ka,n;a je y Ill1Talby O.IJ;HOC cppeKBeH:o;11je peq11 l1 lbl1-
XOBl1X cpoHOJIOIIIKl1X KapaKTep11cT11Ka. HajcppeKBeHTH11je cy, rro rrpaBHJIY, je,n;HOCJIO)I{He
l1 ,n;BOCJIO)I{He peq11 Koje l1Majy rrpeTe)KHO K-B-K CTPYKTYPY (KOHCOHaHT-BOKaJI-KOH-
coHaHT). Y ,n;eny cppeKBeH:o;11jcKor crreKTpa y KojeM ce Hanase peq11 ca Hl1)KOM cppeKBeH-
u;11joM, ,n;y)K11Ha peq11 l1 6poj rnoroBa ce rroBenaBajy, a IDl1XOBa cpoHOJIOIIIKa cTpYJ<Typa
IIOCTaje CJIO)KeH11ja l1 Malbe rrpe,n;Bl1.IJ;Jbl1Ba.
HamarnMo ,n;a cppeKBeH:o;11ja l1 cpoHOJIOIIIKa CTPJKTypa H11cy je,n;11H11 q11Hnou;11
KOjl1 yr11qy Ha rro6yl)11Balbe peq11 y MeHTaJIHOM JieKCl1KOHy, aJil1 cy CBaKaKO HajsHaqajHl1-
j11. Bes 06s11pa Ha rrp11po,n;y eKcrrep11MeHTa l1 HesaB11cHe Bap11ja6ne Koje y eKcrrep11MeH-
TY Bap11paMo, oBa ,n;Ba q11H11ou;a cy yBeK rrp11cyrHa rrp11 KOrHl1Tl1BHoj 06pa,n;11 peq11,
16
0Ba BpcTa MaCKHpaH>a Ha3HBa ce jorn MacKupal-be ceeillllUHOM (brightness masking) H MacKupa1-be wyMoM
(random noise masking).
JE3I1K: ITEPUEITUI1JA fOBOPA I1 OBPA,[(A ITOJE,I(I1HNIHI1X PEqJ1 263
Mo,r:i;en He MO)Ke ,r:i;a o6jacmr BapJipaH>e BpeMeHa o6pa,r:i;e JICTe peqJI y saBJICHOCTJI o,r:i; KOH-
TeKcrn y KojeM je rrpJIKasaHa.
JieKCH'-IKH ynas
ti r:r:::: .: : :. +: B<I>
...................• H<I>
~ MeHTaJIHH JieKCHKOH
aHaJIH3a BHsyeJIHOr
HHllYTa
..................,.................
peqn l rrcey.n:.bpeqn
I---"-=: --1
::
t---+----1
I : .__ ynasHe
nae : tnaet: nae : je,n:HHHIJ;e
I
,,
u;eHTpaJIHO CI<Jia,[(HIIITe
I (MeHTaJIHH JieKCHKOH)
ClluKa 11. <Popcmepo6 Mogell aymoHOMHe pegrte upempare (Forster, 1976, 1979).
rrpar rro6yl)1rnaina
CJLu1w 12. - IIpoMeHa Hueoa aKUiuea4uje y cfiyHK4uju epeMeHa sa pet-tu TpaBa, TpaKa
u TpH y cumya4uju Kaga je apuKasaHa pet-t TpaBa. IIpemaocmaeKa je ga cea mpu
JLofofeHa uMajy ucmu aot-teUiHu Hueo aKUiuea4uje, mj. ga cy oee mpu pet-tu jegHaKo
cfipeKeeHUiHe. Ha X-ocu je apuKasaHo epeMe, a Ha Y-ocu Hueo aKUiuea4uje.
CMCTeM KOrHMTMBHM
JiororeHa CMCTeM
cpOHOJIOIIIKM
M3Jia3
ClluKa 13. -IIpeo6uUiHa (A) u peeugupaHa (E) eepsuja JLofofeHcKof MogeJLa IjoHa
MopUioHa (Morton, 1979)
Mpe:arn ce y HajBeheM 6pojy CJIY1.!ajeBa cacTOjH op; TPH HHBoa (CJioja): y1ia3HOl (input
layer), cKpuaeHol (hidden layer) H U3Jta3HOl Huaoa (output layer). Bese HSMel)y jep;HHHr:t;a
y OKBHPY CBaKor HHBOa, Kao H H3Mel)y HHBoa, Mory 6HTH rrosHTHBHO mm HeraTHB-
HO IIOH,JJ;epHCaHe, Tj. Mory 6HTH eKCIJ;HTaTOpHe H HHXH6HTOpHe. I1oHp;epH KOjHMa ce
p;e<j:>HHHIIIY Bese Mory 6HTH p;aTH arrpHopH, a Mory 6HTH H IIOCJie,JJ;Hr:t;a yqeH>a MaIIIHHe,
rrpH 'IeMy CTaJIHa KopeKr:t;Hja H3Jia3HOr HHBOa ,JJ;OBO,JJ;H ,JJ;O MO,JJ;H<j:>HKar:t;Hje IIOH,JJ;epa CBe
,JJ;OK ce He ,JJ;OCTHrHe )KeJbeHH HCXO,JJ;.
CuMylla-4uja o6page aojeguHa-'-mux pe1.fu. I1pBH KOHeKr:t;HOHHCTH'IKH MO,JJ;eJI KOjH je
HMao sa r:t;HJb CHMyJiar:t;Hjy KOrHHTHBHe o6pap;e pe'IH ,JJ;aTe y IIHCaHoj <j:>opMH je Mogell
UHillepaKillUBHe aKUluaa71uje u KOMueuzu71uje PyMeJixaprn H MeK KJIHJieHp;a (McClel-
land & Rumelhart, 1981; Rumelhart & McClelland, 1982).
para. I1ojaBJbI1Bal:he CJIOBa ,,R" Ha TpeneM MeCTY )J;aJbe he IIOBenanI HIIBO aKTIIBau;IIje
peqII para, IIOBenahe ,n;oHeKJie HIIBO aKTIIBau;IIje II CBIIX peqII Koje ca,n;pm:e OBO CJIOBO
Ha TpeneM MecTy, aJIII he ,n;oBeCTII II ,n;o ,n;eJIIIMIIqHe IIHXII6IIU:IIje CBIIX peqII Koje OBO
cJioBo He ca,n;pm:e. BpeMeHOM, aKTIIBau;IIja peqII para he ,n;ocTIInII rnoj MaKCIIMYM Ha
KojeM he ce CTa6IIJIII30BaTII, IIITO je eKBIIBaJieHTHO ,Il;OCTII3al:hy rrpara rro6yljIIBal:ha.
HaqIIH Ha KOjII CMO rrpIIKa3aJIII Mo,n;eJI PyMeJixapTa II MeK KrrIIJieH,n;a ,n;aje I:heroBe
OCHOBHe o6pIIce II YBII,Il; y TO KaKO ,n;oJia3II ,n;o rro6yljIIBal:ha rroje,n;IIHaqHIIX peqII, rrpII
qeMy HIICMO o6yxBaTIIJIII HeKe ecpeKTe Koje ,n;o6IIjaMO y eMIIIIpIIjCKIIM IICTpam:IIBal:hIIMa,
rrpe CBera ecpeKTe cppeKBeHu;IIje II KOHTeKCTa. ,IJ;a 6II o6yxBaTIIO OBe ecpeKTe, MO,n;eJI rrpeT-
IIOCTaBJba pasJIIIqIITe rroH,n;epe KojII ce arrpIIopII ,n;ajy rroje,n;IIHaqHIIM BesaMa y OKBIIPY
Mpem:e. ,IJ;pyrIIM peqIIMa, eKCU:IITaTOpHe II IIHXII6IITOpHe Bese Mory 6IITII pa3JIIIqIITO IIOH-
,n;epIIcaHe, qIIMe ce ,n;o6IIjajy ,n;IIcpepeHu;IIjaJIHII ecpeKTII y 3aBIICHOCTII o,n; pa3JIIIqIITIIX Ka-
paKTepIICTIIKa peqII. TaKo, Ha rrpIIMep, eKCU:IITaTOpHe Bese sa cppeKBeHTHIIje peqII Mory
6IITII IIOH,n;epIIcaHe BenoM Bpe,n;HOIIIny eKCII;IITaU:IIje, IIITO sa IIOCJie)J;IIU:Y IIMa 6pm:y aK-
TIIBau;IIjy Ha BIIIIIeM HIIBoy. BapIIpal:heM Bpe,n;HOCTII rroH,n;epa Moryhe je CIIMYJIIIpaTII
TaKopenII CBe ecpeKTe Koje ,n;o6IIjaMO y eKcrrepIIMeHTaJIHIIM IICTpaEIIBal:hIIMa o6pa,n;e
KaKo II30JIOBaHIIX peqII, TaKO II peqII y KOHTeKcTy.
CuMylla'4uja o6page pe11u y ceMm-tmu11Ku uoBeJaHoM KOHUleKcUly. - Je,n;aH o,n; HajcTa6IIJI-
HIIjIIx HaJiasa y IICTpam:IIBal:hIIMa o6pa,n;e peqII je YTIIu;aj KOHTeKcTa, HapoqIITO ynI-
u:aj ceMaHTIIqKII/ acou;IIjaTIIBHO rroBesaHor KOHTeKCTa (cf. Meyer & Schvanevelt, 1971).
Y saBIICHOCTII o,n; jaqIIHe ceMaHTIIqKe/acou;IIjaTIIBHe Bese cpaU:IIJIIITau;IIja o6pa,n;e peqII
MeTe he 6IITII BIIIIIe IIJIII Mal:he II3pam:eHa. 0BII ecpeKTII, Kao IIITO CMO peKJIII, HIICY je-
3IIqKII crreu;IIcpIIqHII Ben cy rrorne,n;IIu;a rrpernIIKaBal:ha o,n;Hoca Meljy rrojMOBIIMa y
ceMaHTIIqKoj MeMOpIIjII Ha I:hIIMa o,n;roBapajyhe JieKcIIqKe je,n;IIHIIU:e y MeHTaJIHOM
JieKCIIKOHy. JaqIIHY ceMaHTIIqKe Bese Moryhe jeyBeCTII Kao IIOH,n;ep Ha Besy II3Meljy
,n;aTe peqII y Mpem:II, rrpII qeMy 6II BapIIpal:he Bpe,n;HOCTII IIOH,n;epa KOpecrroH,n;IIpaJIO ca
jaqIIHOM ceMaHTIIqKe Bese II3Meljy ,n;aTe peqII II CBIIX OCTaJIIIX peqII (CJIIIKa 14).
-0.8
ClluKa 14. JI.ea 1-1.eypo1-1.cKe MPeJKe rqe je Be3a U3Me'!Jy 1-1.aqpe'!Je1-1.ux u aoqpe'!Je1-1.ux
aojMoBa ( u1-1.cma1-1.11u) ao1-1.qepuca1-1.a ja11u1-1.0M HJuxoae ceMa1-1.mu11Ke Be3e. JI03uflluaa1-1.
apeq31-1.aK 031-1.a-itaaa cmeae1-1. eKc11uma11uje a 1-1.eramuaa1-1. u1-1.xu6u11uje.
I13Jia3HI1 HMBO
( <i>oHeMCKe je,z:i;MHM:o;e)
CKpMBeHM HMBO
yJia3Hl1 HMBO
(rpa<PeMCKe je,z:i;MHM:o;e)
T A fi JI A
CllUKa 15. -Hueou y OK6upy Mogella apeu03Ha6a1-ba pe1iU CajgeH6ep1a u MeK KJlu-
JleHga (Seidenberg & McClelland, 1989).
ITpBH, yJia3HH HHBO, ca,n;p:>KH rpacpeMCKe je,n;HHHI.I;e, ,n;pyrH, CKpHBeHH HHBO ca,n;p:>KH
je,n;HHHu;e KOje rrpoJiase Kpos T3B. aoBpautHy apoaara71ujy (backward propagation) H rrpe,n;-
CTaBJbajy OCHOBY Kaja MaIIIHHH OMorynaBa ,,JEe:>K6aBa1be" (y-qelhe), ,ll;OK ce TpenH, H3Jia3-
HH HHBO, cacTOjH O,ll; cpOHOJIOIIIKHX je,n;HHHu;a qHjOM ce KOM6HHaI.I;HjOM ,n;o6Hja CJIO:>Kaj
KOjH o,n;roBapa H3fOBOpeHoj peqH KOja je Ha yJiasy ,n;aTa y rpacpeMCKOM o6JIHKy. 17 Mpe:>Ka
,,y-qH'' Besy H3Mel)y rpacpeMCKOr H cpoHOJIOIIIKOr CJIO:>Kaja TaKO IIITO joj ce cyKI.I;eCHBHO H3-
Jia:>Ke BeJIHKH 6poj rpacpeMcKo-cpoHOJIOIIIKHX rrapoBa pa3JIH"LIHTHX peqH. Ha ocHoBy aJiro-
pHTMa IIOBpaTHe rrporrarau;Hje MaIIIHHa IIOCTerreHO CMalhyje pa3JIHKY H3Mel)y ,n;o6HjeHor
H :>KeJbeHor cpoHOJIOIIIKOr H3Jia3a TaKO IIITO y CKpHBeHOM rnojy MO,ll;yJIHpa IIOH,n;epe Ha
Be3aMa Mel)y je,n;HHHI.I;aMa. ,[(a 6H Mpe:>Ka ,n;aJia sa,n;oBOJbaBajyne pesyJITaTe, rroTpe6Ho je
OKO 150 000 mepau;Hja. I1Hu;HjaJIHa BepsHja OBOr MO,ll;eJia II03HaTa je Kao SM MogeJL, KOjH
je Ha3HB ,n;o6Ho no rroqeTHHM cJIOBHMa rrpe3HMeHa ayropa. PeBH,ll;HpaHa BepsHja, rros-
HaTa Kao PMSP MogeJL, JBO,ll;M T3B. ifjoHoUlaKUlU1iKa H rpaifjoutaKUlU1iKa orpaHH"LJelha, Tj.
orpaHHqeJha y saje,n;HHqKoM rrojaBJbHBalhy cpoHeMa, o,n;HOCHO rpacpeMa, qHMe cy 3HaqajHo
rro6oJbIIIaHe rrepcpopMattce Mpe:>Ke (Plaut, 1997; Plaut & McClelland, 1993; Plaut, McClel-
land, Seidenberg & Paterson, 1996; Seidenberg, Petersen, MacDonald & Plaut, 1996).
17
Y cprrcKOM je3MKy, 36or rrpMpo,z:i;e opTorpa<Pttje, rrpou;ec rpa<i>eMcKo-<PoHeMCKor Marrttpaina je MaH>e cJio-
)l(eH Hero y eHrneCKOM jep y eHmeCKOM He IIOCTOjH ,ll;OCJie,ll;HO rpa<i>eMCKo-<PoHeMCKO rrpeCJIHKaBaH>e, rra he
rpa<i>eM a y pe'IH bar 6ttTH H3roBopeH Kao a, y pe'IH bad Kao e, ,z:i;oK hey pe'IH ball 6ttTM M3roBopeH Kao o.
272 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
He pa3mmyje ce op; o6pap;e fomo Koje p;pyre BpcTe MaTep11jarra. TI06yl)11Bal:he BM3ye;rne
rrpep;CTaBe I1 rrpep;CTaBe pe1111 je y OCHOBM MCTO jep ce 3aCHMBa Ha MCTOM MexaHM3My. 36or
-qera 6MCMO OH,lJ;a IIOCTy1rnparr11 3ace6aH MeMOpHjCKM ,lJ;OMeH y KojeM 611 ce CKJia,lJ;MlllTMJie
rrpep;cTaBe pe1111? IIITo ce caMor MexaHM3Ma rro6yl)11Bal:ha T1111e, pa3Jior He rrocToj11. AKo
pa3JIOf yorrIIITe IIOCTOjM, OH,lJ;a ra Tpe6a TpaMMTM y rrp11pop;11 ycKJia,lJ;MIIITeHor MaTep11jarra
11 I:heroBoj CJIOMeHOCTM Koja je KYAMKaMo Bena Ho CJIOMeHocT ocTaJIMX BpcTa rrpep;cTaBa.
Tipep;CTaBa y MeHTaJIHOM JieKCMKOHJ cap;pMH pa3JII11IMTe JII1HfBMCTI11IKI1 peJieBaHTHe Ka-
paKTepHCTMKe pe1IH, Kao IIITO cy rpacpeMCKe, cpOHOJIOIIIKe, ceMaHTI11IKe, MopcpoJIOIIIKe MT,lJ;.
0Be KapaKTepHCTMKe cy qecTO y MHTepaKu;MjM, a I:hMXOBa o6pa,IJ;a ce O,Il;BMja Ha pa3JII11IMTMM
HMBOMMa, O,Il;HOCHO y pa3JII11IMTMM cpa3aMa. 0 crreu;11cpH1IHOCTI1 o6pa,IJ;e OBe BpCTe Ma-
Tep11jarra fOBOpe I1 HeypOJIOIIIKH HaJia3M KOjH 110Ka3yjy ceJieKTMBHe ,IJ;ecpHII;HTe rrpMJIHKOM
MO)K,IJ;aHMX Jie311ja, 0 1IeMy he 6MTI1 BMIIIe pe1IH y je,IJ;HOM O,II; Hape,IJ;HMX rrornaBJba. I111Tal:he
je, Mel)yr11M, ,IJ;a JIM cy HaBe,IJ;eHM pa3JI03H ,Il;OBOJbHM 3a JEO})el:he crreu;11jaJIM30BaHor ,Il;OMeHa
KOjM 6H 6110 O,Il;fOBOpaH 3a CKJia,IJ;MIIITel:he je3M1IKe I1HcpOpMau;11je.
O,n;roBop je MO)K,lJ;a Moryhe HanM y OCHOBHMM IIOCTaBKaMa KOHeKII;MOHMCTI11IKOf
rrp11CTyrra KOjM JKM)J;a CTaTyc MeHTaJIHOr JieKCMKOHa Kao ,Il;OMeHa ceMaHTI11IKe MeMOpH-
je. HeypoHcKa MpeMa je HeoceTJbMBa Ha rrp11pop;y MaTep11jarra, c:1 Ha1111H I:heHor ¢YHK-
u;110H11cal:ha ,lJ;03BOJbaBa rrp11MeHy y 6MJio KOM p;oMeHy. Oc11M Tora, oHa He orrep11rne
rrojep;11Ha1IHMM eHTMTeTMMa, Benje MHTepaKTMBHo crrperHyTa, Tj. YBeK cy y Benoj MJIM
Mal:hoj Mep11 aKTMBHpaHe CBe je,IJ;MHMII;e. OHO IIITO je 6MJia MeMop11jCKa je,IJ;MHMII;a y KJia-
CI11IHO CXBaneHOM MeHTaJIHOM JieKCHKOHY y KOHeKII;MOHMCTI11IKOM rrp11cTyrry IIOCTaje
pe3yJITaHTa pa3JII11IMTMX HMBOa aKTMBau;11je, O,Il;HOCHO Ta1IKa y Kojoj je aKTMBau;11ja
MaKCMMaJIHa. YMecTo cTaHp;ap,IJ;HO cxBaneHe MeHTaJIHe perrpe3eHTau;11je, Harne 3Hal:he o
rrojep;1rna1IHMM pe1IMMa I1 I:hMXOBMM ceMaHTI11IKMM Be3aMa rrpeBe,IJ;eHO je y Bpep;HOCTM
IIOH,IJ;epa KOjM p;ecpHHMIIIY Be3e Ha pa3JII11IMTMM HMBOMMa MpeMe, 1IMMe je MO)K,lJ;a OTBO-
peH rryr Ka 6oJbeM pa3yMeBal:hy HeyparrHe ornoBe rrepu;erru;11je 11 rrpo,I1;yKu;11je je311Ka.
JE3I1K: ITEPUEITUI1JA fOBOPA I1 OBPA,D:A ITOJE.IJ:I1HAqHJ1X PEqI1 275
,IJ;O,IJ;ATAK
l CTHMy.nyca
+
v HHT<pBan H;:;e:;* ---;;l---+
r
,J,l I.
RT
,n;Ba sa,n;aTKa
(BpeMe peaK:o;nje)
ITI (intertrial interval)
rrojaBJDHBaIDe o,n;rOBOp
CTHMy.nyca llCTIHTaHHKa HOBH
( cTapToBaFhe 6poja-qa) (saycTaBJDaIDe 6poja-qa) CTHMYJIYC
nojaBJbyjy cyKD;eCHBHO
llHTepcTHMYJIYCHH
ClfrHaJI KOjH HaroBeIIITaBa
l l l
1. CTHM.
KOHT<KCT
rrojaBJbHBaFhe HeCTaHaK
1. CTHM.
l
rrojaBJbHBaH>e
2. CTHM.
RT
(BpeMe peaKu;nje)
o.n;roBop
HCITHTaHHKa
-r HOBH
1. CTHMYJIYC
(cTapTOBaH>e 6pojaqa) (saycTaBJbaH>e 6poja-qa)
\ J
v
pasMaK H3Mel)y
CTHMYJIYCHa acHHXpOHHja p;Ba sa.n;aTI<a
(SOA - stimulus onset asynchrony) (ITI - intertrial interval)
,IJ;O,IJ;ATAK2
THII op;roBopa
a
JE3HK: 11EPUEI1UHJA fOBOPA YI OBPAJJ:A llOJEJJ:HHAqHJ;IX PEqJ1 277
PE3MME
• Y HajrnnpeM CMHCJIY, jesnK ce p:ecpHHHrne Kao cuM6ollU1iKU cucmeM Koju Kopucmu ogpe'!JeHa 3aje-
gHu11a pagu KOMYHUKaU;uje. Je3JI11Ke jep:HHHUe cy CUM60JlU jep He rrpeCJIHKaBajy oco6HHe OH Ora
IlITO 03HaLiaBajy. I1cTOBpeMeHO, je3HK je cucfaeM, jep ra He LIHHH 36Hp HesaBHCHHX H HeIIOBesa-
HHX cnM6oJia, Ben cKyrr eJieMeHaTa Koje je Moryne KOM6HHOBanr y rnnpe ueJIHHe no o.n;pel)eHHM
rrpaBHJIHMa. Je3HK Kao CHM60JIHLIKH CHCTeM je sajep:HHLIKH sa o.n;pel)eHy COUHO-JIHHrBHCTHLIKY
saje,n;HHUy, LIHMe ce OCTBapyje IDeroBa KOMJHHKaUHOHa cpyttKUHja. HeKe op; 3Ha11ajHHjHX O,II;JIHKa
jesnKa cy: a) geocmpyKa cmpyKmypa, 6) apogyKillueHocm H B) guclloKaU;uja.
• JIHHfBHCTHKa HCIIHTyje pa3JIHLIHTe acrreKTe je3HLIKOr HCIIOJbaBaIDa, p:eJienH ce rrpH TOM Ha pa-
3JIHLIHTe ,IJ;HCUHIIJIHHe. AKycTHLIKe KapaKTepHCTHKe roBopHor cnrHaJia HCIIHTyje <jjoHefauKa,
rnacoBe, Tj. MHHHMaJIHe ,IJ;HCTHHKTHBHe jep:HHHII;e y je3HKY HCIIHTyje <jjoHOJlOluja, 3HaLieIDe
ceMaHUlUKa, o6JIHKe, cTpJKTYPY H rpal)eIDe pe11H Mop<fto;wluja, pe11eHHLIHe cTpJKType cuH-
maKca, a o6JIHKe jesn11Ke KOMJHHKaunje apalMafauKa. 3a pasJIHKY o.n; rrpep:MeTa JIHHrBlICTHKe,
rrpe,n;MeT IIClIXOJIHHrBHCTHKe cy KOfHHTHBHH acrreKTH je3HLIKe rrepuerrunje H rrpO,D;JKII;Hje H KO-
fHHTHBHa opraHnsaunja jesn11KHX nHcpopMaunja.
• y CBOM rrpnpop:HOM o6JIHKY je3HK ce peaJIHSyje Kp03 aKyCTHLIKH CHrHaJI KOjH rrpoH3BO,IJ;e ro-
BOpHH opraHH, a rrpnMa ce ay,n;nTHBHO rrpeKO ay,n;nTHBHOf CHCTeMa. foBopHH opraHH ce ca-
CTOje op: TPH rro.n;cncTeMa: a) pecaupamopHux oplaHa, 6) <jjoHamopHol cucmeMa n B) BoKallHOl
mpaKUla. PecrrnpaTOpHe opraHe LIHHe rr.eyna, 6poHXHje n Tpaxeja. OrnOBy cpoHaTOpHor cncTe-
Ma LIHHH llapUHKC (lpKlbaH) y LIHjoj yttyTparnIDOCTH ce HaJiase lllaCHUU;e ~rnjHM ce BH6pnpaIDeM
CTBapajy 3ByqHH TaJiaCH. ITpoJiaCKOM Bas,n;yrnHe CTpyje Kp03 cpoHaTOpHH CHCTeM CTBapa ce
3BYK Kojn ce o6JIHKyje y BOKaJIHOM TpaKTY p:a 6n ce Ha H3Jia3y fOBOpHHX optaHa CTBOpHJIH
3ByqHH TaJiaCH Koje OIIa)KaMO Kao fOBOpHe CHfHaJie.
• Ilepuerrunja roBopa je KOMIIJieKcaH rrpouec jep cy Bapnjaunje aKycTWIKHX KapaKTepncTHKa
rnacoBa nsyseTHO BeJIHKe. AKycTHLIKe KapaKTepncTHKe rJiaca saBnce He caMo op: caMor roBop-
HHKa Ben Hop: OCTaJIHX rnacoBa y 11njeM ce OKpy)l{eIDy HaJia3H. 0Baj cpeHOMeH II03HaT je Kao
eapuja6UJlHOCfU ycll06lbeHa KOHfaeKCfUOM. AKyCTHLIKe aHaJIH3e IIOKasyjy .n;a H3Mel)y ,II;Ba rnaca He
IIOCTOjH jacHa cpH3HLIKa rpaHnua, Kao IlITO He IIOCTOjH HH caCBHM jaCHa rpaHHII;a H3Mel)y ,II;Be
pe11n. IIlTaBnrne, rnacoBn ce Ha aKycTHLIKOM rrJiaHy Mel)yco6Ho rrpernrrajy, a oBa rrojaBa ce Ha-
3HBa KoaprauKyllaU;uja. I1cTpa)l{HBaIDa, rroKasyjy p:a je rrepuerrunja rnaca KaUlelopujallHa, Tj. p:a
CHCTeMaTCKO BapnpaIDe rroje,n;HHHX IDerOBHX KapaKTepHCTHKa y HeKHM CJiyqajeBHMa ,IJ;OBO,IJ;H
.n;o Harne rrpoMeHe rrepuerrrn.
• I1cTpa)l{HBaIDa rroKasyjy .n;a je rrpn rrepuerrunjn roBopa rrpncyTHa HHTepaKunja HHAJKTHBHe
H p:e,D;JKTHBHe o6pap:e, Tj. p;a BHilIH HHBOH, Kao IlITO cy 3HaLielbe pe11n H pe11eHnue, y BeJIHKOj
MepH JTHLIY Ha rrepuerrunjy rroje,n;nHaLIHHX cpoHeMa, 11aK H Ka,n;a OHH HHCY cpH3HLIKH rrpncyT-
HH. 0Baj cpeHoMeH je rrosHaT Kao pecraaypa11uja <jjoHeMe. Ha cpoHeMcKy n JieKCHLIKY cerMeH-
Taunjy JTHLIY H CHHTaKCHLIKe H rrposop:njCKe KapaKTepHCTHKe pe11eHHIJ;e.
• Jep;Ha op; rrpBnx Teopnja rrepuerrunje roBopa, rrosHaTa rrop; Ha3HBOM MoraopHa meopuja uep11e-
u11uje loeopa, rroJiasn op; rrpeTrrocTaBKe p;a ce rnyrnaJiau rrpHJIHKOM o6pa.n;e roBopHor cnrHaJia
OCJialba Ha 3Halbe 0 TOMe KaKO ce op;pel)eHH fOBOpHH CHfHaJI reHepnrne. ,r:t;pyrnM peLIHMa, arr-
CTpaKTHO 3Halbe 0 TOMe KaKO ce rrpOH3BO,IJ;e rroje,D;HHH rnaCOBH yqecTByje He caMO y IDHXOBOj
rrpop;yKunjn, Ben n rrepuerrunjn. ,r:t;pyra Teopnja rrepuerrunje roBopa, rrosHaTa rro.n; Ha3HBOM
aHallu3a cuHfae3oM, rrpeTrrocTaBJba p:a rrpHJIHKOM rrepuerrunje roBopa rnyrnaJiau o6pal)yje
( aHaJIH3Hpa) fOBOpHH CHrHaJI TaKO IlITO HMIIJIHII;HTHO rettepnrne ( CHHTeTnsyje) fOBOp Kojn je
-qyo, a saTHM rropep:n ayp:HTHBHH HHrryT ca IDerOBOM CHHTeTH30BaHOM BepsnjoM .
• MHoro6pojHH eMIIHpnjcKH HaJia3H IIOKasyjy .n;a Ha KOrHHTHBHY o6pap;y pe11n JTHLie BHilie
LIHHHJiaua, o.n; KojHX cy HajsHa11ajHHjn cpoHOJIOrnKa cTpJKTypa n yqecTaJIOCT ( cppeKBeHunja), rrpn
LieMY cy OBa ,D;Ba LIHHHOII;a KopeJinpaHa. Y11eCTaJIOCT peqn CTOjH y o6pttyTOIIporropunoHaJIHOM
278 KOfHI1TI1BHA IICI1XOJIOfI1JA
o,n;Hocy ca BpeMeHoM o6pa,n;e: cppeKBeHTmrje peqM o6pal)yjy ce 6p)Ke o,n; Malbe cppeKBeHTHMX.
Ha BpeMe o6pa,n;e )'TMqe M KOHTeKcT y KojeM je peq rrpHKa3aHa. EcpeKaT KOHTeKcTa Ha3MBa ce
e<jjeKUlOM apuMoBal-ba M MaHttcpecTyje ce Kao cpau;MJIMTau;ttja ( oJiaKIIIaBalbe rrperro3HaBalba) MJIM
Kao MHXM6Mu;Mja. YKOJIMKO ce, Ha rrpHMep, peq rrpHKa)Ke y KOHTeKCTY ,n;pyre peqM Koja je ca lbOM
y ceMaHTMqKoj Be3M, BpeMe lheHe o6pa,n;e lie 6MTM Kpane Hero aKo ce rrpttKa)l{e y He)'TpaJIHOM
KOHTeKCTY MJIM M30JIOBaHO.
• MeHTaJIHM JieKCMKOH je u;eHTpaJIHM rrojaM caBpeMeHe eKcrrepttMeHTaJIHe rrcMXOJIMHrBMCTMKe.
Peq je o ,n;oMeHy ceMaHTMqKe MeMopttje y KojeM cy, rrpeTIIOCTaBJha ce, ycKJia,n;MIIITeHe rrpe,n;-
CTaBe peqM ca CBMM lbMXOBMM JIMHrBMCTMqKMM KapaKTepHCTMKaMa, Kao IIITO cy cpoHOJIOIIIKe,
rpacpeMcKe, MopcpoJIOIIIKe MT,n;. 06pa,n;a peqM o6jaIIIlbaBa ce MJIM rrpeTparoM MeHTaJIHOr JieK-
CMKOHa MJIM rro6yl)MBalbeM rrpe,n;CTaBe ,n;aTe peqM y MeHTaJIHOM JieKCMKOHJ. y rrpBOM CJIY"tlajy
peq je o TeopttjaMa Koje ce ocJialbajy Ha rrpocTOpHy MeTacpopy, qttja je ornoBHa rrpeTrrocTaBKa
,n;a cy rrpe,n;cTaBe peqM opraHM30BaHe no cppeKBeHu;MjM. IIpeTpara JieKCMKOHa o,n;Bttja ce pe,n;Ho,
rroqeBIIIM o,n; HajcppeKBeHTHMje peqM.
• ,II;pyra rpyrra Teopttja rroJia3M o,n; rrpeTrrocTaBKe ,n;a je BpeMe o6pa,n;e o,n;pel)eHo rroqeTHMM HM-
BOOM aKTMBau;ttje rrpe,n;cTaBe ,n;aTe peqM, KojM pacTe ,n;o rrpara rro6yl)ttBalba. Je,n;aH o,n; rrpBHX
MO,D;eJia OBe BpCTe je llOlO'ieHCKU Mogell, ITO KojeM cy peqM rrpe,n;cTaBJheHe Kao llO'io'ieHU, Tj. Me-
MOpHjcKe je,n;MHMu;e Koje MMajy CBOj rroqeTHM HMBO aKTMBau;ttje KOjM 3aBMCM o,n; cppeKBeHll;Mje
peqM. Ha CJIMqHMM rrpeTrrocTaBKaMa 3acH0BaH je M Mogell mupehe aKU1UBa14uje KOjM TaKol)e rro-
cTyJittpa rroqeTHM HMBO aKTMBau;ttje MeMOpHjCKMX je,n;MHM:o;a y cpJHKTI;MjM cppeKBeH:o;Mje, c TMM
IIITO rrpemocTaBJha ,n;a rrojaBJhMBalbe je,n;He peqM rro6yl)yje y Benoj MJIM Malhoj MepH M rrpe,n;-
CTaBe OCTaJIMX peqM KOje cy ca lbOM y ceMaHTMqKoj MJIM HeI<Oj ,n;pyroj Be3M. Ha OBaj HaqMH ce
o6jaIIIlbaBa ecpeKaT ceMaHTMqKor, cpoHOJIOIIIKOr, rpacpeMCKOr M OCTaJIMX BpcTa rrpHMOBalba .
• IIoce6HY BpcTy MO,D;eJia rrpe,n;cTaBJhajy K01-leKU;U01-lUCU1UtiKU MogellU KOjM ce 3aCHMBajy Ha pa-
qJHapCKoj CMMJJia:o;MjM o6pa,n;e peqM rrpeKO HeypOHCKMX Mpe)l{a. 0CHOBHa M,n;eja OBMX MO,D;eJia
je ,n;a ce CJIO)KeHe MeHTaJIHe orrepau;ttje Mory OIIMCaTM Kao pe3yJITaT MHTepaKTMBHO ,D;MCTpH6ytt-
paHor rrapaJieJIHor rrpou;ecttpalba Koje ce o,n;Bttja Ha PC13JIMqMTMM HMBOMMa Mpe)Ke. HeypoHcKa
Mpe:lI<a ce y HajBeneM 6pojy CJIY"tlajeBa cacTOjM o,n; TPM HMBOa-yJia3HOr, CKpHBeHor M M3Jia3HOr.
Be3e M3Mel)y je,n;MHM:o;a y OKBttpy cBaKor HMBoa, Kao M M3Mel)y HMBoa, Mory 6MTM rro3MTMBHO
MJIM HeraTMBHO IIOH,n;epttcaHe, Tj. Mory 6MTM eKCIJ;MTaTopHe M MHXM6MTOpHe. y 3aBMCHOCTM o,n;
rrpttpo,n;e CTMMYJIYCa, HeKe Be3e he 6MTM y Benoj MJIM Malboj MepH rro6yl)eHe, IIITO he ,D;OBeCTM ,n;o
ceJieKTMBHe aKTMBa:o;Mje rrpe,n;cTaBa rroje,n;MHMX peqM. ,II;ocTM3albe MaKCMMaJIHOr HMBOa aKTMBa-
u;ttje, Tj. rrpara rro6yl)MBalba, CMaTpa ce eKBMBaJieHTHMM rrpeII03HaBalby peqM. IIpBH MO,D;eJI OBe
BpcTe, II03HaT rro,n; MMeHOM Mogell UHUlepaKUlUBJ-le aKU1UBat1;uje u KOMUeUlut1;uje, rrpe,D;JIO)KMJIM cy
PyMeJIXapT M MeK KJ:rMJieH,n;. 3a pa3JIMKY o,n; oBor Mo,n;eJia Ko,n; Kojer cy Bpe,n;HOCTM rroH,n;epa ,n;aTe
arrpttoptt, Mo,n;eJI KojM cy rrpe,n;JIO)KMJIM Caj,n;eH6epr M !vf eK KJIMJieH,n; He rrona3M o,n; arrpttpoH
,n;aTMX Bpe,n;HOCTM, Ben ce ,n;o lbMX ,D;OJia3M Kp03 BenM 6poj MTepau;ttja, Tj. yqelheM.
JE3I1K: OEPA)J;A MOP<POJIOfI1JE I1 CI1HTAKCE I1
KAPAKTEPI1CTI1KE JE3J1qKE KOMYHI1KAUI1JE
HacTaBaK MO osHaqaBa rrpBo m1u;e MHO}KHHe rJiaroJia y rrpeseHTy, 6es 06s11pa Ha sHa-
qel:he rroje,n;11HaqHor maroJia. I1p11MeTHMO ,n;a je y CBHM HaBe,n;eHHM rrp11Mep11Ma HacTa-
BaK o,n;pel)11Bao HeKo rpaMaT11qKo CBojcTBO rrpoMeHJbHBe peq11, 6HJio ,n;a je peq o rra,n;e}Ky,
rpaMaTHqKoM 6pojy HJIH marOJICKOM JIHU:Y·
HacTaBu;H, Mel)yr11M, He ca,n;p}Ke caMo rpaMaTHqKy crreu;mp11Kau;11jy. YsMHMO rne-
,n;en11 rrp11Mep. Y peq11Ma ueBa 11, Hoca11, Koua11 HacTaBaK a11 JKasyje Ha saHHMal:he, ,n;oK y
peq11Ma 6e3JlU'tf.aH, 6e3pa3llOJlcaH, 6e3o6pa3aH rrpeq:mKc 6e3 osHaqaBa o,n;cycTBo HeKor CBoj-
CTBa. J13 OBHX rrpHMepa BH,II;HMO ,n;a HaCTaBaK MO}Ke ,n;a HMa I1 o,n;pel)eHe ceMaHTHqKe
KapaKTepHCTHKe. Peq11 Koje CMO yseJIH sa rrpHMep cy MOpcpoJIOilIKH CJIO}KeHe M Moryne
HX je palliqJiaHHTH Ha ,n;Ba OCHOBHa KOHCTHTyeHTa. Je,n;aH, crreu;11cp11qaH sa µ;aTy peq KOjH
HOCH 3Haqel:be, KOjH Ha3HBaMo OCH06a HJIM KopeH, I1 ,n;pyr11, KOjH je HJIH saje,n;HII"9:KI1 sa
,n;aTy KJiacy I1 03HaqaBa HeKO rpaMaTHqKo CBOjCTBO HJIH HMa 3Haqel:be Koje MO,II;HcpHI<yje
OCHOBHO 3Haqel:be peqH. 0Baj ,n;pyr11 KOHCTHTyeHT, KOjH ce peamISyje ,n;o,n;aBal:beM Ha
OCHOBy, Ha3HBaMO acjjuKc. Ha OBaj Haq11H MOpcpoJIOilIKH CJIO}KeHe peq11 ,n;o611jajy arrc-
TpaKTHa CBOjCTBa KJiace Koja HHCY BesaHa sa I:bHXOBO OCHOBHO 3Haqel:be.
YBol)el:heM CBojcTaBa Koja cy o,n;JIHKa KJiace, o,n;HOCHO BpcTe peqn, ,n;o611jaMo MO-
rynHOCT KOM6HHOBal:ba peq11 y IlIHpe 3Haqel:hCKe u;eJIHHe (peqeHHU:e). J13 rrpetxo,n;HHX
rrpHMepa BH,Il;HMO ,n;a y Ta CBOjCTBa crra,n;ajy rra,n;e}K, rpaMaTHqKH 6poj, fJiafOJICKO JIHu;e,
aJIH 11 ,n;pyra rpaMaTHqKa CBojcTBa Koja OMOrynaBajy ,n;a I13pa3HMO arrcTpaKTHHje HH-
Boe 3Haqel:ha KOjH ce peaJIH3Hjy y peqeHHqHOM KOHTeKcTy. 0 KaKBHM arrCTpaKTHHjHM
HHBOHMa 3Haqel:ba je peq? TMMe IlITO CMO HMeHHU:H }KeHCKOf po,n;a ,II;O,II;aJIH HaCTaBaK
y (aKysaTHB je,n;HHHe) 03HaqHJII1 CMO ,n;a OHa HajBepoBaTHMje HMa cpyttKU:Hjy o6jeKTa y
peqeHHII;H. AKo joj rrpeTxo,n;11 rrpe,n;Jior Koj1111,n;e ys a1qsaTHB (Hrrp. Ha), 11 aKo je sa11cTa y
IIHTal:hy cpyttKU:Hja o6jeKTa, 6JIH}Ke CMO o,n;pe,n;HJIH OBY cpyttKU:Hjy, ,II;OK rrp11,n;eB y HCTOM
rpaMaT11qKoM po,n;y, 6pojy 11 rra,n;e}Ky 6JIH}f(e o,n;pel)yje HeKo CBojcTBo o6jeKTa. I1aKo ce
113 OBaKBOf OIIHCa He BH,Il;H 0 Kojoj je KOHKpeTHOj HMeHHII;H, rrpe,n;Jiory HJIH rrp11,n;eBy peq,
I:bHXOBe peJiau;11je JKasyjy Ha OIIIlITH OKBHp Moryner ca,n;p}Kaja peqeHHII;e. Kao IlITO CMO
rroMeHyJI11, oBa 3Haqel:ha cy arrcTpaKTHa jep ce o,n;Hoce Ha pasJI11q11Te yJiore 11 cpyttKu;11je
Koje 6HJIO Koja peq ,n;aTe KJiace (BpCTe) MO}Ke ,n;a HMa y peqemrqHOM KOHTeKcTy.
MopcpoJIOilIKe o,n;JIHKe peq11 Koje Hoce rpaMaT11qKy 11HcpopMau;11jy y HeKHM jes11-
u;11Ma rrpe,n;CTaBJbajy OCHOBY sa KOM6HHOBal:be peq11 y IlIHpe 3Haqel:hCKe u;eJIHHe Koje HHje
ap611TpapHo Benje ycJIOBJbeHo orpaH11qel:h11Ma y OKBHPY Koj11x cy HeKe KoM611Hau;11je ,n;o-
3BOJbeHe a HeKe HHcy. Ha oBaj Haq11H ,n;o611jaMo CHHTaKcttqKy CTPYKTYPY peqeH11u;e Koja je
HesaBHCHa o,n; sHaqel:ha rroje,n;11HaqH11x peq11, aJIH 11 o,n; sHaqel:ha caMor HCKasa. PeqeH11u;e
,,KHilla je SaJIHJia yceBe." 11 ,,MajcTop je rrorrpaBHO MallIHHy." HMajy 11,n;eHTHqHy CTPYK-
Typy, HaKO cy rroje,n;HHaqHH eJieMeHTH (peq11) y peqeHHII;aMa pa3JII1ql1TI1, a caMHM THM je
pasJI11q11To 11 3Haqel:he OBHX peqeH11u;a. I1s HaBe,n;eHHX rrp11Mepa BH,II;HMO ,n;a HCTa cTpJK-
Typa MO}Ke 611T11 OKBHp sa 6ecKoHaqaH 6poj peqeH11u;a. PeaJI11sau;11ja o,n;pel)eHe CTPYKTY-
pe OMoryneHa je paHHje ,II;HCKJTOBaHHM arrcTpaKTHHM CBOjCTBHMa rroje,n;IrnaqHHX peq11,
6HJio ,n;a cy y IIHTal:hy I:bHXOBa MOpcpoJIOilIKa CBOjcTBa, 6HJIO ,n;a je peq 0 BpCTH Kojoj rrpH-
rra,n;ajy. TaKo, Ha rrp11Mep, y cprrcKoM jes11Ky rrpe,n;Jior YBeK 11,n;e 11crrpe,n; HMeH11u;e, rrp11,n;eB
11 11MeH11u;a cJia}Ky ce y po,n;y, 6pojy 11 rra,n;e}Ky, peqeH11u;a He MO}Ke ,n;a rroqHe eHKJIHTHKOM
(Hrrp. ce) HT,n;. KoM6HHoBalhe peq11 y peqeHHU:H peryJI11caHo je cKyrroM rrpaBHJia Koje Ha-
s11BaMo CUHUlaK.CU'tf.KUM apa6UJlUMa.
BH,II;HMO ,n;a je jesHK Moryne OIIHCHBaTH He caMO Ha pa3JII1ql1THM HHBOHMa MO-
JiapHOCTH, Ben I1 y OKBHpy KOHTHHyyMa KOHKpeTHO - arrcTpaKTHO. CBaKa peq 6HJIO
JE3MK: OBPA,D,A MOP<DOJIOI'MJE M CMHTAKCE M JE3WIKA KOMYHMKAIJ,MJA 281
Kojer je3MKa y ce6M ca,n;pMM OBaj KOHTMHJYM, o,n; HMBOa cpoHOJiomje M 3HaqeJ:ba KOjM
rrpe,n;cTaBJbajy CBojcTBa rroje,n;MHaqHe peqM no KOjMMa ce oHa pasJIMKyje o,n; ocTaJIMX peqM,
rrpeKO HMBOa MopcpOJIOfMje y KOjMMa cy ca,n;pMaHa CBOjcTBa KJiace peqM, ,n;o HMBOa CMHTaK-
ce Kao Kpajlhe TaqKe IIOMeHJTOf KOHTMHyyMa y KojeM je ca,n;pMaH peJiaIJ;MOHM acrreKT peqM
KOjM OMoryhaBa CTBapalbe nmpMX 3HaqeJhCKMX u;eJIMHa. I1MajyhM TO y BM,n;y, MOMeMO ce
yrrMTaTM Ha KOjM HaqMH MopcpoJIOIIIKe KapaKTepMCTMKe peqM JTMqy Ha IhMXOBY o6pa,n;y M
Ha KOjM HaqMH o6pal)yjeMO IIIMpe 3HaqeJhCKe u;eJIMHe Kao IIITO cy peqeHMu;e.
qMTaJiau; je BepoBaTHO rrpMMeTMO ,n;a y IIOCTaBJbalhy IIMTalha 0 HaqMHY o6pa,n;e
HMCMO rroMeHyJIM ceMaHTMqKM acrreKT peqM. PasJior je IIITO cy Ha HMBOY rroje,n;MHaqHe
peqM CBM rrpo6JieMM Be3aHM 3a JheHO 3HaqeJhe Beh pa3MOTpeHM y IIOrJiaBJbY y KojeM
CMO ,Il;MCKJTOBaJIM opraHM3au;Mjy rrojMoBa y CeMaHTMqKoj MeMOpMjM, aJIM M y rrpeTxo,n;-
HOM IIOfJiaBJbY y KojeM CMO pa3MOTPMJIM YTMu;aj ceMaHTMqKM IIOBe3aHOf KOHTeKCTa Ha
o6pa,n;y M30JIOBaHo rrpMKasaHe peqM. Y o6a rnyqaja ceMaHTMqKe KapaKTepMCTMKe ce M3-
je,n;HaqaBajy ca KapaKTepMCTMKaMa rrojMa KojM je ,n;aToM peqjy osHaqeH. I1s oBe rrepcrreK-
TMBe IIOCMaTpaHo, ceMaHTMKa ce JKa3yje Kao rrpo6JieM KOjM HMje jesMqKM crreu;McpMqaH
Beh ra je Moryhe rro,n;BeCTM rro,n; rrpo6JieM crreu;McpMKau;Mje ca,n;pMaja rrojMa M opraHM3a-
u;Mje rrojMOBa y ceMaHTMq1<0j MeMOpMjM. Tipo6JieM 3HaqeJha HMje, Mel)YTMM, orpaHMqeH
Ha HMBO rroje,n;MHaqHe peqM, y qeTBpTOM IIOrJiaBJbY CMO BM,n;em1 ,n;a je rrojMOBe Moryhe op-
raHH30BaTII y nmpe CMHcaoHe u;eJIHHe Koje Ha3MBaMO rrpOII03MIJ;HjaMa. AHaJIOfHO TOMe, M
rroje,n;HHaqHe peqH ce opraHttsyjy y peqeHMu;e Koje rrpe,n;cTaBJbajy rrmpe 3HaqeJhcKe u;eJIMHe.
YrrpaBo Ha TOM HHBoy je Moryhe yoqMTM YTHu;aj ceMaHTMqKor cpaKTopa Ha o6pa,n;y je3MKa.
CTOra heMo y rrpttKasy KOrHHTMBHe o6pa,n;e peqeHttu;e rraMihyrroCBeTHTH H ceMaHTHqKHM
qMHMOIJ;HMa KojM YTMqy Ha IheHy MHTeprrpernu;Mjy.
0BO IIOfJiaBJbe rroqMJheMO pasMaTpaibeM MopcpoJIOIIIKMX qMHMJiau;a KOjM yTM-
qy Ha o6pa,n;y peqH. ,II;eTaJbHMje heMO M3JIO)KMTM HaqMH Ha KOjM JIMHfBMCTM OIIMcyjy
MopcpoJIOIIIKa CBOjCTBa peqM, a 3aTMM heMo BM,n;eTM KaKO ce OHa rrpeCJIMKaBajy Ha
KOfHMTMBHM IIJiaH M y Kojoj MepM JIMHfBMCTMqKM OIIMC MOMeMO CMaTpaTM KOfHMTMBHO
pe11eBaHTHMM. Tioce6aH ,n;eo oBor rrorJiaBJba rroCBeheH je o6pa,n;M peqeHMu;e, Tj. YTHu;ajy
CMHTaKcMq1mx qMHMJiau;a Ha o6pa,n;y je3MKa. I1 OB,n;e heMO rrohM o,n; JIMHfBMCTMql{Qf
OIIHCa. TioIIITO je y JIMHfBMCTMIJ;M OBOM acrreKTY je3MKa IIOCBeheHa M3y3eTHa rraMiha,
rrpMKa3aheMO HajsHa1:.iajHMje rrpMcTyrre OIIMCMBalhy CMHTaKcMqKMX CTPJKTypa, a 3aTMM
heMo M3JIO)KMTM eMrrMpMjcKa MCTpaMMBalha Koja MMajy 3a IJ;MJb yTBpi)MBalhe IhMXOBOf
KOfHMTMBHOf CTaTyca.
y rrpeTXO,D;HOM IIOrJiaBJbY je3MK CMO ,n;ecpHHMCaJIM Kao CMM60JIMqKH CMCTeM KO-
jH KOpMCTM o,n;pel)eHa saje,n;HMu;a y IJ;HJbY KOMJHMKau;Mje. CTOra he IIOCJie,D;IhM ,n;eo OBOf
IIOrJiaBJba 6HTM IIOCBeheH jesMq1<0j KOMJHMKau;ttjM M pa3JIMqMTMM o6JIMIJ;MMa JheHor MC-
IIOJbaBalha. MoMe ce qHHMTH ,n;a je oBaj acrreKT je3MKa y H3BecHoM ,n;HCKOHTMHYMTeTy c
acrreKTMMa Koje CMO ,n;o ca.n;a pa3MaTpaJIH, YKJbyqyjyhM M MopcpoJIOIIIKM M CMHTaKCMqKM
acrreKT Koje pa3MaTpaMo y OBOM IIOrJiaBJby. 0Ba KOHCTaTaIJ;Mja je ,n;oHeKJie TaqHa,
jep jesMq1rn KOMJHMKau;Mja JKlbyqyje cae acrreKTe jesMKa, aJIM M qHHMou;e KOjM HMcy
JIMHfBMCTHqKM. CTora je, Kao IIITO heMo BM,n;eTM, OIIMCMBalhe KapaKTepMCTMKa jesMqKe
KOMJHMKau;Mje M cpopMyJiau;Mja rrpaBMJia KOjMMa je OHa peryJIMCaHa, cyoqeHo ca MHOfMM
rrpo6JieMMMa KojH joIII yBeK HMcy Ha sa,n;oBoJbaBajyhM HaqMH peIIIeHM.
282 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
acpHKC
p;ap11Bau;110HH HHcpJieKCHOHH
A . _ I_ _ _ _;--------.~ pa,IJ;
OCHOBa
EDI ~ He-pa,IJ;
rrpeqnmc OCHOBa
B ._I____.ID~----·~ pa,IJ;-HHK
OCHOBa p;. cyqrnKc
r _I___IDi------• pa,IJ;-oM
OCHOBa 1L cycpnKC
1) 0-----. pa,!1;-0B-HMa
cycpHKCH att Hap, BH,n;eJIH CMO, o,n;pel)yjy 3aHHMaIDe (Hrrp. Ue6-att, HOC-att, CtllOJL-ap, KyB-
ap) HT,Il;. 3a pa3JIHKY o,n; ,n;epHBaIJ;HOHHX, HHcpJieKCHOHH cycpHKCH o,n;pel)yjy rpaMaTffC:IKH
CTaTYC peqJ1. ,IJ;o,n;aBaIDeM I1HcpJieKCI10HOf cycpHKCa OM Ha OCHOBY HMeHH:o;e MyrIIKOf po,n;a
,n;o6HjaMO HHCTpyMeHTaJI CHHryJiapa, ,n;o,n;aBaIDeM cycpHKCa y Ha OCH OBY HMeHH:o;a )I{eHCKOf
po,n;a ,n;o611jaMO aKy3aTHB CHHryJiapa HT,Il;.
MopcpoJIOIIIKH CJIO}l{eHa peq MO)I{e ,n;a ca,n;p)I{H BHIIIe acpHKca, 6HJio ,n;a je peq o rrpe-
cpHKCHMa, HHcpHKCHMa HJIH ,n;epHBa:o;HoHHM H HHcpJieKCHOHHM cycpHKCHMa. Peq pa3Hocatt,
Ha rrpHMep, ca,n;p}l{H rrpecpHKC pas H ,n;epHBaIJ;HOHH cycpHKC a1-t. 0Boj peq11 MO)I{eMo ,n;o-
,n;aTH H HHcpJieKCHOHH cycpHKC (pa3HOCatt-UMa). HeKe o,n; MoryhHX KOM6HHa:o;Hja OCHOBe
11 acpHKca ,n;aTe cy Ha CJIHIJ;H 2.
1
uecM-a, uecM-e, aecM-u, uecM-y, uecM-oM, uecM-aMa.
jE3I1K: OBPA,UA MOP<DOJIOfI1JE I1 CI1HTAKCE I1 JE3W:-IKA KOMYHI1KAIJ,I1JA 285
2To He 3Ha"l!M p;a je jep;HaKa cppeKBeHI:i;MjM HOMMHaTMBa CMHryJiapa aKO je y IIMTaI-hy MMeHm:.i;a. <Dpe1rnem:i;11ja
o.n;pep;HMu;e jep;HaKa je cyMM cppeKBeHu;Mja CBMX o6JIMKa p;aTe pe"<Ill, )'Klhy-qyjynH M HOMMHaTMB rnmyJiapa.
286 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfl1JA
t (ms) F
rrecMa
rrecMa
••..,H-
••..,H- rrecMe
rrecMH
aJIKa
-iiilill!IM-lf-+- am<a
--!IM-lf-+- am<y
-iiilill!IM-lf-+- am<e
3
TioIIITO je eKcrrepHMeHT pa})eH Ha eHrJiecKOM je3MKy, KOHTpacT1rpaHe cy pe'IM TMIIa do-ing (HmlmeKCMOHM
cyq:mKc) M str-ing (rrceyp;ocyq:mKc).
JE3I1K: OEPA)J;A MOP<POJIOfI1JE I1 CI1HTAKCE I1 JE3WIKA KOMYHI1KAU:I1JA 287
& Forster, 1975). IToIIITO Mop;eJI HHTerparrHHX je;ri;HHm:i;a HHje 6Ho y CTal:hY ;i:i;a rrpy:am
3a)J;OBOJbaBajyne peIIIel:he OBHX rrpo6JieMa, BpeMeHOM 6HBa HaIIYIIITeH H 3aMel:heH He-
IIITO CJIO)KeHHjHM MO)J;eJIHMa KOjH rrpeTIIOCTaBJbajy paIIIqJial:haBal:he MOpcpoJIOIIIKH
CJIO)KeHHX pecm Ha OCHOBY H acpHKC.
Mogell geKOMU03UUiuje. - CBaKaKo Hajyrm:i;ajHHjH Mop;eJI o6pa;i:i;e MopcpoJIOIIIKH CJIO)Ke-
HHX peqH je Mogell geKOMU03UUiUje KOjH cy cpep;HHOM ce;ri;aM;ri;eceTHX fO)J;HHa rrpOIIIJIOf
BeKa rrpeAJIO)KHJIH MapKyc TacpT H KeHeT <DopcTep (Taft & Forster, 1975; 1976; Taft,
1979, 1981, 1994). 0Baj MO)J;eJI je y BeJIHKOj MepH o;i:i;pe;ri;Ho OIIIIITH CMep HCTpa)KHBal:ha
KOfHHTHBHe o6pa;i:i;e MopcpoJIOrHje, a y CBojoj eBO.r.ryIJ;HjH je HeKOJIHKO IIYTa 6Ho MO)J;H-
cpHKOBaH. OcHOBHa H;ri;eja Mo;ri;eJia je ;i:i;a ce rrpHJIHKOM o6pa;i:i;e MopcpoJIOIIIKH CJIO)KeHe
peqH pacTaBJbajy Ha ocHoBy H acpHKC, rrorne qera rne;ri;H rrpeTpara y 3ace6HHM ;ri;eJio-
BHMa MeHTaJIHOf JieKCHKOHa y KOjHMa cy ycKJia)J;HIIITeHe OBe KOMIIOHeHTe. BpeMe rrpe-
Tpare je y cpyttKIJ;HjH cppeKBeHu;Hje, rra he cppeKBeHTHHje OCHOBe H acpHKCH 6HTH 6p)Ke
rrpoHal)eHH o;i:i; Mal:he cppeKBeHTHHX. YKoJIHKO je;ri;aH o;i:i; KOHCTHTyeHaTa HHje rrpoHal)eH,
HH3 ce o;i:i;6au;Hje Kao rrcey;i:i;opeq, A.Ko cy ocHoBa H acpHKC rrpoHal)eHH, o6aBJba ce HaK-
Ha;ri;Ha rrpoBepa BaJbaHOCTH I:hHXOBe KOM6HHau;Hje H TeK rroIIITO ce YTBPAH ;i:i;a je KOM6H-
Hau;Hja BaJbaHa, rrpHKa3aHH HH3 ce H)J;eHTHcpHKyje Kao peq ;ri;aTor je3HKa (CJIHKa 4).
A l3 rrpMKa3aHM HM3
.n;eKOMIIOHOBalhe HM3a
F F t
JieKCM'IKa rrpeTpara
IIOCTJieKCM'IKa
eBa;ryau;11ja
ClluKa 4. - 06paga pe11u 6e3 a<fmKca (A) u o6paga pe11u ca a<fmKCOM (E) uo
Mogelly geK0Muo3u11uje Ta<fiaza u <l>opcazepa (Taft & Forster, 1975)
4 Ha rrp11Mep, HM30BH sa-cua6aillu 11 sa-illlly<fmillu npe.n;crnBJbajy ncey;ri;opeq11, np11 '!eMy ce HM3 sacua6aillu
cacTOjM op; ncey;ri;onpec}mKca 11 peanHe ornoBe, (rnaroJI cua6a-illu).
288 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
OBOf HaJia3a ayropH 3aKJbyqyjy ,n;a ITpeqmKC H OCHOBa HMajy ITOCe6aH KOfHHTHBHH CTa-
Tyc, Tj. ,n;a cy ycKJia,n;HnJTeHH Kao 3ace6He MeMoprrjcKe je,n;HHHn;e. CTaTyc ITpeqmKca Kao
3ace6He je,n;1rnrrn;e ayroprr reHeparr¥rnyjy Ha me aqmKce. ,II;o,n;aTHH apry¥eHT y ITpHJior
MO,n;eey ,n;eKOMIT03HII;Hje ITOTHqe H3 HCTpmKHBaFba y KojeM je BaprrpaHa <]:>peKBeHn;Hja
OCHOBe peqrr. TioKa3aHO je ,n;a ce o6JIHII;H peqrr KOjH cy yje,n;HaqeHH ITO <]:>peKBeHn;HjH HH-
qmeKCHOHOf cy<]:>rrKca aJIH ce pa3JIHKyjy ITO <]:>peKBeHn;HjH OCHOBe, o6pal)yjy pa3JIHqHTOM
6p3HHOM: peqrr qrrja je <]:>peKBeHn;rrja ornoBe Bmna o6pal)yjy ce 6p)I{e. I1cTO Ba)I{H H 3a
<]:>peKBeHn;rrjy cy<]:>rrKca: JKOJIHKO je OCHOBa yje,n;HaqeHa ITO <]:>peKBeHn;HjH, o6JIHK KOjH
HMa cppeKBeHTHHjH cy<]:>HKC 6rrne o6pal)eH 6p)I{e (Taft, 1979). 5 J13 OBaKBOf HaJia3a
Ta<]:>T 3aKJbyqyje ,n;a je ITPH o6pa,n;H Mop<]:>oJIOIIIKH cJio)KeHHX peqrr KOrHHTHBHH CHCTeM
oceTJbHB Ha <]:>peKBeHn;Hjy OCHOBe, IIITO yrrynyje Ha 3aKJbyqaK ,n;a je OHa ITpe,n;cTaBJbeHa
Kao 3ace6Ha je,n;HHHn;a y MeHTaJIHOM JieKCHKOHy.
Mo,n;eJI ,n;eKOMIT03HII;Hje yrreIIIHO o6jaIIIFhaBa Harra3e ,n;o6rrjeHe Ha peqrrMa Koje
ca,n;p)I{e ITpe<]:>rrKce H ,n;ep1rnan;rr0He cy<]:>imce y je3HII;HMa Kojrr ce He o,n;JIHKyjy pa3BHje-
HOM HH<]:>JieKCHOHOM Mop<]:>oJiorHjOM. Mel)yTHM, OBaj MO,IJ;eJI HHje y CTaFhy ,n;a o6jaCHH
Harra3e ,n;o6rrjeHe y HcTpa)I{HBaFhHMa Koja cy pal)eHa Ha je3HII;HMa ca pa3BHjeHoM HH-
<]:>JieKCHOHOM Mop<]:>oJiorrrjoM. Harra3H HCTpa)I{HBaFba y cpITCKO~M je3HKy, Ha ITPHMep,
He JKa3yjy Ha TO ,n;a ce ITPH o6pa,n;H peqrr c HH<]:>JieKCHOHHM cy<]:>HKCOM HH3 pa3,n;Ba-
ja Ha OCHOBY H a<]:>HKC. I1cTO TaKO, ITOKa3aHo je ,n;a BaprrpaFbe BpeMeHa o6pa,n;e ucille
ITpoMeHJbHBe peqrr y pa3JIHqHTHM rpaMaTHqKHM o6JIHII;HMa (Tj. ca pa3JIHqJITHM HH-
<]:>JieKCHOHHM cy<]:>MKCOM) HHje Moryne ITpe,n;BH,IJ;eTII Ha OCHOBY <]:>peI<BeHn;Hje cy<]:>HKCa,
O,Il;HOCHO <]:>peKBeHn;Hje o6JIHKa yttyrap ,n;aTe ITapa,n;HrMe (HITp. ,n;eKJIHHan;rrje HJIH KOH-
jyran;rrje) /Kostic, 1991, 1995, 2004; Kostic & Havelka, 2003/.
KpajeM ocaM,n;eceTHX ro,n;HHa ITpoIIIJior BeKa Mo,n;eJI HHTerparrHHX je,n;HHHn;a 6rrBa
HaITYIIITeH, a Mel)y HCTpa)I{HBaqrrMa 6rrBa ITPHXBaneH CTaB ,n;a Ha o6pa,n;y Mop<]:>oJIOIIIKH
CJIO)KeHHX peqrr yrrrqy TPH qrrHrron;a: <fipeKBeHUiUja ogpegHUUie (base frequency), <fipeKBeH-
UiUja ornoBe (stem frequency) H <fipeKBeHUiuja o6JLuKa (surface frequency). <DpeKBeHn;rrja
o,n;pe;n;Hrrn;e ITpe,n;cTaBJba cyMy <]:>peKBeHn;rrja o6JIHKa ,n;aTe o,n;pe,n;Hrrn;e. TaKo 6rr, Ha ITpH-
Mep, y eHrJieCKOM je3HKY <]:>peKBeHn;Hja o,n;pe,n;HHIJ;e to think 6HJia je,n;HaKa cyMH <]:>peK-
BeHn;Hja FbeHHX o6JIHKa (HITp. F to think= F think+ F thinks+ F thought+ F thinking).
<DpeKBeHn;Hja OCHOBe je,n;HaKa je cyMH <]:>peKBeHn;Hja o,n;pe,n;HHII;a CBHX peqrr Koje Mory
,n;a ce H3Be,n;y H3 ,n;aTe ornoBe (HITp. F think= F think+ F thinker+ F freethinker HT,n;.),
,Il;OK ce <]:>peKBeHn;Hja o6JIHKa O,Il;HOCH Ha ITOje,n;HHaqHH ofornK ,n;aTe o,n;pe,n;HHn;e (HITp.
thinking) !cf. Whaley, 1978; Taft, 1979; Cole, Beauvillain & Segui, 1989; Baayen, Dijkstra
& Schreuder, 1997I. TiprrMeTHMO ,n;a je Ha oBaj Haqm1 ,n;oHeKJie peJiaTHBH30BaH 3ax:TeB
3a ,n;eKOMITOHOBaFbeM HH3a Ha ocHoBy H a<]:>rrKc. YMecTo ITpeTITOCTaBKe o 3ace6HHM pe-
ITpe3eHrnn;rrjaMa OCHOBe H a<]:>HKCa, e<]:>eKTe KOjH ITPOHCTJiqy H3 FbHXOBe <]:>peKBeHn;Hje
Moryne je o6jarnHTH KYMYJiaTHBHHM ,n;ejcTBOM <]:>peKBeHn;rrja OBHX KOMIToHeHaTa ytty-
Tap HCTOf HepaIIIqJiaFbeHOf HH3a. 0Bo, Mel)yTHM, HHje OITIIITe ITPHXBaneHO MHIIIJbeFbe
Mel)y HCTpa)I{HBaqrrMa OBe o6JiaCTH (cf. Taft, 2004).
5 Ha rrprrMep, y eHrJieCKOM jesm<y peq seeming o6pai)yje ce 6p)I<e o,IJ, peqrr mending, rrmm oBe ,IJ,Be peqrr
rrMajy rrcTy cppeKBer-ni;rrjy. PasJior 6p)I{oj o6pa,IJ,rr pe'-rn seeming je Taj IllTO je ornoBa seem cppeKBeHTHrrja
O,IJ, OCHOBe mend. IlprrMeTHMO ,IJ,a je OBaj HaJia3 6rro ll je,IJ,aH O,IJ, OCHOBHHX apryMeHaTa rrpoTHB MO,IJ,eJia
llHTerpaJIHHX je,IJ,HHHI.J;a.
JE3HK: OBPA,I(A MOP<POJIOfI1JE I1 CHHTAKCE I1 JE3W-IKA KOMYHHKAUHJA 289
peqemm;y: Y11-eHu Jbygu 11-uf11ajy 3aHuMlbuae K1-bufe. Je,n;aH o,n; Haqrrna ,n;a npe,n;cTaBJIMO OBY
peqeHMIJ;y je ,n;a je npJIKruKeMO Kao JIJIHeapHJI HJI3 eJieMeHaTa (BJI,D;JI npJIMep ).
1. P=> MC+ re
MC re
ITpaBMJIOM 1 peqeHJID;Y Kojy CMO y3eJIJI 3a npJIMep no,I:i;eJIMJIJI CMO Ha ,n;Ba ,I:i;eJia (y11-e-
HU Jbygu + 11-Uf11ajy ge6e!le K1-bufe). Y rne,I:i;eneM KopaKy JEO,I:i;JIMO HOBO npaBMJIO no KojeM ce
rJiaroJicKa CJIHTarMa cacTOjJI o,n; rJiaroJia (f) JI JIMeHJiqHe CJIHTarMe (MC) /npaBMJIO 2/.
~re
He
2. fC=> f +MC
~
r HC
Cne,n;ene npaBMJIO ce O,I:i;HOCJI Ha JIMeHJiqHy CMHTarMy (MC) Kojy MO)l{eMo ,n;a paIII-
qJiaHJIMo Ha npJI,I:i;eB (IT) JI JIMeHJiu;y (M) /npaBMJIO 3/.
~re
He
3. MC=> I1 + M
~~
IIHr HC
~
n H
6 Y M3BOpHoj JIMTepaTypM KOpMcTe ce TepMMHM noun phrase M verb phrase (NP MVP).
296 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOD1JA
~
He re
4. I1=> (lby,n:H, KlhHre)
5. II=> (yqeHM, saHHMJbHBe)
~~
IIHf HC
6. f=> ('rnTajy)
~
II 11
7. I1C=> 3 + I1
HJIM, a1<0 611cMo yseJIM peqeHHn;y Y utKOllU 11umajy 3aHuMlbuae Kl-bufe, YBeJIM 611cMo rrpaBHJIO
no KOjeM ce HMeHMqHa CHHTarMa cacTOjM o,n: rrpe)JJ.Iora (IIP) H MMeHMn;e (I1) rrpaBHJIO 8
MT.IJ:.
8. I1C=> IIP + I1
Ha oBaj HaqHH MO)KeMo ,n:a orrmneMo CTPYKTYPY 6HJio Koje peqeHMn;e H jacHo
Ha3HaqHMO XHjepapXHjcKe O.IJ:HOCe lheHMX KOHCTHTyeHaTa.
7
TpaHccpopMaIJ;I10Ha rpaMaTHKa II03HaTa je 11 rro,r:i; Ha3HBOM 'teHepafilUBHa tpaMafiluKa (generative grammar)
I1JII1 'teHepaiuuBHo-mpaHcifjopMat~uoHa tpaMafiluKa.
JE3I1K: OBPA,!J,A MOPcDOJIOrMJE I1 CI1HTAKCE I1 JE3I1qKA KOMYHI1KAIJ,I1JA 297
Y3Ml1MO 3a rrp11Mep peqeH11u;y MwiaH BOllU BeCHy. Y rrac11BHOM 06JI11Ky oBa peqeH11u;a
mam BeCHa je BOlbeHa og MullaHa. llouITo je cTpJKTypa OBIIX peqeH11r.:t;a pa3JI11q11Ta, ,n;o-
6uneMo ,n;Ba pa3JI11q11Ta crn6Jia, l1aKo cy y rr11Talhy peqemru;e c l1CTl1M 3HaqelheM. YKpaT-
Ko, rpaMaTl1Ka cppa3HI1X CTPJKTypa Hl1je y CTalhy ,n;a IIOKa)l(e ,n;a l1CTO 3Haqelhe MO)l(e ,n;a
ce l13pa3l1 Ha Bl1Uie pa3Jil1ql1TI1X Haq11Ha. ,IJ,a 611 rrpeBa3l1IIIao OBe He,IJ;OCTaTKe, qOMCKl1
JBO,Il;l1 ,n;11cTl1HKr.:t;11jy l13Mel)y uoBpmuHcKe l1 gy6uHcKe CTPJKType peqeH11u;e. l10BpIII11HcKa
CTPYKTYPa je cTpJKrypa peaJil130BaHe peqeH11u;e (Hrrp. MuJtaH BOllU BeCHy.), ,n;oK je ,n;y611H-
cKa cTpJKTypa rrporro311u;110Hor KapaKTepa l1 ca,n;p)l(l1 peJiar.:t;11je Koje Mory Ha pa3JI11q11Te
Haq11He ,n;a ce peaJil13yjy Ha Hl1BOY IIOBp11Il1HCKe CTpJKrype. llp11MeTl1MO ,n;a y rnyqajy aK-
Tl1BHI1X l1 rrac11BHl1X peqeH11r.:t;a l1MaMo je,n;Hy ,n;y611HcKy CTPJKTYPY Koja je peaJI113oBaHa
,n;BeMa rroBpIIIl1HCKl1M cTpJKrypaMa.
YBol)elheM pa3Jil1Ke l13Me))y ,n;y611HcKe l1 rroBpIIIl1HCKe cTpJKType qoMcK11 oTBapa
HaqeJIHY MoryfiHOCT ,n;a pa3JI11q11Te rrpoII03l1r.:t;l1je 6y,n;y l13pa)l(eHe l1CTOM IIOBp11Il1HCKOM
CTPJKTYPOM, o,n;HOCHO ,n;a l1CTa rrporro311u;nja 6y,n;e peaJIM30BaHa pa3JinqnTl1M rroBpIIIMH-
CKMM cTpJKTypaMa. l111ralhe je, Me))yrnM, Ha Koj11 Haq11H ce l1CTa ,n;y611HcKa cTpJKTypa
peaJI113yje y OKBnpy pa3JI11qnTIIX rroBpIIIMHCKl1X cTpJKTypa, l1 ,n;a JIM je M3 reHep11caHor
cTa6Jia yoq)bMBO rropeKJio pa3Jil1Ka y rroBpIIIMHCKl1M CTPJKTypaMa. ,IJ,a 611 peIII110 OBaj
rrpo6JieM, qOMCKl1 M3Me))y ,n;y611HCKe n rroBpIIIMHCKe CTPJKType JEO,n;11111paHcifjopMa71uje
Koje ce rrp11Melhyjy Ha ocHoBy jaCHo ,n;ecp11HncaHIIX 111paHcifjopMa71uoHux apaBulla Koj11Ma
je ncTy ,n;y6nHcKy cTpJKTYPY Moryne peaJI113oBaTn Ha pa3JI11qnTe Haq11He. llpnMeHa Tpac-
cpopMau;noHor rrpaBMJia rrocrnje ,n;eo cTa6Jia KojnM ce orrncyje reHep11calhe rroBpIII11HcKe
CTPJKType, IIITO 3Haqn ,n;a y OKB11py CTa6Jia OCTaje Tpar 0 TpaHccpopMar.:t;nj11. T11Me je
OMoryneHO ,n;a MCTa rrpOII03I1r.:t;l1ja, Tj. O,Il;HOCI1 Ha Hl1BOY ,n;y6nHCKe CTPJKType, 6y,n;e pe-
aJil130BaHa y 06JI11Ky pa3JinqnTIIX rroBpIIIl1HCKIIX cTpJKTypa (Hrrp. aKTMBHa n rrac11BHa
peqeH11r.:t;a, yrr11THa peqeH11r.:t;a, peqeHnu;a ca Herau;njoM MT,n;.) ca jacHo Ha3HaqeHOM ,n;epn-
Bau;110HoM ncTOp11joM Koja je yoqJbnBa y CTPJKTYPl1 cTa6Jia.
lloqeTHa Bep3nja TpaHccpopMar.:t;110He rpaMaTnKe ,Il;O)l(MBeJia je 3HaqajHe Mo,n;11cpn-
Kau;11je (cf. Chomsky, 1981, 1995). 11,n;eja o ,n;y6nHcKoj CTPJKTYPM BpeMeHOM je MapmHa-
Jil130BaHa, aKo He H HarryIIITeHa, a IIOTieTHa ,Il;MXOTOMMja l13Me))y CMHTaKce I1 ceMaHTMKe
je y BeJI11Koj Mepn peJiaTMBM30BaHa. YrrpaBo je oBa ,IJ;IIXOTOMMja 6MJia n je,n;aH o,n; Hajn3a-
30BHl1jIIX acrrer<aTa Teopnje qoMcKor. OcHOBHe rrpeTrrocrnBKe IheroBe Teop11je yrrynyjy
Ha TO ,n;a je CMHTaKCa cpyttKr.:t;MOHaJIHO 3ace6aH ,Il;OMeH je3l1Ka l1 ,n;a Hl1je y l1HTepaKr.:t;l1jM c
ocTaJil1M acrreKTl1Ma je311Ka, a Hapoq11To He ca 3HaqelheM. 0Bo je HaBeJio HeKe ayrope
,n;a pa3Bnjy 11,n;ejy 0 ay1110HOMHOC111U CUH111aKce, q11je je ayropcTBO qOMCKl1 eKCIIJII1r.:t;l1THO
Her11pao (cf. Stemmer, 1999). 11,n;eja o ayroHOMHOCTM c11HTaKce nHcrr11pncane, B11,n;eneMo,
BeJil1KI1 6poj eMrr11p11jCKI1X l1CTpa)l(11Balha, a IIOCTane l1 OKOCHl1r.:t;a pa3JII1KOBalha ,IJ;Be rpy-
rre MO,IJ;eJia Kojn MMajy 3a r.:t;MJb ,n;a OIIl1IIIY KOfHMTMBHe MexaHI13Me o,n;roBopHe 3a o6pa,n;y
Cl1HTaKcnqKJ1X acrrer<aTa peqeH11u;e.
llpncTyrr KOjl1 pa3BMja qOMCKl1 l1Mao je, Kao IIITO CMO peKJil1, M3y3eTaH yrnu;aj
Ha Jil1HrBl1CT11qKa, aJIM l1 Ha rrcnxoJil1HrBl1CTMqKa ncTpa)KMBalha. l1aKo qOMCKM Hnje
eKCIIJil1r.:t;I1THO TBp,n;110 ,n;a je IhefOB OIIMC Cl1HTaKcnqKl1X CTpyr<Typa Moryne reHepa-
Jil130BaTI1 l1 Ha KOrHMTMBHM rrJiaH, rrpncTyrr je 6no l13y3eTHO rroro,n;aH 3a pa3JinqnTe
eKcrrep11MeHTaJIHe MaH11rryJiar.:t;nje. Ben rroqeTKOM IIIe3,n;eceT11x ro,n;11Ha rrpoIIIJior BeKa
rroqnlhy I1HTeH3l1BHa eMrr11pnjCKa I1CTpa)l(l1Balha Koja MMajy 3a r.:t;MJb ,n;a JTBp,n;e KOfHI1-
TI1BHl1 cTaTyc CMHTaKcnqK11x cTpJKTypa y OKB11pnMa Koje je rrpe,n;JIO)l(MO qOMCKl1.
298 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJI0fl1JA
KorHHTHBHHCTaTy-CCHHTaKcHqKJIXCTPYKTYPa
.,
a)'TOHOMHM MO,D;eJIM MHTepaKTMBHM MO,ll;eJIM
(,D;Bocpa3HH) (je,n;HocpasHrr)
... ~
I "
CMHTaKca 1. Q_Ja3a CMHTaKca
+
ceMaHTMKa
2. <jla3a
AyTOHOMHM Mo,n;eJIM rroJia3e o,n; rrpeTrrocTaBKe ,n;a y rroqeTHMM cpa3aMa o6pa,n;e rrap-
cep KOpMCTM MCKJhYLJ:MBO CHHTaKCHqKy MHcpopMau;Mjy ,n;a 6M CTBOpMO perrpe3eHTau;Mjy
8 TepMHH uapcep KopncTn ce n y ncTpa)I<HBa:fbHMa Koja HMajy 3a IJ;llJb aYToMaTcKy (paqyHapcKy) o6pa.n;y
TeKCTa ll O.D;HOCH ce Ha rrporpaM 3a MOp~OJIOIIIKY aHaJIH3Y pe-rn ll CllHTaKCll'IKY aHaJIH3Y peqem1:u;e.
JE3I1K: OBPA.)J:A MOP<DOJIOfI1JE I1 CI1HTAKCE I1 JE3J1qKA KOMYHI1KAUI1JA 299
pe11eHl1'1He CTpyi<Type, ,IJ;OK ITO l1HTepaKTl1BHl1M MO,IJ;eJillMa y paHoj cpa3l1 yTHu;aj l1Majy l1
p;pyr11 'll1Hl10II;l1, Kao lllTO je, Ha ITpllMep, 3Ha1'.JeJ:De. Jep;Hocpa3Hl1 Mop;eJill cy ITO ITpaBHJIY
l1HTepaKTl1BHl1, Tj. ITOJia3e op; ITpeTITOCTaBKe p;a y ITO'leTHllM cpa3aMa o6pap;e l1 Cl1HTaKCl111Ka
11ceMaHTl111Ka11HcpopMau;11ja yqecTByjy y cTBapaH>y peITpe3eHrnu;11je pe11eH11u;e.
3a pasn11Ky op; jep;Hocpa3HHX, p;BocpasH11 Mop;en11 ITpemocTaBJbajy p;a je ITpBa cpasa
YBeK 3acHOBaHa Ha 06pap;11 c11HTaKc1111Ke 11HcpopMau;11je, p;oK ce ceMaHT1111Ka 11HcpopMau;11-
ja KOpl1CTl1 TeK y p;pyroj cpa3l1 o6pap;e, lllTO 3Ha'll1 p;a cy eKBl1BaJieHTHl1 ayTOHOMHllM MO-
p;eJI11Ma. I1p11MeTl1MO p;a aYTOHOMHll MO,IJ;eJill cap;p)Ke ITpeTITOCTaBKY 0 aYTOHOMHOCTll CllH-
TaKCe jep ce o6pap;a CHHTaKCH'lKe 11HcpopMau;11je op;B11ja y 3ace6Hoj ¢as1111 He3aBl1CHa je op;
JTllu;aja ocTan11x 1111HHJiau;a Koj11 611 Morn11 p;a Y™'lY Ha pa3yMeBaJ:De 11 o6pap;y pe11eH11u;e.
PaHa ucmpaJ1CuBa1-ba KofHUUlUBHe o6page petJ,eHuiw - 3aMax y 11cTpa)K11BaJ:D11Ma je311Ka
p;o Kojer je ,IJ;OlllJIO ITojaBOM TpaHccpopMau;110He rpaMaT11Ke H11je 6110 orpaH1111eH Ha Jil1H-
fBl1CTl11'.JKa 11cTpa)K11BaH>a 11 cpopManHy ITpoBepy Teop11je, Beli je TpaHccpopMau;110Ha rpa-
MaT11Ka ITo6yp;HJia llHTepecoBaJ:De 11 Me~y eKcITep11MeHTaJIHl1M ITCHXOJil1HrBl1CTl1Ma. Kao
lllTO CMO ITOMeHyJI11, pa3JI0f OBOMe Tpe6a Tpa)Kl1Tl1 l1 y 'll1H>eHl1II;l1 p;a cy OCHOBHe 11,z:i;eje
TpaHccpopMau;110He rpaMaT11Ke 113y3eTHO ITorop;He sa eKcITep11MeHaTantty MaH11rrynau;11jy.
BpaTllMO ce Ha TpeHyTaK Ha ITOCTaBKY TpaHccpopMau;110He rpaMaT11Ke ITO Kojoj
CBaKa pe11eH11u;a 11Ma p;Ba acITeKTa ,z:i;y611HcKy 11 ITOBplllllHCKY CTPYKTYPY· ,II,y611HcKa
CTpyi<Typa je ITpOIT03l1II;l10HOf TllITa, ,IJ;OK je ITOBplllllHCKa CTpyi<Typa je3l111Ka pean11-
3au;11ja O,IJ;HOCa y p;y611HCKOj CTpyi<Typll, ITPll qeMy llCTa p;y611HCKa CTpyi<Typa MO)Ke p;a
ce pean113yje y OKB11py pasn111111THX IT0Bplll11HcK11x cTpyi<TJPa. TaKo, Ha ITp11Mep, 11cTy
penau;11jy y ,z:i;y611HcKoj cTpyi<Typ11 MO)KeMo 113pa3l1Tl1 y 06n11Ky aKTllBHe 11 ITaCHBHe
pe11eH11u;e, an11 11 y o6nm<y yrr11THe pe11eH11u;e HJill pe11eH11u;e ca Herau;11joM, ITp11 11eMy
pa3Jil11ll1Te ITOBplllllHCKe CTpyi<Type l1Majy pa3Jil11ll1Te p;ep11Bau;110He l1CTOp11je (7-10).
(7) MwiaH BOJLU BeCHy.
( 8) BeCHa je BOlbeHa og M Ulla Ha.
( 9) M uJLaH He BOJLU BeCHy.
(10) JI;a JLU MuJLaH BOJLU BecHy?
ITpBa pe11eH11u;a (7) je aKTllBHa a¢11pMaTl1BHa pe11eH11u;a 11 J:DeHoM reHep11caH>y
HllCY ITpeTXO,IJ;HJie TpaHccpopMau;11je. 0BaKBe pe11eH11u;e Ha3l1BaMo OCHOBHUM o6JLUKOM
(kernel sentences). HacyrrpoT TOMe, y pe11eHHII;aMa 8, 9 11 10 11MaMo TpaHccpopMau;11je
Koje cy p;oBene p;o pa3n111111T11x ITOBpllll1HCKl1X cTpyKTypa (ITac11B11sau;11ja, Herau;11ja 11
ITpeTBapaH>e yyrr11THl106n11K). IToMeHyTe TpaHccpopMau;11je MO)KeMo p;a KoM611HyjeMo,
1111Me p;o611jaMo rnep;elie pe11eH11u;e (11 11 12).
( 11) BeCHa Huje BOlbeHa og MuJLaHa.
(12) JI;a JLU BeCHa Huje BolbeHa og MuJLaHa?
I1oBpllll1HCKa CTpyi<Typa pe11eH11u;e 11 y CBojoj p;ep11Bau;110Hoj l1CTOp11j11 cap;p)Kll
p;Be TpaHccpopMau;11je (ITaCHBl13au;11ja 11 Herau;11ja), p;oK pe11eH11u;a 12 cap;p)Kll Tp11 TpaHc-
¢opMau;11je (ITaCHBl13au;11ja, Herau;11ja 11 ITpeTBapaH>e y yrr11THl1 o6nm<). Ha oBaj Ha1111H
p;o611jaMO KOHTllHYYM CJIO)KeHOCTll pa3Jil11ll1Tl1X ITOBpllll1HCKl1X CTpyi<Typa KOjll je, Bl1-
,IJ;l1MO, op;pe~eH 6pojeM TpaHccpopMau;11ja: Beli11 6poj TpaHccpopMau;11ja y p;ep11Bau;110-
Hoj 11cTop11j11 p;aTe ITOBplllllHCKe cTpyi<Type 1111H11 cTpJKTYPY CJIO)KeH11joM. Mo)Ke ce
ITpeTITOCTaBl1Tl1 p;a OBa CJIO)KeHOCT Hllje caMo cpopMaJIHe ITp11pop;e, 113pa)KeHa 6pojeM
300 KOfHI1TI1BHA 11CI1XOJIOI'I1JA
rrpeTIIOCTaBKe ,II;a 6H TO MOfJia ,II;a 6y,II;e KJiay3a, ,II;aKJie, je,II;HHH:r.:t;a Be:lia O,II; CHHTarMe a
Mal:ha O,II; peqeHm.:t;e Koja je jacHo yo"l!JbHBa y crn6ny reHepHcaHoM rrpaBITJIHMa TpaHc-
cpopMa:r.:t;HoHe rpaMaTHKe. IIpoBepa oBe rrpeTrrocTaBKe H3Be,II;eHa je crre:r.:t;HcpH"l!HOM eKc-
rrepHMeHTaJIHOM TeXHHKOM II03HaTOM Kao apeMeutUlaJ-be ,,KllUKa" (click displacement).
TeXHHKa ce caCTojH y TOMe rnTo ce y ,II;HXOTH"l!Koj rrpe3eHTa:r.:t;HjH HCIIHTaHHI:t;MMa Ha
je,II;aH KaHaJI eMHTyje peqeHH:r.:t;a, ,Il;OK Ha ,II;pyroM KaHany y O,II;pel)eHOM TpeHJTKY qyjy
KpaTaK TOH (,,Kmm") /CJIHKa 6/.
E =·~ ; ~ :.· · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·: :· : 1· · · * I
9 Ha rrpHMep, Hoculla je memKo 6peMe. H Hoculla je mewKo Hanu y illuM upulluKaMa. ITpHMeTHMO ,n:a je y
rrpsoj pe'IeHHU:H pe'I HOCUlla rnaroJI (pa,n:HH rrpH,n:es), ,n:oK je y ,n:pyroj HMeHHu;a.
304 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
Pa3JIMqMTM acrreKTM je3MKa 0 KOjMMa CMO .n;o ca.n;a ,IJ;MCKYTOBaJIM MOfJIM 6M Hey-
rryneHOM qMTaon;y M3rJie.n;aTM arrcTpaKTHM M HeMHTYHTMBHM, a HeKM CJBMIIIe CJIO)KeHM
.n;a 6M 6HJIH JiaKo pasyMJhMBM. HeyrryneHM qMTarran;, a TO rnaKaKo HHje qMTarran; KojM je
CTMrao .n;o OBe CTpaHe KlhMre, BepoBaTHO HMje CJIYTMO .n;a je je3MK .n;o Te Mepe CJIO)KeH
M .n;a ra je Moryne OIIMCMBaTM M3 TOJIMKO pa3JIMqMTMX rrepcrreKTMBa. MO)I{,IJ;a 6M ce M3
.n;oca.n;arnI:her H3JiaraI:ha Morao cTenM M YTMCaK .n;a je HaJKa o jesMKY ycMepeHa Ha crre-
r:t;McpMqHe acrreKTe jesMqKor McrroJhaBaI:ha M .n;a rrornenyje TeK MaprMHa.JIHY rra)I{Tuy
qMJ:heHMr:t;H .n;a je je3MK cpe.n;cTBO KOMyttMKar:t;Mje, MaKO je OBa O,IJ;JIMKa yrrpaBO .n;eo .n;ecpM-
HMr:t;Mje jesMKa Kojy Hy.n;e JIMHfBMCTH. CBaKo.n;HeBHO caorrrnTaBaMo BeJIMKM 6poj HHcpop-
Mar:t;Mja, qyjeMO 3aHMMJhMBe (M He3aHMMJhMBe) CTBapM o.n; CBOjMX caroBOpHMKa, ca lhMMa
Heo6aBe3HO pasroBapaMo M os6MJhHO .IJ;MCKYTyjeMo. Hajsa.n;, jesMqKoM KOMyttMKar:t;MjoM
pernaBaMO CBaKO,IJ;HeBHe rrpaKTMqHe IIOTpe6e M OCTBapyjeMo MHTepaKr:t;Mjy c OKOJIMHOM.
Ms OBMX rrpHMepa HarnynyjeMo HOBY .IJ;MMeHsMjy jesMKa, a To je TueroBa KoMyHwwwuBHa
<j)yHK71uja, pearrM30BaHa y co71ujaJtHOM KOHUleKcwy KOjM rro.n;pasyMeBa pasJIHqMTe MHTep-
aKn;Hje M pa3JIMqMTe mmoe jesMqKor KOMyttMr:t;Mpalha. ITOIIITO CMO Ha CBMM HMBOMMa
jesMqKor MCIIOJhaBalha Koje CMO .n;o ca.n;a ,IJ;MCKYTOBaJIM yoqaBaJIM rrpaBHJIHOCTM, IIOCTaB-
Jha ce IIMTalhe IIOCTOje JIH rrpaBHJIHOCTM M y jesMqKoj KOMyttMKar:t;MjM. ,IJ;a JIM je Moryne
JE3I1K: OBPA,UA MOP<DOJ10fl1JE I1 CHHTAKCE I1 JE3WIKA KOMYHI1KAUI1JA 307
Ms OBMX rrpMMepa BM,II;MMO ,n;a IIOPYKY He rrpeHocMMO caMo OHMM IllTO Ka)l(eMo Ben
MHaqMHOM Ha KOjM Ka)l(eMO, rrpM qeMy ce FbeH CMMCao rrpeHOCM MeKcTpaJIMHfBMCTMqKMM
qMHMOIJ;MMa, Kao IllTO cy Mspas JIMu;a M recTMKyJiau;Mja. IToxBana MCKasaHa MpOHMqHMM
TOHOM MO)l(e MMaTM cyrrpoTHO SHaqeH>e, a orracKa MSfOBOpeHa ys o,n;pe))eHM MSpas
JIMu;a MO)l(e ,n;a yrrynyje Ha crreu;McpMqHM CMMcao. Ha CMMCao MCKasa YTMqe M KOHTeKCT.
AKo sa HeKora Ka)l(eMo ,n;a je 6Mo ,,pasopaH", MMCJienM rrpM TOM Ha H>eroBe 6opMJiaqKe
BelllTMHe, TO lie MMaTM IIOSMTMBHY KOHOTau;Mjy. AnM, aKo MCTH MCKas yrroTpe6MMO
)l(eJienM ,n;a OIIMIIleMO HeqMjM ,n;orrpMHOC aTMoccpepM Ha HeKoj sa6aBM, OH,II;a TaKBa I<Ba-
JIMcpMKau;Mja HeMa rrosMTMBHY KOHornu;Mjy. 3HaqeH>e MCKasa MO)l(e ,n;a 6y,n;e yrnoBJbeHo
M KYJITypoM. AKo BaM EHmes Ka)l(e ,,Nice weather, isn't it?", H>eroBa HaMepa HMje ,n;a ca
BaMa saMCTa ,II;MCKJTyje 0 BpeMeHy, HMTM ,n;a Tpa)l(M IIOTBp,n;y CBOf CTaBa. y IIMTaH>y je
308 KOfHMTMBHA llCMXOJIOfMJA
<f:>opMaJIHOCT KojoM ce rrorryrnaBa HerrpMjaTHa rrpasHMHa Koja, p;op;yrne, MO)Ke p;a ce Ha-
CTaBM p;McKycMjoM o BpeMeHy, a.JIM M ,IJ;aJbe ocrnje <f:>opMaJIHOCT. Hajsap;, rrocTOje M p;py-
lllTBeHe KOHBeHIJ;Mje y KOMJHMKau;MjM Koje MMajy sa IJ;MJh I136eraBaH:.e KOH<f:>poHTau;Mje
I1JII1 ,Il;MpeKTHO IIOCTaBJhaH:.e op;peljeHMX saxTeBa.
l1sy•rnBaa.eM pasJrnqMTMX o6m1Ka KOMyttm<au;Mje M cpep;craBa KOjMMa ce KopM-
CTMMO y KOMJHMKau;MjM 6aBM ce apalMafllu1w, Koja rrpe,Il;CTaBJha sace6Hy ,Il;MCIJ;MIIJIMHY
JIMHrBMCTMKe. Y OKBMPY rrparMaTMKe ,IJ;Ba acrreKTa jesMqKe KOMJHMKau;Mje cy op; rroce6-
Hor MHTepeca. IIpBI1 je HaqMH Ha KOjM ce y jesMqKoj KOMJHMKau;MjM rrpeBa3MJia3M 6YK-
BaJIHO 3Haqea.e, ,Il;OK je p;pyrM acrreKT Be3aH sa HaqMH Ha KOjM ce O,Il;BMja KOMJHMKau;Mja.
IjoH Cepll
HacTojeh11 p;a yTBpp;11 Jior11Ky IDl1XOBor pep;oCJiep;a 11 Haq11He rpyrrncaIDa y umpe u;e-
JI11He. ,I.l;pyr11 rrp11cTyrr, HasBaH aHanu3a KOHBep3a11uje (conversation analysis) HacTOj11 p;a
JTBpp;11 ocHOBHa opraH11sau;110Ha HaqeJia KOHBepsau;11je 6es HacTojaIDa p;a l1X 11Spas11
Kao cKyrr rrpaBHJia Koja 611 Moma p;a ce reHepaJI11syjy Ha CBe CJiyqajeBe KOHBepsau;11je.
Bes 06s11pa Ha TO p;a JI11 IIOCMaTpaMO l1S rrepcrreKTl1Be aHaJil1Se KOHBepsau;11je I1JI11
aHaJil1Se )J;11CKypca, OCHOBHa KapaKTep11CTl1Ka KOHBepsau;11je je U3MeHa pegoc;iega U3Jlafa-
1-ba p;Ba HJI11 Bl1IIIe roBopH11Ka. Yo611qajeH11 06JI11K pasroBopa cacToj11 ce y TO Me IIITO rrpBo
r0Bop11 jep;aH roBopH11K, saTl1M peq ys11Ma p;pyr11, p;a 611 IIOHOBO yseo peq rrpB11 rOBOpH11K
HJI11 MO)l(p;a Tpetm, JKOJI11KO y pasroBopy yqecrnyjy B11IIIe op; p;Be oco6e. ToKoM l1SJiaraIDa
Moryhe cy 11Bep6aJIHe11 HeBep6arrHe peaKu;11je caroBopH11Ka (Hrrp. KJil1MaIDe maBoM HJI11
KOMeHrnp11 T11rra xM HJI11 ga). HsMeHa pep;oCJiep;a y KOHBepsau;11j11 yCJIOBJbeHa je cou;11jaJI-
Hl1M KOHTeKCTOM. ,I.l;11HaM11Ka l1SMeHe pep;oCJiep;a y Heo6aBeSHOM pasroBopy rrp11jaTeJba
y pecTopaHy, Ha rrp11Mep, 611he .ri;pyraq11ja op; p;11HaM11Ke pep;oCJiep;a Ha rrocJIOBHl1M ca-
cTaHu;11Ma I1JI11 CeM11Hap11Ma. y saBl1CHOCTl1 op; KOHTeKCTa saB11c11he 11 CTerreH rrpeKJia-
rraIDa (11cT0BpeMeHor roBopeIDa) p;Ba roBopH11Ka. HecpopMaJIHl1 06JI11u;11 KOHBepsau;11je
CBaKaKO )J;OSBOJbaBajy Ben11 CTerreH rrpeKJiaIIaIDa, aJil1 rro HeKl1M l1CTpa)l(l1BaID11Ma OHO He
rrpeJias11 5% JKyrIHor TpajaIDa KOHBepsau;11je (Ervin-Tripp, 1979).
KaKo sHaMo Kap;a je HaIII caroBopH11K saBpIII110 M11cao, op;HOCHO Kap;a MO)l(e p;a p;ol)e
p;o rrpoMeHe pep;oCJiep;a roBopH11Ka? Ha op;pel)11BaH>e TpettyTKa Kap;a p;oJias11 p;o l1SMeHe
rOBOpH11Ka yqecTByje Bl1IIIe q11HHJiau;a, Kao IIITO cy ceMaHT11qK11 11 Cl1HTaKc11qK11, aJil1
rroce6aH SHaqaj l1Ma rrposop;11jcK11 cpaKTop (Sacks, Schegloff & Jefferson, 1974). Tiposo-
p;11ja, aJil111 peJiaTl1BHO saoKpy)l(eH cap;p)l(aj cerMeHTa l1SJiaraIDa rrpep;cTaBJbajy l1H.JJ;l1Ka-
Tope KOjl1M rOBOpH11K OSHaqaBa Kpaj CBOr l1SJiaraIDa, aJil1 l1CTOBpeMeHO rrpep;CTaBJbajy
11 SHaK .ri;pyroM roBopH11Ky p;a MO)l(e p;a ysMe peq. Tiopep; OB11x q11HHJiau;a 11spas JI11u;a 11
recToB11 TaKol)e Mory p;a IIOCJIY)l(e Kao l1H.JJ;l1KaTop11 sa rrpoMeHy pep;oCJiep;a roBopH11Ka.
0Bl1 l1H)J;l1KaTop11 cy, Mel)JT11M, op; MaIDer SHaqaja jep ce KOHBepsau;11ja y TeJiecpoHCKOM
pasroBopy, Ha rrp11Mep, ycrreIIIHo op;B11ja 11 6es H>l1X. HsBecHo je p;a cMo y KOHBepsau;11j11
l1SyseTHO oceTJbl1Bl1 Ha OBe l1H)J;l1KaTope jep ce OHa y Benl1Hl1 CJiyqajeBa Op;B11ja maTKO, ca
Herrp11MeTHl1M rrpeJiaSl1Ma op; jep;Hor Ka p;pyroM rOBOpH11Ky, ca jaCHl1M HasHaKaMa Kap;a
jep;aH roBopH11K SaBpIIIaBa CBOje l1SJiaraIDe 11 Kap;a p;aje MorynHOCT .ri;pyroM rOBOpH11KY
p;a ysMe peq. HaKO CMeH>l1BaIDe rOBOpH11Ka 11 rrp11pop;aH TOK KOHBepsau;11je yrryhyjy Ha
TO p;a IIOCTOje op;pel)eHe pecTp11Ku;11je 11 l1H)J;l1KaTOp11 Koj11 o6es6el)yjy ycrreIIIHY KOMY-
Hl1Kau;11jy, op; KOj11x CMO HeKe HaBeJil1, sa cap;a joIII yBeK HeMaMO lhl1XOB Cl1CTeMaTCKl1
orr11c 11 jacaH JBl1.JJ; y H>l1XOBY l1HTepaKu;11jy c eKcTpaJI11Hrn11cT11qK11M q11H11ou;11Ma.
PE3HME
sttaqajtte o,n;.rry:Ke Koje Mory 6nTM Bmrre rum Malbe pau;nomurne n orrpaB,n;aHe. Y OBHM
aKTMBHOCTMMa aHraMOBaHM cy He caMo CJIO)KeHM KOrHMTHBHM rrpou;ecn Ben M II03Ha-
Balbe qnfbeHnu;a, BepoBaTHohe ,n;oral)aja, SHalba o o,n;HocnMa Koje rrpou;elbyjeMo MT,n;.
Arrn, rnra je o,n; OBMX aKTMBHOCTM cyl)elbe a rnTa saKJDyqnBaibe? ,II;a JIM cy Harne rrpou;e-
He yje,n;HO M cy,n;oBM M ,n;a JIM cy Hamn 3aKJbY"lJIJ;M 3aCHOBaHM Ha cy,n;oBMMa?
AKo 6n HaM y je,n;HocTaBHOM rrcnxocpnsnqKoM eKcrrepnMeHTY 6MJia nsJioMeHa
,n;Ba TOHa pasJinqnTe BMCMHe, a o,n; Hae ce 3axTeBaJIO ,n;a o,n;pe,n;HMO KOjM je TOH BHIIlM,
Harn o,n;roBop 6no 6n sacHoBaH Ha IbMXOBoj cpnsnqKoj pasJinu;n Ha ocHoBy Koje 6n-
CMO ,n;oHeJIM cy,n; 0 TOMe KOjM je TOH BMIIlH. YKOJIMKO 6n Hae HeKO yrrnrao ,n;a JIM je
MCKa3 ,,MMJiaHO je rpa,n;." MCTMHMT, OCJIOHMJIM 6MCMO ce Ha II03HaBalbe ca,n;pMaja cy-
6jeKTa M rrpe,n;nKaTa MCKa3a M qnfbeHnu;y ,n;a je MCKa3 ,n;aT y acpnpMaTMBHOM o6JinKy.
06a rrpnMepa MJIYCTpyjy rrpou;ec cybe1-ba, rrpn qeMy cMo y rrpBoM rnyqajy ,n;oHeJIM cy,n;
0 BMCMHM TOHa a y ,n;pyroM 0 MCTMHOCHOj Bpe,n;HOCTM MCKa3a. IIpnMeTMMO ,n;a je y o6a
rnyqaja cy,n;, Kao ncxo,n; rrpou;eca cyl)elba, ,n;oHeT Ha ocHoBy HeaocpegHo gatllof n ,n;a ce
O,II;HOCM Ha HeaocpegHo gatllo, 6MJIO ,n;a cy y IIMTalby ,n;Ba TOHa, MCKa3 MJIM HeKM ,n;pyrn
o6JIMK oHora o qeMy ,n;oHOCMMO cy,n;. HacyrrpoT TOMe, rrpou;ec saKJbY"lJMBalba n;o,n;pasy-
MeBa u3aobe1-be UMUllUKa4uja Ha ocHoBy qnlbeHnu;a KojnMa pacrroJiaMeMo, o,n;HOCHO
rrpou;ec y KojeM ce Ha ocHoBy rrosHaTor ,n;oJiasn ,n;o yBn,n;a o HeqeMy rnTo Hnje rrosHaTo,
aJIM rne,n;n ns rrosHaTor. YsMHMO rne,n;ehn rrpnMep. Harn rrpnjaTeJb je saBprnno cTy-
,n;nje rrcnxoJiornje. Ha rrpBoj ro,n;MHM cTy,n;nja cTaTHCTMKa je je,n;aH o,n; o6aBe3HMX rrpe-
,n;MeTa KOjM CBM cTy,n;eHTH MOpajy ,n;a IIOJIO)Ke ,n;a 6n yrrncaJIM Hape,n;Hy ro,n;MHY CTy,n;nja.
Ha ocHoBy qnfbeHnu;e ,n;a je Harn rrpnjaTeJb ,n;nrrJioMnpaHM rrcnxoJior n qnfbeHnu;e ,n;a
je CTaTMCTMKa o6aBesaH rrpe,n;MeT Ha rrpBoj ro,n;MHM cTy,n;nja, saKJbyqyjeMo ,n;a je Harn
rrpnjaTeJb IIOJIO)KMO OBaj HCIIHT, naKO HaM TO HMje eKCIIJIMIJ;MTHO peqeHo. Ifa HaBe,n;e-
HMX o,n;pel)elba cyl)elba n saKJbY"lJMBalba BM,II;HMO ,n;a je apo4e1-bUBa1-be BesaHo sa rrpou;ec
cyl)elba a He rrpou;ec saKJbY"lJMBalba. CTporo yseBrnn, Hamn saKJbyqu;n Hncy sacHoBa-
HM Ha rrpou;elbMBalb y Ben cy nsBe,n;eHn ns rro,n;aTaKa KojnMa pacrroJiaMeMo, rrpn qeMy
rroys,n;aHOCT MJIH TaqHocT rro,n;aTaKa MO)I{e 6nTM rrpe,n;MeT rrpou;eHe.
y cyl)elby M 3aKJbY"lJMBalby IIOHeKa,n; rpernHMO. I1Majyhn TO y BM,n;y, MOMeMO ce
yrrnTaTM s6or qera rpernMMO M ,n;a JIM IIOCToje CMCTeMaTCKM qnHMOIJ;M KOjM yTnqy Ha TO
,n;a Hamn cy,n;oBM n saKJbyqu;n Hncy YBeK ncrrpaBHM. Y HajrnnpeM cMnCJiy, ,n;oHornelbe
cy,n;a n rrpou;ec saKJbY"lJMBalba rro,n; yTnu;ajeM cy ,n;Ba qnHnou;a. Je,n;aH ce o,n;Hocn Ha apu-
pogy aogatllaKa Ha KOjMMa 3aCHMBaMO rnoje cy,n;oBe MJIM Ha OCHOBY Kojnx M3BO,Il;MMO
3aKJbyqKe. ,II;pyrn qnHMJiau; rrpOHCTMqe M3 Ha1iUHa Ha KOjM ,II;OHOCMMO cy,n; M M3BO,Il;MMO
saKJbyqaK. PasMoTpHMO ,n;eTaJbHMje OBa ,n;Ba qnHnou;a.
I1HcpopMau;nje Koje rrpnMaMo ns cpe,n;nHe n Ha ocHoBy Kojnx ,n;oHOCMMO cy,n;
Mory 6MTM HerroTrrytte MJIM HejacHe. y TaKBMM rnyqajeBMMa Hamn cy,n;oBM IIOCTajy He-
rroys,n;aHM, a MOMe ,n;a ,n;ol)e n ,n;o rpernKe y cyl)elb y. BpaTMMO ce rrpnMepy ca ,n;oHornelbeM
cy,n;a 0 BMCHHa ,n;Ba TOHa. AKO je pa3JIMKa y BMCMHM BeoMa nspaMeHa, cy,n; 0 TOMe KOjM
je TOH BMIIlH ,n;oHeneMo 6es Behnx TernKoha. Mel)yrnM, yKOJIMKO je pasJIMKa MaJia,
raqHnje, YKOJIMKO ce HaJiasn OKO Bpe,n;HOCTM ,n;ncpepeHu;MjaJIHor rrpara, cyl)elbe he 6nTM
oTe)KaHo n y HeKMM rnyqajeBMMa heMo ,n;oHeTn rrorpernaH cy,n;. CJinqHe rrpnMepe HaJia-
3HMo n Ka,n;a je peq o saKJDyqnBalby. 0Ho, BM,n;eheMo, MOMe 6nTM yrnoBJbeHo rrpnpo,n;oM
rro,n;aTai<a, aJIM H HaqnHoM Ha Kojn cy HaM rrpe,n;oqeHM. Ha rrpnMep, aKo cy HaM rro,n;a-
u;n Ha ocHoBy Kojnx M3BO,n;MMO saKJbyqaK ,n;aTn y cpopMaJIHOM (arrcTpaKTHOM) o6JinKy,
CYl)EI-bE, 3AKJbYqJ1BAI-bE J1 ,IJ;OHOllIEI-bE O,UJIYKA 319
saKJbyq1rna1De lie 6MTM Malhe ycrrenrno Hero aKo cy HaM ,n;aTM y o6JIMKY KojM o,n;pa)KaBa
KOHKpeTHe CMTyau;Mje Koje CBaKO,II;HeBHO cpeneMO.
Ha cyl)e1De M saKJbyqMBalhe Y™1IY M orrepaTMBHe KapaKTepMCTMKe KOrHMTMBHor CM-
cTeMa. Kao lliTO rrepu;errTMBHM cMcTeM HMjeMp;eaJiaH ,,perMcTpaTop" eHepreTCKMXBapMpalha,
TaKO M KOrHMTMBHM CMCTeM qecTO O,Il;CTyrra O,Il; M,D;eJiaHMX o6JIMKa cyl)elha M 3aKJbJ'IMBalha.
TaKo, Ha rrpMMep, cyp;oBM sacHoBaHM Ha rrpou;eHaMa BeJIMqMHe He cToje y JIMHeapHoM op;-
Hocy ca peaJIHMM BeJIMqMHaMa. Cyl)elhe je y BeJIMKoj MepM ycJIOBJbeHo M rrpMpop;oM sHalha
Koje je ycKJia,D;MlliTeHO y AyrOTpajHoj MeMOpMjM. Tiornep;Mu;a TOra je ,D;a ce y HaqeJIHO MCTMM
sap;au;MMa p;o6Mjajy pa3JIMqMTM pesyJITaTM y saBMCHOCTM O,Il; 3HaqeJhCKOr KOHTeKCTa y KojeM
ce O,Il;BMja cyl)elhe. CJIMqHe YTMu;aje cpeneMo M Kap;a je peq o saKJbyqMBalhy. BeJIMKM 6poj
MCTpa)KMBalha, 0 KOjMMa lie 6MTM peqM y OBOM rrornaBJby, JKasyje Ha TO p;a IlOCTOje rrpecpe-
peHu;Mje Ka op;pel)eHMM o6JIMIJ;MMa saKJbyqMBalha M saHeMapMBalhe p;pyrHX o6JIMKa KojM cy
Hy)KaH ycJioB p;a 6M saKJbyqaK 6Mo McrrpaBaH.
Tiopep; Tora lliTO ,Il;OHOCMMO cyp;oBe M saKJbyqyjeMO, CBaKO,II;HeBHO ,Il;OHOCMMO M
pasJIMqMTe O,D;JIJKe. 0He cy HecyMIDMBO sacHoBaHe M Ha cyl)elhy M Ha saKJbY'fMBalhy,
aJIM ,D;OHOllielhe OAJIYKa MMa crreu;McpMqHoCTM Koje ce He Mory o6jacHMTM caMo OBMM
rrpou;ecMMa. Ha KojM HaqMH ,D;OHOCMMO O,II;JIYKe M KOjMM CMO rrpMHIJ;MITMMa pyKoBol)eHM
rrpHJIMKOM lhMXOBor ,n;0Hollie1Da? ,IJ,a JIM cy OHe yBeK pau;MoHaJIHe M Ha ocHoBy KOjMx
KpMTepMjyMa op;pel)yjeMo IDMXOBY pau;MoHaJIHocT? Hajsap;, p;a JIM cy o,n;JIJKe Koje ,n;o-
HOCMMO yBeK p;ocJiep;He M rrpep;BM,Il;JbMBe HJIM Ha IDMXOBO p;oHollielhe Y™qY pasJIMqMTM
qMHMOIJ;M KOjM Mory rro,n; MCTMM ycJIOBMMa p;a ,n;oBe,n;y ,Il;O ,n;MjaMeTpaJIHO cyrrpoTHMX
O,II;JIYKa? 0Bo cy caMO HeKa o,n; IlMTalha KOja ce Mory IlOCTaBMTM y Be3M ca HaqMHOM Ha
KOjM ,Il;OHOCMMO O,D;JIYKe. AKO 6MCMO )KeJieJIM ,n;a ,n;aMo KpaTaK O,D;rOBOp OH 6M He,D;BO-
CMMCJieHO yKasao Ha TO p;a Hallie o,n;JiyKe qecTo O,Il;CTyrrajy o,n; KpMTepMjyMa pau;MOHaJI-
HOr O,Il;JiyqMBalha. 0He cy HepeTKO IlO,Il; YTMu;ajeM HaqMHa Ha KOjM cy HaM rrpep;oqeHe
MorynHOCTM 0 KOjMMa Tpe6a ,n;a ,Il;OHeceMO 0,Il;JIJKY> HaqMHa Ha KOjM je IlOCTaBJbeHO IlM-
Talhe y OKBMPY Kojer Tpe6a ,n;a o,n;JiyqyjeMo M MHornx ,n;pyrnx qMHHJiau;a. Ms oBor KpaT-
Kor rrpMKasa BM,Il;MMO ,n;a je o,n;JiyqMBalhe MsyseTHO cJio)KeH rrpou;ec, y KojeM yqecTByje
BeJIMKM 6poj qMHHJiau;a KojM Mory ,n;a Y™qY Ha Hallie O,Il;JIY'fMBalhe.
0Bo rrornaBJbe rroqMJheMo rrpMKasoM McTpa)KMBalha rrpou;eca cyl)elha o pasJIM-
qMTMM BpCTaMa O,Il;HOCa, 6HJIO p;a je peq 0 0,II;HOCMMa cpMsMqKMX BeJIMqMHa lIJIM 3Ha-
qelf>CKMX pa3JIMKa. Y ,II;aJbeM pa3MaTpalhy rrpou;eca cyl)elha Ila)KIDY heMO ycMepMTM Ha
BepMcpMKOBalhe MCKasa, O,II;HOCHO Ha rrpou;ece KOjM yqecTByjy y ,Il;OHOllielhy cyp;a 0 TO Me
p;a JIM je MCKa3 MCTMHMT. Tipo6JieMe BesaHe sa ,Il;OHOllielhe saKJbyqaKa pa3MOTpMneMO
M3 ,n;Be rrepcrreKTMBe. Jep;Ha, rrpoMcTeKJia M3 JIOrMKe, yrrynyje Hae Ha rrpaBHJia McrrpaB-
Hor saKJbY'fMBalha, ,D;OK Hae ,n;pyra yBo,D;M y Haqirn Ha KojM CBaKO,n;HeBHO saKJbyqyjeMo.
TiolliTO cy,n;oBe M saKJbyqKe qecTo ,n;oHOCMMO y yrnoBMMa y KOjMMa HeMaMo rroTrrytte
MHcpopMau;Mje Ha OCHOBY KOjMX MO)KeMO ,n;a M3Be,D;eMO rroysp;aH cy,n; M saKJbyqaK, p;eo
OBOr rrornaBJba lie 6MTM IlOCBeneH pa3JIMqMTMM xeypMCTMKaMa, Tj. HaqMHMMa Ha Koje
,Il;OHOCMMO cy,n;oBe JI 3aKJbyqKe y CHTyau;MjaMa Bene lIJIM Malhe HeM3BeCHOCTM. y IlOCJie,n;-
JheM p;eJiy OBOr IlOrJiaBJba rra)Klf> y heMO IlOCBeTMTH ,Il;OHOllielhy 0,Il;JIJKa M qMHMOIJ;MMa
KojM YTMqy Ha O,Il;JiyqMBalhe.
320 KOrHI1TJ1BHA IICMXOJIOrMJA
Y )'BO,IJ;HOM ,n;eny oBor rromaBJba cy])elhe cMo o,n;pe,n;mrn Kao rrpou;ec ,n;oHornelha
cy,n;a o Herrocpe,n;Ho ,n;aToM, 6HJio ,n;a cy y IIMTalhy <j_)M3WIKM CTMMYJIYCM, 6HJio ,n;a je y rrM-
Tafhy TBp,n;lha IDIM HeKM ,n;pyrII o6JIIIK oHora o 'IeMy ,n;oHoCMMO cy,n;. O,n;pe])yjynM cy])eH:>e
Kao rrpou;ec, MMaJIM CMO y BM,n;y KOrHMTMBHe orrepau;Mje Koje CToje y OCHOBM ,IJ;OHOIIlelha
cy,n;a. flocMaTpaHo M3 rrepcrreKTMBe KorHMTMBHe rrcMXOJIOrMje, cy])elhe je, p;ai(Jie, apo71ec
'IMjM je MCXO,IJ; cyg KOjII ce, Kao IllTO CMO peKJIM, O,IJ;HOCM Ha Herrocpe,n;HO ,n;aTO. MoMeMo
,IJ;OHeTM cy,n; 0 TOMe ,n;a JIM je HeI<a IIOBpIIlHHa CBeTJIMja op; HeKe ,n;pyre IIOBpIIlIIHe, ,n;a JIM
je HeKM TOH BMIIllI op; HeKor ,n;pyror TOHa, ,n;a JIM je HeKM o6jeKaT Te)KM op; HeKor ,n;pyror
o6jeKTa MT,n;. OcMM o ¢M3M'IKMM KapaKTepIICTMKaMa o6jeKaTa, MoMeMo ,n;oHeTM cy,n; o
TOMe ,n;a JIM je HeKM MCKa3 MCTMHMT IDIM He, ,n;a JIM je HeKO yMeTHM'IKO p;eJIO 6oJbe op;
HeKor ,n;pyror p;eJia MT,IJ;. ,UpyrIIM pe'IMMa, rrpe,n;MeT cy])elha MOMe 6MTM CBe IllTO Hae
oKpyMyje, yKJbyqyjynM II Rama JHYTparnlha cTalha.
Tipou;ec cy])elha Moryne je MCIIMTMBaTM rrpIIMeHOM pa3JIM'IMTMX eKcrrepIIMeH-
TaJIHMX IIOCTyrraKa. KojM neMO IIOCTyrraK rrpIIMeHMTM, 3aBMCMne O,IJ; IIpIIpop;e OHOra
0 'IeMy cy,n;MMO II U:MJba MCTpaMMBalha. Ha rrpIIMep, yr<OJIMKO MeJIIIMO ,n;a MCIIMTaMo
y Kojoj MepII ¢opMa MCKa3a JTM'Ie Ha ,IJ;OHOIIlelhe cy,n;a 0 TO Me ,n;a JIM je OH MCTMHMT'
rrpIIMeHMneMO 3ap;aTaK BepII<j_)MKau;Mje KOjM HaM ,IJ;03BOJbaBa ,n;a BapIIpaMO r<apaKTe-
pIICTMKe MCKa3a (Hrrp. ,n;a rrpIIKaMeMO MCKa3e y a<j_)MpMaTMBHOj IDIM HeraTMBHOj ¢op-
MM, ,n;a BapIIpaMo I(Jiacy Kojoj rrpIIrra,n;a rrpe,n;MKaT MCKa3a MT,n;.). Cyljelhe, Mel)YTMM,
HMje orpaHM'IeHO Ha BepII<j_)MKOBalhe MCKa3a, HMTM je OBaj o6JIMK ,IJ;OHOIIlelha cy,n;oBa
,IJ;OMMHaHTaH, jep y HajBeneM 6pojy rnyqajeBa ,IJ;OHOCMMO cy,n;oBe 0 O,IJ;HOCMMa KOjM
HMcy II3paMeHM Bep6aJIHO. YKOJIMKO MeJIIIMO ,n;a MCIIMTaMO OBaKBe o6JIIIKe cyljelha,
rrpIIMe1rnneMo TeXHMKe, Kao rnTo cy 3a,n;aTaK KaTeropII3au;Mje, 3ap;aTaK rropeljelha, cKa-
Jie rrpou;eHe MT,IJ;.
Cyljelhe je rro,n;JIOJKHO YTMu;ajy BeJIMKor 6poja 'IMHIDiau;a Koje, Kao rnTo cMo rro-
MeHyJIM y yBo,n;HOM ,n;eny, MOMeMo rro,n;eJIMTM y p;Be rpyrre. Je,n;Ha rpyrra Be3aHa je 3a rrpII-
po,n;y MaTepIIjaJia 0 KojeM ,IJ;OHOCMMO cy,n;, ,IJ;OK je ,n;pyra ycJIOBJbeHa crreu;M<j_)M'IHOCTMMa
caMor rrpou;eca cyljelha. Y oBoj ,n;McKyrnjM orpaHM'IMneMo ce Ha ,n;pyry rpyrry 'IMHIDiau;a,
Tj. crreu;II<j_)M'IHOCTM rrpou;eca cyljelha Koje rrpoIICTM'IY M3 orrepaTMBHMX KapaKTepII-
CTMKa KOrHMTMBHOr CMCTeMa. Pa3MaTpalhe rrpou;eca cyl)elha IIO'IMI-heMO rrpIIKa30M
MCTpaMMBalha y KojMMa je MCIIMTaHo cyl)elhe o o,n;HOCMMa y OKBMPY aHaJIOrHMX II
CMM60JIM'IKMX rrpe,n;cTaBa. floce6Ho IIOTIIOrJiaBJbe 6Mne IIOCBeneHo BepII¢m<0Balhy
MCKa3a, Tj. ,IJ;OHOIIlelhy cy,n;oBa 0 lhlIXOBOj MCTMHOCHOj Bpe,n;HOCTM. Cyljelhe 0 cpII3M'IKMM
KapaKTepIICTMKaMa CTMMynyca rrpe,n;MeT je IICMXO<j_)M3MKe II 0 lheMy Rene 6MTM pe'IM y
OBOM rromaBJby.
p;Ba TOHa pa3JIMqJITe BHCirne, KOHCTaTyjytrn .n;a je 1hHXOBO pa3JIHKOBa1he OTeEaHo YKO-
JIHKO je pa3JIHKa y BHCHHH 6JIH3Y .n;mpepemi;rrjaJIHOr rrpara, O,ll;HOCHO .n;a je OJiaKIIIaHO
YKOJIHKO je pasJIHKa rrspaEeHrrja. 0Baj <PeHoMeH rrosHaT je rro.n; Ha3HBOM e<Jje1mut gu-
cUlaH71e (distance effect) HJIH e<jjeKaUl gucKpuMuHa6wmocutu (discriminability effect).
I1peIJ;H3Ha <PopMyJiau;rrja OBOr e<PeKTa rnarn: JKOJIHKO je pa3JIHKa (p;HCTaHu;a) H3Mel)y
,n;Ba CTHMyeyca KOjH ce rrope.n;e Bena, O,ll;JIYKa ( cy.n;) 0 TO Me .n;a cy CTHMYJIYCH pa3JIHqHTH
,n;oHorn ce 6pEe (Woodworth & Schlosberg, 1954). E<PeKaT .n;rrcTaHIJ;e, ,n;eMoHcTprrpaH
y rrcrrxo<PrrsrrqKHM eKcrreprrMeHTHMa, Hrrje orpaHrrqeH Ha pasJIHKOBa1he <PrrsrrqKrrx
CTHMyeyca. OH ce MaHrr<PecTyje H Ha HHBOY c11M60Jia, TaqHrrje, y MeHTaJIHHM MaHrrrry-
Jiau;rrjaMa crrM6oJirrMa. 36or Tora ce oBa BapnjaHTa e<PeKTa .n;rrcTaHu;e Has:v.rna e<JjeKaUl
cuM6ollU1.JKe gucUlaH71e (symbolic distance effect). 3a pasJIHKY o.n; e<PeKTa .n;rrcTaHu;e .n;o-
6rrjeHor y rrcrrxo<PrrsrrqKHM HCIIHTHBa1hHMa y KOjHMa OIIaEa:fhe rrpe,n;CTaBJba OCHO-
BY sa ,n;oHOille:fhe cy.n;a, e<PeKaT crrM6oJirrqKe .n;rrcTaHu;e sacHoBaH je Ha rrpe,n;cTaBaMa
ycKJiap;HIIITeHHM y .n;yroTpajHoj MeMoprrjrr.
E<PeKaT crrM6oJirrqKe .n;rrcTaHu;e CMO ,n;eJIHMHqHo pasMoTpHJIH y rreToM rrornaBJDY
.n;rrcKyryjynrr rrcTpaEHBa:fha MeHTaJIHe BrrsyaJirrsau;rrje. IToMeHyJirr CMO Ta,n;a HaJiase Ko-
CJIHHa H capa,n;HHKa KOjH cy IIOKa3aJIH .n;a ca IIOBena:fheM ,ll;HCTaHu;e H3Mel)y p;Be TaqKe Ha
saMHIIIJbeHoM ocTpBy paCTe BpeMe rrpeJiaCKa rrs je,n;He raqKe y .n;pyry, Kao H HaJiase ITarr-
Brrja KOjH rroKasyjy .n;a je BpeMe pearoBa:fha saBHCHO o.n; BeJirrqrrHe yrJia Kojrr saKJiarrajy
Ka3aJDKe Ha qacoBHHIJ;HMa (Kosslyn, Ball & Reiser, 1978; Paivio, 1978). 11 ,n;oK cy HaJiasrr
KocJIHHa H ITarrBrrja rrpnMeprr crrM60JIHqKe .n;rrcTaHu;e y aKTHBHoj rrpeTpasrr aHaJiorHHX
rrpe.n;craBa, HaJiasrr Mojepa, Koje cMo TaKol)e rrpm{a3aJIH y rreToM rrornaBJDy, yKasyjy Ha TO
.n;a je oBaj e<PeKaT rrprrcyraH rr y rnyqajeBHMa je,n;HocTaBHOr rropel)e1ha BemrqrrHa. AKo ce
HCIIHTaHHIJ;HMa rrpm<aEy p;Be peqrr Koje 03HaqaBajy )l{HBOTH1he, BpeMe ,ll;OHOille:fha o.n;ey-
Ke o ToMe Koja je EHBOTH1ha Bena 6rrne Kpane YKOJIHKo je pasJIHKa y BeJirrqrrHH EMBOTH1ha
Bena (Moyer, 1973). ITprrMeTHMO .n;a oB,n;e Hrrje peq o .n;rrpeKTHoj rrpou;eHH BeJirrqrrHa, Ben
o rrpo11,eHH sarnoBaHoj Ha rropel)e1hy aHaJIOrHHX rrpe.n;craBa.
PasMaTpa1he e<PeKaTa CHM60JIHqKe .n;rrcTaHu;e y rreToM rrornaBJDY HMaJIO je sa
IJ;HJb .n;a HJIYCTpyje MorynHOCTH aKTHBHOr rrpeTpaEHBa:fha aHaJIOrHHX rrpe,n;cTaBa ( orne-
,ll;H KoCJIHHa H ITarrBrrja) H .n;a JKaEe Ha TO .n;a cy aHaJIOrHe rrpe.n;craBe CKaJirrpaHe rrpeMa
BeJIHqHHH o6jeKaTa Koje rrpe,n;cTaBJDajy (orne.n; Mojepa). 0Baj e<Pe1<aT je, Mel)yrrrM, sa-
HHMJDHB Hy KOHTeKCTY rrp01i;eca cyl)e1ha. y orne.n;y Mojepa, Ha rrpHMep, op; HCIIHTaHHKa
ce TpaEH .n;a ,n;oHece cy.n; o BeJirrqrrHH ,n;Ba o6jeKrn, rrprr qeMy BpeMe OAJIYI<e (,n;oHOII1e1he
cy.n;a) KopecrroH,n;rrpa ca pasJIHKOM y BeJIHqHHH saMHIIIJDeHHX o6jeKaTa. Ha oBaj HaqrrH
Mojep je ,n;eMOHCTprrpao e<PeKaT rnM6oJirrqKe .n;rrcTaHu;e: yKoJIHKO je pasJIHKa H3Mel)y
rrpou;e:fhHBaHHX o6jeKaTa Bena, BpeMe rroTpe6Ho .n;a ce ,n;oHece cy.n; o BeJirrqrrHH je Kpane.
0,n;HOC H3Mel)y BpeMeHa ,ll;OHOille:fha cy.n;a H pa3JIHKe y BeJIHqHHH o6jeKaTa 0 KOjHMa ce
,n;oHocrr cy.n; Hrrje, Kao IIITO 6rr ce oqeKHBaJIO, JIHHeapaH. HarrMe, 6psrrHa ,n;oHOille:fha
cy.n;a He saBHCH caMO op; pa3JIHKa y BeJIHqHHH Ben H op; Toray KojeM .n;eey CHM60JIHqKor
KOHTHHyyMa ce BplllH rropel)e:fhe. YKOJIHKO cy pa3JIHKe H3Mel)y o6jeKaTa BeJIHKe, BpeMe
pearoBa:fha lie 6rrTH Kpane, aJIH lie pasJirrKe y BpeMeHy pearoBa:fha y TOM .n;eey KOHTH-
HyyMa 6rrTH MaJie. HacyrrpoT TOMe, JKOJIHKO cy pasJIHKe Mel)y o6jeKTHMa MaJie npeMe
pearoBa:fha lie 6HTH .n;y)Ke, aJIH lie peJiaTHBHO MaJIH rrprrpaII1raj y pasJIHIJ;H BeJirrqm-rn
,n;oBecTH .n;o yoqJbHBor cKpane:fha BpeMeHa pearona1ha ( cJIHKa 1).
E<PeKaT rrprrKasaH Ha rnrru;rr 1 MOEeMo HJiycTpoBaTH CJie,n;enrrM rrprrMepoM.
HcrrrrTaHHIJ;HMa ce rrprrKa)lq ,n;Be peqrr Koje osHaqaBajy EHBOTH:fhe a 1hHXOB sa,n;aTaK je,
322 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJI0fl1JA
Kao y ome.n;y Mojepa, .n;a o.n;roBope Koja je )KHBOTHIDa Bena. YKoJIHKO 6ncMo rrpnKa3aJIH
rrapoBe J1Cupacf>a: Ma11Ka H aac: Ma11Ka, BpeMe pearoBa:H>a 6HJio 6n Kpane sa nap J1Cupacf>a:
Ma11Ka jep je pa3JIHKa y BeJinqnHH )l{HBOTHiha Bena. To je, yHajrpy6JbHM u;pTaMa, ecpeKaT
cnM6oJIWIKe .n;ncTaHI.J;e. Me})JTHM, yKoJIHKO 6ncMo rrpnKa3aJIH n rrapoBe aac: BeBepuUia
n J1Cupacf>a : BeBepuUia pasJIHKa y BpeMeHy pearoBalha H3Mel)y rrapoBa aac : Ma11Ka H
aac: BeBepuUia 6HJia 6n Bena (JieBn .n;eo cpyttKu;nje Ha rnnu;n 1) Hero M3Mel)y rrapoBa
J1Cupacf>a : Ma11Ka H J1Cupacf>a : BeBepuUia (.n;ernn .n;eo cpyttKu;nje Ha CJIHIJ;H 1). ,IJ;pyrnM
peqnMa, ecpeKaT cnM60JIHqKe .n;ncTaHu;e MaHncpecTyje ce Kao HeJIHHepaHo Bapnpalhe
BpeMeHa pearoBalha (,n;OHOilleFba cy.n;a) y 3aBHCHOCTH o.n; pa3JIHKe y rrpou;eFhHBaHHM
BeJIHqHHaMa aHaJIOrHHX rrpe,n;cTaBa.
BEPM<I>HKOBAIDE MCKA3A
IToMeHyJIH CMO ,n;a rrpe,n;MeT cyi)eH>a MO)Ke 6HTH H TO ,n;a JIM je HeKH HCKa3 HCTH-
HHT. 3a pa3JIHKY o,n; OCTaJIHX c.rryqajeBa cyi)eH>a, HCTHHHTOCT HCKa3a HHje rrpe,n;MeT HH-
TepecoBaH>a caMO KOrHHTHBHe IlCHXOJIOrHje Ben H JIOrHKe, H TO OHOr ,n;eJia JIOrHKe KOjH
ce 6aBH cy,n;oBHMa. l1 ,Il;OK je KOrHHTHBHa IlCHXOJIOrHja rrpBeHCTBeHo 3aHHTepecoBaHa
3a rrpou;ece KOjHMa ,Il;OJia3HMO ,n;o cy,n;a 0 TOMe ,n;a JIM je HeKH HCKa3 HCTHFJ;HT HJIH HHje,
JIOrHKa ce 6aBH cy,n;oM Ha HelllTO ,n;pyral:rnjH Ha-ciHH. ITpe rnera, BaJha HamacHTH ,n;a
TepMHH ,,cy,n;" HMa pa3JIH"lJHTa 3Ha-cieH>a y KOrHHTHBHOj IlCHXOJIOrHjH H JIOrHu;H. y KO-
rHHTHBHOj IlCHXOJIOrHjH cy,n; je, BH,n;eJIH CMO, HCXO,II; rrpou;eca cyi)eH>a, ,Il;OK ce y JIOrHu;H
rrojaM ,,cy,n;" o,n;Horn Ha UlBpg1-by Kojy je Moryne BepmpHKOBaTH, Tj. 3a Kojy je Moryne
yTBp,n;HTH ,n;a JIM je HCTHHHTa. Cy,n; je Haj-cielllne ,n;aT y o6JIHKY HCKa3a (pe-cieHHu;e), aJIH
HHje CBaKH HCKa3 HCTOBpeMeHO H cy,n;. Y3MHMO rne,n;enH rrpHMep. l1cKa3 ,,KOJIHKO je
caTH?" CBaKaKO rrpe,n;cTaBJba rpaMaTH"llHY pe-cieHHIJ;Y cprrcKor je3HKa, aJIH ce OBaj HCKa3
He MO)Ke CMaTpaTH cy,n;oM. ,II;a 6H HCKa3 6Ho cy,n; y JIOrH"llKOM CMHCJiy, H>HMe MOpa HelllTO
,n;a ce UlBpgu HJIH aopu11.e (Hrrp. ,,PHM je rpa,n;.", ,,,II;yttaB HHje rrJiaHHHa.", ,,ITac MO)Ke
,n;a JieTH.", ,,Bo,n;oHHK HHje MHHepM." HT,n;.). CBaKH cy,n; je rro,n;JIO)KaH BepmpHKOBaH>y,
Tj. YTBPQHBaH>y ,n;a JIM je HCTHHHT. CBojcTBo cy,n;a ,n;a 6y,n;e HCTHHHT HJIH HeHCTHHHT
Jiorn-ciapH Ha3HBajy ucfUUHOCHOM BpegHoutfiy cy,n;a. CBaKH cy,n; HM<! o,n;pei)eHy CTPYKTY-
py Koja ce cacTOjH o,n; cy6jeKUla, Tj. oHora o -cieMy ce y cy,n;y TBp,n;H, apeguKaflla, KojH
ce O,Il;HOCH Ha OHO IllTa ce 0 cy6jeKTY TBp,n;H, H Koilylle, Koja ,Il;OBO,Il;H y Be3y cy6jeKaT H
rrpe,n;HKaT. Ha rrpHMep, y TBp,n;H>H ,,PHM je rpa,n;." PuM je cy6jeKaT, lpag je rrpe,n;HKaT a je
KorryJia. 1 Cy,n;oBH (TBp,n;H>e) Mory 6HTH ,n;aTH y aqmpMaTHBHOM H HeraTHBHOM o6JIHKY
H OBY KapaKTepHCTHKY Ha3HBaMo KBalluflleflloM cy,n;a.
y CBaKO,n;HeBHOj KOMJHHKau;HjH cpeneMO BeJIHKH 6poj TBp,Il;H>H (HCKa3a), 6HJIO
,n;a HX caMH H3roBapaMo HJIH ITHIIleMo, 6HJio ,n;a HX rrpHMaMo o,n; ,n;pyrHx. HeKH HCKa3H
cy HCTHHHTH (HJIH HX MM CMaTpaMO HCTHHHTHM), ,Il;OK HeKH HHCY HJIH je H>HXOBa HCTH-
HHTOCT rro,n; cyMH>OM. KaKO 3HaMO ,n;a JIM je HeKa TBp,n;H>a (HCKa3) HCTHHHTa? l1JIH, Ha
KOjH Ha"lJHM CMO ,Il;OHeJIH cy,n; 0 TOMe ,n;a je HCKa3 HCTHHHT HJIH HeHCTHHHT. AKO 6H HaM
HeKo peKao ,n;a je PHM peKa, oBaKBY TBp,n;H>y 6HcMo 6e3 BeJIHKor pa3MHII1JhaH>a o,n;6au;H-
JIH Kao HeHCTHHHTy, Kao IllTO 6HCMO rrpHXBaTHJIH Kao HCTHHHTY TBp,n;H>y ,n;a je ,Il;yttaB
peKa. Ha KOjHM rrpou;ecHMa H 3HaH>HMa je 3acHOBaHo Hallle rrpHXBaTaH>e, o,n;HocHo He-
rrpHXBaTaH>e HCKa3a Kao HCTHHHTHX? l13BeCHO je ,n;a je 3a rrpou;eHy HCTHHHTOCTH HCKa3a,
Tj. H>eroBe HCTHHOCHe Bpe,n;HOCTH, Heorrxo,n;HO 3HaH>e 0 eJieMeHTHMa KOjH "lJHHe HCKa3.
KojH cy TO eJieMeHTH? Y3MHMO HCKa3 ,,KoH> je rncap." ,II;a 6HcMo YTBPAHJIH ,n;a JIM je
HCKa3 HCTHHHT, HeOITXO,Il;HO je I103HaBaH>e ca,n;p)Kaja rrojMOBa K01-b H cucap H pa3yMe-
BaH>e 3Ha-cieH>a KorryJie je. ,II;pyrHM pe-ciHMa, rroTpe6Ho je 3HaH>e o eJieMeHTHMa HCKa3a,
aJIH H 0 Ha"lJHHY KOjHM 6HCMO HX ,Il;OBeJIH y O,Il;HOC KOjH 6H HaM OMorynHO ,n;a ,Il;OHeceMO
cy,n; 0 TOMe ,n;a JIM je HCKa3 HCTHHHT. l1CTHHOCHa Bpe,n;HOCT H KBaJIHTeT cy,n;a, Ha Ha"llHH
1
0BaKBO o,n:pel)eH>e cTp)'KType cy,n:a sacTyrrnjy rrpncTaJIHIJ;e TSB. apeguKal{UOHe Uleopuje cyga. Y Jiornu;11
rrocToje 11 ,n:pyre Teop11je (Hrrp. pe;rnu;noHa 11 ers11cTeHu;11ja1rna Teopnja) Koje Ha ,n:pyra'I11j11 Ha'IHH o,n:pel)yjy
ocHOBHY cTp)'KTYPY cy,n:a.
CY'l)EfbE, 3AKJbYqHBAfhE YI ,Il,OHOIIIEfhE O,Il,JIYKA 327
I1oMeHyJIH CMO ,r:i:a je SHaH:>e 0 ca,r:t;p)Kajy rrojMOBa KOjH 'IHHe HCKas Hy)KaH ycJIOB
sa H:>eroBo BepmpIIKOBaH:>e. I1oIIITO je sHaH:>e o rrojMoBIIMa, Tj. H>HXOBOM ca,r:t;p)Kajy,
ycKJia,r:t;HIIITeHo y ceMaHTH'IKOj MeMopIIjH, MO)KeMo rrpeTIIOCTaBHTH ,r:i:a opraHHsau;nja
OBOr MeMopnjcKor ,r:t;OMeHa 'IHHH OCHOBY sa ,r:t;OHOIIIeH:>e cy,r:i:a 0 HCTHHOCHOj Bpe,r:t;HO-
CTH IICKasa. PasMoTpIIMO ,r:i:eTaJbHIIje OBY rrpeTrrocTaBKy. OpraHnsau;nja rrojMoBa y
ceMaHTH'IKOj MeMOpIIjH je, BH,r:t;eJIH CMO, o,r:i:pel)eHa O,r:t;HOCOM Ha,r:i:pel)eHHX II rro,r:i:pel)eHHX
rrojMoBa, 6HJio ,r:i:a je pe11 o xnjepapxnjcKoj opraHnsau;njn, 6HJio ,r:i:a je pe11 o BesaMa Mel)y
rrojMOBIIMa Kojn Hncy xnjepapxnjcKII ycTpojeHII. Ha,r:i:pel)eHII rrojMOBII ce o,r:i:Hoce Ha
KJiacy (KaTeropnjy) Koja o6yxBaTa Benn HJIII MaH:>II 6poj rro,r:i:pel)eHIIX rrojMoBa. Besa
HSMel)y Ha,r:t;pel)eHHX II rro,r:i:pel)eHHX rrojMOBa HMa CTaTYC KorryJie (rrOMOhHH maroJije),
rrpn 11eMy rrpaBau; Bese n,r:i:e op: rro,r:i:pel)eHor Ka Ha,r:i:pel)eHOM rrojMy. Yo11IIMO aHaJiornjy
IISMel)y oBaKo cxBaneHe opraHHsau;nje rrojMoBa y ceMaHTH'IKoj MeMopnjn II cTpJKType
IICKasa (cy,r:i:a) 1<0jn ce cacTOjII o,r:i: cy6jeKTa, KorryJie II rrpe,r:i:nKaTa. YKOJIIIKO ce y OKBIIPY
ceMaHTII'IKe Mpe)Ke ,r:t;Ba rrojMa HaJiase y IICToj rryTaH>II, rro,r:i:pel)eHII rrojaM je aHaJioraH
cy6jeKTY IICKasa, Ha,r:i:pel)eHII rrojaM je aHaJioraH rrpe,r:i:11KaTy, ,r:i:oK je Besa IISMel)y ,r:t;Ba
rrojMa aHaJIOrHa KorryJIII. Ms oBora CJie,r:t;II ,r:i:a je sa YTBpl)nBaH:>e IICTIIHOCHe Bpe,r:t;HOCTH
aq:mpMaTHBHOr HCKasa HeOIIXO,r:t;Ha aKTHBa:u;nja rro,r:i:pel)eHor II Ha,r:t;pel)eHor rrojMa KOjH
ce HaJiase y IICToj rryTaH>II. CnTyau;nja je HeIIITO ,r:i:pyra11nja y c~ajy aqrnpMaTIIBHIIX
HeIICTHHHTHX HCKasa. y TaKBHM c~ajeBIIMa ce rro,r:i:pel)eHH II Ha,r:t;pel)eHH rrojaM, Tj. cy-
6jeI<aT II rrpe,r:t;IIKaT HCKasa, He HaJiase y HCTOj rryTaH>H ceMaHTH'IKe Mpe)Ke, Tj. HeIICTH-
HHTH HCKaSH, ,r:i:aTH y aqrnpMaTHBHOM o6JIIIKy, aHaJIOrHH cy CHTyau;IIjH y Kojoj HSMel)y
Ha,r:i:pel)eHor II rro,r:i:pel)eHor rrojMa He rrocTojn ,r:i:npeKTHa Besa. Y TaKBIIM c~ajeBIIMa
je aKmBau;nja rrojMa Kojn IIMa yJiory rrpe,r:t;IIKaTa CJia6nja jep je y,r:i:aJbeHOCT Mel)y rroj-
MOBIIMa Bena, IIITO SHa'IH p:a ne II BpeMe BepmpIIKOBaH:>a OBaKBHX HCKaSa 6IITH ,r:t;y)Ke. 3
YKOJIHKO je BpeMe IIOTpe6Ho sa ,r:t;OHOIIIeH:>e cy,r:i:a 0 TOMe ,r:i:a JIM je HeKH HCKas HCTHHHT
ycJIOBJbeHO opraHIISau;njoM rrojMOBa y ceMaHTH'IKOj MeMopIIjH, BepmpIIKOBaH:>e aqrnp-
MaTHBHHX HCTHHHTHX HCKasa Tpe6aJio 6n ,r:i:a 6y,r:i:e 6p)Ke op; BepmpIIKOBaH:>a aq:mpMa-
THBHHX HeHCTHHHTHX HCKasa.
0Ba rrpe,r:t;IIKII;Hja IIOTBpl)eHa je y BeJIHKOM 6pojy eMrrIIpIIjCKHX HCTpa)KIIBaH:>a, IIITO
roBopn y rrpHJior paHnje nsHeToj rrpeTrrocTaBu;II ,r:i:a je BepmpIIKOBaH:>e IICKasa yCJIOBJbe-
HO opraHIISau;IIOHHM II cpyttKII;HOHaJIHHM KapaKTepIICTIIKaMa ceMaHTH'IKe MeMopnje.
2 C ofonpoM Ha TO ,n:a ce y osaKBHM sa,n:a:u;nMa no rrpaBHJIY rrpnKasyjy ncKasn (peqem1:u;e) y ,n:aJDeM TeKcTy
heMo yMeCTO TepMHHa ,,TBp,n:H>a" KOpHCTHTH TepMHH ,,HCKas'', HMajyhn rrpn TOM y BHJJ:Y caMo OHe HCKa3e
Koje je Moryhe sepmpnKoBaTn, Tj. qnjy je HCTHHOCHY spe,n:HOCT Moryhe He,n:socMncJieHo YTBPJJ:HTH.
3
AnTepHaTHBHO o6jaIIIH>eH>e je p:a ce rrpeTpara y OKBnpy ,n:aTe rryTaH>e o,n:snja ,n:o Hcu;pIIJheH>a.
328 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
TiocTaBJha ce, Mel)yrMM, IIMTaH>e CTaTyca HeraTMBHHX MCKa3a. Ha KOjM Ha1IMH ,ll;OHOCMMO
cyp; 0 TOMe p;a JIM je HeraTMBaH I1CKa3 MCTMHMT? l13BeCHO je p;a je M BepMqmKOBaH>e He-
raTMBHMX MCKa3a 3aCHOBaHO Ha opraHM3an;MjM rrojMOBa y ceMaHTM1IKOj MeMOpMjM, aJIM
OBp;e HaHJia3MMO Ha 036HJhHe TeIIIKOne jep Be3a Mel)y rrojMOBMMa y ceMaHTM1IKOj MeMO-
pMjM He cap;p)l{M Heran;Mjy. 113oBe1IMH>eHMn;e rnep;M jacaH 3aKJhy-qaK. I1aKo opraHM3an;Mja
rrojMoBa y ceMaHTM1IKoj MeMopMjM MMa HecyMH>MB 3Haqaj y rrpou;ecy BepmpMKOBaH>a
MCKa3a, o6jaIIIH>eH>e Koje 6M 6HJIO 3aCHOBaHO MCKJhJ1IMBO Ha apxrrTeKTYPM OBOf MeMO-
pMjCKOf p;oMeHa He 6M Momo p;a o6yxBaTM BepmpMKOBaH>e CBHX cpopMM MCKa3a. CTora je
3a pasyMeBaH>e Ha1IMHa Ha KOjM ,ll;OHOCMMO cy,n; 0 TOMe p;a JIM je MCKa3 MCTMHMT Heorrxo-
,ll;HO JEO})eH>e p;op;aTHHX rrpou;eca KojM He cJiep;e M3 apxrrTeKType ceMaHTM1IKe MeMopMje,
HMTM ce Mory CBeCTM Ha rrpou;ece KOjM ce y H>Oj O,ll;BMjajy.
,II;a 6MCMO eMIIHpMjCKMyrBp,ll;HJIM Ha KOjM Haqmr ,ll;OHOCMMO cyp; 0 TOMe p;aJIM je HeKM
MCKa3 MCTMHMT, HeOIIXO,ll;HO je CMCTeMaTCKM BapMpaTM H>eroBe OCHOBHe KapaKTepMCTMKe,
a TO cyMCTMHOCHa Bpep;HOCT (MCTMHMT/HeMCTMHMT) M KBaJIMTeT (acpMpMaTMBaH/HeraTM-
BaH). CTaHp;app;HM eKcrrepMMeHTaJIHM IIOCTyrraK y OBaKBMM MCTpa)l{MBaH>MMa je 3ap;aTaK
BepMcpMKan;Mje. I1crrMTaHMIJ;MMa ce rrpMKa)l{e MCKa3, a op; H>MX ce 3axTeBa p;a op;roBope
p;a JIM je rrpMKa3aHM MCKa3 MCTMHMT. 3aBMCHe BapMja6Jie y OBaKBMMMCTpa)l{MBaH>MMa cy
BpeMe pearoBaH>a M rrpon;eHaT rpeIIIaI<a.
Wason & Jones, 1963; Gough, 1965, 1966; Slobin, 1966; Jones, 1966, 1968; Greene, 1970;
Just & Carpenter, 1971). Pa3y1ITanr OBHX HCTpam:HBaiba y:Ka3yjy Ha TO ,z:i;a rrpou;ec Be-
pmpHKOBaIDa HCKa3a HHje Moryne o6jacHHTH je,z:i;HOCTaBHOM rrpeTparoM (rum aKTHBa-
u;HjoM) rrpe,z:i;cTaBa y ceMaHTHqKoj MeMopHjH Ben ,z:i;a cy y IDera YKJbyqeHH crreu;m):mqHH
rrpou;ecH o,z:i;rOBOpHH 3a ,IJ;OHOIIIeIDe cy,z:i;a 0 TOMe ,z:i;a JIH je HCKa3 HCTHHHT.
Moqell KJtapKa u qejca. - EcpeKaT KojH je ,z:i;o6Ho BocoH ,z:i;o6HjeH je Hy HeIIITO H3MeIDeHoj
BapHjaHTH 3a,IJ;aTKa BepHcpm<au;Hje Koja je II03HaTa Kao 3aqail1aK Bepu<jjuKai1uje oqHoca
cJtuKe u ucKa3a (sentence-picture verification task). I1aKo je oBaj eKcrrepHMeHTaJIHH
IIOCTyrraK KOpHIIIlleH y BeJIHKOM 6pojy HCIIHTHBaH:>a, p;eTaJbHHje neMO IIpHKa3aTH
ome,z:i; KJiapKa H 1Iejca jep je Ha ocHoBy HaJia3a oBor HCTpam:HBaIDa rrpe,D;Jiom:eH je,z:i;aH
op; HajYTm~ajHHjHX MO,IJ;eJia rrpou;eca BepHcpHKOBaH:>a. KJiapK H 1Iejc HCIIHTaHHIJ;HMa
HCTOBpeMeHO rrpHKa3yjy 3Be3,z:i;Hu;y H KpCTHll KOjH ce HaJia3e y pa3JIHqHTHM IIOJiom:ajHMa
H HCKa3e KOjH OIIHcyjy O,IJ;HOC OBa ,IJ;Ba CTHMyeyca (CJIHKa 4).
p;eKO)J;OBaH>e
HCKa3a
rrpoMeHa rrpoMeHa
HCTHHOCHOf HCTHHOCHOf
Cllu1w 5. - Mogell Kllap1w u qejca. Y ma6ellu cy apuKa3aHu mua ucKa3a, <jjopMa KO-
gupaHof UCKa3a U CllUKe, upoMeHe 6pegHOCillU UCWUHOCHOf UHgeKca y pa3JlU11UillUM
<jja3aMa 6epu<jjuKa4uje u ucxog 6epu<jjuKa4uje (A- a¢upMaillu6aH ucKa3, H He-
faillu6aH ucKa3, HT- Heilla11Ho, T- illa11Ho) /Clark & Chase, 1972/.
TaKo IIITO he je,n;Ha rrporrosHu;Hja 6HTH yMernyTa y ,n;pyry (Heilla11Ho (A U3Hag B)). ,Il;eKo,n;o-
Ba:fhe CJIHKe TaKo1)e rrpeTIIOCTaBJba cpopMHpalbe rrpoII03HIJ;Hje, c THM IIITO je OHa ycJIOBJbeHa
rrporrosHu;HjoM Koja je H3Be,n;eHa H3 rrpHKasaHor HCKasa. Ha rrpHMep, aKo ce y HcKasy TBp-
,n;H ,n;a je A H3Ha,n; B, H rrporrosHu;Hja H3Be,n;eHa H3 CJIHKe he 6HTH ,n;eTepMHHHCaHa oBaKBOM
rrporrosHu;HjOM. Ha oBaj HaqHH ,n;o6HjaMo ,n;Be rrporrosHu;Hje Koje ce y rne,n;ehoj cpasH rrope,n;e.
ITpeTrrocTaBKa Mo,n;eJia je ,n;a rrosHTHBaH Hcxo,n; rrope1)elba saxTeBa H;IJ;eHTwrnocT H3Me1)y ,n;Be
rrpOII03HIJ;Hje. YKOJIHKO rrpoII03HIJ;Hje HHcy H;IJ;eHTWIHe, Melba ce Bpe,n;HOCT HCTHHOCHOf HH-
,n;eKca (rrpHMepH BepHcpHKOBalba pa3JIWIHTHX cpopMH HCKasa ,n;aTH cy y ,n;o,n;aTKy).
Mo,n;eJI KojH cy rrpe,n;JIO)KHJIH KrrapK H qejc o6yxBaTa BehHHY eMrrHpHjcKHX Ha-
Jiasa p;o6HjeHHX y sap;aTaKY BepmpHKau;Hje CJIHKe H HCKasa. y HeIIITO MO,II;HcpHKOBaHOM
o6JIMKJ Mo,II;eJI o6yxBaTa H HaJiase ,n;o6HjeHe y sa,n;au;HMa y KOjHMa ce BepmpHKyje caMo
rrpHKasaHH HcKas. HamacHMO, Ha Kpajy, p;a je Mo,n;eJI KJiapKa H qejca KH6epHeTHqKH;
BepHcpHKOBalbe ce O,II;BHja cepHjaJIHO, rrpH qeMy ce ecpeKTH ,n;o6HjeHH y 3a,II;aTKY BepH-
cpHKau;Hje o6jaIIIlbaBajy 6pojeM rrpoMeHa Bpep;HOCTH HCTHHOCHOf HH;IJ;eKca.
Cmamyc ucilluHocHe apegHocmu ucKa3a u allillepHailluBHu apuKa3 Halla3a. Y rrpHKasa-
HHM eKcrrepHMeHTHMa y KOjHMa ce HCIIHTyje rrpou;ec BepHcpHKOBalba HCKasa yBeK cy Ba-
pHpaHH KBaJIHTeT HCKasa (acpHpMaTHBHH/HeraTHBHH) H lberoBa HCTHHOCHa Bpe,n;HOCT
(HCTHHHT/HeHcTHHHT). AKo ce oBaKo ,n;ecpHHHIIIY eKcrrepHMeHTaJIHH cpaKTOpH, ,n;o6Hja-
MO ecpeKaT KBaJIHTeTa (acpHpMaTHBHH HCKa3H BepHcpHKyjy ce 6p)Ke op; HeraTHBHHX)
H HHTepaKu;Hjy KBaJIHTeTa H HCTHHOCHe Bpe,n;HOCTH HCKasa (acpHpMaTHBHH HCTHHHTH
HCKa3H BepHcpHKyjy ce 6p)Ke op; acpHpMaTHBHHX HeHCTHHHTHX, ;IJ;OK ce HeraTHBHH HCTH-
HHTH BepHcpHKyjy crropHje o,n; HeraTHBHHX HeHCTHHHTHX) /CJIHKa 3/.
BapHpalbe HCTHHOCHe Bpe,n;HOCTH y eKcrrepHMeHTY je HeOIIXO;IJ;HO jep JKOJIHKO
He 6HCMO BapHpaJIH HCTHHHTOCT HCKasa (Hrrp. rrpHKa3HBaJIH caMo HCTHHHTe HCKase),
HCIIHTaHHK 6H yBeK p;aBao je,n;Hy BpcTy o,n;roBopa (Hrrp. ,,TaqHo"). To, ,n;aJDe, sHaqH ,n;a 6H
Morao ,n;a ,n;aje o,n;roBope H 6es BepHcpHKOBalba rrpHKa3aHHX HCKa3a. Me1JJTHM, HCTHHO-
CHa Bpe,n;HOCT HCKa3a He MO)Ke ,n;a 6y,n;e eKcrrepHMeHTaJIHH cpaKTOp y rrpaBOM CMHCJIY Te
peqH jep HCIIHTaHHK TeK Tpe6a ,n;a ;IJ;OHece cyp; 0 TOMe p;a JIM je HCKa3 HCTHHHT HJIH HHje,
IIITO 3HaqH ,n;a OBa BapHja6Jia He MO)Ke ,n;a YTHqe Ha BpeMe BepHcpHKOBalba. l1MajyhH TO
y BH,n;y, HaMehe ce rroTpe6a sa rrpecpopMyJIHCalbeM eKcrrepHMeHTaJIHHX cpaKTopa TaKO ,n;a
HCTHHOCHa Bpe,n;HOCT rne,n;H H3 O;IJ;Hoca cpaKTopa KOjH ce BapHpajy y eKcrrepHMeHTy. 0
KaKBoj rrpoMeHH je peq? YsMHMO je,n;HocTaBaH HCKas THrra ,,Kolb je cHcap." l1sMe1)y cy-
6jeKTa H rrpe,n;HKaTa rrocTOjH KOHrpyeHu;Hja, jep rro,n;pe1)eHH rrojaM (Ko1-b) rrpHrrap;a KJiam
osHaqeHoj Ha,n;pe1)eHHM rrojMoM ( cucap). 0By KOHrpyeHu;Hjy JiomqapH Ha3HBajy apuaa-
gHocm apeguKailla cy6jeKil1Y ucKa3a (y ,n;aJDeM TeKcTy- apuaagHocm). Ms o,n;Hoca rrpHrra,n;-
HOCTH H KBaJIHTeTa HCKasa rne,n;H H lberoBa HCTHHOCHa Bpe,n;HOCT (rn6eJia l).ITpeme,n;oM
rn6eJie 1 BH;IJ;HMO ,n;a JKOJIHKO je acpHpMaTHBaH H JKOJIHKO ce O;IJ;JIHKyje rrpHrra,n;HoIIIhy,
HCKas je HCTHHHT, a yKoJIHKO ce He o,II;JIHKyje rrpHrra,n;HoIIIhy, HCKas je HeHCTHHHT. He-
raTHBaH HCKa3 KOjH ce O;IJ;JIHKyje rrpHrra,n;HoIIIhy je HeHCTHHHT, ;IJ;OK je HeraTHBaH HCKa3
KOjH ce He O;IJ;JIHKyje rrpHrra,II;HOIIIhy HCTHHHT. 0BaKBOM rrpecpopMyJiau;HjOM cpaKTOpa
,n;o6HjaMO H ,n;pyraqHje O;IJ;HOCe y CTaH,n;ap,n;HO p;o6HjeHHM HaJia3HMa ( CJIHKa 6).
l1cTH HaJiasH ca,n;a Mory ,n;a ce HHTeprrpeTHpajy Kao ecpeKaT KBaJIHTeTa ( acpHp-
MaTHBHH HCKa3H BepHcpHKyjy ce 6p)Ke O,II; HeraTHBHHX) H ecpeKaT rrpHrra,n;HOCTH (HCKa3H
KOjH ce O;IJ;JIHKyjy rrpHrra,n;HoIIIhy BepHcpHKyjy ce 6p)Ke op; HCKa3a KOjH ce He O,II;JIHKyjy,
6es o6sHpa Ha KBaJIHTeT HCKasa). Ha oBaj HaqHH ,n;o6HjaMo ,n;Ba cpaKTopa KOjH HHcy y
332 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICMXOJIOfMJA
A H A H
CBe nspaMemrjer ecpeKTa rrpmrn,n;HOCTH. Tipn TOM, ecpeKaT KBaJIHTeTa ocrnje Herrpo-
MeH>eH, Tj. pa3JIHKa y BpeMeHy BepncpHKOBaH>a acpnpMaTHBHHX H HeraTHBHHX HCKasa
ocTaje KOHCTaHTHa (POT n KocTnn, 1996). 0BaKBH Harrasn YKasyjy Ha To ,n;a ce rrpou;ec
BepncpHKOBaH>a HCKasa O,II;BHja y HeKOJIHKO cpasa o,n; Kojnx cy CBaKaKO HajsHaqajHHje
yTBpl)nBaH>e rrpnrra,n;HOCTH H TpaHccpopMau;nja HeraTHBHor y acpnpMaTHBHH HCKas. Ha
BepncpHKOBaH>e HCKasa YTHqy H ,n;pyrn 'IHHHOJJ;H, Kao IIITO cy KJiaca (KaTeropnja) Koja
ce Bapnpa y eKcrrepnMeHTY (Tj. ca,n;pMaj ncKasa), ,n;a JIM ce Bapnpa cy6jeKaT HJIH rrpe-
,n;nKaT ncKasa HT,n;. (cf. PoT n KocTnn, 1993a, 1993b, 1995). KomHTHBHa peJieBaHTHOCT
cpaKTOpa KBaJIHTeTa H rrpnrra,n;HOCTH, Kao H TpaHccpopMHCaH>a HeraTHBHOf y acpnp-
MaTHBHH HCKa3 ,n;o,n;aTHO je IIOTBpl)eHa HaJia3HMa ,n;o6njeHHM Ha HHTpocrreKTHBHHM
rro,n;au;nMa. Ha ocHoBy OBaKBHX rro,n;aTaKa n,n;eHTHcpHKOBaHo je ,n;eceTaK rrpou;eca rrpn-
CYTHHX rrpn BepncpnKoBaIDy ncKasa, o,n; Kojnx cy HeKH YBeK rrpHCYTHH, Kao IIITO je TO
c.nyqaj c yTBpl)nBaH>eM rrpnrra,n;HOCTH H TpaHccpopMau;nje HeraTHBHOf y acpnpMaTHBHH
MCKa3, ,II;OK HeKH saBHCe o,n; ca,n;pMaja HCKasa H crreu;ncpnqHOCTH eKcrrepHMeHTaJIHHX
MaHnrryJiau;nja (PoT H KocTHn, 200la, 200lb).
3aKJhyqHBa:Ene. HacyrrpoT TOMe, rrp11cTyrr Koj11 rrpe,:o;Jia)Ky PoT 11 KocT11n 611 Morao ;o;a ce
cxBaTH 11 Kao rrpou;ec 3aKJbyq11BaH>a jep rrpeTrrocTaBJba yrnp))11BaH>e o;o;pe))eHHX ycJioBa
Koj11 o;o;pe))yjy HCTHHOCHJ Bpe,:o;HocT 11cKa3a. YTBp))11BaH>e rrp11rra,:o;HocT11 11 KBaJIHTeTa
I1CKa3a, Kao I1 KOM6HHOBaH>e IDHXOBOr CTaTyca, )J;OBO)J;I1 p;o cy;o;a 0 I1CTI1HOCHOj Bpep;HO-
CTH I1CKa3a, IIITO 611 6e3 Ben11x TeIIIKOna MOfJIO ;o;a ce CXBaTH I1 Kao 3aKJbyqHBaH>e (Hrrp.
AKo je 11cKa3 aq:rnpMaTHBaH 11 aKo ce o,:o;JI11Kyje rrp11rra,:o;HoIIIny, oHga je 11cKa3 HCTHHHT.) .
.1J:pyr11M peq11Ma, cy;o; 0 TOMe ;o;a JII1 je I1CKa3 I1CTI1HI1T I1JII1 HHje MO)Ke ;o;a ce CXBaTH I1 Kao
3armyqaK H3Be,:o;eH 113 o,:o;Hoca eJieMeHaTa HCKa3a.
Hamac11Mo Ha Kpajy ;o;a Ha rrpou;ec BepmpHKOBaH>a Y™qY 11 q11H11ou;11 o Koj11-
Ma CMO )J;I1CKYTOBaJII1 rrpI11II1KOM pa3MaTpaH>a opraHJ13au;11je ceMaHTJ1qKe MeMop11je.
Y Ben11H11 HCTpa)KHBaH>a opraH113au;11je ceMaHTJ1qKe MeMop11je Kop11IIIneH je 3ap;aTaK
Bepmp11Kau;11je, rrpH qeMy je HamacaK CTaBJbeH Ha apXHTeKTYPY CeMaHTJ1qKe MeMop11je
a He Ha caM rrpou;ec BepmpHKOBaH>a. HaJia311 ;o;o611jeH11 y OBHM 11CTpa)KHBaID11Ma rro-
Ka3yjy ;o;a Ha BepmpHKOBaH>e YT11qy 11 q11H11ou;11 Kao IIITO cy THrr11qHocT rro;o;pe))eHor
rrojMa ( cy6jeKTa) y o,:o;Hocy Ha KJiacy Koja je rrpe,:o;cTaBJbeHa Ha,:o;pe))eHHM rrojMOM (rrpe-
;D;HKaTa), yqecTaJIOCT cy6jeKTa I1 rrpe,:o;HKaTa I1CKa3a, 6poj x11jepapx11jCKI1X HHBOa I13Me))y
rro;o;pe))eHor 11 Ha,:o;pe))eHor rrojMa HT,:o;.
3AKJh yqMBAEhE
KOjM je y CKJia,n;y ca rrpaBMJIMMa JIOfMKe, HeOIIXO,Il;HO je I1 3Hallie Koje HaM OMorynaBa ,n;a
,n;oHeceMo cy,n; o rnqHoCTM rrpeMttca Ha ocHoBy Kojttx ,n;oHOCMMO 3aKJbyqaK. AKo rrptt
3aKJbyqttBalliy He yoqttMo ,n;a je HeKa o,n; rrpeMttca rrorpeurna, M Harn 3aKJbyqaK :he 6ttTM
rrorpernaH, yrrpKOC qMllieHMII;M ,n;a CMO ,n;o lliera ,Il;OIIIJIO Ha JIOfMqKM McrrpaBaH HaqMH.
Mory:htt M3Bop rpernaKa y 3aKJbyqttBalliy, Btt,n;eneMo, He rroTttqe caMo M3 He-
,n;oBoJbHOr II03HaBallia ca,n;p)l{aja rrpeMMCa. BpojHa MCTpa)l{MBallia IIOKa3yjy ,n;a IIOCTOjM
rrpecpepem:i;ttja K o,n;pel)eHMM o6JIMII;MMa 3aKJbyqttBallia M 3aHeMapttBallie HeKMX ,n;pyrttx
o6JittKa Kojtt cy Hy)l{aH ycJIOB ,n;a 6ttcMo ,n;ornJIM ,n;o ttcrrpaBHOr 3aKJbyqKa. OcttM Tora,
Ha 3aKJbyqttBallie yTMqy I1 qMHMOII;M Kao IIITO cy II03HaTOCT CMTyau;ttje y OKBttpy Koje
,Il;OHOCMMO 3aKJbyqaK, rrparMaTCKM OKBHp KOjM Hae ycMepaBa Ka o,n;pel)eHMM o6JIMII;MMa
3aKJbyqttBallia MT,n;. HaBe,n;eHM qMHMOII;M cy pa3JIOr IIITO M3Mel)y HaqttHa Ha Kojtt JIOrMKa
OIIMcyje 3aKJbyqttBallie I1 HaqMHa Ha KOjM ,Il;OHOCMMO 3aKJbyqKe IIOCToje 3HaqajHe pa3JIMKe.
,IJ;a 6MCMO OBe pa3JIMKe jacHttje yoqMJIM, ,n;McKycttjy 0 3aKJbyqttBalliy rroqttllieMO KpaTKMM
rrpHKa30M OCHOBHMX o6JIMKa 3aKJbyqttBallia y JIOfMII;M, IIOCJie qera heMO pa3MOTpI1TI1 Ha
KOjM HaqMH ce OBM o6JIMII;I1 MaHttcpecTyjy y CBaKo,n;HeBHOM 3aKJbyqttBalliy.
3aKJI>ycIHBaH>e y JIOrHI.I;H
gm-tac Huje cpega (p-). TipaBIDIO JIOfllqKor saKJhY'fHBaIDa ITO KojeM y:KOJIHKO HHje TaqaH
KOHCeKBeHC, CJie,n;H ,n;a je HeTaqaH H aHTeu;e,n;eHC Ha3HBaMO modus tollens.
a AKo p, oHga q
p+ IlOTBpAaaHTeu;eAeHca modus ponens
ougaq ncrrpaBaH saKJbyqaK
AKo je AaHac cpeAa, OHAa HMaM qac 6HoJiornje. (AaHac je cpeAa) (p +)
OH,n:a JIMaM qac 6HOJIOrHje ( +)
6 AKo p, oHga q
p- Herau;Hja aHTeu;eJJ;eHca
ottga ueq HeHcrrpaBaH saKJbyqaK
AKo je ,D;aHac cpe,D;a, OHJJ;a HMaM qac 6HoJiomje. (AaHac HHje cpeAa) (p - )
OH,D;a HeMaM qac 6HOJIOrnje (-)
B AKo p, oHga q
q+ IlOTBp,D;a KOHCeKBeHca
ougap HeHcrrpaBaH saKJbyqaK
AKo je ,D;aHac cpeµ;a, OHAa HMaM qac 6HoJiornje. (AaHac HMaM qac 6JioJiorHje) ( q +)
OHJJ;a je ,D;aHac cpe,D;a (-)
'
r AKo p, oHqa q
Cf Herau;Hja KOHCeKBeHca modus tollens
OHqa HeP HcrrpaBaH saKJbyqaK
AKo je ,D;aHac cpe,D;a, OHJJ;a HMaM qac 6HoJiomje. (JJ;aHac HeMaM qac 6HoJiomje) ( q - )
OHJJ;a ,D;aHac HJije cpe,D;a ( +)
BH,n;eJIH cMo ,n;a y rrpou;ecy ,n;oHOllleIDa cy,n;a rrocToje sHaqajHa o,n;CTyrraIDa o,n;
H,n;eanHor cyl)eIDa. I1 y rrpou;ecy saKJhyqHBaIDa yoqaBaMo SHaqajHa o,n;cTyrraIDa o,n; rrpa-
BHJia HcrrpaBHOr saKJhY'fHBaIDa Koje HYAH 11orHKa. Kao lllTO cMo rrpH cyl)eIDy y HeKHM
rnyqajeBHMa MOrJIH ersaKTHO ,n;a YTBPAHMO o,n;Hoce o KojHMa ce ,n;oHOCH cy,n;, TaKO H y
rnyqajy saKJhY'fHBaIDa MO)KeMO ,n;a rrol)eMo o,n; HaqHHa Ha KOjH JIOfHKa OIIHcyje HCrrpaB-
HO saKJhY'fHBaIDe, ysHMajyliH rrpaBHJia JIOfHqKor saKJhY'fHBaIDa Kao IIOJiaSHY OCHOBy.
TipHcTyrrajynH OBaKO rrpo6JieMy saKJhY'fHBaIDa, MO)KeMO ce yrr1ITaTH ,n;a JIH je Hallie
SaKJhY'fHBaIDe sacHOBaHO Ha rrpaBHJIHMa JIOfHKe, H aKo HHje, y KOjHM CJiyqajeBHMa IIO-
CTOje o,n;cTyrraIDa. MHoro6pojHH eMIIHpHjCKH HaJiaSH IIOKasyjy ,n;a HaqHH Ha KOjH sa-
KJhyqyjeMo sHaqajHo o,n;cTyrra o,n; rrpaBHJia 11orHq1<0r saKJhyqHBaIDa H ,n;a Ha IDera YTHqe
BeJIHKH 6poj qHHHJiau;a KOjH Mory ,n;a ,II;OBe,n;y HJIH ,n;o HeHcrrpaBHOf saKJbyqKa HJIH, rraK,
CY1)EI-hE, 3AKJbYqHBAI-hE YI )J,OHOIIIEI-hE O)J,JlYKA 337
,n;a cpaBop11syjy je,n;aH BH,n; saKJDyqHBalha H saHeMape HeKe ,n;pyre 06m1Ke saKJbyqHBalha.
Kao Hy c.rryqajy cyljelha, II -crHHHou;e KOjH )TTH-cry Ha saKJbyqHBalhe MO)KeMo rpy6o rro-
,n;eJIHTH y ,n;Be rpyrre: "lfHHHOIJ;e KOjH IIOTH"lfY H3 rrpHpo,n;e MaTepHjana Ha OCH OBY Kojer ce
H3BO,Il;H 3aKJbyciaK II "CfHHHOIJ;e KOjH cy Be3aHH sa Ha-crirn Ha KOjH saKJbyqyjeMO, 6es o6sH-
pa Ha rrpHpo,n;y MaTepHjana. 0Be ,n;Be rpyrre -crMHIDiau;a cy -crecTo Meljyco6Ho ycJIOBJbeHe,
TaKO ,n;a je rroHeKa,n; TeIIIKO Meljy lhHMa rroBynH jarny pasJIHKy.
IIpe<ftepeHLfiuja U03UUlUBHUX uHguKaUlopa. - I1s Ta6eJie 2 BH,IJ;HMO Ha KojH Ha-cr1rn o,n;-
HOC H3Meljy aHTeu;e,n;eHca II KOHCeI<BeHca o,n;peljyje HCIIpaBHOCT 3aKJbyqKa. BemIKH 6poj
HCTpa)KJIBalha, MeljyTHM, IIOKasyje ,n;a Ha saKJDyqHBalhe )TTH"lfY pa3JIH"CfHTH "CfHHHOIJ;H,
Ha rrpHMep, ,n;a JIM TBp,n;Ibe Ha OCHOBY KOjHX H3BO,Il;HMO saKJbyqaK ca,n;p)Ke Herau;Hjy
(yKoJrnKo ca,n;p)Ke, rroBenaBa ce rpeIIIKa y saKJbyqHBalhy), ,n;a JIM cy ,n;aTe y o6JIHKY arr-
CTpaKTHHX cpopMaJIH3aMa HJIH ce O,Il;HOCe Ha KOHKpeTHe CHTyau;Hje, ,n;a JIM cy 3aKJbyqIJ;H
y CKJia,n;y ca HaIIIHM JEepelhHMa HT,n;. (cf. Wason & Johnson-Laird, 1972; Evans, 1982;
Evans, Newstead & Byrne, 1993).
KpeHHMO o,n; saKJbyqHBalha Ha Ha-crHH Ha KojH je OHO rrpHKasaHo y rn6eJIH 2.
I1CIIHTHBalba rrpou;eca 3aKJDyqHBaTua IIOKasyjy ,n;a CMO BeOMa ycrreIIIHH y rrpou;eHH
Ta"lfHOCTH KOHceKBeHca JKOJIIIKO je aHTeu;e,n;eHc rn-craH (modus ponens) /Hrrp. AKo je
gaHac cpega, oHga uMaM 11ac 6uoJLMuje.). TaKo cy, Ha rrpHMep, y HCTpa)KJIBalhy PHrrca II
MapKyca rro,n; OBHM ycnoBOM CBH HCIIHTaHIIIJ;H ,Il;OIIIJIH ,n;o HcrrpaBHOr 3aKJbyqKa (Rips
& Marcus, 1977). ,I(aneKo Te)KOM ce rroKasana BapHjaHTa y Kojoj Hern-craH KOHce1rneHc
HMIIJIHIJ;Hpa Hern-craH aHTeu;e,n;eHc (modus tollens) /Hrrp. AKo HeMaM 11ac 6uoJLoluje,
oHga gaHac Huje cpega./. I1s oBaKBe cpopMe caMo je 57% ucnHTaHHKa ycrreJio ,n;a H3Be,n;e
HcrrpaBaH 3aKJbyqaK. ,I(o6HjeHH HaJia3H cyrepHIIIY ,n;a IIOCTOjH pa3JIJIKa y KOrHHTHBHOj
KOMIIJieKCHOCTH pa3JIH"CfHTHX cpopMH 3aKJbyqHBalha, HaKo cy OHe y cpopMaJIHOM CMH-
cny je,n;I-IaKO CJIO)KeHe. An:TepHaTHBHO o6jaIIIlbelhe je ,n;a IIOCTOjH rrpecpepeHu;Hja je,n;He
cpopMe saKJbyqHBalha (modus ponens), o,n;HOCHO ,n;a je,n;Hy cpopMy rrpHMelhyjeMo -creIIIne
H ,n;a CMO 3aTO y lhOj ycrreIIIHHjH. 0BaKBO o6jaIIIlbelhe, Melj)TTHM, He ,n;aje o,n;roBop Ha
IIHTalhe 3aIIITO 6H TO 6HJIO TaKO, -creMy neMO BHIIIe IIa)J{lhe IIOCBeTHTH y 3aBpIIIHOM
,n;eny oBor rrorJiaBJba.
I1crrHTyjynH cTpaTerHje HCIIHTaHHKa rrpHJIHKOM saKJDyqHBalha, BocoH II I)oHcoH-
Jiep,n; KOHCTaTyjy ,n;a IIOCTOjH TeH,n;eHu;Hja Tparalba sa U03UUlU6HUM UHguKaUlopuMa (po-
sitive evidence), Tj. TeH,n;eHu;Hja ,n;a ce rro-creTHH ycnoB rroTBp,n;H, a He ,n;a ce orroBprHe KaKo
6H ce ,n;oHeO He,n;BOCMHCJieHH saKJbyqaK. TipHMeTHMO ,n;a je OBa TeH,n;eHu;Hja y camacHo-
CTH ca HaJia3HMa PHrrca II MapKyca KojH rroKasyjy ,n;a ce y saKJbyqHBalhy rrpecpepHpa
modus ponens, Tj. ,n;a je OBaj o6JIHK saKJbyqHBaTua HCIIHTaHHIJ;HMa JiaKIIIH Hero modus
tollens. TipHKasyjynH -creTHpH KapTe o,n; KOjHX je CBaKa Ha je,n;Hoj CTpaHH HMaJia CJIOBO a
Ha ,n;pyroj 6poj, BocoH II I)oHcoH-Jiep,n; saxTeBajy o,n; HCIIHTaHHKa ,n;a oKpernlbeM je,n;He
HJIH BHIIIe Kaparn ,n;oljy ,n;o He,IJ;BOCMHCJieHor 3aKJDyn:IKa KOjH 6JI IIOTBp,Il;HO CJie,n;ehe rrpa-
BHJIO: AKo je Ha Kapillu ucaucaH caMolJLaCHuK, Ha 1veHoj aoJLe'l)uHu Mapa ga 6yge aapaH
6poj ( CJIHKa 7). 0Ba Bpcrn sa,n;aTKa rrosHaTa je Kao 3agaillaK ca 11emupu Kapille (four
cards task) H rrpe,n;cTaBJba rroce6aH c.rryqaj T3B. 3agaillKa ceJLeKLfiuje (selection task) /Wason
& Johnson-Laird, 1972/.
TpenHHa HCIIHTaHJIKa (33%) je rrpo6JieM peIIIHJia TaKO IIITO je OKpeHyJia KapTy
Ha Kojoj je 6HJio CJIOBO E, "CfHMe cy IIOTBp,n;HJIH IIOCTOjalhe II03HTHBHOr HH,Il;HKaTopa.
0BHM, MeljyTHM, m!je He,n;BOCMMCJieHO IIOKa3aHO ,n;a rrpaBHJIO Ba)KJI sa CBe KapTe, jep
338 KOfHI1TI1BHA I1CI1XOJIOfI1JA
je Moryne p;a Ha Kapnr 6yp;e MCIIMCaH rrapaH 6poj a p;a Ha H>eHoj rroJiel)MHM He 6yp;e caMo-
macHMK, HJIM p;a Ha IIOJiel)MHM HerrapHor 6poja 6yp;e MCIIMCaH caMOrJiaCHMK. YKOJIMKO 6M
rropep; OKpeTaH>a KapTe ca caMOrJiaCHMKOM OKpeHyJIM M KapTy ca rrapHMM 6pojeM, 6HJIO
6M TO p;op;aTHO TparaH>e sa rrosMTMBHMM MH,IJ;MKaTopoM KojM 6M aomapguo rrpaBHJIO. Ha-
cyrrpoT TOMe, OKpeTaH>e KapTe ca HerrapHMM 6pojeM 3HaqHJio 6M p;a MCIIMTaHMK Tpa)KM
HeraTMBaH MH,Il;MKaTop KOjM 6M oaoaptao rrpaBHJIO. ,n:a 6M ce He,IJ;BOCMMCJieHO yrnp,Il;HJIO
p;a JIM je sap;aTO rrpaBHJIO ,Il;OCJie,IJ;HO IIOIIITOBaHO, Tpe6ano je OKpeHyTH M KapTy Ha Kojoj je
MCIIMCaH HerrapaH 6poj, IIITO je ypap;HJIO caMO 4% MCIIMTaHMKa. qaK 46% MCIIMTaHMKa je
OKpeHyJio KapTy Ha Kojoj je MCIIMCaHO CJIOBO E M KapTy Ha Kojoj je MCIIMCaH 6poj 4, IIITO
YKasyje Ha TO p;a je TpaEeHa p;op;aTHa rrornpp;a sa rrpeTrrocTaBKY p;a YKOJIMKO je Ha KapTM
MCIIMCaH caMOrJiaCHMK, Ha IIOJiel)MHM Mop a p;a 6yp;e rrapaH 6poj.
McrrMTaHMI.J;MMa je peqeHo p;a Tpe6a p;a yrBpp;e p;a JIM je HeKo rroKYIIIao p;a o6MaHe
IIOlllTY TaKO IIITO je Ha sarreqaneHM KOBepaT CTaBMO MapKy ca MaH>MM arroeHOM. BenMHa
HCIIMTaHMKa je McrrpaBHO OKpeHyJia He caMo sarreqaneHy KOBepTy, Ben M KOBepry Ha Kojoj
je 6HJia MapKa ca MaH>MM arroeHOM. 3a pasJIMKY op; omep;a BocoHa M IjoHCOH-Jiepp;a,
MCIIMTaHMIJ;M y OBOM omep;y cy Tpa)KHJIM M HeraTMBHe MH,Il;MKaTope KOjM 6M OIIOBp-
fJIM rrpaBHJIO. 0BaKaB HaJias YKasyje Ha TO p;a McrrpaBHOCT saKJhyqMBaH>a saBMCM op;
CYl)EfbE, 3AKJbYqJ1BAfbE I1 ,Il,OHOIIIEI-hE O,IJ,JIYKA 339
Toray Kojoj MepH rnTyau;Hja y Kojoj ce ,n;oHorn 3aKJbyqaK o,n;roBapa pear.moj rnTyau;HjH.
Me})JTHM, caMa "CJHJ:DeHHu;a ,n;a je 3a,n;aTaK ,n;aT y <j:lopMH Koja o,n;roBapa peannoj rnTyau;HjH
HHje ,n;oBOJbaH ycJioB ,n;a fo1 HCIIHTaHHu;11,n;oHeJIH HcrrpaBaH 3aKJbyqaK. Hana3 ,n;o Kojer cy
,IJ;OlllJIH lJoHCOH-Jlep,n; H capa,n;HHIJ;H ,n;o6HjeH je y HCTpa)lUIBaJ:Dy Koje je pal)eHO y lfra-
JIHjH. Ka,n;a je HCTO HCTpa)l{HBaI:De IIOHOBJbeHo Ha aMepH"C!KHM HCIIHTaHHIJ;HMa, J:DHXOB
ycnex ce HHje pa3JIHKOBao o,n; ycrrexa KOjH cy rrocTHfJIH y 3a,n;aTKY ca "CJeTHpH KapTe. lllTa
HaM fOBOpH OBaj Ha.Jla3? ,Il;a 6HCMO H3BeJIH HcrrpaBaH 3aKJbyqaK, CHTyau;Hja Mopa ,n;a
HaM 6y,n;e H uo31wflla, Tj. MopaMo ,n;a je HMaMo y CBOM HcKycTBy. 0 JTMu;ajy II03HaTOCTH
Ha 3aK1byq1rnaJ:De CBe,n;oqe H Hana3H fpHrca H KoKca KOjH rrpHMeIDyjy crnH,n;ap,n;Hy H
MO,n;H<j:lHKOBaHy Bep3Hjy BocoHOBor 3a,n;aTKa (Griggs & Cox, 1982). I1crrHTaHu;HMa je
peqeHO ,n;a 3aMHCJie ,n;a cy IIOJIHr:t;aju;H KOjH rrpoBepaBajy ,n;a JIM Ma.JlOJieTHHIJ;H IIHjy IIHBO
Ha jaBHOM MecTy, a 3aTHM cy HM rrpHKa3aHe "CJeTHpH KapTe Ha KOjHMa je 6HJIO HaIIHCaHO:
,,IlHje IIHBO.", ,,IlHje KOKa KOJIY.", ,,16 fO,D;HHa", ,,19 fO,IJ;HHa". IlpaBHJIO je rJiaCHJIO: AKO
oco6a auje uuBo, Mopa ga uMa 6ap 19 fogww. 3a,n;aTaK HCIIHTaHHKa je 6Ho ,n;a oKpernIDeM
je,n;He HJIH BHllle Kaparn yTBp,n;e ,n;a JIM je rrpaBHJIO rrpeKpllleHo ( CJIHKa 9).
c.=i
~
rrnje
KOKa KOJIY
~~
L:::J L:::J
Cllw<a 9. - CUiuMyllycu y oflleqy I'pulca u KoKca (Griggs & Cox, 1982)
5 PasJior lllTO cy, sa pa3JII1KY op; aMepnqKHX, HTaJIHjaHCKH HCIIHTaHHIJ;H 6HJIH ycnelllHH y sap;aTKY I)oHCOH-
Jiepp;a n JierpeHu;njeBnx je Taj lllTO y Ifrannjn sarreqaneH KOBepaT saxTeBa MapKy ca BennM arroeHOM, lllTO
HHje rnyqaj y Cjep;mneHHM )J,p)I{aBaMa. HacyrrpoT TOMe, sa6paHa TOqeTua aJIKOXOJia MaJIOJieTHHIJ;HMa je
3aKOHCKH peryJIHCaHa y MHOHiM p;p)I{aBaMa CA,Il;.
340 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfMJA
Ha rrpeTIIOCTaBKY 0 eBo.J:ryTI;I10HMM pa3JI03MMa KOjM cy ,II;OBeJIM .n;o Tora .n;a o.n;pel)eHa Bp-
CTa saKJbyqMBa:H>a 6y.n;e ycrrelliHMja JKOJIMKO ce CTaBM y KOHTeKCT OTKpMBa:fha rrpeBape.
0Ba, rroMano qy.n;Ha rrpeTrrocTaBKa, rronasM o.n; Tora .n;a je sa Hallie rrpeTKe YTBpl)MBalhe
.n;a JIM HeKo Bapa 6HJio o.n; MsyseTHe Ba)J(HOCTM sa OIICTaHaK M .n;a je TO pa3JIOr lliTO je
Hallie saK.JbyqMBalhe ycrrelliHMje JKOJIMKO ce sa.n;araK rrocTaBM y oBaKaB OKBMp (cf. Co-
smides, 1989; Gigerenzer & Hug, 1992; Cummins & Allen, 1998). 0By rrpernocTaBKY
je, Mel)yTMM, TelliKO rrpoBepMTM jep HeMaMO rroys.n;aHe M3Bope 0 TOMe KaKaB cy O,II;HOC
HalliII .n;aneKM rrpe:o;M MMaJIM rrpeMa Bapalhy.
liIMajynM y BM.n;y HaJia3e KOjM IIOKasyjy .n;a cy MCIIMTaHMI.J;M ycrrelliHMjM YKOJIMKO
cy IIOCTaB.JbCHM y CHTya:o;Mjy KOja MMa rrparMaTCKY ,II;MMeHsMjy (yTBp,II;MTM rrpeBapy) Ha-
BeJia je qeHra M XoJIMOJKa Ha rrpeTrrocTaBKY .n;a cMo ycrrelliHMjM yKoJIMKO saK.JbyqyjeMo
c o.n;pel)eHMM I.J;M.JbeM, Tj. JKOJIMKO rrpM saKJbyqMBalhy aHra)J(yjeMo UleMe apafMaillCKOf
3aKlby11uBa1-ba (pragmatic reasoning schemata) /Cheng & Holyoak, 1985/. 0 KaKBMM
llieMaMa je peq? y qeTBPTOM rromaB.JbY y KOjeM CMO ,Il;MCKJTOBaJIM opraHMsa:o;Mjy 3Ha-
lha y .n;yroTpajHoj MeMop11jM KOHCTaTOBaJIM CMO .n;a je OHO, M3Mel)y OCTaJIOI', opraHM-
30BaHO M y o6mmy llieMa Koje o6yxBarnjy pasJIMqMTe acrreKTe .n;oral)aja M cTalha M
rrpe.n;cTaB.Jbajy, BMllie HJIM Malhe, KoxepeHTHe :o;eJIMHe. IlleMe, Mei)yrMM, He o6yxBarnjy
caMO rrojMOBe M CMTya:o;Mje Ben Mory .n;a o6yxBaTe M HaqMH Ha KOjM MHTeprrpeTMpaMO
o.n;pel)eHe o.n;Hoce KOjM o.n;pel)yjy Hallie aK:o;Mje. TaKo, Ha rrpMMep, yspoqHo-rroCJiep;MqHe
O,II;HOCe MHTeprrpeTMpaMo Ha OCHOBY lliCMe 0 Kaysa.JIHOCTM, rrpM MHTeprrpern:o;MjM
co:o;Mja.JIHMX O,II;HOCa I103MBaMo ce Ha llieMe 0 rrpMXBaneHMM cou;lija.JIHMM o6aBe3aMa
Koje perynmny rroHallialhe MT,II;. Je.n;Ha o.n; llieMa rrparMaTcKor saK.JbyqMBalha je M uteMa
go3BOJle (permision schema) Kaja o6yxBaTa pasJIMqMTe CHTya:o;Mje y KOjMMa je sa HeKy
aK:o;Mjy Heorrxo.n;Ha ,II;03BOJia. IlpMMeTMMO .n;a llieMe rrparMaTCKOr 3aK.JbyqMBalha, a rro-
ce6Ho llieMa .n;osBoJie, y BeJIMKoj MepM KopecrroH.n;Mpajy ca rrpaBHJIMMa saK.JbyqMBalha y
JIOrH:o;M, c TOM pa3JIMKOM lliTO ce IIOMeHyTe llieMe O,II;HOCe Ha KOHKpeTHe CMTya:o;Mje ca
jacHMM ycJIOBMMa M I.J;M.JbeM.
,Ua JIM je Bena ycrrelliHOCT y saK.JbyqMBalhy IIOCJie.n;M:o;a Tora lliTO je CHTya:o;Hja 0
Kojoj saK.JbyqyjeMo KOHKpeTHa M rrosHaTa HJIM je yCJioB.JbeHa M rrparMaTCKMM llieMaMa?
,Ua 6M o.n;roBOpHJIM Ha OBO IIMTalhe, qeHr M Xo.JIMOYK M3BO.n;e ome.n; ca sa.n;aTKOM qeTMPM
KapTe, rrpM qeMy yrryTCTBOM MH,II;yKyjy llieMy ,II;03BOJie. liICIIMTaHMI.J;MMa cy rrpMKa3aHe
KapTe Ha KOjHMa je IIMCaJIO ,,ynas", ,,TpaH3MT", ,,KOJiepa" M ,,OCTaJie 6oJieCTM". 3a.n;aTaK
MCIIMTaHMKa je 6Mo .n;a OKpeTalhCM KapaTa HC,II;BOCMMCJICHO JTBp.n;e .n;a JIM je rrpeKpllieHO
rrpaBHJIO Koje macM: AKo Ha Kapmu auwe J.7W3, Ha uo3aguHu Kapme Mapa ga auwe KO-
.llepa. liICIIMTaHMI.J;M cy 6HJIM rro.n;e.JbeHM y ,II;Be rpyrre. Je.n;Hoj rpyrrM HMje .n;arn HMKaKBa
MHCTpyK:o;Mja, .n;oK je .n;pyroj rpyrrM peqeHo .n;a cy KapTe .n;osBoJie sa ynasaK y seM.Jby,
rrpM qeMy je yJia3aK ,II;03BO.JbCH caMO IIJTHMI.J;MMa KOjM cy rrpMMHJIM BaKI.J;MHY rrpOTMB
KOJiepe. Ha OBaj HaqMH MH,II;YKOBaHa je llieMa ,II;03BOJie. ,Uo6MjeHM pesymaTM IIOKasyjy
.n;paMaTMqHy pa3JIMKY M3Mel)y rpyrre Kaja HMje MMaJia HMKaKBe MHCTPJKI.J;Mje M rpyrre
Kojoj je MH,II;JKOBaHa rrparMaTCKa llieMa. y rpyrrM Kojoj HMCY .n;aTe MHCTpyK:o;Mje 60%
MCIIMTaHMKa je ycrrelliHO pelliHJIO sa.n;arnK, Tj. MSBeJio McrrpaBaH saKJbyqaK. HacyrrpoT
TOMe, y rpyrrM Kojoj je CMTya:o;Mja rrpe.n;cTaB.JbeHa Kao .n;osBoJia sa ynasaK ys Mcrrylhelhe
o.n;pel)eHor yCJioBa qaK je 90% MCITMTaHMKa M3BeJio McrrpaBaH saK.JbyqaK. I1ope.n; oBor
sa.n;aTKa, MCIIMTaHMI.J;MMa je .n;aT M sa.n;aTaK ca KOBeprnMa M3 orne.n;a I,IoHCOH-Jiep.n;a M
capa.n;HMKa, c TOM pasJIMKOM lliTO je je.n;Hoj rpyrrM peqeHo .n;a cy sarreqaneHe KoBepTe
CY1)EIDE, 3AKJbY'LIJ1BAIDE J1 JJ:OHOIIIEIDE OJJ:J1YKA 341
rroce6Ha BpCTa IIOillHJbKe Kaja je CKyrrJba, ,II;OK ,n;pyroj rpyrrH HHje ,n;aTO HHKaKBO o6ja-
Illlbelbe. I1 oB,n;e je ,n;o6njeHa ncTa pa3JIHKa: rpyrra Kojoj je peqeHo ,n;a cy 3arreqaneHe
IIOillHJbKe cKyrrJbe 6HJia je ycrrelllHHja o,n; rpyrre Kaja HHje ,n;o6:rurn HHCTpJKu;Hje.
J13 rrpHKa3aHHX mUia3a MOfJIO 6n ce 3aKJbyqHTH ,n;a cy H KOHKpeTHOCT (II03Ha-
TOCT) H OKBHp KOjH je o,n;pel)eH rrparMaTCKOM IlleMOM rro,n;je,n;HaKo 3HaqajHH 3a ycrrex y
3aKJbyqHBalhy. qeHr H XoJIHOJK, Mei)JTHM, oBaKaB 3aKJbyqaK ,n;oBo,n;e y rrHTalhe ome,n;oM
y KojeM HCIIHTaHHIJ;HMa rrpHKa3yjy qeTHpH KapTe, rrpe,n;oqaBajynH HM ,n;a ce HaJia3e y CH-
Tyau;HjH y Kojoj rrpoBepaBajy ,n;a JIM ThYAH rrolllTyjy o,n;pel)etta rrpaBHJia. ITpaBHJIO qnje je
IIOillTOBalbe Tpe6ano He,rt;BOCMHCJieHO IIOTBp,rt;HTH ,n;aTo je y arrcTpaKTHOM o6JIHKY H HHje
ce O,II;HOCHJIO HH Ha KaKBY KOHKpeTtty CHTyau;njy. ITpaBHJIO je maCHJIO: AKO HeKO xone ga
apegy3Me aK11ujy A, Mopa ga 3agoaolbu apegyCJwa B. (Cheng & Holyoak, 1985) /CJIHKa 10/.
ClluKa 10. CiiluMyllycu y o'illegy qeH'ia u XolluoyKa (Cheng & Holyoak, 1985)
ITpnMeTHMO ,n;a je OBaj 3a,n;arnK aHanoraH 3a,n;aTKY ca qeTHpH KapTe y ome,n;y Bo-
coHa H I)oHcoH-Jlep,n;a (Wason & Johnson-Laird, 1972). Y o6a rnyqaja rnTyau;nja je
arrcTpaKTHa, c TOM pa3JIHKOM IllTO je y ome,n;y qeHra H XoJIHOJKa HCIIHTaHHIJ;HMa HH-
,II;JKOBaHa rrparMaTCKa IlleMa. ,Uo6njeHH HaJia3H IIOKa3yjy ,n;a je qaK 61 % HCIIHTaHHKa y
OBaKo IIOCTaBJbeHOM 3a,rt;aTKY ,II;OlllJIO ,n;o HcrrpaBHOr 3aKJbyqKa, ,IJ;OK je HcrrpaBaH 3aKJbyqaK
H3BeJIO caMO 19% HCIIHTaHHKa KOjHMa je ,n;aT KJiacnqaH 3a,IJ;aTaK ca qeTHPH KapTe BocoHa
H I)oHCOH-Jiep,n;a. 0BaKaB HCXO,IJ; cyrepHille ,n;a KOHKpeTHOCT HHje op; rrpecy,n;Hor 3Haqaja
3a ycrrex y 3aKJbyqHBalhy jep, Kao IllTO rr0Ka3yjy HaJia3H rrpnKa3aHor ome,n;a, ycrrelllHO
3aKJbyqHBalhe ce rrocnrnce H c arrcTpaKTHHM MaTepnjanoM yKOJIHKO je crreu;mpHKOBaHa
rrparMaTcKa IlleMa. HrraK, rrmKJbHBHjoM aHaJIH30M pe3ynrnrn Beiler 6poja ome,n;a MO)Ke ce
3aKJbyqHTH ,n;a Ha 3aKJbyqHBalbe JTHqy H KOHKpeTHOCT (II03HaTOCT) CHTyau;nje 0 Kojoj ce
H3BO,IJ;H 3aI<JbyqaK H rrparMaTCKH OKBHp y KojeM ce ,IJ;OHOCH 3aI<JbyqaK.
sHaqajHo rroBenaBa Ka,:r:i;a rrcmITaHrrKe CTaBHMO rrpe;r:i; rrpo6JieM y KojeM Mory ;r:i;a ce ornoHe
Ha CBaKo,:r:i;HeBHO rrcKycrno. KoHKpeTHOCT rr rrosHaTOCT crrryau;rrje y OKBrrpy Koje rrsBo-
,:r:i;rrMo saKJbyqaK Hrrcy je,:r:i;HHH yrnoBrr ycrrenrnor saKJbyqrrBaH>a. 0 TOMe cBep;oqe Ha-
Jiasrr qeHra rr XoJirroyKa Kojrr YKasyjy Ha sHaqaj rrparMaTcKor OKBrrpa rrprr ,:r:i;oHoIIIeH>y
saKJbyqKa. 3a;r:i;arnK MO)Ke ;r:i;a ca;r:i;p)KH KOHKpeTHe rnp,:r:i;H>e Koje osHaqaBajy crrTyau;rrje
Koje cy HCITHTaHHU:HMa I103HaTe, aJIH je ycrrex y 3aKJbyqHBaH>y Benn aKO HM ce IIOCTa-
BH rrparMaTCKH OKBHp (Ha rrprrMep, IIIeMa ,:L1;03BOJie) KOjH 3aKJbyqHBaH>e ycMepaBa Ka
o;r:i;pel)eHoj CBpcrr (u;Hlby). YcrreIIIHOCT y saKJbyqrrBaay saBrrcrr rr o;r:i; Toray Kojoj MepH
sa;r:i;arnK saxBaTa KYJITypHe crreu;rrq:mqHocTrr, o qeMy CBep;oqrr HaJias ;r:i;a cy HTaJirrjaHCKH
HCITHTaHHU:H 6HJIH ycrreIIIHHjH op; aMeprrqKHX y sa,:r:i;aTKY I)oHCOH-Jiep;r:i;a H capa,:r:i;HHKa.
I1 ;LJ;OK je KO;LJ; rrpou;eca cyl)eH>a y HeKHM rnyqajeBHMa 6HJIO Moryhe ycTaHOBHTH
jacHy HeJmHeapHy Besy rrsMel)y BpeMeHa rroTpe6Hor ;r:i;a 6rr ce ,:r:i;oHeo cy;r:i; rr KapaKTe-
prrcTrrKa oHora o qeMy ce cy;r:i;rr, y rnyqajy saKJbyqrrBaH>a HaMene ce OKBrrp peanHor
CBeTa Kao OCHOBHH qrrHHJiau; KOjH YTHqe Ha rrpou;ec saKJbyqrrBaH>a. 3aKJbyqHBaH>e je
ycrreIIIHrrje aKo cy rnp,:r:i;H>e Ha ocHoBy Kojrrx saKJbyqyjeMo KOHKpeTHe a crrTyau;rrja rro-
3Harn HJIH aKO je saKJbyqHBaH>e CTaBJbeHo y o;r:i;pel)eHH rrparMaTCKH OKBHp. I1cTO TaKO,
TeH,:r:i;eHu;rrja ;r:i;a ce rrprr saKJbyqHBaH>y Tpa)Ke I103HTHBHH HH;LJ;HKaTOprr KOjH rrornpl)yjy
rrpaBHJIO H saHeMapyjy HeraTHBHH HH;LJ;HKaToprr KOjH ra OITOBpraBajy YKasyje Ha 3Haqaj
rrparMaTcKor OKBrrpa. MelJYTHM, OBa TeH,:r:i;eHu;rrja je saHeMaplbrrBa yKoJIHKO rrcrrrrrn-
HHU:HMa rrH,:r:i;yKyjeMo, Ha rrprrMep, IIIeMy ;r:i;osBoJie. qrrH>eHrru;a ;r:i;a ce rrprr saKJbyqrrBaH>y
He ocJiaH>aMo Ha rrpaBHJia JiorrrKe He sHaqrr ;r:i;a je Hallie saKJbyqrrBaH>e BenrrM ;r:i;e-
JIOM rrorpeIIIHO. HarrpoTHB, oHa cyrepHIIIe rrocTojaH>e o;r:i;pel)eHrrx TeH,:r:i;eHu;rrja rrprr
saKJbyqrrBaH>y Koje rrMajy eKOJIOIIIKH cMrrcao, IIITO YKasyje Ha a;r:i;arrTHBHH sHaqaj rrpo-
u;eca saKJbyqrrBaH>a, o qeMy he 6rrTrr BHIIIe peqrr y saBpIIIHOM ;r:i;eny oBor rromaBJba.
CY'l)E!hE, 3AKJbYqMBA!hE M ,UOHOillE!hE O,UJIYKA 343
Tj. HameM JICKYCTBy, 0 'IeMy CMO ,IJ;MCKYTOBaJIJI y rrpeTXO,II;HMM rromaBJbJIMa OBe KI:hJire.
CTpaTer11je Koje H11cy 3acH0BaHe Ha cTporoM rromToBaI:hy rrporr,e,n;ype rrpJIJIHKOM
,IJ;OHomeI:ha cy,n;oBa JI 3aKJDyqaKa Ha3BaJIJI CMO xeypucU1uKaMa. y OCHOBJI OBaKBHX CTpa-
Ter11ja je oCJiaI:haI:he Ha BepoBaTHone Koje ce rrojaBJDyjy y pa3JIM'IMTMM BM,IJ;OBMMa JI Koje
neMO rroce6HO pa3MOTp11TM.
Pa3JIMKY M3Meljy ,n;oHomeI:ha cy,n;a JIJIM 3aKJDyqKa Ha ocHoBy aJiropnTMa JI Ha ocHoBy
xeypHCTJIKe JIJIYCTpoBaneMO CJie,n;enJIM rrpHMepoM. TipeTTIOCTaBJIMO ,n;a Hae je HeKO yrr11-
Tao KOJIJIKO je 'IeTBOpOCJIOBHIIX JI rreTOCJIOBHIIX pe'IJI Moryne HarrpaBJITH Kop11mneI:heM
ocaM cJioBa, o,n; Koj11x mecT 03Ha'IaBajy cyrJiaCHMKe, a ,n;Ba caMorJiaCHHKe? Alirop11TaMcK11
rrp11cTyrr 611 rro,n;pa3yMeBao H3paqyHaBaI:he CBIIX Moryn11x KOM611Hau;11ja ocaM rnoBa Koje
,n;ajy 'IeTBopocJIOBHe JI rreTOCJIOBHe Hl130Be, a 3aTJIM rrpoBepy y pe'IHMKY Koje KOM611Ha-
u;11je rrpe,n;cTaBJDajy pe'IM ,n;aTor je311Ka. Qq11me,n;Ho, HaBe,n;eHM aJirop11TaMcK11 rrp11cTyrr
HMje peaJiaH jep HJICMO y CTaI:hY ,n;a 113pa'IyttaMO CBe Moryne KOM611Hau;11je, HJITJI CMO
y MorynHOCTM ,n;a rrp0Bep11Mo Kojn HM30BM rrpe,n;cTaBJDajy pe'IM. CTora rrp116eraBaMo
xeypHCTJI'IKOM rrpHcTyrry IlOJia3en11 O,IJ; rrpeTTIOCTaBKe ,n;a Ben11Ha pe'IJI IlO'IJII:he KOHCO-
HaHTJIMa (mTO je Ta'IHO ), a 3aTJIM rroKymaBaMO ,n;a ce rrp11ceTMMO pa3JIJI'IJITJIX pe'IM Koje
IlO'IJII:hy KOHCOHaHTJIMa 113 3a,IJ;aTor CKyrra. Tip11MeTJIMO ,n;a je Rama HHTYJilJ,Hja ,n;a: Beh11Ha
pe'IJI IlO'IJII:he KOHCOHaHTJIMa 3arrpaBO JIHTYJilJ,Mja 0 BepoBaTHOnM, a He eKCI1JII1lJ,MTHO
3HaI:he 0 TOMe ,n;a 3aMCTa Ben11 6poj pe'IJI IlO'IMllie KOHCOHaHTOM. HapaBHO, OBaKaB
rrp11cTyrr He MOJKe ,n;a Hae ,n;oBe,n;e ,n;o arrCOJIJTHO Ta-crnor o,n;roBopa jep cMo M30CTaBM-
JIM pe'IJI Koje IlO'IMI:hY caMOrJiaCHMlJ,JIMa, a cacBMM je 113BeCHO ,n;a.ce He 611cMO ceTJIJIJI
HM CBJIX pe'IJI Koje IlO'IMI:hY HaBe,n;eHJIM KOHCOHaHTJIMa. TI11TaI:he HMje, ,n;arrne, ,n;a JIM je
Rama rrpou;eHa Ta'IHa, Ben y I<Ojoj Mep11 je rrorpemHa. y ,IJ;aJDeM TCKCTY neMo pa3MO-
TPMTJI HeKoJIMKo Haj'Iemn11x xeyp11cT11Ka.
Xeypucmwm 3aCHoBaHa Ha peape3eHU1aU1usHocmu. - He MaJI116poj cy,n;oBa JI 3aKJDyqaKa
,n;0Hoc11Mo Ha ocHoBy Tora y Kojoj Mep11 je ,n;aTM ,n;oraljaj perrpe3eHTaTMBaH 3a KJiacy
Kojoj rrp1ma,n;a. 0By BpcTy CTpaTer11je Ha3MBaMo peape3eHU1a71uoHa xeypucwuKa (re-
presentativness heuristic) MJIM xeypuc1J.1uKa 3aCHoBaHa Ha peape3eHwamusHocmu. ,n:a JIM
o,n;peljeHM ,n;oraljaj JIJIH cpeHoMeH crra,n;a y ,n;aTy KJiacy, o,n;HocHo ,n;a JIM je perrpe3eHT ,n;aTe
KJiace, rrpou;elhyjeMo Ha ornoBy ,n;Ba KpMTepMjyMa: y Kojoj MepM je ,n;oraljaj ,n;o6ap rrpe,n;-
CTaBHMK rrorryJiau;Mje Kojoj rrpMrra,n;a JI y Kojoj Mep11 je KOMrraTM6JIJiaH ca rrpou;ecoM
Koj11 je ,n;o I:hera ,n;oBeo (Kahneman & Tversky, 1972).
Y3MMMO rne,n;enM rrp11Mep. AKo 6au;MMO mecT rryra HOB'IMn, 1<0jM je o,n; ,n;Ba Mcxo-
,n;a BepoBaTHMjM: r TI TI r TI r JIJIJI r r r r r f? BenMHa ne ce CJIOJKMTJI ,n;a je BepoBaTHMjM
rrpBM MCXO,IJ; y KojeM cy HaM3MeHJI'IHO Ila.JIM rJiaBa JI IlMCMO, ,IJ;OK HaM ,n;pyr11 H3rJie,n;a
MaI:he BepoBaTaH jep yo'IaBaMo rrpaBJIJIHOCT. Hcnrna je, Me}jJTMM, ,n;a cy o6a Mcxo,n;a
rro,n;je,n;HaKo BepoBaTHa, a 6poj MorynMx KoM611Hau;11ja rr11cMa M maBe y meCT y3acTrro-
HMX 6au;aI:ha M3HOCM 26 (64). Hcxo,n; y KojeM HeMa rrpaBJIJIHOCTM M3me,n;a HaM Bepo-
BaTHMjH jep 3HaMo ,n;a je Mcxo,n; 6au;aI:ha HoBqrrna rrorne,n;11u;a rnyqaja. ,D:pyrMM pe'IMMa,
MCXO,IJ;JI KOjM He IlOKa3yjy rrpaBJIJIHOCT 'IHHe HaM ce KOMilaTM6JIJIHM ca ( rnyqajHHM)
rrpou;ecoM KOjM je ,IJ;O I:hMX ,IJ;OBeo. IllTa HaM OBO rOBOpM? TipBM MCXO,IJ; TpeTMpaMo Kao
Mcxo,n; 1<0jM je peape3eHwamusaH 3a rnyqajHe rrpou;ece, ,n;oK Mcxo,n; y KojeM je rnecT nyrn
y3acTorru;e rraJia maBa cMaTpaMo MaI:he BepoBaTHMM jep yo'IaBaMo rrpaBHJIHOCT.
YrrpaBo je ocJialhaI:he Ha perrpe3eHTaTIIBHOCT y3poK 'IeCTMX 3a6JIY,ri;a Ka,n;a cy y
rrMTalhy Mrpe Ha cpeny (Kou;KaI:he), jep OHe rrpeTrrocTaBJDajy rnyqajHe rrpou;ece y KojMMa
cy Mcxo,n;M JEeK je,n;HaKo BepoBaTHM (JIJI11 6M Tpe6aJio ,n;a 6y,n;y). HrraK, MHTYJII.J;Mja HaM
CY'l)EI-hE, 3AI<JbYlIJ1BAI-hE I1 ,D,OHOllIEI-hE O,D,JIYI<A 345
fOBOpI1 p;a lie, aKO je npM 6ar.:t;aIDy HOBqMna p;eceT nyTa ysaCTOITHO ITaJia rJiaBa, y je-
p;aHaeCTOM 6au;aIDy 6MTM Bena BepoBaTHona p;a fie nacTM nMcMo. 0Ba MHTYMr.:t;Mja je
norpenrna. ITornTo BepoBaTHone y MrpaMa Ha cpeny He cnap;ajy y KJiacy T3B. saBMCHMX
BepoBaTHOna, KO,II; KOjMX je BepoBaTHOna p;oral)aja ycJIOBJbeHa BepoBaTHOUOM npeTXO-
,Il;HMX p;oral)aja, Mcxop; je y CBaKoM 6au;aIDy YBeK nponopr.:t;MOHaJiaH 6pojy MorynMx
MCXO,IJ;a (Hnp. 1/2 KO,II; 6au;aIDa HOBqMna, I1JII1 1/6 KO,II; 6au;aIDa KOr.:t;Ke) MT,II;.
Y je,n:HoM rpa.n:y rrocTOje ,n:Be 60JIH111.i;e - Bena H Malha. Y Benoj 6oJIHHU:H ,n:HeBHO ce po.n:n 45 6e6a a y Malhoj
15. BepoBaTHona .n:a he 6e6a 6nTH o,n:pel)eHor rroJia HSHOCH 50%, naKo ce rroHeKa,n: ,n:oro.n:n .n:a ce y je,n:HOM
,n:aHy po.n:rr Bmne ,n:eqaKa, a He1<a,n:a Bmne ,n:eBoj'rnu:a. ToKoM ro,n:nHe 6oJIHHU:e cy 6eJie)KHJie ,n:aHe Ka.n:a je
pol)eHo 60% .n:e'-IaKa. Koja o.n: .n:Be 6oJIHHU:e je HMaJia BHrne oBaKBHX ,n:aHa?
(Kahneman & Tversky, 1972. Cno6ogaH apeBog u apunalOljeH UleKCUl.)
BenMHa MCITMTaHMKa ( 56%) O,Il;fOBOpMJia je p;a je 6poj p;aHa y KOjMMa ce pal)a 60%
p;eqaKa jep;HaK 3a o6e 6oJIHMr.:t;e. qeTBpTMHa MCITMTaHMKa (24%) O,Il;fOBOpMJia je p;a lie 6poj
OBaKBMX p;aHa 6MTI1 BenM y Benoj 6oJIHI1r.:t;I1, a CBera 20% je ,Il;aJIO TaqaH O,Il;fOBOp, Tj. p;a lie y
MaTuoj 6oJIHMIJ;M oBaKBM p;aHM 6MTM qerunM (Kahneman & Tversky, 1972). KaKo je p;oruJio
p;o TOra p;a je 80% MCITMTaHMKa p;ano norpernaH op;roBop? McnMTaHr.:t;M cy ce ocJIOHMJIM Ha
MHTYMr.:t;Mjy p;a lie aKo MMaMo BenM 6poj cnyqajeBa M eKcTpeMHM cnyqajeBM 6MTM qerunM,
rnTo HMje TaqHo. BeJIMKM y3opu;M cy noy3p;aHMjM, IllTO 3HaqM p;a pel)e op;cTynajy op; npaBM-
JIHOCTM y nonyJiar.:t;MjM. HacynpoT TO Me, Ma.JIM y3opr.:t;M Mory sHaqajHo p;a op;cryne op; KapaK-
TepMCTMKa nonyJiar.:t;Mje, M3 qera rnep;M p;a je BepoBaTHona p;a ce y jep;HoM p;aey pop;M 60%
p;eqaKa Bena aKo je 6poj pol)eHMX 6e6a MaJIM. AKo 6M 6poj pol)eHMX 6e6a 6Mo M3y3eTHo
BeJIMKM, per.:t;MMO 1 000, pol)eIDe 600 p;eqaKa y jep;HOM p;aey 6Mo 6M BeoMa pep;aK p;oral)aj.
346 KOfHMTMBHA TICMXOJIOfMJA
,r:i;a ce rrpMceTMMO rrpMMepa Koje TpmKMMO, 3aKlhyqyjeMo ,r:i;a cy OHM peTKM, o,r:i;HocHo ,r:i;a
je FhMXOBa yqecTaJIOCT no CBeMy cy,r:i;enM MaJia. y rroKyIIrnjy ,r:i;a ,r:i;aMo O,IJ;fOBOp Ha IIOMe-
HYTa rrMTaFha ornaFhaMo ce Ha BepoBaTHony, rrpM qeMy je Harna rrpou;eHa BepoBaTHone
yc110BJbeHa 1iaKohoM ao6ybuaa1-ba rrpMMepa M3 ,r:i;yroTpajHe MeMopMje. 0By BpcTy cTpa-
Ternje Ha3MBaMo xeypucilluKOM 3aCHoBaHoM Ha gocmyai-tocillu (availability heuristic)
/Kahneman & Tversky, 1973/. 0Ba xeypMCTMKa je qecTo ycrrernHa M ,r:i;ocTa je rroy3,r:i;aHa.
YKOJIMKO je HeKM cpeHOMeH HJIM ,r:i;ora])aj qernnM, rro6y])MBaFhe FheroBe rrpe,r:i;cTaBe be
6MTM JiaKIIIe (M 6p)I(e) 0 qeMy CMO, yocTaJIOM, p;eTaJbHO ,IJ;MCKJTOBaJIM y rrpeTXO,IJ;HMM
rrorJiaBJbMMa.
0BO, Me})JTMM, Ba)I(M caMO Kao OIIIIITM CIIyqaj jep, rrope,r:i; yqecTaJIOCTM, Ha JiaKO-
ny rro6y])MBaFha MO)I(e YTMIJ;aTM BehH 6poj qMHHJiau;a (Hrrp. ,r:i;paMaTMqHOCT ,r:i;ora])aja
HJIM je,r:i;aH M3y3eTaH rrpMMep MT,r:i;.), rnTo 3HaqM ,r:i;a M Harna rrpou;eHa BepoBaTHone MO)I(e
6MTM rro,r:i; pa3JIMqMTMM JTMu;ajMMa. 7,II,o,r:i;aTHH qMHHJiau; KOjM MO)I(e ,r:i;a YTMqe Ha rrpou;eHy
BepoBaTHone je orrrnTe 3HaFhe o cpeHoMeHy KojM rrpou;eFhyjeMo. AKo 6McMo ce yrrMTaJIM
p;a JIM Ha y11Mu;aMa MMa BMIIIe CKyrrMX HJIM jecpTMHMX aYTOM06HJia, BepoBaTHO 6MCMO
ce OCJIOHHJIM M Ha 3HaFhe 0 OIIIIITOj KyrrOBHOj MOllM CTaHOBHMIIITBa, a aKO 6MCMO ce
yrrMTaJIM Koja je rrporropu;Mja CKyrrHx M jecpTHHMX aYTOM06HJia, BeJIMKa je BepoBaTHOna
p;a 6MCMO Taj O,IJ;HOC rrpeu;eHHJIM y KOpMCT jecpTMHMX ayTOMM6HJia jep 6MCMO ra ,r:i;o,r:i;aTHO
rroH,r:i;epMCaJIM rrpou;eHOM KyrroBHe MOnM (cf. Carlson, 1990).
Ha rrpou;eHy BepoBaTHona YTMqe M U03Haillocm. Y MCTpa)I(MBaFhy KaHeMaHa M
TBepCKor MCIIMTaHMIJ;MMa cy ,r:i;aTe qeTMPM JIMCTe ca no 39 MMeHa (20 MYIIIKMX M 19
)I(eHcKMx). ,II.Be JIMCTe cy cap;p)I(aJie MMeHa rro3HaTMX )I(eHa (Hrrp. E11M3a6eT TejIIop)
M MyrnKa MMeHa HeII03HaTHX oco6a, ,IJ;OK cy ,IJ;Be JIHCTe cap;p)I(aJie MMeHa II03HaTHX
MyrnKapau;a (Hrrp. PMqap,r:i; HMKCOH) M )I(eHcKa MMeHa Herro3HaTMX oco6a. 3a,r:i;aTaK
MCIIMTaHHKa je 6Ho p;a perrpo.r:i;JKyjy IIITO BellM 6poj MMeHa, aJIM M ,r:i;a rrpou;eHe ,r:i;a JIM je
7 Je,r:i;aH O,IJ; TaKBHX qnHIDiau;a MO:>Ke ,r:i;a 6y,r:i;e H ceJieKTHBHOCT H3BOpa nmpopMau;nja. 0Baj <PeHOMeH je
HapO'-IHTO yoqJDHB y npou;eHaMa ttcxo,r:i;a IIOJIHTifqKHX H36opa. IlOIIITO ce yrnaBHOM KpeneMO Me})y
lfCTOMHIIIJbeHHIJ,HMa, yqecTaJIOCT o,r:i;pe}jeHHX IIOJIHTH'-IKHX CTaBOBa H npe<l:>epeHu;nja je npeu;eH>eHa, IIITO
Hae HaBo,r:i;tt Ha norpeIIIaH saKJDyqaK ,r:i;a cy TO n CTaBOBH nonyJiau;ttje rnacaqa.
348 I<OfHI1TJifBHA TICMXOJIOfJifJA
Ha JIMCTM 6MJIO BMIIIe My:rnKMX MJIM )l{eHCKMX MMeHa. ,Il;o6MjeHM pe3yJITaTM IIOKa3yjy p:a je
Ben.M 6poj MMeHa perrpo,r:i:JKOBaH ca JIMcTe Ha Kojoj cy 6MJia rro3HaTa MMeHa. O,r:i:roBop Ha
IIMTaTue ,r:i:a JIM je Ha JIMCTM 6MJio BMIIIe My:rnKMX MJIM )l{eHCKMX MMeHa 6Mo je rrop: YTm:i;ajeM
II03HaTOCTM: 3a JIMCTe Ha KOjMMa je 6MJIO BMIIIe MMeHa II03HaTMX My:rnKapau;a MCIIMTaHM-
n;M cy o,r:i:roBapaJIM p:a MMa BMIIIe My:rnKMX MMeHa, I1 o6paTHO, 3a JIMCTe Ha KOjMMa cy 6MJia
MMeHa II03HaTMX )l{eHa o,r:i:roBapaJIM cy p:a MMa BMIIIe )l{eHCKMX MMeHa. Haj3ap:, Ha rrpou;e-
HY BepoBaTHone YTWie M yo11Jbu6ocm, Tj. 3Haqaj cpeHoMeHa (.IJ;oraljaja) -crnjy BepoBaTHony
rrpou;eayjeMO. Tio3HaTO je p:a ce BeJIMI.(ll 6poj lliY.IJ:M IIJiaIIIM p:a JieTM aBMOHOM, MaKO CTa-
TMCTMKe rroKa3yjy ,r:i:a ce ,r:i:aJieKo BenM 6poj Hecpena ,r:i:oralja y aYToMo6MJicKOM cao6pahajy.
Pa3Jior oBoMe je y rrorpeIIIHoj rrpou;eHM BepoBaTHone. MaKo peTKe, aBMOHCKe Hecpene
cy no rrpaBMJIY BecT y Me,r:i:MjMMa, a aKo ce oBaKBa Hecpena ,r:i:oro,r:i:M o6nqHo rrorMHe BenM
6poj lliY.IJ:M. 0Ty,r:i:a M rrpou;eHa ,r:i:a cy oHe qeIIIne M ,r:i:a BO)l{H>a aBMOHOM rrpe,r:i:cTaBJba BenM
pI13MK. 8 J13 HaBe,r:i:eHMX rrpMMepa BM.D;MMO p:a xeypMCTMKe 3aCHOBaHe Ha BepoBaTHOUM,
MaKo y HajBeneM 6pojy CJiyqajeBa rroy3,r:i:aHe, Mory ,r:i:a 6y,r:i:y rro,r:i: YTMu;ajeM pa3JIJ1qMTMX
qJ1HMJiau;a KOjM ,IJ;OBO,IJ;e p:o ,IJ;MCTOp3Mja y rrpou;eHaMa BepoBaTHona.
8 AnTepHaTHBHO o6jalllfbefbe 611 MOrJIO ,n;a 6y.ue .ua je y IIHTafhy xeypHCTHKa 3aCHOBaHa Ha ,Il;OCTYIIHOCTH,
jep cy aBHOHCKe Hecpene, no rrpamu:ry, sHal.fajHa Me.u11jCKa BecT, llITO HHje YBeK CJIY'Iaj ca ayTOM06I1JicKHM
HecpenaMa.
CY1)ElbE, 3AKJbYlIJ1BAlbE I1 ,UOHOIIIElbE O,UJIYKA 349
,IJ,a ne KyrJia IIOCJie O,II,pe})eHOf BpeMeHa HaCTaBHTH ,IJ,a Ce Kpene rrpaBOJIHHHjCKH. 0BaKBO
o6jallilbelbe cpeneMO y rrperaJIHJiejeBCKHM OIIHCHMa KpeTalha KOjH rrpeTIIOCTaBJbajy IIO-
CTojalhe ,,rro,IJ,cTpeKaqa" KpeTalha ( anima motrix) qJ1je ,IJ,ejcrno BpeMeHoM orra,IJ,a.
···~~
· · · · · · · · · · · · · · ·~
a 40% 13%
......... 11>
B 11% r 36%
6pojy rnyqajeBa MMa MsyseTaH 6MOJIOlliKM 3Haqaj. Ila, HIIaK, HalliM saKJbycII.J;M 0 Kpe-
Talhy cy, BM,IJ;eJIM CMO, qecTO rrorpelliHM. OHM ce Mory KOpMrOBaTM yqeaeM, aJIM ce HM
Ta,n;a rpelliKe He eJIMMMHMlliY y rroTrryttocTM (Donley & Ashcraft, 1992). 3a ca,n;a HeMaMo
sa,n;oBOJbaBajyrm o,n;roBop Ha OBO IIMTaae, a je,n;aH o,n; pasJiora je M Taj lliTO je OBOM rrpo-
6JieMy IIOCBeneH peJiaTMBHO MaJIM 6poj MCTpa:>KMBalha.
,IJ;a JIM ;r:i;a yrrHrneM rrcHxoJiorHjy HJIH eKoHOMHjy? ,Il;a JIM ;r:i;a macaM sa KaH;r:i;H;r:i;arn A
HJIH KaH;r:i;H;r:i;aTa E? ,r:t;a JIM ;r:i;a rro;r:i;p)l{HM KOJiery KOjH je y rrpaBy II CHOCHM IIOCJie;r:i;Hu;e HJIH
;r:i;a rrpenJTHM II Hs6erHeM HerrpHjaTHOCTH? CBaKo;r:i;HeBHo ;r:i;oHOCHMO oBaKBe II cJIHqHe
o;r:i;JIYKe. HeKe o;r:i; IDIIX cy 6esHaqajHe, an:H HeKe Mory ;r:i;a HMajy ;r:i;an:eKoce)l{He rroCJie;r:i;Hu;e.
AKo 6HcMo ce yrrHTaJIH KaKo ,n;oHOCHMO O,IJ;JIYKe, BepoBaTHO 6HcMo HaBeJIH HHS pasJio-
ra KOjH cy JTHIJ;aJIH Ha Harne orrpe,n;eJDeIDe. Tia)l{JbHBHjHM JBH,rt;OM y HaBe;r:i;eHe pasJiore
BH)J;eJIH 6HCMO ,n;a cy OHM pa3JIHqHTH II ,n;a saBHCe o;r:i; rrpHpo,n;e OHora 0 qeMy ,Il;OHOCHMO
O,Il;JIYKY· y HeKHM CJiyqajeBHMa OHM Mory 6HTH MOpan:He rrpHpo;r:i;e, y HeKHM pasJior MO)l{e
6HTH H36op Malhe HeIIOBOJbHOr o,n; ,rt;Ba HeIIOBOJbHa HCXO,n;a, y HeKHM CJiyqajeBHMa O)J;JIYKa
MO)l{e 6HTH ,Il;OHeTa Ha OCHOBY rrpou;eHe 0 rrpe;r:i;BHl)eHoj KOpHCTH HJIH IIOfO)J;HOCTH Kojy
)J;OHOCH o,n;pel)eHH H36op HT,rt;. TiornTO cy Harne O,rt;JiyKe MOTHBHCaHe pa3JIHqHTHM pa3JI0-
3HMa, IIOCTaBJba ce IIHTaIDe ,n;a JIM IIOCToje rrpaBHJIHOCTH y HaqHHY Ha KOjH HX )J;OHOCHMO.
TIHTaIDe MO)l{eMo IIOCTaBHTH II Ha ;r:i;pyraqHjH HaqHH. ,r:t;a JIM IIOCToje orrrnTH rrpHHIJ;HIIH
KOjHMa ce PJKOBO,rt;HMO rrpHJIHKOM O,rt;JiyqHBaIDa II aKo rrocToje, ;r:i;a JIM y OKBHPY TaKBHX
rrpHHIJ;Hrra rrocToje qHHHOIJ;H KOjH ;r:i;o,n;aTHO YTHqy Ha Harne O,IJ;JiyqHBaH>e?
TeopIIja o,n;11y~mBalha
Tipo6JieMHMa o;r:i;JiyqHBaH>a 6aBH ce meopuja ogJZy11uaa1-ba (decision theory), y
OKBHPY Koje pasJIHKyjeMo HopMaillUBHY II geCKpuamuaHy (6uxejauopallHY) TeopHjy
o,n;JiyqHBaIDa. HopMaTHBHa TeopHja orrHcyje KaKo 6H O,rt;JIYKe mpe6allo ;r:i;a ce ;r:i;oHoce,
HacTojenH ,n;a ;r:i;ecpHHHrne yCJioBe sa IDHXOBO pau;HoHan:Ho ;r:i;oHorneIDe. HaKo KpHTe-
pHjyMH pau;HoHan:Hor o;r:i;JiyqHBaIDa HHcy je,n;HHH qHHHJiau; KOjH yTHqe Ha ,n;oHorneIDe
O)J;JIYKa, HOpMaTHBHa TeopHja ce He 6aBH OCTaJIHM qHHHOIJ;HMa I<OjH Mory (HJIH 6H
MOrJIH) ,n;a YTHqy Ha O,rt;JiyqHBaIDe. HacyrrpoT HopMaTHBHoj, ,n;ecKpHIITHBHa TeopHja
O,rt;JiyqHBaIDa HaCTOjH ;r:i;a OIIHrne HaqHH Ha KOjH ce O,rt;JiyKe CillBapHo )J;OHOCe. HaKO cy
sa OBY ;r:i;HcKycHjy o;r:i; sHaqaja II HopMaTHBHa II ,n;eCKpHIITHBHa TeopHja, y ;r:i;aJDeM TeKcTy
Te)l{HrnTe neMO CTaBHTH Ha ,n;ecKpHIITHBHY TeOpHjy O)J;JiyqHBaIDa.
352 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
CBaKo op; Hae MMa o;a;peljeHe rrpecpepem::i;Mje, CTBaptt p;o Kojttx MY je CTaJIO, rn-
cTeM Bpep;HOCTI1, HeIIITO l:JeMy Te)l(I1 M IIITO CMaTpa Bpep;HMM I1 KOpI1CHMM. HacyrrpoT
TOMe, ITOCToje CTaTua, CTBapH I1 OKOJIHOCTI1 Koje CMaTpaMO JIOIIIHM I1 HeITOBOJhHI1M I1
Koje HaCTOjHMO p;a I136erHeMO. TiocMaTpaHo I13 OBaKBe rrepcrreKTHBe, OA.JIYKY MO)l(eMo
;a;ecpnHttcaTH Kao tts6op jep;He H3 cKyrra Moryhttx orru;ttja (MoryhHocTtt). MorynHocTH
ca 1<0jttMa cMo cyoqeHH rrptt p;oHoIIIeTuy O;z::.t;.JIYKe Mory 6ttTI1 rrpocTe YKOJIHKO je O;IJ;.JIYKa
sacHoBaHa Ha caMo je;a;HOM KpinepttjyMy I1 CJIO)l(eHe, YKOJIHKO saxTeBajy KoM6ttHau;ttjy
Beiler 6poja pa3JII1l:JHTO rroBOJhHHX HJIH HerroBOJhHHX KapaKTepttcTHKa. 9 HMajyhtt To
y Bttp;y, MO)l(eMO rrpeTITOCTaBI1TI1 p;a je ;IJ;OHOIIIeTue O;IJ;.JIYKa ycJIOBJheHO Bpep;HOCTI1Ma
I1 u;I1JheBHMa Koje CMaTpaMO I103I1TI1BHI1M I1 KOpI1CHI1M, rrpH l:feMy HaCTOjHMO ;z::.t;a HX
;a;ocTHrHeMo ys IIITO Malhy u;eHy I1 ys MHHHMYM HeraTHBHMX rrocJiep;nu;a. Hs oBaKBor
OITHCa CJiep;H p;a rrpn ;IJ;OHOIIIelhy O;IJ;.JIYKe Tpa)l(HMO OI1TI1MaJIHH O;IJ;HOC ;a;o6pttx I1 JIOIIIX
CTpaHa OHora 0 l:feMy O;IJ;JIYl:fyjeMO, HaCTOjehtt p;a MaKCI1MaJII13yjeMO ;a;o6pe I1 MI1HI1Ma-
JII13yjeMO JIOIIIe CTpaHe. c ofottpOM Ha TO p;a CMO rrptt O;IJ;JIYl:fHBalhy qecTO cyoqeHH ca
BHIIIe MorynHOCTH, ttsa6paheMo oHy Koja HMa Haj6olhM op;Hoc ;a;o6pttx n JIOIIIHX CTpa-
Ha. III Ta ttMaMo Ha YMY Kap;a Ka)l(eMo ,,MorynHocT"? Y TeopMjtt O;IJ;JIYl:fHBaTua rro;a; OBllM
rrojMoM rro;a;pasyMeBaMo Mofyne aKL'1uje Koje HaM y TpeHYTKY ;a;oHoIIIeTua o;a;.JIYKe cTOje
Ha pacrroJiaraTuy. CKyrr MorynHOCTH MO)l(e 6nTH OTBopeH HJIH saTBopeH. Ha rrpnMep,
aKo Tpe6a p;a O;IJ;JIYl:fHMO KaKO p;a rrpoBep;eMo Bel:Je, cyoqeHH CMO c OTBOpeHUM cKyrrOM
MorynHOCTH, aJIH aKo Tpe6a p;a O,rt;JIYl:fHMO sa Kora heMo p;a rJiacaMo, rrpe;a; HaMa je sa-
TBopeHH cKyn MorynHOCTH jep Tpe6a ;a;a ttsa6epeMo jep;Hor op; orpaHHl:feHor 6poja KaH-
;a;rr;a;arn. Teopttja O;IJ;JIYl:fHBaTua ce 6aBH saTBopeHHM CKyrroM MorynHocTH, Tj. cpttKCHHM
6pojeM MorynHOCTH sa Koje ce rrpeTrrocTaBJha p;a cy Mel)yco6Ho HCKJhyqttBe.
KlhYl:JHH rrojaM Teoprrje O;IJ;JIYl:fHBaFha je Kopuc1-1ocf11 (utility), rrptt l:feMy je Meljy
I1CTpa)l(I1Bal:JHMa OBe o6JiaCTI1 rrpttXBaneH CTaB p;a je CBe Bpep;HOCTH Moryhe rrop;BeCTH
rrop; oBaj rrojaM. HarJiacrrMo p;a 3Hal:feTue rrojMa ,,KoprrcHocT" y Teopttjtt O;IJ;JIYl:fHBaTua
He HMITJIHD;ttpa HY)l(HO ,,KopncTolhy6ttBocT" HJIH eKOHOMCKY KoprrcT (Map;a oHe Hrrcy
HCKJhyqeHe) Ben go6ufJ1, CXBaneHy y HajIIIttpeM CMHCJiy. y Hal:JeJiy, pau;rroHaJIHa O;IJ;JIYKa
je OHa l:JMjH HCXO;IJ; ;IJ;OHOCH MaKCI1MaJIHY KOpHCHOCT. 0;IJ;JIYl:fI1BaTue je Hajl:JeIIIne rrpou;ec
y KojeM ysttMaMo y ofottp BHIIIe l:fHHHJiau;a, rrpn l:feMy rnaKOM op; l:fHHHJiau;a rrprr;a;ajeMo
Behtt I1JII1 MalhH 3Hal:Jaj, O;IJ;HOCHO Beny I1JIH MaTuy Te)l(ttHy. Tipn ;IJ;OHOIIIelhy op;JiyKa
OCJiaTuaMO ce Ha cy6jeKfJ1U6HY apoL'1eHy KOpUCHOCfJlU (subjective utility) ITOIIITO cy rrpo-
u;eHe 3Hal:Jaja I1 Bpep;HOCTI1 rrojep;HHHX l:JI1HHJiau;a KOjH yqecTByjy y ;IJ;OHOIIIerhY O;IJ;.JIYKe
yrnoBJheHe HaIIIHM Bpep;HOCHHM crrcTeMoM n rrpecpepeHu;rrjaMa.
Ha O;IJ;JIYl:fHBaTue YTHl:JY rr OKOJIHOCTM y OKBttpy Kojnx ;IJ;OHOCHMO OA.JIYKY, Koje
HasnBaMo cfJlaJ-buMa apupoge (states of nature). Peq je o OKOJIHOCTHMa Koje cy Moryhe
rr qecTo Herrpep;BH;IJ;JhHBe rr Koje Httcy rrop; HaIIIOM KOHTPOJIOM. 10 HopMaTHBHa Teoprrja
O;IJ;JIYl:fHBaTua ITOJia3H op; rrpeTITOCTaBKe p;a cy HaM CBa CTaTua rrpttpo;a;e II03HaTa. AKO He
3HaMO lhHXOBe BepoBaTHOUe, roBopHMO 0 ogJLy11uaa1-by y ycJl06UMa HeU36eCHOCfJ1U, a aKo
9 Ha npHMep, aKo HaM je npH KynOBHHH :o;mmrn je,11,HHH KpHTepHjyM :o;eHa, KynHneMo Hajje¢THHHje :o;H-
neJie. A.Jui, aKo HaM je Ba)l<HO KaKo H3rne.rr.ajy, .rr.a JIH cy TpajHe, KO je npoH3Bolja11, .rr.a JIH cy o.rr. npaBe KmKe
HT,11,, cy-qeHH CMO ca KOMforna:o;MjOM BMIIIe KPMTepHjyMa npH 0,11,Jiy-qHBaH>y.
IO Ha npHMep, npH 0,11,JIYIJ;H r.rr.e neMO npoBeCTM 0,11,MOp 3Ha11ajaH '-IHHMJia:o; MO)Ke .rr.a 6y.rr.e ,IJ;a JIM y MeCTy
KOje pasMaTpaMO Kao TIOTeH:o;MjaJIHO MeCTO 3a O,Il;MOp 'IeCTO na,IJ;a Kmna.
CYT)ElliE, 3AKJbYqI1BAlliE I1 ,D,OHOIIIElliE O,D,JIYKA 353
JI I1p11MeTHMO ,n;a y HaBe,n;eHOM npHMepy IIOCTOjH 6HTHa pa3JII1Ka y 3Haqajy KOjH CMO rrpH,D;aJIH Te)KHHM
TOp6e M TOMe ,n;a JIM heMO IIOKMCHJTM.
354 KOfHI1TI1BHA IICI1XOJIOfI1JA
12 ITo HOpMaTHBHOj TeOpHjM OBe ,l:i;Be aKu;Hje cy je)J;HaKO ,l:i;06pe jep je rnrypaH MCXO,l:i; rrpBe je)J;HaK O'!eKMBaHoj
Bpe,l:i;HOCTH ,l:i;pyre aKu;11je.
CY'l)E.fhE, 3AKJbYqJ1BA.fhE l1 )J;OHOIIIE.fhE 0,l])IYKA 355
Me~)7TMM, Ms6op MCIIMTaHMKa je saBMCMO op; Tora .n;a JIM cy Mcxop;M rrpMKasaHM y rrosMTM-
BHOM HJIH HeraTMBHOM OKBttpy. AKO ce ns6op IIOCTaBH y II03HTHBaH OKBMp, 72% HCIIM-
TaHHKa 6Mpa rrporpaM A, aJIH aKO ce IIOCTaBM y HeraTHBaH OKBHp, qaK 78% HCIIHTaHHKa
6npa rrporpaM B (Tversky & Kahneman, 1987). 06paTHMO rra:>KlhY Ha rrporpaM A y He-
raTHBHOM M II03HTMBHOM OKBHpy. I1aKO je y o6a CJIYllaja MCXO,IJ; rrporpaMa Mp;eHTMliaH
(1/3 JbYAM he 6HTM crrarneHa), y rrosHTMBHOM OKBMPY ce HaBop;M p;a he 6MTM caauteHo 200
JbY;IJ;M, ;IJ;OK ce y HeraTMBHOM OKBMPY IIOMMlhe p;a he yMpemu 400 JbY;IJ;M. OlIMrJiep;HO, HalIMH
Ha KojM je rrpep;cTaBJbeH rrporpaM op;pe~yje M Ms6op, mm sHalIM p;a cy Harne O;IJ;JiyKe yrno-
BJbeHe JI Ha'{MHOM Ha KOjM HaM je rrpep;oqeH rrpo6JieM 0 KojeM o,w.ryqyjeMO.
3,n:paBcTBeHa opramrna:u;Hja ce rrpm1peMa sa H36Hjalhe HerrosHaTe errII,n:eMHje. QqeKyje ce ,n:a he o,n: OBe
errJI,n:eMIIje yMpeTH 600 JbYAH. ITpe,llJIO)l{eHa cy ,n:Ba amepHaTHBHa rrporpaMa Jieqelha (A II E).
IJ03umuBaH OKBup
* AKo ce rrpIIXBaTH rrporpaM A, 200 JbYAH he 6HTH crrarneHo.
* AKo ce rrpIIxBaTH rrporpaM E, BepoBaTHona ,n:a he 6HTH crrarneHo CBHX 600 JbYAH je 1:3, aJIH je
BepoBaTHOna H 2:3 ,n:a HHKO Rene 6HTH crrarueH.
HeramuBaH OKBup
* AKo ce rrpIIxBaTH rrporpaM A, yMpene 400 JbYAH.
* AKo ce rrpIIxBaTH rrporpaM E, BepoBaTHona je 1:3 ,n:a HHKO Helie yMpeTH, aJIH je II BepoBaTHona 2:3
,n:a he CBH yMpeTH.
0KBMp ;I:i;OHOllielha op;eyKe MO)l{e p;a ce CXBaTM M Kao lIMHHJiau; KOjM )7TMlie Ha TO
p;a JIM heMO rrpMXBaTMTM HJIM M36eraBaTM pI13MK. AKO je y OKBMPY HamarneH ry6MTaK,
IIOCTOjM jaKa TeHp;eHu;Mja Ka rrpeys11Malhy pI13I1Ka. HacyrrpoT TOMe, aKO je y OKBMPY
MCTaKHyTa KOpMCHOCT (p;o6MTaK)' p;o M3paMaja p;oJia3M TeHp;eHI.:t;Hja M36eraBalha pM-
3MKa (BM;IJ;M rrpMMep ).
CIITya:u;IIja A.
3aMHCJIHTe ,n:a HMaTe 3 000 AHHapa. Tpe6a ,r:i;a IIsa6epeTe H3Meljy:
* rnrypHor ,n:o6HTKa o,n: 1 000 AHHapa;
* 50% BepoBaTHOne ,n:a neTe ,n:06HTH 2000 ,Il;HHapa H 50% BepoBaTHOne p;a HeneTe ,n:o6HTH HHlliTa.
Cm'ya:u;IIja E.
3aMHCJIHTe ,n:a HMaTe 5 000 AHHapa. Tpe6a .n:a Jisa6epeTe H3Meljy:
* rnrypHor ry6HTKa OA 1 000 AHHapa.
* 50% BepoBaTHOne ,n:a HHillTa He Jisry6HTe H 50% BepoBaTHOne ,n:a Hsry6HTe 2000 AHHapa.
(Tversky & Kahneman, 1987. C;w6ogaH apeBog u apwzaroljeH meKcm.)
I1aKO y o6a CJIYllaja (AM E) rrpBM Ms6op OCTaBJba MCIIMTaHMKa ca cyMoM op; 4 000
,JJ;HHapa a ;i:i;pyrM ca rro;i:i;jep;HaKMM rnaHcaMa p;a ocrnHe ca 3 000 HJIM 5 000 p;MHapa, Ms6op
sHaqajHo saBMCH op; OKBMpa y KojeM cy rrpep;cTaBJbeHM yrnoBM. Y rnTyau;MjM A 72%
MCIIMTaHMKa 6Mpa rrpBy MoryhHocT (rnrypaH p;o6MTaK op; 1 000 p;MHapa) ys jarny TeH-
p;eHu;Mjy Ms6eraBalha pMsMKa cap;pMaHor y ;i:i;pyroj MoryhHocTM. Y rnTyau;MjM B, rp;e je
y rrpBoj BapMjaHTI1 jaCHO I-Ia3HalieH ry6MTaK, MCIIMTaHMD;M IIOKasyjy CKJIOHOCT Ka rrpey-
3MMalhy pM3MKa. lfaK 64% MCIIMTaHMKa 6Mpa .n;pyry MoryhHOCT (50% BepoBaTHohe p;a
He Msry6e HMllITa M 50% p;a Msry6e 2 000 ,Il;MHapa). ITornTO y OBOM rrpMMepy He IIOCTOjM
356 KOfHHTHBHA IICI1XOJIOrMJA
perneH>e Koje 6rr rrop;pa3yMemwo rrcrrpaBHY op;1:ry:r<y, Momo 6rr ce rrpeTrrocTaBMTM p;a
he ce rrcrrrrTaHrru;rr y jep;HaKoj rrporropu;rrjrr orrpep;eJIMTM M3Mel)y p;Be MoryhHOCTM. To,
Me})JTMM, HMje rnyqaj - HCITHTaHHIJ;M ce orrpep;e.lbyjy 3a jep;Hy HJIM p;pyry MoryhHOCT y
3aBMCHOCTH op; H31IMHa Ha KOjM cy HM OHe rrpep;o11eHe.
<1>opMy1ia71uja auUlaHJa u 1-ta11.UH ogJLJ11.UBa1-ba. - I.fa rrpeTxop;Hrrx rrprrMepa cMo Brrp;eJIM
p;a O.J:i:JIYKa y BeJIMKOj Meprr 3aBMCH op; Tora KaKO je rrprrKa3aH H>eH HCXO,IJ;. Mel)YTMM, Ha
p;oHorneH>e O,Il;JIYKe MOJKe p;a JTM1Ie M Ha1IMH Ha Kojrr je rrocTaB.lbeHo ITMTaH>e y OKBrrpy
Kojer Tpe6a p;oHeTM O,IJ;JIYKY (Brrp;rr rrprrMep) /Tversky & Kahneman, 1987/.
3aMHCJIHTe ,ri:a ce mIBa3HTe y rropoTH Koja o,ri:.r.ryqyje o TOMe KOMe Tpe6a ,ri:a rrpmrn,ri:He ,ri:eTe rrorne ,ri:paMa-
TH':IHOr pa3BO,ri:a po,ri:HTeJha. Barna O)l;JIYKa Tpe6a ,ri:a 6y,ri:e )l;OHeTa HCI<JbJ':IHBO Ha OCH OBY CJie,ri:eh11x rro,ri:aTaI<a.
KojeM po,ri:11:TeJby neTe ,ri:o,ri:eJIHTH ,ri:eTe Ha CTapaIDe?
PoquiUeJb A PoguiUelb E
rrpoce':IHa rrp11MaIDa HaTrrpoce':IHa rrp11MaIDa
rrpoce'-IHO 3,ri:paBCTBeRO CTalhe BeOMa 6JIH3aK O)l;HOC ca ,ri:eTeTOM
rrpoce':IHO pa,ri:Ho BpeMe 113y3eTHO aKTHBaH ,ri:pyrnTBeHH )l<HBOT
rrpHCTOjaH 0,ll;HOC ca ,ri:eTeTOM qecTa CJIY)l<6eHa rryToBaIDa
peJianIBHO CTa6HJiaH COI1HjaJIHI1 )l{HBOT JiaKIIIH 3,ri:paBCTBeHH rrpo6JieMH
HJIH y 3aBHCHOCTH O,Il; HaqHHa Ha KOJH cy HM rrpe,IJ;oqeHH HCXO,Il;H O,IJ;Jiy:Ke, IllTO 3HaqH ,IJ;a
cy Bpe,IJ;HOCTH KOjHMa Te)I{HMO rrpHJIHKOM o,rvryqHBalha qecTo Hecrn6HJIHe.
A6ep3Uja apeMa ty6utllKy. -113 paHHje rrpHKa3aHor HcTpmKHBalha TBepcKor H KaHeMa-
Ha BH,IJ;eJIH CMO ,IJ;a HCIIHTaHHIJ;H HMajy TeH,IJ;eHu;Hjy ,IJ;a H36eraBajy pH3HK JKOJIHKO HM je
rapaHTOBaH ,IJ;o6HTaK, aJIH H ,IJ;a rrpHxBarnjy pH3HK aKo HM je CHTyau;Hja rrpe,IJ;cTaBJheHa
y HeraTHBHOM OKBHpy, Tj. OKBHPY KOjH HarJialllaBa ry6HTaK. TeH,IJ;eHu;Hja H36eraBalha
pH3HKa, TalIHHje, O,IJ;YCTajalhe O,Il; ,IJ;06HTKa 36or MorynHOCTH ,IJ;a H3ry6HMO JKa3yje Ha TO
,IJ;a cMo oceTJhHBHjH Ha ry6HTaK Hero Ha ,IJ;06HTaK. ITprrxBaTalhe pH3HKa cpeheMo caMo
y CMTyau;HjaMa Ka,IJ;a je ry6HTaK H3BeCTaH HJIH Ka,IJ;a IIOCTOjH BeJIHKa BepoBaTHOna ,IJ;a he
,Il;O lhera ,Il;OllH. HacyrrpoT TOMe, IIOCTOjH H3pa)I{eHa CKJIOHOCT ,IJ;a ce H36erHy CHTyau;Hje
y KOjMMa He ,IJ;06HjaMO HHillTa HJIH HMaMO IIO,IJ;je,IJ;HaKe IllaHce ,IJ;a ,IJ;06HjeMO HJIH M3ry-
6HMO. 0 oBoMe CBe,IJ;oqe HaJia3H HCTpa)I{HBalha KaHeMaHa H TBepcKor y KojeM cy HCIIH-
TaHHIJ;H o,IJ;6HJIH ,IJ;a yqecTByjy y rrrpH y Kojoj 6H 6au;alheM HOBqHna ,IJ;o6HJIH 10 ,IJ;OJiapa
aKo 6H rraJia rJiaBa, aJIH M H3ry6HJIH 10 ,IJ;OJiapa aKo 6H rraJio rrHcMo. IIlTaBHille, HCIIHTa-
HHIJ;H cy o,IJ;6HJIH ,IJ;a yqecTByjy y nrpH qaK H Ka,IJ;a HM je rroHyi)eHo p;a ,IJ;o6Hjy 20 ,IJ;OJiapa
aKo rra,IJ;He maBa H H3ry6e 10 ,IJ;OJiapa aKo rra,IJ;He rrHcMo (Kahnernan & Tversky, 1984).
0Ba TeH,IJ;eHu;Hja y O,IJ;JiyqHBalhy rro3Harn je Kao a6ep3uja apeMa ty6ufl1Ky (loss aversion).
0Ha ce jaBJha H y CHTyau;HjaMa Ka,IJ;a Tpe6a ,IJ;a ce o,IJ;peKHeMo Heqera IllTO rroce,IJ;yje-
Mo. Y HCTpa)I{HBalhy KaHeMaHa H capa,IJ;HHKa je,IJ;Hoj rpyrrH HCIIHTaHHKa ,IJ;aTe cy IllOJhe
y3 HarroMeHy ,IJ;a o,IJ;pe,IJ;e u;eHy no Kojoj 6H HX rrpo,IJ;aJIH. ,D;pyroj rpyrrH HCIIHTaHHKa je
rroHyljeHo ,IJ;a Kyrre HCTe IllOJhe H ,IJ;a HM o,IJ;pe,IJ;e u;eHy. I1crrHTaHHIJ;H KojH cy ,,rrpo,IJ;aBa-
JIH" IllOJhe y rrpoceKy cy lhHXOBY Bpe,IJ;HOCT rrpou;eHHJIH Ha 7 ,Il;OJiapa H 12 u;eHTH, ,Il;OK
cy HCIIHTaHHIJ;H KOjH cy HX ,,KyrrOBaJIH" CMaTpaJIH ,IJ;a OHe Bpe,IJ;e 2 ,IJ;OJiapa H 87 u;eHTH
(Kahnernan, Knetch & Thaler, 1991). 0BaKo ,IJ;paMaTHqHa pa3JIHKa y u;eHH yKa3yje Ha TO
,IJ;a ,,ry6HTaK" Heqera IllTO rroce,IJ;yjeMO HaCTOjHMO ,IJ;a KOMIIeH3yjeMO BHCOKOM u;eHOM.
ITpHMeTHMO ,IJ;a aBep3Hja rrpeMa ry6HTKY oTBapa MoryhHocT 3a pa3JIHqHTe MaHH-
rryJiau;Hje KOjHMa MO)I{eMO ,IJ;a YTHqeMO Ha O,IJ;Jiy:Ke. YKOJIHKO ce rrpo6JieM IIOCTaBH y OKBHp
y KojeM ce rroHyljeHe MorynHOCTH ,lJ;O)I{HBJhaBajy Kao ry6HTaK y O,Il;HOCY Ha Haj60JhH
MoryhH HCXO,IJ;, 6HneMo crrpeMHH ,IJ;a rrpHxBaTHMO pH3HK KaKo 6HcMo H36emH ry6Hrnr<.
HacyrrpoT ToMe, JKOJIHKO HCTH rrpo6JieM rrpe,IJ;oqHMO y OKBHPY y KojeM ce MorynHOCTH
,Il;O)I{HBJhaBajy Kao ,IJ;06HTaK y O,Il;HOCY Ha HajropH MoryhH HCXO,IJ;, rrpHXBaTHlleMO 6HJIO
KOjH H36op caMo ,IJ;a 6HcMo H36emH ry6Hrnr<. ITpr1Ka3aHa HCTpa)I{HBalha KOjHMa cMo
HJIYCTpOBaJIM aBep3Hjy rrpeMa ry6HTKY rroKa3yjy ,IJ;a ,IJ;o6HTaK H ry6HrnK HCTe BeJIHqHHe
He Bpe,IJ;HyjeMo Ha HCTH HaqHH - ,IJ;06HTaK HaM ce qHHH MalhHM. AKO CMO y ccpepH ,IJ;06HT-
Ka, CKJIOHHjH CMO ,IJ;a rrpHXBaTHMO MalhH, aJIH CHrypaH ,IJ;06HTaK, Hero ,IJ;a ce yrrycTHMO
y aKu;Hjy Koja HaM MO)I{e ,IJ;OHeTH BeJIHKH ,IJ;06HTaK aJIH H 3HaqajaH ry6wraK. Y ccpepH
ry6HTKa BMille CMO CKJIOHH pH3HKY H qelllhe 6HpaMo aKu;Hjy y Kojoj MO)I{eMO rrpohH 6e3
ry6HTKa, Hero Malhe pH3HqHy aKu;rrjy y Kojoj 6HCMO rrpolllJIH y3 MHHHMaJIHH ry6Hrnr<.
YcKo rroBe3aHa c aBep3HjoM rrpeMa ry6HTKY je H TeH,IJ;eHu;rrja ,IJ;a HacTaBHMO ,IJ;a
yJia)KeMO y HelllTO IllTO je Ben ,Il;OHeJIO HerroBpaTHH ry6HTaK KaKO 6HCMO IIOBpaTHJIH
yJio)KeHo. ITpHMep oBor cpeHoMeHa je rroHalllalhe Kou;Kapa. Y TpeHyTKY Ka,IJ;a rroqHlhY
,IJ;a ry6e, Hajpa3yMHHja O,IJ;Jiy:Ka 6H 6HJia ,IJ;a O,IJ;YCTaHy O,Il; nrpe. MeljyTHM, y HajBeheM
6pojy rnyqajeBa Kou;KapH HaCTaBJhajy c HrpoM He 6rr JIM rroBpaTHJIH ry6HTaK, IllTO ce
Hajqelllhe 3aBplllaBa jolll BenHM ry6HTKOM. TeH,IJ;eHu;Hja ,IJ;a ,IJ;O,IJ;aTHO yJia)KeMo KaKo
6HCMO Ha,IJ;OKHa,IJ;HJIH H3ry6JheHO, HaKO je pa3yMHHje O,IJ;YCTaTH O,Il; 6HJio KaKBOr ,IJ;alher
358 KOfHHTHBHA TICHXOJIOfMJA
y1rnra11>a, rro3HaTa je rrop; Ha3MBOM e<fJe1<ail1 apouaJtof yJtafa1-ba (sunk-cost effect). 0Baj
ecpeI<aT je y cyrrpoTHOCTH ca rrpe,D;BMryaH>MMa HOpMaTMBHe TeopMje M rrpep;CTaBJba rro-
ce6aH 01yqaj aBep3Mje rrpeMa ry6MTKY (cf. Thaler, 1980; Arkes & Blumer, 1985; Dawes,
1988; Arkes & Ayton, 1999).
orrpep;emma ce sa rrpBy MorynHOCT caMo y 32% cJiy•rnjeBa. Ha rrpBH rromep;, oBaj Hanas
ce MO)Ke yqrrHMTM rrapap;oKCaJIHMM. Bes o6srrpa Ha TO p;a JIM cy rranrr MJIM rroJIO)KMJIM
MCIIMT, MCIIMTaHMD;M M3 rrpBe ,IJ;Be rpyrre ce y rrprr6JIM)KH0 jep;HaKOM rrpou;eHTY orrpep;e-
Jh yjy 3a rrpBy BaprrjaHTy. Mel)YTMM, aKO He 3Hajy p;a JIM cy IIOJIO)KMJIM MCIIMT' 6poj MCIIM-
TaHMKa KOjM 6rrpa rrpBy BaprrjaHTY p;pacTMqHQ ce CMalhyje, MaKo pesyJITaT rrpeTXO,IJ;He
p;Be rpyrre YKasyje Ha TO p;a rrcxop; rrcrrrrTa He YTMqe Ha op;nyKy. IllTa je pasJior oBaKBe
rrpoMeHe? IlprrMeTMMO p;a cy rrpBe p;Be rpyrre peJiaTMBHO JiaKo Haurne orrpaBp;alhe sa
CBojy O,IJ;JIYKy; y jep;HOM rnyqajy TO je 6MJia ,,Harpap;a" 3a IIOJIO)KeHM MCIIMT, ,IJ;OK je y
p;pyroM rnyqajy TO 6MJia ,,JTexa" sa Heycrrex. Tpena rpyrra, Mel)YTMM, HeMa p;oBOJhHO
p;eqnrnrrcaHy rnTyau;rrjy Kaja 6rr joj oMorynMJia p;a Hal)e y6ep;JhMBe pasJiore KojrrMa 6rr
rrpaBp;aJia CBojy O,IJ;JIYKY·
Morynrr rrcxop;rr, Tj. rrcxop;rr Kojrr TeK Tpe6a p;a ce p;orop;e o~mmep;Ho Hrrcy cTa-
6MJIHa OCHOBa Ha Kojoj 6rr ce cpopMyJIMCaJIM pa3JI03M KOjM 6rr orrpaB,IJ;aJIM op;nyKy, Ma
KaKBa OHa 6MJia.
qU1-tUOt'1U Koju ymu'tf,y Ha <jjopMupa1-be pas!lofa sa ogllyKy. HopMaTMBHa Teoprrja op;nyqrr-
Balha MOTMBau;rrjy 3a op;pel)eHM M36op HaJia3M y MaKCMMaJIM3au;rrjM KOpHCHOCTM, p;aKJie,
y ucxogy O,IJ;JIYKe. Mel)YTMM, O,IJ;JIYKe Koje p;oHocrrMo Hrrcy yseK MOTHBMCaHe rrcxop;oM. 0
TO Me, BM,IJ;eJIM CMO, CBep;oqe MCTpa)KMBalha qrrjrr HaJia3M IIOKasyjy p;a CMO rrprr O,IJ;JiyqHBalhy
qecTO PJKOBol)eHM oapaBgaHomliy pasJLOfa sa op;pel)eHy O,IJ;JIYKY a He IheHMM rrcxop;oM. AKo
je HaJiallielhe y6e,IJ;JhMBMX pa3JIOra TO IIITO ycJIOBJhaBa M36op M3Mel)y BMIIIe MorynHOCTM,
IIOCTaBJha ce IIMTalhe IIITa je TO IIITO op;pel)eHM pa3JIOr qrrHM orrpaB,IJ;aHMM.
Jep;aH op; qrrHMJiau;a Kojrr YTMqy Ha TO p;a O,IJ;JIYKa 6yp;e cxBaneHa Kao orrpaBp;a-
Ha cy eMOTMBHM pa3JI03M. y MCTpa)KMBalhy Mep;MHa II capap;HMKa MCIIMTaHMD;MMa je
rrpep;oqeHa rnTyau;rrja y Kojoj MM ce Hyp;rr p;a cTapH aYTOM06MJI 6es Hap;oKHap;e saMeHe
HOBMM. BenrrHa rrcrrrrTaHMKa je rrprrxBaTMJia OBY rroHyp;y. Mel)YTMM, Kap;a je rroHyl)eHo
360 KOfHI1TI1BHA I1CI1XOJIOfI1JA
3aBHCHOCTI1 op; Tora KaKo je cpopMyJIHCaHO ITHTaI:De Ha OCHOBY Kojer op;;:ryqyjeMo. Tiopep;
OKBHpa IIOCToje I1 l:fl1HI10IJ;I1 Koje HHje Moryne o6jaCHI1TI1 MaHHrryJian;11jaMa Haq11Ha Ha
Koj11 je rrpo6JieM rrpep;oqeH. Jep;aH op; TaKBHX q11HHJian;a je aBep311ja rrpeMa ry611TKY Koja
peaJIHO ,II;OHOIIIeI:De O,II;JiyKe p;op;aTHO yp;aJbaBa op; KpI1Tep11jyMa OIITI1MaJIHOr O,II;JIYl::IHBaI:Da
I13Be,II;eHHX I13 HOpMaTHBHe TeopHje. 0Ba TeHp;eHn;Hja rrpHCJTHa je qaK I1 y ycJIOBHMa y
Koj11Ma je BepoBaTHona p;o6HTKa p;aJieKo Bena op; BepoBaTHone ry611TKa. ABep311ja rrpeMa
ry6HTKY je p;o Te Mepe CHa)lrna p;a ce MaHHcpecTyje I1 Kao HeCBpCHCXO,II;HO p;op;aTHO y,rra-
raI-be KaKo 6HCMO I136ernH ry611TaK.
qHI:DeHMIJ;a p;a peaJIHO O,Il;JIYl:fHBaI:De 3HaqajHO 0,Il;CTyrra op; KpI1Tep11jyMa pan;HO-
HaJIHOr O,II;JIYl:fHBaI:Da HaBeJia je HeKe ayTope p;a rrpo6JieMy op;JiyqHBaI:Da rrp11cTyrre 113
p;pyraq11je rrepcrreKTHBe. IIoKa3aHo je p;a je O,II;JIYl::IHBaae qecTO rrop; JTHn;ajeM pa3JIO-
ra Koje CMaTpaMO pasyMHMM I1 orrpaBp;aHHM. THMe ce MOTHBan;Hja 3a M36op jep;He op;
MorynHOCTH rroMepa ca 11cxop;a Ha rrpou;ece p;oHoIIIeaa o,II;JI)'Ke 113a6paneMo oHy
MorynHOCT Kojy CMO rrpeTXO,II;HO IIOTKpeIIHJIH y6ep;Jbl1BI1M pa3JI03I1Ma. IIpH HaJia)l{eI:Dy
pa3JIOra HaCTOjHMO p;a OHM 6yp;y IIITO y6e,II;Jbl1BMjI1 KaKO 6HCMO KaCHHje MOfJII1 rnojy
op;JiyKy p;a rrpaBp;aMo YKOJIHKO 611 oHa 6HJia p;oBep;eHa y IIHTaI:De.
HaJia3H rrp11Ka3aHHX HCTpa)l{HBaI:Da yKa3yjy Ha To p;a y BeJIHKOM 6pojy CJIYl::IajeBa
MaKCI1MaJII13an;11ja KOpI1CHOCTI1 Ha HaqHH Ha KOjH je CXBaneHa y HOpMaTHBHOj TeopHjH
O,II;JIYl::IHBaI:Da HHje rrpHHIJ;HII KojHM ce pyKoBO,II;HMO rrp11 rnaKOp;HeBHOM p;oHoIIIeay
O,Il;JIYKa. HaIIIe O,II;JIYKe cy qecTO MOTHBHCaHe pa3JI03I1Ma KOjH HMajy MaJIO 3ajep;HJ1qKor
c 011eKMBaHOM KOpHCHOIIIny. }fa Tora, Me))yTHM, He Cie,II;H p;a cy TaKBe O,II;JIYKe Hepa-
IJ;HOHaJIHe 11 Hepa3yMHe. MoTHBan;11ja Ha Kojoj je 3acH0BaHo HaIIIe O,II;JIYl:fHBaI:De je
BHIIIeCJiojHa I1 HHje yBeK CBO,Il;HBa Ha oqeKHBaHy KOpHCHOCT Kojy je Moryne cpopMaJIH-
30BaTI1 Ha Haq11H Ha KOjH TO qJ1HI1 HOpMaTHBHa Teop11ja O,II;JIYl:fHBaI:Da. HJIH, Ha p;py-
rH HaqJ1H peqeHO, pa3JI03I1 KOjHMa CMO pyKoBo))eHH rrpH ,II;OHOIIIeI:Dy O,II;JIYKa Mory p;a
ce rrop;Bep;y rrop; KopHCHOCT, aJIH Kop11cHOCT Koja HHje YBeK HY)l{HO Be3aHa 3a 11cxop;
O,Il;JIYKe. MopaJIHO HcrrpaBHa O,II;JIYKa MO)l{e ca CTaHOBHIIITa KOpI1CHOCTI1 HCXO,II;a 6HTI1
Hepan;HOHaJIHa, aJII1 IIOCTaje pan;HOHaJIHa aKo KOpHCHOCT CXBaTHMO Kao caTHCcpaKn;Hjy
IIITO CMO IIOCTyrrHJIH y CKJiap;y ca MOpaJIHHM HaqeJIHMa. I1CTI1HI1 3a BOJby, HOpMaTHBHa
Teop11ja O,II;JIYl:fHBaI:Da y3HMa oBaj acrreKT O,II;JiyqHBaI:Da y o6311p, aJIH ra y311Ma arrp11op11,
IIOJia3enH op; Tora p;a je CHCTeM Bpep;HOCTI1 Ben YKioyqeH y op;pe))HBaI:De cy6jeKTI1BHe KO-
pI1CHOCTI1. 0BaKaB rrpHcTyrr HaM, Me))JTHM, He Hyp;11 o6jaIIII:DeI:De HaJia3a Koj11 JKa3yjy
Ha TO p;a ce HaIIIe O,Il;JIYKe pa3JII1Kyjy y 3aBHCHOCTI1 op; OKBHpa y KOjeM cy rrpep;oqeHe
MorynHOCTU I1JII1 y 3aBHCHOCTI1 op; Haq11Ha Ha KOjH je IIOCTaBJbeHO IIHTaI:De 0 KOjeM p;o-
HOCHMO op;JiyKy. HcTo TaKO, He Hyp;11 HaM HH o6jaIIII:DeI:De pe3yJITaTa Koj11 rroKa3yjy p;a
je HaJia)l{eI:De orrpaBp;aHHX pa3Jiora 3a H36op jep;He op; MorynHOCTH yrnoBJbeH jacHonoM
c:rnyau;uje y OKBHPY Koje p;oHOCHMo op;Jiyi<y. YKpaTKO, HaJia3H HCTpa)l{HBaI:Da y Koj11Ma
je HCIIHTaHO ,II;OHOIIIeI:De O,II;JIYKa IIOKa3yjy p;a je peaJIHO O,Il;JIY"t£I1BaI:De qecTO 3aCHOBaHO
Ha KpI1Tep11jyM11Ma KOjH ce pa3JIHKyjy op; KpI1Tep11jyMa pan;HOHaJIHOr O,II;JIYl:fHBaI:Da Koje
Hyp;11 HOpMaTHBHa Teop11ja O,II;JIYl:fHBaI:Da.
362 KOrHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJ10rMJA
06m1Ka (m1p. modus tollens) yKasyje Ha TO ,n:a Harne saKJbyqHBallie qecTo o,n:cTyrra
o,n: KpHTepHjyMa OIITHMaJIHOr 3aKJbyqHBallia. 0CHM Tora, HarnH 3aKJbyqu;H cy qecTO
rro,n: YTHu;ajeM OKBHpa y KojeM je rrpe,n:oqeH MaTepHjaJI o KojeM Tpe6a ,n:a saKJbyqyjeMo
mrn Ha ocHoBy Kojer Tpe6a ,n:a H3Be,n:eMo saKJbyqaK. YKOJIHKO cMo cyoqeHH ca MaTe-
pHjaJioM KOjH je arrCTpaKTaH HJIH, rraK, ca onyau;HjOM Koja HeMa KOHKpeTaH ca,n:p)l{aj
KOjH 6H 6Ho IIOBe3aH ca HarnHM HCKYCTBOM, 3aKJbyqHBallie he 6HTH Mallie rroys,n:aHo H
rrpaneHo BenHM 6pojeM rpernaKa. YKoJIHKo cy HaM MaTepHjaJI Ha ocHoBy Kojer ,n:oHo-
cHMO saKJbyqaK H cyTyau;Hja y OKBHPY Koje saKJbyqyjeMo rrosHaTH H rrpe,n:cTaBJbajy ,n:eo
Harner HCKYCTBa, saKJbyqHBallie he 6HTH ycrrernHHje, a rrpecpepeHu;Hja K o,n:pel)eHHM
o6JIHil;HMa 3aKJbyqHBallia IIOCTane 3aHeMapJbHBa.
qeCTO CMO cyoqeHH c yrnoBHMa y KOjHMa cy,n: HJIH 3aKJbyqaK ,rt;OHOCHMO y ycJIO-
BHMa Bene HJIH Mallie HeH3BeCHOCTH. y TaKBHM CJiyqajeBHMa ce, BH,rt;eJIH CMO, OCJiallia-
MO Ha xeypHCTHKe, IIOCTyrrKe KOjH HeMajy jaCHO o,n:pel)eHe KopaKe ,n:oJia)l{ellia ,n:o ll;HJba
H KOjH ce y Benoj HJIH Mallioj MepH OCJialliajy Ha BepoBaTHOne. HopMaTHBHH rrpHcTyrr
6H y oBaKBHM cHTyau;HjaMa rro,n:pasyMeBao KOpHrnnellie aJiropHTMa KojHM 6HcMo YBeK
,n:ornJIH ,n:o aIICOJIYTHO HCIIpaBHOr cy,n:a HJIH 3aKJbyqKa, aJIH je OH qecTO HeMory:l:i, 6HJIO
s6or Tora rnTO HaM HHCY ,n:ocTyrrHH CBH rro,n:au;H, 6HJIH s6or Tora rnTO 6H TaKaB IIOCTyrraK
CJBHrne ,n:yro Tpajao. Mel)y xeypHCTHKaMa Koje KopHCTHMO y ycJIOBHMa HeHsBeCHOCTH
H3,rt;Bajajy ce xeypHCTHKe 3aCHOBaHe Ha perrpe3eHTaTHBHOCTH H xeypHCTHKe 3aCHOBa-
He Ha BepoBaTHOnH, rrpH qeMy ce o6e y Benoj HJIH Mallioj MepH ornalliajy Ha sHallie o
CBeTy. I1 ,rt;OK xeypHCTHKe 3aCHOBaHe Ha perrpe3eHTaTHBHOCTH rro,n:pasyMeBajy 3Hallie
0 KJiaCH cpeHOMeHa H Ha1IHHHMa lliHXOBOr HCIIOJbaBallia, xeypHCTHKe 3aCHOBaHe Ha
BepoBaTHOnH rro,n:pasyMeBajy HHTYHu;Hje o yqecTaJIOCTH HeKe rrojaBe, rrpH qeMy je eM-
rrHpHjcKH KpHTepHjyM yqecTaJIOCTH JiaKona ( 6p3HHa) rro6yl)HBallia rrojMOBa KOjH ce o,n:-
HOCe Ha ,n:aTH cpeHOMeH HJIH KJiacy cpeHOMeHa. XeypHCTHKe, Kao rnTo CMO IIOMeHyJIH, He
rapaHTyjy Ta1IaH cy,n: HJIH saKJbyqaK. ,II;o rrorpernHHX rrpou;eHa, cy,n:oBa H saKJbyqaKa ,n:o-
Jia3H yrne,n: He,n:ocTaTKa rroTrryttor JBH,rt;a y BepoBaTHone, aJIH H yrne,n: rrpeHamarnaBallia
rroje,n:HHHX acrreKaTa cpeHoMeHa Koje je yspoKoBaHo 1IHHHOil;HMa KOjH HHcy ,rt;HpeKTHO
IIOBe3aHH ca BepoBaTHOUaMa (Hrrp. yo1IJbHBOCT, 3Haqaj, HCTaKHJTOCT HT,rt;.). CBH OBH
1IHHHOil;H ,rt;OBO,n:e ,n:o ,rt;HCTOp3Hja BepoBaTHOna, a caMHM THM H ,n:o rpernaKa rrpH cyl)elliy
H 3aI{)byqHBalliy.
I1 rrpH ,rt;OHOrnelliy O,rt;JIYKa yoqaBaMO o,n:cTyrrallia o,n: KpHTepHjyMa OIITHMaJIHOr
O,rt;JiyqHBallia Koje HY.II:H HopMaTHBHa TeopHja O,rt;JiyqHBallia. MaKCHMaJIHsau;Hja KOpH-
CHOCTH, Ha Ha1IHH Ha KOjH je o,n:pel)eHa y TeopHjH O,rt;JiyqHBallia, HHje je,n:HHH 1IHHHJiau;
KOjH YTH1Ie Ha Harne O.II:JIYKe, o,n:Horno Ha Hs6op je,n:He o,n: Beiler 6poja MorynHOCTH.
I1cTpa)l{HBallia rrpou;eca O,rt;JiyqHBallia Ha ,n:paMaTH1IaH Ha1IHH IIOKasyjy HecTa6HJIHOCT
HarnHx rrpecpepeHu;Hja H Bpe,rt;HOCTH, aJIH H orpaHH1IeHy crroco6HOCT Ka,n:a je peq 0
rrpou;eHaMa BepoBaTHOne HCXO,n:a. y 3aBHCHOCTH o,n: Ha1IHHa Ha KOjH cy MorynHOCTH
rrpe,n:oqeHe, aJIH H Ha1IHHa Ha KojH je rrocTaBJbeHo IIHTallie y OKBHPY Kojer Tpe6a ,n:a
,n:oHeceMo o,n:JIYKy, saBHCHne H Harn Hs6op. IIlTa HaM roBope OBH rro,n:au;H? I1sBecHo je
,n:a Harne O,rt;JIYKe HHCY yBeK MOTHBHCaHe KpHTepHjyMHMa MaKCHMaJIHe KOpHCHOCTH Ha
Ha1IHH Ha KojH je oHa ,n:ecpHHHCaHa y HopMaTHBHoj TeopHjH O,rt;JiyqHBallia. IIITaBHIIIe,
IIOCToje jacHe Ha3HaKe ,n:a y MHOrHM CJiyqajeBHMa Harne O,rt;JIYKe HHCY yTeMeJbeHe y
01IeKHBaHoj KOpHCHOCTH HCXO,n:a Ben y BHrne HJIH Mallie y6e,n:JbHBHM pa3JI03HMa KOjH-
Ma HX rrpaB,n:aMo. 0 qeMy OH,rt;a O,rt;JiyqyjeMo? ,II;a JIM O,rt;JiyqyjeMO 0 Benoj HJIH Mallioj
y6e,n:JbHBOCTH pa3JIOra HJIH 0 BHrne HJIH Mallie KOpHCHHM HCXO,rt;HMa?
364 KOrHI1TI1BHA DCMXOJIOfMJA
,IJ;O)J;ATAK
PE3liIME
• Tipou;ec cyl)el:ha MO)l{eMo ,n:a o,n:pe,n:MMO Kao ,n:oHOIIIel:he cy,n:a o Herrocpe,n:Ho ,n:aToM, rrp11 -Y:eMy ce
cy,n: o,n:Horn Ha Herrocpe,n:Ho ,n:aro. Ha rrpou;ec cyl)el:ha yr11qe Bpcra rro,n:araKa Koj11Ma pacrroJia)l{eMo
If Ha-Y:MH Ha KOjM ,Il;OHOCMMO cy,n: KOjM je ycJIOBJbeH KOrHMTMBHMM crreu:m!m-Y:HOCTMMa Koje HMCY
3aBMCHe o,n: rrp11po,n:e rro,n:araKa. J1crr11r11Bal:ha rrpou;eca cyl)el:ha rroKa3yjy ,n:a M3Mel)y peaJIHMX o,n:-
Hoca y qm3M'!KOM CBeTy If cy,n:oBa 0 TMM O,IJ;HOCMMa ITOCTOjM KopecrroH,n:eHu;Mja. Ha rrpMMep, JKO-
JIMKO je pa3JIMKa M3Mel)y ,IJ;Ba o6jeKTa 0 -Y:Mjoj Ce BeJIW:IMHM ,IJ;OHOCM CJ,Il; Bena, JTOJIMKO ne BpeMe
rrorpe6Ho 3a ,n:oHoIIIelhe cy,n:a 611r11 Kpane. 0Baj e¢eKaT, Ha3BaH ecfieKam gucmm-r4e, rrp11cyraH je
If y MeHTaJIHMM MaH11rryJiau;11jaMa CMM60JIMMa. 36or Tora ce OBa Bap11jaHTa e¢eKTa ,Il;MCTaHu;e Ha-
3MBa ecfieKaUl CUM60JlU1iKe gucmart4e If MaH11¢ecryje ce Kao HeJIMHeapHM O,Il;HOC M3Mel)y peaJIHMX If
rrpou;elheHMX o,n:Hoca BeJIM-Y:MHa y OKBMPY o,n:pel)eHor ceMaHTM-Y:Kor KOHTMHyyMa y KojeM rrocroje
BMIIIe MJIM Mal:be M3pa)l{eHe pa3JIMKe Mel)y rrojMOBMMa.
• Tiope,n: c11M60JIM-Y:Ke ,n:McTaHu;e Ha ,n:oHoIIIel:he cy,n:a yr11qe 11 3Ha-Y:el:hCKM KOHTeKcT y OKBMPY Kojer
,Il;OHOCMMO cy,n:. 0By Bpcry e¢eKTa Ha3MBaMO ecfieKUlOM ceMaHUlU11Ke KOH'ipyertUlHOCUlU. ,Il;OHOIIIel:be
cy,n:a ne 6MTM 6p)l{e YKOJIMKO je rrpou;el:hMBaHa ,IJ;MMeH3Mja KOHrpyeHTHa, Tj. JKOJIMKO je y CarJiaCHO-
CTM c o,n:roBapajynoM ceMaHTM'!KOM ,Il;MMeH3MjOM .
• 3aKJbyqMBal:be je rrpou;ec y KojeM ce Ha OCHOBY I103HaTor ,IJ;OJia3M ,Il;O JBM~a 0 He-Y:eMy IIITO HMje
I103HaTO, aJIM CJie,IJ;M 113 I103HaTor. y HajIIIMpeM CMMCJiy, pa3JIMKyjeMO gegyKUlU6HO If urtgyKUlU6-
HO 3aKJbyqMBal:be. ,Il;e,n:yKTMBHO 3aKJbyqMBal:be je rrpou;ec y KOjeM ce 113 je,n:He MJIM BMIIIe OITIIITMX
TBp,Il;I:bM (rrpeMMca) M3BO,IJ;M 3aKJbyqaK, ,Il;OK MH,Il;JKTMBHO 3aKJbyqMBal:be ITOJia3M O,Il; rroje,n:MHa-Y:HMX
-Y:MI:heHMU:a MJIM rrocMarpalha Koje ce 3aTMM reHepan113yje Ha u;eJioKyrrHy rrorryJiau;11jy MJIM KJiacy.
• EMrrMpMjCKO MCITMTMBal:be rrpou;eca 3aKJbyqMBal:ba qecTO ce o6aBJba Ha MMITJIMKaTMBHMM MCKa-
3MMa TMITa AKO p, Ortga q (p Ha3MBaMO artme4egertCOM, a q KOHCeK6eHCOM). Hana3M I10Ka3yjy ,n:a cy
MCITMTaHMU:M BeOMa ycrreIIIHM y rrpou;eHM Ta-Y:HOCTM KOHCeKBeHca JKOJIMKO je aHTeu;e,n:eHC Ta-Y:aH,
aJIM ce ,IJ;aJieKO Te)l{OM ITOKa3aJia Bap11jaHTa y Kojoj HeTa-Y:aH KOHCeKBeHC MMITJIMU:Mpa HeTa-Y:aH aH-
reu;e,n:eHC. Mero TaKo, y 3a,IJ;aJ:J;MMa ceJieKu;Mje ITOKa3aHO je ,n:a KO,IJ; MCITMTaHMKa rrocTOjM TeH,n:eHu;Mja
rparal:ha 3a rro3MTMBHMM MH,IJ;MKarop11Ma (rroTBpl)yje ce modus ponens) y3 3aHeMap11Bal:he HeraTM-
BHMX MH,IJ;MKaropa (modus tollens). Ha ycrrex y 3aKJbyq11Bal:hy yr11qe 11 ¢opMa 3a,n:aTKa; JKOJIMKO je
3a,n:araK ,n:ar y arrcrpaKrnoj ¢opMM, ycrrex je CJia611j11 Hero aKO je ,n:ar y ¢opMM Koja pe¢ep11pa Ha
O,IJ;HOCe y peaJIHOM CBery.
• Y 3aBMCHOCTM o,n: rrp11po,n:e rro,n:ara1<a Koj11Ma pacrroJia)l{eMo, cyl)el:he M 3aKibJ1IMBal:he Mory 611r11
3acH0BaHM Ha pa3JIM-Y:MTMM crparemjaMa. Pa3mmyjeMo ,n:Be rno6anHe rpyrre crparemja. Je,n:Ha,
3aCHOBaHa Ha aJt'topumMy, rro,n:pa3yMeBa jaCHO ,n:e¢MHMCaHe rrocryrrKe KOjMMa yBeK ,IJ;OJia3MMO ,IJ;O
11crrpaBHor cy,n:a MJIM 3aKJbyqKa, rro,n: yCJioBoM ,n:a ,n:oCJie,n:Ho rroIIIryjeMo rrpe,n:B11l)eHe rrocryrrKe.
Mel)yr11M, -Y:eIIIne CMO y rnryau;MjM y Kojoj cy HaIIIe 3Hal:be MJIM MH¢opMau;11je HeITOTITJHM, If
ra,n:a KopMCTMMO xeypucmuKe, crparemje Koje Mory, aJIM He Mopajy JBeI< ,n:a ,n:oBe,n:y ,n:o 11crrpa-
BHor 3aKJbyqKa. He MaJIM 6poj cy,n:oBa 11 3aKJbyqaKa ,n:oHOCMMO Ha ornoBy rora y Kojoj Mep11 je
,n:ar11 ,n:oral)aj perrpe3eHTaTMBaH 3a KJiacy Kojoj rrp11rra,n:a. 0By Bpcry crparemje Ha3MBaMo peape-
sertma4uorta xeypucmuKa. YKOJIMKO je HeKM ¢eHOMeH MJIM ,n:oral)aj -Y:eIIInM, rro6yl)11Bal:he I:herOBe
rrpe,n:craBe Ha OCHOBY Koje ce ,Il;OHOCM cy,n: MJIM 3aKJbyqaK ne 6MTM JiaJ:<IIIe (11 6p)Ke). 0By Bpcry xey-
pMCTMKa Ha3MBaMo xeypucmuKoM sacrtoBartoM rta gocmyartocmu. Ha rrpou;eHy BepoBaTHone yr11qe
11 yo11lbu6ocm, rj. 3Ha-Y:aj ¢eHoMeHa (,n:oral)aja) q11jy BepOBarnony rrpou;el:hyjeMo.
• I1po6JieMMMa O,IJ;JiyqMBal:ha 6aBM ce meopuja ogJty11u6a1-ba, y OKB11py Koje pa3JIMKyjeMo rtopMamu-
BHY meopujy 11 geCKpuamuBHY ( 6uxejBuopaJtrty) meopujy ogJty11u6a1-ba. HopMaTMBHa reop11ja orr11-
cyje KaKo 611 O,IJ;JIJKe mpe6aJLo ,n:a ce ,n:oHoce, Hacrojen11 ,n:a ,n:e¢11HMIIIe ycJioBe 3a IhMXOBO pau;110-
HaJIHO ,Il;OHOIIIel:be. ,Il;eCKpMI1TMBHa Teop11ja orr11cyje Ha-Y:MH Ha KOjM ce O,IJ;JIJKe CU16aprto ,Il;OHOCe.
KibJ1IHM rrojaM reop11je O,IJ;JiyqMBal:ha je Kopurnocm. O,n:nyq11Bal:he je Haj-Y:eIIIne rrpou;ec y KojeM
Y3MMaMO y 06s11p BMIIIe '!MHMJiau;a, rrpM -Y:eMy CBaKOM O,Il; '!MHMJiau;a rrp11,n:ajeMO Beny MJIM Mal:by
Te)l{MHy. I1p11 ,Il;OHOIIIel:hy O,IJ;JIJKa OCJial:baMO ce Ha cy6jeKUlU6HY apo4erty Kopurnocmu ITOIIITO cy
368 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
rrpou;eHe 3Ha'!aja 11 Bpe,ll,HOCTH rroje)J,HHHX 'IHHHJiau;a Koj11 yg:ecTByjy y ,lJ,OHomeH>y O.JJ:JIYKe yCJio-
BJbeHe HaillHM Bpe.JJ:HOCHHM mcTeMoM 11 rrpecpepeHu;11jaMa. Ha O.JJ:JiyqHBaH>e Y™'IY 11 ca:taHJa apu-
poge, Tj. OKOJIHOCTH Koje cy Moryh.e I1 qecTO Herrpe,ll,BH.JJ:JbHBe I1 Koje HHCY IIO)J, Hall.IOM KOHTPOJIOM.
AKo He 3HaMo H>HXOBe BepoBaTHone, r0Bop11Mo o ogJty11u6aHJy y ycllOBUMa HeU36eCHoca:tu, a aKo cy
HaM II03HaTe, 0 0,lJ,JiycIHBafbyy JCll06UMa MeplbU6e HeU36eCHoca:tu (pI13HKa). I1cXO,lJ, O.JJ:JIJKe je, )J,aK-
Jie, yCJioBJbeH Hall.IHM 11s6opoM 11 CTafbHMa rrp11po,ll,e. YKpll.ITaH>eM oBa )J,Ba '!HHHou;a )J,0611jaMo
Maa:tpu71y ogllyKe.
• Hall.le O.JJ:JIYKe cy y BeJIHKOj MepH IIO)J, ymu;ajeM KOHTeKCTJaJIHHX 'IHHHJiau;a, Kao ll.ITO je Ha'!HH Ha
KOjH je rrpe,ll,CTaBJbeH HCXO)J, O)J,JIYKe HJIH Ha'IMH Ha KOjll je cpopMJJIHCaHa mryau;11ja 0 Kojoj .IJ:OHO-
CHMO O.JJ:JIYKY· 0CHM Tora, Ha )J,OHOll.Iefbe O.JJ:JIYKa yn1qy I1 JHYfpall.IfbH 'IHHHOIJ;H (Hrrp. eMOTHB-
HH pa3JI03H) Koj11 Hae ,lJ,O)J,aTHo Y.JJ:aJbaBajy O.JJ: Kp11Tep11jyMa pau;110HaJIHor O.JJ:Jiyg:HBafba. Je)J,aH O.JJ:
'IHHHJiau;a KOjH JTH'!e Ha O.JJ:Jiyg:HBafbe je I1 Ha'IHH Ha KOjH je cpopMyJIHCaH HCXO)J, O.JJ:JIYKe. YKOJIHKO
je mTyau;11ja o Kojoj ,ll,OHOCHMO OMYKY rrp11KasaHa TaKO ,ll,a ce 11cTaKHY ,1J,o6pe cTpaHe 11cxo,1J,a r0Bo-
p11Mo 0 U03Ua:lU6HOM OK6upy. YKOJIHKO cy, rraK, HarJiall.IeHe JIOll.Ie CTpaHe HCXO)J,a, rOBOpHMO 0 Hefa-
a:tU6HOM OKBupy. Ha O.JJ:Jiyg:HBaH>e MO)l{e )J,a JTH'Ie H Ha'!HH Ha Koj11 je rrocTaBJbeHo IIHTaH>e y OKB11py
Kojer Tpe6a )J,OHeTH 0,lJ,JiyI<.y. TipH )J,OHOll.IeH>y O.JJ:JIJKa IIOCTOjH Hspa)l{eHa TeH)J,eHIJ;Hja Ka 11s6eraBaH>y
p11s11Ka. TipttxBaTaH>e ptts11Ka cpeneMo caMo y mTyau;11jaMa Ka)J,a je ry611TaK HSBeCTaH HJIH Kan;a
IIOCTOjH BeJIHKa BepoBaTHona ,IJ;a he )J,O H>era )J,OUH. HacyrrpoT TOMe, IIOCTOjH I13pa)l{eHa CKJIOHOCT
)J,a ce 11s6emy mryau;11je y KOjHMa He )J,0611jaMO HHll.ITa HJIH HMaMO IIO,lJ,jeAHaKe ll.IaHce )J,a ,1J,0611jeMO
HJIH HSry6HMO. 0Ba TeH)J,eHIJ;Hja y 0.JJ:Jiyg:HBaH>y IIOSHaTa je Kao a6ep3uja apeMa fy6ua:tKy.
• Iloll.ITO O.JJ:Jiyg:HBaH>e y BeJIHKOj MepH saBHCH O)J, OKBHpa y KojeM je CHTyau;Hja rrpe,ll,O'IeHa, HeKH
aJTOPH rrpeTrrocTaBJbajy )J,a rrpHJIHKOM o.n;.nyt.mBaH>a HHCMO pJKOBo~eHH MaKCHMaJIHsau;ttjoM Ko-
pHCHOCTH Ben HacTOjaH>eM )J,a Harne O,ll,JIYKe 6yey pasyMHe 11 orrpaB)J,aHe. Ha TO JKasyjy HaJiaSH
HeK11x 11CTpa)l{HBaH>a Koj11 rroKasyjy )J,a cMo rrp11 OMyg:HBaH>y -qecTO pyKoBo~eHH oapaBgm-toiuny
pa3JlOfa sa O,ll,pe~eHy O.JJ:JIYKY a He H>eHHM HCXO)J,OM.
PEIIIABAIDE ITPOBJIEMA, EKCITEPTCKO
MI1IIIJbEIDE I1 KPEATI1BHOCT
BeJIHKII 6poj JbY,D;II, aJIH je OH y TOj ,n;eJiaTHOCTH ,n;aJieKo 6oJbII op; Ben11He IIrpaqa rnaxa.
Ha KojH HaqIIH eKcrrepTII pernaBajy rrpo6JieMe II ,n;a JIII ce IhIIXOB HaqIIH pernaBaH>a
pa3JIIIKyje o,n; Haq1rna Ha KOjII TO qIIHe HeeKcrrepTII? ,II;a JIII eKcrrepTII KOpIICTe rroce6He
CTpaTerIIje II ,n;a JIII ce IhIIXOBO KOpIIrnnelhe 3Halha pa3JIIIKyje o,n; HaqIIHa Ha KOjII 3Halhe
KOpIIcTe HeeKcrrepn1? MmKeMo ce yrrIITaTII ,n;a JIII cy KOrHIITIIBHe crroco6HocTII eKcrre-
parn HaTrrpoceqHe II ,n;a JIII je TO pa3JIOr lliTO cy TaKO ycrreIIIHII y 06.rraCTII KOjOM ce 6aBe.
EKcrrepTCKO MHIIIJbelhe je 3a KOrHIITIIBHY IICIIXOJIOrIIjy 3aHIIMJbIIBO II3 BIIIIIe pa3JIOra.
0Ho MO)Ke ,n;a YKa)Ke Ha TO KaKo KYMYJIIIpaHo 3HaH>e y je,n;Hoj o6JiaCTII rrocrrernyje IIJIII
oJiaKrnaBa pernaBaH>e o,n;pel)emrx rrpo6JieMa, Kao II ,n;a HaM rrpy)KII YBII,n; y cTpaTerIIje
Koje cy ycrrernmrje o,n; OHIIX Koje ce yo6IIqajeHo KopIIcTe y pernaBaH>y rrpo6JieMa.
ITocToje, Mel)JTIIM, rrpo6JieMII sa qIIje je perneH>e eKcrrepTcKo MIIIIIJbeH>e tty)KHO,
aJIII He II ,D;OBOJbHO. I-hIIXOBO peIIIaBalhe 3axTeBa KpeanrnHOCT, O,D;HOCHO rrpIICTyrr KOjII
HIIje yo6IIqajeH II KOjII qecTo II3MIIqe HalIIeM pasyMeBalhy. I1poHaJia3aK IIOKpeTHOr
cJiora, Ha rrpIIMep, rnaKaKo je saxTeBao Bmne o,n; eKcrrepTcKor MIIIIIJbeH>a; saxTeBao je
crroco6HocT ,n;a ce rrpo6JieM came,n;a II3 caCBIIM HOBor yma, o,n;HocHo saxTeBao je Kpea-
TIIBHOCT. To MO)KeMO ,n;a Ka)KeMO II 3a HII3 ,n;pyrIIx rrpIIMepa y KOjIIMa cy II3y3eTHII IIO-
je,n;IIHI..:t;II HeCBaK11,n;arnH>11M JEII,D;HMa ,n;oIIIJIII ,n;o sHaqajHIIX OTKpIIna. KpeaTIIBHOCT HHje
Moryhe orpaH11qIITII Ha pernaBaH>e rrpo6JieMa - OHa ce MaHmpecTyje y pa3JIIIqHTIIM
,n;eJiaTHOCTHMa, o,n; HaJKe ,n;o TeXHoJiorIIje, o,n; yMeTHOCTII ,n;o crroprn. lIIIrnjynII rrecMe Bo,n;-
Jiepa, Ha rrpIIMep, ocenaMO ,n;a je y IIIITaH>y II3y3eTaH IIeCHIIK II ,n;a je IIOe3IIja Kojy je CTBa-
pao sacHoBaHa Ha KpeaTIIBHOM q11Hy, aJIII He 6IIcMo peKJIH ,n;a je Bo,D;Jiep pernaBao HeKII
rrpo6JieM ,IJ;OK je IIIICaO ,,Unene 3Jia" Ha HaqIIH Ha KOjH je TO qIIHIIO Terna IIOKyrnaBajynII
,JJ;a penrn rrpo6JieM ,D;aJbIIHCKor yrrpaBJbaH>a. 36or pas1mqIITIIX HaqIIHa Ha Koje ce Ma-
HIItj:lecTyje, aJIII II s6or Tora IIITO HIIje oco6IIHa rrorryJiau;IIje y rryHOM CMHCJIY Te peq11,
KpeaTIIBHO MIIIIIJbelhe II3MIIqe jaCHHM ,n;etj:lIIHIII..:t;HjaMa II MorynHOCTIIMa CIICTeMaTCKOr
II KOHTpOJIIICaHor IICIIMTHBalha. 0 IheMy He 3HaMO MHOro, II3Mel)y OCTaJIOr II s6or Tora
IIITO HaM HIIje ,n;o Kpaja II03HaT HaqIIH Ha KOjH 6IICMO OBOM o6JIIIKY MI1IIIJbelha MOfJIII ,n;a
rrpIIcTyrrIIMO, HIITI1 pacrroJia)KeMO sa,n;OBOJbaBajynIIM TeXHIIKaMa KOjIIMa 6IICMO MOfJIII
KOHTpOJIIICaHo ,n;a ra I1CIIIITyjeMO.
0BO IIOrJiaBJbe je TIOCBeneHO peIIIaBaH>y rrpo6JieMa, eKCIIepTCKOM MIIIIIJbelhy II
KpeaTIIBHOM MI1IIIJbelhy. Y pe,n;OCJie,n;y KOjHM CMO HaBeJIH o6JiaCTI1 KOje neMO pa3MO-
TpIITII yoqaBaMo o,n;pel)eHy XIIjepapxIIjy. PernaBaH>e rrpo6JieMa je CBojcTBeHo CBHM rro-
je,n;IIHI..:t;HMa II ca IhIIM ce rnaKo,n;HeBHo cpeneMo. EKcrrepTcKo MIIIIIJbeH>e je crreu;IItj:lIIqHo
sa y)KII Kpyr Jby,n;11 KojII IIMajy BeJIIIKO IICKYCTBO y o,n;pel)eHoj o6JiacTII, p;oK je KpeaTIIBHO
MIIIIIJbeH>e oco611Ha IIsyseTHIIX rroje,n;IIHau;a. CTora je II oBo nomaBJbe rro,n;eJbeHo y HeKo-
JIIIKO ,n;eJIOBa. BenII ,n;eo rrorneneH je OCHOBHHM KapaKTepIICTIIKaMa rrpou;eca pernaBalha
npo6JieMa II CTpaTer11jaMa Koje ce TOM rrpIIJIIIKOM KOpIICTe, Kao I1 qIIHIIOI..:t;IIMa KOjII
OTe)l<aBajy I1JIII OHeMorynaBajy p;a rrpo6JieM ycneIIIHO peIIIIIMO. IJoce6aH p;eo ITOCBeneH
je MIIIIIJbeH>y eKcrreparn, Ihl1XOBIIM CTpaTer.rrjaMa II HaqIIHY Ha KOjII KOpIICTe IICKYCTBO II
rnoje HaTrrpoce rno sHaH>e. PasMoTpIIneMo pa3JIIIKe II3Mel)y Haqmrn Ha KOjII rrpo6JieMe
1
pernaBajy eKcrrepTII II HeeKcrrepTH, a rroKyrnaneMo ,n;a ,n;aMo II o,n;roBop Ha IIIITaH>e ,n;a JIII
eKcrrepTcKo MIIIIIJbeH>e rro,n;pasyMeBa rroce6He KorHIITHBHe crroco6HocTII. ITocJie,n;H>II
,n;eo IIOrJiaBJba IIOCBeneH je KpeaTHBHOM MI1IIIJbelhy KOje je, KaO IIITO neMO BH,D;eTH, Haj-
Malhe rrpIIcTyrraqHQ CIICTeMaTCKOM II KOHTpOJIIICaHOM IICIIIITHBaH>y.
372 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
Kao H BenrrHa KOrHHTHBHMX npou;eca 0 KOjHMa CMO ,Il;O ca,r:i;a ,Il;HCKyroBaJIH, H pe-
ruaBalhe npo6JieMa y HajBeneM 6pojy c1ryi:rnjeBa He 3axTeBa noce6aH Harrop HHTH noce6Ho
KOrHHTHBHO aHrmKOBalhe, jep 3a BenrrHy npo6JieMa HHCMO HM CBeCHH ,r:i;a npe,r:i;CTaB.Jbajy
npo6JieM. AKo )KeJIHMO ,r:i;a ,r:i;oXBaTHMO npe,r:i;MeT Kojrr ce HaJia3H BaH Harner ,r:i;oMarnaja,
CTaneMO Ha HeKO TIOCTO.Jbe, aKO )KeJIHMO ,r:i;a nonpaBHMO HeKH anapaT, y3eneMO aJiaT H
no o,r:i;pel)eHoj npou;e,r:i;yprr o6aBHTH nonpaBKy. BeJIHKH 6poj aKTHBHOCTH y rnaKo,r:i;HeB-
HOM )KHBOTY npe,r:i;CTaB.Jba pernaBalhe npo6JieMa, a.JIM HX MM He ,Il;O)KHB.JbaBaMO TaKO jep cy
HaM lhHXoBa pernelha oi:rnme,r:i;Ha rr y HajBeneM 6pojy c.rryqajeBa ce cacTOje op; PYTHHCKHX
onepau;rrja. ITocTOje, Mel)JTHM, npo6JieMH Koje pernaBaMo Te)Ke rr 3a Koje je noTpe6aH
BenH KOrHHTHBHH Harrop. Te)KHHe OBaKBHX npo6JieMa CMO CBeCHH, a qecTO CMO CBeCHH H
CTpaTerrrja Koje nprrMelhyjeMo nprr lhHXOBOM pernaBalhy. I1Majyhrr OBO y BH,r:i;y, MO)KeMO
ce ynrrTaTH IIITa je TO IIITO OBY BpCTY MeHTaJIHe aKTHBHOCTH qrrHH cneu;mprrqHOM H Ha
KOjH HaqrrH ce OHa pa3JIHKyje op; ,r:i;pyrrrx CJIO)KeHHX KOrHHTHBHHX npou;eca.
ITrrTalha Koja cMo nocTaBMJIH HMajy rnojy npe,r:i;rrcTOprrjy Koja ce)Ke y npBe ,r:i;e-
u;eHrrje XX BeKa. HcnHTHBalha HaqrrHa Ha Kojrr pernaBaMo npo6JieMe npoJia3MJia cy
Kp03 neprro,r:i;e H3y3eTHHX ,Il;OCTHrHyna, a.JIM H neprro,r:i;e y KOjHMa cy 6HBaJia TIOTHCHJTa
Ha MaprHHe rJiaBHHX HCTpa)KHBaqKHX TOKOBa. CTora neMO, npe Hero IIITO KpeHeMO y
p;eTa.JbHHje pa3MaTpa1he OCHOBHHX KapaKTepHCTHKa pernaBalha npo6JieMa, ,r:i;aTH Kpahrr
npeme,r:i; pa3BOja HCTpa)KHBalha y OBOj o6JiaCTH.
Kao IIITO cMo noMeHyJirr y npBoM nomaBJDy, cpe,r:i;HHOM ne,r:i;eceTrrx ro,r:i;rrHa npo-
IIIJIOr BeKa JTMu;aj 6rrxejBrropH3Ma rna6rr, a HHTepecoBalha ncrrxoJiora 6rrBajy ycMepeHa
Ha onepau;rrje rr no,r:i;onepau;11je npHCJTHe nprr o6aB.Jba1hy CJIO)KeHMX KorHHTHBHHX npo-
u;eca, YKJDyqyjyhrr rr peruaBalhe npo6JieMa. Hs oBora force Momo 3aKJDyqHTH ,r:i;a cy crrcTe-
MaTcKa rrcTpa)KHBalha pernaBalha npo6JieMa 3anoqeTa cpe,r:i;HHOM ne,r:i;eceTrrx ro,r:i;rrHa rr ,r:i;a
cy, Kao H BenrrHa o6JiaCTH KOjHMa ce 6aBH KOrHHTHBHa IlCHXOJIOrrrja, HaIIIJia CBOje nprr-
po,r:i;HO MeCTO y OKB11py KOrHHTHBHe o6pa,r:i;e HHcpopMau;rrja. Mel)JTHM, oBa rrcTpa)KHBalha
HMajy HeIIITO ,r:i;pyraqrrjy npe,r:i;HCTOpHjy. ITpBa CHCTeMaTCKa HCTIHTHBalha pernaBalha
npo6JieMa noqrrlhy y OKBHpy reIIITaJIT IlCHXOJIOrrrje c noqeTKa xx BeKa. 3a pa3JIHKY op;
HCTIHTHBalha BenrrHe KOrHHTHBHHX npou;eca, OHa Rene 6HTH npeKHHJTa nojaBOM 6rrxej-
BHOpH3Ma, Ben he TOKOM Tprr,r:i;eceTrrx rr qeTp,II;eceTrrx ro,r:i;rrHa 611Trr HacTaB.JbeHa y OKBrrpy
reIIITaJITHCTHqKor nprrcTyna. Pa3JIOr OBaKBOM KOHTHHyrrTeTy Tpe6a Tpa)KHTH, npe CBera,
y CTaTycy reIIITaJIT ncrrxoJiorrrje y AMeprru;rr. Cpe,r:i;HHOM ,r:i;Ba,II;eceTMX rr noqeTKOM TpH-
,r:i;eceTrrx ro,r:i;rrHa BepTXajMep, KocpKa rr KeJiep, Haj3HaqajHrrjrr npe,r:i;cTaBHHIJ;H 6epJIHHCKe
IIIKOJie reruTaJITa, npeJia3e y Cje,r:i;rrlheHe AMeprrqKe ,[(p)KaBe, a KacHrrje HM ce nprr,II;py)Kyje
H Benrr 6poj capa,II;HHKa ITcHXOJIOIIIKOr HHCTHTJTa 6epJIHHCKOr JHMBep3HTeTa. y HOBOj
cpe,r:i;HHH OHM HMajy orpaHrrqeH JTMIJ;aj a reIIITaJIT IlCMXOJIOrrrja OCTaje Ha MaprHHH
OCHOBHMX TOKOBa HCTpa)KHBalha y eKcneprrMeHTaJIHOj IlCMXOJIOrHjH. Pa3JIOr TOMe je
cneu;rrcprrqHH nprrcTyn HCTIHTHBalhy IlCHXHqKMX cpeHOMeHa KOjH ce MaHrrcpecTOBaO KaKO
y MeTo,II;oJiorrrjrr, TaKo rr y nojMOBHOM anapaTy Kojrr KoprrcTe rernTaJITHCTH. OcrrM Tora,
PEIIIABAlhE ITPOEJIEMA, EKCITEPTCKO MMIIIJbElhE I1 KPEATMBHOCT 373
Bo;up'iaH'i KeJLep
1
,lJ;eTaJbaH orrn:c H .ri;ttcr<yrnjy rnojttx mmasa KeJiep je H3JIO)KHO y cTy.ri;ttjH ,,11crrttTHBafhe HHTeJittreHI.i;ttje
r<o.ri; ':IOBer<OJIHKHX MajMJHa" (,,Intelligenzenprlifungen an Anthropoiden") Koja je o6jaBJbeHa 1917. ro.ri;rme.
PeBtt.ri;ttpaHa Bepsttja oBe cTy.ri;ttje, HaCJIOBJbeI-ha Kao ,,Intelligenzenprufungen an Menschenaffen", H3aIIIJia
je 1921. ro.ri;HHe (ettrJiecr<H rrpeBo.ri; rro.ri; HaCJIOBOM ,,The mentality of apes" ttsarnao je 1925. ro.ri;ttHe). 0Ba
CTy.ri;rrja CBaKaKO crra.ri;a Me~y Haj6oJbe TeKCTOBe H3 IICHXOJIOrHje Hr<a.ri;a HaIIHCaHe.
PElllABAfbE ITPOBJIEMA, EKCITEPTCKO MHlllJbEfbE 11 KPEATHBHOCT 375
- IIITa je ,,rrpo6J1eM"? fbyeJI 11 CajMOH ,IJ;ajy rrocpe,IJ;HY ,IJ;eq:rnH11u;11jy oBor rrojMa. Oco6a je
cyoqeHa ca rrpo6JieMOM Ka,IJ;a Heutmo JKellu MJI11 HaMepaBa an11 He 3Ha O,IJ;Max Koje aKu;11je
Tpe6a ,IJ;a rrpe,IJ;y3Me ,IJ;a 611 ,IJ;OIIIJia ,IJ;O IJ;lfJba (Newell & Simon, 1972). CJI11"l!HO o,IJ;pel)elhe
rrojMa ,,rrpo6JieM" ,IJ;ajy q1111 fJiej3ep. Ilo OB11M ayTOp11Ma ,,rrpo6JieM" je mTyau;11ja y Kojoj
oco6a rroKYIIIaBa ,IJ;a ,IJ;ol)e ,IJ;O HeKor u;lfJba, a ,IJ;a 611 ,IJ;O lhera ,IJ;OIIIJia, Mopa ,IJ;a Hal)e Ha"l!11H
,IJ;a TO ocTBap11 (Chi & Glaser, 1985). Pa3MOTp11Mo rra)I(Jb11B11je OBe ,IJ;eq:rnH11u;11je. fb11xoB
611TaH ,IJ;eo je U;Ulb Koj11 je 11cxo,I1;11IIIHa Ta"l!Ka peIIIaBalha rrpo6JieMa. PeIIIaBalhe rrpo6JieMa
je, ,IJ;aKJie, ycMepeHa aKT11BHOCT Koja 11Ma CBoje IIOJia311IIITe O,II; Kojer ce, Kp03 pa3JI11"ll11Te
cpa3e 11 Ha pa3JI11"ll11Te Ha"l!11He, ,IJ;OJia311 ,IJ;O IJ;l1.Jha, Tj. peIIIelha.
Cae4u<fiu-imocmu peuta6a1-ba apo6JleMa. - HaKO IIOCToje pa3JI11"ll11Ta M11IIIJbelba 0 TOMe
IIITa je TO IIITO peIIIaBalbe rrpo6JieMa 113,IJ;Baja O,II; OCTaJI11X MeHTaJIH11X aKT11BHOCT11, Ka-
paKTep11cT11Ke oBor rrpou;eca Koje 113,IJ;Baja I)oH AH,IJ;epcoH 3a Ben11Hy ayTopa H11CY crrop-
He. To cy: ycMepeHocm 4ulby, cae4u<fiu1iaH pegoclleg oaepa4uja, cae4u<fiu1iHe KOfHUUlUBHe
oaepa4uje 11 paut1illa1-buBa1-be apo6JleMa Ha aap4ujallHe 4ulbeBe (Anderson, 1985).
YcMepeHocm 4ulby. -PeIIIaBaH::>e rrpo6JieMa je, B11,IJ;eJI11 cMo, YBeK ycMepeHo HeKOM u;11JE>y.
I1Majyn11 TO y B11,IJ;y, MHore MeHTaJIHe aKT11BHOCT11, Kao IIITO cy calbapelbe MJIMHeo6aBe-
3aH pa3roBop, He Mory ce cMaTpaT11 peIIIaBalheM rrpo6JieMa. HacyrrpoT TOMe, IIOKYIIIaj
,IJ;a yl)eMo y COIICTBeH11 CTaH IIOIIITO CMO 113ry6MJI11 KJbY"lf IDIM HaCTojaH::>e ,IJ;a ,IJ;ol)eMO ,Il;O
Kyne IIOIIITO HaM ce Ha rrycTOM ,IJ;PYMY IIOKBap110 aYTO, rrpe,IJ;CTaBJbajy T11II11"l!He rrp11-
Mepe peIIIaBalha rrpo6JieMa jep cy jacHo ,IJ;eqmH11caH11 rro"l!eTHO cTalhe 11 )l{eJbeH11 u;11Jb.
Cae4u<fiu1iHU pegoCJleg oaepa4uja. PeIIIaBaH::>e rrpo6JieMa ce YBeK cacTOj11 o,IJ; B11IIIe rroje-
,I1;11Ha"l!HMX orrepau;11ja y H113y. Ilo6yl)11Balhe rrpe,IJ;cTaBe MJI11 rrp11cenalhe He"ll11jer 11MeHa He
crra,IJ;a y ,IJ;OMeH peIIIaBalha rrpo6JieMa jep oBe aKT11BHOCT11 He 3axTeBajy Ben11 6poj orre-
pau;11ja Koje cy rroBe3aHe y H113. HacyrrpoT TOMe, IIOKYIIIaj ,IJ;a yl)eMo y cTaH 6e3 KJE>yqa He
caMO ,IJ;a 11Ma HeKOJI11KO MorynMX peIIIelba, Ben CBaKo O,II; lh11X 3axTeBa HeKOJI11KO onepau;11-
ja Koje Mopajy ,IJ;a ce o6aBe O,IJ;pel)eH11M pe,IJ;OCJie,IJ;OM. ,1J;pyr11M peq11Ma, caMO OHe MeHTaJIHe
aKT11BHOCT11 Koje ce O,IJ;JI11Kyjy jacH11M pe,IJ;OCJie,IJ;OM rroje,IJ;11Ha"l!H11X orrepau;11ja ycMepeHMX
IJ;lfJbY MO)l{eMo CMaTpaT11 aKT11BHOCT11Ma Koje crra,IJ;ajy y peIIIaBalhe rrpo6JieMa.
Cae4u<fiu1iHe KOfHUUlUBHe oaepa4uje. - PeIIIaBalhe rrpo6JieMa ce cacToj11 o,IJ; ,IJ;McKpeTH11X
KOrH11T11BH11X orrepau;IIja, O,Il;HOCHO rrp11MeHe O,IJ;pel)eH11X rrocTyrraKa rrp11 peIIIaBalhy.
,lJ;eJE>elhe Tpou;11cppeHor 6poja, Ha rrp11Mep, rro,IJ;pa3yMeBa jarno ,I1;ecp11H11caHe orrepau;IIje,
O,IJ; Koj11x CBaKa rrpe,IJ;cTaBJba rroce6aH KopaK y ,IJ;OJia)l{elhy ,IJ;O Ta"l!Hor peIIIelha.
Paut1illa1-bU6a1-be apo6JleMa Ha aap4ujallHe 'lf;Ulbe6e. Ilpo6JieM je Moryne paIII"l!JiaH11T11
Ha HII3 Malh11x, rroce6HIIX rrpo6JieMa q11je peIIIeH::>e rrpe,IJ;cTaBJba ocTBapelhe HeKor aap-
4ujallHOf ~Ulba (subgoal). Ilo,IJ; TepM11HOM ,,rrapu;11jaJIHl1 IJ;11Jb" IIO,IJ;pa3yMeBaMO Mel)y-
KopaK ,Il;O OCTBapelba KOHa"l!HOr IJ;11Jba, Tj. peIIIelba rrpo6JieMa. Ilapu;11jaJIHl1 IJ;11JbeB11
cy, ,IJ;arille, pe3yJITaT paIII"l!JialhaBalha rrpo6JieMa Ha rroje,I1;11Ha"l!He KOMIIOHeHTe o,IJ; KO-
j11x CBaKa rrpe,IJ;CTaBJba 3ace6aH u;11Jb. Y MHor11M rnyqajeB11Ma rrapu;11janHe u;11JbeBe je
Moryne ,IJ;aJbe paIII"l!JiaHIIT11, IIITO 3Ha"l!M ,IJ;a peIIIaBalbe rrpo6JieMa MO)l{eMO OIIMCaT11 11
Kao XMjepapXMjy pa3JIII"ll11T11X rrapu;11jaJIHIIX IJ;IIJbeBa.
y orr11cy CBaKe O,II; HaBe,IJ;eHMX KapaKTepHCT11Ka IIOMettyJI11 CMO ,,IJ;lfJb" Kao 611T-
HY KOMIIOHeHry Kojy CMO O,IJ;pe,IJ;MJI11 Kao KOHa"l!H11 11CXO,II; peIIIaBalba rrpo6JieMa. y 3aB11-
CHOCTII o,IJ; Tora KaKo je ,I1;ecp11H11caH IJ;lfJb 3aB11mne 11 ycrrex y peIIIaBalhy rrpo6JieMa. HeK11
rrpo6JieM1111Majy jarno o,IJ;pel)eHo rroqerno CTalhe, Mel)JKopaKe (Mel)ycpa3e) ,IJ;OJia)l{elha
,IJ;o IJ;IIJba II caM u;11Jb. 3a oBaKBe rrpo6JieMe Ka)l{eMo ,IJ;a 11Majy go6po cmpyKwypupaH MJI11
PEIIIABAI-bE TIPOBJ1EMA, EKCTIEPTCKO MHIIIJhEI-bE l1 KPEATHBHOCT 377
go6po ge<fmHucaH lf;Ulb (well-structured goal, well-defined goal). TiocTOje, Mel)yT11M, rrpo-
6JieM11 KO,JJ; KOj11x IJ;l1Jh mrje jaCHO p;eqmH11CaH (Hrrp. HarrpaB11Tl1 paqJHapCK11 rrporpaM
Koj11 lie ,n;a o6aBJha o,n;pel)eHy orrepau;11jy Ha eK0HoM11qaH 11 eJieraHTaH Haq11H). 0BaKo
IIOCTaBJheH11 u;11JheB11 HeMajy jacHe Mel)y1mpaKe KOj11Ma HX je Morylie ,JJ;OCT11li11, q11Me
je 11 pernaBaH>e rrpo6JieMa y BeJI11Koj Mep11 oTe)l{aHo, aKo He 11 oHeMorylieHo. CTora sa
OBaKBe rrpo6JieMe Ka)l{eMO ,n;a 11Majy JlOUle cmpyKmypupaH HJI11 llOUle ge<jjUHUCaH lf;Ulb
(ill-structured goal, ill-defined goal).
B11,n;eJI11 CMO ,n;a pernaBaH>e rrpo6JieMa saxTeBa ,n;a orrepau;11je Koj11Ma ce ,n;oJia311
,n;o u;HJha 6yµ;y o6aBJheHe o,n;pel)eH11M pe,n;orne,n;oM. CBaKa orrepau;11ja saxTeBa rrp11MeHy
HeKor rrocTyrrKa Koj11 Has11BaMo oaepamop. Tio,n; rrojMoM oaepamop rro,n;pasyMeBaMo
JieranHe (,n;osBOJheHe) KopaKe Koj11 ce rrp11Mett>yjy y pernaBaH>y ,n;aTOr rrpo6JieMa, a
Tpa)l{eH>e pernen:,a Morylie je caMo y OKB11p11Ma ,n;osB0JheH11x orrepaTopa. 2 Tip11MeHa
HeJieranH11x orrepaTopa MO)l{e ,n;a ,n;oBe,n;e ,n;o pernelha, an11 ce TaKBO pernelhe He MO)l{e
CMaTpaT11 BaJbaH11M.
2 YsMHMO rne,n;etrn npnMep. Y IllaxOBCKoj napTHjH mUia3HMO ce npe,n; npennoM ,n;a nsry6HMO Kpa!bHU:Y·
Je,n;aH op; Ha'!HHa ,n;a TO H36erneMO je ,n;a Kpa!bHU:ll npHMaKHeMO IIelllaKa. Haj611mKH IIelllaK je, Mei)yrHM,
y,n;aJbeH '!eTHPH IIOJha op; Kpa!bHU:e. YKOJIHKO 6HCMO IIelllaKOM y je,n;HOM IIOTesy npeI1IJII1 TPH IIOJha,
npHMeHHJIH 611cMo He11eraJIHH onepaTop jep npaBHJia IllaxOBCKe nrpe HaJia)!{y ,n;a nelllaK MO)!{e ,n;a ce
IIOMepH caMO sa je,n;HO IIOJhe.
378 KOrHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
peIIIeH>y. 0Baj tj:leHoMeH rrosHaT je H rro,n; Ha3HBOM ,,axa!" goJJCUBlbaj. HarJio YBHljaH>e
Koje BO.IJ;H peIIIeH>y CYIIITHHa je tj:lase HJIYMHHau;Hje. Hajsa,n;, y rrorne,n;H>oj tj:lasH o,n;H-
rpaBa ce rrpou;ec BepHtj:lHKau;Hje y KojeM ce npoBepaBa ,n;a JIM je peIIIeH>e ,n;o Kojer ce
,IJ;OIIIJIO HcrrpaBHO.
I1aKO je BoJiaCOBY rro,n;eny ll ,n;aHac Moryne HanH y MHOfllM YJ,I6eHHIJ;HMa IICHXO-
JIOfHje, OHa je HaHIIIJia ll Ha os6HJbHe KpHTHKe. LiecTO je, Ha rrpHMep, ocrropaBaHa
rrpeTIIOCTaBKa ,n;a je peIIIaBaH>e rrpo6JieMa rrpou;ec KOjH ce O,IJ;BHja y HeKOJIHKO ,IJ;llCKpeT-
HHX tj:lasa. OcHM Tora, rroje,n;HHH KpHTHqapH cMaTpajy ,n;a tj:lasa HJIYMHHau;Hje He Mopa
yBeK ,n;a 6y,n;e rrpHcyrHa y peIIIaBaH>y rrpo6JieMa jep ce qecTo ,n;oral)a ,n;a ce ,n;o peIIIeH>a
,n;ol)e H 6es HSHeHa,n;Hor JBM}jaH>a. HrraK, HajsHaqajHHje KpHTHKe o,n;Hoce ce Ha CTa-
Tyc tj:lase MHKy6au;Hje, TaqHHje, Ha H,n;ejy 0 HeCBeCHOM peIIIaBaH>y rrpo6JieMa. MHOfll
IICHXOJI03ll CMaTpajy ,n;a je OBaKBY rrpeTIIOCTaBKY TeIIIKO, aKo He ll HeMoryne eMIIH-
pHjCKH rrpoBepHTH. ToKOM rrorne,n;H>HX rroJia BeKa, BH,n;eneMo, HSBe,n;eH je BeJIHKH 6poj
HCTpa)KHBaH>a Koja cy HMaJia sa IJ;HJb ,n;a rrpoBepe rrpeTIIOCTaBKY 0 HeCBeCHHM rrpou;e-
CHMa peIIIaBaH>a TOKOM tj:lase HHKy6au;Hje.
EMilupujcKa ucmpaJJCu6a1-ba e<jjeKUla UHKy6a11uje. - KaKo MO)KeMo ,n;a ·HCIIHTaMo ,n;a JIM
je TOKOM <Pase HHKy6au;Hje rrpo6JieM HeCBeCHO peIIIaBaH, O,IJ;HOCHO KaKO MO)KeMO ,n;a
yTBp.IJ;HMO ,n;a JIM rrocTOjH e<jjeKaill UHKy6a11uje? Y BenHHH HCTpa)KHBaH>a oBe BpcTe
rrpHMeH>eHa je rne,n;ena eKcrrepHMeHTaJIHa rrpou;e,n;ypa. HcrrHTaHHIJ;HMa ce ,n;aje rrpo-
6JieM KOjH Tpe6a ,n;a peIIIe, a saTHM ce y je,n;HOM TpeHJTKY peIIIaBaH>e rrpeKH,IJ;a ,n;a 6H 6M-
JIO HaCTaBJbeHo rrorne o,n;pel)eHe rrayse. Y orne,n;HMa ce BapHpa HJIH ,n;y)KHHa rrpHrrpeMHe
tj:lase (rroqeTHor peIIIaBaH>a rrpo6JieMa) HJIH BpeMe rrpoTeKJio ,n;o rroHOBHor peIIIaBaH>a,
HJIH ce BapHpa H je,n;Ho H ,n;pyro.
Etj:leKaT HHKy6au;Hje ,n;o6HjeH je y orne,n;y <l>yJirosHja H fHJitj:lop,n;a, KOjH je HMao
sa IJ;HJb ,n;a HCIIHTa YTHu;aj o,n;Jio)KeHor peIIIaBaH>a rrpo6JieMa (Fulgosi & Guilford, 1968).
<l>yJirOSH ll fHJitj:lop,n; 3axTeBajy op; CBOjHX HCIIHTaHHKa ,n;a saMHCJie HeKH Heo6wrnH
,n;oral)aj (Hrrp. rrpecTaHaK pa,n;a eJieKTpHqHe u;eHTpane) H ,n;a HaBe,n;y H>eroBe rrocJie,n;H-
u;e. HcrrHTaHHIJ;H 6H rroqeJIH ,n;a HaBo,n;e rrorne,n;Hu;e Herrocpe,n;Ho IIOIIITO 6H HM 6Ho
rrpe,n;oqeH ,n;oral)aj, rrocJie rrayse op; ,n;eceT MMHJTa H rrorne rrayse o,n; ,n;Ba,n;eceT MHHyra.
HcrrHTaHHIJ;H KojH cy HaBO.IJ;HJIH rrorne,n;Hu;e rrorne ,n;Ba,n;eceT MHHyTa rrayse rrpo,n;JKOBa-
JIH cy BenH 6poj rrorne,n;Hu;a o,n; HCIIHTaHHKa qJ1ja je rrpo,n;JKu;Hja rroqeJia Herrocpe,n;Ho
rro HSJiaraH>y ,n;oral)aja. I1sMel)y HCIIHTaHHKa qJ1ja je rrpo,n;JKu;Hja o,n;JIO)KeHa sa ,n;eceT
MHHyra ll HCIIHTaHHKa KO,IJ; KOjHX HHje 6HJio O,IJ;JiaraH>a HHje ,n;o6HjeHa paSJIHKa y 6pojy
rrpo,n;yi<oBaHHX rrorne,n;Hu;a. PesyJITaTH OBOf HCTpa)KHBaH>a IIOKasyjy etj:leKaT HHKy6a-
IJ;Hje, aJIH JKasyjy ll Ha TO ,n;a ce OH jaBJba TeK IIOCJie o,n;pel)eHOf BpeMeHCKOf rrepHo,n;a.
YTHu;aj TpajaH>a rrpHrrpeMHe tj:lase H tj:lase HHKy6au;Hje Ha ycrreIIIHOCT peIIIaBaH>a
rrpo6JieMa HCIIHTaH je y orne,n;y CHJIBeHpe y KojeM cy HCIIHTaHHIJ;ll rrop;eJbeHH y rreT
rpyrra - je,n;Hy KOHTPOJIHY ll qeTHPH eKcrrepHMeHTaJIHe. y KOHTpOJIHOj rpyrrH Koja je
rrpo6JieM peIIIaBaJia rroJia cara 55% HCIIHTaHHKa je ,n;oIIIJIO ,n;o raqHor peIIIeH>a. Y eK-
crrepHMeHTaJIHHM rpyrraMa BapHpaHo je BpeMe peIIIaBaH>a rrpo6JieMa (TpajaH>e rrpH-
rrpeMHe tj:lase) H BpeMe HHKy6au;Hje. ,Il;Be rpyrre cy KpaTKO BpeMe peIIIaBaJie rrpo6JieM,
a saTHM 6H je,n;Hoj 6HJia ,n;aTa rraysa o,n; qeTHpH cara. ,II;pyre ,n;Be rpyrre cy ,n;y)Ke BpeMe
peIIIaBaJie rrpo6JieM, Tj. HMaJie cy ,n;y)Ky rrpHrrpeMHY tj:lasy, a saTHM 6H je,n;Hoj 6HJia ,n;aTa
rraysa op; rroJia cara a ,n;pyroj op; qeTHpH cara. I1sMel)y KOHTpoJIHe rpyrre H ,n;Be rpy-
rre Koje cy KpaTKOTpajHo peIIIaBaJie rrpo6JieM HHje ,n;o6HjeHa pasJIHKa y ycrreIIIHOCTH
PElIIABAH:>E ITPOBJIEMA, EKCITEPTCKO MI11IIJbEH::iE I1 KPEATMBHOCT 379
pelllaBaIDa, yrrpKoc qMIDemnJ;i1 ,n;a je je,n;Ha rpyrra MMaJia rraysy o,n; qeTMPM caTa, IllTO
sHaqM ,n;a y OBMM eKcrrepMMeHTaJIHMM rpyrraMa HMje yoqeH ecpeKaT MHKy6au;Mje. Hacy-
rrpoT TO Me, KO.II; rpyna Koje cy MMan:e ,n;ym:M npMrrpeMHM rrepMo,n; ,n;o6MjeH je jacaH ecpeKaT
MHKy6au;Mje. Y rpyrrM Koja je MMan:a ,n;ym:y rrpMrrpeMHY cpasy M rroJia caTa nayse 64%
MCIIMTaHMKa je pelllHJIO rrpo6JieM, ,n;oK je y rpyrrM Koja je MMan:a rraysy o,n; qeTMPM caTa
rrpo6JieM pelllHJIO qaK 84% MCIIMTaHMKa (Silveira, 1979). HaKo OBM Han:asM Ha rrpBM rro-
me,n; roBope y rrpHJior HeCBecHoM penrnBaIDy rrpo6JieMa TOKOM rrepMo,n;a MHKy6au;Mje,
rrpeTIIOCTaBKa 0 HeCBeCHOM pelllaBaIDy je ,II;OBe,n;eHa y cyMIDY ,n;o,n;aTHMM MCIIMTMBaIDeM.
HaMMe, TOKOM MCIIMTMBaIDa CHJIBeMpa je saxTeBan:a o,n; MCIIMTaHMKa ,n;a M3BelllTaBajy o
rrpou;ecMMa TOKOM pelllaBaIDa rrpo6JieMa. HaKHa,n;Ha aHan:Msa OBMX M3BelllTaja je rro-
Kasan:a ,n;a cy MCIIMTaHMI.J;M IIOCJie rrayse HaCTaBHJIM TaMO r,n;e cy 6HJIM rrpeKMHJTM, Tj.
,n;a y cpa3M MHKy6au;Mje HMje ,Il;OIIlJIO HM ,n;o KaKBOr HarrpeTKa y pelllaBaIDy. 0Baj HaJia3
,II;OBO,II;M y cyMIDy rrpeTIIOCTaBKY 0 HeCBeCHOM pelllaBaIDy rrpo6JieMa TOKOM rrepMo,n;a
MHKy6au;Mje, jep ,n;a ce OBaj rrpou;ec saMcTa o,n;Mrpao, y M3BelllTajMMa MCIIMTaHMKa Ha
rroqeTKY rroHOBHor pelllaBaIDa 6M Mopao ,n;a ce yoqM Harrpe,n;aK.
,Il;a rrpeKM,n; MrraK MMa YTMu;aj Ha pelllaBaIDe rrpo6JieMa roBope Han:asM CMMTa M
EJieKeHIIlMrra KOjM ,n;ajy MCIIMTaHMI.J;MMa rreTHaecT pe6yca, a saTMM M IllecHaecTM KojM
ca,n;pm:M MH,Il;MKaTOp KOjM ,II;OBO,Il;M ,n;o cpMKcau;Mje Ha rrorpelllHO pellleIDe (Smith & Blac-
kenship, 1989, 1991). HcrrMTaHMI.J;MMa je saTMM rroHOBO sa,n;aT MCTM pe6yc, oBora IIYTa
6es MH,II;MKaTOpa, a IDMXOB sa,n;aTaK je 6Mo ,n;a pellle pe6yc M ,n;a perrpo,n;yKyjy MH,II;MKaTOp.
KmupoJIHoj rpyrrM je pe6yc sa,n;aT Herrocpe,n;Ho no HeycrrelllHOM pelllaBaIDy y rrpBoM
IIOKYIIlajy, ,Il;OK je eKcrrepMMeHTaJIHa rpyrra IIOHOBO pelllaBan:a pe6yc ca sa,n;plllKOM o,n;
rreT HJIM rreTHaecT MMHYTa TOKOM KOjMX je pa,n;HJia Ha ,n;pyroM KOfHMTMBHOM sa,n;aTKY
KOjM je rnym:Mo Kao MacKa ca I.J;MJbeM ,n;a ce crrpeqM pa,n; Ha pe6ycy. CMMT M EJieKeHIIlMII
cy rrpeTIIOCTaBHJIM ,n;a he ,n;ym:e TpajaIDe MaCKe (pa,n;a Ha ,n;pyroM 3a,II;aTKY) ,II;OBeCTM ,II;O
Belier cTeneHa sa6opaBJbaIDa rrorpelllHOr MH,II;MKaTopa, a caMMM TMM M ,n;o ycrrelllHMjer
pelllaBaIDa pe6yca, IllTO cy HaJia3M OBOr MCTpam:MBaIDa M IIOTBp,II;HJIM.
TI pMKasaHM Han:asM cyrepMIIlY ,n;a ce ycrrelllHOCT y pelllaBaIDy rrpo6JieMa 3HaqajHo
rroBenaBa norne o,n;pel)eHe rrayse. TiocTaBJba ce IIMTaIDe ,n;a JIM je rrpeTrrocTaBKa o He-
cBecHoM pelllaBaIDy je,n;MHM HaqMH ,n;a ce o6jacHe oBaKBM Han:asM HJIM cy Moryna M an:-
TepHaTMBHa o6jalllIDeIDa. Xep6epT CajMoH cMaTpa ,n;a je pelllaBaIDe rrpo6JieMa rrpou;ec
KOjM ce O,Il;BMja y ,n;Be cpase. y rrpBoj cpa3M HaqMH pelllaBaIDa, Tj. IIJiaH KaKO ,n;a pelllMMO
rrpo6JieM, YCI<Jia,n;MIIlTeH je y orrepaTMBHoj MeMopMjM. ToKoM pelllaBaIDa o6pal)yjeMo
M CKJia;IJ;MIIlTMMO ,n;o,n;aTHe MHcpopMau;Mje y ,n;yroTpajHoj MeMopMjM Koje Mory ,n;a ce
rrpecpopMyJIMIIlY y an:TepHaTMBHM rrJiaH sa pelllaBaIDe, rro,n; ycJioBoM ,n;a cpoKyc rram:IDe
6y,n;e rrpeMelllTeH ca rrpBo6MTHOr HaqMHa penrnBaIDa Ka aJITepHaTMBHOM HaqMHY y ,n;y-
roTpajHoj MeMopMjM. 0Ba rrpoMeHa cpoKyca rram:IDe ce, cMaTpa CajMoH, o,n;nrpaBa y
rrepMo,n;y MHKy6au;Mje. ToKoM oBor rrepMo,n;a rra}KIDa ce ycMepaBa Ka rrpou;ecMMa y ,n;yro-
TpajHoj MeMopMjM, qMMe rrocTaje ,n;ocTyrraH an:TepHaTMBHM HaqMH pelllaBaIDa (Simon,
rrpeMa Hunt, 1982). HaKo He roBopM eKCIIJIMI.J;MTHO o HecBecHOM pelllaBaIDy rrpo6JieMa,
o6jalllIDeIDe Koje rrpe,n;Jiam:e CajMOH MrraK ca,n;pm:M oBaKBY rrpeTrrocTaBKy. HaMMe, o,n;-
BMjaIDe rrpou;eca y ,n;yrOTpajHoj MeMOpMjM KOjM HMCY y cpoKycy rram:IDe eKBMBaJieHTHO
je HeCBeCHOM pelllaBaIDy rrpo6JieMa. An:TepHaTMBHO o6jalllIDeIDe ecpeKTa MHKy6au;Mje
Koje He 6M 6HJio sacHoBaHo Ha rrpeTrrocTaBI.J;M o HeCBeCHOM pelllaBaIDy rroHy,n;Mo je
I)oH AH,n;epcoH (Anderson, 1981). Y o6jalllIDeIDy oBor ecpeKTa AH,n;epcoH yBo,n;M rrojaM
380 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCMXOJIOrMJA
1WlHUU1U6HO ycMepe1-be (set). Ilo MIIIIlJhe!hy OBOf ayTopa, npII pelllaBa!hy npo6JieMa
OCJia!baMO ce Ha npeTXO,Il;HO IICKYCTBO Koje Hae ycMepaBa Ka II36opy o,n;pe})eHIIX BapII-
jaHTII pelllaBa!ha. YKOJIIIKO je KOrHIITIIBHO ycMepelhe ,n;oBeJio ,n;o IIs6opa a,n;eKBaTHor
HaLJ:IIHa pelllaBalha, ,n;o pellle!ha ,n;oJia3IIMO 6es Berrnx TelllKona. Me})JTIIM, JKOJIIIKO je
KOfHIITIIBHO ycMepelhe ,Il;OBeJIO ,Il;O Hea,n;eKBaTHIIX HaLJ:IIHa pelllaBalha, npo6JieM HeneMO
MOhII ,n;a pelllIIMO. ToKOM nayse, Tj. nepIIo,n;a IIHKy6au;IIje, CTBapa ce MorynHOCT ,n;a ce
OCJI060,IJ;IIMO Hea,n;eKBaTHIIX HaLJ:IIHa pelllaBalha II ,n;a nOKYIIlaMO ,n;a Ha))eMO HaLJ:IIHe KO-
jIIMa MO)l{e ,n;a ce pelllII npo6JieM. TIIMe ce o6jallllhaBa BenII ycnex y pelllaBalhy norne
o,n;pe})eHe nay3e. I1s AH,n;epcoHoBor npIIcTyrra rne,n;II II MorynHocT ,n;a je noLJ:eTHO KorHII-
TIIBHO ycMepelhe ,n;oBeJio ,n;o IIcnpaBHor HaLJ:IIHa pelllaBalha, aJIII ,n;a je yBo))elheM nay3e
OHO 3a6opaBJheHO II KaCHIIje 3aMelheHO HOBIIM HaLJ:IIHOM KOjII He ,Il;OBO,Il;II ,Il;O pelllelha.
Y TOM rnyqajy, norne nayse ycnelllHOCT y pelllaBalhy MO)Jie II ,n;a ce cMa!hII, IllTO je II
eMnIIpIIjcKII noTBp})eHo (Murray & Denny, 1969; Dominowski & Jenrick, 1972).
TiocToje, MeQJTIIM, 6pojHa IICTpa)l{IIBalha y KOjIIMa yrrpKOC CHCTeMaTCKOj eK-
cnepIIMeHTaJIHOj MaHIInyJiau;IIjII ecpeKaT IIHI<y6au;IIje HIIje perIIcTpoBaH, IllTO je ,n;oBeJio
,Il;O os6IIJhHIIX cyMlhII y BaJhaHOCT npeTnOCTaBKe 0 HeCBeCHIIM npou;ecIIMa pelllaBalha
TOKOM nepIIo,n;a IIHKy6au;IIje (cf. Olton, 1979; Gilhooly, 1999). qaK II aKo 6IIcMo HMaJIII
BenII 6poj eMnIIpIIjcKIIX HaJia3a KOjII 6II He,n;BocMIICJieHo noTBpQIIBaJIII ecpeKaT IIHKy-
6au;IIje, npe,n; IIcTpa)l{IIBaLJ:IIMa 6II rnar<aKo 6IIo Te)l{aK 3a,n;aTaK ,n;a cneu;IIcpIIKyjy Moryne
MeXaHII3Me KOjII CToje y OCHOBII OBOr npou;eca.
EMaupujCKa ucmpaJJCu6a1-ba yBu~a1-ba ( uJLyMuHa11uje). - ,IJ;o pewelha npo6JieMa, Kao IllTO
npIIMenyjy relllTaJITIICTII, ,n;oJiasII IISHeHa,n;HIIM YBIIQa!heM peJieBaHTHIIX o,n;Hoca y CTII-
MyJiau;IIjII HJIII CTPYKTYPII npo6JieMa. To je 6IIo pasJior IllTO je oBaj cpeHoMeH II3,IJ;BO-
jeH Kao 3ace6Ha cpa3a pelllaBalha npo6JieMa. BenIIHa ayTOpa je MIIWJhelha ,n;a JBIIQalhe
npeTnOCTaBJha peCTpyKTypau;IIjy O,Il;HOCa Me))y eJieMeHTIIMa npo6JieMa Koja ,Il;OBO,Il;II ,Il;O
pelllelha. YKoJIIIKO 6II oBaKBO o,n;pe})elhe 6HJio TaLJ:H:o, oH,n;a je y Ha1IeJIY JBIIQalhe Moryne
IIH,IJ;YKOBaTII TaKO IllTO 6II ce OHOMe KO pelllaBa npo6JieM ,IJ;aJie Ha3HaKe 0 HaLJ:IIHY Ha
KOjII npo6JieM MO)l{e ,n;a ce pelllII.
)l{eJienII ,n;a IICnIITa ,n;a JIII je Moryne IIH,n;yKOBaTII JBIIQalhe, KaToHa npIIcTyrra IIC-
Tpa)l{IIBalhy y KojeM IICnIITaHIID;IIMa ,n;aje Ha3HaKe 0 TO Me I<aKO npo6JieM MO)l{e ,n;a ce
pelllII. I1crrIITaHIID;II cy nop;eJheHII y TPII rpyrre. KoHTpoJIHa rpyrra je pelllaBaJia npo6JieM
6es IIKaKBIIX HasHar<a II 6es IIKaKBe IIHTepBeHu;IIje eKcnepIIMeHTaTopa. Jep;Hoj eKcnepII-
MeHTaJIHoj rpyrrII je ce;o;aM nYTa IIOKasaH CJiep; nocTyrraKa I<OjII ,Il;OBO,Il;II ,Il;O pelllelha, ,Il;OK
je ;o;pyroj rpyrrII p;aTa HasHaKa npIIHD;Ima no KojeM npo6JieM MO)l{e ;o;a ce pelllII. I1crrIITII-
Balhe je 3aTIIM IIOHOBJheHo y )];Ba Maxa: noCJie Hep;elhy ;o;aHa II IIOCJie TPII Hep;eJhe. y nOHO-
BJheHIIM ceaHCaMa IICnIITaHIID;HMa je p;aT npo6JieM KOjII cy pelllaBaJIII y rrpBoj ceaHCII, aJIII
II aHaJIOrHII rrpo6JieMII ca KojIIMa ce ;o;o Ta,n;a HIIcy cycpeJIII. ,IJ;o6IIjeHII HaJiasII noKasyjy ;o;a
KO)]; KOHTpOJIHe rpyrre HIIje ,Il;OlllJIO HII ,Il;O KaKBIIX npoMeHa, a HIIBO lhIIXOBOr nOCTIIrHyna
6IIo je II3y3eTHO HII3aK. EKcnepIIMeHTaJIHa rpyrra Kojoj je BIIIIle IIJTa noKasaH rne;o; rro-
cTyrraKa KojII ;o;oBo;o;e ;o;o pelllelha 6HJia je ycrrelllHa y rroHOBHOM pelllaBalhy IICTor npo-
6JieMa, aJIII II HeycnelllHa y pelllaBalhy CJIIILJ:HIIX npo6JreMa ca KOjIIMa ;o;o Tap;a HIIcy 6HJIII
cyoLJ:eHII. HacyrrpoT ToMe, eKcrrepIIMeHTaJIHa rpyrra Kojoj je y npeTxo,n;Hoj ceaHcII ;o;aTa
Ha3HaKa npIIHD;IIna no 1<0jeM je npo6JieM Moryne pelllIITII rroKasaJia je ;o;o6ap ycrrex y
pelllaBalhy IICTor npo6JieMa norne Hep;eJhy p;aHa aJIII je, 3a pasJIIIKY op; npBe eKcnepIIMeH-
TaJIHe rpyrre, rroKasaJia II BeoMa ;o;o6ap ycrrex y pelllaBalhy aHaJIOrHIIX npo6JieMa. I1cTII
HaJia3II ;o;o6IIjeHI1 cy II y IIOHOBJheHOM IICnIITIIBalhy IIOCJie TPII Hep;eJhe (Katona, 1940).
PElllABAfbE ITPOEJIEMA, EKCITEPTCKO MI1lllJ1EfbE I1 KPEATI1BHOCT 381
HaJias Bajc6epra H Arr6e cyrepHrne ,n;a HH,Il;JKOBaIDe YBHl)aIDa He Mopa yBeK ,n;a
,n;oBe,n;e ,n;o perneIDa rrpo6JieMa. KojH je OH,n;a 3Ha11aj YBHl)aIDa? Y KOjHM CHTyau;HjaMa ce
OHO jaBJha H ,n;a JIH rnaKo pernaBaIDe rrpo6JieMa saxTeBa YBHl)aIDe ,n;a 6H rrpo6JieM 6Ho
perneH? HsBerno je ,n;a rrocTOje rrpo6JieMH KojH Mory ,n;a ce perne PYTHHCKH H sa 11Hje
perneIDe HHje rroTpe6Ho YBHl)aIDe (Hrrp. apHTMeTH1IKH HJIH aJire6apcKH rrpo6JieMH).
0BaKBH rrpo6JieMH ce pernaBajy rrpHMeHOM o,n;pel)eHor aJiropHTMa KOjH yBeK ,Il;OBO,Il;H
,n;o Ta11Hor perneIDa. I1HTaIDe je, Mel)YTHM, ,n;a JIH rrpo6JieMH Koje HHje Moryfie pernHTH
PYTHHCKH saXTeBajy YBHl)aIDe ,n;a 6H 6HJIH perneHH.
ITpe Hero IIlTO ce yrrycTHMO y pasMaTpaIDe OBOr IIHTalha, MOMeMo ce yrrHTaTH
,n;a JIH je orrpaB,n;aHa rro,n;eJia Ha rrpo6JieMe KojH Mory ,n;a ce perne PYTHHCKH H oHe 11Hje
pernaBalhe saxTeBa JEHl)aIDe, H ,n;a JIH Mel)y OEHM BpCTaMa rrpo6JieMa IIOCTOje CHCTe-
MaTCKe pa3JIHKe? y IIOKyrnajy ,n;a o,n;rOBOpH Ha OBO IIHTalhe, MeTKatjJoBa JKa3yje Ha ,n;Be
382 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
3HaqajHe pa3JIHKe H3MeJ)y rrpo6JieMa Koj11 3aXTeBajy 11 Koj11 He 3ax:TeBajy )7Bl1J)alhe p;a
611 6HJI11 perneHH. Kap;a cy y rr11Talhy rrpo6JieM11 p;o qJ:Ijer ce pernelha p;oJia3H PYT11HCKH,
11crr11rnH11u;11 p;o6po rrpep;B11J)ajy CBoj ycrrex y pernaBalhy, amr H11cy y cTalhy p;a rrpep;B11p;e
ycrrex aKo cy cyoqeH11 ca rrpo6JieMHMa q11je pernaBaI:he 3ax:TeBa JEHJ)alhe (Metcalfe, 1986;
Metcalfe & Wiebe, 1987). Y HaMep11 p;a l1CII11Ta p;a JIM rrp11 pernaBalhy rrpo6JieMa Koj11
He Mory p;a ce perne PYTHHCKl1 3a11cTa p;oJia3H p;o YB11J)alha MeTKacpoBa H3BO,IJ;l1 omep; y
KojeM l1crr11TaH11u;11Ma p;aje p;Be BpcTe rrpo6JieMa: rrpo6JieMe p;o q11jer pernelha ce MO)Ke
p;oh.11 PYTHHCKH 11 rrpo6JieMe 3a Koje rrpeTrrocrnBJDa p;a 3axTeBajy YB111Jalhe p;a 6M 6HJI11
perneH11. ToKoM pernaBalha 11crr11TaH11u;11 cy CBaK11x rreTHaecT ceKyttp;11 Ha cKaJIH rrpou;e-
He op; 1 p;o 10 ou;elhl1BaJil1 KOJIHKO cy 6JI113y pernelhy. Kop; rrpo6JieMa Koj11 ce pernaBajy
PYTHHCKH ou;eHa je paCJia JIHHeapHo, p;oK je Kop; rrpo6J1eMa 3a Koje je MeTKacpoBa rrpeT-
rrocTaBHJia p;a 3axTeBajy JEHJ)alhe ou;eHa 6HJia HHCKa CBe p;o caMor pernelha, a oHp;a 611
Hamo rropaCJia. 0BaKaB 11cxop; JKa3yje Ha To p;a je p;o pernelha p;ornJio Hamo, rnTo r0Bo-
p11 y rrpHJior rrpeTrrocTaBu;H o JEHJ)alhy Kao rroce6Hoj cpa311 y pernaBalhy rrpo6JieMa.
,D;11cTHHKIJ;Hja l13MeJ)y rrpo6JieMa p;o q11jer ce pernelha MO)Ke p;oh.11 PYTl1HCKH 11
OHHX q11je pernelhe 3ax:TeBa yB11J)alhe cyrep11rne HaH3mep; jacHy p;11xoToM11jy, rrp11 qeMy
ce rrop; YBHJ)alheM rrop;pa3yMeBa ,IJ;O)KHBJhaj Hamor yoqaBaI:ha peJiau;11ja Koje p;oBop;e p;o
pernelha. CT11BeH CMHT, MeJ)YTHM, rrpep;Jia)Ke HernTo 6Jia)Ky p;11cTHHKu;11jy l13MeJ)y rrpo-
6JieMa KOjl1 3ax:TeBajy 11 KOjl1 He 3ax:TeBajy YBHJ)alhe. 0Baj aYTOP rrpaBl1 pa3JIHKY l13MeJ)y
goJKualbaja yaul)a1-ba Koj11 ce jaBJha Kap;a H3HeHap;a yoq11Mo 3HaqajHy peJiau;11jy Koja p;o-
BO,IJ;H p;o pernelha 11 yaulja1-ba Koje MO)Ke p;a 06yxBaT11 11 rrpou;ece rrocTerreHor p;oJia)Kelha
p;o pernelha (Smith, 1995). no MlllllJhelhy XoJIHOJKa, )J;l1CTHHKIJ;l1jy l13MeJ)y PYTl1HCKOr
pernaBalha rrpo6JieMa 11 pernaBaI:ha rrpo6JieMa Koje JKlliyqyje JEHJ)alhe Moryne je 3aCHo-
BaTH 11 Ha pa3JI11u;11 H3MeJ)y cep11jaJIHHX 11 rrapaJieJIHl1X rrpou;eca. PJTHHCKO pernaBalhe
rrpo6JieMa 3acHoBaHo je Ha cepnjaJIHHM rrpou;ec11Ma, p;oK cy y ocHoB11 pernaBalha rrpo-
6JieMa Koj11 3axTeBajy JE11J)alhe rrapaJieJIHH npou;em (Holyoak, 1990).
AlltnepHatnuaHu apucmya pewaaa1-by apo6JLeMa. - Mop;eJI Koj11 je rrpep;Jio:>K110 BoJiac cpe-
,IJ;HHOM p;Bap;eceTHX rop;11Ha rrpornJior BeKa rroJia311 op; rrpeTrrocTaBKe p;a je pernaBaI:he
rrpo6JieMa Moryne parnqJiaHHTH Ha qeT11p11 p;11cKpeTHe cpa3e, op; Koj11x cy p;Be, cpa3a
l1HKy6au;11je 11 cpa3a HJIYMl1Hau;11je, HaHrnJie Ha 036HJhHe Kp11Tl1Ke. I1aKO cy HeKa HCTpa-
)KHBaI:ha IIOTBpp;HJia CTaTyc KOfHHTHBHe peJieBaHTHOCTH OBHX cpa3a, Mexmm3aM Ha
KojeM cy oHe 3acH0BaHe 11 p;a.Tbe ocrnje HejacaH. I1ojaBOM KorHl1THBHe o6pap;e 11Hcpop-
Mau;11ja rroqeTKOM rne3p;eceT11x rop;nHa rrporrrnor BeKa Melba ce orrrnT11 rrp11cTyrr 11c-
IIHT11Balhy KOfHl1Tl1BHl1X rrpor~eca, YKJhyqyjyh.1111 HCIIHTHBalha pernaBaI:ha rrpo6Jie.Ma.
I1p11xBaneH je crnB rernTaJITHCTa p;a ce rrpo6JieM11 pernaBajy y OKB11py pa3JI11q11T11x
cpa3a, aJil1 je y 0Bl1M pa3MaTpalhHMa yrra,IJ;Jhl1BO op;cycTBO cpa3a l1HKy6au;11je 11 HJIY-
Ml1Hau;11je. 0BaKaB rrp11cTyrr je pa3yMJhMB, Hapoq11To aKO ce l1Majy y Bl1,IJ;Y IIOKyrnaj11
paqyHapcKe c11MyJiau;11je pernaBaI:ha rrpo6Jiel\rn c Kpaja rrep;eceTnx rop;11Ha rrpornJior
BeKa. HeCBecHo pernaBalhe rrpo6JieMa 11 H3HeHap;Ho yB11J)alhe Koje Bop;11 pernelhy H11je
Moryne OIIl1CaTl1 Ha cpopMaJiaH HaqnH, Hl1Tl1 je Moryne jacHO orr11caT11 MexaHl13Me Ha
KOjHMa cy OBH rrpou;ec11 3aCHOBaHl1. T11Me je ocyjeneH 6HJIO KaKaB IIOKyrnaj CHMyJiau;11je
KOjl1 611 6110 3aCHOBaH Ha OBaKBl1M rrpeTIIOCTaBKaMa. I1a)KI:ha Ce CTOra ycMepaBa Ha OHe
cerrneHu;e rrpou;eca pernaBalha Koje je Moryne cpopMaJI1130BaT11 11 q11je je MexaHl13Me
Moryne jarno p;ecp11H11caT11. I1pB11 Mop;eJI oBe BpcTe rrpep;JIO)KHJIH cy I-byeJI 11 CajMoH
KpajeM rrep;eceTl1XTO)J;l1Ha, a BpeMeHOM je )J;OlllJIO p;o 113,IJ;Bajalha HeKOJil1KO cpa3a Koje
PEllIABAfhE ITPOBJIEMA, EKCITEPTCKO MI111IJbEfbE I1 KPEATHBHOCT 383
M,[l;eHTII<fHIKOBa:EDe & - - - - - - - .
rrpooneMa
eBanyan;Mja ,L1;eqmHMCaIDe
pemeH:ia rrpo6neMa
o,L1;pel)MBaIDe
cTpaTemje
MepH CMO HCKYCHH y pernaBaH>y HCTHX HJIH c;mqHHX rrpo6JieMa. Oco6e Koje cy HcKyc-
HHje y pernaBalhy o,r:i;pel)eHe BpcTe rrpo6JieMa BHrne BpeMeHa rroCBenyjy reHepHcaH>y mo-
6aJIHe CJIHKe o rrpo6JieMy H Hs6opy cTpaTerHje, ,r:i;oK oco6e ca MaH>e HCKJCTBa ycMepaBajy
rra)KH>Y Ha HeBa)l(He ,r:i;eTalbe, saHeMapyjynH rrpH TOM rnHpy CJIHKy. 36or Tora ce ,r:i;oral)a ,r:i;a
y KaCHHjHM cpasaMa pernaBaH>a HaHl)y Ha rrperrpeKe HJIH ,r:i;a YBH,r:i;e ,r:i;a cTpaTemja Kojy cy
H3a6paJIH He BO,IJ;H perneH>y.
IIpaneHJe apo14eca peiua6a1-ba. - ToKOM pernaBalha MopaMO CBe BpeMe ,r:i;a rrpoBepaBaMO ,r:i;a
JIM cy Kopau;H Koje CMO rrpe,r:i;yseJIH HcrrpaBHH H ,r:i;a JIH Hae saHcTa Bo,r:i;e perneH>y. ITpoBepa
HcrrpaBHOCTH rroje,r:i;HHaqHHX KOpaKa OMorynaBa HaM ,r:i;a y CBaKOM TpeHYTKY 3HaMO ,r:i;a JIH
cMo Ha ,r:i;o6poM IIYTY ,r:i;a rrpo6JieM pernHMo. l1cToBpeMeHo, oHa HaM oMorynaBa ,r:i;a Ha
BpeMe JBH,IJ;HMO ,r:i;a je HaqHH Ha KOjH CMO rrpHcTyrrHJIH pernaBaH>y rrorpernaH.
EBaJLya14uja peiueHJa. - ITornTo cMo rrpo6JieM pernHJIH, Heorrxo,r:i;Ha je Ha1ma,r:i;Ha ou;eHa
HCrrpaBHOCTH perneH>a. IToHeKa,r:i; ce ,IJ;OfO,IJ;H ,r:i;a je rrpo6JieM perneH, aJIH He Ha OIITH-
MaJiaH HaqHH. HaKHa,r:i;HHM YBH,IJ;OM cxBaTaMo ,r:i;a cMo rrpo6JieM MOrJIH ,r:i;a pernHMO Ha
,r:i;pyraqHjH HaqHH, ys MaH>e Harropa (IDIH MaH>y u;eHy).
HaBe,r:i;eHe cpase rrpe,r:i;cTaBJbajy H,IJ;eaJIH30BaH rrpHKas ceKBeHu;H y pernaBaH>y rrpo-
6JieMa. Y peaJIHHM rnTyau;HjaMa peTKo ce ,r:i;oral)a ,r:i;a je CBaKa cpasajarno H3,IJ;BojeHa H ,r:i;a
cy y OKBHPY rroje,r:i;HHHX cpasa CBH eJieMeHTH He,r:i;BOCMHcJieHo o,r:i;pel)eHH. 11ernne HaHJia-
3HMO Ha rrpo6JieMe y qHjeM pernaBaH>y HCTOBpeMeHO o6aBJbaMO ,IJ;Be HJIH BHille cpasa y
KOjHMa cy rroje,r:i;:VIHH eJieMeHTH HejaCHH HJIH HeIIOTrryHH.
Kn:arncpHKau;Hje cpasa pernaBaH>a rrpo6JieMa Koje cMo rrpHKa3aJIH HHcy Mel)yco6-
HO HcKJbyqHBe Ben ce ,r:i;orryH>yjy. 11eTBopocpasHH Mo,r:i;eJI HamacaK cTaBJba Ha mo6aJIHe
rrpou;ece o,r:i; KOjHX HeKH, Kao rnTo cy HeCBecHo pernaBaH>e rrpo6JieMa H YBHl)aH>e, HHcy
,r:i;oBOJbHO jacHo o,r:i;pel)eHH. ArrTepHaTHBHH rrpHcTyrr, HacTao y OKBHPY KorHHTHBHe o6pa-
,r:i;e HHcpopMau;Hja, He YKJbyqyje OBe ,r:i;Be cpase Ben ce orpaHHqaBa Ha orrepau;Hje H rro-
,r:i;orrepau;Hje pernaBaH>a Koje cy rrpHcTyrraqHe eMrrHpHjCKoj rrpOBepH H Koje HMajy jarno
o,r:i;pel)eH pe,r:i;orne,r:i;.
PEilIABAlbE IIPOBJIEMA, EKCIIEPTCKO MHilIJbElbE l1 KPEATHBHOCT 385
(macoBa) ;i:i;o6Mja HOBa pe-ci. Je;ri;Ha BapMjaHTa aHarpaMa cacTOjM ce o;i:i; cKyrra rnoBa KojM
He rrpe;IJ;CTaBJhajy pe-ci a.JIM "CJMjOM KOM6MHau;MjOM ;i:i;o6MjaMO o;i:i;pel)eHy pe-ci, )];OK ce ;i:i;pyra
BapMjaHTa cacTOjM o;i:i; KOM6MHau;Mje CJIOBa KOja "CJMHM pe-ci, a.JIM -ciMjOM pecTpJKTypau;M-
joM ;i:i;o6MjaMo HOBY pe-ci (BM;IJ;M rrpMMepe).
* HaapaBuille pe4 og cJLegenux cJLoBa: 3 A PH II (peiueHJe IIAPH3).
* HaapaBuille HoBy pe4 og pe4u TAIIHP (peiueHJe IIHPAT).
I1pMJIMKOM pernaBa:fba OBaKBMX rrpo6JieMa o6M"CJHO )l;OJia3M ;i:i;o HM3a rroKyrnaja M
rrorpernaKa, rrpM -cieMy ce CJK:u;ecMBHO eBan:yMpajy pasJIM"CJMTa pernelha. fpMHO CMaTpa ;i:i;a
ycrrernHo pernaBalhe aHarpaMa rro;i:i;pasyMeBa crroco6HocTM Kao rnTo cy JiaKona y reHe-
pMcalhy pa3JIM"CJMTMX BapMjaHTM CJIO)!(aja, crroco6HOCT reHepMCalba BeJIMKOr 6poja pe-ciM
Koje ce saTMM pasMaTpajy Kao Moryna pernelha M sHalhe o orpaHM"CJelhMMa saje;ri;HM-ciKor
rrojaBJhMBalha macoBa (rnoBa). qMHMJiau; KOjM yrM-cie Ha ycrrernHocT pernaBalha je M
tj:loHoJiornKa cTpJKTypa aHarpaMa. YKOJIMKO aHarpaM ca;i:i;p)!(M macoBe (cJIOBa) Koja y
OKBMPY ;ri;aTMX tj:loHOJIOillKMX ( opTOrpatj:lcKMX) orpaHM"CJelha Mory ;i:i;a ce KoM6MHyjy Ha
BMille Ha"CJMHa, BpeMe pernaBalha ne 6MTM ;i:i;y)!(e (Ronning, 1965). ITornTO pernaBalbe
aHarpaMa sa:xTeBa rrpeTpary MeHTaJIHor JieKCMKOHa, BenM ycrrex ce rrocTM)!(e JKOJIMKO
ce MCilMTaHMIJ;MMa orpaHM"CJM KaTeropMja Kojoj rrpMrra;i:i;a pernelhe (Dominowski & Ek-
strand, 1967; Richardson & Johnson, 1980).
~\I a
~\I 6
n~ B
Y .n;pyroj Bap11jaHTH oBe BpCTe rrpo6JieMao.n; 11crr11TaH11Ka ce saxTeBa HJIH .n;a rro-
HYAH aHanor11jy Ha ocHoBy rrpeTxo,n;Ho rrp11Ka3aHor MaTep11jana HJIH .n;a o.n;r0Bop11 .n;a JIM
je rroHyi)eHa aHaJiornja TaqHa (BHAH rrp11Mep ).
* ITAC: CI1CAP BPAEAU: (pellieIDe: I1TI1UA)
* 03Ha11ume aHallotujy Kaja Huje ageKaaUlHa:
ITAC : CI1CAP BPAEAU : I1TI1UA qEKI1n : AJIAT fl1TAPA : HAMEilITAJ*
Po6epT CTepH6epr rrpeTrrocTaBJba p;a je pernaBaH>e oBaKBHX rrpo6JieMa Moryne
parnqJiaHHTH Ha qeT11p11 rrpou;eca: ,n;eKo,n;oBaH>e, saKJbyqHBaH>e, Marr11paH>e 11 rrp11-
MeHy (Sternberg, 1977) . .IJ:eKo,n;oBaH>e je Hy)KaH ycJioB .n;a 611 ce eJieMeHTH cKyrra HJIH
HI13a rrpaBHJIHO HHTeprrpeTHpaJIH . .IJ:a 611CMO y rrpeTXO,Il;HOM rrpHMepy yorrrnTe MOfJIH
.n;a pernaBaMO sa,n;aTaK, HeOIIXO,Il;HO je .n;a pasyMeMO IIITa rroje.n;HHH eJieMeHTH 3Haqe.
3aKJbyq11BaH>e rrpeTrrocTaBJba ycrrocTaBJbaH>e Bese H3Mel)y rrpBa ,n;Ba qJiaHa HH3a HJIH
cKyrra, ,n;oK Marr11paH>e JKlliyqyje reHepan11soBaH>e ycrroCTaBJbeHe Bese Ha ocTaJie "t.IJia-
HOBe HH3a. I1p11MeHa je rrorne,n;H>a cpasa y pernaBaH>y Koja ycrrocTaBJba Besy H3Mel)y
He,n;ocTajyner qJiaHa HH3a 11 rrpeTxo,n;HHX eJieMeHaTa, HJIH H3Mel)y Herrp11rra.n;ajyner eJie-
MeHTa I1 OCTaJIHX eJieMeHaTa y cKyrry.
CJI11qHy KJiarncp11Kau;11jy rrpou;eca rrp11 pernaBaIDy oBe BpcTe rrpo6JieMa HYAH 11
IJeJierpHHO.(Pellegrino, 1985). IJo MHIIIJbeH>y OBOf ayTOpa, rrpou;ec pernaBaH>a CaCTOjH
ce o.n; ,n;eKo,n;oBaH>a, rropel)eH>a eJieMeHaTa 11 eBawfau;11je, rrp11 qeMy ce OBH rrpou;ec11
o.n;B11jajy pe,n;Ho. KJbyqH11 rrpou;ec je rropel)eH>e eJieMeHaTa. YKoJIHKO Mel)y eJieMeHTHMa
IIOCTOjH BHIIIe 3aje,n;H11q1rnx O)J;JIHKa, HJIH aKo je 6poj saje,n;HJiqKJIX O)J;JIHKa BeOMa MaJIH,
yrnpl)11BaH>e Bese H3Mel)y eJieMeHaTa je Te)Ke, a caMHM THM je rroTpe6Ho 11 ,n;y)Ke BpeMe
.n;a 611 ce rrpo6JieM pern110 (Mulholland, Pellegrino & Glaser, 1980).
IIpo6JleMu 11uje peuteJ-be 3axfileBa mpaHc<jjopMaU;uje. - 3a pa3JIHKY o.n; rrpo6JieMa q11je
perneH>e saxTeBa pecTpJKTypau;11jy eJieMeHaTa HJIH HHp;yKoBaH>e CTPJKType, rrpo6JieM11
q11je perneH>e saxTeBa TpaHccpopMau;11je ca.n;p)Ke rroqeTHY rros11u;11jy 11 jarno .n;ecpHHH-
caH u;11Jb. PernaBaH>e OBe BpcTe rrpo6JieMa o,n;B11ja ce Kpos HI13 CJKu;ecHBHHX KopaKa
Koj11M ce cMaIDyje pa3JIHKa H3Mel)y rroqeTHOr CTaH>a 11 u;11Jba. 0BaKaB HaqJIH pernaBaH>a
rrosHaT je rro.n; Ha3HBOM aHaJlu3a cpegcfilaBa 3a ocfi1Bape1-be J1Wba (means-end analysis)
388 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
MJb1MJblMJb~M ~M
MJblM lM lM lM
MJb~M ~M ~M ~M
-+i:~:8:~:8:@:@:@:8:~:8:~:
: : : : : : : : : : : :
lJb~ lJbl ~M1Jb1Ml lJbl lJbl
Jb i Jb i Jb i Jb i i i 'i i Mi Mi Mi Jb Jb Jb Jb
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Jb Jb Jb
Jb
Jb
Jb
M Jb M
~j M
M
M
M
M Jb M Jb
M M Jb
M M M M Jb
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
ClluKa 3. -Peiuel-be apo6JleMa ,,MUCUOHapa u JbygoJKgepa". Ha CllUtfiU je apuKa3aHO
OUiUUMallHO peiuel-be y 11 KopaKa.
eKOJIOIIlKII HeBaJIII,IJ;HII, 3a CBaKy o,n; HaBe,n;eHIIX KJiaca Moryne je HanII rrpIIMepe y CBa-
KO,n;HeBHIIM CIITyau;IIjaMa, IIaKO He yBeK .y 1IIICTOM o6JIIIKY KOjII ce KOpIICTII y eMrrIIpIIj-
CKIIM IICTpmKIIBaFhIIMa.
3 Ha rrpHMep (5+3)/(2+2)=? ,I:i;a 6.HCMO peunum oBaj sa;n;arnK, MopaMo ;n;a ca6epeMo ;n;Ba 6poja y rrpBoj
sarpa;n;H, saTHM ;n;Ba 6poja y ;n;pyroj sarpa;n;H H Ha Kpajy rrpBH sfoip ;n;a rro;n;eJIHMO ca ;n;pyrHM s6HpoM.
4 AlITepHaTHBHH TepMHH je cilla6Jlo cillaHJa u aKu,uja (state-action tree) KojH ce o;n;HoCH Ha rpaqm"<IKH
rrpHKas rrpocTopa rrpo6JieMa.
390 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
5
11.ri;eja o npocTopy npo6JieMa noni'Ie HS noKymaja IhyeJia 11 CajMoHa .ri;a pa'I)'HapcKH c11MyII11pajy
peIIIaBaH>e npo6JieMa, o '!eMy he 611TH BHllie pe'IH Ha Hape,r:i;HHM cTpaHaMa.
PEllIABAlhE IIPOBJIEMA, EKCIIEPTCKO MI111IJbElhE I1 KPEATI1BHOCT 391
I 2
.
.
.
3
IIO'IeTHO CTaH>e
I I
.
.
.
0 llJ:Vb
..
:.
2 3
TipM peIIIaBaIDy OBOf rrpo6JieMa jaCHO yoqaBaMO rrpBM rrapu;MjaJIHM I.:t;M.lb: orno6o-
,Il;MTM rrpBM IIITaII KaKO 6M ce ,IJ;OIIIJIO ,Il;O HajBener rrpcTeHa. Taj I.:t;MJb IIOCTM)l{eMO TaKO IIITO
rrpcTeH a rrpeMeIIITaMO Ha IIITarr 3, a rrpcTeH 6 Ha IIITaII 2. ,IJ;pyrM rrapu;MjaJIHM I.:t;MJb je p;a
ce orno6op;M MecTo 3a rrpcTeH 6 Ha IIITarry 3 jep peIIIeIDe rrpo6JieMa 3axTeBa p;a OH 6yp;e
Ha AHY IIITarra 3. To rrocTM)l{eMo TaKo IIITO rrpeMeIIITaMo rrpcTeH a Ha IIITarr 2. TpenM
rrapu;MjaJIHM U:M.lb je p;a orno6op;MMO rrpcTeH 6 KaKO 6MCMO ra CTaBMJIM M3Ha,IJ; rrpcTeHa
6 Ha IIITarry 3. To rrocTM)l{eMo rrpeMeIIITaIDeM rrpcTeHa a Ha IIITarr 1. 0BMM je rrpo6JieM
peIIIeH jep rrpeMeIIITalbeM rrpcTeHa a M 6 Ha IIITarr 3 p;o6MjaMO )l{eJbeHM MCXO,IJ; ( CJIMKa 6).
I 2 3
-w-w-w-w-w-
I a II 6 III a IV B V a
:.------.. 7ll ~ ~ ~
1 2 3 2 3 I 2 3 I 2 3 I 2 3
-w-w
VI 6 VII a
~ ~
2 3 2 3
lfa OBOf OIIMCa BM,Il;MMO p;a ,Il;O peIIIeIDa MO)l{eMO p;a p;ol)eMO y cep;aM KopaKa. TipM-
MeTMMO p;a je JBM,Il; y rrapu;MjaJIHe I.:t;M.lbeBe 6Mo CJKI.:t;eCMBaH. TipBO CMO KOHCTaTOBaJIM
p;a je IIOTpe6Ho OCJI060,IJ;MTH IIITarr 1 KaKO 6MCMO ,IJ;OIIIJIM ,Il;O rrpcTeHa 6, a 3aTMM CMO
CXBaTMJIM p;a je HeOIIXO,Il;HO p;a ce orno6op;M IIITarr 3 KaKO 6MCMO Ha IDera CTaBMJIM rrpcTeH
6. ,Il;aJbM Kopau;M y peIIIaBaIDY TaKol)e rrpeTIIOCTaBJbajy CJKI.:t;eCMBHe JBM,D;e KOjM BO,IJ;e ,Il;O
KOHaqHor peIIIeIDa.
392 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
I1PI1qA: 113 TBpljaBe Koja ce HaJia3mrn y AHY Bem1Ke .n;omrne rpaHan:11 cy ce MHOrn rryreBI:r. feHepaJI je
XTeo .n;a OCBoj11 TBp})aBy, an:11· cy rryTeB11 .n;o H>e 6HJI11 M11H11paH11. ,Il;a 611 ornoj110 TBpljaBy, reHepan: je Mopao
.n;a ama}l<yje my BOjCKy. To H11je Morao .n;a ypa.n;11 113 je.n;Hor rrpaBI:i;a jep 611 l13ry6110 MHoro BOjH11Ka Koj11
611 HacTpa.n;an:11 O,!l; Ml1Ha. YKOJil1KO 611, rraK, aHrmI<OBaO MaH:.11 6poj BOjHHI<a y je.n;HOM rrpaBI.i;y, TBpljaBa
He 611 Morna .n;a 6y.n;e ornojeHa. 36or Tora je reHepaJI rro.n;eJI110 BojH11Ke y :~.rnH>e je.n;11Hm:i;e, a 3aTl1M l1X
pacrrope.n;110 ITO CBl1M rryTeB11Ma KOjl1 cy BO,!l;HJil1 Ka TBpl)aB11. Je.n;11H11u;e cy l1CTOBpeMeHo l13BeJie Harra.n; l1
OCBOjHJie TBpljaBy.
ITPOBJIEM: Ko.n: rrau;11jeHTa je OTKp11BeH TyMop r<oj11 je Morao .n;a ce o.n;cTpaH11 3pa'!eH>eM. I1ornTO H11je
}l{eJieO .n;a 01llTeTl1 OKOJIHO TKl1BO, JieKap H11je CMeo .n;a rrpmv1eH11 3pat.IeH>e BeJil1KOr HHTeH3I1TeTa Koje je
je.n;11HO MOrJIO .n;a yttl11llTl1 TYMOp, 36or BeJiff'-IHHe TyMopa, 3pau;11 rna611jer l1HTeH3l1TeTa He 611 ,!l;aJIH )KeJheHl1
pe3yJITaT. Kar<0 je JieKap o.n;cTpaH110 ryMop?
PEIIlEI-bE: JleKap je H3 pa3Jil1'Il1Tl1X rrpaBau;a ycMep110 3paKe rna611jer l1HTeH311TeTa TaKO .n;a cy ce cycT11-
u;an:11 Ha MecTy TyMopa. T11Me je l1HTeH311TeT 3pa'!eH>a rroBenaH l1 TyMop je yH11rnTeH.
(Gick & Holyoak, 1980. Cllo6oga1-1 apesog u goHeKJle U3Me1-beH Ul.eKCUI..)
6
KpajeM rre,n:ecen1x ro,n:rrna rrponrnor BeKa BJia,n:aJio je yBepelhe ,n:a je cepHjaJIHa o6pa,n:a eKOHOMH'IHHja
o.n: rrapaJieJIHe. 0BO ysepelhe rrpoHCTeI<JIO je H3 '!HlheHH:o;e ,n:a cy MeMopHjCI<H I<arra:o;HTeTH OH,n:aIIIlhHX
paqyttapa 6HJIH cI<poMHH. Y TOM I<OHTeI<cTy, cepHjaJIHa o6pa,n:a je saHcTa 6HJia eI<OHOMH'IHHja. OrnM Tora,
HCTpa)l<HBalha c I<paja rre,n:eceTHX ro,n:HHa JI<a3HBaJia cy Ha TO ,n:a ce sHa'IajaH 6poj I<OrHHTHBHHX rrpo:o;eca
o,n:HrpaBa cepHjaJIHO. )J,aHac cy o6e rrpeTrrocTaBI<e HaITYIIITeHe HJIH, 6ap, y6Jia:>I<eHe.
396 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
perrrnBa rrpo6JieMe, Ben ,z:i:a MX pernaBa Ha Ha"{mH Ha KOjM TO qMHM qoBeK. y BeJIMKOM
6pojy rnyqajeBa rroKasaHa je aHanomja M3Mel)y HaqMHa Ha KojM je pa,z:i:Mo rrporpaM M
HaqMHa Ha KojM qoBeK pernaBa rrpo6neMe (cf. Atwood & Polson, 1976). qMHMJIO ce ,z:i:a
je paqyttapcKa CMMynau;Mja KOfHMTMBHMX rrpou;eca BeoMa 6JIM3Y KOHaqHOM perneI:Dy
M ,z:i:a je pasyMeBaI:De HaqMHa Ha KojM qoBeK pernaBa rrpo6neMe Ha ,z:i:oxBaT pyxe. BMJio
je TO oxpa6peI:De M sa MCTpmKMBaqe y ,z:i:pyrHM o6nacTMMa paqyttapcKe rnMynau;Mje
KOfHMTMBHMX rrpou;eca, aJIM M Ha,z:i:a ,z:i:a je TMMe ,z:i:o6MjeHO MOnHo cpe,n:CTBO sa eBanya-
IJ;Mjy pasJIMqMTMX rrpHcTyrra rrpo6neMMMa KOrHMTMBHe o6pa,z:i:e HHcpopMau;Mja. KacHMja
MCTpa)l{MBaI:Da cy, Mel)YTMM, rroKasana 3HaqajHa orpaHMqeI:Da oBor rrporpaMa. Tiapa-
,z:i:oKcaJIHO, orpaHMqeI:Da HMcy 6MJia y TOMe lIITO rrporpaM HMje Morao HeKe rrpo6neMe
,z:i:a pernM, Ben lIITO je pernaBao rrpo6neMe Koje mrje Morao ,z:i:a pernM qoneK. OcMM Tora,
rrporpaM je MMao TernKona ca o,z:i:pel)eHMM cpasaMa y pernaBaI:Dy rrpo6neMa ca KOjMMa
qoBeK HMje MMaO TelIIKOna. TMMe je ,D;OBe,D;eHa y IIMTalhe aHaJIOrMja M3Mel)y rrpHHIJ;MIIa
Ha KojMMa ce sacHMBa pa,z:i: rrporpaMa M HaqMHa Ha KojM qoBeK pernaBa rrpo6neMe.
lfa ,z:i:aHarnI:De rrepcrreKTMBe rrocMaTpaHo, yttMBepsanHa MalIIMHa sa pernaBaI:De
rrpo6JieMa IIOKa3aJia ce Kao M3y3eTHO xeypHCTMqKO cpe,n:CTBO KOje je OMorynMJIO
YBM.D: y orpaHMqeI:Da M crreu;HcpHqHocTM cpyttKIJ;MOHMCaI:Da KOrHMTMBHor cMcTeMa rrpH
pernaBaI:Dy rrpo6neMa. l1 y BpeMe Ka,z:i:a je HacTao oBaj rrporpa:rvl 6MJio je Moryne KOH-
CTPYMCaTM rrporpaMe KojM 6M ycrrernHo pernaBaJIM TaKopenM me rrpo6neMe, y MHo-
rMM rnyqajeBMMa ycrrernHMje o,z:i: qoBeKa. To, Mel)YTMM, HMje 6Mo I..J;MJb oBor rrpojeKTa.
Y rroKyrnajy ,z:i:a rnMynHpa rrpHpo,z:i:aH HaqMH pernaBaI:Da, Tj. HaqMH Ha Kojrr To qMHM
qoBeK, YHMBepsanHa MalIIMHa sa pernaBaI:De rrpo6neMa MMaJia je, BM,D;eJIM cMo, ycrrexa.
3aHMMJbMBMjM cy, Mel)yTMM, lheHM HeycrrecM, O,D;HOCHO pa3JIMKe y HaqMHY Ha KOjM je
pernaBana rrpo6neMe M HaqMHY Ha KOjM MX pernaBa qoBeK, qMMe je yxasaHo Ha HeKe
crreu;HcpHqHocTM rrpHpo,z:i:Hor HaqMHa pernaBaI:Da rrpo6neMa.
3Haqaj TeopHje I-hyena M CajMoHa M YHMBepsanHe MalIIMHe sa pernaBaI:De rrpo6ne-
Ma je BMIIleCTPYK· EMO je TO rrpBH IIOKyrnaj ,z:i:a ce pernaBaI:he rrpo6JieMa IIOCTaBM y OKBM-
pe peaJIHMX KOfHMTMBHMX orpaHMqeI:Da. J13 OBaKBOr IIOKyrnaja rrpOHCTeKJIM cy 3HaqajHM
YBM.D:M o OBOM rrpou;ecy, Kao lIITO cy M,n:eja o rrpocTopy rrpo6neMa M o,z:i:pel)MBaI:De rrapu;H-
janHMX IJ;MJbeBa Kao je,z:i:He o,z:i: ,D;OMMHaHTHMX CTpaTerMja rrpH pernaBaI:hy rrpo6JieMa.
y pernaBaI:Dy rrpo6JieMa, Kao lIITO CMO BM,D;eJIM, MO)l{eMo ,z:i:a rrpHMeHMMO pa-
3JIMqMTe CTpaTerMje KOje ,D;OBO,D;e ,z:i:o perneI:Da. TiocToje, Mel)YTMM, qMHMOIJ;M KOjM Hae
y TOMe OMeTajy, a IIOHeKa,z:i: M OHeMorynaBajy ,z:i:a rrpo6JieM pelIIMMO. TiopeKJIO OBMX
qMHMJiau;a HMje y caMOM rrpo6JieMy Ben y HaqMHY Ha KOjM rrpo6JieM pasyMeMO, O,D;HO-
CHO CTpaTerMjM Kojy CMO M3a6panH 3a I:DeroBO pernaBaI:De, HeMorynHOCTM ,z:i:a rrpo6JieM
came,z:i:aMo Ha HOB HaqMH, Kao M o,z:i:pel)eHoj MHepu;HjM rrpH pernaBaI:Dy. O,z:i: MHoro6poj-
HMX qMHMJiau;a oBe BpcTe, M3,D;BojHneMo HajsHaqajHMje. To cy: a) YTMu;aj KOrHMTMBHor
ycMepeI:Da, 6) cpyttKIJ;MOHaJIHa cpHKCHpaHOCT, B) caMOHaMeTHYTa orpaHMqeI:Da M r)
rrpeBMl)aI:De 6MTHMX eneMeHaTa rrpo6neMa.
Ymu11aj KOfHuUluaHof ycMepe1-ba. - PernaBajynM HeKM rrpo6neM qecTo rrpHMeI:DyjeMo
CTpaTerMjy KojoM CMO OBJia,D;aJIM pernaBajynM CJIMqHe MJIM aHaJIOrHe rrpo6JieMe. I1aKo
OBaKaB rrpHcTyrr Hajqernne ,D;OBO,D;M ,z:i:o perneI:Da, y HeKMM CJiyqajeBMMa OH IIOCTaje M3-
BOp TernKona, a rroHeKa,z:i: Hae M oHeMorynaBa ,z:i:a rrpo6neM pernMMo. YTMu;aj rrpeTxo,z:i:Hor
PEIIIABAI-bE ITPOEJIEMA, EKCITEPTCKO MI1IlIJbEI-bE I1 KPEATI1BHOCT 397
II.po6JleM mpu cyga. - IIpep; 11crr11Tamu1:i1Ma ce mmase Tp11 cyp;a pasJI11':I11Te sarrpeM11He Koja je op;pe)jeHa 6pojeM
MafbHX cyp;OBa (Hrrp. p;a 611 ce Harrymrn cyp; A rroTpe6Ho je rnrraT11 25 'lama Bop;e). 3ap;aTaK 11crr11TaH11Ka je p;a
KOM6mryjyh11 sarrpeM11HY Tp11 cyp;a p;o611jy sap;aTy KOJI11':I11HY Te':IHOCT11 y ':IeTBpTOM cyp;y.
B sap;aTa KOJIH"t!HHa
1. 5 'lama 40 'lama 18 'lama 28 'lama
2. 21 'lama 12 7 'lama 3 'lame 100 'lama
,Il;a 611 ce pem110 rrpB11 rrpo6JieM rroTpe6Ho je p;Ba :rryra HarryH11T11cyp;A11 jep;HoM cyp; B (5 + 5 + 18 28,
O.JJ:HOCHO 2 x A + B) 11 oBaKo 11sMepeHe KOJI11':I11He rrpecyT11 y ':IeTBpT11 cyp;. ,Il;a 611 ce pem110 p;pyr11 rrpo6JieM,
rroTpe6Ho je HaTIJH11T11 cyp; E, saT11M op; oBe KOJI11':I11He op;yseT11 p;Ba :rryra KOJII1LIHHY cap;p)l{aHy y cyp;y B H op;
rrpeocTaJie KOJIH':I11He op;yseTH KOJIHLIHHY cap;p)l{aHyy cyp;y A (127-3 3-21=100, op;Horno E-2xB-A).
IIomTO je yrrosHaO 11CTIHTaHHKe ca Ha':IHHOM pemaBafba, Jla'IHHC p;aje cepHjy sap;aTaKa HCTOr THrra.
B 3a,D;aTa KOJIH"t!HHa
21 127 3 100
2 14 163 25 99
3 18 43 10 5
4 9 42 6 21
5 20 59 4 31
6 23 49 3 20
7 15 39 3 18
8 28 76 3 25
9 18 48 4 22
10 14 36 8 6
(Luchins, 1942. Cllo6oga1-1 apeBog u goHeKJle U3Me1-beH UleKCill.)
7
I13BOpH11 TepMHH je Einstellung, mTO Ha HeMa':IKOM 3Ha':IH aogetueHOCUl. y eHrJieCKOj TepM11HOJIOrHjH
KOpHcTe ce TepMHHH negative set effect HJIH set effect.
398 KOrHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
,Il;yttKep je HCIIHTaHHKe rrop;eJIHO y p;Be rpyrre. Jep;Ha rpyrra je rrpep; co6oM HMa-
Jia CBene, IIIH6Hn;e H eKcepqnne y KJTHjaMa, ,IJ;OK cy p;pyroj rpyrrn OBH rrpep;MeTH
6HJIH rno6op;Ho pacrropei)eHH rro CTOJIY. ,Il;a 6n ce p;ornJio p;o perneH>a, KJTHje Tpe6a
eKcepqHnHMa rrpH"l!BpCTHTH 3a BpaTa KaKO 6H IIOCJIY)KHJie Kao IIOCTOJhe 3a rnelie. I1aKo
sap;aTaK HHje Te)KaK, MaJIH 6poj HCIIHTaHHKa je ycrreo p;a ra peIIIH. 3aHHMJhHBO je p;a cy
HCIIHTaHHD;H KOjH cy rrpep; co6oM HMaJIH rrpep;MeTe rno6op;Ho pacrropei)eHe ITO CTOJIY
PEIIIABAH>E IJPOBJIEMA, EKCIJEPTCKO MI1IIIJbEH>E I1 KPEATI1BHOCT 399
JiaKllle pelllaBaJII1 OBaj rrpo6JieM o,n; HCIIHTaHJIKa KOjHMa cy rrpe,n;MeTH 6HJIH H3JIO)KeHH
y KyT11jaMa. I1crr11TaH11u;11 cy HMaJIH TelllKoha ,n;a pellle rrpo6JieM jep H11cy yo11HJI11 ,n;a
KYTHja MO)Ke ,n;a rroCJiy)KH 11 Kao rrocToJhe Ha Koje 611 ce rrp1111BpcTHJia cBeha. YrroTpe6a
KYTHje Kao rrocTOJha 6HJia je Malbe yo11Jh11Ba y rnTyau;11j11 Ka,n;a cy y Tuoj 6HJie rnehe, lllTO
je ,n;o,n;aTHO oTe)KaJIO HaJia)Kelhe pelllelba.
Je,n;aH o,n; rrosHaTHX rrpo6JieMa y KojeM ce TaKo])e MaHmpecTyje cpJHKD;HOHaJIHa
cpHKCHpaHOCT je ,,rrpo6JieM ,n;Ba KOHorru;a" (Maier, 1930, 1931). I1crr11TaHHK ce HaJia3H y
rrpoCTop11j11ca1111jer rrJiacpoHa cy Ha o,n;pe])eHoj pas,n;aJhHHH CIIYlllTeHa ,n;Ba KOHorru;a, ,n;oK
ce Ha rro,n;y Hanase pasJI111111T11 rrpe,n;MeTH, 11sMe])y ocTaJIHX 11 KJielllTa. 3a,n;arnK ce cacToj11
y TOMe ,n;a ce ,n;Ba KOHorru;a CBe)Ky, rrpH 11eMy OHM HHCY ,Il;OBOJhHO ,n;yra11KH ,n;a 611 MOfJIH
HCTOBpeMeHo ,n;a ce ,Il;OXBaTe. Tipo6JieM je Moryhe pelllHTH TaKO lllTO 611 ce KJielllTa KOja
ce Hanase Ha rro,n;y Besana sa je,n;aH KOHorrau; 11 yrroTpe6HJia Kao Ter Koj11 611 oMoryh.110
,n;a ce KOHOrrau; 3albHllle 11 TaKO ,Il;OXBaTH ,Il;OK HCIIHTaHHK ,Il;p)KH ,n;pyr11 KOHOrrau;. y
MajepoBOM ome,n;y OBY MorynHocT yo11HJI0 je Malbe o,n; 40% 11crr11TaH11Ka. PasJior oBaKo
MaJIOM rrpou;eHTY je cpJHKD;HOHaJIHa cpHKCHpaHOCT; Ben11Ha HCIIHTaHHKa HHje yo11HJia
,n;a KJielllTa Mory ,n;a ce yrroTpe6e 11 Kao Ter Koj11M 611 ce salh11xao KOHorrau;.
CaMoHaMeUlHyma ofpaHuite1-ba. - ,r:t;o TelllKona y pelllaBalhy rrpo6JieMa 11ecTo ,n;oJias11
yrne,n; caMoHaMeUlHyUlux ofpaHu-ite1-ba (self-imposed constraints), Tj. orpaH1111elba Koja
H11cy eKCIIJIHIJ;HTHO rrocTaBJheHa Kao ycJioB sa pelllaBalbe. Me])yTHM, rrp11 pelllaBalhy
qecTO IIOJia3HMO o,n; rrpeTIIOCTaBKe ,n;a OBaKBa orpaHH1Ielba IIOCToje, lllTO Hae crrpe-
11aBa ,n;a ,n;o])eMO ,n;o pelllelba. TipHMep caMOHaMeTHJTHX orpaHH1Ielba BH,IJ;eJIH CMO y
HCTpa)KHBalby Ho6JI1111a 11 capa,n;HHKa y KojeM cy HCIIHTaHHIJ;H HMaJIH sa,n;aTaK ,n;a pe-
CTPJKTypHpalbeM rroJio)Kaja lll11611u;a ,n;o611jy apHTMeTH1IKH 11crrpaBaH pesyJITaT ( CJIHKa
2). Je,n;aH o,n; sa,n;aTaKa ce IIOKasao 11syseTHO TelllKHM jep cy HCIIHTaHHIJ;H rrpeTIIOCTa-
BHJIH ,n;a HHje ,Il;03BOJheHO JEO])elbe HOBOf 3HaKa HaKO TO HHje 6HJIO eKCIIJIHIJ;HTHO
HaBe,n;eHo y YIIYTCTBY (Knoblich, Ohlson, Haider & Rhenius, 1999).
TipMMeTMMO .n;a TPM .n;o ca.n;a HaBe.n;ena -cnrnMou;a (KorHMTMBHO ycMepeIDe, cpynK-
u;MoHarrna cpMKCMpaHOCT M caMOHaMeTHyTa orpaHMqefba) MMajy je.n;Hy saje,n;HMqKy Ka-
paKTepMCTMKy. CBM ce OHM O,Il;JIMKyjy orpaHMqefbMMa Koja He IIOTMqy M3 yrryTCTBa 0
rrpo6JieMy aJIM cyEaBajy perrepTOap MorynHx perneIDa, a rroHeKa.n; M oHeMorynaBajy
.n;oJiaEeIDe .n;o perneIDa. KorHMTMBHO ycMepeIDe ocTaBJba BaH BM,n;oKpyra aJITepHanrnHe
HaqMHe pernaBaIDa, cpynKIJ;MOHaJIHa cpMKCMpaHOCT pe.n;y:r<yje aJITepHaTMBHY yrroTpe6y
o6jeKaTa Koja .n;oBo,n;M .n;o perneIDa, .n;oK caMoHaMeTHYTa orpaHMqeIDa cyEaBajy rrpocTop
rrpo6JieMa y oncer y KojeM rrpo6JieM HMje pernMB.
IIpeBubaHJe 6umHux KapaKillepucmww apo6Jl.eMa. - Je.n;Ha o.n; TeIIIKona Koja ce jaBJba rrpM perna-
BaIDy rrpo6JieMa je IDeroBo rrorpernHo HJIM ne.n;oBOJbHO pasyMeBaIDe. qecTo ce .n;oral)a .n;a
rrpeBM,Il;MMO HeKM o.n; 6MTHMX acrreKaTa rrpo6JieMa HJIM .n;a ra rrorpernHo pasyMeMo. 0By
TeIIIKOny neMO HJIYCTpOBaTM rrpo6JieMOM HeIIOTIIyne IIIaXOBCKe Ta6Jie ( CJIMKa 9).
EKCIIEPTCKO MMillJbEH>E
A B B A B B
MelJJTHM, Kap;a je c HCTHM 6pojeM qrnrypa rrpHKa3aHa II03HIJ;Hja Koja HHje HMarra
CMHCJia, H3Mel)y TPH rpyrre HCIIHTaHHKa HHje 6HJio yoqJhHBHX pa3JIHKa. BecMHCJieHy
II03HIJ;Hjy rnaxOBCKH MajCTopH cy c HCTHM ycrrexoM perrpop;yKoBarrH Kao H rroqeTHHIJ;H.
3a pa3JIHKY op; rroqeTHHKa, rnaXOBCKH MajcTopH cy y CTalhy p;a OCMHCJie 0,IJ;HOC Mel)y
qrnrypaMa H p;a rro3HIJ;Hjy HJIH p;eJioBe rro3HIJ;Hje TpeTHpajy Kao u;eJIHHe, qHMe ce 6poj
eJieMeHaTa KojHMa orrepHrny p;pacTHqHo cMaH>yje. To je yjep;Ho pa3JIOr IIITO je H>HXOBa
perrpop;yKu;Hja CMHCaOHe rnaxoBCKe II03HIJ;Hje 6p}l{a H TaqHHja.
IIIaxOBCKH MajcTop y CTalhY .n;a II03HIJ;Hjy paIIIqJiaHH Ha HeKOJIHKO u;eJIHHa, 6e3 o63Hpa Ha
6poj q:mrypa KOje "CJHHe u;eJIHHe, OH)J;a je 6poj CMHCaOHHX je,n;HHHu;a KOjHMa orrepHIIIe y
IIOKYIIIajy .n;a perrpo.n;JKyje rro3HIJ;Hjy ,n;aJieKo MalhH o.n; 6poja KojHM orrepHIIIe rroqeTHHK.
Pa3JIOr 36or Kojer cy eKcrrepTH ycrreIIIHHjH o.n; HeeKcrrepaTa HHje caMo y crro-
co6HocTH .n;a OCMHCJie rrpo6JieM Ha HaqHH KOjH he CMalhHTH OIITepenelhe orrepaTHB-
He MeMopHje, Kao IIITO TO IIOKa3yjy HaJia3H qejca H CajMOHa; eKcrrepTCKO MHIIIJbelbe
rro.n;pa3yMeBa H crreu;mlmqHa 3Halha H HcKycrno y rrocTaBJDalh y H peIIIaBalhy rrpo6Jie-
Ma. 0 TOMe CBep;oqH HCTpa)l{HBalbe illaHa H AH,n;epcoHa KOjH cy HCIIHTaJIH pa3JIHKe y
ycrreIIIHOCTH y IIOCTaBJbalhy Hau;pTa eKcrrepHMeHTa. l1crrHTaHHIJ;H cy 6HJIH CTpyqlhau;H y
OKBHPY ,n;aTe o6JiacTH (HCIIHTHBalhe rraMnelha), cTpyqlhau;H KojH HMajy HcKycTBa y eKc-
rrepHMeHTaJIHOM pa.n;y aJIH HHcy cTpyqlhau;H 3a o6JiacT rraMnelha, CTy,n;eHTH rrpBe ro,n;H-
He H cTy,n;eHTH KojH cy rrpH Kpajy IIIKOJIOBa.Eha (Schunn & Anderson, 1999). Y ome.n;y je
rrpaneHa ycrreIIIHOCT y OKBHPY ,n;Ba acrreKTa )J;H3ajHHpalha eKcrrepHMeHTa. TipBH acrreKT
YKJDyqyje IIOIIITOBalbe OIIIIITHX HaqeJia Koja rrpeTIIOCTaBJDajy je,n;HOCTaBHOCT Hau;pTa H
jarny rrpe,n;HKIJ;Hjy y rrpHJIOf je,n;Hoj o.n; cyrrpOTCTaBJbeHHX TeOpHja. ,Il;pym acrreKT, IIO-
pe.n; HaBe,n;eHHX HaqeJia, rro.n;pa3yMeBa ceJieKu;Hjy He3aBHCHHX BapHja6JIH qHjH OCHOBHH
ecpeKTH H eBeHTYaJIHe HHTepaKu;Hje .n;ajy HajBHIIIe peJieBaHTHHX rro,n;aTaKa 0 rrpo6JieMy
KOjH ce HCIIHTyje. 3a OBaKBY BpcTy Hau;pTa IIOTpe6Ho je crreu;HcpHqHo 3Halhe H3 o6JiaCTH
Kojoj rrpHrra.n;a HCIIHTHBaHH rrpo6JieM.
KPEATMBHOCT
pa3yMeBa:H>e. CeTMMO ce BaH fora, Bom.:i;MaHa M MHOrMx ,n:pyrMx Koje cpe,n:MHa HMje rrpe-
rro3HMa Kao rroje,n:MHu;e KojM cy CTBopmm M3y3eTHa ,n:eJia. ~a JIM TO 3Hacrn ,n:a y TpeHyTKY
y KojeM cy CTBapMM Ta ,n:eJia M HMcy 6HJia Bpe,n:Ha? ~a 6M je,n:aH yMeTHMqKM HJIM HayqHM
rrpoM3BO,n: 6Mo rrpM3HaT M rrpMxBaheH, rroTpe6HM cy MHOrM yrnoBM, o,n: KOjMx cy HeKM
BaH yYMu;aja CTBapaou;a. I1MaMo M cyrrpoTHe rrpMMepe CTBapMau;a KojM cy 3a }KHBOTa
6HJIM rrpM3HaTM M CJiaBJbeHM, ,n:a 6M KaCHMje 6HJIM 3a6opaBJbeHM. ~a JIM TO 3HaqM ,n:a OHM
HMCY 6HJIM KpeaTMBHM M ,n:a lhMXOBa ,z:i;eJia HMCY 6HJia Bpe,n:Ha? 0Bo IIMTalhe rrpe,n:MeT je
MHOfHX pa3MaTpalha Koja MMajy 3a IJ;MJb ,n:a o,n:pe,n:e o6jeKTMBHe KpMTepMjyMe Ha OCHOBY
KojMx MO}KeMo je,n:Ho ,n:eJio cMaTpaTM rrpoM3BO,n:oM KpeaTMBHor qMHa (cf. Stein, 1956;
Murray, 1959; Perkins, 1981; Henessey & Amabile, 1988; Gilhooly, 1988; Baron, 1988;
Boden, 1991). Ha}KMOCT, oBaKBa pa3MaTpalha HMcy ,n:oBeJia ,n:o orrIIITe rrpMxBaheHMX
KpMTepMjyMa Ha OCHOBY KOjMx 6MCMO MOfJIM He,II;BOCMMCJieHO ,n:a rrpou;eHMMO ,n:a JIM je
HeKO ,n:eJIO Bpe,n:aH M opMrMHMaH rrpOM3BO,II;.
~pyra He,n:oyMMu;a rrpoMCTMqe M3 caMe rrpMpo,n:e OBor cpeHoMeHa. JacHo M3,n:BojM-
TM KpeaTMBaH qMH, ,n:ecpMHMCaTM lheroBe crreu;McpMqHOCTM M MexaHM3Me KOjM CTOje
y OCHOBM KpeaTMBHOf CTBapMaIIITBa 3HaqHJio 6M orrepau;MOHMHO ,n:ecpMHMCaTM
cTBapMaIIITBO je,n:Hor JieoHap,n:a ,n:a BMHqMja, Ha rrpMMep, 3HaqHJio 6M ,n:o Kpaja rrpoHMK-
HY™ y HaqMH Ha KojM je MeH,n:eJbejeB ,n:oIIIao ,n:o rnoje rrepMo,n:MqHe Ta6JIMu;e eJieMeHaTa
HJIM pa3yMeTH KaKo je TIMKaco HaCJIMKao ,,focrroi)Mu;e M3 ABMlhona". To, HapaBHO, HMje
Moryhe (a BepoBaTHO HM IIO)KeJbHO). Mo}KeMO caMO ,n:a KOHCTaTyjeMO ,n:a ce HMa3MMO
rrpe,n: opMrMHMHMM M Bpe,n:HMM ,n:eJIMMa M ,n:a IIOKYIIIaMo ,n:a rrpoHMKHeMo y Heorrxo,n:He
(MM He HY}KHO M ,n:oBOJbHe) yrnoBe ,n:a 6M TaKBa ,n:eJia 6HJia CTBopeHa.
1. ITpe,n: BaMa ce Han:as11 Kpyr. KoJIHKO pean:HHX o6jeKaTa MO)l{eTe ,n:a HarrpaBtJTe y TOKY je,n:Hor MHHYTa
KOpHCTenH Kpyr?
2. y TOKY je,n:Hor MHHyTa Ha6pojTe llITO BenH 6poj pe'm Koje IIO'IHH>Y CJIOBOM ,lJ; I1 3aBp1IIaBajy CJIOBOM H,
He ys11Majyn11y06s11p lbHXOBY .n:y>KHHy.
3. ITpeTIIOCTaBHMO ,n:a JbY.D:H rrpecTajy ,n:a pacTy y ,n:pyroj ro,n:HHH )l{llBOTa, TaKO ,n:a BHCHHa HOpMan:Hor
o,n:parnor rroje,n:11Hu;a He rrpeJias11 je,n:aH MeTap. I1MaTe je,n:aH MHHYT Ha pacrroJiaraH>y ,n:a HaBe,n:eTe llITO Ben11
6poj Moryn11x rrocJie,n:11u;a oBaKBe rrpoMeHe.
4. ITpe,n: BaMa ce Han:ase 11eT11p11 reoMeTp11jCKe qmrype. KoM611Hyjyn1111x, rroKYlllajTe ,n:a HarrpaBHTe rne,n:ene
o6jeKTe: Jby,n:cKo JIHu;e, JiaMrry 11 ,n:pBo. CBaKa qmrypa MO)l{e 611T11 yrroTpe6JbeHa je,n:HoM HJIH BHllle rryra 11
MO>Ke 6HTI1 IIOBenaHa HJIH CMalbeHa.
3aga11u aHallOlHU 3aga11uMa Koje je KopucUluo I'ullcpopg y OKBupy TecUloBa guaepleHUlHe apogyK11uje
(apey3euzo U3 Matlin, 1994).
3a paSJIHKY O,Il; fHJicpopp;a, Me,IJ;HHK IIOJiaSH O,Il; CTaBa p;a ce KpeaTHBHOCT MaHHcpe-
cTyje y HaJia)Kelhy HOBHX Besa Mel)y rrojep;HHHM eJieMeHTHMa HJIH np;ejaMa. 3a HaJiaMelhe
oBaKBHX Besa Heorrxop;Ho je yoqaBalhe sajep;HnqHOCTH y OKBHPY HaOKO HerroBesaHHX
eJieMeHaTa, IIITO je O,IJ;JIHKa KOHBepreHTHOf MHIIIJbelha. y HaMepH p;a HCIIHTa crroco6HOCT
HaJia)Kelha OBaKBHX Besa Mep;HHK KOHCTpynIIIe TecT rrosHaT rrop; HaSHBOM Teem ygalbe-
HUX aco11uja11uja (Remote Associates Test-RAT). TecT ce cacTOjH op; Bener 6poja cKyrroBa
O,Il; TPH peqn a sap;aTaK HCIIHTaHHKa je p;a Ha:lje qeTBPTY peq Koja ,,rrpnrrap;a" HJIH ce MO)Ke
p;op;aTH CBaKoj OATPH rrpnKasaHe peqn (Mednick, 1962; Mednick & Mednick, 1967). 8
8 Ha rrp11Mep, pe11 Hag MO)l{e ,n:a ce ,n:o,n:a Kao rrpeqmKc pe1111Ma lllegamu, Bllagamu 11 lpaguutu (Haglllegamu,
Hagallagamu, Haglpaguutu).
PEIIIABAI-hE ITPOEJIEMA, EKCITEPTCKO MI1IIIJbEI-hE I1 KPEATI1BHOCT 411
AHpH IIoeHKape, je.n.aH O,!J, HajBen11x MaTeMaTH'-Iapa xx BeKa, OTIHCyje .n.oral)aj y KojeM je H3HeHa,IJ,a ,!J,OIIlaO
.n.o 3Ha'!ajHor oTKp11ha (Poincare, /1913/, c;w6ogaH apeBog).
,,HanycTHO caM KaeH y KojeM caM )KHBeo KaKO 611x OTliIIIaO Ha reOJIOIIIKY eKCKyps11jy Kojy je opraHl130BaJia
IIIKOJia y KOjoj caM pa.n.110. IIyToBafbe H npoMeHa cpe,IJ,HHe HaBeJIH cy Me .n.a npeCTaHeM .n.a MHCJIHM Ha CBOj
pa.n. Ha MaTeMaTHU:H. ,Il;oIIIaBIIIH y KyTaHC, YIIIJIH CMO y OMHH6yc KojHM je Tpe6ano .n.a 0611l)eMo rpa.n.. Y
TpeHyTI<y Ka,IJ,a caM KpO'IHO Ha npBH CTeneHHK OMHH6yca Ha YM Mli je ,!J,OIIIJia 11.n.eja, Koja HHje 6HJia TIOBe3aHa
ca npeTXO,IJ,HHM TOKOM MliCJili, .n.a cy TpaHccpopMau:11je Koje caM KOpliCTHO .n.a 611x .n.ecpHHliCao <DYKCOBe
cpyttKU:lije 11,IJ,eHTH'!He OHHMa 113 HeeYKJIH,!l,OBCKe reoMeTpHje. IIOIIITO caM O,IJ,Max HaCTaBHO paHHje sano'!eT
412 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
pasroBop ca 'IOBeKOM KOjH je ceo ,Il;O MeHe, H,ri;ejy HHCaM rrpoBepaBaO, aJIH caM 6Ho ITOTITJHO CHrypaH ,ri;a je
ttcrrpaBHa. BpaTHBillH ce y KaeH, y TpeHyu;HMa ,ri;or<o;mu;e YTBp,ri;Ho caM ,ri;a je tt,ri;eja forna HcrrpaBHa."
pecpepeHTHOf OKBl1pa. HeKl1 aJTOpl1, Bl1,IJ;eJil1 CMO, CMaTpajy ,IJ;a je 3a HaJia)l{elbe a,IJ;eKBaT-
HOf perneH>a HeOITXO,IJ;Ha l1HKy6au;11ja, Tj. HeCBeCHa o6pa,IJ;a Koja ,Il;OBO,Il;l1 ,Il;O perneH>a. YKO-
Jll1KO CMO cp11Kc11paHl1 Ha O,Il;HOCe KOjl1 He ,Il;OBO,IJ;e ,Il;O perneH>a, HeorrXO,Il;HO je rrp11BpeMe-
HO HarryrnTaH>e pa,IJ;a Ha rrpo6JieMY KaKO 611 ,Il;OillJIO ,Il;O l1HKy6au;11je, O,Il;HOCHO HeCBecHe
o6pa,IJ;e y ,Il;pyroM pecpepeHTHOM OKB11py.
HacyrrpoT TOMe, HeK11 aYTOPl1 cMaTpajy ,IJ;a je HOBl1 yB11,IJ; y rrpo6JieM 3acH0BaH
Ha KOfHl1Tl1BHl1M rrpou;ec11Ma Koje Kop11cT11Mo l1 y CBaKO,IJ;HeBHOM )l{l1BoTy. TaKo, Ha
rrp11Mep, IIepK11Hc HaBO,Il;l1 Tp11 rrpou;eca 3a Koje cMaTpa ,IJ;a KapaKTep11rny l1 Kpea-
Tl1BHO Ml1IlllheH>e (Perkins, 1981). IIpB11 rrpou;ec je ycMepeHo apucelia1-be (directed re-
membering) Koje ce cacTOj11 y ceJieKTl1BHOM rro6yl)11BaH>y 3HaH>a l1 l1CKYCTBa y OKB11py
3a,IJ;aTl1X orpaHw:IeH>a. Y3Ml1MO 3a rrp11Mep 6HJio Koj11 Haycrn11 rrpo6JieM. ,Ua 611cMo ra
pa3yMeJil1, HeOITXO,Il;HO je ,IJ;a 3HaMO H>eroB KOHTeKCT, aJil1 l1 HaJia3e Be3aHe 3a rrpo6JieM,
Kao l1 orpaHw:IeH>a y OKB11py Koj11x MO)l{eMo ,IJ;a Tpa)l{l1MO perneH>e. CJie,IJ;en11 rrpou;ec
no IIepK11Hcy je yo11aaa1-be (noticing). IIpeme,IJ;OM Bene KOJIWrnHe MaTep11jaJia MopaMo
,IJ;a yo1111Mo 611THe acrreKTe rrpo6JieMa KaKO 611CMO 6HJil1 y CTalby ,IJ;a rrp11cTyrrl1MO H>e-
fOBOM pernaBaH>y. IIoce6aH 3Ha11aj IIepK11Hc rrp11,IJ;aje HOBOM au1}e1-by ilo3Hafllux cmaapu
(contrary recognition). 9 IIo OBOM ayTopy, je,IJ;Ha O,Il; cyrnT11HcK11x O,IJ;Jil1Ka KpeaTl1BHOCTl1
je pel1HTeprrpernu;11ja I103HaTl1X CTBap11 l1 O,Il;HOCa, H>HXOBO Bl1i)eH>e 113 ,Il;pyra1111je rrep-
crreKTl1Be H3 Koje ce yo11aBajy HOBe KapaKTep11cT11Ke l1 MorynHOCTl1. IIome,IJ;ajMo II11-
KacoBy I'Jiaay 6uKa cacTaBJheHy O,Il; ,IJ;eJioBa 611u;11KJia.
Mo)l{eMo caMo ,IJ;a CJIYTl1MO Ha Koj11 Ha1111H je II11Kaco ,IJ;ornao Ha 11,IJ;ejy ,IJ;a ,IJ;eJioBe
611u;11KJia IlOCTaBl1 y O,Il;HOC KOjl1 1Il1Hl1 ROBY CMl1CaoHy u;eJil1Hy. 3a OBaKaB KpeaTl1BaH
1Il1H CBaKaKo je HeOITXO,IJ;Ha ,IJ;eu;eHTpau;11ja op; yo6wrajeHor Bl1ljeH>a CTBap11 l1 Ibl1XOBO
IlOCTaBJhaH>e y HOBe O,Il;HOCe.
IIpou;ec11 Koje 113,II;Baja IIepK11Hc H11cy Be3aH11 caMo 3a KpeaTl1BHO Ml1IllJheH>e. J13
Tora CJie,II;l1 ,IJ;a KpeaTl1BHl1 1Il1H He rrpeTITOCTaBJha rroce6He KOfHl1Tl1BHe MexaHl13Me, Hl1Tl1
JKlliyqyje rrpou;ece KOjl1 ce He jaBJhajy y ,Il;pyr11M MeHTaJIHl1M aKTl1BHOCTl1Ma. I1 HeKl1
,Il;pyr11 l1CTpa)l{l1Ba1111 CMaTpajy ,IJ;a KpeaTl1BHOCT He rrpeTITOCTaBJha rroce6He KOfHl1Tl1BHe
9 0Bo je H je,n:Ha o.n: KlbJ'IHHX rrpeTrrocTaBKH fnrrcpop,n:a Ha Kojoj ce saCHHBajy Tecillo6u guBepteHillHe
apogy1w,uje (Guilford, 1967).
414 KOrHI1TI1BHA TICMXOJIOfMJA
10
fap,n:Hep je amu:msHpao 6norpacprrje <Dpoj,n:a, AjHirrTajHa, ITrrKaca, CTpaBHHCKor, E1rn0Ta, fpeeMa H
faH,n:rrja.
PEIIIABAfbE ITPOBJIEMA, EKCITEPTCKO MI1IIIJbEfbE I1 KPEATI1BHOCT 415
p;eJio Koje ce MO:>Ke CMaTpaTM KpeaTMBHMM OCTBapelbeM. TipM TOM ce Ha6pajajy ycnoBM
KOjM cy HY:>KHM, aJIM He M ,II;OBOJbHM, .n:a 6MCMO ,II;OIIIJIM .n:o Heqera IIITO CMaTpaMO KpeaTMB-
HMM OCTBapelbeM. TIOIIITO CBe Ha6pojaHe ycJIOBe MO:>KeMo HahM M KO,II; rroje.n;MHau;a KOjM
HMcy y crnIDy .n:a cTBope MIIITa KpeaTMBHO, CTepH6epr M Jiy6apT saKJbyqyjy .n:a je o.n: rro-
ce6Hor 3Haqaja O,II;HOC OBMX oco6MHa M ycnoBa, aJIM He .n:ajy o.n:roBop Ha IIMTalhe 0 KaKBOM
op:Hocy je peq (Sternberg & Lubart, 1991, 1993, 1995).
Bes HaMepe .n:a IIOTIJ;eHMMO MCTpa:>KMBalha KpeaTMBHOCTM, a joIII Malbe .n:a IIOT-
u;eHMMO IIOKYIIIaje .n:a ce y HeIIITO IIIMpeM saxBaTy OBOM cpeHOMeHy rrpMl)e Kao KOMII0-
3MTHOM rrpou;ecy Ha KOjM YTHqe BenM 6poj cpaKTopa, ocrnje JTMCaK .n:a o KpeaTMBHOCTM
3HaMO BpJIO MaJIO. PasJior OBaKBOM CTalhY Tpe6a MO:>K,II;a Tpa:>KMTM y HaBe,II;eHMM He.n;oy-
MMIJ;aMa KOjMMa CMO rroqeJIH pasMaTpalbe OBOr cpeHOMeHa. 36or HejacHMX KpMTepMjy-
Ma Ha OCH OBY KOjMX o.n:pel)yjeMO .n:a JIM je rrojep:MHau; KpeaTMBaH, 0,II;HOCHO .n:a JIM ce HeKO
OCTBapelbe MO:>Ke CMaTpaTM rrpoM3BO,II;OM KpeaTMBHOr qMHa, M3MMqe HaM CMCTeMaTCKM
OIIMC KOfHMTMBHMX MeXaHM3aMa KOjM ,II;OBO,II;e .n:o KpeaTMBHOr OCTBapeIDa, MaKO CMO y
CTaIDy .n:a OIIMIIIeMO errMcpeHoMeHe KOjM rrpaTe IDeroB HaCTaHaK M CTBapalbe.
11 IIpnMep je pa'-IyttapcKa rnMyJiau;nja Illax:OBCKe nrpe. Paqyttap y KpaTKOM BpeMeHy CHMYJITaHo aHa-
JIH3Hpa BeJIHKH 6poj Morynnx KOM6mrnu;nja Koje cem:y HeKOJIHKO rroTesa yttarrpe,n. 0Ba cTpaTemja mi:je
rrpHMeHJhHBa Ka,na jeyrr11TaI:DyqoBeK, jep rrpou;eI:DHBaI:DelliaXOBCKHXII03HIJ;HjaHa OBaj Haq11H rrpeBa3HJia3H
Karrau;HTeTe orrepaTHBHe MeMopnje.
PEIIIABAH>E IIPOBJIEMA, EKCIIEPTCKO MI1IIIJbElliE I1 KPEATI1BHOCT 417
rrpo6JieMa rpymnuy y CMMCaOHe :o;eJIMHe, IIITO ce TaKo})e MOMe CXBaTMTM Kao ;n;o;n;aTHa
pe;n;JK:o;Mja rno6o;n;mrr BapMja6JIM.
I1 )];OK eqmKaCHOCT eKcrrepTCKOr MMIIIJbelha MOMeMO ;n;a o6jacHMMO MCKYCTBOM,
M3y3eTHe JBM,JJ;e M CTBapalhe ;n;eJia rroce6He Bpe;n;HOCTM y qMjoj OCHOBM CTOjM KpeaTMBaH
qMH He MO)I<eMO ;n;a ITO,JJ;Be;n;eMO rro;n; MCKYCTBO. I1aKo CBaKM KpeaTMBHM rrpOM3BO,JJ; rro;n;pa-
3yMeBa ;n;y6oKO I103HaBalhe M BJia,JJ;alhe o6JiaIIIny y qJijMM je OKBMpMMa CTBOpeHO, caM
KpeaTMBHM qJIH rrpe;n;CTaBJba KopaK )J;aJbe o;n; eKcrrepTCKOr MMIIIJbelha. 0 TOM KopaKy
3HaMo MaJIO, TaKopenM HMIIITa. KorHMTMBHa rrcMxoJiorMja, aJIM He caMo oHa, joIII YBeK
He MOMe ;n;a rroHy;n;M o6jaIIIIDeIDa Koja 6M HaM oMorynMJia 6oJbe pa3yMeBalhe KpeaTMBHor
qMHa. 0 HeKMM o;n; MorynMX pa3JIOra OBaKBOM CTalhY ,JJ;MCKJTOBaJIM CMO Ha rrpeTXO,JJ;HMM
cTpaHaMa. 0BMM pa3JI03MMa 6M Tpe6ano ;n;o;n;aTM joIII HeKe. KpeaTMBHOCT, cxBaneHa Ha
HaqMH Ha KOjM je pa3MaTpajy KOrHMTMBHM ITCMXOJI03M HMje oco6MHa rrorryJia:o;Mje, Ben
oco6MHa M3y3eTHMX rroje;n;MHa:o;a. CTora ce pa3MaTpaIDa oBor cpeHoMeHa HajqeIIIne cBo-
;n;e MJIM Ha cTy;n;Mje rnyqaja, MJIM ce oBo ITMTaIDe rroMepa y ;n;oMeH peIIIaBalha rrpo6JieMa.
IlMTalhe je, Me})yrMM, ;n;a JIM je rro;n;pyqje peIIIaBalha rrpo6JieMa Ha 6MJio KojM HaqMH rro-
Be3aHo ca rrpo:o;ecMMa 3a Koje rrpeTITOCTaBJbaMO ;n;a CTOje y OCHOBM KpeaTMBHOr qMHa.
AKO 6M peIIIaBalhe rrpo6JieMa M MOrJIO ;n;a 6y;n;e peJieBaHTHO 3a MCHMTMBalhe KpeaTMBHOr
MMIIIJbelha Ka;n;a cy y IlMTalhy HayqHa OTKpMna, OBa Be3a je Malhe jacHa Ka;n;a rOBOpMMO 0
KpeaTMBHOM qMHY y yMeTHOCTM, Ha rrpMMep. Ocrnje cTora ;n;MJieMa ;n;a JIM cy eMrrMpMjcKa
MCTpa:>KMBalha KpeaTMBHOCTM BaJIM,JJ;Ha, Tj. ;n;a JIM yorrIIITe MCITMTyjy KpeaTMBHOCT.
PEllIABAIDE IIPOEJIEMA, EKCIIEPTCKO MI1llIJbEIDE I1 KPEATI1BHOCT 419
PE3MME
• PeIIIaBaIDe rrpo6JieMa je ycMepeHa aKTHBHOCT Koja MMa rnoje rroJia3HIIITe o,n: Kojer ce, Kpo3
pa3JIWrnTe cpa3e H Ha pa3JIIflrnTe Ha"LIMHe, ,n:ona3H ,n:o peIIIeIDa. Oco6a je cyo"LJ:eHa ca rrpo6Jie-
MOM, Ka,n:a HeIIITO m:eJIH HJIH HaMepaBa aJIH He 3Ha o,n:Max Koje aKu;Mje Tpe6a ,n:a rrpe,n:y3Me ,n:a ,n:o
rnra ,n:o))e ( Tj. ,n:a ocrnapM m:eJby HJIH HaMepy). An:TepHaTHBHO o,n:pe))eIDe rrpo6JieM ,n:ecpMHHIIIe
Kao rnTyau;Mjy y Kojoj oco6a rroKYIIIaBa ,n:a ,n:o))e ,n:o HeKor D;MJba, a ,n:a 6M ,n:o IDera ,n:oIIIJia, Mopa
,n:a Ha))e Ha"LJ:HH ,n:a TO OCTBapH.
• ITpBa CHCTeMaTcKa HCTpam:MBaIDa peIIIaBaIDa rrpo6JieMa rro"LIHID y y OKBMPY reIIITaJIT rrcMXOJIO-
mje rro"LieTKOM XX BeKa. O,n: rroce6Hor 3Ha"Liaja cy McTpam:MBaIDa BoJicpraHra KeJiepa KojM
HCITHTyjytrn rroHaIIIaIDe MajMytta 3aKJby-qyje ,n:a m:MBOTMIDe orram:ajy pe1la71uje a He rroje,n:MHa"LJ:He
eJieMeHTe CTMMJnau;Mje, IIITO HM oMoryliaBa ,n:a peIIIe o,n:pe))eHe rrpo6JieMe. PeneBaHTHe peJia-
u;Mje orram:ajy ce H3HeHa,n:a, a OBY BpCTy orra)l{aIDa KeJiep Ha3MBa yBuba1-beM. ITo 3aBpIIIeTKY
ITpBor CBeTCKOr paTa HaCTaBJbajy ce HCTpam:MBaIDa peIIIaBaIDa rrpo6JieMa, HaKO je y TO BpeMe
IDHXOB 3Ha"LJ:aj MaprHHaJII130BaH yrne,n: YTMu;aja 6MxejBMOpI13Ma. ITe,n:eceTHX ro,n:1rna rrpoIIIJior
BeKa pacTe HHTepecoBaIDe 3a OBY 06.llaCT, a Ben KpajeM rre,n:eceTMX ro,n:MHa rrojaBJbyje ce rrpBH
HHTerpaJIHH Mo,n:eJI peIIIaBaIDa rrpo6JieMa EbyeJia H CajMoHa.
• PeIIIaBalbe rrpo6JieMa HMa rnoje crreu;HcpH"LIHOCTH Koje ra I13,IJ;Bajajy OJJ: OCTaJIHX MeHTaJIHHX aK-
THBHOCTH. To cy: ycMepeHocill 71Ulby, cue11u<fiu11aH pegocJZeg oaepa71uja, cae71u<fiu11He KOiHUillUBHe
oaepa71uje H paw11JZa1-buBa1-be apo6JZeMa Ha aap71ujaJZHe 71UJbeBe. PeIIIaBaIDe rrpo6JieMa je YBeK ycMe-
peHo HeKOM IJ;HJbY I1 yBeK ce cacTOjH o,ri: BHIIIe rroje,n:HHa"LJ:HHX orrepau;Mja y HH3y, o,n: KOjHX je CBaKa
ocrnapeIDe HeKor rrapu;MjaJIHor u;HJba KojM rrpe,n:cTaBJba Me})JKopaK ,n:o peIIIeIDa rrpo6JieMa.
• Je,n:aH o,n: rrpBHX Mo,n:eJia peIIIaBaIDa rrpo6JieMa HacTaje y OKBMPY reIIITaJIT rrcMXOJiorMje ,n:Ba-
,n:eceTHX ro,n:MHa rrpoIIIJior BeKa. AyTop oBor Mo,n:eJia je fop,n:oH BoJiac 1<0jH pa3JIMKyje "LJ:eTMPH
cpa3e y peIIIaBaIDy rrpo6JieMa: <fia3y apuapeMe, <jja3y UHKy6a71uje, <fia3y U1lJMUHa71uje H <jja3y Be-
pu<jjuKa71uje. qernopocpa3HH Mo,n:eJI lie 6MTH rrpe,n:MeT MHomx ocrropaBaIDa, a HapO"LIHTO cpa3a
HHKy6au;Mje y Kojoj ce, no OBOM MO,n:eny, O,IJ;HrpaBa HeCBeCHO peIIIaBaIDe rrpo6JieMa. ITpe,n:MeT
ocrropaBaIDa 6Mlie H cpa3a HJIYMMHau;Mje y Kojoj ,n:oJia3H ,n:o H3HeHa,n:Hor YBM))aIDa Koje JJ:OBOJJ:M
,n:o peIIIeIDa rrpo6JieMa .
• ITo,n: ynru;ajeM KOrHHTHBHe o6pa,n:e HHcpopMau;Mja rrojaBJbyjy ce aJITepHaTHBHH MO,IJ;eJIH KOjH
He YKlliy-qyjy cpa3e HHKy6au;Mje H HJIYMMHau;Mje. CTaH,n:ap,n:Ho, OBH Mo,n:emr o6yxBaTajy rne,n:elie
cpa3e: ugeHillu<jjuKoBa1-be apo6JZeMa, ge<jjuHuca1-be apo6JZeMa u 1-beioBo apegcillaBJba1-be, ogpebuBa1-be
cillpailletuje, opiaHu3a71ujy uH<jjopMa71uja o apo6JZeMy, guci11pu6y71ujy pecypca, a.panel-be apo71eca
pewaBa1-ba H eBaJZya71ujy pewe1-ba.
• I1po6JieMe MQ)KeMO ,n:a KJiaCHcpm<yjeMO no Ha"LJ:HHY IDHXOBOr peIIIaBaIDa. Ha OCHOBY OBOr
KpMTepMjyMa pa3JIMKyjeMo: a) rrpo6JieMe "LIMje peIIIaBaIDe 3axTeBa peci11pyKi11ypa71ujy, 6) rrpo-
6JieMe KOjH ce peIIIaBajy imgyKoBa1-beM cillpyKmype H B) rrpo6JieMe 3a "LIMje je peIIIaBaIDe Heorr-
xo,n:Ha i11paHc<jjopMa71uja.
• Je,n:Ha o,n: HajyrMu;ajHMjMx TeopMja peIIIaBaIDa rrpo6JieMa rroTM"Lie H3 rrOKYIIIaja EbyeJia H CajMoHa
,n:a HarrpaBe pa"LJ:yttaprn:y rnMyJiau;Mjy oBor rrpou;eca Koja 6M 6HJia aHaJiorna Ha"LJ:MHY Ha KOjH rrpo-
6JieMe peIIIaBa "LIOBeK. CMMyJiau;Mja je peaJIM30BaHa Kpo3 pa"LJ:yttapcKH rrporpaM, rro3HaT rro,n:
Ha3MBOM YHuBep3aJZHa MamuHa 3a pewaBa1-be apo6JZeMa. ITporpaM je pa,n:Mo cepMjaJIHO H 6Mo je
y CTaIDy ,n:a KOpHCTH HHcpopMau;Mje ycKJia,IJ;HIIITeHe y MeMOpHjH pa"LJ:yttapa. ,II,oMHHaHTHa rrpou;e-
,n:ypa 6HJia je aHaJZu3a cpegcillaBa 3a oci11Bape1-be 71Ulba Y "LIMjoj je OCHOBH cTajao T3B. cucilleM apo-
gyK71uje KojM ce cacTojao o,n: I13pa3a TMrra aKo oHga. Ha oBaj Ha"LIHH rrporpaM je 6Mo y cTaIDy ,n:a
rrocTaBM rrapu;MjaJIHe u;HJbeBe KojM cy pe,n:JKOBaJIH apocillop apo6JZeMa. OrpaHM"LieIDa rrporpaMa
ce HHCY MaHHcpecTOBaJia Kp03 rrpo6JieMe Koje pa"LJ:yttap HHje Morao ,n:a peIIIH, Ben Kp03 OHO IIITO
je rrporpaM Morao ,n:a ypa,n:11, aJIH HMje Morao ,n:a ypa,n:M "LIOBeK.
• Pa3JIMKyjeMo ,n:Be BpcTe orrIIITHX cTpaTemja rrpM peIIIaBaIDy rrpo6JieMa. I1pBy "LIMHe aJZiopum-
Mu, Tj. cKyrr jarno ,n:ecpHHHCaHHX rrpou;e,n:ypa I<Oje ce rrpHMeIDyjy y CTpHKTHO o,n:pe))eHOM CJie,n:y
420 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
H Koje yBeK ,Il;OBO)J;e ,n;o Ta'lHOf perneIDa, ,Il;OK ,n;pyry BpCTy 'lHHe xeypucUluKe, Tj. pa3JIH11HTH
IIOCTyrn.:i;H KOjH Mory, aJIH He Mopajy ,n;a ,Il;OBe,n;y TO Ta'lHOf perneIDa. ,Il;Be -Y:eCTO KOpHrnneHe
xeypHCTHKe cy ogpe'!JueaHJe uap71uja;mux 71Ulbeea H Kopuut'neHJe m-tallotuja. Y o,n;pel)HBaIDy rrap-
:u;ttjaJIHHX I.J;HJbeBa rrpo6JieM ce parn11JiaIDyje Ha rroTrrpo6JieMe (rrap:u;ttjaJIHe I.J;HJbeBe) KojH ce
3aTHM cyr<:u;ecHBHO pernaBajy. Y KopttrnneIDy aHaJIOrttje rroJia3H ce o,n; rrpHMeHe perneIDa rrpo-
6JieMa KojH je CJIH'laH rrpo6JieMy KOjH ce pernaBa. YcJIOB 3a ycrrex je yBttl)aIDe aHaJiornje H3Mel)y
,n;Ba rrpo6JieMa H rrpttcenaIDe perneIDa Koje je rrpttMeIDeHo y pernaBaIDy aHaJiomor rrpo6JieMa.
• IIoce6HY o6JiacT y pernaBaIDy rrpo6JieMa rrpe,n;cTaBllia eKcrrepTcKo MHllIJbeH:.e, Tj. Ha-Y:HH perna-
BaIDa rrpo6JieMa o,n; cTpaHe eKcrrepaTa y o,n;pel)eHoj o6JiaCTH. 0Baj Ha-Y:HH MHllIJbeH:.a O,Il;lIHKyje
ce CJie,n;enHM KapaKTepHCTHKaMa: a) eKcrrepTCKO MHllIJbeIDe je orpaHH'leHO Ha o,n;pel)eHH ,Il;OMeH
eKcrrepTH3e, 6) eKcrrepTH cyy cTaIDy ,n;a yo11e CMHcaoHe :u;eJIHHe Koje HeeKcrrepTH He yo11aBajy, B)
6p3H cy y OHOMe llITO pa,n;e, r) eqmKaCHHje KOpHCTe orrepaTHBHY H ,n;yroTpajHy MeMopttjy Ka,n;a je
y IIHTaIDy MaTepHjaJI H3 ,Il;OMeHa IDHXOBe eKcrrepTH3e, ,n;) 3axBaTajy rrpo6JieM Ha ,n;y6JbeM HHBoy,
yo11aBajyntt peJieBaHTHe acrreKTe cpeHoMeHa, l)) came,n;aBajy rrpo6JieM H3 pa3JIH11HTHX yrJioBa rrpe
Hero rnTo ce OMJ'le 3a o,n;pel)eHo perneH:.e H e) HMajy crroco6HocT rrpaneH:.a corrcTBeHe aKTHB-
HOCTH, llITO HM OMorynaBa KopeK:o;Hje TOKOM o6aBJbaH:.a o,n;pel)eHHX orrepa:u;ttja.
• PernaBaH:.e HeKHX rrpo6JieMa, rrope,n; eKcrrepTcKor 3HaH:.a, 3axTeBa H KpeaTHBHOCT. I1aKo oBaj
rrojaM Httje ,n;o Kpaja jarno o,n;pel)eH, y HajrnttpeM CMHrny, rro,n; KpeaTHBHornny rro,n;pa3yMe-
BaMo rrpo:u;ec CTBapaIDa He11era llITO je oputuHallHO H epegHo. Yo6H11ajeHH Ha-Y:HHH HCIIHTH-
BaH:.a OBOf cpeHOMeHa CBO,Il;e ce Ha CTaH,n;ap,n;He Ha-Y:HHe HCIIHTHBaH:.a pernaBaH:.a rrpo6JieMa,
KOHCTPJKI.J;Hjy TeCTOBa KOjHM ce HCIIHTyje KpeaTHBHO MHllIJbeH:.e H CTy,n;ttje CJIYl!aja. Mel)y
HHCTPYMeIITHMa 3a HCIIHTHBaH:.e KpeaTHBHOCTH Hajrro3HaTHjH cy fHJicpop,n;oB Tecw gueep-
leHU1He apogyK71uje, Me,n;oKOB Tecw yga.JbeHux aco71uja71uja H wexHuKa KOHCeH3yallHe apo71eHe
Kojy je rrpe,n;JIO)KHJia AMa6HJie. Y rroKyrnajttMa ,n;a ce H3,Il;Boje KapaKTepHCTHKe rroje,n;HHa:u;a
KOjH cy H3y3eTHO KpeaTHBHH Y3HMajy ce y ofottp cpaKTOpH Kao rnTo cy oco6ttHe JIH-Y:HOCTH,
OKpy)Ke!he, O,Il;HOC ca po,n;HTeJbHMa, CTapocT HT,Il;. 3a ca,n;a jorn yBeK HeMaMO rroy3,n;aHe KpH-
TepttjyMe Ha OCHOBY KOjHX 6HCMO He,Il;BOCMHCJieHO H3,Il;BOjHJIH KapaKTepHCTHKe KpeaTHBHOf
rroje,n;HHI.J;a HJIH KapaKTepHCTHKe ocrnapeH:.a Koje CMaTpaMO rrpOH3BO,Il;OM KpeaTHBHOf 'lHHa.
HEYPAJIHE OCHOBE KOfHI1TI1BHI1X ITPOI(ECA I1
<l>YHKI(I1JA
To je, Me))YTHM, caMo p;eo rrprrqe o <l>paHQY Jo3ecpy rany. Y HacTOjalhy p;a CBojoj
Teoprrjrr p;a H eMrrHpHjCKy 110TI10py, raJI IlOJia3H op; rrpeTITOCTaBKe p;a pa3BHjeHOCT
rrojep;rrHrrx crroco6HOCTH KopecrroHp;rrpa ca pa3B11jeH01IIny op;roBapajynrrx opraHa.
Pa3BrrjeHocT rrojep;rrHrrx opraHa, a caMHM THM 11 crroco6HocTH, Moryne je, cMaTpa faJI,
eMrrrrprrjcrm YTBP.IJ;HTH Ha ocHoBy o6Jim<a Jio6alhe 11KpaHHjaJIHHX1136oq11Ha, rrprr qeMy
cy cp11311qKe KapaKTepHCTHKe JI06alhe HH,IJ;HKaTop pa3BHjeHOCTH rrojep;HHHX 11CHXJ1qKJ1X
cpyttKQHja. CTOra f aJI CBoj rrprrcTyrr Ha3HBa KpaHuoJLofUjoM, a MeTOp; Ha ornoBy Kojer
YTBp))yje pa3BrrjeHOCT rrojep;HHHX crroco6HOCTH KpaHuocKouujoM. TiornTo KpaHrrjanHe
H36oqrrHe HHCY HM Ha KOjH HaqrrH IlOBe3aHe ca 11CJ1XJ1qKJ1M cpyttKQHjaMa, MeTO,IJ; KOjHM
je raJI yTBp))rrBao JIOKaJIH3aQrrjy cpyttKQrrja 6110 je rrorpernaH. raJI, Me))yTrrM, He ocrnje
caMO Ha HaqeJIHHM TBpp;lhaMa 0 Be3H H3Me))y KpaHHjaJIHHX H36oqrrHa H pa3BHjeHo-
CTH rrojep;HHHX cpyttKQHja Ben rrprrcTyrra H3pap;H rrpeQH3He cpyHKQHOHanHe TOrrorpa-
cprrje M03ra (CJIHI<a 1). Y CBOjoj TOITOrpacpHjH ran pa3JIHKyje 27 opraHa, O,IJ;HOCHO 27
p;oMHHaHTHHX cpyttKQrrja, op; Kojrrx je qaK 19 3ajep;HrrqKo lliY.IJ;HMa 11 }KHBOTHlhaMa. AKo
p;aHac rromep;aMo o KojrrM cpyttKQrrjaMa je peq, rrprrMeTrrneMo p;a cy oHe y HajBeneM
6pojy cJiyqajeBa rrpoH3BOJbHO op;a6paHe, rra cy ce Me))y lhHMa HarnJie 11 cpyttKQrrje Kao
rnTo cy TaneHaT 3a rroe311jy, crroco6HocT HMHTaQrrje, peJirrrrro3HO ocenalhe ( 3Halhe o
Bory), TarnTHHa HT,IJ;. HamacrrMo p;a fan Hrrje cMaTpao p;a cy cpyttKQHje JiaTepan1130-
BaHe, 3acTyrrajynrr cTaB p;a cy ,,opraHrr" 3a,n;y)KeHH 3a lhHXOBo o6aBJbalhe rrop;je,n;HaKo
3acTyrrlbeHH y o6e MO)K,IJ;aHe xeMHCcpepe H ,n;a ce Hana3e Ha HCTOM MeCTy.
Mp;eje raJia o cpyttKQHOHanHoj H3.IJ;HcpepeHQHpaHoCTH M03ra Hrrcy ocTane 6e3 op;je-
Ka. J13Me))y 1805. H 1807. fO,IJ;HHe ran ,D;p}KH BeJIHKH 6poj rrpep;aBalha 0 CBOjoj TeOpHjH lliH-
pOM EBporre 11 cTrrqe He MaJIH 6poj rrprrcTaJIHQa, op; Kojrrx je CBaKaKo Hajrro3HaTrrjrr JoxaH
farnrrap IllrrypQxajM (Johann Gaspar Spurzheim). Y rroqen<y raJioB amcTeHT a Karnrrje
11 6JIHCKH capap;HHK, IllrrypQxajM yBop;rr 3HaqajHe H3MeHe y raJioBy cpyttKQHOHaJIHY
TOrrorpacprrjy M03ra p;op;ajynrr cep;aM HOBHX cpyttKQHja, a HeKOJIHQHHH cpyttKQHja 113
426 I<OfHI1TI1BHA IICI1XOJIOfI1JA
farroBe TaKCOHOMHje ,n;aje HOBO MMe. OmM Tora, Illrrypu;xajM JBO,D;H xrrjepapxrrjy <PYH-
KIJ;Hja Koja KopecrroH,n;rrpa c o,n;peljeHHM 30HaMa y M03ry. HmKe <i:>JHKIJ;Hje (KaKo HX
BHAH Illrrypu;xajM) 3aje,n;HrrqKe lliYAHMa rr )KHBOTmnaMa (Hrrp. Jby6aB rrpeMa rroToMcrny)
HaJia3e ce y OKIJ;HIIHTaJIHOM ,n;eny, )];OK ce BHIIIe <i:>JHKIJ;Hje (Hrrp. je3HK) HaJia3e y <i:>poH-
TaJIHOM ,n;eny M03ra. ITprrcTyrr Kojrr 3acTyrra 3aje,n;Ho ca farroM Illrrypu;xajM Ha3HBa
<fm3UOfHOMUjoM, a 1815. ro,n;HHe o6jaBJbyje KEDHry IIO,lJ; Ha3HBOM ,,<DH3HOrHOMCKH CH-
CTeM". YrrpKoc pa3HOJIHKoj TepMHHOJiomjrr Kojy cy KoprrcTHJIH rr farr rr Illrrypu;xajM
(KpaHHOJIOmja, opraHOJiomja, <Prr3HOrHOMHja), ycTaJIHO ce TepMHH <jJpeHOJlOfUja KOjHM
ce rr ,n;aHac 03HaqaBa rrprrcTyrr Kojrr cy 3acTyrrarrrr f arr rr IDeroBe rrprrcTarrrru;e. 1
1
cf. Gall & Spurzheim, 1809, 1810, 1811, Spurzheim, 1818a, 1818b, 1832.
HEYPAJIHE OCHOBE KOfHJ1Tl1BHI1X ITPOU:ECA 11 <PYHKU:I1JA 427
IIjep <l>llypaHc
,II;o rnncrnHx HaJia3a ,n;ona3H CTOTHHaK ro,n;HHa KaCHHje Kapn JiernJIH (Karl Lash-
ley). y H3y3eTHO o6HMHOj cepHjH eKcrrepHMeHaTa JiernJIH CHCTeMaTCKH o,n;cTpaI:byje
Jia6opaTOpHjCKHM rran;OBHMa ,n;eJIOBe M03ra H rrpaTH IIOCJie,n;Hn;e Jie3Hja Ha yqel:be. Jie-
llIJIHjeBH HaJia3H CJIJ1qHJ1 cy HaJia3HMa ,n;o KOjHX je ,n;ornao <I>nypaHC. 0,n;CTpaI:bHBal:be
MO)l{,IJ;aHe Mace y o,n;pel)eHoj 30HH HHje rrpaneHO ceJieKTHBHHM OllITenel:beM cpyttKII;Hja.
TipHMeneHo je, Mei)YTHM, ,n;a Ha yqefhe YTHqe KOJIHqHHa o,n;cTpaI:beHe MO)l{,n;aHe Mace: Be-
na KOJIJ1qJ1Ha O,il;CTpaI:beHe MQ}K,IJ;aHe Mace rrpaneHa je CJia6HjHM ycrreXOM yyqel:hy (Lash-
ley, 1929). I1 OBaj HaJia3 roBopH y rrpHJior XOJIHCTHqKoM cxBaTaFhy. Ome,n;HMa <I>nypaHca H
JiernnHja He MO)l{e ce YIIYTHTH 3aMepKa ,n;a cy HecaBecHo HJIH HeKOHTponHcaHo H3Be,n;eHH.
HrraK, TO llITO M03aK OBHX )l{HBOTHI:ba HHje cpyttKII;HOHaJIHO H3,il;HcpepeHn;HpaH He 3HaqJ1
,n;a je TaKO H ca M03fOM qoBeKa. I1orOTOBO aKo ce HMajy y BH,n;y HaJia3H KOjH cy yrne,n;HJIH
IIOllITO je <I>nypaHC o6jaBHO CBoje pe3yJITaTe.
Pe3yJITaTH HCTpa)l{HBal:ha Koje je H3Beo <I>nypaHc HHcy y rroTrryttocTH rroTHCHYJIH
JIOKaJIH3an;HOHHCTHqKe H,n;eje. Ce,n;aM,n;eceTHX H ocaM,n;eceTHX ro,n;HHa XIX BeKa eH-
mecKH Heyponor I):oH XjynHHrc I):eKCOH (John Hughlings Jackson) rrpHMenyje ,n;a rrpH
emmerrTHqHHM Harra,n;HMa ,n;ona3H ,n;o 3aKoHoMepHe Be3e H3Mel)y ,n;ena M03ra KOjH je
3axBaneH Harra,n;oM H rpqefba o,n;pel)eHHX ,n;enoBa Tena. 0BaKaB HaJia3 HaBeo je I):eKcoHa Ha
rrpeTIIOCTaBKY ,n;a cy rroje,n;HHe 30He y M03ry o,n;rOBOpHe 3a KOHTpony o,n;pel)eHHX ,n;eJIOBa
TeJia. 2 I):eKCOHOBa rrpeTIIOCTaBKa y CKJia,n;y je c OCHOBHHM H,n;ejaMa JIOKaJIH3aII;HOHH3Ma.
MelJYTHM, I):eKCOH HHje 3ay3eo jacaH CTaB y rrpHJior JIOKaJIH3an;HOHHCTHqKoM cxBarnl:hy.
KoHcTaTyjynH ,n;a rrpH rroBpe,n;aMa M03ra rroje,n;HHe cpyttKn;Hje 6HBajy ,n;eJIHMHqHo H3-
ry6JbeHe aJIH peTKO Ka,n;a y IIOTIIYHOCTH, I):eKcoH 3aKJbyqyje ,n;a cpyttKn;Hje HHCY cTporo
JIOKaJIH30BaHe y o,n;pel)eHHM 30HaMa M03ra jep ,n;a je TaKO, IIOBpe,n;e THX 30Ha 6H ,IJ;OBeJie
2
I1 HcTpa}KHBaH>a fycTaBa Teo;n;opa <Dp:11qa (Gustav Theodor Fritsch) H E;n;yap;n;a Xm:i;:11ra (Eduard Hitzig)
113 rues;n;eceTMX ro;n;11Ha XIX seKa, pal)eHa Ha rrcHMa, ;n;ana cy CJrnqHe pesy1ITaTe. <DpH'-I H Xm.i;11r cy
eJieKTpHqHoM CTHMyJiaIJ;HjOM o;n;pel)eHHX 30Ha y Mosry rrca H3a3HBaJIH IIOKpeTe pa3JIJ1qHTHX ;n;eJIOBa TeJia.
428 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
,n;o ITOTIIJHOf ry6HTKa cpyttKIJ;Hje (cf. Jackson, 1932). THMe je I)eKCOH y BeJIHKOj MepH
peJiaTHBH30BaO CBOj JIOKaJIH3aIJ;HOHHCTWIKII CTaB KOjII je jacHo cpopMyJIHCaO Kp03 II,rr,ejy
o 30HaMa y M03ry H TuHXOBoj cpyttKIJ;IIOHaJIHOj rroBe3aHOCTH ca KOHTpoJioM o,n;pei)eHHX
,n;eJioBa TeJia.
ro,r:vrna XIX BeKa MapK ,Il;aKc, '1HMe je yBe,z:t;eHa H,z:t;eja o xeMHccpepHoj cneu;Hja1msaIJ;I1jH
/,z:t;OMHHau;HjH/ Ka,z:i;a je pe11 0 je3H'1KOj cpyttKD;HjH.
IIjep IIoll Epo1<.a u 30Ha y ¢po1-tillallHOM peJKJ-bY Jle6e MoJ1Cga1-te xeMuc<fiepe (Epo1<.ao-
6a 30Ha) 11ujoM uoBpegoM golla3u go je3u11Kux aopeMefiaja.
IIo11eTKOM rnes,z:i;eceTHX ro,z:t;HHa XIX BeKa cppaHu;ycKH neKap IIjep IIon BpoKa
caOITillTaBa HaJia3e ,z:i;o6njeHe Ha rrau;HjeHTY KOjH HHje 6no y CTaH>y ,z:i;a fOBOpH, ,z:t;OK cy
ocTane cpyttKu;nje 6HJie HeornTeneHe (Broca, 186la, 186lb). IIornTo je je,z:t;HHa pe11 Kojy
je rrau;njeHT Morao ,z:i;a nsroBopn 6HJia illaH, BpoKa je oBaj cny-qaj Ha3Bao ,,cny-qajeM
TaH". 3 IIau;njeHT je HMao ornTeneH>e ,z:i;oH>er ,z:i;ena cppoHTaJIHor pe)l{H>a neBe MO)l{,z:t;aHe
xeMHccpepe H KOHTpaJiaTepaJIHO OillTeneHy MOTOpHKY (,z:t;eCHH ,z:i;eo Tena) /,z:i;o,z:i;aTaK 1/.
IIornTo je rrau;njeHT HMao nspa3HTH roBopHH ,z:i;ecpnu;HT, BpoKa saKJhy-qyje ,z:i;a je yrrpaBo
Taj ,z:i;eo Mosra o,z:i;roBopaH sa jesn11Ky cpyttKu;njy, o,z:i;6au;yjyhn rrpemocTaBKY ,z:i;a je ,z:i;o
je3H'1KOf rropeMehaja ,z:t;OillJIO yrne,z:i; OillTeneFba MOTOpHKe Koja 6n eBeHTYaJIHO ,z:t;OBeJia
,z:i;o HeMoryhHocTH apTHKynau;Hje. 0Baj cTaB BpoKa je Karnnje rroTKperrHo ca jorn
HeKOJIHKO KJIHHH'1KHX cny-qajeBa (Broca, 1863, 1865).4 HaKO je jorn fan rrpeTIIOCTaBI10 ,z:i;a
je sa o6aBJDaH>e jesn11Ke cpyttKu;nje o,z:i;roBopaH cppoHTaJIHH ,z:i;eo Mosra, a ,Il;aKc roBopHy
cpyttKu;njy CMeCTHO y JieBy MO)l{,z:t;aHy xeMHccpepy, TeK cy HaJia3H BpoKaa ,z:t;aJIH jarnHjy
CJIHKY o JIOKaJIHsau;njH oBe cpyttKu;Hje. l1 ,z:i;oK je BpoKa rrpeTrrocTaBHO ,z:i;a je yrrpaBo
cppoHTaJIHH ,z:i;eo JieBe MO>K,z:t;aHe xeMHccpepe o,z:i;roBopaH 3a apTHKYJIHCaHH fOBOp, ,z:t;aJba
HCTpa)l{HBaH>a he rroKasanI ,z:i;a HHje 6no caCBHM y rrpaBy.
Bp01<aoB H3BernTaj o TaHy rrpe,z:i;cTaBJba jarno orrncaH cny-qaj a<fya3uje, roBopHor
rropeMehaja KOjH je rrorne,z:i;Hu;a rroBpe,z:i;e neBe MO)l{,D;aHe xeMHccpepe. ,IJ;eo cppoHTaJIHor
pe)l{H>a neBe xeMnccpepe HasBaH je BpoKaoaa 30Ha, ,z:t;OK je rropeMehaj jesn11Ke cpyttKu;Hje
,z:i;o Kojer ,z:i;onasH yrne,z:i; rroBpe,z:i;e oBe soHe rrosHaT rro,z:i; Ha3HBOM BpoKaoaa a<fya3uja.
Hanasn ,z:i;o KojHx je ,z:i;ornao BpoKa rrpe,z:t;cTaBJbajy jaK eMrrHpnjcKH apryMeHT y rrpHJior
3
ITpaso HMe rran;HjeHTa je fomo Jle6opH>.
4
EpoKa je post mortem HCIIHTao MosaK TaHa H JTBp,z:i;Ho MacHBHo OlllTeneH>e y cppoHTaJIHOM pe)l{H>Y
Jiese MO:>I<,z:i;aHe xeMHccpepe. fiolllTO je M03aK caqysaH, rrpe ,z:i;sa,z:i;eceTaK ro,z:i;HHa je HCIIHTaH cKeHepoM.
McrrHTHBaH>a cy rroTBp;n:HJia EpoKaose HaJiase (Signoret, Castaigne, Lhermitte, Abelanet & Lavorel, 1984).
430 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
BepHHKe OIIHcyje cnyqaj rrau;HjeHTa KOjH je HMao Jie3Hjy y 3a,n;IDeM ,n;eny TeMIIO-
pMHOf peJ.KIDa JieBe MOM,II;aHe xeMHCcpepe (Wernicke, 1874) /BH,II;H ,n;o,n;aTaK 1/. 3a
pa3JIHKY o,n; BpoKaoBor, BepHHKeoB rrau;HjeHT je 6Ho y cTaIDy ,n;a roBoptt, pe"tieHHu;e
cy MY 6HJie rpaMaTH"tJHe aJIH HHcy HMaJie CMHCJia. BepHHKe je, raKol)e, rrpHMeTHO
,n;a rrau;HjeHT HMa TeIIIKolia ca pa3yMeBaIDeM pe"t!H. l1 oBora rryra je peq o acpa3HjH,
aJIH ,n;pyra"tJHjer THIIa o,n; OHe Kojy je OIIHCaO BpoKa. IlopeMeliaj fOBOpHe cpyttKII;Hje
MaHHcpecTyje ce Ha HHBOY 3Ha"t!eIDa pe"t!H H pe"t!eHHu;a, aJIH He H rpaMaTH"t!HOCTH HCKa3a.
0Ba BpcTa acpa3Hje Ha3BaHa je BepHuKeoBa acfia3uja, a 3a,n;IDH ,n;eo TeMrropaJIHor pem:IDa
JieBe Mom:,n;aHe xeMHccpepe BepHuKeoBa 301-la. 5
KacHHja HcTpam:HBaIDa lie rroKa3aTH ,n;a je rroBpe,n;a BpoKaoBe 30He rrpalieHa
azpaMaUlU3MOM, Tj. HeMoryliHoIIIliy KOMIIeTeHTHOr MaHHIIYJIHCaIDa rpaMaTH"t!KOM
6
Peq je o MMrrpema11;11jrr TKrrBa pacrnopoM cpe6pa qlfMe ce crnapa KOHTpacT KOjM OMoryliaBa o,r:i;cm1KaBa-
H>e cTpJKType TKirna.
432 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfl1JA
KaMUllO I'Olltf U U CHUMaK oputUHallHOl I'Olltf UjeBOl upeuapai1la Ha KOjeM ce BUqe llyp-
JW1-beOBe nelluje y 14epe6eJtyMy.
7 fom,rH 11 PaMOH 11 Ka:xa.rr cy 1906. ro,n;11He rro,n;emurn Ho6eJioBy Harpa,n;y. Y 110s,n;paBHoj 6ece,n;11 foJII,IH je
sacTyrrao peT11KyJiapHy, a PaMOH 11 KaxaJI HeypoHcKy Teop11jy.
434 KOfHMTMBHA IICMXOJIOfMJA
8
TaKo, Ha rrpMMep, l3ej1rn 1I cpoH BoHMH rrpew:ra*y 19 rroJba (Bailey & Von Bonin, 1951).
HEYPAJIHE OCHOBE KOfHI1TI1BHI1X ITPOU:ECA I1 <PYHKU:I1JA 435
I 1111111111111111
11111111
9
3a oBa 11cTpa>KHBa1na Xjy6eJI H B11seJI p;o6HJIH cy 1983. rop;11He Ho6eJioBy Harpap;y.
HEYPAJIHE OCHOBE KOfHI1TI1BHI1X TIPOUECA I1 <DYHKUI1JA 437
KlluHu11Ku Halla3u. IToBpe.n;e Mosra Mory .n;a .n;oBe.n;y .n;o rropeMenaja y rrperrosHaBaI:h y
o6jeKaTa KOjl1 ce MaHmpecTyjy y pa3Jil1ql1Tl1M qyJIHl1M MO)J;aJil1TeTl1Ma. 0Be rropeMenaje
Ha3l1BaMO alH03ujaMa, rrp11 qeMy pa3Jil1KyjeMo )];Ba OCHOBHa Tl1IIa: aaep'4elli11U6He l1
aC0'4UjaillU6He alH03Uje. y cnyqajeBl1Ma amos11ja He IIOCTOjl1 OllITeneI:he Ha Hl1BOY qyJia
(peu;errTOpa), IlITO 3Haq11 .n;a je rrepu;erru;11ja oqyBaHa l1 .n;a je rropeMenaj u;eHTpaJIHor
rropeKJia. PasJI11Ka l13Mei)y arrepu;errTl1BHe l1 acou;11jaTl1BHe arHos11je je y Hl1BOl1Ma
o6pa.n;e Ha Koj11Ma je .JJ:OlliJIO .n;o OllITeneI:ha. Arrepu;errTl1BHe amos11je saxBarnjy paHe
cpase o6pa.n;e, .n;oK ce acou;11jaTl1BHe amos11je MaH11cpecTyjy Kao HeMorynHocT rrp11.n;aBaI:ha
cM11cJia Ben ocpopMJheHOM rrepu;errTy, IlITO je rrpou;ec Koj11 ce o.n;Bnja y rrosH11j11M cpasa:rvrn
o6pa.n;e. Y pasMaTpaI:hy rropeMenaja BesaH11x sa paHe cpase rrperrosHaBaI:he o6jeKaTa
orpaH11q11neMo ce Ha B11syeJIHl1 Mo.n;an11TeT, a rroce6Hy rra)KI:hY neMo rrocBeT11T11 aaep-
'4elli11UBHUM BU3yellHUM alH03UjaMa. 0 aC0'4UjaUlU6HUM 6U3yellHUM alH03UjaMa, Koje
ce MaH11cpecTyjy Kao HeMorynHocT rrp11.n;aBaI:ha cM11CJia Ben cpopM11paHOM rrepu;errTy,
611ne Bl1llie peq11 Ha Hape.n;Hl1M CTpaHaMa Ka.n;a 6y.n;eMo )J;l1CKJTOBaJil1 HeypanHe OCHOBe
.n;yroTpajHe MeMop11je.
438 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
,IJ;o aITepu;eITTMBHe BM3yeJIHe arH03Mje .n;oJia3M yrne.n; Jie3Mja, aHOKCMje MJIM TpoBaI::ha
yrJbeH-MOHOKCM,II;OM, IIITO MMa 3a ITOCJie,II;MU:Y HeMoryfiHOCT cpopMHpaI::ba o.n;roBapajyfier
ITepu;eITTa. Oco6M c OBaKBMM OIIITefieI::heM HMcy .n;ocTyrrHe ITpocTopHe MJIM cTpJKTYPaJIHe
KapaKTepHCTMKe o6jeKTa, IIITO joj OHeMoryfiaBa .n;a o6jeKaT BM,II;M Kao CMMCaoHy u;eJIMHy.
,Il;MjarHOCTMKOBaI::be OBaKBMX ITOpeMefiaja o6aBJba ce IIOMofiy CITeu;MjaJIHMX TeCTOBa (m1p.
Tecm HegoBputeHux cJZoBa MJIH I'oJZuHoB mecm ca cJZuKaMa /Incomplete Letters Task, Gol-
lin Picture Task!) KaKo 6M ce He,n;BOCMMCJieHo yrnp.n;MJio .n;a HMje OIIITefieHa BM3yeJIHa
ITepu;eITu;Mja, HMTM .n;a je y ITMTaI::hy acou;MjaTMBHa BM3yeJIHa arH03Mja. McTpa)l{MBaI::ha
ITOKa3yjy .n;a cy CMMITTOMM HajyoqJbMBMjM KO.II; ITOBpe.n;a ITapHjeTaJIHOr pe)l{I::ba .n;ecHe
xeMHccpepe (Warrington, 1985). Oco6e c oBaKBMM OIIITeh.eI::beM MMajy cJia6 ycrrex Ha Te-
CTOBMMa ,II;MCKpHMMHau;Mje o6JIMKa, BM3yeJIHOr ycarnaIIIaBaI::ba, ITpeu;prnBaI::ba M .n;pyrHM
BM3yeJIHMM TeCTOBMMa. y HeKMM rnyqjeBMMa ITOCTMrHyh.e Ha TeCTY ,II;MCKpHMMHau;Mje 06-
JIMKa MO)l{e .n;a 6y.n;e peJiaTMBHO 3a,n;oB0JbaBajyfie, aJIM TeIIIKoh.e ce ITojaBJbyjy Kap;a Tpe6a
p;a ITpeIT03Hajy u;pTe)l{ MJIII cpoTOrpacpHjy o6jeKTa. Je.n;aH o.n; CMMITTOMa aITepu;eITTMBHe
BM3yeJIHe arH03Mje je M TeIIIKoh.a y ITpeIT03HaBaI::hy IT03HaTor o6jeKTa ITPMKa3aHor M3 He-
o6MqHe ITepcITeKTMBe IIITO, ITO MIIIIIJbeI::hy BopHHrToHoBe, roBopH o p;ecpHD;MTY Be3aHoM
3a KOHCTaHTHOCT o6jeKTa (Warrington, 1985).
I1oce6Hy BpcTy BM3YeJIHe amo3Mje Koja 3axBaTa paHe cpa3e BM3yem1e o6pa.n;e
ITpe.n;cTaBJbajy rnyqajeBM y KOjMMa oco6a HMje y cTaI::hy p;a MHTerpHIIIe eJieMeHTe CJIO)l{e-
Hor CKJIOITa y CMMCaOHY u;eJIMHy. 0Ba BpcTa arH03Mje IT03HaTa je ITO.II: Ha3MBOM U1-lt11e-
fpamuBHa afHoJuja, a MaHHcpecTyje ce M Kao HeMoryh.HocT ITpeITo3HaBaI::ha ,n;eJIMMMqHo
3aKJIOI::heHor o6jeKTa. MJIYCTpaTMBaH ITPMMep MHTerpaTMBHe amo3Mje p;ajy XaMcppHc II
capa,n;HMD;M KOjII OITMcyjy c~aj ITau;MjeHTa KOjM je 6IIO y CTaI::bY .n;a ITpeIT03Ha o6jeKaT
JKOJIMKO ce ITPMKa)l{e M30JIOBaHO, aJIII He M aKo je o6jeKaT p;eJIMMMqHo ITpeKJIOITJbeH
HeKMM .n;pyrHM o6jeKTOM (Humphreys, Riddoch, Donnelly, Freeman, Boucart & Muller,
1994). y c~ajeBMMa MHTerpaTIIBHe arH03Mje TeIIIKoh.e ITPII MHTerpau;MjM eJieMeHaTa y
u;eJIMHY Ha .n;paMaTIIqaH HaqJ1H ce MaHHcpecTyjy Ha u;pTe)l{y Jby,n;cKe cpHrype (CJIHKa 3).
CBaKM cerMeHT Jby,n;cKe cpHrype Hau;prnH je M30JIOBaHo.
po/olJ~q
ycT:J
f\ .
t;:r ~0
CTOIIaJIO ClluKa 3. - II,pa:ieJlc lbygcKe <fmlype oco6e ca gujalH030M UHillelpa-
~ CTOIIaJIO illU6He alH03Uje
0 200ms
CJLu1w 4. - ERP saauc y sagaa:tKy guxoa:tuttKoi
cJLyuta1-ba
i
400ms
D D
ClluKa 6. - JI0Ka11uja P1 y 3aBurnocmu og uo3u11uje apane1-tol cUi.uMyllyca
10
Y rny•rnjy Koj11 ormcyjy llle;mc H Bop11HrToH0Ba y IIHTaH>y cy qnrne TorrorpacpCKe pasJIHKe jep rroBpep;a
y rrpep;eny 44. Bpop;MaHOBor rroJDa 611 y BemIKOM 6pojy cJiy•rnjeBa p;oBeJia ,z:i;o Bpo1<a0Be acpas11je.
444 KOfHvITMBHA 11CI1XOJIOfI1JA
11 0By KOHCTaTau;Hjy He rpe6a CXBaTHTH Kao ,D;OBol)efbe y rrn:Tafbe BaJbaHOCTM a.n:repHaTHBHHX rrp:rrcryrra,
Kao IllTO je KOHeI<u;HOHH3aM. HarrpoTHB, ,n;o ca,n;a rrpHKa3aH:rr Ha.n:a3H Be3aH:rr 3a Heypa.n:Hy ocHoBy paHHX
rrpou;eca o6pa,n;e y carJiaCHOCTM cy c OCHOBHI:IM IIOCTaBKaMa KOHeKI.J;HOHH3Ma. AKO IIOCTOjH Ta'-II<a y Kojoj
cy I<OfHHTHBHa o6pa,n;a HHcpOpMau;:rrja M KOHeKI.J;HOHM3aM carJiaCHM, OH,D;a je TO yrrpaBo rrpeTIIOCTaBKa 0
rrocTyrrHoj o6pa,n;H op; HMBOa OCHOBHMX eJieMeHaTa Ka OCMHiliJbeHJ:IM KOMIIJieKCHMM u;emrnaMa.
HEYPAJIHE OCHOBE KOrHI1TI1BHI1X TIPOU,ECA I1 <DYHKU,I1JA 445
cpase, o 'leMy CBe,n;o'le II KJIIIHII'IKII HaJia3II. IToBpe,n;e o,n;pe))eHIIX soHa y Mosry ,n;oBo,n;e
,n;o ceneKTIIBHIIX rropeMenaja KojII ce MaHIIcpecTyjy MJIII Kao TenIKone y ,n;eTeKTOBal:hy
cTpyKTypaJIHIIX KapaKTepIIcTIIKa o6jeKTa MJIII Kao HeMorynHOCT IIHTerpIIcal:ha l:heroBIIX
,n;enoBa y CMIIcaoHy :o;eJIIIHy. Arrep:o;errTIIBHa BIIsyenHa arHosIIja, Ha rrpIIMep, saxBaTa
paHe rrpo:o;ece o6pa,n;e II Hacrnje Kao rrorne,n;11:o;a rroBpe,n;e OKIJ;IIIIIITaJIHor, TeMrropanHor
II rrapIIjeTaJIHOr pe)Kl:ba. Oco6a c OBaKBIIM OIIITenel:beM, BII,IJ;eJIII CMO, IIMa TeIIIKOna ca
,n;eTeKTOBal:heM CTPYKTYPaJIHIIX KapaKTepIICTIIKa o6jeKTa, IIITO IIMa sa rrorne,n;II:o;y TO
,n;a ce o6jeKaT He OIIa)Ka Kao CMIICaoHa :o;eJIIIHa. McTO TaKO, IIOCJie,n;II:o;a IIHTerpaTIIBHe
arH03IIje je HeMorynHOCT IIHTerpIICal:ba rroje,n;IIHa'IHIIX eJieMeHaTa y CMIICaOHY :o;eJIIIHy.
YKpaTKO, HaBe,n;eHII HaJia3II IIOKasyjy ,n;a IIOCToje 30He y Mosry o,n;roBOpHe 3a IIHTerpII-
cal:be eneMeHaTa y :o;eJIIIHe.
0 HeypaJIHIIM OCHOBaMa orrepaTIIBHe MeMOpIIje roBope rraTOJIOIIIKII HaJia3II KOjII
yKasyjy Ha ceJieKTIIBHe rropeMenaje rroje,n;IIHIIX cpyttK:o;IIja sa Koje je o,n;roBopHa oBa KOMII-
OHeHTa mcTeMa o6pa,n;e IIHcpopMa:o;IIja. Besa II3Me))y rroje,n;IIHIIX cpyttK:o;IIja orrepaTIIBHe
MeMopIIje II o,n;pe))eHIIX 30Ha y Mosry sa Koje ce rrpeTrrocTaBJba ,n;a cy sa FhIIX o,n;roBopHe
rrocrnje jarnIIja y CBeTJiy Ee,IJ;JIIIjeBor Mo,n;eJia pa,n;He MeMopIIje. 0Baj Mo,n;en, rrpeTrrocTaBJba
sace6He KOMIIOHeHTe sa,n;y)KeHe sa sa,n;p)KaBal:he II o6HaBJbaFhe MaTepIIjana y saBIICHOCTII
op; MO,IJ;aJIIITeTa (cpoHOJIOIIIKa rreTJba II BII3yeJIHO-crra:o;IIjaJIHa MaTpII:o;a), IIITO HIIje 6IIo
CJIY'laj ca rrpeTxo,n;HIIM Mo,n;eJIIIMa orrepaTIIBHe (KpaTKOTpajHe) MeMopIIje. qIIFheHII:o;a ,n;a
ce cpyttK:o;IIje y OKBIIPY ,n;Ba pa3JIII'1IITa MO,IJ;aJIIITeTa rrpecJIIIKaBajy Ha pasJIII'IIITe 30He
y Mosry YKasyje Ha FhIIXOB HeypanHII KopenaT. OcIIM Tora, sa,n;p)KaBaFhe II o6HaBJbaFhe
MaTepIIjana y cpOHOJIOIIIKOj rreTJbII IIOBe3aHO je ca pa3JIII'1IITIIM 30HaMa y M03ry (40. II
44. Epo,n;MaHOBO rroJbe), IIITO ,n;o,n;aTHO roBopII y rrpMJior KorHIITIIBHe peneBaHTHOCTII
cpoHOJIOIIIKe rreTJbe, o,n;HocHo Mo,n;ena KOjII je rrpe,n;JIO)KIIO Ee,n;JIII.
AMHesHje
AMHe3Hje rrpe,n;cTaBJbajy CHH,n;poM KOjH ce MaHHcpeCTyje Kpo3 pa3JIHqHTe 06-
JIHKe OIIITeheIDa rraMheIDa, O,Il;HOCHO Kao HeMoryhHOCT rro6yl)HBalha MaTepHjaJia H3
,n;yroTpajHe MeMOpHje. ITpBa CHCTeMaTCKa HCTpa)l{HBalha HeypaJIHHX OCHOBa ,n;yroTpajHe
MeMopHje IIOTHqy H3 KJIHHHqKHX CTy,n;Hja rnyqajeBa c rroqeTKa rre,n;eceTHX fO,Il;HHa
rrpoIIInor BeKa. Y IIOKYIIIajHMa neqeIDa IIIH3ocppeHHje, a HapoqHTO y IIOKYIIIajHMa ,n;a ce
pe,n;JKyje eKCIJ;HTHpaHa IIOBpIIIHHa M03ra rrpH errHJieIITJ1qHJ1M Harra,n;HMa, rrpH6eraBaHO
je pa3JIHqHTHM XHpypIIIKHM 3axBaTHMa, Kao IIITO cy rrpeceu;aIDe Koprryca KaJiocyMa,
O,I!;CTpaIDHBalhe aMHf,IJ;aJie, O,Il;CTpaIDHBalhe ,n;eJIOBa rrpecppoHTaJIHOf H TeMIIOpaJIHOf
pe)l{Iha JieBe H ,n;ecHe MO)l{,IJ;aHe xeMHCcpepe HT,Il;. y OBaKBHM cnyqajeBHMa qecTO cy
IIOCTH3aHH )l{eJbeHH ecpeKTH aJIH H ecpeKTH KOjH cy ce MaHHcpeCTOBaJIH Kao ry6nTaK
HeKHX MeHTaJIHHX crroco6HOCTH.
CBaKaKo Hajrro3HaTHjH rnyqaj OBe BpcTe rrpe,n;cTaBJba rnycrnj rrau;njeHTa X( eHpHja)
M. KojH je HMao jaKe errHJieIITHqHe Harra,n;e. IToIIITO errHJieIITHqHH Harra,n;H qecTo rroqH-
IDYY Me,n;HjaJIHOM ,n;enyTeMrropa;rHor pe)l{IDa, X. M.-y cyXHpypIIIKHM 3axBaTOM o,n;cTpa-
IDeHH OBH ,n;eJIOBH M03ra, Kao H ,n;eo XHIIOKaMrryca ( CJIHKa 7). l1HTeH3HTeT errHJieIITJ1qHJ1X
Harra,n;a je cMaIDeH, HHTeJieKTYaJIHe crroco6HocTH cy ocTaJie oqyBaHe, a X. M. je 6Ho y
cTaIDY ,n;a yCBaja HoBa rrpou;e,n;ypaJIHa (HMIIJIHIJ;HTHa) 3HaIDa. Mel)YTHM, rroKa3aJIH cy
ce CHMIITOMH aMHe3Hje. HanMe, X. M. HHje 6Ho y cTaIDy ,n;a rraMTH ,n;oral)aje KojH cy ce
,n;oro,n;HJIH rrorne orrepau;Hje, a HHje ce cehao HH ,n;oral)aja 1<0jn cy ce o,n;Hrpa;rH HeKOJIHKO
ro,n;nHa rrpe orrepau;nje. qHIDeHHu;a ,n;a ce oBaj nau;njeHT HHje cehao ,n;oral)aja KojH cy ce
HEYPAJIHE OCHOBE KOfHI1TI1BHI1X ITPOU:ECA I1 <DYHKJ_J:HJA 447
,n;a oBa soHa mrje je,n;:rrnrr ,n;eo Mosra y KojeM ce cKJia,n;IIIIlTe rrmpopMau;rrje. YKOJIIIKO He
6rr 6IIJio TaKO, yCBajaIDe HOBIIX 3Halha rr TuIIXOBO sa,n;pm:aBalhe He 6rr 6IIJio Moryhe.
,II.o aMHesrrje Mom:e ,n;ohrr H OlliTeheIDeM ,n;rreHu;e¢aJioHa (cmma 8). 0 oBoMe CBe,n;o-
qrr KopcaKOBJbeB cuHgpoM Kojrr HacTaje yrne,n; rrpeTepaHe yrroTpe6e aJIKoxoJia Koja ,n;oBo,n;rr
,n;o ,n;ereHepau;rrje ,n;rreHu;e¢aJioHa (,n;opcoMe,n;rrjaJIHor HJKJieyca TaJiaMyca H MaMIIJiapHIIX
je,n;apa). Kao II KO)J; rrau;rrjeHaTa KOjII IIMajy 6IIJiaTepaJIHY IIOBpe,n;y XI1IIOKaMrryca, II
rrau;rrjeHTII ca KopcaKOBJbeBIIM crrH,n;poMOM IIMajy BIIIIle IIJIII MaIDe rrspam:eHy aMHesrrjy
rr Teumohe rrprr yCBajaIDy HOBIIX 3Halha.
Amos11je
Amosttje ce MaHHcpecTyjy Kao rropeMehaj y rrperro3HaBaH>y 06je1<aTa, H o,n;
rroce6Hor cy 3Haqaja sa pa3yMeBaH>e He caMo rrpHpo,n;e pa3JIHqHTHX Bpcrn rrpe,n;crnBa
Ben M HaqHHa Ha KOjH cy OHe HI-:ITerpHcaHe y je,n;HI-ICTBeHH ca,n;p.m:aj rrojMa. Tipe HO
IllTO pa3MOTpHMO HMIIJIHKau;Hje OBHX rropeMehaja Ka,n;a je peq 0 rrpHpO,n;H rrpe,n;cTaBa
M opraHH3au;HjH ,n;yroTpajHe MeMopHje, ,n;eTalbHHje heMO rrpHKa3aTH BpcTe arH03Hja 0
KOjHMa HHje 6IIJIO peqH Ha rrpeTXO,IJ;HMM CTpaHaMa. TioMeHyJIH CMO ,n;a cy y CJiyt-rajeBHMa
arHosHja rrepu,errTHBHe crroco6HOCTH oqyBaHe, IllTO 3HaqH ,n;a TelllKohe y rrperro3HaBa-
H>y HHcy HacTan:e yrne,n; OlllTeneH>a ceH3opHHX rryreBa HJIH peu;errTopa. HeMoryhHocT
rrperro3HaBaH>a MO:>i:{e ,n;a ce rvrnHHcpeCTyje y pa3JIHqHTHM MO,IJ;aJIHTeTHMa, rra TaKo oco6a
c OBHM OlllTeneH>eM HHje y CTaH>Y ,n;a nperr03Ha o6jeKaT KOjH BH,IJ;H HJIH HHje y CTaH>Y
,n;a H,n;eHTHcpm<yje o6jeKTe Ha ornoBy ay,n;HTHBHe HJIH TaKTHJIHe HHcpopMau;Hje. 0BH
rropeMehajH Hacrnjy ycJie,n; rroBpe,n;a Koje ,n;oBo,n;e ,n;o rrpeKH,n;a Be3e H3Mel)y BH3yeJIHor,
ay,rt;I1TMBHOr HJIH CO.MaTOCeH30pHor yJia3a (Irnrryra) H ,n;y6JbHX HHBOa o6pa,n;e.
Amo3nje crra,n;ajy y pel)e Heypan:He rropeMehaje, TaKO ,n;a CBera 1% rrau;HjeHaTa ca
450 KOfH11Tl1BHA ITC11XOJI0fl1JA
HeypoJIOIIIKMM OIIITeneH>MMa MMa OBe CMMITOTOMe. YrrpaBO s6or Tora je rrpM H>MXOBOM
,z:i;MjarHOCTMKOBaH>y MsyseTHO Ba)KHO yTBp,Il;MTM ,z:i;a HMje ,z:i;oIIIJIO ,z:i;o OIIITeneIDa Koja
6M Moma ,z:i;a ,z:i;oBe,z:i;y ,z:i;o CJIMqHMX CMMITTOMa (Hrrp. rropeMenajM orra)KaH>a, jesMqKa
oIIITeneH>a MJIM OIIITeneH>a MHTeJIMrem.:t;Mje).
ArH03Mje MO)KeMo KJiacmpMKOBaTM Ha ocHoBy ,z:i;Ba KpMTepMjyMa. ITpBM KpM-
TepMjyM M3Be,IJ;eH je M3 HMBOa KOfHMTMBHe o6pa,z:i;e, Tj. ,z:i;a JIM ce rropeMenaj MaHmpecTyje
y paHMjMM MJIM rrosHMjMM ¢asaMa o6pa,z:i;e. Ha ornoBy oBor KpMTepMjyMa pasJIMKyjeMo
aaep4eamuaHe M aco4ujamuaHe arH03Mje, rrpM qeMy arrepu;errTMBHe arH03Mje saxBarnjy
paHe <}.lase o6pa,z:i;e (cf. Vecera & Gilds 1998). 3a pasJIMKY o,z:i; arrepu;errTMBHMx amosMja,
Ko,z:i; acou;MjaTMBHMX arH03Mja paHM rrpou;ecM o6pa,z:i;e cy oqyBaHM, ys oqyBaHy crroco6HOCT
,z:i;a ce pa3BMje rrepu;errT o6jeKTa aJIM je OHeMoryneH rrpMCTyrr MeMOpMjCKOM ,Il;OMeHy y
KojeM je ycKJia,IJ;MIIITeHo H>eroBo sHaqeH>e, IIITO sHaqM ,z:i;a ce o6jeKaT orra)Ka Kao eHTMTeT
6es 3Haqelba. ,II;pyrM KpMTepMjyM KJiaCM<j.lMKau;Mje 3aCHOBaH je Ha qyJIHOM MO,Il;aJIMTeTyy
OKBMPY Kojer je ,z:i;oIIIJIO ,z:i;o rropeMenaja. ITo oBoM KpMTepMjyMy pasJIMKyjeMo BU3ye1me,
ayguillUBHe M UlaKUlUJLHe ( COMailloceH30pHe) arH03Mje. O,z:i; HaBe,IJ;eHMX TMITOBa HajBMIIIe
cy MCITMTMBaHe acou;MjaTMBHe BMsyeJIHe arH03Mje 0 KOjMMa MMaMO M HajBenM 6poj
eMrrMpMjcKMX rro,z:i;aTaKa M cTy,z:i;Mja rnyqajeBa. 36or TOra lie y ,IJ;aJbeM MSJiaraH>y H>MMa
6MTM IlOCBeneHO HeIIITO BMIIIe rra)KH>e Hero ay,IJ;MTMBHMM M TaKTMJIHMM arH03MjaMa.
Bu3yeJLHe afHo3uje. - 0Ba Bpcrn amosMja MaHM<j.lecTyje ce Kao ,z:i;e<}.lMU:MT y rrperrosHaBaH>y
BMsyeJIHO rrpMKasaHMX o6jeKarn, ys oqYBaHe rrepu;errTMBHe, jesMqKe, MeMopMjcKe
M MHTeJieKTYaJIHe crroco6HOCTM. Ha ocHoBy rrpBor KpMTepMjyMa KJiacM<j.lMKau;Mje,
pasJIMKyjeMo arrepu;errTMBHY M acou;MjaTMBHY BMsyeJIHY amosMjy. Ko,z:i; acou;MjaTMBHe
BMsyeJIHe arHosMje, Koja je qeIIIna o,z:i; arrepu;errTMBHe, ocHoBHe rrepu;errTMBHe ¢YHKU:Mje
cy oqyBaHe, a oqyBaHM cy MpaHM rrpou;ecM BMsyeJIHe o6pa,z:i;e, IIITO 3HaqM ,z:i;a je ¢opMMpaH
rrepu;errT. Mel)yTMM, rrau;MjeHT HMje y crnH>y ,z:i;a rrpMrrMIIIe 3HaqeH>e o6jeKTY KojM MY je
BMsyeJIHO rrpMKasaH. 0Be rropeMenaje M3a3MBajy ITOBpe,z:i;e ,Il;OH>er ,z:i;eJia OKU:MITMTaJIHO-
TeMrropaJIHOr pe)KH>a JieBe M ,z:i;ecHe xeMMc<j.lepe ( cm1Ka 9).
,n;a omune l:beroBe KapaKTepHCTHKe H rrpH TOM o6jeKaT HMeHyje, OHa MO)Ke 6e3 TeIIIKona
,n;a Ha6pojH KapaKTepHCTHKe o6jeKTa. I1cTO TaKO, y CTal:by je ,n;a H)J;eHTm}mKyje o6jeKaT
JKOlIHKO joj ce OMorynH ,n;a l:bHMe TaKTHJIHO MaHHIIYJIHIIIe.
HamacHMO ,n;a H,n;eHTH<}lHKau;Hja o6jeKTa MO)Ke 6HTH OIIITeneHa Ha pa3JiffqHTe
HaqHHe, y3 011yBaHo rrperro3HaBal:be. 3a pas11HKY o,n; acou;HjaTHBHe BHsye11He arH03Hje
KO,n; Koje oco6a c oBaKBHM OIIITenel:heM HHje y CTal:hY ,n;a rrperrosHa rrpHKasaHH o6jeKaT,
rra CaMHM THM HM ,n;a ra HMeHyje, y CJIY1IajeBHMa aHOMUje rrau;HjeHT je y CTaI:bY ,n;a
rrperro3Ha o6jeKaT, 3Hal:be o o6jeKTY je o-qyBaHo, aJIH He MO)Ke ,n;a ce ceTH l:heroBor Ha3HBa.
YKOJIMKO joj ce, Ha rrpHMep, rrpHKa)Ke CJIHKa KeHrypa, oco6a c OBaKBHM OIIITenel:beM ne
penH ,n;a je TO )KHBOTHI:ba Koja )KHBH y AycTpaJIHjH, ,n;a ce Kpene CKa-qynH, ,n;a je Top6ap H
TaKO ,n;a.Jbe, aJIH Hene 6HTH y cTal:by ,n;a ce ceTH HMeHa oBe )KHBOTHI:be. HacyrrpoT aHOMHjH,
y cnyqajeBHMa ceMaHtllU-itKe geMeH4uje rrau;HjeHT HHje y cTal:hy He caMo ,n;a rrperro3Ha H
HMeHyje o6jeKaT Ben HHje y CTal:by ,n;a IIOKa)Ke 6HJIO KaKBO 3Hal:be 0 o6jeKTy, 6e3 o6sHpa
Ha MO)J;aJIHTeT y KojeM ,n;oJia3H ca l:bHM y KOHTaKT HJIH y KojeM Tpe6a ,n;a ,n;a o,n;roBop.
I13 OBOr KpaTKOr rrpHKa3a MO)KeMO ,n;a HarrpaBHMO <PYHKU:HOHaJIHO pasBpCTaBalhe
orrHcaHHX rropeMenaja. Oco6a c acou;HjaTHBHOM BHsye11HoM arH03HjoM HHje y cTal:hy ,n;a
rrperrosHa o6jeKaT KOjH joj je BH3yeJIHO rrpHKa3aH, aJIH HMa 01IJBaHO 3Hal:be 0 o6jeKTY H
y CTal:by je ,n;a ra H,n;eHTH<}lHKyje aKo ce rrpHKa)Ke y HeKOM ,n;pyroM MO)J;aJIHTeTy. y cnyqajy
aHOMHje, oco6a HMa 011yBaHo rrperro3HaBalhe o6jeKTa H 011yBaHo 3Hal:be o o6jeKTy, aJIH
He MO)Ke ,n;a ra HMeHyje. Oco6a ca ,n;HjarHosoM ceMaHTH1IKe ,n;eMeHu;Hje HeMa HHKaKBO
3Hal:be 0 rrpHKa3aHOM o6jeKTY jep cy joj HH<}lopMau;Hje 0 l:beMy y ,n;yroTpajHoj MeMopHjH
HerrpHcTyrra11He.
I1oce6Hy Bpcry BH3ye11He acou;HjaTHBHe arH03Hje rrpe,n;cTaBJM cuMyllfllaHa1Ho-
3uja Koja ce MaHM<}lecTyje Kao HeMorynHocT ,n;a ce HCTOBpeMeHo orra3H BHIIIe o,n; je,n;Hor
acrreKTa BH3yeJIHOr CTHMynyca H ,n;a ce CTHMYJIYC HHTerpmne y CMHCaOHY u;eJIHHy. AKO
ce oco6H c OBaKBHM OIIITenel:beM IIOKa)Ke o6jeKaT HJIH CJIHKa o6jeKTa H IIOCTaBH IIHTalbe
IIITa ce HaJia3H rrpe,n; l:bOM, OHa o,n;roBapa TaKO IIITO OIIHCyje rroje,n;HHe eJieMeHTe o6jeKTa,
6es MorynHOCTH ,n;a HX HHTerpHIIIe y u;eJIHHy. 13 I1aKO CHMIITOMH CHMJlITaHarH03Hje
rro,n;cenajy Ha cHMIIToMe arrepu;errTHBHe BH3ye11He arHosHje, Mel)y l:bHMa rrocToje 3Ha11ajHe
pasJIHKe. AKo ce HCTH sa,n;arnK ,n;a oco6H ca ,n;HjarH030M arrepu;errTHBHe arHosHje, OHa
Hene 6HTH y CTaI:bY ,n;a rrpeII03Ha ,n;eJIOBe CJIHKe (Hrrp. KpyroBe) HHTH ne 6HTH y CTaI:bY ,n;a
HX HHTerpHIIIe y u;e11HHy, MaKap TaKBa HHTerpau;Hja 6HJia H rrorpenrna.
0 HeypaJIHHM ocHoBaMa opramrnau;Hje rrojMoBa cBe,n;o11e cnyqajeBH Katlle10pujall-
He a1Ho3uje Koja ce MaHH<}lecTyje Kao HeMorynHocT rrperrosHaBal:ha o6jeKaTa o,n;pel)eHe
KaTeropHje. BpojHe cry,n;Hje cnyqajeBa rroKa3yjy ,n;a oco6e c OBHM OIIITenel:heM HMajy
TeIIIKona ca rrperro3HaBal:beM rroje,n;HHHX KaTeropHja Kao IIITO cy, Ha rrpHMep, MJ3H1IKH
HHCTpyMeHTH, Bone HJIH IIOBpne, }KHBO-He)KHBO H TaKO ,n;a.Jbe, rrpH 1IeMY je rrpeII03HaBal:be
ocTaJIHX KaTeropHja O-qyBaHo (cf. Warrington & Shallice, 1984).
I1oce6aH BH,n; arH03Hje rrpe,n;cTaBJM up03oua1H03uja, rropeMenaj KojH ce MaHH-
cpecTyje Kao HeMorynHOCT rrperrosHaBal:ba 1mu;a, Tj. H,n;eHTHcpHKOBal:ba JIHKa. Oco6e c
13
Ha np:rrMep, aKo joj ce np:rrKa>Ky Haoqape llJlli CJIHI<a Haoqapa, oco6a ca ,r:i;:rrjarH030M CI1MYJITaHamos11je
o,r:i;roBapa Ha CJie,r:i;etrn Ha':IHH: ,,I1Ma je,r:i;aH Kpyr :rr ,r:i;pyr:rr I<pyr, Koj11 cy cnojeH:rr je,r:i;HOM IIIHIIKOM. To Mopa ,r:i;a
je 6:rru;:rrI<JI."
452 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
OBaKBHM OlliTefieFbeM Mory ,r:i;a H,JJ;eHTH¢rrKyjy ,r:i;eJIOBe JIHIJ;a, aJIH He Mory ,r:i;a H,JJ;eHTH¢HKyjy
oco6y. y Te.)l{HM CJIYllajeBHMa nau;rrjeHTH He Mory ,r:i;a npen03Hajy HM concTBeHH JIHK y
ome,r:i;aJIY. Mei)YTHM, JKOJIHKO qyjy mac, HeMajy TelliKofia c rr,r:i;eHTrr¢rrKoBaFbeM oco6e.
ITposonamosrrja MO)l{e ,r:i;a ce jaBH H30JIOBaHo, lliTO JKasyje Ha HeypaJIHY crreu;rrjaJirrsau;rrjy
Ka,r:i;a je y nrrTaFby npenosHaBaFbe JIHIJ;a (cf. Farah, 1990; McNeil & Warrington 1993). ITpeT-
nocTaBJba ce ,r:i;a OBaj nopeMefiaj H3a3HBajy noBpe,r:i;e ,Il;OFher JIOHrHTY,JJ;HHaJIHOr ¢acn;HKYJIY-
ca Kojrr cnaja oKn;HnHTaJIHH H TeMnopaJIHH pe)l{aFb. OlliTefieH>a BesaHa sa npenosHaBaFbe
Jirrn;a Hrrcy orpamPieHa caMo Ha HeMoryfiHocT JTBpl)rrBaFba rr,r:i;eHTHTeTa. Y CJIYllajeBHMa
Ka,r:i;a je o,r:i;cTpaFbeHa aMHr,r:i;aJia, nau;rrjeHT je y CTaFhY ,r:i;a npenosHa JIHIJ;e aJIH Hrrje y CTaFhY
,r:i;a HHTepnpeTrrpa eMon;rrje Ha ornoBy rrspasa Jirrn;a (Adolphs, 2002).
Amosrrja MO)Ke ,r:i;a ce MaHrr¢ecTyje H Kao alleKcuja. Pe'I je o nopeMefiajy Kojrr ce
MaHrrcpecTyje Kao HeMoryfiHOCT 'IHTaFba pe11rr H rnoBa. Oco6a ca ,r:i;rrjarH030M aJieKcrrje
MO)l{e ,r:i;a KOnrrpa pe'IH H CJIOBa H TOKOM KOnrrpaFba ,r:i;a HX H,JJ;eHTH¢HKyje, MO)l{e ,r:i;a
nrrllie no ,r:i;HKTaTy, aJIH HHje y CTaFhY ,r:i;a npo'IHTa To lliTO je HanrrcaHo. Hajsa,r:i;, noce6Hy
BpcTy amosrrja npe,r:i;cTaBJba KOllopHa afH03uja Koja ce MaHrr¢ecTyje Kao nopeMefiaj
BesaH sa npenosHaBaFhe H a,r:i;eKBaTHO KoprrllifieFhe 6oja. AKo joj ce ,r:i;a KOHTypa o6jeKTa,
oco6a c oBaKBHM OlliTefieH>eM fie je nonyttHTH Heo,r:i;roBapajyfirrM,6ojaMa (Hnp. ja6JKy
fie o¢ap6aTH nJiaBOM 6ojoM).
l13 onrrca pa3JIH'IHTHX BpCTa BHSyeJIHHX amosrrja BH,Il;HMO ,r:i;a je y nHTaFbY cKyrr
nopeMefiaja Koj11 ce MaHrr¢ecTyjy Ha pasJIH'IHTe Ha'IHHe, np11 'IeMY cy nopeMefiaj11 JEeK
BesaHH sa HeKH acneKT BHsyeJIHe HH¢opMan;11je. I1cTO TaKO, BH,Il;HMO ,r:i;a O,Il; BpcTe nope-
Mefiaja saBHCH M HHBO o6pa,r:i;e BrrsyeJIHe HH¢opMan;11je. Anepu;enTHBHe BHsyeJIHe amo-
s11je MaH11¢ecTyjy ce Kao HeMoryfiHocT ¢opM11paFba KoxepeHTHor nepu;enTa ca CBHM
norne,r:i;rrn;aMa ,r:i;o Kojrrx ,r:i;0Bo,r:i;11 oBaKBO orpaHH'IeFhe. HacyrrpoT anepu;enTHBHHM, acon;11-
jaTHBHeB11syeJIHeamos11je,Ko,r:i;KojrrxnocTOjrr¢opMrrpaHnepu;enT,MOry,r:i;aceMaH11¢ecTyjy
Ha pasJirr'IHTe Ha'IHHe, saxBarnjyfi11 pasJIH'IHTe acneKTe BHsyeJIHe CTHMyJian;11je.
AyguUluBHa afH03uja. - ArHos11je y ay,r:i;HTHBHOM MO,JJ;aJIHTeTy KapaKTepHllie 011yBaHa
ay,r:i;11THBHa nepu;enu;11ja, aJIH oco6a c oBaKBHM OlliTefieH>eM Hrrje y cTaFby ,r:i;a ,r:i;eKo,r:i;yje
3Ha'IeFbe H3 rOBOpHor CHrHaJia. Ay,r:i;HTHBHe arH03Hje He Tpe6a nOHCTOBefiHBaTH c
a¢asrrjaMa jep cy orpaHH'IeHe Ha ay,r:i;HTHBHH MO,JJ;aJIHTeT, nprr 11eMy je jesH'IKa cno-
co6HOCT 011yBaHa. I1oce6Hy BPCTY ay,r:i;rrTHBHHX amosrrja npe,r:i;cTaBJba T3B. aouzuyHa
fllyBolia 3a pe11u (pure word deafness). ITau;rrjeHT HHje y CTaFhY ,r:i;a pasyMe roBop, rraKo
MY je ay,r:i;HTHBHa nepu;enu;rrja 011yBaHa 11 HeMa rnMnToMe a¢asrrje. ITau;rrjeHT MO)l{e
,r:i;a npen11cyje TeKCT, cnOHTaHO ,r:i;a nHllie H npaTH nrrcaHe KOMaH,r:i;e, aJIH HHje y CTaFbY
,r:i;a nrrllie no ,JJ;HKTaTy. 0By BpcTy arHosrrja KapaKTeprrllie H CMaFheH ycnex y sa,r:i;aTKY
penpo,r:i;JKn;rrje pe11rr. ,Uo oBor nopeMefiaja ,r:i;oJiasrr yrne,r:i; Jiesrrja Koje npeK11,r:i;ajy Besy
H3Mel)y ay,r:i;HTHBHor yJiasa (mmYTa) H BepHHKeoBe soHe.
Ay,r:i;HTHBHa arHos11ja MO)l{e ,r:i;a ce MaH11¢ecTyje H Kao HeBep6allHa ayguUluBHa afHo-
3uja. Oco6a c oBaKBHM OlilTefieFheM Hrrje y cTaFhy ,r:i;a pasyMe rr npenosHa HeBep6aJIHY
ay,r:i;HTHBHY CTHMyJian;11jy (Hnp. 3BYK 3BOHa I1JII1 3BYKOBe Koje npOI13BO,JJ;e )l{HBOTHFbe).
0By BpcTy arHosrrja 11sasrrBajy OlliTefieH>a TeMnopaJIHor I1JIH naprrjeTaJIHor pe)l{Fba
,r:i;ecHe xeM11c¢epe I1JIH 6I1JiaTepaJIHO OlliTefieFhe ay,r:i;HTHBHOr acou;11jaTHBHOr KOpTeKca.
Hajsa,r:i;, y ay,r:i;HTHBHe amos11je crra,r:i;a H aMy3uja, nopeMefiaj Kojrr ce MaH11¢ecTyje Kao
OlliTefieFhe MYSH'IKe nepu;enu;rrje H eKcrrpecrrje. Oco6a ca ,r:i;rrjamosoM aMysrrje Hrrje y
CTaFhy ,r:i;a neBa, 3BI1)l{,Il;H I1 He MO)l{e ,r:i;a npenosHa MeJIO,JJ;Hjy HHTH ,r:i;a Ha Fby eMOD;HOHaJIHO
HEYPAJIHE OCHOBE KOfHI1TI1BHI1X TIPOUECA I1 <PYHKUI1JA 453
pearyje. HamarnMo ;n;a je aMy3Mja y BeJIMKoj MepM KYJITypHo ycnoBJbeHa M -ciecTO ocTaje
HenpMMenetta (cf. Peretz, Champod & Hyde, 2003).
TaKUlUllrte azrto3uje. -IIopeMenaj KOjM ce MaHmpeCTyje Kao HeMorynHocT npeno3HaBa-
Fba o6jeKaTa ;n;o;n;MpOM, ynpKOC o-ciyBaHoj TaKTMJIHOj nepu;enu;MjM, Ha3MBa ce COMaUlo-
cert3oprtaaTH03Uja, ano3HaTjeMno;n;Ha3MBOMacmepeofrt03uja. Y nMTafhyjeyttMJiaTepaJIHM
nopeMenaj ;n;o Kojer ;n;ona3M yrne;n; OIIITenefha KOHTpanaTepanHe cTpaHe ;n;ofher ;n;ena
napMjeTaJIHOr pem:Fba. IIau;MjeHT je y cTafhy ;n;a npeno3Ha M MMeHyje o6jeKaT npMKa3aH
BM3yeJIHO MJIM y HeKOM ;n;pyroM MO;D;aJIMTeTy, aJIM HMje y CTafby ;n;a ra M;D;eHTmjmKyje
TaKTMJIHOM eKcnnopau;MjoM (Reed, Caselli & Farah, 1996). Y HeKMM rny-ciajeBMMa oco6e
c OBaKBMM OIIITeheFbeM Mory ;n;a OITMIIIY TaKTMJIHe KapaKTepMCTMKe o6jeKTa, aJIM He M
;n;a ra Ha ocHoBy FbMX npeno3HaJy.
noBpep;e M03ra He Mory p;a ce MHp;yKyjy p;a 611 ce CMCTeMaTCKM npanurn CMMnTOMM. c
06s11poM Ha TO p;a He nocToje ,IJ;Be M,IJ;eHTWIHe noBpep;e, TeIIIKO ce HaJia3e 11 ,IJ;Be M,IJ;eHTW:rne
KJIMHW:IKe CJIMKe MCTe KJiace nopeMehaja. CTora ce np116eraBa yrrpoce11aBaH>y Belier 6poja
KJIMHM1IKMX CJIY1IajeBa, 1IMMe p;o611jaMO rpy6y anpOKCMMau;11jy 30He 1111ja noBpep;a ,Il;OBO,Il;M
p;o op;pel)eHMX jes1111KMX rropeMehaja. Ifa oBaKBMX nop;aTaKa BM,IJ;MMO p;a cy noBpep;e
JieBe MmKp;aHe xeM11c<Pepe Koje p;oBop;e p;o je311qKMX nopeMehaja ,IJ;OMMHaHTHO npaheHe
oIIITelieH>eM jep;Hor acneKTa jes11Ka, a.JIM 11ecTo M OlllTelieH>eM HM3a p;pyrMX acneKaTa.
A<flasHje
Kao IllTO cMo noMeHyJI11, a<PasHje cy, nopeMehaj11 jes11qKe cPYHKD;Mje 11sasBai-rn
IIOBpep;aMaJieBe MO}K,IJ;aHeXeMMCcPepe. c 06s11poM Ha 1IMI:beH11u;y p;a 3aXBaTajypa3JIM1IMTe
acneKTe jes11Ka, Moryhe cy pa3JIM1IMTe KJiaCMcPMKau;11je a<Pa3M1IHMX CMMIIOTMa, IIITO je
pasJior HenocTojaH>y jep;MHCTBeHe, onlllTenp11xBalieHe KJiac11<P11Kau;11je. IIlTaBMIIle, 11c-
TM nopeMehaj y 3aBMCHOCTM op; KJiaCHcPHKau;11je MO}Ke MMaTM pa3JIM1IMT Ha3MB. 14 y rrp11-
Kasy acpasnja ornoH11lieMo ce Ha BocToHcKy KJiarn<P11Kau;11jy (BVAH) 15 Koja ce Haj11elllhe
cpehe y JIMTepaTypH M 113 Koje heMo M3,IJ;Boj11T11 HajsHa11ajH11je TMnoBe acpas11ja.
BpoKaoBa a<jja3uja. - 0Ba BpcTa a<Pas11je HacTaje Kao rrornep;m~a noBpep;e p;eJia cPPOH-
TaJIHOr pe}KI:ha JieBe MO}K,IJ;aHe xeM11c<Pepe (BpoKaoBa soHa) Koj11 op;roBapa 44. 11
45. Bpop;MaHOBOM noJDy (rn11Ka 10 11 p;o,r:i;au;11 1 11 2). C 06s11p9M Ha TO p;a saxBaTa
p;oIDM p;eo MOTOpHor KOpTeKca, noBpep;a y OBOM p;eJiy Mosra no npamu:ry je npaheHa
MOTOpHMM OlllTelieH>MMa. KoHTpaJiaTepaJIHa (p;ecna) cTpaHa TeJia je 11.n11 rrapaJIH30Ba-
Ha (xeMMnJiemja) MJIM je orna6JDe1rn (xeMHnapesa). MoTOpHa OlllTelieH>a Koja rrpaTe
OBY BpcTy rroBpep;a op;pa}KaBajy ce 11 .Ha apT11KyJiau;11jy, TaKo p;a ce roBop op;JI11Kyje He
caMO JIOIIle apTMKYJIMCaHMM rJiaCOBMMa Beh I1 11syseTHO cnopoM, 1IeCTO caKa,IJ;M1IHOM
roBopHoM npOAYKU:MjoM. Pe11eH11u;e cy KpaTKe, Haj11ernhe ce cacToje op; HeKOJIMKO pe11M
Koje ce 11sr0Bapajy ca BeJIMKMM HanopoM ( TeJierpa<PcKM roBop ), ,IJ;OK je npo3op;11ja
paBHa. ITOIIITO je np11 OBaKBHM TIOBpe,n;aMa MOTOpHO OIIITeneI:he 1:1ajyo11JDMBMje,
BepoBaJIO ce p;a je CYIIlTMHa nopeMehaja OlllTelieH>e roBopHe npoAYKD;Mje. 0Baj yr11caK
je noja11aH nattsmep; HeOIIlTeheHMM pasyMeBaI:heM roBopa. I1p11Mehetto je, Mel)yrMM, p;a
ce OlllTeft.eihe He CBO,Il;M caMO Ha OIIITelieHy MOTop1my, na caMMM TMM HM Ha npo6JieMe
y roBopHoj npOAYKD;MjM. Oco6e ca p;11jamosoM BpoKaoBe acpasMje 11ecTO 11socTaBJDajy
cPYHKD;MOHaJIHe pe1111 (npep;IJ:ore, cBe3e, op;pel)eHM 11 Heop;pe))H qJiaH) noMoliHe maroJie
I1 3aMeHrru;e, ,Il;OK je y MHtj:meKTMBHMM je3MD;MMa I13pa}KeHO I130CTaBJDaI:be MHcPJieKTMB-
HMX cy<P11Kca. TaKo, Ha np11Mep, yMecTo ,IJ;a Ka}Ke: ,,I13Be,IJ;H nca y 6alllTy. ", a<Paswrap
oBor TMna Ka}Ke:,,I1sBep;e ... nae .... 6alllTa".
14
TaKo ce, Ha rrpnMep, Ha3HB BpoKaosa a<fia3uja cpehe y BocTOHcKoj KJiacmpnKau;njn H KJiacmpm<au;njaMa
BpejHa (Brain, 1961) H HeJicoHa (Nelson, 1936). I1cTH rropeMehaj Jiyp11ja HaSHBa e<ftepe11.tit11.a Motilop11.a
a<fia3uja (Luria, 1966), Bej KoptituKa;ma gucapwpuja (Bay, 1964), BepHnKe n JinxTXajM, aJIH n fJioHHHr,
Motilop11.a a<fia3uja (Wernicke & Lichtheim, 1885; Gloning, 1963), foJIACTHH 71e11.tilpa1ma Motitop11a a<fia3uja
(Goldstein, 1948), XeA sep6allHa a<jJaJuja (Head, 1926) HTIJ;.
15
CKpaneHnu;a 03Ha':IaBa Ha3HB HHCTHTy:o;Hje (Boston Veteran Administration Hospital).
HEYPAJIHE OCHOBE KOfHI1TI1BHI1X TIPOUECA I1 <DYHKUI1JA 457
16
Ka,IJ;a roBopnMo o ,,KoHeKu;HoHHCTH'IKHM Mo,IJ;eJrnMa" y OKBHPY HeypoJIHHrBHCTHKe TepMHH
,,KOHeKu;HOHHCTH'IKH" HMa Apyra'IHjll CMHCao O,Il; OHOra KOjll je CTaH,IJ;ap,Il;HO y yrroTpe6n y caBpeMeHoj
KOfHHTHBHOj IICHXOJIOrHjH.
460 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
M A
M a
A E E 0
M a M a
ClluKa 12. -JiuxmxajMoB Mogell je3UtJKe aep11ea11uje u apogyK11uje (Moutier, 1908)
Mo,n:eJI Koju je rrpe,n:Jimirno J1HXTxajM rrpe,n:Bu))a ,n:a ce yrne,n: rrpeKH,n:a Besa us-
Me))y KOMITOHeHTH Mory jaBHTH joru -Y:eTHpH THITa acpasuja. IJpBH THIT je wpaHCKoprau-
1WllHa ceH30pHa a<jja3uja Koja Hacrnje yrne,n: rrpeKH,n:a Bese HSMe))y BepHHKeoBe soHe (A)
H rrojMOBHe soHe (E) /CJIHKa 12a/. Oco6e c oBaKBHM ornTeneIDeM HMane rrpo6JieMa y
pasyMeBaIDy rOBOpa, aJIH ne HMaTH O-qyBaHy CITOC06HOCT ITOHaBJbalha, lllTO je KaCHHje
rroTBp})eHo. ,IJ;pym THIT je rapaHcKoprauKaJLHa MowopHa a<jja3uja Koja Hacrnje yrne,n:
rrpeKu,n:a Bese HSMe))y EpoKoaBoe soHe (M) H rrojMOBHe soHe (E). 0Baj THrr acpasHje HMane
HCTe CHMITTOMe KaO EpOI<aOBa acpasHja, C TOM paSJIHKOM lllTO ne rrau,HjeHT C OBaKBHM
ornTeneIDeM HMaTH O-qyEaHy crroco6HocT rroHaBJbaIDa. TpenH THrr je cyuKopwuKaJLHa ceH-
3opHa a<jja3uja Koja Hacrnje yrne,n: rrpeKH,rt;a Bese ca rrepHcpepHje ,n:o BepHHKeoBe soHe
(A). 0Baj THrr rropeMenaja o,n:JIHKyje ce HeMorynHornny pasyMeBaIDa roBopa, rrpH -Y:eMy
je rrpo,n:yKu,Hja o-Y:yBaHa, a HCKaSH cy CMHCJieHH jep HHje ITOBpe})eHa BepHHKeOBa SOHa.
Hajsa,n:, -Y:eTBpTH THIT acpasHje KOjH rrpe,n:BH})a J1HxTxajMOB Mo,n:eJI je cyuKoprauKaJL-
Ha MowopHa a<jja3uja Koja Hacrnje yrne,n: rrpeKH,n:a Bese HSMe))y M (EpoKaoBa soHa)
H MycKyJiaType apTHKyJiau,HoHor arrapaTa. ITorne,n:Hu,a oBor ornTeneIDa je gucaprapuja
Koja ce MaHmpecTyje Kao rropeMenaj apTHKyJiau,Hje.
Y ,rt;alboj paspa,n:H Mo,n:eJia J1HxTxajM yBo,rt;H jorn ,n:Be KOMITOHeHTe KaKo 6H
o6yxBaTHO rropeMenaje -Y:HTaIDa H rrHcaIDa (cJIHKa 126). KoMrroHeHTa (,,u,eHTap") 0
sa,n:y}KeHa je sa CKJia,rt;HlllTelhe rpacpeMCKHX rrpe,rt;CTaBa pe-Y:H, ,rt;OK je KOMITOHeHTa E
sa,n:y}I{eHa sa cKJia,n:HrnTeIDe MOTopmrx rrpe,n:cTaBa rrpIDIHKOM rrHcaIDa. 3aje,n:HH-Y:KH yJias
HS E H 0 (rrojMOBHa soHa H rpacpeMcKe rrpe,n:crnBe) HHje ,n:oBOJbaH ,n:a 6H u,eHTap E
a,n:eKBaTHO cpJHKll,HOHHCao. 3a IDerOBO cpJHKll,HOHHCalhe Heorrxo,n:He cyH HHcpopMaU,H-
je HS EpoKaoBe soHe (M) y Kojoj cy yCKJia,n;HrnTeHe apTHKyJiau,HoHe rrpe,n:crnBe. 0By
rrpeTrrocTaBKY J1HxTxajM sarnHBa Ha cJiy-qajeBHMa EpoKaoBe acpasHje Ko,n: Koje cy
TelllKOne y ITJICalhy je,n:aH o,n: -Y:eCTHX CHMITTOMa.
u;eHTPJIMa. Mel)yTMM, KaCHrrje BaprrjaHTe OBJIX MO,IJ;eJia HMCY ITOIIITOBaJie jep;aH op; OCHOBHMX
rrprrHu;rrrra Koje je rrocTaBMO BepHrrKe, a TO je rrprrHu;rrrr rrapcrrMoHrrqHocTrr: Hep;osBoJheHa
je, cMaTpa BepHrrKe, 6ecKoHaqHa perpecrrja u;eHTapa rr Morytrnx Besa. Mop;eJI Mopa p;a 6yp;e
jep;HocTaBaH rr p;a y OKBrrpy OCHOBHMX rrocTaBKM rrpep;Brrl)a CBe MaHrrcpecTau;rrje jesrrqKrrx
rropeMenaja, IIITO Hrrje 6rro rnyqaj ca Karnrrje rrpe,IJ;JioJKeHJIM Mop;eJIMMa.
ITpBa rpyrra KprrTrrKa yrryneHrrx KoHeKu;rroHrrcTrrqKJIM MO,IJ;eJirrMa op;HocMJia ce
Ha JIHTeprrpeTaIJ;Mjy CJIMITTOMa JI HeMorynHOCT OBJIX MO,IJ;eJia p;a o6jacHe CJIMIITOMe
Kojrr HMCY CJie,IJ;MJIJI JI3 OCHOBHJIX IIOCTaBKJI MO,IJ;eJia, TaqHrrje, KOM6JIHau;rrjy CJI.MIITOMa
Koje Mop;eJirr Hrrcy MOrJIM p;a o6yxBaTe. 3HaqajHe KprrTJIKe oBe BpcTe YITYTMO je
3rrrMytt,IJ; <l>pojp; Kojrr je, rropep; HeKOJIMIJ;JIHe oBaKBMx rnyqajeBa, rrprrKasao rr rnyqaj
aJieKcrrje (rropeMenaj qJITaIDa), Koja ce MaHrrcpecTOBaJia KaKo y qJITaIDY y ce6rr, TaKO
rr qJITaIDY Hamac, rrprr qeMy je aJieKcrrja 6MJia KOM6rrHoBaHa ca BpoKaOBOM acpasrrjoM
(Freud, 1891). Hrr BepHrrKeoB HM JirrxTXajMoB Mop;eJI Hrrcy Momrr p;a o6jarne oBaKBY
KoM6rrHau;rrjy crrMrrToMa. <l>pojp;oBrr pap;oBrr Hrrcy MMaJIM Beiler op;jeKa, aJIM cy saTo
cTaBOBM XeHprrja Xep;a, MMaJIM op;nyqyjynrr JTMD;aj Kojrr je p;oBeo p;o rroTMCKJIBaIDa
KoHeKIJ;MOHMCTWIKor rrprrcTyrra (Head, 1926). ToKoM rnep;enrrx HeKOJIMKO p;eu;eHrrja
oBaj rrprrcTyrr Rene p;oMrrHrrpaTrr Ha HayqHoj cu;eHrr, aJIM Beh IIIesp;eceTrrx rop;rrHa
rrpoIIIJIOr BeKa no HOBO p;o6rrja Ha 3Haqajy (cf. Geschwind, 1965).
,II;O,II;ATAK 1
Eo-qHH npnKa3 JieBe MO)K,D;aHe xeMHccpepe.
MOTOPHM KOPTEKC
BM3YEJIHM
KOPTEKC
TEMTIOPAJIHM PE)l{AI:b
AYJJ:MTMBHM
KOPTEKC
,II;O,II;ATAK 2
IIpnKa3 Epo,D;MaHOBHX noJba H aHanorHHX cpYJIKQHja ( 6oqHH npnKa3 H carHTaJIHH npeceK
JieBe MO)K,Jl;aHe xeMnccpepe).
20
PE3IIME
• Op; caMMX rro1i:eTaKa pa3MaTpaH:>a HeypaJIHMX ornoBa TICMXM1i:KMX ¢YHKr.:t;Mja jaBJbajy ce p;Ba cy-
rrpoTcTaBJbeHa rrpHcTyrra: JlOKallU3ffl1UOHUCUlW1XU, KOjM rrpeTIIOCTaBJba p;a cy rrojep;MHe <i>YHKr.:t;Mje
JIOKaJIM30BaHe y op;peryeHIIM 30HaMa y M03ry, If XOllUCUlWiKU, l{Mje rrpHCTaJIMr.:t;e CMaTpajy )J,a M03aK
<i:>YHKI.:t;MOHMIIIe Kao u;eJIMHa If p;a He IIOCTOje 30He y M03ry Koje 6M 6MJie YCKO crreu;MjaJIM30BaHe 3a
o6aBJbaH:>e rrojep;MHMX ¢YHKr.:t;Mja.
• CMcTeMaTcKa MCTpmKMBaH:>a HeypaJIHMX OCHOBa KOfHMTMBHMX rrpou;eca If <i>YHKI.:t;Mja II01i:MH:>y
KpajeM XVIII M rro1i:eTKOM XIX BeKa rrojaBoM cppeuollofuje 1i:MjM je TBopau; <DpaHu; Jo3e¢ faJI.
IloJia3enM op; rrpeTIIOCTaBKe p;a je 3a CBaKy IICMXM1i:KY <i>YHKI.:t;Mjy 3ap;y)l(eHa op;peryeHa 30Ha y M03ry,
faJI je cMaTpao p;a je Moryne YTBPAMTM pa3BMjeHocT rrojep;MHMX ¢YHKr.:t;Mja Ha ocHoBy o6mma
Jio6aH:>e M KpaHMjaJIHMX M3601i:MHa. MeryYTMM, y cTpy-g:Hoj jaBHOCTM ¢peHoJiornja je HaMIIIJia Ha
036M1bHe OTIIOpe, IIITO je ,ll;OBeJIO If AO MaprHHaJIM3ar.:t;Mje JIOKaJIM3ar.:t;MOHMCTifl{KOr rrpHCTyrra.
• 3a rroHOBHY p;oMMHar.:t;Mjy JIOKaJIM3ar.:t;MOHMCTM1i:Kor rrpHcTyrra 3aCJiy)l(aH je IloJI EpoKa KOjM je
OIIMCao rny-qaj rrau;MjeHTa KOjM je MMaO IIOBpep;y y ¢poHTaJIHOM pe)l(H:>y JieBe xeMMc¢epe. IloIIITO
rrau;MjeHT HMje 6Mo y cTaH>y )J,a roBopH, EpoKa 3aKJby-qyje )J,a je yrrpaBo oBa 30Ha 3ap;y)l(eHa 3a
roBopHy ¢YHI<r.:t;Mjy. ,Il;eceTaK rop;MHa KarnMje KapJI BepHHKe orrMcyje CJiy-qaj ·rrau;MjeHTa KojM je
MMao Jie3Mjy y 3ap;H:>eM p;eJIY TeMrropaJIHOr pe)l(H:>a JieBe xeMMc¢epe. IIau:MjeHT je 6Mo y CTaH:>y )J,a
roBopH, pe-qeHMr.:t;e cy MY 6MJie rpaMaTM1i:He aJIM HMCY MMaJie CMMCJia. IIpH TOM, rrau;MjeHT je MMao
TeIIIKona ca pa3yMeBaH:>eM pe1i:M.
• I1MajyfiM y BMAY 1i:MH:>eHMr.:t;y p;a cy MHore ¢YHI<r.:t;Mje JIOKaJIM30BaHe y rrojep;MHMM 30HaMa y M03ry,
IIOCTaBJba ce IIMTaH:>e p;a JIM If rrojep;MHe KOMIIOHeHTe CMCTeMa o6pap;e mt¢opMar.:t;Mja MMajy CBOj
HeypaJIHM KopeJiaT, O,ll;HOCHO p;a JIM je rrojep;MHe rrpou;ece KOjM ce O,ll;BMjajyy OBMM KOMIIOHeHTaMa
MOryfie JIOr.:t;HpaTM y rroje)J,MHHM 30HaMa M03ra. IlpBa HCTpa)l(HBaH:>a Koja cy YI<a3aJia Ha HeypaJIHY
ornoBy p;11cTMHKTMBHMX OAJIMI<a, H3BeJIM cy Xjy6eJI M BM3eJI KOjM M)J,eHTM<i:>MKyjy HeypoHe KOjH cy
crreu;MjaJI1130BaH11 3a )J,eTeKTOBaH:>e JIMHMja pa3JIM1i:MTe op11jeHTar.:t;Mje. KacHMja McTpa)l(HBaH>a cy
IIOKa3aJia p;a IIOCToje If HeypOHM crreu;MjaJIM30BaHM 3a )J,eTeKTOBaH:>e CJIO)l(eHMjMX CTMMYJIYCa.
• HeypaJIHH KopeJiaT11 rrmKH>e YTBpryeHH cy HCIIMTHBaH:>HMa y Koj11Ma ce y 3ap;aTKY AHXOTI11i:Kor
eMHTOBaH>a CTHMYJIYCa rrpaTe eJieKTPifiHe aKTMBHOCTH y M03ry. HaJia3H rroKa3yjy p;a je MaKc11-
MaJIHa aMIIJIHTyp;a ca rrpaneHor KaHaJia Befia O)J, MaKCHMaJIHe aMIIJIMTy)J,e ca 6JIOKHpaHor KaHaJia.
CJiwrnM HaJia3H p;o6njeHH cy My MCIIHTHBaH:>y rra:)KH:>e rrpn BH3yeJIHOM rrpHKa3MBaH:>y CTHMYJIYCa.
IloKa3aHo je p;a je aMIIJIMTyp;a 3a CTMMJJIYCe rrpHKa3aHe Ha cTpaHH Ha Kojy je o6panaHa rra)l(H:>a
Bena op; aMIIJIMTyp;e 3a CTHMYJIYCe rrpnKa3aHe Ha cTpaHH Koja je 3aHeMapeHa.
• Kap;a je pe-q o HeypaJIHHM KopeJiaTHMa orrepaTMBHe MeMopHje, rroKa3aHo je p;a OIIITefieH:>e Jie-
Be xeMnc¢epe y rrpep;eJIY CMJIBnjeBe 6pa3p;e rrpafieHo pep;yI<r.:t;MjoM 1<arrau;nTeTa orrepaTHBHe
MeMopHje. KarnnjM HaJia3H rrmrn3yjy p;a rroBpep;e JIOr.:t;HpaHe y 40. Epop;MaHOBOM rrolby p;oBop;e
)J,O rropeMenaja ¢oHOJIOIIIKor acrreKTa pap;He MeMopnje IIITO ce MaHn¢ecTyje Kao cMaH:>eHa
MorynHOCT perrpop;yI<r.:t;Hje, ,ll;OK IIOBpep;a y 44. Epop;MaHOBOM IIOJbY ,ll;OBO,ll;H AO CMaH:>eHe Mory-
nHOCTH 06HaBJbaH:>a Bep6aJIHOf MaTepHjaJia. ,Il;pyrHM pe1i:MMa, 3a,ll;p)l(aBaH:>e H o6HaBJbaH:>e MaTe-
pnjaJia y orrepaTHBHOj MeMopnjH JIOr.:t;HpaHO je y pa3JIH1i:HTMM 30HaMa M03ra. 0 HeypaJIHHM
OCHOBaMa BM3yeJIHO-CIIaIJ;I:IjaJIHe MaTpnu;e roBope HaJia3H Be3aHI:I 3a IIOBpep;y rrapnjeTO-OKI.:t;I:I-
IIHTaJIHOr p;eJia o6e xeMI:Ic¢epe. 0BaKBH rropeMefiajI:I rrpaneHH cy cMaH:>eHOM crroco6HoIIIfiy
3ap;p)l(aBaH:>a M perrpo,l];Yl<r.:t;Hje BII3yeJIHor MaTep11jaJia.
• 3a pa3yMeBaH:>e HeypaJIHMX OCHOBa )J.yrOTpajHe MeMopI:Ije op; 3Ha1i:aja cy pa3JIH1i:HTJ1 o6JIHI.:t;J1
aMHe3nja 11 amo3nja. AMHe3I:Ije rrpep;cTaBJbajy CMHAPOM Kojn ce MaHn¢ecTyje Kpo3 OIIITeneH:>e
rraMfieH>a I:I3a3Bano rroBpep;aMa pa3JIHTmTHX)J,eJioBa M03ra. Aumeporpagua aMHe3uja MaHI:I¢ecTyje
ce Kao ry611TaK cefiaH:>a Ha ,rr,oraryaje KOjI:I cy ce o,r:i;I:IrpaJIH rrorne rroBpe)J.e, )],OK je pemporpagua aM-
ue3uja rrpaneHa ry6HTKOM cenaH:>a Ha ,rr,oraryaje KOjH cy Ce )J,OfO)J,MJII:I rrpe IIOBpe)J,e. AHTeporpa)J,Ha
HEYPAJIHE OCHOBE KOfHI1TI1BHI1X ITPOUECA I1 <!>YHKUI1JA 469
aMHesnja HacTaje Kao rrocJie.z:i:m:i:a OlliTeneIDa Me.z:i:njan:Hor .z:i:eJia TeMrropaJIHor pe)l{IDa JieBe n .z:i:ecHe
xeMnccpepe n .z:i:eJioBa XHIIOKaMrryca. IloBpe.z:i:e rrpe.z:i:IDer .z:i:eJia TeMrropaJIHor pe)l{IDa rrpaneHe
cy peTporpa.IJ:HOM aMHesnjoM Koja MO)l{e .z:i:a saxBaTn Benn rrepno.z:i: )l{HBOTa, a rroHeKa.IJ: n .z:i:a
H36pnllle CBa cenaIDa. Me}))'THM, rran;njeHTH C OBaKBHM IIOBpe.z:i:aMa Mory IIOHeKa.IJ: .z:i:a yCBajajy
HOBa 3HaIDa. 0Ba BpcTa aMHesnje HasBaHa je u3olloBaHa pempo'lpagHa aMHe3uja. AMHesnja MO)l{e
6nTH n rrorne.z:i:nu;a OlllTeneIDa .z:i:neHn;ecpaJioHa Ha IllTa JKasyje KopcaKOBJbeB cuHgpoM Kojn ce
jaBJba yrne.z:i: rrpeTepaHe yrroTpe6e aJIKOXOJia IliTO .IJ:OBO.IJ:H .z:i:o .z:i:ereHepau;nje .z:i:neHn;ecpaJioHa.
• Amosnje cy rropeMenajn Kojn ce MaHncpecTyjy Kao HeMoryfiHocT rrperrosHaBaIDa o6jeKaTa n
MO)l{eMO HX KJiaCHcpHKOBaTH Ha OCHOBY .IJ:Ba KpHTepnjyMa. IlpBH KpHTepnjyM H3Be.IJ:eH je Ha
OCHOBY HHBOa KOrHHTHBHe o6pa.z:i:e, Tj . .z:i:a JIM ce rropeMenaj MaHncpecTyje y paHHjHM HJIH II03HH-
jHM cpasaMa o6pa.z:i:e. Ha ocHoBy oBor KpnTepnjyMa pasJIHKyjeMo aaepwamuBHe n aco4ujaUluBHe
amosnje. Arrepu;errTHBHe arHosnje HacTajy yrne.z:i: rropeMenaja y paHHM cpasaMa o6pa.z:i:e, .IJ:OK cy
KO.IJ: acou;njaTHBHHX amosnja paHn rrpou;ecn o6pa.z:i:e O"l!JEaHn, aJIH oco6a c oBaKBHM OlllTeneIDeM
HeMa rrpncTyrr MeMopnjCKOM .IJ:OMetty y KOjeM je ycKJia.IJ:HlliTeHO 3Ha"lleIDe, "l!HMe je OHeMoryneHo
rrpn.z:i:aBalbe CMHCJia OIIa)l{eHOM o6jeKTy. ,II;pym KpHTepnjyM KJiaCHcpHKan;nje 3aCHOBaH je Ha
"l!JlIHOM MO.IJ:aJIHTeTy y OKBnpy Kojer je .IJ:OillJio .z:i:o rropeMenaja. Ilo OBOM KpnTepnjyMJ pasJin-
KyjeMo BU3yellHe, ayguUluBHe n UlaKUlUJlHe ( coMaUloceH3opHe) amosnje.
• Acpasnje cy rropeMenajn jesn"l!Ke cpyttKn;nje HaCTaJIH yrne.z:i: rroBpe.z:i:e JieBe MO)K.IJ:aHe xeMnccpepe.
y 3aBHCHOCTH O.IJ: MeCTa IIOBpe.z:i:e pa3JIHKyjeMo BHille BpCTa acpasnja. EpoKaOBa a<fia3uja
HacTaje Kao rrorne.z:i:nu;a rroBpe.z:i:e cppoHTaJIHOr pe)l{IDa JieBe xeMnccpepe ( 44. n 45. Bpo.z:i:MaHoBo
IIOJbe), a OCHOBHH CHMIITOM je a'lpaMaUlu3aM. BepHuKeOBa a<jja3uja HacTaje yrne.z:i: IIOBpe.z:i:e
TeMrropaJIHor pe)l{IDa JieBe xeMnccpepe ( 42. Bpo.z:i:MaHOBO rrolbe). foBopHn rropeMenaj ce
MaHncpecTyje y ca.z:i:p)l{ajy rrpo.z:i:yKoBaHnx ncKasa: pe-qeHnn;e HeMajy cMnCJrn, pe-qn ce saMeIDyjy
pe"l!HMa ca .z:i:pyra-qnjnM 3Ha"l!eIDeM a rroHeKa.IJ: ce jaBJba n rrapacpa3H"l!HH )l{aproH. IIpo6JieM ce
MaHncpeCTyje n y pasyMeBaIDy pe-qn n pe-qeHnn;a. KoHgyKUlUBHa a<fia3uja HacTaje Kao rrorne.z:i:nu;a
rroBpe.z:i:e cpacn;nKyJIYca apKyaTyca (Bpo.z:i:MaHoBa rroJba 40, 41, 42 n 22), n MaHncpecTyje ce Kao
HeMorynHOCT IIOHaBJbaIDa 6eCMHCJieHHX CJIOTOBa, rrcey.z:i:ope-qn, pe"l!H, pe-qeHHIJ;a H rroje.IJ:HHHX
cppasa. Y rrpo.z:i:yi<u;njn cy o-qyBaHe rpaMaTHKa, ceMaHTHKa n rrposo.z:i:Hja, a y rroTrryttocTH je
o-qyBaHo H pasyMeBaIDe CBHX acrreKaTa jesnKa. TpaHcKopUluKamw ceH3opHa a<jja3uja HacTaje
Kao rrorne.z:i:nu;a IIOBpe.z:i:e 30Ha Koje OKpy)l{yjy BepHHKeOBY 30HY (Bpo.z:i:MaHOBa IIOJba 37, 22
H 39). [OBop je cpJIYeHTaH, apTHKyJian;Hja H rrposo.z:i:nja cy o-qyBaHe aJIH rrpO.IJ:JKOBaHH HCKa3H
HeMajy CMHCJia. TpaHcKopUluKallHa MoUlopHa a<jja3uja HacTaje yrne.z:i: rrpeKn.z:i:a Besa H3Me})y
BpoKaoBe soHe H MOTOpHor KopTeKca (6. Bpo.z:i:MaHOBO rrolbe). MaHncpecTyje ce Kao TelliKona
y sarro"l!HIDaIDy n opraHH30BaIDy pe-qeHHn;e n o.z:i:roBapaIDeM Ha cJio)KeHnja rrnTaIDa. CrroHTaHn
roBop je pe.z:i:aK n cacrnjn ce o.z:i: je.z:i:He HJIH .IJ:Be pe-qn ys .z:i:o6po o-qyBaHy apTnKyJian;Hjy. Q-qyBaHo
je n pasyMeBaIDe roBopa. Hajsa.z:i:, 'lllo6aJlHa a<jja3uja HacTaje yrne.z:i: MaCHBHHX rroBpe.z:i:a Koje
saxBaTajy rrpe.z:i:IDe n sa.z:i:IDe soHe JieBe xeMnccpepe. Y oBaKBHM CJIY"l!ajeBHMa OlllTeneHe cy
TaKopenn CBe jesn"l!Ke cpyttKn;nje, Kao H crroco6HocT "l!HTaIDa n rrncaIDa.
OCHOBHI1 TIOJMOBI1 471
OCHOBHM IIOJMOBM
• aBep3Hja rrpeMa ry6HTKY: TeHp;eHI.:t;Hja rrpH AOHOIIIeH>y O;z:i;.rryKa: ;z:i;o6HTaK H ry6HTaK HCTe
BeJIWIHHe He Bpe;z:i;ttyjeMo Ha HCTH Ha"t!HH - ;z:i;o6HTaK HaM ce "t!HHH Ma:EDHM. A.Ko CMO y ccpepH
;z:i;o6HTKa, CKJIOHHjH CMO ;z:i;a rrpHXBaTHMO MaH>H, aJIH CHrypaH ;z:i;o6HTaK, Hero ;z:i;a ce yrrycTHMO
y aKu;Hjy Koja HaM MO)l(e ;z:i;oHeTH BeJIHKH ;z:i;o6:I1TaK aJIH H 3Ha"tiajaH ryfouaK. y ccpepH ry6HTKa
BHIIIe CMO CKJIOHH pH3HKY H "tieIIIne 6HpaMO aKu;Hjy y Kojoj MO)l(eMO rrponH 6e3 ry6HTKa, Hero
MaH>e pH3WIHyaKu;HjyyKojoj 6HCMO rrpoIIIJIHY3 MHHHMaJIHH ry6HTaK (B. weopuja ogJtyt-tU6a1va),
( eHm. loss aversion).
• arH03Hje: HeypoIIOIIIKH rropeMenajH KojH ce MaHHcpecTyjy Kao HeMoryh.HocT rrperrosHaBaH>a
o6jeKaTa, ys O-qyBaHe rrepu;errTHBHe crroco6HocTH. TeIIIKone y rrperrosHaBaH>y Mory ;z:i;a ce Ma-
HHcpecTyjyy pa3JIH"t!HTHM MOAaJIHTeTHMa (BHsyeJIHOM, ay;ri;HTHBHOM, TaKTHJIHOM). PasJIHKyje-
MO ;ri;Be mo6aJIHe KJiace arH03Hja: aaepiwa.wuBHe, Koje ce MaHHcpecTyjy Kao OIIITeneH>a y paHHM
cpasaMa o6pa;z:i;e H aco11ujawuBHe, Ko;z:i; KojHx ;z:i;oIIa3H ;z:i;o oTe)l(aHor HJIH OHeMoryneHor rrpHcTyrra
HHcpopMau;HjaMa y ;z:i;yroTpajHoj MeMopHjH. 0BH rropeMenajH cy IIOCJiep;Hu;a TpOBaH>a yrJheH
MOHOKCHAOM H IIOBpe;z:i;a Koje H3a3HBajy rrpeKHA Be3e H3Mel)y BH3yeJIHOr, ay;z:i;HTHBHOr HJIH
coMaTOceHsopHor yJiasa (HHrryTa) H ;z:i;y6JhHX HHBoa o6pa;z:i;e (B. aaep11eawuBHe a1Ho3uje, aco-
11ujawuBHe a1Ho3uje, Bu3yeJtHa a1Ho3uja, ayguwuBHa a1Ho3uja, HeBep6aJtHa ayguwuBHa aiH03uja,
aMy3uja, waKUi.UJtHa a1Ho3uja, aaep11eawuBHa au3yeJtHa a1Ho3uja, aco11ujawuBHa BU3yeJtHa a1Ho-
3uja, up03oila1Ho3uja, KaweiopujallHa a1Ho3uja, cuMyJtillaHaiHo3uja).
• arpaMaTH3aM: 0IIITeneH>e jesH"t!Ke cpyttKII;Hje Koje ce MaHHcpecTyje Kao HeMorynHocT KOM-
rreTeHTHor MaHHrryJIHCaH>a rpaMaTH"t!KOM HHcpopMau;HjOM. HacTaje Kao IIOCJiep;Hu;a IIOBpe;z:i;e
cppOHTaJIHOr p;eJia JieBe MO)l(p;aHe xeMHccpepe (BpoKaOBa 30Ha, 44. Bpo;z:i;MaHOBO IIOJhe) H je;z:i;aH
je o;z:i; KapaKTepHCTH"t!HHx CHMIITOMa BpoKaose acpasHje (s. a<jja3uje, EpoKaoBa a<jja3uja, Epo-
1<a0Ba 30Ha).
• aeycTHqKa cpoHCTHKa: 06JiaCT cpoHeTHKe Koja HCIIHTyje aKyCTH"t!Ke KapaKTepHCTHKe roBOpHor
mrnaJia (B. <jjorteilluKa, apwuKyJta11uoHa <jjoHeilluKa, ayguwuBHa <jjortewuKa, ioBop).
• aJiropHTaM: CKyrr jaCHo ;z:i;ecpHHHcaHHX rrpou;e;z:i;ypa ( orrepau;Hja) Koje ce rrpHMeH>yjy y cTpHKTHo
o;z:i;pel)eHoM CJie;z:i;y KojHM ce ;z:i;oJia3H ;z:i;o o;z:i;pel)eHor II;HJha (B. xeypucwuKe).
• aJieKcHja: HeypOJIOIIIKH rropeMenaj KojH ce MaHHcpecTyje Kao HeMorynHOCT "t!HTaH>a CJiosa H
pe"tIH. Oco6a ca ;z:i;HjarH030M aJieKCHje MO)l(e ;z:i;a KOIIHpa pe"tIH H CJIOBa H TOKOM KOIIHpaH>a MO)l(e
;z:i;a HX Hp;eHTHcpHKyje, MO)l(e ;z:i;a IIHIIIe no AHKTaTy, aJIH HHje y CTaH>y ;z:i;a rrpO"tIHTa HaIIHCaHO (B.
afH03uje, BU3yeJtHe a1Ho3uje).
• aMHe3Hje: IIopeMenajH rraMneH>a ;z:i;o KojHX ;z:i;oJiasH yCJie;z:i; OIIITeneH>a Mosra, pasJIH"tIHTHX 060-
JheH>a HJIH TpayMe. MaHHcpecTyjy ce HJIH Kao ry6HTaK CTe'IeHHX 3HaH>a HJIH Kao HeMorynHOCT
ycsajaH>a HOBHX HHcpopMau;Hja (s. pewpoipagrta aMHe3uja, aHwepoipagHa aMHe3uja).
• aM:f3Hja: BpcTa ay;z:i;HTHBHe arnosHje Koja ce MairncpecTyje Kao OIIITeneH>e MJ3H'IKe rrepu;erru;Hje
H eKcrrpecHje. Oco6a c osaKBHM OIIITeneH>eM HHje y CTaH>Y ;z:i;a rresa, 3BH)l(p;H H He MO)l(e ;z:i;a rrpe-
rrosHa MeJIOp;Hjy HHTH ;z:i;a Ha H>Y eMOII;HOHaJIHO pearyje (B. afH03Uje, ayguUi.UBHe aiH03Uje).
• aHaJIH3a ,JJ;Hceypca: AHaJIH3a TeKCTa H roBopmrx 'IHHOBa Koja HaCTOjH ;z:i;a Hp;eHTHcpHKyje OCHOB-
He je;z:i;HHHII;e ;ri;HcKypca H YTBPAH rrpaBHJIHOCTH y H>HXOBHM Mel)yco6HHM BesaMa Koje 6H MO-
rne ;z:i;a ce Hspase Kpos cKyrr rrpasHJia. AHaJIH3a rroJia3H o;z:i; rroje;ri;HHa'IHHX roBopHHX 'IHHOBa,
HacTojenH ;z:i;a YTBPAH JiorHKY H>Hxosor pe;z:i;oCJie;z:i;a H Ha'IHHa rpyrrHcaH>a y IIIHpe u;eJIHHe (s.
472 KOrHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
op;Hocy Ha KopeH pe-rin, pa3JIHKyjeMO TPH BpCTe ac}mKca: upecjjuKce (ncrrpep; KOpeHa), uHcjjUKCe
(YHYTap KopeHa) H cycftuKce (Ha Kpajy KopeHa). Ac}mKCH Mory HJIH p;a MeIDajy OCHOBHO 3Ha-rieIDe
pe-rin (rrpeqmKCH H p;epnBan;noHH cycpnKCH) HJIH p;a crren;ncpnKyjy rpaMaTH"l!KH cTaryc pe-rin
(HHcpJieKCHOHH cycpHKCH) (B. MopcjjeM, Be3aHU MopcjjeM, ow6oqHu MopcjjeM, upecjjuKC, cycftuKC, UH-
cjjlleKCUOHU cycftuKC, qepueat1iUOHU cycftuKC, UHcjjUKC).
• ,,axa!" ,ri;O)KHBJbaj: (B. yeulja1-be).
• ACT (-rinTa ce Kao ,,eKT") IAdaptive Control of Thought/: Mop;eJI YKYIIHOr KOrHHTHBHor
cpYflKIJ;HOHHCaIDa Kojn je rrpe,IJJimKHO l,IoH AHp;epcoH. Mop;eJI, HMIIJieMeHTHpaH y pa-riYflapcKn
rrporpaM, cacTOjH ce op; TPH OCHOBHe KOMIIOHeHTe: paqHe MeMopuje, qeKllapaiUUBHe MeMopuje H
upoqyKUiUOHe MeMopuje. Pap;Ha MeMopnja je eKBHBaJieHTHa cTaHp;app;Ho cXBaneHoj orrepaTHBHoj
MeMopnjn, p;eKJiapaTHBHa MeMopnja je eKBHBaJieHTHa rrojMY p;yroTpajHe MeMopnje H y IDOj cy
TpajHO ycKJia)J;HIIITeHH p;eKJiapaTHBHH cap;p)KajH (-riHIDeHHIJ;e) H eIIH30,!J;M"l!KH cap;p)KajH ( cenaIDa),
p;oK je y rrpop;YKIJ;HOHoj MeMopnjn ycKJiap;HIIITeHo rrpon;ep;ypaJIHO 3HaIDe. AHp;epcoH pa3JIHKyje
TPH BpcTe cap;p)Kaja p;eKJiapaTHBHe MeMopnje: aucmpaKiUHe upouo3ut1iuje ycKJiap;nIIITeHe y Bep-
6aJIHOM Kop;y, epeMeHCKe HU30Be y KOjHMa je KO,!J;OBaH pep;ornep; "l!HIDeHHIJ;a H p;ora~aja H upo-
cmopHe CJlUKe y KojnMa cy Kop;oBaHn rrpocTOpHH op;HoCH p;aTor o6jeKaTa HJIH p;or~aja. ACT
ce pa3BHO H3 Mop;eJia rrop; Ha3HBOM HAM (Human Associative Memory) Kojn cy rrpep;JIO)KHJIH
AHp;epcoH n Eayep. TipBo6HTHa Bep3nja Mop;eJia, Ha3BaHa ACT-E je TOKOM rrorne,n;IDe TPH p;e-
n;eHnje p;O)KHBeJia HeKOJIHKO Mop;ncpnKan;nja Koje cy II03HaTe rrop; Ha3MBOM ACT* n ACT-R (B.
HAM, upoi103UUiUje).
• ACT*: PeBnp;npaHa Bep3nja ACT Mop;eJia l,IoHa AHp;epcoHa H3 cpep;nHe ocaMp;eceTHX rop;nHa
rrpoIIIJior BeKa (B. AC1).
• ACT-E: TipBo6HTHa Bep3nja ACT Mop;eJia l,IoHa AHp;epcoHa HaCTaJia cpep;HHOM cep;aMp;eceTHX
rop;nHa rrpoIIIJIOr BeKa (B. AC1).
• ACT-R: Tiornep;IDa Bep3nja ACT Mop;eJia l,IoHa AHp;epcoHa HaCTaJia rro-rieTKOM p;eBep;eceTHX ro-
p;nHa rrpoIIIJior BeKa (B. AC1).
• 6a.JiancnpaH>e eKcnepnMeHTa: Jep;Ha op; TeXHMKa 3a yjep;Ha-riaBaIDe p;ejcTBa (KOHTpoey) npeJie-
BaHTHHX Bapnja6JIH. CacTOjH ce yyjep;Ha-riaBaIDyyrnoBa eKcrrepnMeHTa y OKBnpy CBHX cpaKTopa
n CBHX HHBOa cpaKTopa (B. upelleBaHiUHe eapuja6Jle, eKcuepuMeHiU, eKcuepuMeHiUaJlHU cftaKmop,
Hueo eKcuepuMeHiUallHOf cftaKmopa).
• EacTHaHOBa acpasnja: (B. BepHuKeoea acfta3Uja).
• 6acpep: TipBa y HH3Y KOMIIOHeHTH o6pap;e HHcpopMan;nja y OKBnpy Epop;6eHTOBe Teopnje cpHJI-
Tepa. Y 6acpepy ce rrpnBpeMeHo cKJiap;HIIITe HHcpopMan;nje p;o6njeHe op; qyJia. I1HcpopMan;nje ce
cKJiap;HIIITe y HHTerpaJIHOM o6JIHKY aJIH cy HeocMHIIIJbeHe (HeMajy 3Ha-rieIDe). Eacpep je eKBH-
BaJieHTaH rrojMOBHMa ylla3HU KaHaJlU H 'LJYllHa Meopuja (B. meopuja cjjulliUepa, 'LJYllHa MeMopuja),
( eHrJI. buffer).
• 6esByqHe cpoHeMe: <DoHeMe KO,!J; KOjHX He IIOCTOjH aKTHBHOCT rJiaCHHIJ;a rrpHJIHKOM IDHXOBOr
rrpOH3BO~eIDa (Hrrp. /rr/, /Tl, !cpl) (B. cftoHeMa, 3BY'LJHe cftoHeMe).
• 6eJIH m:yM: 3BYK KOjH cap;p)lrn n;eJioKyrraH crreKTap cppeKBeHn;Hja Ha KOjH je oceTJbHB "l!OBeKOB
ayp;HTHBHH arrapaT (16 Hz - 20 000 Hz) /eHm. white noise/.
• 6nnaypa.JIHa npeseHTart;Hja: l1CTOBpeMeHO eMHTOBaIDe H)J;eHTH"l!HOr cap;p)Kaja Ha )J;Ba ayp;HTHB-
Ha I<aHaJia (B. quxoiUU'LJKa i1pe3eHiUat1iuja), (eHrJI. binaural presentation).
• 6HT: Mepa 3a KOJIH"l!HHY HHcpopMan;Hje. ,IJ;ecpHHHIIIe ce Kao p;yaJIHH JiorapHTaM BepoBaTHohe
(rrporropn;Hje) p;ora~aja i (p)y HeKOM CHCTeMY x (hi=-log2 p) /B. meopuja uHcjjopMat1iuje/, (eHrn.
bit - binary digit).
• 6nxejBHopa.Jina Teopnja O,ri;JiyqHBaH>a: (B. meopuja oqlly'LJuBa1-ba).
6nxejBHOpl13aM: TipaBan; y IICHXOJIOrHjH, HaCTaO IlO"t-!eTKOM xx BeKa, KOjH IIOJia3H op; CTaBa
p;a je rrpep;MeT IICHXOJIOrHje CIIOJbaIIIIDe, BH,!J;JbHBO IIOHaIIIaFbe. OcHOBHa IIIeMa T3B. KJlaCU'LJHOl
6uxejeuopu3Ma je S-R (cTMMYJIYC - peaKn;Mja). OcHnBa-ri 6nxejBHOpH3Ma je aMepH-riKH rrcnxoJior
OCHOBHI1 ITOJMOBI1 475
I,loH BoTCOH. Y Kacm1jHM peBH3HjaMa S - R rneMa ITOCTaje S - 0 - R rneMa, ITPH qeMY 0 ITpep;cTa-
BJDa opraHcKy BapHja6.rry, Tj. yttyTparnFhe CTaFhe opraHH3Ma Koje MO)l{:e p;a yrHl:J:e Ha ITOHarnaFhe (B.
10lacui1Hu 6uxejBuopU3aM, Heo6uxejBuopu3aM) .
• 6JIOKHpaHH KaHaJI: l13BOp HHcpOMau;Hja Ha KOjH ce He o6paha ITa)l{:fba y sap;aTKY ITpaheFha (B.
KaHaJl, 3agaill.aK apanel-ba, apaneHu KaHaJl, 6a<jjep ), ( eHrn. unattended channel).
• Epo,r.i;MaHoBa 110.JI>a: 3oHe y Mosry Koje ce pasJIHKyjy ITO CBojoj HeypanHoj apXHTeKTypH. I-bHxo-
BY TOITorpaqmjy je HaITpaBHO Kop6HHHjaH Epop;MaH KojH pasJIHKyje 47 soHa (ITolba) Koja KO-
pecrroHp;Hpajy c op;pe:l)eHHM cpyttKu;HjaMa. <l>yttKI.l;HOHaJIHO, Epop;MaHoBa ITOJba ce Mory rpy6o
ITO,II;eJIHTH y qeTHpH rpyrre (BHsyeJIHa ITepu;eITu;nja, ayp;nTHBHa ITepu;eITu;Hja, TeJieCHe ceHsau;nje
H MOTOpHKa). CBaKa rpyrra cap;p)l{:H Behn 6poj ITOJba Koja ce ,II;albe Mory rpyrrncaTM y ITPHMapHa
n ceKyttp;apHa, a Herp;e H Tepu;njapHa.
• EpoKaoBa acpa3nja: IlopeMehaj jesnqKe cpyttKu;nje p;o Kojer p;oJia3H yrnep; ITOBpep;e p;eJia cppoH-
TaJIHor pe)Kfha JieBe MO)l{:,II;aHe xeMHccpepe (EpoKaoBa soHa, 44. n 45. Epop;MaHoBo ITOJbe) Koja je
ITO ITpaBHJIY ITpalieHa KOHTpaJiaTepaJIHHM MOTOpHHM OIIlTeheFbHMa. foBop ce O,II;JIHKyje JIOIIlOM
apTHKyJiau;HjoM H crropoM, qecTO caKap;HqHoM ITpop;yKu;HjoM. 0Ba BpcTa acpasnje ITpaheHa je
arpaMaTH3MOM. Oco6e c oBaKBHM ornTelieFheM H30CTaBJbajy cpyttKI.l;HOHaJIHe peqH (ITpe,II;Jiore,
CBese, op;pe:l)eHH H Heop;pe:l)eHH qJiaH), ITOMOliHe rnaroJie H 3aMeHHu;e, ,II;OK je y HHcpJieKTHBHHM
jesHI.l;HMa Hspa)l{:eHo H30CTaBJbaFhe HHcpJieKCHOHHX cycpnKca. Yol:J:JbMBH cy H ITpo6JieMH ca pasy-
MeBaH>eM CHHTaKce ( aJITepHaTHBHH Ha3HBH: eifjepeHUl.Ha MOUl.opHa aifja3uja, KopUl.uKallHa gucap-
mpuja, Moill.opHa aifja3uja, Bep6MHa aifja3uja, 71eHUl.pam-ta Moill.opHa a<jja3uja) (B. aifja3uje).
• EpoKaoBa 30Ha: 3oHa y cppoHTaJIHOM pe)l{:fhy JieBe MO)l{:,II;aHe xeMnccpepe ( 44. n 45. Epop;MaHo-
BO ITOJbe) qnjoM ITOBpe,II;OM ,II;OJia3H ,Il;O OIIlTeheFba y ITpO,II;JKI.l;HjH H pasyMeBaFhy rpaMaTHqKe H
CHHTaKrnqKe nHcpopMau;nje (B. BpoKaoBa a<jja3uja).
• Ba,r.i;a TecT: TeXHHKa KojoM ce ITOCTH)Ke ITpnBpeMeHo 6JIOKHpaFbe pap;a JieBe HJIH p;ecHe MO)K,II;aHe
xeMHccpepe TaKo rnTo ce y jep;Hy op; apTepnja y6pnsra xeMHjCKa cyrrcTaHu;a (HaTpnjyM aMMTaJI).
• Be3aHH Mop<f>eM: MopcpeM KojH HeMa caMOCTaJIHO 3Haqefbe n Kojn ce p;op;aje Ha ocHoBy peqn.
(HITp. a'tf y aeB-a'tf, UU;a y Kyh-u71a, OM y gpyM-OM HT,II;.) /B. MopifjeM, CJlo6ogHu Mop<jjeM, a<jjuKC,
ocHoBa pe11u) (eHrJI. bound morfeme/.
• Bep6aJIHa a<f>a3Hja: (B. BpoKaoBa aifja3uja).
• Bep6aJIHH Ko.n;: <DopMaT ITpeHoca n cKJiap;HrnTefba HHcpopMau;nje y OKBnpy p;aTOr jesnqKor CH-
CTeMa (B. Kog, Bu3yellHU Kog), (eHrn. verbal code) .
• BepH<f>HKOBall>e HCKa3a: Yrnp:l)HBafbe p;a JIM je HCKa3 HCTHHHT.
• BepHMKeoBa a<f>a3nja: IlopeMehaj roBopa HacTao yrnep; ITOBpep;e TeMITopanHor pe)Kfha JieBe
MO)l{:,II;aHe xeMnccpepe (BepHHKeoBa 30Ha, 42. a ITOHeKa,II; H 21. H 39. Epop;MaHOBO IIOJbe). foBop
ce O,Il;JIHKyje oqYBaHOM apTHKyJiau;njoM H ITp030,II;HjOM, ,II;Y)l{:HHa peqeHnu;e m1je pe,II;JKOBaHa, ,D;OK
cy CHHTaKca H MopcpoJiomja HaoKo oqYBaHe. IlopeMehaj ce MaHncpecTyje y cap;p)Kajy ITpO,II;JKO-
BaHnx HCKasa. PeqeHHu;e HeMajy CMHCJia, peqn ce saMeFhyjy peqHMa ca p;pyraqHjMM 3HaqefheM,
a rroHeKap; ce jaBJba H ITapacpasnqHM )KaproH (HerrocTOjehe peqn). I1po6JieM ce He MaHncpecTyje
caMO y roBOpHoj ITpOp;yKI.l;HjM Bell Hy pasyMeBaFhy ITOje,II;HHaqHHX peqH H peqeHHu;a (aJITepHa-
THBHH Ha3MBM: ayguill.UBHo-pe71euill.uBHa a<jja3uja, ayguill.UBHO-Bep6MHa a1Ho3uja, BacmuaHoBa
aifja3uja, Kopill.uKaJlHa ceH3opHa aifja3uja, KoJJCeBHUKOB-BepHuKeoBa aifja3uja, IIuK-BepHuKeoBa
a<jja3uja, aocmepuopHa aifja3uja, pe4euill.UBHa aifja3uja, ceH3opHa a<jja3uja, BepHuKeoB a<jja3u11Hu
cuHgpoM), (B. aifja3uje).
• BepHHKeoB a<f>a3H'IHH CHH,rt;poM: (B. BepHuKeoBa aifja3uja).
• BepHHKeoBa 30Ha: ,l::(eo TeMrropanHor pe)Kfha JieBe MO)l{:,D;aHe xeMHccpepe ( 42. Epo,n:MaHoBo
ITOJbe) qnjoM ITOBpep;oM p;oJia3H p;o BepHMKeoBe acpasttje (B. BepHuKeoBa aifja3uja).
• BemTa'IKa MHTeJinremi;Hja: CnMyJiau;ttja KOrHMTHBHHX ITpou;eca ITOMohy paqyttapa ( eHrn. arti-
ficial intelligence - Al).
• BH3ye;rna arHo3nja: BpcTa arnosnje Koja ce MaHHcpecTyje Kao TernKoha y ITpeIT03HaBaFhy
476 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
afHo3uja, aaep11euil1UBHa 6U3ye1£Ha afH03uja, Ulecm HeqoBpmeHux CllOBa), ( eHrn. Gollin Picture Task) .
• GPS: (General Problem Solver), (B. YHU6ep3aJlHa MaUlUHa 3a pemaBaHJe apo6JleMa).
• rpaMaTHKa cJ.>pasHHX cTpyKrypa: II01<yrnaj ,n:a ce CHHTaKCHqKa CTPYKTypa peqeH11u;e orrnrne
rrpeKo orpaH11qeHor cKyrra rrpam:Uia Koja 611 reHep11caJia cBe rpaMaT11qHe peqeH11u;e ,n:aTor je-
311Ka 11 eJillMllHllCaJia CBe HerpaMaTwrne peqeH11u;e. Je,n:aH o,n: OCHOBHMX rrpo6JieMa rpaMaTllKe
cppasH11x CTPYKTYPa je HeMorynHOCT ,n:a ce peqeH11u;e ca 11cT11M 3HaqefbeM aJill pasn11q11TOM
CTPYKTJPOM (Hrrp. aKTllBHe 11 rrac11BHe pe':IeH11u;e) CTPYKTYPaJIHO rrp11Kalliy Kao pe'IeH11u;e ca
11cT11M 3Ha'leH>eM (B. mpaHca<jjopMa11uoHa zpaMailluKa), ( emn. phrase structure grammar).
.. rpacJ.>eMCKO npHMOBalbe: <Dau;MJI11Tau;11ja MJill llHXM611u;11ja ,n:o Koj11x ,n:oJia3ll yrne,n: rpacpeMCKe
(opTorpacpcKe) CJill'IHOCTll ll3Me~y KOHTeKCTa 11 CTllMJJIYCa MeTe (B. upuMOBaHJe, pOHOJlOUlKO
apuMoBaHJe, ceMaHU1U1iKO apuMoBaHJe, aco11ujail1UBHO apuMOBaHJe), (eHrn. graphemic priming).
• rpacJ.>oTaKTnqKa orpaHnqeH>a: OrpaH11':IeFba y MorynHOCTll saje,n:Hll':IKor rrojaBJDllBaFba ,n:Ba rpa-
cpeMa. Y cprrcKOM jes11Ky cy s6or rrp11po,n:e opTOrpacp11je rpacpoTaKTll':IKa orpaH11':IeFba y BeJI11Koj
Mep11 aHaJIOrHa cpoHOTaKTllqKllM orpaH11':IeFb11Ma. y eHrnecKOM jes11Ky, y KojeM HeMa ,n:ocne,n:-
HOr rpacpeMcKo-cpoHeMcKor rrpecn11KaBaH>a, oBa orpaHll':IeFba H11cy aHaJIOrHa cpoHoTaKTll':IKllM
orpaH11':IeFbHMa (B. <jjoHoillaKU1U1iKa ozpaHu1ieHJa), (eHrn. graphotactic constraints) .
• )l;BOCTPYKH 3a)l;aTaK: EKcrrep11MeHTaJIHll IIOCTyrraK y KojeM ce o,n: llCIIllTaHllKa Tpallill ,n:a llCTO-
BpeMeHO o6aBJba ,n:Ba sa,n:aTKa MJill ,n:Be orrepau;11je. IIocTyrraK ce KOpllCTll y llCIIllTllBaFby llHTep-
cpepeHu;11je, TaKo IIITO ce rrpaT11 oMeTaFbe y o6aBJDaH>y je,n:Hor sa,n:aTI<a ycne,n: o6aBJDaFba ,n:pyror
3a,n:aTKa. 3a,n:aTaK q11je ce o6aBJDaFbe oMeTa pa,n;oM Ha ,n:pyroM sa,n:aTKY Has11Ba ce apuMapHu
3aqaillaK, ,n;oK ce sa,n:aTaK Koj11M ce oMeTa o6aBJDaFbe rrp11MapHor sa,n:aTKa Ha311Ba ceKyHqapHu
3aqaillaK (B. UHU1ep<jjepeH11uja), (eHrJI. dual task).
• JJ;BocJ.>a3HH MOJJ;eJIH napcHpaH>a: (B. ayilloHOMHU Mogellu aapcupaHJa) .
• JJ;e)l;)7KTHBHa o6paJJ;a: 06pa,n:a KO,ll; Koje IIOCTOjI1 JTllTI;aj BllIIIllX HllBOa (3Ha':IeFbCKMX u;eJillHa)
Ha o6pa,n:y HlllliMX HllBOa ( eneMeHaTa o,n: Koj11x ce u;en11Ha cacToj11) /Hrrp. rrperrosHaBaFhe cnoBa
611ne onaKrnaHo YKOJI11Ko ce HaJias11 y KOHTeKcTy pe-q11/ (B. uHqyKillUBHa o6paqa, e<jjeKaill cyae-
puopHocmu pe1iu), (eHrn. top-down processing).
• )l;e,ll;)7KTHBHO 3aKlbyq1rnaH>e: IIpou;ec y KOjeM ce 113 je,n:He MJill BllIIIe OIIIIITMX TBp,ll;Fbll (rrpeM11ca)
ll3BO,ll;ll saKJDy-qaK. YKOJillKO je saKJDy-q11Bafhe JIOfll'IKll 11crrpaBHO, HYlliHO cne,n:1111 .r:i:a je saKJDy-qaK
11crrpaBaH. Jior11':IKll 11crrpaBaH saKJDy-qaK He Mopa ,n:a 6y,n:e 1111crrpaBaH y o,n:Hocy Ha penau;11je y
peaJIHOM CBery. 0Baj ycJIOB je llCIIYfbeH caMO aKO cy rrpeMllCe TaqHe (B. 3a10bJ1iU6a1-be, UHqyK-
UlUBHO 3a10by1iuBaHJe).
" JJ;eKJiapaTHBHa MeMopHja: KoMrroHeHTa ACT Mo,n:ena Koj11 je rrpe,n:nolli110 I;:oH AH,n:epcoH y
Kojoj je ca,n:p:>KaHo 3Hafbe o rrojMOBllMa (B. ACT), (eHrn. declarative memory).
" )l;eKJiapaTHBHO 3HaH>e: Ca,n:p:>Kaj ,n:yroTpajHe MeMop11je Koj11 o6yxBaTa 3HaI'he o rrojMoB11Ma 11
3Hafba pasn11':I11Te BpcTe (Hrrp. 3HaH>e o TOMe KaKo rnac11 II11Tarop11Ha TeopeMa) /B. apowqypall-
HO 3HaHJe/, (eHrJI. declarative knowledge).
.. ;a;eJIHMM'-IHH H3BemTaj: EKcrrep11MeHTaJIHll sa,n:aTaK y KOjeM ce o,n: llCIIllTaHllKa sax:reBa ,n:a pe-
rrpo.n:YKyje caMO OHe ,n:eJIOBe CTllMynyca KOjll cy IIOCJie rrpecTaHKa rrp11Ka311Bafba 03HaqeHll llH-
,ll;llKaTOpOM (B. aomayHu U3Bemmaj), (eHrn. partial report).
• Aep1rnau;n0Ha MopcJ.>mmrnja: 06nacT Mopcponomje Koja ce 6aB11 11sBe,n:eH11M 06n11u;11Ma pe-q11
KOjll cy MapK11paH11 ,n:ep11BaIJ;llOHllM cycp11KCHMa (B. qepu6a11UOHU cy<jjuKC, Mop<jjollotuja).
0
;a;epHBa:o;HOHH cycJ.>HKC: BesaHll MopcpeM (HaCTaBaK) Ha Kpajy pe':Ill KOjll MO,n:11cp11Kyje FbeHO
OCHOBHO 3Ha':Iefbe (Imp. Kyn-u11a - ,n:eMllHJTllB o,n: Kyna) (B. a<jjuKC, UH<jjlleKCUOHU cy<jjuKC, qepu-
Ba11u0Ha Mopcjjollotuja, Be3aHu Mop<jjeM) .
• ,IJ;epHBa:u;HoHa TeopHja KOMilJleKCHOCTH: IIpHcTyrr ITO KojeM cy KOrHllTllBHO KOMIIJieKCHllje, a
caMllM TllM 11 Tellie 3a o6pa,n:y, OHe pet.JeHHIJ;e Koje y CBOjoj ,n:epHBaIJ;llOHOj llCTOp11j11 llMajy Beb.11
6poj TpaHccpopMaIJ;Hja (B. U1paHcpopMa11UOHa tpaMaillUKa, qy6UHCKa cillpyKillypa, UOBpUtuHCKa
cmpyKmypa), ( emn. derivational theory of complexity-DTC).
478 KOrHI1TI1BHA I1CI1XOJIOfI1JA
Kojrr ce mma3e y cpep;irnH H3Jiara1na (B. 3aqaillaK CJw6oqHe peapoqyK4uje, erfie1<.aill uo11eiUKa,
erpeKaill Kpaja), (eHTJI. serial position effect).
• ecpeKaT rroqeTKa: Hana3 )];a ce y 3a)J;aTKY rno6o)J;He perrpo,ll;JKIJ;Hje 6oJDe penpO,ll;JKyjy CTIIMYJIY-
crr rrprrKa3aHH Ha no11eTKY JIIICTe y O,ll;Hocy Ha CTIIMYJIYCe H3 cpe,ll;IIHe JIIICTe ( aJITepHaTHBHII
Ha3HB: erpeKaill apuMa4uje) (B. erpeKaill uo3u4uje y Hu3y, erpeKaill Kpaja, 3aqaillaK c!lo6oqHe pe-
apoqyKt{uje ), (eHTJI. primacy effect).
• ecpeKaT rrpHMan;Hje: (B. erpeKaill uo11eiUKa).
• ecpeKaT rrporrarror yJiaralba: TeH,ll;eHu;Hja ,ll;a ,ll;O,ll;aTHO yJia)KeMo KaKO 6rrcMo Ha,ll;OKHa,ll;IIJIH H3ry-
6JDeHo, rraKo je pa3yMHIIje o)J;ycTaTII O,ll; ,ll;aJDer ynaralba (B. meopuja oqlly11uBa1-ba, aBep3uja apeMa
iy6umKy), (eHrn. sunk-cost effect).
" ecpeKaT pe:u;eH:u;Hje: (B. erpeKaill Kpaja) .
• ecpeKaT ceMaHTHqKe KOHrpyeHTHOCTH: YTrru;aj 3Ha'lelbCKe KOMnOHeHTe, Tj. 3Halba ycKJia,ll;H-
IIITeHOT y )J;yTOTpajHoj MeMoprrjH, Ha 6p3IIHY ,ll;OHOillelba cy)J;a. ,I(OHOillelbe cy,ll;a ( O,D)I)'Ke) 6rrne
6p)Ke JKOJIHKO je npou;elbHBaHa ,ll;IIMeH3Hja KOHrpyeHTHa (y carnarnocnr) c O,ll;roBapajynoM
ceMaHTII'lKOM ,ll;HMeH3IIjoM. Ha nprrMep, aKo ce wcnHTaHHKY nprrKa)Ky )];Ba 6anoHa Ha pa3JIH'1II -
TOj BHCHHII, BpeMe pearoBalba lie 6IITH Kpane aKO HM ce nocTaBH nIITalbe ,,KojH je 6anoH BIIIIm?"
Hero aKO HM ce fIOCTaBH IlIITalbe ,,KojH je 6aJIOH HII)KH?'' jep Hallle 3Halbe 0 6anoHy Ca,ll;p)KH H
OMIIKY )];a 6anoHII H,ll;J ,,y BHCIIHy" ( eHrn. semantic congruity effect).
" ecpeKaT CHM60JIH'1Ke ,ll;HCTaHn;e: a) y OTJie,ll;IIMa y KOjIIMa ce O,ll; HCnIITaHHKa Tpa)lrn )];a npou;e-
He ,ll;Ba nojMa no pa3JIHqHTIIM KpHTeprrjyMrrMa BpeMe npou;elbIIBalba 6rrne Kpane JKOJIHK.o je
pa3mfKa (,ll;IICTaHu;a) H3Mel)y µ;Ba nojMa Belia. 6) y IICTpa)KHBalbHMa MeHTaJIHe BH3YaJIH3au;Hje
Koja cy HMaJia 3a u;IIJD yTBpi)HBalbe aHanornje H3Me])y nepu;enTHBHe eKcrrJiopau;Hje H MeHTaJI-
He eKcrIJiopau;rrje BH3yeJIHHX npe,ll;CTaBa yTBp}jeHo je p;a je npeJia3aK H3 je)J;He y ,ll;pyry Ta11Ky
BH3yenHe npe,ll;cTaBe .JJ;y)Ke JKOJIHKO Me])y IbHMa nocTOjH Bena ,ll;HCTaHu;a (B. erpeKaill gucmarrv,e,
aHallotJ-te upegcillaBe, Mertilla!l1-1a BU3yallu3a4uja), (eHrn. symbolic distance effect).
• ecpeKaT cyrrepHopHOCTH peqn: <I>eHoMeH ,ll;a ce CJIOBa H,ll;eHTmpm<yjy 6p)Ke H ca Malbe rpelllaKa
YKOJIHKO ce HaJia3e y KOHTeKcTy pe11H Hero aKO cy npHKa3aHa H30JIOBaHO IIJIH y KOHTeI<CTY
ncey,ll;ope11H ( eHrJI. word superiority effect).
" ecpeKaT THIIHqHOCTH: I1cKa3H KOjH Ha Mecry cy6jeKTa cap;p)Ke nojMOBe KOjH cy THnH'lHH npep;CTaB-
HHIJ;H Ha;i:i;pe])ette I<aTeropHje 03Ha'leHe npep;HKaTOM, BepmpHKyjy ce H KaTeropHIII)' 6p)Ke O,ll; HCKa3a
KOjH cap;p)Ke nojMOBe KOjH HHcy THnW:IHH npe,ll;CTaBHHIJ;H KaTeropHje (B. 3aqaillaK 6epurpuKa4uje,
3agaillaK Kailleiopu3a4uje, muau111-1ocm, ceMa1-1mu11Ka MeMopuja), (eHrn. typicality effect).
" ecpeKaT cpoHeMcKe pecTaypa:u;Hje: Y eKcrrepHMeHTHMa y KojwMa je O,ll;pe])eHa <}:>oHeMa y pe11w 3a-
Melbe:mi IllYMOM HCnHTaHHIJ;H caonlllTaBajy ,ll;a cy je 'lYJIH, ynpKOC ':IHibeHHIJ;H ,Il;a mrje qm3H'IKH
npHCJTHa. 0Baj <}:>eHoMeH ce o6jaIIIIbaBa YTHu;ajeM KOHTeKcTyarrnwx 'lHHIIJiau;a (Hnp. 3Ha'lelbe
pe1111 H peLiemru;e) (eHrn. phonemic restoration).
• e<l:>epeHTHa MOTop1m acpa3Hja: (B. BpoKaoea arfia3uja).
" exoJiqKa MeMopHja: Ay,ll;HTHBHH acneKT 11yJIHe MeMopwje. ExoH11Ka MeMop11ja HMa CJie,ll;ene Ka-
paKTepHCTHKe: a) HH<}:>opMau;Hja ce 3a,ll;p)KaBa y HHTerpaJIHOM o6mIKy, 6) HH<}:>OpMau;Hja HHje
OCMHIIIJbeHa H B) Tpajalbe HH<}:>OpMan;Hje H3HOCH 2-4 ceKytt,n;e (B. 11YllHa MeMopuja, UKOHU11Ka
MeMopuja), (eHTJI. echoic memory, echoic storage, auditory memory, auditory storage).
" 3aBHCHa BapHja6Jia: 0)J;a6paHH HH,ll;HKaTop y noHalllalby HCnHTaHHKa ,ll;O '1Hjer Bapwpalba ,n;o-
Jia3H yrne,n; ,n;ejcTBa He3aBHCHe Bapwja6Jie (B. e1<cuepuMe1-1Ul, 1-1e3aeuc1-1a eapuja6!la).
• 3a,D;aTaK Epaytta H IleTepcoHOBHX: ITocTynaK 3a wcnHTHBalbe 3a,Il;p)l<aBalba MaTepwjana y one-
paTHBHoj MeMopwjw. Ha eKpaHy ce KpaTKOTpajHo np1ma3yjy TpmpaMH (TpH cJioBa IIJIH 6poja),
a 3a,IJ,aTaK HCHHTaHHKa je ,n;a HX penpo,n;JKyjy. Henocpe,n;uo no npHKa3HBalby TpwrpaMa yBo,n;H ce
mrcTpaKTop TaKO IllTO HCHHTamru;w 6poje ytta3a,n;, npeCKaqynw no TPH 6poja, )];a 6H ce H36erno
npeCJIHIIIaBalbe. ,I(y)KHHa Tpajalba ,n;HcTpaKTopa je Baprrja6IIJIHa (eHrn. Brown-Peterson task).
" 3a,u;aTaK BepHcpHKan;Hje: EKcnepHMeHTaJIHH nocTyrraK y KojeM ce O,Il; HCTIHTaHHKa Tpa)l{H ,n;a
OCHOBHJi IIOJMOBI1 481
Beprrqn1Kyje npHKa3aHH O,II;HOC (o,II;pe,II;e I:beroBy HCTHHOCHY Bpe,II;HOCT) /Hnp. ,,Ilac je mcap.",
,,3+2=5", ,,6<9" HT,II;./ (B. 3aqaillaK ceMm-tillU'LJKe eepu<jjuKa11uje, 3aqaillaK eepu<jjuKoBaHJa oq1-1oca
CllUKe u ucKa3a/, (eHrn. verification task).
• sa,a:anrn: BepnQ.JnKan;nje o,a:Hoca CJIHKe H HCKasa: BaprrjaHTa sa,II;aTKa BepmpHKau;rrje. IlprrKasyje
ce nap CTHMJJIYCa y KojeM je je,II;aH CTHMJJIYC CJIMKOBHH (Hnp. Tpoyrao H3Ha,II; KBa,II;paTa), ,II;OK je
,II;pyrH CTHMJJIYC HCKa3 y KojeM cy TaqHo HJIH HeTa'IHO npe,II;CTaBJbeHH 0,Il;HOCH y CJIHKOBHOM CTM-
MYJIYcy. 3a,II;aTaK HCnHTaHHKa je ,II;a 0,Il;fOBOpH ,II;a JIM O,Il;HOC ,II;aT y HCKasy O,Il;fOBapa 0,Il;HOCY ,II;aTOM
Ha CJIHIJ;H (B. 3aqaillaK eepu<jjuKa11uje), (eHrn. picture-sentence verification).
• sa,a:aTaK rpaMaTWIKe emuxyan;rrje: EKcneprrMeHTaJIHH nocTyrraK y KojeM ce npHKasyje HCKas, a
3a,II;aTaK HCnHTaHHKa je ,II;a 0,Il;fOBOpH (npHTHCKOM Ha TaCTep ,,,II;a/He") ,II;a JIH je npHKa3aHH HCKa3
rpaMaTH'IaH HJIH HMje (eHrn. grammatical judgment task).
" sa,a:aTaK rrsroBapalba: BaprrjaHTa sa,II;aTKa jesH'IKe npo,IJ;yK:u;rrje. CacTOjH ce y BHsyeJIHOM nprrKa-
3HBal:by je3H'1K0f MaTeprrjaJia (Hrrp. CJIOBa, pe'IM HJIH pe'IeHrru;e), a sa,II;aTaK HCIIHTaHHKa je ,II;a
H3fOBOpH rrprrKa3aHe CTHMJJIYCe. 3aBHCHe BapHja6Jie cy BpeMe npOTeKJIO O,Il; TpeHJTKa nprrKa-
3HBal:ba CTHMJJIYCa ,Il;O TpeHJTKa H3fOBapaI:ba H npou;eHaT rpeIIIaKa ( aJITepHaTHBHH Ha3HBH: 3aqa-
UlaK uMeHoBaHJa u 3aqaUlaK 'LiUUlaHJa Ha'lllac) /B. 3aqa11u je3U'LiKe upoqyK11uje/, (emJI. naming task).
• sa,a:aTaK HMeHoBalba: (B. 3aqaillaK U3'loeapa1-ba).
• sa.a:aTaK KaTeroprrsau;Mje: EKcnepHMeHTaJIHH nocTyrraK y KojeM ce npHKasyje nap CTHMYJIYCa, a
sap:aTaK HCnHTaHHKa je ,n;a O,Il;fOBOpH (rrpHTHCKOM Ha TaCTep ,II;a/He) ,II;a JIH npHKa3aHH CTHMYJIY-
ClI nprrrra,II;ajy HCToj KaTeropHjH (Hnp. epa6a11: folly6, epa6a11: Ma'LiKa) HJIH ,II;a JIH ,II;aTH CTMMYJIYC
rrpHrra,II;a Ha,II;pel)eHoj KaTeroprrjM (Hnp. epa6a11: amu11a, epa6a11: pu6a). IlocTOje H BaprrjaHTe y
KojrrMa ce nprrKasyje caMo je,II;aH CTHMYJIYC a HCITHTaHHKY ce yttarrpep: o,II;pe,II;H KaTeroprrja (Hrrp.
rrprrKasyje ce 6poj a sa,II;aTaK rrcnrrTaHHKa je ,II;a o,II;pep:rr ,II;a JIH rrprrrra,II;a KJiacrr rrapHHX HJIH He-
napHHX 6pojeBa), (B. 3aqaUlaK eepu<jjuKa11uje), (eHrn. categorization task).
• sa,a:aTaK KOHaqHe CJio6o,a:He penpo,a:yi<n;Mje: ( B. 3aqaillaK Cllo6oq1-1e peupoqyK11uje), (eHrn. final
free recall).
• Sa,!J;aTaK JieKcMqKe O)l)IyKe: IlocTyrraK sa HCnHTMBal:be KOrHHTHBHe o6pap:e je3HKa. CacTOjH ce y
rrpHKa3HBal:by HH3a CJIOBa O,Il; KOjHX cy HeKH pe'IM p:aTOr je3HKa (Hnp. Ula6lla) a HeKH rrcey,II;ope'IH
(Hnp. Ulllo<jja). 3a,II;aTaKHCIIHTaHHKa je,II;a rrpHTHCKOM Ha TaCTep (,II;a/He) O,Il;fOBOpH,II;aJIHjerrpHKa-
3aHH HHS pe'I ,II;aTOr jesm<a, Tj. ,II;a JIH HMa 3Ha-c.1el:be (B. 3aqa11u je3U'LiKe KJlacu<jjuKa11uje, uceyqope'Li),
( eHrJI. lexical decision task).
• sa,a:aTaK Henocpe,a:He CJio6o.a:He penpo,a:yi<n;Mje: (B. 3aqaillaK Cllo6oq1-1e peupoqyK11uje), (eHm.
immediate free recall).
• sa,a:aTaK o,a:Jio)KeHe pe,a:He penpo,a:yi<n;Mje: ( B. 3aqaillaK cllo6oq1-1e peupoqyK11uje), (eHm. delayed
serial recall).
• sa,a:aTaK o,a:Jio)KeHepenpo.a:yi<n;Mje: (B. 3aqaUlaK cllo6oq1-1e peupoqyK11uje), (eHrJI. delayed recall).
• sa,a:aTaK O,a:JIO)KeHe CJio6o,a:He penpo.a:yi<n;Mje: (B. 3aqaillaK cllo6oq1-1e peupoqyK11uje, 3aqaillaK
peq1-1e peupoqyK11uje), (eHrn. delayed free recall).
• sa,a:aTaK npanelha: EKcrrepHMeHTaJIHH nocTyrraK y KojeM ce MCIIHTaHHil;HMa MCTOBpeMe-
HO rrpm<asyjy (ay,II;HTMBHO HJIH BHsyeJIHo) ,II;Ba ca,II;p:a<aja, a I:bMXOB sa,II;aTaK je ,II;a penpO,II;JKyjy
ca,II;p)Kaj Ha KOjH HM je HHCTPJKIJ;HjOM CKpeHYTa na)KJ:ba (B. 6JloKupaHU KaHall, apaneHU KaHall),
(eHrJI. shadowing task).
0
sa,a:aTaK npeno3HaBalba: IlocTyrraK KOjH ce KOpHCTM y HCnHTHBal:by rraMnel:ba. HcrrHTaHHIJ;M-
Ma ce nprrKasyje JIHCTa CTHMYJIYCa, a I:bHXOB sa,II;aTaK je p:a nocJie H3BeCHOr BpeMeHa y OKBHPY
HOBe )IlICTe y Kojoj ce HaJia3e M CTHMJJIYCH KOjM HMCY npeTXO,Il;HO npHKa3aHH (P:HCTpaKTOpH)
rrp:eHTmpm<yjy CTMMYJIYCe HS rrpeTXO,Il;HO nprrKasaHe JIHCTe ( eHrJI. recognition task).
• sa,a:aTaK npon;elbMBalha: IlocTyrraK KOjH ce KOpHCTM y MCIIHTHBal:by rraMnel:ba H Ha'IHHa Ha
KOjH cy nojMOBH ycKJia,II;HIIITeHH y ceMaHTH'IKOj MeMOpHjH. IlOIIITO ce rrpHKa)Ke JIHCTa CTM-
MYJIYCa, O,II; rrcrrrrTaHHKa ce saxTeBa ,II;a rrpou;eHM ,II;a JIH je Heim CTHMYJIYC rrprrKasaH Ha no'IeTKy,
482 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
• saKJJ:>f'IHBaH>e: IIpou;ec y KojeM ce Ha ocHoBy II03HaTor ,n;oJia3H ,n;o YBHAa o He"tJeMy IIITO Hrrje
II03HaTO, aJIH CJie,IJ;H H3 II03HaTor (B. uHgyKUi.U6HO 3a10by11U6aHJe, gegyKUi.U6HO 3a10by11u6aHJe).
• 3aKOH ,IJ;HHaMM'IKe 11011apusau;uje: 3aKOH KOjH je IIOCTaBHO PaMOH H Kaxan no KojeM neJIHje
rrprrMajy HHcpopMau;rrje rrpeKo Tena HeypoHa H ,n;eH,n;prrTa, rrpoBo,n;enrr HX y je,n;HoM rrpaBu;y
,Il;O 3aBpIIIeTKa aKCOHa, IIITO ce HCIIOCTaBHJIO Kao OCHOBHH MexaHH3aM Ha KojeM ce 3aCHHBajy
HeypanHe Be3e.
• 3ByqHe cpoHeMe: <DoHeMe KO,Il; KOjHX IIOCTOjH aKTHBHOCT macHrru;a rrpHJIHKOM H>HXOBOr rrpoH3-
Bol)eH>a (B. <fioHeMa, 6e3BY11He <fioHeMe).
• us6opno BpeMe pearoBaH>a: BpeMe pearoBaH>a (3aBHCHa Baprrja6na) y eKcrreprrMeHTHMa y
KOjHMa ce O,Il; HCIIHTaHHKa 3ax:TeBa H36op H3Mel)y Bener 6poja MorynHOCTH, rrpH "tleMy CBaKa
o,n; MorynHOCTH HMa rroce6aH KaHan (Hrrp. TacTep) 3a ,n;aBaH>e o,n;roBopa (B. BpeMe peafoBaHJa,
apocmo BpeMe peafoBaHJa), (eHr. choice reaction time).
• H30JIOBana peTporpa.a;na aMnesuja: YCJie,n; rroBpe,n;e rrpeµ;H>er µ;ena TeMrropanHor pe)l(H>a ,n;ona-
3H ,Il;O aMHe3Hje Koja MO)l(e µ;a 3axBaTH BenH rreprro,n; )l(HBOTa, a IIOHeKa,n; H ,n;a H36prrIIIe CBa
cenaH>a. IJau;rrjeHTH COBaKBHM IIOBpep;aMa MOry IIOHeKa,IJ; p;a yCBajajy HOBa 3HaH>a (B. aMHe3Uja,
pemporpagHa aMHe3uja, aHwepotpagHa aMHe3uja).
• HKonuqKa MeMopuja: Brr3yeJIHH acrreKT -qynHe MeMop11je. KapaKTeprrcTHKe HKOHH"tJKe MeMo-
prrje cy: a) HHcpopMau;rrja ce 3a,n;p)l(aBa y CBOM HHTerpanHoM o6nm<y, 6) TpajaH>e HHcpopMa-
u;rrje H3HOCH OKO IIOJia ceKYHAe H B) HHcpopMau;rrja je rrpeKaTeropHjaJIHa (Hrrje OCMHIIIJbeHa)
(B. 11yllHa MeMopuja, exou11Ka MeMopuja), (eHrJI. iconic memory, iconic storage, short term visual
memory, short term visual storage).
• HJioicyu;uona Moh: HaMepa Kojy roBopHHK )l(eJIH ,n;a peanH3yje HCKa30M. IIprrMep HJioKyu;rroHe
MOnH cy HCKa3H KOjHMa ce H3pa)l(aBa 3arroBe,LJ;aH>e, MOJI6a, Tpa)l(eJDe HT,Il;, rrpH "tleMy BenHHa
HCKa3a HMa CBojy BHIIIe HJIH MaH>e H3pa)l(eHy HJIOKyIJ;HOHY KOMIIOHeHTY (B. llOKy4uoHa Mon,
aepll0Ky4u0Ha Mon), ( eHrJI. illocutionary force, illocutionary act).
• HJIOicyU;HOHH qun: (B. UllOKy4uoHa Mon).
• HMaren: TepMHH .AJiaHa IIaHBHja Kojrr ce o,n;Hocrr Ha BH3yenHe rrpeµ;cTaBe Koje cy, rrpeMa Teo-
prrjrr ,LJ;BOCTPYKOr Koµ;a, ycKJia,n;HIIITeHe y 3ace6HoM µ;oMeHy µ;yroTpajHe MeMoprrje (B. meopuja
gBocmpyKofKoga, llOfofeH), (eHm. imagen) .
• HH,!J;fKTHBHa o6pa.a;a: 06pa,n;a Koja IIO"lIHH>e O,Il; ,,HH)l(HX" HHBOa (Hrrp. OCHOBHHX eJieMeHaTa HJIH
,Il;HCTHHKTHBHHX OAJIHKa) H HaCTaBJba ce o6pap;oM ,,BHIIIHX" HHBOa (Hrrp. CJIO)l(eHHje KOHcprrry-
pau;rrje). Haj"tJeIIIne ce o,n;Brrja HCTOBpeMeHo ca p:e,n;yKTHBHOM o6pa,n;oM (B. gegyKUi.UBHa o6paga),
( eHrJI. bottom-up processing).
• HH,!J;fKTHBHO 3aK.JbyqHBaH>e: 3aKJby-qHBaH>e Koje IIOJia3H op; rroje,n;HHa"tJHHX "lJHH>eHrru;a HJIH IIO-
CMaTpaH>a Koje ce 3aTHM reHepanrr3yje Ha u;eJIOKJIIHY rrorrynau;rrjy HJIH KJiacy. 3a pa3JIHKY o,n; ,n;e-
AJKTHBHor 3aKJby-qrrBaH>a KOP: 1<0jer HY)l(HO CJie,n;rr rrcrrpaBaH 3aKJby-qaK YKOJIHKO je 3aKJby-qHBaH>e
rrcrrpaBHO a rrpeMrrce Ta"tJHe, c HHAYKTHBHHM 3aKJby-qHBaH>eM TO HHje cJ.ry•rnj. Ta"tIHOCT rrpeMrrca
He rapaHTyje rrcrrpaBHOCT 3aKJby-qKa, rra je 3aKJby-qaK ,n;o6rrjeH HHAYKTHBHHM IIJTeM rrcrrpaBaH c
o,n;pel)eHoM BepoBaTHonoM (B. 3a10by11uBaHJe, gegyKUi.UBHo 3a10by11uBaHJe).
• HHey6au;uja: Je,n;Ha O,Il; "tJeTHpH rrpeTIIOCTaBJbeHe cpa3e peIIIaBaH>a rrpo6JieMa H KpeaTHBHOr
MHIIIJbeH>a (ocTaJie cpa3e cy apuapeMa, ullyMuHa4uja H Bepu<jJuKa4uja). IIpemocTaBJba ce ,n;a
TOKOM OBe cpa3e ,LJ;OJia3H ,Il;O HeCBeCHOr pap:a Ha rrpo6JI~MY KOjH ce op:rrrpaBa IIOIIITO rrpecTaHe
CBeCHH, aKTHBHH pap: Ha peIIIaBaH>y KOjH HHje ,LJ;OBeO ,Il;O peIIIeH>a. MHorH aYTOPH OBaj rrojaM
rrprrMajy ca pe3epBoM, cMaTpajynrr ,n;a HeMa eMrrrrprrjCKy rromopy (B. yBuhaHJe, <fia3a apuapeMe,
<fia3a UHKy6a4uje, <fia3a UllYMUHa4uje, <fia3a Bepu<jJuKa4uje).
• HHTerpaTHBHa arnosuja: Bpcrn BH3yeJrne arHo3rrje Koja 3axBaTa paHe cpa3e BH3yenHe o6pa-
,n;e. Oco6a c OBaKBHM OIIITeneH>eM HHje y CTaH>y µ;a HHTerprrIIIe eJieMeHTe CJIO)l(eHor CKJIOIIa y
CMHCaOHY u;eJIHHY (B. afH03Uja, auep4ei1Ui.U6Ha 6U3yellHa afH03Uja).
• HHTepaKTHBHH MO,IJ;eJIH rrapcupaH>a: IIprrcryrr o6pa,n;H pe"tieHHu;e KOjH rrpeTIIOCTaBJba µ;a y paHoj
484 KOfHI1TI1BHA IICI1XOJIOfJ1JA
cpamr o6pa,11;e yrm:i;aj, rrope.D: CMHTaKrnqKe, IIMajy II .D:pyre BpcTe IIHcpopMan;IIja (m1p. ceMaHTIIqKa).
HHTepaKTIIBHII M0,11;eJIII rraprnpaI:ba cy rro rrpaBMJIY je,11;Hocpa3HII, jep rro11ase 0.11: rrpeTIIOCTaBKe .D:a
y rroqeTHIIM cpasaMa o6pa,11;e II CMHTaKCJiqKa II ceMaHTJ1qKa IIHcpopMan;IIja yqecTByjy y CTBapaFby
perrpeseHTan;IIje peqeHIIn;e (B. aapcupaHJe, ayUi.oHOMHU Mogellu aapcupa1-ba, aymortoMHocm curt-
Ui.aKce), (eHrn. interactive models ofparsing, one-stage models ofparsing).
• HHTepBaII HsMef)y ,IJ;Ba sa,IJ;aTKa: BpeMe rrpoTeKJio o.n; .n;aBaFba o.n;roBopa Ha je.n;aH CTIIMYJIYC (MJIII
rrpecTaHKa rrpIIKa3IIBaFba je.n;Hor CTIIMYJIYCa) ,z:i;o rrojaBJDIIBaFha rne,z:i;ener CTIIMJJIYCa. HHTepBaJI
II3Mei)y ,IJ;Ba sa,z:i;aTKa Tpe6a pa3JIIIKOBaTII O,IJ; UHUi.epcUi.UMYllYCHOf UHUi.epsaJla KOjII ce O,IJ;HOCJI
Ha BpeMeHCKII pasMaK II3Mei)y .n;Ba CTIIMYJIYCa y OKBIIPY IICTOr 6110Ka (B. UHUi.epcUi.uMyllycrtu
uHUi.epsall, cilluMyllycrta acurtxportuja), ( eHrn. intertrial interval) .
• HHTepcTHMYJIYCHH HHTepBaII (ISI): BpeMe rrpoTeKJio O,IJ; rrpeCTaHKa rrpIIKa3IIBaFba je.n;Hor II
rroi:ieTKa rrpIIKa3IIBaFba .n;pyror CTIIMYJIYCa y OKBIIPY rrapa cTIIMYJIYCa (B. UHUi.epsall U3Meljy gsa
3agaill.Ka, cUi.uMyllycrta acurtxportuja), (eHrn. interstimulus interval).
• HHTepcpepem.i;nja: YsajaMHO .n;ejcTBo ,z:i;Ba 1lIIHIIon;a Koje MO)l{e ,z:i;oBeCTII ,z:i;o FhIIXOBor rrojai:iaBaFba
MJIII rna6JDeFba. y rrpon;ecIIMa sa,z:i;p)l{aBaFba MaTepIIjaJia y pa3JIII1IIITIIM MeMOpIIjCKIIM ,ll;OMeHJI-
Ma oBaj rrojaM ce Haji:iernne o,z:i;HOCII Ha rna6JDeFhe Tpara yrne,z:i; o6aBJDaFha HeKe ,z:i;pyre pa,z:i;Fhe
MJIII rrpIICYCTBa HeKOr ,11;pyror MaTepIIjaJia (B. peUi.poaKUi.UBHa UHXU6uu,uja, U.poaKUi.UBHa UHXU-
6uu,uja), ( eHrn. interference) .
• HHTpocrreKI.J;Hja: (B. caMOUOCMaUi.pa1-be).
• 1rncpHKc: AcpIIKc KojII ce yMene y ornoBy peqII (Hrrp. rpag-os-uMa), (B. a<fmKc, ape<fmKc, cy<jjuKc).
• HHcpJieKCHOHa MopcpoJIOrIIja: 0611acT Mopcpo11ornje Koja ce 6aBII rpaMaTII1lKIIM acrreKTOM
pei:iII KOjII je ca.n;p)l{aH y IIHcpJieKCMOHIIM cycpIIKCMMa (B. UH<jjlleKCUOHU cy<jjuKC; Mop<jjollofuja) .
• HHcpJieKCHOHH cycpHKC: BesaHII MOpcpeM (HacTaBaK) Ha Kpajy pei:iII KOjII crren;IIcpIIKyje FheHe
rpaMaTII1lKe KapaKTepIICTIIKe (Hrrp. 1.ieKUH-eM - IIHCTpyMeHTaJI CIIHry11apa MyrnKor po,z:i;a), (B.
gepusau,uortu cy<jjuKc, a<fmKc, urt<jjlleKcuorta Mop<jjollofuja).
• HHXH6m:i;nja: 0Te)l{aBaFhe o6pa.n;e MJIII cMaFbeFhe KOJIII1lIIHe sarraMneHor (perrpo.n;JKOBaHor)
MaTepIIjaJia yc11e.D: rrpIIcycTBa .n;IIcTpaKTopa pasJIII1lIITe BpcTe (B. urtm.ep<jjepertu,uja, pempoaK-
musrta urtxu6uu,uja, apoaKUi.UBHa urtxu6uu,uja) .
• HpeJieBaHTHe Bapnja6Jie: BapIIja611e Koje yrII-qy Ha 3aBIICHY BapIIja6JIY aJIII He IIOTII1IJ o.n; Hesa-
BIICHe BapIIja611e. HasIIBajy ce II cuoJbHUM sapuja6llaMa. PasJIIIKyjeMo cumyau,uorte II cy6jeKUi.UBHe
IIpe11eBaHTHe BapHja611e. I1pBe cy BesaHe sa yc110Be y KojIIMa ce O.D:BIIja eKcrrepIIMeHT (Hrrp. 6JKa,
TeMrreparypa IIT,IJ;.), ,11;0K .n;pyre IIOTIIi:iy O,IJ; IICIIIITaHJIKa (Hrrp. yMop, pacrroJIO)l{efbe IIT,IJ;.). YKOJIIIKO
He Mory .n;a ce eJIIIMHHIIrny, KOHTPOJIIIrny ce pasJIII1lIITIIM TeXHIIKaMa Kao rnTo cy 6aJiaHcIIpaFbe,
xoMoreHIIsan;IIja, 6JioKoBaFbe, yrrpocei:iaBaFbe IIT,IJ;. I1oHeKa,z:i; ce Ha3IIBajy II pelleBaHUi.HUM sapuja-
6llaMa (B. eKcuepuMeHUi., 6allartcupa1-be eKcuepuMeHUi.a, mexrtuKa xoMofertu3au,uje, mexrtuKa 6JloKo-
saHJa, mexrtuKa yapoce11asa1-ba), ( eHrn. irrelevant variables).
• HCKasH o6aBe3HBa:IDa: Je,z:i;Ha o,z:i; KaTeropHja roBopHIIX qIIHOBa no CepJIY. HsHocenII o,z:i;pei)eHe
yrnoBe, roBopHIIK ce o6aBesyje Ha HernTo (B. fosoprtu 1.iUH, gupeKUi.usu, eKcupecusu, geKllapamu-
su, peape3ertm.amusu), ( eHrJI. commisives) .
• HCTHHOCHa Bpe,D;HOCT HCKasa (cy.ri;a): Oco6IIHa HeKIIX IICKa3a ,z:i;a Mory ,z:i;a 6y,z:i;y IICTIIHIITII MJIII
HeIICTIIHIITII (B. KBallUUi.eUi. UCKa3a, apuaagrtocm apeguKaUi.a cy6jeKUi.y UCKa3a).
• je,ri;HocpasHH MO,IJ;eJm rrapcHpalba: (B. urtm.epaK.Ui.UBHU Mogellu aapcupa1-ba) .
• jesHqKH Ko,ri;: (B. sep6allHU K.og).
• KaHaJI: Y rrpeHocy IIHcpopMan;IIje: ,,rrpoBO.D:HIIK" Kpos 1<0jII ce rrpocJiei)yje IIHcpopMan;Hja. Y eK-
crrepIIMeHTIIMa y KOjIIMa ce IICIIIITyje Ila)Kfba rro.n; rrojMOM ,,KaHaJI" II0,11;pasyMeBa ce II3BOp IIH-
cpopMan;IIje, a y HeKIIM cnyqajeBIIMa II MeMOpIIjCI(ll ,IJ;OMeH (Hrrp. ylla3HU 1WHall II K.aHall ogllyK.e
KO,IJ; Epo,z:i;6eHTa), (eHrn. channel).
• KaHaJI O,IJ;JIYKe: KoMrroHeHTa Epo,z:i;6eHTOBor Mo,z:i;e11a Koja ce HaJiasII IIsa cpHJITepa II y Kojy
ce rrpornei)yjy IIHcpopMan;Hje y AaJDY o6pa,z:i;y. Karran;IITeT KaHaJia O,IJ;JIYKe je orpaHII1leH II s6or
OCHOBHI1 I10JMOBI1 485
Tora Mapa p;a ce H3BpIIIH ceneKJ::i;Hja HHcpopMau;Hja H3 6acpepa (ynasHHX KaHana). 0Baj rrojaM je
eKBHBaJieHTaH rrojMy orrepaTHBHe MeMopHje (B. weopuja pullillepa, 6a¢ep, pullillep, oaepaillUBHa
MeMopuja), (eHrJI. decision making channe[).
• Karran;HTeT mmana: MaKCHMaJIHa KOJIUt:IHa MaTepHjaJia ca I<OjHM je Moryhe HCTOBpeMeHO orre-
pHcaTH HJIH KOjH je Moryhe ,ll;HCKpHMHHHCaTH (B. KaHall), (eHrn. channel capacity).
• KapaKTepHCTH'IHa O,IVIHKa: Op;mma Kaja je qecTa KO,IJ; rrpHrrap;HHKa p;aTe KaTeropHje, aJIH mrje
op; KlbJ'l!HOr 3Ha'llaja sa IDHXOBO op;pel)eH>e (Hrrp. O,IJ;JIHKa lleillu KapaKTepHCTH'l!Ha je sa BehHHY
IITHIJ;a, aJIH HMa H IITHIJ;a Koje He JieTe). KapaKTepHCTH'l!He O,IJ;JIHKe p;eo cy Mogella apeK!laUa1-ba
oglluKa CMHTa H capap;HHKa (B. Mogell apeK!lauaHJa oglluKa, gepuHuiuyne oglluKe, gucilluHKillU6-
He oglluKe), (emn. characteristic feature).
• KaTeropHjanHa arHosHja: 06JIHK acou;HjaTHBHe amosHje KojH ce MaHHcpecTyje Kao HeMoryh-
HOCT rrperrosHaBaH>a o6jeKaTa op;pel)eHe KaTeropMje (Hrrp. J1CU60-HeJ1Cu60, Bone u uoBpne,
MY3U1iKU UHcillpyMeHillU HT,IJ;.), ,ll;OK je rrperrosHaBaH>e OCTaJIHX KaTeropHja OqyBaHO (B. a'iH03Uje,
aco11ujaillU6He a'iHo3uje).
• KaTeropHjaJIHa rrepu;erru;Hja: Barna rrepu;errTHBHa rrpoMeHa y H,IJ;eHTHcpHKau;HjH op;pel)eHor
rnaca ,IJ;O Koje ,IJ;OJia3H yrrpKOC KOHTHHJHpaHoj rrpoMeHH y cpH3H'l!KHM (aKyCTH'l!KHM) KapaKTe-
pHCTHKaMa CTHMynau;Hje. 0Baj cpeHOMeH ce Ha3HBa Kaille'iopujallHa aep11ea11uja jep He IIOCTOjH
soHa rrepu;errTHBHe HeHsBecHOCTH ( emn. categorical perception) .
• KBaJIHTeT HCKasa: KapaKTepHCTHKa HCKa3a Kaja ce O,ll;HOCH Ha cpopMy y Kojoj je p;aT. I1cKa3
MO)l{e 6HTH p;aT y acpHpMaTHBHOM HJIH HeraTHBHOM o6JIHKY (B. UCillUHOCHa 6pegHOCill UCKa3a,
apuaagHocill apeguKailla cy6jeKilly ucKa3a).
• KH6epHeTHKa: ,D;m::u;HIIJIHHa Kaja ce 6aBH H3J'l!aBaH>eM KOMJHHKau;Hje H KOHTpone KO,ll; )l{HBHX
opraHH3aMa H MaIIIHHa (emn. cybernetics).
• KH6epHeTH'IKH MO,IJ;eJI: Mop;eJI KOjH HMa p;ecpHHHCaHe eJieMeHTe H jacHo op;pel)eHe Be3e H HHTe-
paKu;Hje H3Mel)y eneMeHaTa (B. Ku6epHeilluKa).
• KJiaCH'IHH 6HXejBHOpH3aM: IlpBa cpasa y pasBojy 6HxejBHOpH3Ma y Kojoj ,ll;OMHHHpa CTaB p;a
rrpep;MeT H3J'l!aBaH>a IICHXH'l!KHX rrpou;eca MO)l{e p;a 6yp;e caMO CIIOJba BH,ll;JbHBO IIOHaIIIaH>e, Tj.
O,IJ;HOC H3Mel)y CTHMynyca (S) H peaKu;Hje (R). 119 OBOr O,ll;HOCa CJie,IJ;H OCHOBHa IIIeMa KJiaCH'l!HOr
6HxejBHOpHsMa (S - R), (B. 6uxejBuopu3aM, Heo6uxejBuopu3aM).
• KJiaysa: ,D;enoBH peqeHHu;e BehH op; CHHTarMe, aJIH MaIDH op; peqeHHu;e, (Hrrp. Ceo je ga auiue
- aoiuillo je ucapawuo apujailleJba.), (eHrn. clause).
• KoapTHKYJia.D;Hja: Ha'l!HH Ha KOjH ce rrpoH3BO,IJ;H op;pel)eHH mac ycJIOBJbeH je cycep;HHM rnaco-
BHMa. IlpH CTBapaH>y rnaca BOKaJIHH TpaKT CTBapa OIITHMaJIHY ,ll;HHaMH'l!KY KOHcpHrypau;Hjy
He caMo sa p;aTH mac, Beh H sa rnacoBe KojH ra oKpy)l{yjy, rrpH qeMy ce op;HrpaBa rrpHrrpeMa sa
IDHXOBY apTHKynau;Mjy ( emn. co-articulation).
• KOrHHTHBHa o6pa,ri;a HH<l>opMan;Hja: Jep;aH op; ,ll;OMHHaHTHHX rrpHcTyrra y HCTpa)l{HBaIDy KOrHH-
THBHHX cpJHKD;Hja H rrpou;eca, HaCTao IIO'l!eTKOM IIIesp;eceTHX rop;HHa rrpoIIIJior BeKa. OcHOBHe
IIOCTaBKe OBOr rrpHcTyrra cy CJiep;ehe: a) Karrau;HTeTH KOrHHTHBHOr CHCTeMa cy orpaHH'l!eHH, 6)
CJIO)l{eHe KOrHHTHBHe rrpou;ece je Moryhe paIII'l!JiaHHTH Ha rrojep;HHa'l!He orrepau;Hje H rrop;orre-
pau;Hje H B) KOrHHTHBHa o6pap;a ce y HajBeheM 6pojy CJIY'l!ajeBa O,IJ;BHja pep;Ho ( emn. information
processing).
• KorHHTHBHa pe11eBaHTHocT: KorHHTHBHH ecpeKaT HeKe KJiacHcpHI<au;Hje, KaTeropHsau;Hje HJIH
KOHCTPYKTa. KnacHcpHKau;Mja HJIH KaTeropHsau;Hja y OKBHPY HeKor CHCTeMa Mory 6HTH norH"t!KH
KoxepeHTHe H Hcu;prrHe, aJIH JKOJIHKO eJieMeHTH KJiacHcpHI<au;Hje (KaTeropHsau;Hje), I<OjH ce JBO-
p;e Kao HesaBHCHe BapHja6ne y eKcrrepHMeHT He ,IJ;OBO,IJ;e p;o KOrHHTHBHOr ecpeI<Ta (Hrrp. pa3JIHKe
y BpeMeey pearoBaH>a HJIH 6pojy rpeIIIaKa), He Mory ce CMaTpaTH KOrHHTHBHO peneBaHTHHM.
I1 o6paTHO, JKOJIHKO ce p;o6Hje I<OrHHTHBHH ecpeKaT, eJieMeHTH KJiaCHcpHI<au;Mje ce CMaTpajy
KOrHHTHBHO peneBaHTHHM. I1cTO TaKO, rrpeTIIOCTaBJbeH rrpou;ec HJIH orrepau;Hja Mory ce CMa-
TpaTH KOrHHTHBHO peneBaHTHHM CaMO aKO ,IJ;OBO,IJ;e ,IJ;O I<OrHHTHBHHX ecpeKaTa ( aJITepHaTHBHH
486 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
• JIHHrBHCTHKa: Hayi<a o je3HJ<Y. Y 3aBHCHOCTH O,II; acrreKTa je3HKa, pa3JIHKyjeMo Bmrre o6JiaCTH JIHH-
rBHCTHKe Kao IIITO cy cpoHeTI1Ka, cpoHOJIOmja, MOpcpoJiomja, CHHTaKca HT,II;. Pa3JIHKyjeMO H guja-
xpoHujcKy H cuHxpoHujcKy JIHHrBHCTHKy, rrpH 'leMY ce rrpBa 6aBH rrpoMeHaMa y je3HJ<Y y cpyttKIJ;HjH
BpeMeHa, ,Il;OK ,Il;pyra H3Y11aBa CTaIDe je3HKa y ,IJ;aTOM BpeMeHCKOM TpeHyrKy. 06JiaCT JIHHrBHCTHKe
Koja IIOKYIIIaBa ,IJ;a yrBp,Il;H orrIIITe KapaKTepHCTHKe rrpHpO,Il;HOr je3HKa Ha3HBa ce ouwilloM HJIH
meopujcKOM JIHHrBHCTHKOM. Pa3JIHKaMa Me))y je3HIJ;HMa 6aBH ce KOHillpacilluBHa JIHHrBHCTHKa,
a 3aje,IJ;HH'IHOCTHMa KOMUapail1U6Ha JIHHfBHCTHKa, ,Il;OK gecKpuuil1U6Ha JIHHrBHCTHKa HaCTOjH ,IJ;a
yrBp,Il;H 'IHIDeHHIJ;e Be3aHe 3a rroje,IJ;HHa'IHH je3H'IKH CHCTeM.
0
JIOroreH: IIpe,Il;CTaBa pe11H Koja Ca,Il;p)KH IDeHe ceMaHTH'IKe, cpOHOJIOIIIKe, MopcpoJIOIIIKe H OCTa-
Jie KapaKTepHCTHKe. IIojaM je YBeo l,IoH MopTOH y rroKYIIIajy ,IJ;a orrHIIIe MexaHH3Me KojH cy
O,Il;fOBOpHH 3a KOfHHTHBHY o6paey pe11H. CBaKH JiororeH HMa IIO'leTI:IH HHBO aKTHBaIJ;Hje KOjH
je y cpyttKIJ;HjH cppeKBeHIJ;Hje pe'IH (B. JlOlOieHCKU Mogell), (rnm logogen).
• JIOroreHCKH Mo,ri;eJI: Mo,IJ;eJI KOrHHTHBHe o6pa,z:i:e pe11H KOjH je rrpe,IJ;JIO)KHO l,IoH MopTOH. OcHo-
BY Mo,ri:eJia 11HHH H,ri:eja o HHBoy aKTHBaIJ;Hje (rrpary rro6y))HBaIDa). IIpe,IJ;cTaBa pe11H (JiororeH)
ca,ri:p)KH IDeHe rpacpeMCKe, cpoHOJIOIIIKe H MopcpOJIOIIIKe O,IJ;JIHKe. CBaKa 0,11; OBHX O,IJ;JIHKa HMa
CBOj IIO'leTHH HHBO aKTHBaIJ;Hje KOjH 3aBHCH 0,11; cppeKBeHIJ;Hje (Tj. rrpeTXO,Il;HHX aKTHBaIJ;Hja).
YKOJIHKO je pe11 cppeKBeHTHHja, yroJIHKo lie IDeH rro11eTHH HHBO aKTJma11;Hje 6HTH BHIIIH, a ca-
MHM THM H rrpar rro6y))HBaIDa HH)KH. y peBH,Il;MpaHoj BapHjaHTM MO,Il;eJia, MopTOH je pa3,ri:Boj110
cpOHOJIOIIIKM M rpacpeMCKM yJia3 M rrpeTIIOCTaBMO IIOCTojaIDe ,Il;Be BpcTe JIOroreHa: BM3yeJIHe H
ay,n;HTMBHe (B. Jlo1o1eH), (eHm. logogen modef).
• JIOKaJIH3aD;HOHH3aM: IlpMcTyrr opraHH3aIJ;HjH MO)K,Il;aHHX cpyttKIJ;Hja KOjH IIOJia3M 0,11; rrpeTIIO-
CTaBKe ,z:i:a cy rroje,ri:HHe 30He y Mo3ry crre11;HjaJIM30BaHe 3a o6aBJnaIDe o,n;pe))eHHX cpyttKIJ;Hja, Tj.
,n;a je M03aK cpyttKIJ;HOHaJIHO 113,Il;HcpepeHIJ;MpaH (B. XOJlU3aM).
• JIOKYJl;HOHa Mon: Eyi<BaJIHo 3Ha11eIDe 11cKa3a (B. ull0Ky14u0Ha Mon, aepll0Ky14u0Ha Mon), (eHrn.
locutionary force, locutionary act) .
• JIOKYJl;HOHH qHH: (B. JlOKy14uoHa Mon).
• Jiome cTp)'KrypHpaH n;H.Jb: Oco6HHa rrpo6JieMa 1111j11 IJ;HJb (peIIIeIDe) H11je jarno o,z:i:pe))eH 11 Koj11
HeMa jarne Me))yr<0paKe Koj11Ma ra je Moryne ,n;ocT11n11 (B. 14UJb, go6po cmpyKillypupaH 14UJb ),
( eHrn. ill-structured goal, ill-defined goaf).
• MaCKHpa11>e: 0MeTaIDe o6pa,n;e CTMMYJIYCa rrpeTXO,Il;HMM HJIM HaI<Ha,IJ;HMM rrp11Ka311BaIDeM HeKor
,Il;pyror CTMMYJIYCa. Pa3JIMKyjeMO apoaazupajyne (forwards) M U06pai11HO (backwards) Mac1mpaIDe
(B. apoaarupajyne MacKupa1-be, uoBpaill.Ho MaCKupa1-be, MacKupa1-be cJloJKajeM, eHepzeillcKo MacKu-
pa1-be), ( engl. masking) .
• MaCKHpalbe CBeTJIHHOM: (B. eHepfeillCKO MaCKupa1-be).
• MaCKHpaIDe CJIO)KajeM: IIpeTxo,n;Ho HJIH HaKHa,IJ;HO rrpHKa3MBaIDe cTpyi<ryp11paHor MaTepHjaJia
(Hrrp. CJIY11ajHo pacrrope))eHMX CJIOBa HJIH ,IJ;eJIOBa CJIOBa) Koje OMeTa o6paey CTHMYJIYCa MeTe (B.
MacKupa1-be, MacKupa1-be cBeillllUHOM, uoBpaillHo MacKupa1-be), ( eHrn. pattern masking) .
• MaCKnpalbe myMOM: (B. eHepzeillCKO MaCKupa1-be).
• MaTpHn;a KOpHCHOCTH: y Teop11jH OMY1lHBaIDa MaTp1111;y OMyi<e MO)KeMO rrpe,Il;CTaBMTH TaKO
IIITO MorynHM HCXO,Il;HMa rrpHIIHcyjeMO KBaHTHTaTHBHO H3pa)I<eHe cy6jeKTHBHe Bpe,n;HOCTH,
1111Me ,IJ;06HjaMo BpegHocillu KopucHocillu (B. illeopuja oglly11u6a1-ba, Mai11pu14a ogllyKe, KopucHocill),
( eHrJI. utility matrix).
• MaTpHn;a O,ri;JI}'Ke: Y Teop11j11 OMY11HBaIDa CHTya11;11jy y OKBHPY Koje ce ,IJ;OHOCH OMyi<a Moryne
je rrpe,ri:cTaBHTH MaTpHIJ;OM y Kojoj cy YJ<PIIITeHe MorynHOCTH (MorynH JI36op11) M CTalba rrpH-
po,n;e ( CIIOJbHH 'IMHHOIJ;H KOjH YTH'IY Ha 11cxo,n; OMyi<e). Ha oBaj Ha1111H ,z:i:o611jaMo YBH.Il: y 11cxo,n;e
pa3JIH'IHTHX MorynHocTH rrp11 OMY11HBaIDy ( B. meopuja ogJLy11uBa1-ba, cillal-ba apupoge), ( eHrJI.
decision matrix) .
• MeMOpHja: ,Il;oMeH HJIH KOMIIOHeHTa CHCTeMa o6pa,z:i:e HHcpOpMa11;11ja y KojeM ce HHcpopMa-
IJ;Hje rrp11BpeMeHo HJIM TpajHo cKJia,n;HIIITe 11 y OKBHPY Koj11x ce o,ri:BHjajy rrpo11;ern o6pa,n;e.
OCHOBHI1 ITOJMOBI1 489
CTaH,ri:ap,ri:mi: Mo,ri:eJIH o6pa,ri:e HH¢opMa:u;Hja pasmmyjy TPH THna MeMopHje: 11y1iHy, ouepamuBHY
H gyfompajHy. 0BH THnOBH MeMopnje pa3JIHKyjy ce KaKO no ,Il;y)KHHH sa,ri:p)KaBaina MaTepHjaJia,
TaKO H no npo:u;ernMa KOjH ce y H>HMa o,ri:Bnjajy (B. 11yllHa MeMopuja, ouepamuBHa MeMopuja,
pagHa MeMopuja, gyrompajHa MeMopuja), (eHm. memory).
• MeMopn:jcKH oncer: KoJinqnHa MaTepnjaJia Kojy je Moryhe penpo,ri:yKoBaTH (B. Kaua11umem Ka-
Halla), ( eHm. memory span).
• MeHTaJIHa aHHMa:u;Hja: MoryhHocT ,ri:a ce CTaTH"t!Ha MeHTaJIHa penpeseHTa:u;nja noKpeHe, Tj. ,ri:a
ce aHHMHpa. MeHTaJIHa aHHMa:u;Hja oMoryhaBa pernaBaH>e npo6JieMa Kojn saxTeBajy MeHTaJIHY
BHsyaJIHsa:u;njy pasJIH"t!HTHX ¢asa o,ri:pe~eHor npo:u;eca (B. MeHilJMHa BU3ywu3a11uja), ( eHm. men-
tal animation).
• MeHTaJIHa BH3YaJIH3an;Hja: MeHTaJIHa MammyJia:u;Hja aHaJIOrHHM (Hnp. BHsyeJIHHM) npe,ri:cTa-
BaMa Koja y:Klby-qyje pasJinqnTe BpcTe MeHTaJIHHX onepa:u;nja H TpaHc¢opMa:u;Hja (B. aHaJlofHe
upegcmaBe ), ( eHrJI. mental imaging).
• MeHTaJIHa poTan;Hja: PoTHpaH>e BHSyeJIHe npe,ri:cTaBe o6jeKTa y onepaTHBHoj MeMopnjn (B.
ouepamuBHa MeMopuja), (eHm. mental rotation).
• MeHTaJIHH JieKCHKOH: Cne:u;njaJIHSOBaHH ,ri:oMeH ,ri:yroTpajHe (ceMaHTHqKe) MeMopnje y KojeM
cy ycKJia,ri:m1ITeHe npe,ri:cTaBe peqn ,ri:aTor jesnKa Koje ca,ri:p)Ke H>HXOBe JIHHrBHCTHqKH peJieBaHT-
He KapaKTepncTHKe ( eHrn. mental lexicon, lexical memory) .
• MeHTaJIHH ceT: (B. KOfHUilJU6HO ycMepe1-be).
• MeTO)l; O)l;y3HMalba: MeTo,ri: H3,IJ;BajaH>a ,ri:HcKpeTHHX onepa:u;Hja YHYTaP CJIO)KeHOr KOrHHTHBHor
npo:u;eca. TBopa:u; oBor MeTO,ri:a je xoJiaH,ri:CKH ¢nsHoJior KopHeJinyc ,Il;oH,ri:epc. CHcTeMaTCKHM
yCJIO)KH>aBaH>eM eKcnpHMeHTaJIHor sa,ri:aTKa ,Il;oH,n;epc je ycneo ,ri:a ns,ri:Bojn rroje,ri:HHaqHe orrepa:u;nje
TaKO IIITO je BpeMe pearoBaH>a ,ri:o6HjeHO y je,ri:HOCTaBHHjeM sa,ri:aTKY O,IJ;y3HMao o,ri: BpeMeHa ,ri:o-
6njeHor y cJIO)KeHHjeM sa,ri:aTKY KojH je ca,ri:p)Kao H je,ri:HocTaBHHjH sa,ri:aTaK. PasJIHKa H3Me~y ,ri:Ba
BpeMeHa pearoBaH>a je BpeMe rroTpe6Ho sa o6aBJbaH>e ,ri:o,ri:aTHe orrepa:u;Hje y CJimKeHHjeM sa,ri:aTKy.
• MO)l;eJI ayroHOMHe cepHjaJIHe (pe)l;He) rrpeTpare: Mo,ri:eJI KOrHHTHBHe o6pa,ri:e jesHKa Kojn je
rrpe,IJ;JIO)KHO KeHeT <DopcTep. Mo,ri:eJI rrpeTrrocTaBJba ,ri:Ba HHBoa o6pa,ri:e. IlpBH HHBO o6yxsa-
Ta rrpeTpary T3B. ylla3HUX jeguHUJ1a Koje ca,ri:p)Ke rpa¢eMCKe, ¢oHOJIOIIIKe H ceMaHTH"t!KO-CHH-
TaKCHqKe KapaKTepHCTHKe peqH, rrpH qeMy cy yJia3He je,ri:HHHI.J;e opraHH30BaHe ITO ¢peKBeH:u;HjH.
IIornTo je yJiasHa je,ri:HHH:u;a H~eHa, HH¢opMa:u;Hja ce rrpoCJie~yje y 11eHmpallHO CKllaguwme
(MeHTaJIHH JieKCHKOH) y KOjeM cy ycKJia,IJ;HIIITeHe CBe HH¢opMa:u;Hje 0 ,ri:aTOj peqn, y:Klby-qyjyhH H
H>eHo sHaqeH>e (B. MeHilJMHU JleKcuKoH), (eHrn. autonomous serial search mode[).
• MO)l;eJI )l;BOCTPYKOr rryTa: Mo,ri:eJI o6pa,ri:e Mop¢oJIOIIIKH cJIO)KeHHX peqH KojH rrpeTrrocTaBJba ,ri:a
he y 3aBHCHOCTH o,ri: ¢peKBeHI.J;Hje Mop¢oJIOIIIKH CJIO)KeHa peq 6HTH HJIH pacTaBJbeHa Ha rnoje
Mop¢oJIOIIIKe KOHCTHTyeHTe HJIH he 6HTH perrpeseHTOBaHa Kao HHTerpaJIHa JieKcHqKa je,ri:HHH-
:u;a. Ilo OBOM MO,IJ;eJIY, BHCOI<0¢peKBeHTHe peqn cy ycKJia,IJ;HIIITeHe Kao HHTerpaJIHe je,ri:HHHI.J;e
KOje HHje IIOTpe6Ho ,ri:eKOMIIOHOBaTH (B. MeHilJallHU JleKCUKOH, Mogell UHillelpallHUX jeguHu11a,
Mogell geKOMflo3u11uje), ( eHrn. dual rout model).
• MO)l;eJI )l;eKOMII03HD;Hje: Mo,ri:eJI o6pa,ri:e Mop¢oJIOIIIKH CJIO)KeHHX peqn KOjH IIOJia3H o,ri: npeTIIO-
CTaBKe ,ri:a je OBa KJiaca peqH y MeHTaJIHOM JieKCHKOHY rrpe,ri:cTaBJbeHa y o6JIHKY OCHOBe H a¢HK-
ca. IlpHJIHKOM o6pa,ri:e Mop¢oJIOIIIKH CJimKeHa peq ce ,ri:eKoMrroHyje Ha ornoBy H a¢HKC KOjH
ce 3aTHM rrpeTpa)Kyjy y sace6HHM ,ri:eJIOBHMa JieKCHKOHa. IloIIITO cy OCHOBa H a¢HKC Ha~eHH,
o6aBJba ce IIOCTJieKcHqKa eBaJIJa:u;Hja BalbaHOCTH IhHXOBe KOM6HHa:u;Hje (B. Mogell UHilJelpallHUX
jeguHu11a, MeHilJallHU JleKcuKoH), ( eHrn. decomposition model) .
• MO)l;eJI HHTerpaJIHHXJieKcHqKHX je)l;HHHn;a: Mo,ri:eJI o6pa,ri:e Mop¢oJIOIIIKH CJIO)KeHHX peqH KOjH
IIOJia3H o,ri: rrpeTIIOCTaBKe ,ri:a je OBa KJiaca peqH y MeHTaJIHOM JieKCHKOHY rrpe,ri:cTaBJbeHa y HHTe-
rpaJIHOM o6JIHKy. BpeMe o6pa,ri:e Mop¢oJIOIIIKH CJIO)KeHe peqn je y ¢YHKI.J;HjH H>eHe ¢peKBeH:u;nje,
IIITO 3HaqH ,ri:a ce He pa3JIHKyje o,ri: o6pa,ri:e peqH 6es a¢HKCa (B. Mogell geKOMU03UJ1Uje, MeHilJMHU
JleKcuKoH), (eHrn. single unit hypothesis).
490 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
rrocTOjH jaKa TeH,n;emi;nja ,n;a ce TaKBe CHTyau;nje ns6eraBajy (B. illeopuja oglly11uBaHJa, illeopuja
KopucHocillu, ecjjeKaill apoualle UHBecillut1iuje), (eHrJI. loss aversion).
• o,n;Jiyi:mBalbe y ycJIOBHMa H3BeCHOCTH: ,Il;oHOIIJelbe O,IJ;JIYKa y ycJIOBHMa Ka,n;a cy HCXO,IJ;H
O,ll;JIYI<a H CBH "t!HHHOD;H KOjH Mory ,n;a YTH"t!Y Ha 0,ll;lIJKY ( CTalba rrpnpo,n;e) II03HaTH H H3BeCHH
( B. Uleopuja oglly11uBaHJa, cillaHJa apupoge, oglly11uBaHJe y ycllOBUMa Heu3Bernocillu), (eHrJI. de-
cision under certainty).
• 0)1)1J'Il!Balbe y yCJIOBHMa HeH3BeCHOCTH: ,Il;oHoIIJelhe O,ll;JIYKa y yrnoBHMa Ka,n;a cy ncxo,n;n
O,ll;JIYKa H "t!HHHOD;H KOjH Mory ,n;a Y™"t!Y Ha O,ll;JIYKY ( CTalha rrpnpo,n;e) HeII03HaTH HJIH HeH3Be-
CHH, Tj. Ka,n;a Mory ,n;a ce jaBe c o,n;pe~eHOM BepoBaTHonoM (B. Uleopuja ogllytJ.uBaHJa, cillaHJa
apupoge, oglly11uBaHJe y ycllOBUMa U3BecHocillu), (eHrJI. decision under uncertainty).
• o,n;pe,n;Hm::i;a: OcHOBHH o6JIHK pe"t!H. Ko,n; HMeHnu;a TO je HOMHHaTHB cnHryJiapa, KO,IJ; rrpn,n;eBa
HOMHHaTHB CHHryJiapa MYIIlKOr po,n;a, KO,IJ; rJiaroJia HHcpHHHTHB HT,IJ;. ( aJITepHaTHBHH TepMHH:
lleMa), (eHrJI. word entry, lemma).
• orrepaTHBHa MeMopHja: MeMopnjcKH ,n;oMeH y KojeM cy ycKJia,n;nnITeHe HHcpopMau;nje Kojn-
Ma TpeHyrHo orrepnIIJeMo. KapaKTepncTHKe orrepaTHBHe MeMopnje cy: a) MaTepnjaJI je
OCMHIIIJbeH, 6) MaTepnjaJI ce 3a,n;p:)l<aBa 18-20 ceKJH,ll;H H B) orpaHH"tfeHH Karrau;nTeT Ka,n;a je y
IIHTalhy KOJIH"t!HHa HHcpopMau;nje ca KOjOM je Moryne HCTOBpeMeHO orrepncaTH (B. pagHa MeMO-
puja, 11yllHa MeMopuja, gyfoillpajHa MeMopuja), (eHrJI. short-term memory, working memory).
• orrepaTop: Orrepau;nja (KopaK) y peIIJaBalhy rrpo6JieMa Koja ce o6aBJDa y ,n;o3BOJDeHHM OKBHpH-
Ma, o,n;HOCHO y OKBnpy rrporrncaHHX rrpaBHJia (eHrJI. operator).
• oncer IIruKlbe: KoJIH"t!HHa MaTepnjaJia ( eJieMeHaTa) Ha Kojy je ncToBpeMeHo Moryne ycMepHTH
rra)l(lhY (B. UaJICHJa, KOHillpollucaHa uaJKHJa, MeMopujcKu oucef), (eHrJI. attentional span, span of
attention).
• opraHoJiomja: (B. cjjpeHollofuja) .
• opTOrpacl>cKO rrpHMOBalbe: (B. rpacjjeMCKO apuMOBaHJe).
• OCHOBa peqH: ,IJ;eo pe"tIH KOjH je HOCHJiau; 3Ha"tfelba ( aJITepHaTHBHH H3pas: KopeH pe11u) /B. acjjuKc/'
( eHrJI. root morpheme, base morpheme).
• oqeKHBaHa KOpHCHOCT: IIpe,n;BH~eHa KOpHCHOCT HeKor HCXO,IJ;a IIOH,n;epncaHa BepoBaTHOllOM
TaKBor ncxo,n;a (B. Uleopuja oglly11uBaHJa, Uleopuja Kopurnocillu), (eHrJI. expected utility).
• Pl: MaKCHMaJIHa aMIIJIHTy,n;a Ha ERP sarrncy ,n;o6njeHa y CHTyau;njn BnsyeJIHe rrpeseHTau;nje
CTHMyeyca, Koja ce Ha3HBa H upBu U03Ui11UBHU UlaJlaC. lberoBO H3,IJ;Bajalbe o,n; TaJiaca ,n;o6njeHHX
3a CTHMYJIYCe Kojn ce rrpnKa3yjy y ,n;eey BH3yeJIHor rroJDa Ha Koje ce He o6paha rra)l(lba IIO"t!Hlhe
Ben IIOCJie 70 - 90 MHJIHCeKJH,ll;H o,n; TpeHyrKa rrpnKa3HBalba CTHMyeyca (B. eJleKillpoeHt1iecpallO-
fpacjjuja, ERP 3auuc, ayguilluBHU NI uoilleHUiUjall), (eHrJI. P1 first major positive wave).
• IIaJKlba: YcMepaBalhe MeHTaJIHe aKTHBHOCTH Ha o,ri;pe~eHH ca,n;p)l(aj n saHeMapnBalhe ocTaJIHX
ca,n;p)l(aja (B. KOHillpollucaHa UaJICHJa), (eHrJI. attention).
• IlaH,n;eMOHHjYM: Je,n;aH o,n; rrpBHX pa"tfYHapcKHX rrporpaMa sa rnMyJiau;njy rrperro3HaBalha cJioBa.
IIporpaM ca,n;p)l(H HeKOJIHKO HHBO(_l o6pa,n;e KOjH ce cacTOje o,n; je,n;HHHD;a pa3JIH"t!HTHX HHBOa
cJimKeHOCTH -qnja ce aKTHBau;nja rrporne~yje Ha BHIIJe HHBoe. CJio)l(aj ca HajBennM 6pojeM aK-
THBau;nja, Tj. ca HajBenHM 6pojeM KapaKTepncTHKa Koje ca,n;p)l(H o6jeKaT Kojn ce rrperro3Haje,
6npa ce Kao ncrrpaBHO n,n;eHTHcpHKOBaHo CJIOBO. Ayrop oBor rrporpaMa je 0JIHBep CeJicppm,1 (B.
Uleopuja geille1a1uje oglluKa), (eHrJI. /rp"tI.-JiaT. Pandemonium).
• rrapaJieJIHa o6pa,n;a: KornHTHBHa o6pap;a y Kojoj ce pa3JIH"t!HTH rrpou;ern o,n;Bnjajy ncToBpeMeHo
(B. pegHa o6paga), (eHrn. parallel processing-PDP).
• rrapaJieJIHO ,IJ;HCTpH6ynpaHa o6pa,n;a: (B. KOHeKUiUOHU3aM), (eHrn. parallel distributed processing).
• rrapacl>a3H'IHH .>KaproH: Je,n;aH o,n; CHMIITOMa BepHHKeoBe acpasnje. Oco6a c OBOM BpcToM rro-
peMenaja rrpo,n;JKyje pe-qn Koje HeMajy 3Ha"tfelhe (B. BepHuKeoBa acjja3uja).
• rrapcep: AHaJIH3aTOp CTPYKTYPaJIHHX KapaKTepncTHKa pe-qn H pe"tieHnu;a. Y rrcuxoJIHHrBHCTHD;H:
rrpeTIIOCTaBJbeHH ,n;eo KOrHHTHBHOr CHCTeMa (rrpou;ecop) KOjH o6aBJba aHaJIH3Y MopcpOJIOIIJKe
494 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
• IIOTnyHH H3BemTaj: EKcnepHMeHTaJIHH 3a,n:aTaK y KojeM ce o,n: HCnHTaHHKa 3ax:TeBa ,n:a penpo-
,n:yKyje :u;eJioKyrraH MaTepnjan Kojn MY je npnKa3aH ( B. gellUMU11.aH U36eutmaj), ( eHrn. full report).
• rrpaBHJia rrpem1cHBaJha: ITpaBHJia rpaMaTHKe cppa3HHX CTPJKTypa no KojnMa ce y cpopMaJIHOM
H3pa3y Kojn 03HaLJ:aBa CTPYKTYPY pe11eHn:u;e CHM6oJI ca JieBe cTpaHe pa3BHja y cKyrr CHM60Jia ca
,n:eCHe cTpaHe (Hnp. P=> HC +TC) /B. lpaMamww cj)pa3HUX cmpy1<mypa/, ( eHrn. rewriting rules/.
• rrparMaTHKa: JIHHrBHCTHLJ:Ka ,D;HCD;HnJIHHa Koja ce 6aBH H3YLJ:aBalbeM o6JIHKa KOMJHHKa:u;nje H
KOMJHHKaD;HOHHX cpe,n:cTaBa y 3aBHCHOCTH o,n: KOHKpeTHe CHTya:u;nje, aJIH H nrnpe, y 3aBHCHO-
CTH o,n: KYJIType.
• rrpar rro6yljHBalba: y nmxocpH3HD;H: MHHHMaJIHa KOJIHLJ:HHa eHeprnje Koja ,D;OBO,D;H ,n:o npBe
ceH3a:u;nje. y KOrHHTHBHOj ncHXOJIOrHjH: KpHTHLJ:HH HHBO aKTHBa:u;nje noCJie Kojer ,D;OJia3H ,n:o
no6y))nBaIDa npe,n:cTaBe, Tj. IDeHor npncycrna y CBeCTH ( eHrn. threshold).
• rrpalielbe rroKpeTa oqHjy: TexHHKa Koja oMorynaBa npaneIDe noKpeTa 011njy npHJIHKOM
pa3JIHLJ:HTHX 3a,n:aTaKa y KojnMa ce npnKa3yjy BH3yeJIHH CTHMYJIYCH (eHrn. eye tracking).
• rrpalieHH Kamm: H3Bop HHcpopMa:u;nja (yJia3HH KaHan) Ha Kojn ce o6pana na)l{Iba y 3a,n:aTKy
npaneIDa ( B. 3agama1< apaheHJa, 6JloKupaHu Ka Hall, uaJ1CHJa), ( eHrn. attended channel).
• rrpBH II03HTHBHH TaJiac: (B. Pl).
• rrpeMemTalbe KJIHKa: EKcnepnMeHTaJIHa TeXHHKa KopmnneHa y HCnHTHBaIDy KOfHHTHBHe o6pa-
,n:e peLJ:eHH:u;e, TaLJ:HHje, y yrnp))HBaIDy MHHHMaJIHe je,n:HHHD;e npH o6pa,n:H pe11eHH:u;e. y ,D;HXOTHLJ:-
KOM eMHTOBaIDy CTHMYJIYCa HCIIHTaHHKY ce Ha je,n:HOM KaHaJIJ eMHTyje pe11eHH:u;a, ,D;OK ce Ha
,n:pyroM KaHaJIJ eMHTyje ,,KJIHK" (KpaTaK TOH). 3a,n:aTaK HCIIHTaHHKa je ,n:a o,n:pe,n:H norne Koje pe11H
y pe11eHHD;H ce nojaBHO TOH ( eHrn. click displacement technique).
• rrperro3HaBalbe Ha ocHoBy KOMIIOHeHaTa: ITpncTyrr y OKBHPY Teopnje npeno3HaBaIDa o6JIHKa
no KojeM je Ha OCHOBY orpaHHLJ:eHor 6poja OCHOBHHX reoMeTpHjCKHX TeJia (reoHa) Moryne KOH-
CTpyncaTH peanHe o6jeKTe. AyTOp oBor npncTyrra je EpBHHr Bn,n:epMaH (B. meopuja geme1<4uje
oglluKa, leoHu), (eHrn. recognition-by-components !REC!).
• rrperro3HaBalbe o6jeKaTa: (B. apeuo3HaBaHJe CllOJ1Caja).
• rrperro3HaBalbe o6JIHKa: (B. apeuo3HaBaHJe clloJ1Caja).
• rrperro3HaBalbe CJIO)l(aja (o6JIHKa, o6jeKaTa): OcMHIIlJbaBaIDe cKyrra ocHOBHHX eJieMeHaTa o,n:
KOjHX ce cacTOjH HeKH KOMIIJieKCHHjH CJIO)l{aj H npn,n:aBalbe 3HaLJ:elba ( CMHCJia) TOM CJIO)l{ajy
(Hnp. TPH xopH30HTaJIHe JIHHHje H je,n:Ha BepTHKaJIHa npe,n:cTaBJhajy OCHOBHe eJieMeHTe KOM-
nJieKCHHjer CJIO)l{aja Kao IIITO je CJIOBO ,,E"), (B. gucUl.uHKUl.UBHe oglluKe, meopuja apomomuaoBa,
apeuo3HaBaHJe Ha ocHoBy KOMUoHeHaUl.a, meopuja ycalllautaBaHJa c y3op1<0M, meopuja geme1<4uje
oglluKa, cmpy1<mypallHe meopuje apeuo3HaBaHJa o6lluKa), ( eHrn. pattern recognition).
• rrpeTpara ,IJ;O Hc:u;prrllielba: Pe,n:Ho npeTpa)l{HBaIDe Koje o6yxBaTa CBe eJieMeHTe cKyrra, 6e3 o6-
3Hpa Ha TO ,n:a JIM je Tpa)l{eHH eJieMeHT npeTXO,D;HO H,D;eHTHcpHKOBaH (B. caMOOKOH11.a6ajyha ape-
mpala), (eHrn. exhaustive search).
• rrpe<l>HKC: Be3aHH MopcpeM KOjH ce ,n:o,n:aje ncrrpe,n: OCHOBe pe11H H KOjH Melba IbeHO OCHOBHO
3HaLJ:eIDe (Hnp. Ha-aucamu) (B. acfiuKc, Mopcj)eM, Be3aHu Mopcj)eM, Cllo6ogHu Mopcj)eM, cycfiuKc,
UHgJlleKCUOHU cycfiuKC, gepu6alf;UOHU cycfiuKc, UHif;UKC).
• rrpHrymHBalbe <l>peKBeH:u;HjoM: Benn ecpeKaT cpa:u;HJIHTa:u;nje 3a HHCKocppeKBeHrne pe11n (B.
apuMoBaHJe), ( eHrn. frequency attenuation).
• rrpHMapHa MeMopHja: TepMHH KOjHM je BHJinjeM IJejMc 03Ha11no MeMopnjcKH ,n:oMeH y KojeM
je yc1<Jia,D;HIIITeHO OHO 11era CMO TpeHJTHO CBeCHH. ITojaM je eKBHBaJieHTaH nojMy onepaTHBHe
MeMopnje ( B. oaepamuBHa MeMopuja, gylompajHa MeMopuja, ceKyHgapHa MeMopuja), ( eHrn. pri-
mary memory).
• rrpHMapHH 3a,IJ;aTaK: (B. gBocmpyKu 3agaUl.aK), (eHrn. primary task).
• rrpHMapHH KBaJIHTeTH: I1o cXBaTaIDY IJoHa JioKa, y rrpnMapHe KBaJIHTeTe o6jeKTa crra,n:ajy oco6nHe
Koje cy Heo,n:Boj1rne o,n: caMor o6jeKTa H yseK cy ona)l{eHe aKo je caM 06je1<aT orra)l{eH. Y rrp11MapHe
KBaJIHTeTe JloK y6paja 11BpCTHHy, rrpOCTHpaibe, o6JIHK H M06HJIHOCT (B. ceKyHgapHu K6aJlUUl.eUl.u,
eMuupu3aM), (em11. primary qualities).
496 KOfHI1TI1BHA I1CI1XOJIOrI1JA
Ha3Ha"'!eHII CBH Morynn npHcTyrrH peIIIaBaIDy H CBH napu;njaJIHH II;IIJbeBH y OKBHpy ,n:aTor npH-
CTyrra (B. aap11ujaJZHU '4Ulb, cma6JZo cillaHJa u aK11uja), (eHrn. problem space).
• rrpoToTHII: TnnH"'IHH wm npoce"'!HH npe,n:cTaBHHK ,n:aTe KaTeropnje (Hajpenpe3eHTaTHBHHjH
npe,n:cTaBHHK ,n:aTe KaTeropnje). ITpoTOTHn He Mopa ,n:a 6y,n:e pean:Ho nocTOjena HHCTaHu;a.
Haj"'!eIIIne je y nnTaIDy ancTpaKTHH npe,n:cTaBHHK Kojn ca,n:p:arn yrrpoce"'IeHe OMHKe npnna,n:-
HHKa ,D;aTe KaTeropnje (B. MOqeJZ upoiUOUlUUOBa), (eHrJI. prototype).
• rrpou;e;a;ypaJIHo 3HaH>e: 3HaIDe o 06aB1naIDy o,n:pel)eHHX onepau;nja H npou;e,n:ypa (Hnp. 3HaIDe
rpaMaTHKe, 3HaIDe o npammnMa HeKe nrpe HT,n:.) /B. qyzompajHa MeMopuja, ceMaHUlUt.tKa MeMo-
puja, qeKJZapailluBHo 31-laHJe/, ( eHrn. procedural knowledge).
• rrcey;a;opeq: Hn3 CJIOBa wm rnacoBa Kojn je y cKJia,n:y ca ¢oHOJIOIIIKOM CTPYKTYPOM ,n:aTOr je-
3HKa an:n HeMa 3Ha"'IeIDe (B. 3agaillaK JZeKCUt.tKe ogJZyKe), (eHrJI. pseudoword).
• rrcHXOJIHHrBHCTHKa: Hay-q:Ha ,D;HCII;HITJIHHa Koja H3y-qaBa ncnxoJIOIIIKe acneKTe je3H"'!Ke npo-
AYKU:Hje H nepu;enu;nje H Ha"'!HHe cKJia,D;HIIITeIDa H no6yl)nBaIDa je3H"'!Ke HH¢opMau;nje (B. JlUH-
fBucUluKa, C0'4UOJlUHfBUCUlUKa, HeypoJZUHfBUCUlUKa) .
• IICHXOJIOIIIKa peaJIHOCT: (B. KOfHUUlUBHa peJZeBaHUlHocm), (eHrn. psychological reality).
• pa;a;Ha MeMopnja: ,II;eo rncTeMa o6pa,n:e nH¢opMau;nja Kojn je npe,rvmarno Ar.raH Eewm. CnCTeM ce
cacTOjH o,n: TPH KOMIIOHeHTe: 11eHUlpaJZHOf U36putuo11a, <fioHOJlOutKe ueilllbe H 6U3yellHO-cua11ujaJZ-
He Maillpu11e. <DoHOJIOIIIKa rreTJba H BH3yenHo-cnau;njaJIHa MaTpnu;a o6yxBaneHe cy CTaH,n:ap,n:HHM
rrojMOM orrepaTHBHe (KpaTKOTpajHe) MeMopnje, ,Il;OK je u;eHTpaJIHH H3BpIIIHJiau; KOMIIOHeHTa
3ap;y)l{eHa 3a 3aIIO"LIHlf>aIDe o6HaBJbaIDa 3a,n:p)l{aHor MaTepnjaJia H ,Il;OHOIIIeIDe pa3JIHqHTHX BpCTa
o,rv.cy1<a. Pa,n:Ha MeMopnja je rncTeM qnjH cy pecyprn orpaHH"'!eHH H ¢HKCHH (B. oaepaUl.UBHa MeMo-
puja, 11eHUl.paJZHu u3aputulla11, <fioHOllOutKa ueilllba, BU3yeJZHo-caa11ujallHa MaUl.pu11a), ( eHrn. working
memory) .
• pau;HOHaJIH3aM: ITpaBau; y ¢HJio3o¢njn KOjH 3acTyna CTaB ,n:a je OCHOBa 3HaIDa pa3yM
(yM), O,Il;HOCHO ,n:a ce HaIIIe 3HaIDe ,n:eJIHMH"'!HO 3aCHHBa Ha ypol)eHHM H,D;ejaMa KOje cy rnoj-
CTBO HaIIIer yMa. fJiaBHH rrpe,n:cTaBHHII;H cy ,II;eKapT, CrrnHo3a H Jiaj6Hnu; (B. eMuupu3aM,
HafUUBU3aM) .
• RBC: (B. apeu03HaBa1-be Ha OCHOBY KOMUOHeHaillaL
• pe;a;Ha o6pa;a;a: KomHTHBHa o6pa,n:a Koja ce OABHja Kpo3 CYKII;eCHBHO o6aBJbaIDe pa3JIHqHTHX
orrepau;Hja n rro,n:onepau;Hja (Hrrp. rroIIITO je o6aBJbeHa je,n:Ha orrepau;Hja, rrpena3H ce Ha rne,n:eny
HT,n:.), /aJITepHaTHBHH Ha3HB: cepujaJZHa o6paqa/ (B. aapalleJZHa o6paga), (eHrn. serial processing).
• pe;a;YKD;HOHH3aM: CBol)eIDe pa3nnqHTHX npnpo,n:Hnx ¢eHoMeHa no,n: je;ri;aH 3aKOH. ,II;pyro
3Ha"LieIDe OBOf rrojMa O,Il;HOCH ce Ha IlOKyrnaj o6jaIIIIDeIDa peryJiapHOCTH Ha MOJiapHOM HHBOY
npou;ecnMa Kojn ce o,n:nrpaBajy Ha MOJier<yJiapHoM mrnoy.
• peKO)l;OBalbe: ITpeBol)eIDe je,n:Hor CHCTeMa eJieMeHaTa y HeKH ,n:pyrn CHCTeM. y y)l{eM CMHCJiy:
rrpeTBapaIDe OCHOBHHX eJieMeHaTa HeKor CKyrra y CMHCaOHY u;eJIHHY (Hrrp. cpma - apcm), (B.
CMucaoHa jequHu11a), (eHrn. recoding).
• peKOHCTPYKD;HOHO rraMneH>e: TeH,n:eHu;nja ,n:a ce npn perrpo,n:yKu;njn ca,n:p)l<aj H3 H3BOpHor
MaTepnjan:a KOM6HHyje ca 3HaIDeM I<Oje Ben noce,n:yjeMO. 0BaKO peKOHCTpyncaHH MaTepnjan:
"'IeCTO ca,n:p)KH eJieMeHTe ,n:o I<OjHX ce ,Il;OIIIJIO 3aKJbyqHBaIDeM, HJIH naK ,n:eJioBe KOjH ce O,Il;HOCe
Ha ca,n:p)l<aj, an:n Hncy ,n:eo H3BOpHor MaTepnjana (emJI. reconstructive memory).
• peJieBaHTHe Bapnja6Jie: (B. upeJZeBaHUl.He Bapuja6JZe).
• perrpeseHTaTHBH: foBOpHH "'!HHOBH KOjHMa fOBOpHHK H3HOCI1 HeKy "'!HIDeHHII;y, c ysepeIDeM ,n:a
je OHa TaqHa (B. fOBopHu 1..fUH, gupeKUlUBU, UCKa3U o6aBe3UBaHJa, geKJZapaiUUBU, eKcupecuBu),
( eHrn. representatives).
• perrpeseHTan;HoHa xeypncTHKa: CTpaTernja y ,n:oHoIIIeIDy 3aKJby-qKa Koja ce 3aCHHBa Hape-
npe3eHTaTHBHOCTH ,n:aTe HHCTaHu;e y O,Il;HOCY Ha KJiacy Kojoj npnna,n:a. ,II;a JIM je o,n:pel)eHH ,n:o-
ral)aj ( ¢eHoMeH) perrpeseHT ,n:aTe KJiace, rrpou:eIDyjeMo Ha ornoBy ,n:Ba KpHTepnjyMa: a) y Kojoj
Mepn je ,n:oral)aj (¢eHOMeH) ,n:o6ap perrpe3eHT nonyJiau;nje Kojoj rrpnrra,n:a n 6) y Kojoj Mepn
498 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
" ceJieKTHBHa na}l(aa: YCMepaBalbe rrmKlhe Ha caMo je,n:aH H3Bop HHcpopMau;Hja. CHHTarMa rrpe,n:-
CTaBJha IIJieOHa3aM, jep je CBaKa rra)l{lba ceJieKTHBHO ycMepaBalbe MeHTaJIHe aKTHBHOCTH Ha ,n:eo
YHYTPaIIIlbMX MJIH crroJhaIIIlbMX s6HBalba (B. uaJ1Ct-ba, meopuja <jju!l.Ulepa), ( eHrn. selective atten-
tion).
• CeMaHTHKa: fpaHa JIHHrBHCTHKe Koja ce 6aBH 3Ha'tJelbeM. <l>MJI03ocpcKa ,D;HCIJ;HIIJIHHa Koja HCIIH-
Tyje o,n:Hoce H3Meljy HCKa3a H rrojaBa Ha Koje ce TM HCKa3H 0,D;HOCe, a Hapo'IHTO ycJIOBe rro,n: KOjH-
Ma ce MCKa3H Mory CMaTpaTH HCTHHMTHM.
• ceMaHTHqKa ,ri;eMemi;nja: BpcTa amosHje. Oco6a ca oBaKBHM OIIITehelheM mrje y cTalby ,n:a rrperro-
3Ha H HMeHyje o6jeKaT, HMTH je y CTalby ,n:a IIOKa)l{e 6MJio KaKBO 3Halbe 0 o6jeKry (B. afH03Uje).
• ceMaHTHqKa ;ri;ncTaHu;a: CTerreH 3HaqelbcKe rnwrnocTH H3Meljy ,n:Ba rrojMa. YTBpljyje ce cKo-
poM Ha CKaJIM rrpou;eHe r,n:e ce o,n: MCIIHTaHHKa 3a:x:TeBa .n:a rrpou;eHH y Kojoj MepH je HeKH rrojaM
,n:o6ap (THIIWraH) rrpe.n;CTaBHMK KaTeropHje 03Ha'IeHe lberoBHM Ha,n:peljeHHM rrojMOM. ,II:pyrH
Ha'IHH JTBpi)HBalba ceMaHTM'IKe ,D;HCTaH:u;e je y-qecTaJIOCT rrpo,n:yK:u;Hje (B. UlUUU'tfHOCUl, e<jjeKaill
muuu'tfuocillu) y'tfecillaJLocm apogyKUiuje), ( eHrJI. semantic distance).
• ceMaHTHqKa MeMopnja: AcrreKT ,n:yroTpajHe MeMopHje y KojeM je ycKJia.n;HIIITeHo 3Halbe o rroj-
MOBHMa, ,n:eKJiapaTHBHO sHaFhe H rrpou;e.n:ypan:Ho sHalhe (B. gyrompajua MeMopuja, euu3ogu1.f.Ka
MeMopuja, geKJLapaillUBHa MeMopuja, geKJLapaillu6HO 3Ha1-be, apoUiegypaJLHO 3Ha1-be), ( eHrJI. se-
mantic memory).
• ceMaHTHqKo npnMoBaae: YTH:u;aj ceMaHTH'IKOr KOHTeKcTa Ha o6pa,n:y pe'IH. Hajt:IeIIIhe ce
MaHHcpecTyje Kao cpau;MJIHTau;Hja JKOJIHKO peqH rrpeTXO,D;H ceMaHTH'IKH IIOBe3aH KOHTeKCT
(B. apuMo6a1-be, rpa<jjeMcKo apuMo6a1-be, <jjouoJLowKo apuMo6a1-be, acoUiujawuBHO apuMo6a1-be),
(eHrn. semantic priming).
• ceH3opHa acpa3nja: (B. BepuuKeo6a a<jja3uja).
• ceH3opm1 perncmp: (B. 1.fYJLHa MeMopuja).
• cepnjaJIHa o6pa;ri;a: (B. pegua o6paga) .
• CHM60JIHqKa ,ll;HCTaHu;a: (B. e<jjeKaill CUM60JLU1.f.Ke gucillaHfAie).
• CHM6oJinqKe npe;ri;cTaBe: ITpe,n:cTaBe Koje HM Ha KojH Ha'IMH HHcy H30MopcpHe MJIH aHan:orHe
OHOMe IIITO rrpe,n:CTaBJhajy. ITojaM ce O,D;HOCH yrJiaBHOM Ha je3Ht:IKe rrpe,n:cTaBe (Hrrp. rrpe,n:cTaBe
pet:IH MJIH HCKasa) (an:TepHaTHBHH TepMHH: aHaJlUWU'tfKe apegcUia6e), (B. aHaJLOfHe apegcilla6e,
Bep6aJLHU Kog), (em. symbolic representation) .
.. CHM60JIHqKH Ko;ri;: (B. 6ep6aJLHU Kog).
• CHMfJITaHarHo3nja: BpcTa acou;HjaTHBHe BHsye1rne amosHje. MaHHcpecTyje ce Kao HeMoryh-
HOCT ,n:a ce HCTOBpeMeHO orra3H BHIIIe o,n: je,n:Hor acrreKTa BH3yeJIHOr CTHMYJIYCa H ,n:a ce CTHMYJIYC
MHTerpmne y KoxepeHTHY CMHCaOHY u;emrny. CHMIITOMH rro,n:cehajy Ha CMMIITOMe arrepu;errTH-
BHe BHsyeJIHe arHosHje, an:H Meljy lhHMa rrocToje sHaqajHe pasJIHKe jep oco6a ca .n;HjarHosoM
arrepu;errTMBHe amosHje HHje y cTaFhy .n:a rrperrosHa ,n:eJioBe o6jeKTa (B. aruo3uje, 6u3yeJLHe aruo-
3uje, aco4ujaillu6Ha 6U3yeJLHa aruosuja, auepUieUUlU6Ha 6U3ye.nua aruosuja).
• CHHTaKCa: lIHHrBHCTH'IKa ,IJ;HCIJ;MIIJIHHa KOja ce 6aBH O,D;HOCOM pe'IH y peqeHHIJ;M H rrpaBMJIHMa
lheHor CTPYKTypHpalba.
• cKJia;ri;m11Te Bn3yeJIHMX HHcpopMau;Hja: (B. UKOHU'tfKa MeMopuja), ( eHrn. visual information store).
• cKpHBeHH cJioj (HHBo): KoMrroHeHTa Mo,n:eJia Caj,n:eH6epra H MeK KJIMJieH,n:a (SM Mo,n:eJI) y
KojeM ce O,D;BHja MO,n:mpHKau;Hja Bpe,n:HOCTH IIOH,n:epa Ha OCHOBY rrpou;eHe o,n:Hoca H3Meljy
,n:oforjeHor H )l{eJheHor Hcxo.n:a (B. SM model), (eHrJI. hidden layer).
• CKpHnT: I1HTerpan:HH .n:eo IIIeMe KOjH ce O,D;HOCM Ha pe.n:orne,n: (,n:oraljaja) KOjH ce O,D;BMjajy y
BpeMeHy (B. weMa), (eHrJI. script).
• rno6o;ri;HH MopcpeM: MopcpeM KojH MO)l{e ,n:a crnjH Kao caMocTan:Ha JieKCWIKa je,n:MHH:u;a (Hrrp.
pag, Ha, UJlU HT,n:.), (B. Mop<jjeM, 6e3aHU Mop<jjeM, a<jjuKC, OCH06a pe'tfu).
• CMHcaoHa je;ri;nHmi;a: CJIO)l{aj eJieMeHaTa HeKor CKyrra KojH 'IHHH sHa'IelbcKy u;eJIMHY (B. peKo-
goBa1-be ), (eHrJI. chunk).
500 KOrHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOrI1JA
TOMe KaKo cy peIII:wrn o,n:pe))eHe npo6JieMe, KaKo cy ,n:oIIIJIH ,n:o H3Hena,n:HHX YJm,n:a HJIH KaKo ce
O,Il;BHja I:hHXOB CTBapanai:rKH npou;ec (B. KpeaUl.U6HOCUi.), (eHrJI. case study).
• cy6jeKTHBHa npou;eHa KopHCHOCTH: Cy6jeKTHBHO npH,n:aBal:he Belier HJIH Mal:her 3Hai:raja cpaK-
TopHMa KojH cy peJieBaHTHH 3a ,n:oHOIIIel:he O,D;JiyI<e (B. Ul.eopuja ogllytJuBaHJa, meopuja KopucHo-
cmu, otJeKuBaHa Kopurnocm), ( enrn. subjective utility).
• cy,IJ;: y KOrHHTHBHOj nrnxoJiornjH: HCXO,Il; npou;eca cy))el:ha. y JIOrHIJ;H: TBp,n:I:ha 3a Kojy je Moryhe
yrnp,n:HTH ,n:a JIM je HCTHHHTa (B. cy'ljeHJe), ( eHrJI. judgment).
• cyl}elbe: ,II;onoIIIel:he cy,n:a o neKoj nojaBH Ha ocHoBy nenocpe,n:no ,n:aTor, npH i:reMY ce cy,n: o,n:no-
rn Ha nenocpe,n:no ,n:aTo (B. cyg, 3a10bytJuBaHJe), (enrn.judgment) .
• cy<f>HKC: Be3aHH MopcpeM (acpHKC) KOjH ce ,n:o,n:aje Ha Kpaj OCHOBe pei:rH H KOjH MO)Ke HJIH ,n:a
Mel:ha I:heHO OCHOBHO 3Hai:rel:he (,n:epHBaIJ;HOHH cycpHKC) HJIH ,n:a cneu;HcpHKyje I:heH rpaMaTH11KH
CTaTyc (HH<j:meKCHOHH cycpHKC) (B. Mop<jjeM, 6e3aHU Mop<jjeM, Cllo6ogHu Mop<jjeM, UH<jjlleKCUOHU
cy<jjuKC, gepuBaU,UOHU cy<jjuKC, UH<jjUKC).
• cu;eHapHo: (B. cKpuam).
• TaKTHJIHa arH03Hja: BpcTa arH03Hje Koja ce MaHHcpecTyje Kao HeMoryhnocT npeno3HaBal:ha
o6jeKaTa ,Il;O,D;HpOM, yrrpKOC 0'1JBaHoj TaKTHJIHOj nepu;enu;HjH. y nHTal:hy je ynHJiaTepaJIHH no-
peMehaj ,n:o Kojer ,n:oJia3H ycJie,n: OIIITehel:ha KOHTpanaTepanne cTpane ,n:ol:her ,n:eJia napHjeTaJIHor
pe)KI:ha. ITau;HjeHT je y CTal:hy ,n:a npeno3Ha H HMeHyje o6jeKaT npHKa3aH BH3yeJIHO HJIH y HeKOM
,n:pyroM MO,Il;aJIHTeTy, aJIH HHje y CTal:hy ,n:a ra H,D;eHTHcpHKyje TaKTHJIHOM eKCIIJIOpau;HjOM. y
HeKHM CJiyi:rajeBHMa oco6e c OBaKBHM OIIITehel:heM Mory ,n:a onHIIIY cpH3H11Ke KapaKTepHCTHKe
o6jeKTa, aJIH He H ,n:a ra Ha OCHOBY I:hHX npen03Hajy ( aJITepHaTHBHH Ha3HBH: COMaUl.oceH3opHa
afHo3uja, acmepeofHo3uja), ( B. afHo3uje).
• Tax:HCTOCKOII: 11HCTpyMeHT 3a KOHTpOJIHCaHO npHKa3HBal:he BH3yeJIHHX CTHMynyca ( eHrJI. ta-
chistoscope).
• TeMnoponapHjeTaJIHa a<f>a3Hja: (B. BepHuKeoBa a<fia3uja).
• TeopHjary6Jbelba Tpara: TeopHja no Kojoj npoTOKOM BpeMena ,n:oJia3H ,n:o cJia6Hje penpo,n:JKu;Hje
HeKor MaTepHjana yCJie,n: I:heroBor cnoHTanor ry6Jhel:ha y onepaTHBHoj MeMopHjH ( enrn. trace
decay theory).
• TeopHja ,Il;BOCTpyc<or KO,IJ;a: TeopHja no KOjoj cy HeKH nojMOBH KO,Il;OBaHH y OKBHpy ,n:Be BpcTe
npe,n:cTaBa (KO,Il;OBa). Je,n:aH KO,Il; je CHM60JIJfqKJf (Bep6aJIHH), ,Il;OK je ,n:pyrH aHaJIOrHH (BmyeJI-
HH). fJiaBHH npe,n:cTaBHHK oBaKBOr npHcTyrra je A.nan ITaHBHO. 0Be ,n:Be BpcTe npe,n:cTaBa, cMa-
Tpa ITaHBHO, HHCY y nOTrrynocTH He3aBHCHe jep H3Me))y pei:rH H I:hoj o,n:roBapajyhe BmyeJIHe
npe,n:cTaBe nocTojH y3ajaMHa Be3a Kojy ITaHBHO Ha3HBa pe<jjepeHu,ujallHOM. O,n:pe))ena pei:r MO)Ke
,n:a pecpepHpa Ha o,n:pe))eny BH3yeJIHY npe,n:cTaBy, H o6pnyro, o,n:pe))eny BH3yeJIHY npe,n:cTaBy
Moryhe je H3pa3HTH Bep6aJIHO. 0BO ce O,Il;HOCH caMO Ha KOHKpeTHe nojMoBe Koje je Moryhe
BH3YaJIH30BaTH ( B. llOfofeH, uMafeH), ( enrn. dual code theory).
• TeopHja .ri;eTeKu;Hje O,IJ;JIHKa: ITpHcTyrr npeno3HaBal:hy o6jeKaTa ( o6JIHKa) KOjH noJia3H o.n; npeT-
nocTaBKe .n;a npen03HaBal:he noi:rHI:he H,IJ;eHTHcpHKau;HjOM ,Il;HCTHHKTHBHHX O,Il;JIHKa KOMIIJieKCHHX
CJIO)KajeBa (B. apeuo3Ha6aHJe CllOJKaja), ( enrn. feature detection theory).
• TeopHja .IJ:y6HHe o6pa.ri;e: (B. meopuja HUBoa o6page).
• TeopHja HH<f>opMau;Hje: MaTeMaTJfl{Ka ,IJ;HCU:HIIJIHHa nacTana KpajeM i:reTp,n;eceTHX ro,n;HHa
nponmor BeKa y OKBHPY HCTpa)KHBal:ha Be3aHMX 3a rrpo6JieMe TeJieKOMYHHKau;Hja. 11ncpopMau;Hja
je H3pa)KeHa Kao BepoBarnoha .n;ora))aja i y rncTeMY x. KoJIHqHHa HHcpopMau;Hje je o6pHyro rrpo-
rropu;HoHaJIHa BepoBaTHOfiH .n;ora))aja, a ca.n;p)Kaj HHcpopMau;Hje je HpeJieBaHTaH (B. 6um), ( enrn.
information theory).
• TeopHja je.ri;HHCTBeHOr KO,IJ;a: ITpHcTyrr I<OjH noJia3H o.n; rrpeTIIOCTaBKe .n;a je BH3yeJIHe H
CHM60JIHl{Ke (Bep6anne) rrpe,n;cTaBe HCTOr nojMa Moryhe H3pa3HTH 3aje,n;HH11KHM npon03HIJ;HO-
HHM KO,Il;OM. fJiaBHH 3acTyrrHHK OBaKBOr npHcTyrra je 3eHOH I1HJIHIIIHH (B. Ul.eopuja gBocmpyKof
Koga), (enrn. unitary code theory).
502 KOfHI1TI1BHA ITCI1XOJIOfI1JA
• TeopHja HHBOa o6pa.n;e: I1p11cryn 06pap;11 11HcpopMau;11ja, HacTao rroqeTKOM ce;n:aMp;eceTHX ro-
JJ:HHa rrpoIIIJ10r BeKa, 3aCHOBaH Ha rrpeTIIOCTaBIJ;H 0 pa3JI~HTHM KOrHHTHBHHM HHBOHMa Ha
Koj11Ma ce 11HcpopMau;11ja o6pa~yje. Tio oBoj Teop11j11 KOrHHTHBHa o6pa;n:a je pep;Ha, rroq11H>e op;
HHBOa cp11311qKJ1X KapaKTepHCTHKa CTHMJJIYCa a 3aBprnaBa ce y p;y6JbHM HHBOHMa KOjH yr<Jbyqyjy
3HaqeH>e. Y 3aBHCHOCTH o,r:i: HMBoa o6pap;e, 3aB11rnhe 11 KOJJ: y OKB11py Kojer ce 11HcpopMau;11ja
o6pa~yje. Pa3JIHKa H3Me~y rrojep;HHHX BpcTa KOJJ:OBaH>a 11 HHBoa o6pap;e ornep;a ce y JJ:)T)KHHH
3ap:p)KaBaIDa MaTep11jaJia, OJJ:HOCHO, 6p3HHH ry6JbeH>a 11HcpopMau;11ja (B. x:og, x:ogoea1-be), (eHrn.
levels ofprocessing theory, depth ofprocessing theory).
.. TeOpHja OMyqHBa:H>a: )J;HCIJ;HIIJIHHa Koja ce 6aBH HaqHHOM Ha I<OjH JJ:OHOCHMO OJJ:.rryKe H
qHHHOIJ;HMa I<OjH yTHqy Ha op;.rryqHBaH>e. 0CHOBHa np;eja Teop11je OJJ:~HBa!ba je p;a rrpH 11360-
py Beiler 6poja MorynHOCTH 611paMO Otty q11j11 HCXOJJ: rro;n:pa3yMeBa MaKCHMaJIH3au;11jy KOpH-
CHOCTH. Pa3JIHKyjeMO HOpMaill.UBHY H gecKpuuill.UBHY (6uxejeuopaJlHY) Teop11jy op;.rryqHBaH>a.
HopMaTHBHa Teop11ja pa3MaTpa rrpnHu;11rre pau;110HaJIHOr op;.rryq11BaH>a, ;n:oK ce p;eCKpHIITHBHa
(611xejB11opaJIHa) Teop11ja 6aBH HaqHHOM Ha Koj11 cTBapHo op;.rryqyjeMo (eHrn. decision theory).
• Teopnja npnrymHBalba: Mop;11cp11Kau;11ja Bpo,n:6eHTOBe Teop11je cpnJITepa Kojy je rrpep;JIO)KHJia
EH TpH3MaH. <l>HJITep rrporryrnTa HHcpopMau;nje ca je;n:Hor yJia3HOr KaHaJia, aJIH He 6JI0K11pa
Ben apu1ywyje HHcpopMau;uje c ocTaJIHX yJia3HHX KaHaJia. Teop11ja crra;n:a y T3B. meopuje paHe
celleKt1;uje (B. meopuja ifmllill.epa, ifmllill.ep, 6arjjep, meopuje paHe celleKt1;uje, meopuje uo3He ce-
lleKt1;uje), (eHrn. theory of attenuation, attenuation theory). ,
• TeOpHja npOTOTHilOBa: I1p11cTyrr rrpeII03HaBaH>y CJIO)Kaja (o6jeKaTa) KOjH IIOJia3H op: rrpeTIIO-
CTaBKe p;a p;o rrperro3HaBaH>a p;oJia3H ycarnarnaBaH>eM o6jeKTa ca rrpe;n:cTaBOM Koja je p;aTa y
06JI11Ky 11p;eaJIH30BaHor rrpe,n;cTaBHHKa KJiace Kojoj o6jeKaT rrp11rrap;a, (rrpoToT11rr), (B. ape-
uo3HaBa1-be CllOJtCaja, gucill.uHKill.UBHe oglluKe, apeuo3Haea1-be Ha ocHoey KOMUOHeHaill.a, meopuja
yca'illautaea1-ba c y3opKoM, meopuja geill.eK4uje oglluKa, cmpyKill.ypMHe meopuje apeuo3HaBa1-ba
o6lluKa) (eHm. prototype theory, theory ofprototypes).
• TeopHja ceJieKTHBHOr o.n;roBopa: I1p11cTyrr 06pap;11 HHcpopMau;11ja KOjH IIOJia3H OJJ: rrpeTIIOCTaB-
Ke ,ri;a orpaHucieH>a y perrpo,ri;JKu;11j11 CHMYJITaHo H3JIO)KeHor MaTepnjaJia HacTajy Ha HHBOY ,ri;a-
BaH>a o;n:roBopa, Tj. rrornTo je HHcpopMau;11ja ocMHillJbeHa. AyTOpH cy ,D;ojq 11,D;ojqoBa11 Hop-
MaH. 0Ba Teop11ja crra,ri;a y T3B. meopuje uo3He celleKt1;uje jep p;o ceJieKu;11je p;oJia3H y ,ri;y6JbMM
HHBOHMa o6pa,ri;e (B. ill.eopuja rjjullill.epa, 6arjjep, rjjullill.ep, KaHall ogllyKe, meopuje paHe celleKt1;uje),
( eHrn. selective response theory, late selection theories).
• TeopHja ycamama:Balha c ysopKoM: I1p11cTyrr rrperro3HaBaH>y CJIO)Kaja (o6jeKaTa) Kojn rrpeT-
rrocTaBJba ,ri;a ce rrperro3HaBaH>e o,ri;11rpaBa TaKo rnTo ,r:i:oJia3H ,ri;o ycamarnaBaH>a o6jeKTa Koj11 ce
rrperro3Haje 11 H>eroBe MeHTaJIHe perrpe3eHTau;11je Koja ca,ri;p)KH 11,ri;eHTHqHe CTPYKTYPaJIHe oco-
611He (B. apeu03HaBa1-be CllOJtCaja, gucill.UHKill.UBHe ogllUKe, apeuo3Ha6a1-be Ha OCHOBY KOMUOHeHa-
ma, meopuja geill.eKt1;uje oglluKa, cmpyKill.ypallHe meopuje apeuo3HaBa1-ba o6lluKa), (eHrn. template
matching theory).
• TeopHja qmJITepa: Teop11ja rra)KH>e Kojy je rrpe)J;JIO)KHO ,D;oHaJI,ri; Bpo,ri;6eHT. TiornTo cy Karra-
u;11TeTn KOrHHTHBHe o6pa,ri;e orpaH11qeH11, Heorrxo,ri;Ha je ceJieKu;nja 11HcpopMau;11ja Koje cy y
HeocMHillJbeHoM 06JI11Ky rrp11BpeMeHo ycKJia,ri;nrnTeHe y 6acpepy (yJia3HHM KaHaJIMMa). Herro-
cpep;Ho y3 6acpep HaJia3H ce rjjullill.ep Koj11 rrporryrnTa HHcpopMau;11je caMo ca je,ri;Hor KaHaJia Koje
ce rrporne~yjy y JJ;aJbY o6pa,ri;y, ,ri;oK HHcpopMau;Mje c ocTaJIHx KaHaJia 611Bajy 6JioK11paHe. Teop11ja
crra,ri;a y T3B. ill.eopuje paHe CelleKU;Uje Hy BeJIHKOj Mep11 je peBHJJ:HpaHa KaCHHjHM HaJia3HMa (B.
6arjjep, rjjullill.ep, KaHall ogllyKe, ill.eopuje paHe celleKt1;uje, ill.eopuje U03He celleKt1;uje), (eHrn. filter
theory, filter theory of auditory perception).
• TeopHje nosHe ceJieKu;Hje: ( B. meopuje celleKill.UBHO'i og'ioeopa), (eHrn. late selection theories).
• TeopHje paHe ceJieKu;Hje: I1p11cryn 06pa,ri;11 HHcpopMau;11ja Koj11 rrpemocTaBJba ,ri;a ce ceJieKu;11ja
yJia3HHX 11HcpopMau;11ja o6aBJba y paHMM cpa3aMa o6pa,ri;e Ha HHBOY 6acpepa (yJia3HHX KaHaJia).
<l>HJITep, Koj11 ce HaJia3H Herrocpe;n:Ho y3 6acpep, rrporryrnTa 11HcpopMau;11je caMo ca je,ri;Hor KaHaJia
OCHOBHI1 I10JMOBI1 503
cy ,n:a perrpo,n:yr<yjy ,n:yre II KOMIIJIHKOBaHe ca,n:p)l(aje. qeCTO IIOHaBJbajy pe'IH IIJIH ,n:eJIOBe HCKa3a
caroBopHHKa, TaKO ,n:a rroHeKa,n: o,n:ajy JTHCaK ,n:a pasyMejy IIITa HM je pe11eHo. Oco6e c ,n:Hjarno-
30M TpaHcKopTHKaJIHe ceHsopHe acpasHje HHcy y cTa:H>y ,n:a 'IHTajy II IIHIIIY (aJITepHaTHBHH Ha-
3HB: uocmepuopHu u3o;ia71u0Hu cuHgpoM), (B. a<fia3uje, Bpo1<ao6a 301-la, <fiac71uKyllyc apKyamyc) .
• TpaHccpopMaIJ;HOHa rpaMaTHKa: IlpHcTyrr OIIHCIIBaH>y CIIHTaKCII'IKIIX CTPJKTypa KOjH je
rrpe.JJ:JIO)l(HO HoaM qOMCKH. TpaHccpopMai:J;HOHa rpaMaTHKa je sacHoBaHa Ha pasJIHQH H3Me~y
gy6uHcKe II uo6ptuuHcKe cTpJKType pe11eHHQe. ~y6HHCKa cTpJKTypa je rrporro3HQHOHor THrra,
,n:oK je rroBpIIIHHCKa CTPJKTypa jesH'IKH peaJIH30BaHa rrporro3HIJ;Hja H3 ,n:y6HHCKe CTPJKType. Y
reHe3H pe11eHHQe H3Me~y ,n:y6HHCKe II rroBpIIIHHCKe CTPJKType rrpHMeH>yjy ce mpaHc<fiopMa-
71uoHa apa6Ulla Ha OCHOBY KOjHX je HCTY ,n:y6HHCKY CTPYKTYPY Moryh.e peaJIH30BaTH y OKBHpy
Bener 6poja rroBpIIIHHCKIIX CTPJKTypa (Hrrp. aKTHBHH IIJIH rracHBHH o6JIHK pe11eHHQe, yrrHTHa
pe11eHHQa HT.JJ:.) /aJITepHaTHBHH Ha3HB: teHepaUlU61-la tpaMafilUKa, UlpaHc<jJopMa71UOHO-teHepa-
fUU61-la ipaMafiluKa/ (B. ipaMafiluKa <fipa3HUX cmpyKfilypa, gy6uHcKa cmpyKfilypa, uo6pumHcKa
cmpyKfilypa), ( eHrn. transformational grammar).
• TpaHccpopMaIJ;HOHa rrpaBHJia: IlpaBIIJia KojHM ce H3 HcTe .n:y6HHcKe cTpJKType ,n:o6Hjajy
pa3JIH'IHTe BapHjaHTe rroBpIIIHHCKe CTPYKTYPe pe11eHHQe (Hrrp. HeraQHja, yrrHTHa pe11eHHQa,
rraCIIBH3aQHja HT.JJ:.), (B. mpaHc<fiopMa71uoHa ipaMafiluKa, gy6uHcKa cmpyKfilypa, uo6ptuuHcKa
cmpyKfilypa) ( eHrn. transfromational rules).
• TpaHccpopMaIJ;HOHo-reHepaTHBHa rpaMaTHKa: (B. mpaHc<fiopMa71uo1-1a rpaMafiluKa).
• TpettyTHa MeMOpHja: IlojaM eKBHBaJieHTaH rrojMy orrepaTHBHe MeMopHje (B. oaepafilU6Ha Me-
Mopuja), (eHrn. immediate memory) .
• TpHrpaM: CKyrr o,n: TPH 3HaKa (Hrrp. CJIOBa, 6poja HT.JJ:.).
• TCL (Teachable Language Comprehender): (B. Mogell xujepapxujcKux MpeJ1Ca).
• y1m,a;: (B. y6uba1-be).
• )7BHl)albe: I1sHeHa,IJ;HO yo11aBalbe peJieBaHTHIIX O,Il;HOCa Me~y eJieMeHTHMa CTHMyJiaIJ;Hje ( CHTya-
IJ;Hje) Koje ,Il;OBO,Il;H ,n:o )l(eJheHor QIIJba IIJIH HCXO,n:a (peIIIeH>a rrpo6JieMa). 0Baj cpeHOMeH II03HaT
je II rro.n; Ha3HBOM ,,axa!" goJ1CU6Jbaj (emJI. insight).
• ynasHH KaHaJIJI: (B. 6a<fiep ).
• YHHBepsanHa MamHHa sa pemaBalbe npo6neMa: Pa11yttapcKH rrporpaM 11HjH cy ayTopH
I-hyeJI, llio II CajMOH KOjH je HMao sa QHJb CHMyJiaIJ;Hjy peIIIaBalba rrpo6JieMa Ha Ha'IHH Ha
KOjH TO 'IHHH 'IOBeI<. IlporpaM je pa,n;HO pe,n;HO, OCJiaH>ajynH ce Ha HHcpOpMaIJ;Hje H3 ,n:yroTpaj-
He MeMopHje (MeMopHje pa11yttapa), rrpH 11eMy je ysHMao y o63Hp orpaHH11eHH KarraQHTeT
orrepaTHBHe MeMopHje (B. aHallu3a cpegcfila6a 3a ocfa6ape1-be 71ulba, ouepafilu6Ha MeMopuja,
gyfofilpajHa MeMopuja), (eHrn. GPS - Genral Problem Solver).
• ycMepeHO npHcenalbe: Je,n;Ha o,n: rrpeTIIOCTaBJbeHIIX KapaKTepHCTHKa KpeaTHBHOr MHIIIJbeH>a
1<0ja ce MaHHcpecTyje Kao ceJieKTHBHO rro6y~HBaH>e 3HaH>a II HcKycTBa y OKBIIPY sa,n;aTHX
orpaHH'IeH>a ( eHrn. directed remembering) .
• )7THIJ;aj ceTa: (B. KOlHUfUU6HO ycMepe1-be).
• )71IeCTanocT npO,!J;YKIJ;Hje: IlocTyrraK sa yTBp~HBaH>e y Kojoj MepH je Herrn rrojaM THIIH'IaH rrpe.n;-
cTaBHHK KaTeropHje Kojoj rrpmrn.n;a. O,n: HCIIHTaHHKa ce saxTeBa .n;a rrpo,n:yi<yjy IIITO BenH 6poj
rrojMoBa ,n;aTe KaTeropHje, a saTHM ce JTBp~yje YLJeCTaJIOCT II pam y pe.n;orne.n;y HaBo~eH>a sa
CBaKH rrojaM. IlojMOBH KOjH cy LJeIIIne HaBo~eHH II KOjH HMajy BHIIIH paHr y pe.n;orne.n:y HaBo~elba
cMaTpajy ce THIIH'IHHjHM rrpe,n;cTaBHHQHMa KaTeropHje (KJiace), (B. muuwmocfil, ceMaHfilUttKa
gucfila1-171a, goMuHaHfilHocfil Kafileiopuje), ( eHrn. production frequency).
• cpasa BepHcpHKaIJ;Hje: 3aBpIIIHa cpasa y OKBIIPY 11eTBopocpasHor Mo,n;eJia peIIIaBaH>a rrpo6JieMa
y 1<0joj ce rrpoBepaBa ,n:a JIM je peIIIeH>e .n;o 1<0jer ce ,n;oIIIJio HcrrpaBHO (B. y6uba1-be, <fia3a apuape-
Me, <fia3a u1-1Ky6a71uje, <fia3a ullyMu1-1a71uje).
• cpasa HJIYMHHaIJ;Hje: Je,n;Ha o.n; cpasa y peIIIaBaH>y rrpo6JieMa y Kojoj ,n;oJia3H ,n:o H3HeHa,n;Hor YBH~a
H>a Koje BO)J;H peIIIeH>y (B. Y6Uba1-be, <fia3a apuapeMe, <fia3a UHKy6a71uje, rjja3a 6epurjjuKa71uje).
OCHOBHI1 ITOJMOBI1 505
• <!Ja3a HH.Ky6a:u;Hje: Je,IJ;Ha o,IJ; ¢a3a y pernaBaIDy rrpo6JieMa y Kojoj ce O,IJ;B11ja HeCBeCHo pernaBaH>e
rrpo6JieMa (B. yBulja1-be, uHKy6aUiuja, <fiasa apuapeMe, <fia3a UllyMuHa4uje, <fia3a Bepu<jjuKa4uje).
• <!Ja3a rrpm1peMe: IlpBa ¢a3a y pernaBaH>y rrpo6JieMa. YK.lhyqyje yoqaBaH>e rrpo6JieMa, H>eroBo
pa3yMeBaH>e 11 rrpBe rroKyrnaje ,IJ;a ce rrpo6JieM pern11 (B. yBulja1-be, <fiasa apuapeMe, <fiasa UHKy6a-
4uje, <fiasa UllYMUHa4uje, <fia3a Bepu<jjuKa4uje).
• <!JapHHKc: M,D;peIIo. <Dap11HKC ce cacTojH 113 Tp11 ,IJ;eJia: Haso<fiapuHKca, c oTBopoM Ka HOCHoj
nryrr.Jb11Hl1, opo<fiapuHKCa, c OTBOpOM Ka ycHoj nryrr.Jb11Hl1 11 llapuHto<fiapuHKCa, c OTBOpOM Ka
Jiap11HKCY (B. l060pHu optaHu).
• <!Jacn;HKYJIYC apKyaTyc: IIp11MapH11 HepBHl1 rryT Koj11 rroBe3yje BepH11KeoBy 11 EpoKaoBy
30HY (Epo,D;MaHoBa rro1na 40, 41, 42 11 22) (B. BepHuKeoBa 30Ha, BpoKaoBa 30Ha), (JiaT. fasci-
culus arcuatus).
• <!Jau;HIIHTau;Hja: OJiaKrnaBaH>e o6pa,D;e ycJie,IJ; rrpeTXO,IJ;Hor rrp11Ka311BaH>a o,D;pel)eHe BpcTe MaTe-
p11jana (B. apuMo6a1-be), (eHrJI.facilitation) .
• <IJH3HOrHOMaja: (B. <jjpeHOJlOtuja).
• <IJHIITep: KoMrroHeHTa Epo,D;6eHTOBor MO,IJ;eJia rra:>KH>e (Teop11je ¢HJITepa). <DHJITep ce HaJia311 Ha
113Jia3y 113 6a¢epa (yJia3Hl1X KaHana) y KojeM cy rrp11BpeMeHo ycKJia,IJ;11rnTeHe CBe 11H¢opMa:u;11je
rrp11MJbeHe o,IJ; -qyJia. <DHJITep rrporryrnTa caMo ,IJ;eo 11H¢opMa:u;11ja m 6a¢epa, Tj. caMo ca je,IJ;Hor
yJia3HOr KaHaJia, ,Il;OK cy 11H¢opMa:u;11je c OCTaJIMX KaHaJia y IIOTIIyttOCT11 6JIOK11paHe. Ha OBaj
Ha"lll1H Ce o6aBJba CeJieK:u;11ja 11H¢opMa:u;11ja KOje ne 611T11 rrpOCJiel)eHe y ,IJ;aJby o6pa,D;y (B. illeopuja
<jjullillepa, 6a<fiep), ( eHrJI. filter).
• <IJHIITepCKa TeopHja ay,ri;HTHBHe rrep:u;errn;Hje: (B. meopuja <jjullillepa).
0
<iJJieIII cena11>a: Iloce6Ha BpCTa ayro611orpa¢cKl1X cenaH>a KOja cy 113y3eTHO )l(l1Ba 11 6oraTa ,IJ;e-
TaJb11Ma. 0,IJ;HOCe ce Ha 3Ha"l!ajHe, Hajqerune ,D;paMaTl1"l!He TpeHyrKe y HaIIIeM )l(l1BOTy. 0,IJ;Jil1Kyjy
ce )l(lfBOIIIny, rraMneH>eM BeJil1KOr 6poja ,IJ;eTaJba 11 Bl1COKOM JEepeHoruny y Ta"l!HOCT OHOra qera
ce cenaMo (B. aymo6uo1pa<jjcKa ceha1-ba), (eHrJI.fiashbulb memories) .
• fMRI: (B. HeypoogcllUKa6a1-be UOMohy <jjyHKUiUOHaJtHe MatHeillHe pe30HaHUie).
• <!JoHaTOpHH CHCTeM: Ilo,IJ;Cl1CTeM roBopH11X opraHa y KojeM ce B116pa:u;11joM rnaCHl1X )l(l1D;a y
Jiap11HKCY rrp0113BO,Il;l1 3Byg:H11 CMrHaJI (B. l060pHu optaHU, llapUHKC).
• <!JoHeMa: ,I1;11cT11HKTl1BHa je,IJ;11H11:u;a rnacoBHe cTpJKType q11joM rrpoMeHoM ,IJ;OJia311 ,IJ;O rrpoMeHe
3Ha"l!eH>a pe"l!l1. y IIl1TaH>y je arrcTpaKTHa je,IJ;11H11:u;a Koja HeMa CTa6HJiaH aKyCTl1"l!Kl1 KopeJiaT (B.
tllac, <jjoHollotuja).
• <!JoHeTHKa: fpaHa Jil1HrBl1CTl1Ke Koja ce 6aBl1 113yqaBaH>eM ¢11311"l!Kl1X ( aKyCTl1"l!K11X) KapaKTe-
p11cT11Ka roBOpHor Cl1rHaJia (aKycillU11.Ka <jjoHeillUKa) 11 Ihl1XOBe ycJIOBJbeHOCTl1 aHaTOMl1jOM
apTm<yJia:u;110Hor arrapaTa (apilluKylla4uoHa <jjoHeilluKa). Iloce6Hy rpaHy ¢0HeT11Ke "lll1Hl1 ay-
guillUBHa <jjoHeilluKa Koja 113yqaBa rrep:u;err:u;11jy rnacoBa (B. aKycmu11Ka <jjoHeilluKa, apilluKylla-
UiUOHa <jjoHeilluKa, ayguillUBHa <jjoHeilluKa).
• <PoHOJIOrHja: fpaHa Jil1HrBl1CTl1Ke Koja 113yqaBa rJiaCOBe 11 rJiaCOBHe Cl1CTeMe rroje,IJ;11Hl1X je311Ka.
il,MJb ¢oHoJiornje je ,IJ;a rrp11Ka)l(e pacrrope,D; 11 cTpJKTYPY ,IJ;l1CTl1HKTl1BHO yrroTpe6JbeHMX rnacoBa
(¢oHeMa) y ,IJ;aTOM je3m<y (B. <jjoHeMa, tllac).
• <!JoHoJiomKa rreTJDa: KoMIIOHeHTa MO,IJ;eJia pa,D;He MeMop11je An:aHa Ee,IJ;JI11ja 3a,IJ;y)l(eHa 3a 3a,D;p-
)l(aBaH>e 11 o6HaBJbaH>e Bep6aJIHOr MaTep11jana (anTepHaTl1BHl1 Ha311B: apT11KyJia:u;110Ha rreTJba),
(B. pagHa MeMopuja, apilluKylla4uoHa cyapecuja, 6U3yellHo-caaUiujallHa Maillpu4a), ( eHrJI. phono-
logical loop, articulatory loop).
• <PoHOJIOIIIKO rrpHMOBa11>e: <Da:u;HJI11Ta:u;11ja HJil1 l1HXM611:u;11ja ,Il;O Koje ,Il;OJia311 ycJie,IJ; ¢oHOJIOIIIKe
CJI11"l!HOCT11/pa3Jil1"lll1TOCTl1113Mel)y KOHTeKCTa 11 CTl1Mynyca MeTe (B. upUM06a1-be, tpa<jjeMCKO upu-
M06a1-be, ceMaHillU11-KO apuMo6a1-be, aco4ujaflluBHO apuMoBa1-be), (eHrJI. phonological priming).
• <!JoHOTaKTHqKa orpaHH'!e11>a: OrpaH11"l!eH>e y MorynHocT11 3aje,IJ;Hl1"l!Kor rrojaBJb11BaH>a ,IJ;Be ¢0-
HeMe (B. 1pa<fiowaKillU11Ka 01paHu11e1-ba), ( eHrJI. phonotactic constraints).
• <!JopMaHT: KoH:u;eHTpa:u;11ja aKycT11"l!Ke eHepr11je y o,D;pel)eH11M ¢peKBeH:u;11jcK11M orrce311Ma
506 KOrHliITliIBHA ITCliIXOJIOfliIJA
delayed free recall - sa,n;aTaK o,n;JimKeHe rno6o- energy masking - eHepreTcKo MaCKMpaH>e
,n;He perrpo.n;yi<u;Mje ensemble hypothesis - XMIIOTesa HeypaJIHor
delayed recall - sa,n;aTaK o,n;Jio)KeHe perrpo- aHcaM6Jia
.n;yi<u;Mje episodic buffer errMso,n;M-Y:KM 6acpep
delayed serial recall sa,n;aTaK o,n;Jio)KeHe pe.n;- episodic memory- errMso,n;M-Y:Ka MeMopMja
He penpo,n;yKu;Mje evoked potential - eBou;MpaHM rroTeHu;MjaJI
depth of processing theory - TeopMja HMBoa expected utility- O-Y:eKMBaHa KOpMCHOCT
o6pa.n;e expressives eKcrrpecMBM
derivational theory of complexity - .n;epMBa- eye tracking rrpalieH>e rroKpeTa O-Y:Mjy
u;MoHa TeopMja KOMIIJieKCHOCTM facilitation - cpau;MJIMTau;Mja
decision under certainty - o,n;.rryqMBaH>e y family size BeJIM"'IMHa MopcpoJIOIIIKOr CKyrra
feature comparison model - MO,n;eJI rrpeKJia-
ycJIOBMMa I13BeCHOCTI1
rraH>a O.D;JIMKa
decision under uncertainty o,n;JiyqMBalhe y feature detection theory - TeopMja ,n;eTeKu;Mje
ycJIOBMMa HeM3BeCHOCTI1 O)J;JIMKa
descriptive decision theory - .n;ecKpMIITMBHa filter theory of auditory perception - TeopMja
TeopMja o,n;.rryqMBaH>a cpMJITepa
directed remembering - ycMepeHo rrpMcelia- final free recall sa,n;aTaK KOHa-Y:He rno6o,n;He
H>e perrpo.n;yi<u;Mje
directives - ,n;MpeKTMBM flash-bulb memories cpJieIII celiaH>a
discourse analysis - aHaJIMsa ,n;McKypca formant transition cpopMaHTCKa TpaHSM-
dichotic presentation - ,n;MxoTwma rrpeseHTa- IJ;Mja
u;Mja forward masking - rrporrarnpajylie MaCKM-
distal stimulus - ,D;MCTaJIHM CTMMYJIYC paH>e
distance effect ecpeKaT ,n;MCTaHu;e four-cards task - sa,n;aTaK ca -Y:eTMPM KapTe
free morpheme - rno6o,n;HM MopcpeM
distinctive feature - ,lJ;MCTMHKTMBHa 0,lJ;JIMKa
free recall - sa.n;arnK rno6o,n;He perrpo,n;yKu;Mje
distributed practice ,n;McTpM6YMpaHo yBe)K- frequency attenuation IIPMrYIIIMBaH>e
6aBaH>e cppeKBeHu;MjOM
divergent production tests - TecTOBM .D;MBep- full report - IIOTIIJHM I13BeIIITaj
reHTHe rrpo.n;yi<u;Mje function words cpyHKIJ;MOHaJIHe pe-Y:M
divided attention - rro,n;eJbeHa rra)KH>a functional magnetic resonance imaging
dual code theory- TeopMja ,n;BocTpyi<or Ko,n;a (fMRI) HeypOO)J;CJIMKaBalbe IIOMOliM Ma-
dual rout model - Mo,n;eJI ,n;BocTp)'I<Or JieK- rHeTHe pesoHaHu;e
cwn<0r yJiasa garden path model Mo,n;eJI pa-Y:BaH>a
dual task )J;BOCTPYJ<M sa,n;aTaK General Problem Solver (GPS) YHMBepsaJIHa
early selection theories TeopMje paHe ceJieK- MaIIIMHa sa peIIIaBaH>e rrpo6JieMa
IJ;Mje generative grammar - reHepanrnHa rpaMa-
echoic storage exowma MeMopMja TMKa
echoic memory- exowIKa MeMopMja gnostic units - rnocTM-Y:Ke je,n;MHMu;e
grammatical judgment task- sa.n;arnK rpaMa-
decision matrix - MaTpmi;a o.n;Jiyi<e TM-Y:Ke eBaJIYau;Mje
decision theory- TeopMja OMyqMBaH>a graphemic priming rpacpeMCKO rrpMMOBaH>e
delayed free recall - sa,n;aTaK o,n;Jio)KeHe rno6o- graphotactic constraints - rpacpornKTM-Y:Ka
,n;He perrpo.n;)'I<IJ;Mje orpaHM-Y:eH>a
delayed recall - sa,n;aTaK o,n;JimKeHe perrpo- heuristics - xeypMCTMKa
A)'I<IJ;Mje hidden layer - CKpMBeHM HMBO ( rnoj)
delayed serial recall sa.n;arnK o,n;JIO:ll<eHe pe.n;- hierarchical network model - Mo,n;eJI XMje-
He perrpo.n;yi<u;Mje papXMjCKMX Mpe:ll<a
discriminability effect - ecpeKaT ,n;McKpMMM- iconic memory- MKOHM-Y:Ka MeMOpMja
Ha6MJIHOCTM iconic storage - MKOHM-Y:Ka MeMopMja
dual rout model - Mo,n;eJI ,n;BocTp)'I<Or rryTa ill-defined goal JIOIIIe .n;ecpMHMCaH IJ;MJb
Einstellung (HeM.) - KOrHMTMBHO ycMepeH>e ill-structured goal JIOIIIe CTp)'I<TypMpaH IJ;MJb
EHrJIECKO-CPITCKI1 PEt.IHI1K ITOJMOBA 511
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MH,Il;HpeKTHM roBopHM 1IHH (B. rrparMaTm<a, rrpOA)'KTHBHOCT 36,239,277,293
roBopHH 1IMH, KJiaCHcpHKau;Hja) ll;HCJIOKa~uja 239, 277
HH,Il;)'KOBaFbe cTp)'I<Type (B. peIIIaBaFhe rrpo- CHM60JIW:IKH CHCTeM 236, 238, 281
6JieMa, rrpo6JieM, BpcTe rrpo6neMa) KOMJHMKait;MOHa cpyttKit;Mja 238, 306
HH,IJ;y:KTHBHa o6pa,IJ;a 82, 243, 251, 252, 254, Mo,n;ynapHa opraH113au;11ja 305-306
255,272,277,298,302,314 HeypanHe OCHOBe 455-463
MH,Il;)'KTMBHO 3aKJbJ1IMBaFbe (B. 3aKJbJ1IMBaFhe, je3M1IKa KOMJHMKau;11ja (B. rrparMaTMKa)
o6JIMD;M 3aKibJ1IMBaFba y JIOrHit;M) KaHaJI 32,40,64,65,84,85,87,89,90,91,
MHKy6au;11ja (B. peIIIaBaFbe rrpo6JieMa, cpa3e y 95,440
peIIIaBaFby rrpo6JieMa, 1Iernopocpa3HM MO- KaHaJI o,n;JI)'Ke (B. Teop11ja cpIDITepa)
,n;en, cpa3a MHKy6au;11je) Karran;HTeT KaHaJia 91, 115, ll6
MHTerpaTMBHa arH03Mja (B. arH03Mje, BM3yeJI- KapaKTepMCTM1IHe O,Il;JIMKe (B. ,n;yroTpajHa
He arno311je) MeMop11ja, opraHM3au;11ja rrojMoBa, Mo,n;en
MHTepaKTMBHM MO,D;eJIM napc11paFba (B. CMH- rrpeKnarraFha O,Il;JIMKa)
TaKca, Mo,n;eJIM o6pa,n;e pe11eH11u;e) KaTerop11janHa arno311ja (B. arno311je, BM3yen-
HHTepBaJI H3Mel}y ,IJ;Ba 3a,IJ;aTKa 275 He arno3Mje)
HHTepcTHMJJIYCHH HHTepBaJI 61, 62, 63, 64, KaTerop11janHa rrepu;erru;11ja (B. roBop, rrep-
65,66, 103,263,275 u;erru;11ja roBopa)
HHTepcpepeHI:t;Hja llO, ll l, ll3, ll4, 129, KBaJIMTeT MCKa3a (B. cy})eFbe, BepHcpMKOBaFbe
130, 134, 137, 143, 145,201,221 HCKa3a, KapaKTepMCTMKe MCKa3a)
cpait;IDIMTait;Mja 179, 180, 190, 261, 262, KH6epHeTHKa 31,32-33,46,49
263,264,268,270,271,278,290,291 33, 41, 42, 46, 143,
KM6epHeTM1IKM MO,D;eJI
MHXH6MD;Mja 42, 43, 50, 179, 261, 262, 144,268,291,331,401
263,270,278,289,290,291,303 KM6epHeTM1IKM MO,Il;eJI (B. KM6epHeTMKa)
rrpoaKTMBHa MHXH611u;11ja 112, 113, KJiaCH1IHM 611xejBMOpM3aM (B. 611xejBMOpH-
ll4, 130, 143, 145 3aM)
peTpoaKTMBHa MHXH611u;11ja 112, 143, K11ay3a 298,30,302
145,221 KoapT11Kynau;11ja (B. rOBop, rrepu;erru;11ja ro-
MHTpocrreKit;Mja (B. caMOIIOCMaTpaFbe) Bopa)
MHcpMKC (B. MOpcponomja, MopcpeM, acpMKC) KOrHHTHBHa o6pa,IJ;a HHcpopMan;Hja 31, 35,
MHcpJieKCJIOHM cycpMKC (B. Mopcponomja, acpMKC, 37,39, 4041,42,46,47,48,50,243,372,382,
cycpMKC) 384,396,419,439,444,464
MHXM611u;11ja (B. MHTepcpepeHu;Mja) KOrHHTHBHa IICHXOJIOrHja 3, 4, 6, 7, 17, 19,
11peneBaHTHe Bap11ja6ne (B. eKcrrep11MeHT, Ba- 21,23,24,28,31,32,33,38,43,45,49,50,52,
p11ja6ne) 71, 174,239,241,243,257,296,305,320,325,
MCKa3M o6aBe3MBaFba (B. rrparMaTMKa, roBop- 369,372,418,422,459
HM 1IMH, KaTerop11je) KOrHHTHBHa pe11eBaHTHOCT 74, 76, 78, 79, 80,
MCTMHOCHa Bpe,n;HOCT MCKa3a (cy,n;a) (B. cy- 81, 157, 162, 172, 177, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183,
})eFbe, Bepm:]:rnKOBaFbe MCKa3a, KapaKTepM- 185,189, 190,204,241,242,243,258,284,286,
CTMKe MCKa3a) 300,305,306,313,315,382,394,435
MCTMHOCHM MH,Il;eKC (B. cy})eFbe, BepHcpMKO- KOrHHTHBHe Hayi<e 6, 7, 43, 44, 52
I1H.D:EKC TIOJMOBA 555
KOrHHTHBHH CHCTeM 2, 6, 17, 18, 31, 32, 37, Kopenan;HOHO HCTpalKHBalbe 13-14, 49
40,41,42,46, 52, 53, 54, 80, 84, 87, 100, 116, KopeH pe<IH (B. Mopcponomja, MopcpeM,
117, 118, 142, 177, 180,242,266,319,320,325, OCH06a pe11.U)
364,365,366,394,395,396,416,439 KOpHCHOCT (B. O,IJ;JIY'IHBa:Ebe, KpHTepHjyMH pa-
KCffHHTMBHO yc.Mepe:Ebe ( B. pentaBaFbe :rtpo6Jie- IJ;HOHaJ!HOI' 0,tl;Jiy'IH.BaFba)
Ma, 'IHHHOIJ;H KOjH OMetajy pernaBaFbe) Koprryc KaJiocy.M (B. MOsaI<)
KO}]; 192-193, 194 KopcaKOBJbeB CHH,n;poM (B. aMHesHje)
cpottbJ10I1IKH :KO,I( 129, 192 I<optHI<a.t.nta ,ti;Hcaprpnja (B. aQ:>asnje, Epoi<ao~
rpacpe.MCKH KOA 192 M a¢ewuja)
Bep6anHH KO,IJ; 129, 134, 135, 149, 150, 1<0pnrKanHa ceH30pHa aQ:>asnja (B. aQ:>asnje,
151, 175, 189,192, 193, 199,201,202,203, BeprtuKeoBa acpa3uja)
230,231,233, 454 KpaHHOJIOrHja 425
KO}J;OBalbe 56, 57, 175, 192, 193, 194, 199, KpaHHOCKOIIHja 425, 428
200,202 KpaTKOTpajHa MeMopHja (B. oaepaUlU6Ha Me-
Ko)KeBHHKOB-BepHHKeOBa acpasHja (B. acpa- Mopuja)
3Hje, BeprtuKeoBa acfia3uja) KpaTKOTpajHo BH3yeJIHO CKJia,IJ;HillTe (B. orre-
KOKTeJI ecl>eKaT 85 paTHBHa MeMopHja, UKOHU11.Ka MeMopuja)
KOJIOpHa arH03Hja (B. arH03Hje, BH3yeJIHe KpeaTHBHOCT 369,371,408-415,418,420
arnosHje) KpeaTHBHO MHillJbeFbe 369, 371, 412, 414
KOMHcypOTOMHja 14 THIIOBH KpeaTHBHOr MHillJbeFba
KOHBepreHTHO MHillJbeFbe (B. KpeaTHBHOCT, KOHBepreHTHO MHillJbeFbe 410,
THIIOBH KpeaTHBHOr MHillJbeFba) 414
KOH.D:YKTHBHa acpa3Hja (B. acpasHje) ,IJ;HBepreHTHO MHillJbeFbe 410, 414
KOHeKIJ;HOHHSaM 40, 41-43, 47, 48, 50, 55, KpeanIBHH 'IHH 370, 408, 409, 412, 418,
243,268,269,272,274,278,304,444,464 420
MO,IJ;eJIH TeXHHKe 3a HCIIHTHBaFbe KpeaTHBHOCTH
MO,IJ;eJI HHTepaKTHBHe aKTHBau;Hje H TecTOBH ,IJ;HBepreHTHe rrpo.n;YKu;Hje
KOMIIeTHIJ;Hje 269, 271, 278 410, 413, 420
MO,IJ;eJIH 3aCHOBaHH :Ha yBe)K6aBaFhy TecT y.n;aJbeHHX acou;Hjau;Hja 410, 420
271 TeXHHKa KOHCeHsyanHe rrpou;eHe 411,
SM Mo.n;en 271 420
PSMP Mo.n;en 271 cTy.n;Hje CJIJ'laja 411-412
eJieMeHTH Mpe)Ke KpHTepHjyMH pau;HOHaJIHOr O,ll;lIJ'IHBaFba (B.
yna3HH HHBO (cnoj) 269, 271, 278 O,ll;JIY'IHBaFbe)
CKpHBeHH HHBO (rnoj) 269, 271, 278 JiapHHKC (B. fOBOp, fOBOpHH opraHH)
rroBpaTHa rrporrarau;Hja 271 JiaTHHCKH KBa.n;paT (B. eKcrrepHMeHT, BapHja-
H3Jia3HH HHBO (cnoj) 269, 271, 278 6Jie, eJIHMHHHCaFbe HpeJieBaHTHHX BapHja-
KOHeKIJ;HOHHCTH'IKH MO,IJ;eJIH acpa3Hja (B. acpa- 6JIH)
3Hje) JieBa MO)l<.n;aHa xeMHccpepa (B. M03aK)
KOHCeKBeHC (B. 3aKJbJ'IHBaFbe, rrpaBHJia sa- nesn:ja 427, 428, 430, 438, 452
KJbJ'IHBaFba y JIOrHIJ;H) JieKCHKOH (B. MeHUlaJlHU JleKCU1WH)
KOHCOHaHTH (B. roBop, cpoHeMa, cy'illaCHu- JieKCH'IKa MeMOpHja (B. MeHUlaJlHU JleKCU-
11u) KOH)
KOHTeKCT (B. rrpHMOBaFbe) JieKCH'IKa rrpeTpara (B. MeHTaJIHH JieKCHKOH,
KOHTeKCTOM ycJIOBJbeHa BapHja6HJIHOCT (B. pegrta upeUlpa'ia MeHUlallHO'i JleKCUKOHa)
roBop, rrepu;erru;Hja roBopa) neKcn:qKa cerMeHTan;n:ja 252, 253
KOHTpOJIHCaHa rra)Kfba (B. rra)l(Fba) JieKCH'IKH ynas (B. MeHTaJIHH JieKCHKOH)
KOHcpJH,ll;Hpajyne BapHja6Jie (B. eKcrrepHMeHT, neMa (B. ogpeg1-1ut1;a)
BapHja6ne, HpeneBaHTHe BapHja6ne) JIHHrBHCTHKa 2, 27, 36, 37, 50, 236, 238, 239,
Kopenan;n:ja 13 240, 241, 243, 246, 277, 294, 296, 305, 308,
556 KOfHI1TI1BHA TICI1XOJIOfI1JA
313 314
cpopMaJIHa JIMHrBMCTMKa 239 MO,D;eJIM 264-268
JlMxTxajMOB MO,D;eJI (B. acpasMje, KOHeKI.1)10- JiororeHCKM MO,D;eJI 266-268, 278
HMCTWIKM MO,D;eJIM) Mop;eJI ayroHOMHe pep;He rrpeTpare 265
JIOroreH (Ilal:IBHO) 200 JieKCM"LJKM yJia3 264
JIOroreH (B. MeHTaJIHM JieKCMKOH, MO,D;eJIM, pep;Ha rrpeTpara MeHTaJIHOr JieKCMKOHa
JIOroreHCKM MO,D;eJI) 264,266, 273, 278, 284, 285, 286, 290,
JiororeHCKM MO,D;eJI (B. MeHTaJIHM JieKCMKOH, 314
MO,D;eJIM) IIOCTJieKCWIKM rrpo:o;ecM 256, 291, 303
424, 425, 427, 428, 430,
JIOKa.JIHSan;HOHHSaM IIOCTJieKCff'IKa eBaeya:o;Mja 287, 291
431,433,434,455,461,468 MecTO apTMKyJia:o;Hje cpoHeMa (B. roBop, cpo-
JIOKY:D:J10Ha MOfi (B. rrparMaTMKa, I'OBOpHM HeMa)
"LIMH, llOKYUiUOHU 11-UH) MeTa (B. rrpMMOBaIDe)
JIOKyr.i:MOHM "LJMH (B. rrparMaTMKa, rOBOpHM MeTO)l; 7, 11
"t!JiH) 25, 26, 51, 125
MeTO.a; o.a;ysHMal:ba (,UoH.a;epc)
JIOllle p;ecpMHMCaH I.J;MJb (B. pelllaBaIDe rrpo6Jie- MO,!l;eJI ATKHHCOHa H illHcppHHa 54, 54-56,
Ma, I.J;Hlb) 58, 94, 103, 107, 131, 132, 141, 143, 175, 232,
JIOllle cTp)TKTypHpaH I.J;HJb (B. pelllaBaIDe rrpo- 434,442,444,464
6JieMa, I.J;MJb, llOUJ.e geifJUHUCaH UiUlb) MO,D;eJI ayTOHOMHe pe~He rrpeTpare (B. MeH-
MarneTHa pesoHaH:o;a (MRI) (B. Heypoop;- TaJIHM JieKCMKOH, MO,D;eJIM)
CJIMKaBaIDe, fMRI) MO,D;eJI ,Il;BOCTpy:KOr rryTa (B. MopcpoJIOrMja,
MaCKHpal:be 262 MO,D;eJIM)
IIOBpaTHO MaCKMpaIDe 262 MO,D;eJI p;eKOMII03MI.J;Mje (B. MopcpoJIOrMja,
eHepreTCKO MaCKMpaIDe 262 MO,D;eJIM)
MaCKMpaIDe CJIO)KajeM 262 MO,D;eJI MHTerpaJIHMX je,D;MHM:o;a (B. MopcpoJIO-
MaCKMpaIDe CBeTJIMHOM (B. MaCKMpaIDe, eHep- rMja, MO,D;eJIM)
feUl.CKO MacKupa1-be) MO,D;eJI MHTepaKTMBHe aKTMBa:o;Mje M KOMIIeTM-
MaCKMpaIDe lllYMOM (B. MaCKMpaIDe, eHepteUl.- :o;Mje (B. KOHeK:o;MOHM3aM, MO,D;eJIM)
CKO MaCKupa1-be) Mop;eJI KJiapKa M qejca (s. cyl)eIDe, sepM-
MaTpM:o;a I<OpMCHOCTM (B. O,Il;JIY"LIMBaIDe, cpHKOBaIDe MCKasa)
KpMTepMjyMM pa:o;MOHaJIHOr O,Il;JIY"LIMBaIDa, Mop;eJI rrpeKJiarraIDa OAJIMKa (B. p;yroTpajHa
cy6jeKTMBHa rrpo:o;eHa KOpMCHOCTM, cpop- MeMopMja, opraHMsa:o;Mja rrojMoBa./Mop;e-
MaJIM3a:o;Mja KOpMCHOCTM) JIH/)
MaTpM:o;a O,Il;Jiy:Ke (B. O,Il;JIY"LIMBaIDe, KpMTepMjy- MO,D;eJI rrpoTOTMIIa (B. p;yroTpajHa MeMOpMja,
MM pa:o;MOHaJIHOr O,Il;JIY"LIMBaIDa, cy6jeKTMB- opraHMsa:o;Mja rrojMoBa /Mop;eJIM/)
Ha rrpo:o;eHa KOpMCHOCTM, cpopMaJIM3a:o;Mja MO,D;eJI pa"LIBaIDa (B. CMHTaKca, MO,D;eJIM o6pa-
KOpMCHOCTM) p;e pe"LieHM:o;e)
MaTpM:o;a O"LJeKMBaHMX KOpMCHOCTM (B. O,Il;JIY- MO,D;eJI XMjepapXMjCKMX Mpe)l{a (B. p;yroTpaj-
"LJMBaIDe, KpMTepMjyMM pa:o;MOHaJIHOr O,Il;JIY- Ha MeMOpMja, opraHMsa:o;Mja rrojMoBa,
"LJMBaIDa, cy6jeKTMBHa rrpo:o;eHa KOpMCHOC- Mpe)l{HM MO,D;eJIH)
TM, cpopMaJIM3a:o;Mja KOpMCHOCTM) MO,D;eJI lllMpeli.e aKTMBa:o;Mje (B. p;yroTpajHa
MeK fypKOB ecpeKaT 253 MeMopMja, opraHM3a:o;Mja rrojMoBa /Mop;e-
MeHTa.JIHa aHHMau;Hja 214, 233 JIM/), Mpe:>KHM MO)J;eJIM)
MeHTa.JIHaBirnyarrHsau;Hja 193, 204-215, 233, MO,D;eJIM saCHOBaHM Ha orpaHMqeIDMMa (B.
257 CMHTaKca, Mop;eJIM o6pap;e pe"LieHM:o;e)
MeHTa.JIHa poTau;Hja 206, 213-214, 233 MO,D;eJIM sacHOBaHM Ha yBe)l{6asaIDy (B. KO-
MeHTaJIHe perrpe3eHTa:o;Mje (B. upegciuaBe) HeK:o;MOHM3aM, MO,D;eJIM)
MeHTa.JIHHJieKCHKOH 237, 255-268, 269, 270, Mop;eJIM ceMaHTMq1rnx Mpe)l{a (B. p;yroTpajHa
272,273,274,278,284,285,286,287,291,292, MeMopMja, opraHMsa:o;Mja rrojMoBa, Mpe-
I1H,IJ;EKC TIOJMOBA 557
Kojn yrwry Ha O.D;.JIYl!MBaH>e, cpopMyJiau;nja KOpI1CHOCT 352, 353, 354, 361, 363,
ncxo,n;a) 365,366,368
HeraTI1BHI1 CKyn 126, 127 cy6jeKTI1BHa rrpou;eHa KOpI1CHOCTI1
HeraTMBHM TpaHccpep (B. TpaHccpep) 352,354,368
HesaBncHa Bapnja6Jia (B. eKcrrepnMeHT, Ba- O'leKMBaHa KOpI1CHOCT 353, 354,
pnja6Jie) 363
HeHaMepHo yqefhe 57 cpopMaJinsau;nja (KBaHTncpnKau;n-
HeofoIXejBnopnsaM ( B. 6nxejBnopnsaM) ja) KOpI1CHOCTI1
HeCBecHo pernaBaH>e rrpo6JieMa (B. pernaBaH>e MaTpnu;a O,IJ;JIYKe 353, 368
rrpo6JieMa, cpase y pernaBaH>y rrpo6JieMa, MaTpnu;a KOpI1CHOCTI1 351
'!eTBopocpasmr Mo,n;eJI, cpasa MHKy6au;nje) Bpep;HOCT ncxo,n;a 353
HeyponnHrBHCTHKa 239 MaTpnu;a O'leKMBaHMX KOpI1CHO-
Heyponornja 7 CTI1 354
HeypoHayi<e 44 OKOJIHOCTI1 IIO,IJ; KOjMMa ce ,IJ;OHOCe O.D;JiyKe
HeypOHCKa Mpem.a 42, 50, 268, 269, 270, 271, 352
274,278 cTaH>a rrpnpop;e 352, 353, 368
HeypoHcKa Teopnja 431, 433 O.D;.JIYl!MBaH>e y yrnoBnMa HensBec-
HeypOO,ll;CilHKaBafbe 14, 15, 16, 44, 48, 49, HOCTM 352,,368
138,245,422,423,424,434,464,466 o,n;Jiy-qnBaH>e y yrnoBnMa MepJbMBe
eJieKTpoeHu;ecpaJiorpacpnja (EEG) 15, 16, HeI13BeCHOCTI1 (pI13I1Ka) 353, 354,
67,206 368
eJieKTpoeHu;ecpaJiorpaM 15 'II1HI10D;I1 KOjM YTM'IY Ha O,ll;.JIYl!MBaH>e
eBou;npaHM IIOTeHr:t;MjaJI (ERP) 15, 44, cpopMyJiau;nja ncxop;a 354
67,206,439,440,442 II03I1TI1BHI1 OKBI1p 354, 355, 368
ay,n;nTMBHM Nl rroTeHu;njaJI 439, HeraTI1BHI1 OKBI1p 354, 355, 368
440,441 cpopMyJiau;nja rrnTaH>a 356
rrpBI1 II03I1TI1BHI1 TaJiac (P 1) 440, aBepsnja rrpeMa ry6nTKY 357, 365,
441 368
fMRI 13, 16, 44, 49, 218, 245, 434 ecpeKaT rrporraJior yJiaraH>a 358
PET cKeH 13, 15, 16, 44, 49, 218, 245, 434 orrpaB,IJ;aHOCT pasJiora sa O.D;JIYKY 358,
Heyponc:uxonornja 6, 7, 423, 434 360,363,368
HMBO aKTMBau;nje (B. aKillUBa14uja) O.D;.JIYl!MBaH>e y yrnoBnMa MepJbnBe HensBe-
HMBO eKcnepnMeHTaJIHOr cpaKTOpa (B. eKcrre- CHOCTM (pI13I1Ka) (B. O,ll;.JIYl!MBaH>e, yrno-
pnMeHT, cpaKTOp) BI1 IIO,IJ; KOjMMa ce ,IJ;OHOCe O,IJ;JIYKe, CTaH>a
HMBO He3aBI1CHe Bapnja6Jie (B. eKcrrepnMeHT, rrpnpo,n;e)
cpaKTOp, HUBO eKcuepuMeHillallHOl cfiaKillO- O,ll;.JIYl!MBaH>e y yrnoBnMa HensBecHOCTM (B.
pa) O,IJ;Jiy-qMBaH>e, ycJIOBI1 IIO,IJ; KojnMa ce ,IJ;OHO-
HMBOM o6pap;e (B. Teopnja HMBoa o6pap;e) ce O,IJ;JIYKe, CTaH>a rrpnpop;e)
HOpMaTMBHa Teopnja O,ll;.JIYl!MBaH>a (B. O,IJ;Jiy- O,ll;pe,IJ;HHU:a 285, 286
'IMBaH>e, Teopnja O,ll;.JIYl!MBaH>a) op;pel)nBaH>e rrapu;njaJIHMX u;nJbeBa (B. perna-
O,IJ;nyqHBafhe 319,351-366,362,367 BaH>e rrpo6JieMa, cTpaTernje)
Teopnja O,ll;.JIYl!MBaH>a 351 OKD;I1III1TaJIHI1 pe)Kalf> (B. M03aK)
HOpMaTMBHa Teopnja O~MBaH>a 351, onam.afhe (nepu;emi;nja) 4, 5, 6, 24, 25, 26,
354, 356, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 365, 38, 68, 81, 206, 207, 208, 215, 229, 233, 314,
366,367 373,422,437,439,450
p;ecKpnrrTMBHa ( 6nxejBnopaJIHa) Teo- onepaTHBHa (KpaTKOTpajHa) MeMopnja 28,
pnja O,ll;.JIYl!MBaH>a 351, 367, 368 54,55,88,91,99, 102, 103, 104, 105-146, 175,
KpMTepnjyMM pau;noHaJIHOr O,ll;.JIYl!MBaH>a 204,205,216,232,370,379,394,395,402,403,
351 407,416,417,420,423,434,435,442,443,444,
I1H,Il;EKC TIOJMOBA 559
rrocTepirnpHa acpasrrja (B. acpasrrje, BepHuKeo- Ma (B. pernaBaIDe rrpo6JieMa, qnHHOI.J;H Ko-
sa a<fia3uja) jn oTe)KaBajy pernaBaIDe)
IIOCTeprropHH H30Jiau;:rrnHH CHH,Il;pOM (B. acpa- npe.u;cTaBa (MeHTaJIHa penpe3eHTa:a;Hja) 3,
3Hje, ulpaHcKopmuKaJLHa ceH30pHa a<jja3u- 21,23,42,50, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78,93,
ja) 96, 100, 130, 156, 169, 192,205,229,255,256,
IIOCTJieKcHqKa eBa.nya11;nja (B. MeHTaJIHH JieK- 258,259,263,264,264,272,273,274,278,282,
CHKOH, IIOCTJieKcnqKH rrpo11;ecn) 284,285,286,292,298,304,314,329,376,383,
IIOCTJieKcHqKH rrpo11;ecn (B. MeHTaJIHH JieK- 436,449,450,453,454,465
CHKOH) aHaJIOrHe rrpep;cTaBe 149, 151, 191, 193,
rroTIIJHa nryBona sa peqn (B. arnosnje, ay.n;11- 194, 196, 197, 199,203,204,205,206,215,
THBHe arnosnje) 216,230,231,233,257,321,322,325,333,
rroqeTaK 3By-qHOCTH (B. roBop, rrep11;err11;nja 445,446,463,466
rOBopa) BHsyeJIHe rrpe.n;craBe 5, 150, 193, 194,
rrpaBHJia rrperrHCHBaIDa (B. CHHTaKCa, rpaMa- 195, 196, 198, 199, 200, 201, 203, 206,
THKa cppa3HHX CTPJKTypa) 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 215, 230,
npar no6yljHBalba 90, 91, 156, 163, 164, 165, 233
188,257-258,259,260,263,266,268,270,271, ay.n;HTHBHe rrpep;cTaBe 5, 150, 198,
273,278,284,285,290,291,304,314 212
nparMaTHKa 237,240,277,278,306,308,312 CHM60JIHqKe rrpe.n;~TaBe 149, 151, 193,
jesnqKa KOMJHHKa11;nja 306, 307, 308, 312, 194, 196, 199,201,203,231,233,257,446,
316 459,460
fOBOpHH qnH 308, 309, 312, 316 npeKoMepHo yqelbe 221
acrreKTH rrpeMeIIITaIDe "KJIHKa" (B. CHHTaKca, rrapcH-
JIOKYQHOHH qnH 308, 316 paIDe)
HJIOKyI.J;HOHH qnH 308, 316 rrperrosHaBaI:I&lIHKa (JIHI.J;a) (B. p;yrorpajHa
rrepJIOKYQHOHH qnH 308, 316 MeMopnja, errnsop;nqKa · MeMopnja, ayro-
KaTeropnje ( CepJI) 6norpacpcI<a cenaIDa)
perrpeseHTaTHBH 308, 316 rrperrosHaBaIDe Ha OCHOBY KOMIIOHeHaTa (B.
.n;npeKTHBH 308, 316 rrperrosHaBaIDe o6mn<a, rrpncTyrrn)
ncKasn o6aBesirnaIDa 309, 316 npeno3HaBalbe o6JIHKa ( o6jeKaTa, CJIO}l{aja)
eKcrrpecHBH 309, 316 4, 7, 39, 41, 49, 58, 70-83, 99, 100, 103, 104,
.n;eKJiapaTHBH 309, 316 272,416,434,435,436,444,453,464,465
KJiaCHcpHKaI.J;Hja npHCTynH
.n;npeKTHH roBopHH qnH 309 rrpeII03HaBaIDe Ha OCHOBY KOMIIOHeHa-
HH,D;HpeKTHH roBOpHH qnH 309 Ta 77, 78-79, 104, 435
aHaJIH3a ,Il;HCKypca 310 reOHH 78, 79, 104, 436
aHaJIH3a KOHBepsa11;nje 311 CTPYKTYPaJIHe reopnje rrperrosHaBaIDa
fpajcoBa Ha"LJeJia ycrrenrne KOMYHH- o6JIHKa 76, 103, 435
Ka11;nje 310 reopnja .n;ereK11;nje op;JIHKa 74-76,
rrparMaTCKH OKBHp (B. 3aKJby-qHBaIDe, qn- 103, 435
HHOI.J;H KOjH JTifiY Ha 3aKJby-qHBaIDe, yrn- reopnja rrporOTnrra 76, 103, 436
11;aj rrparMaTcKor OKBHpa, rneMe rrparMa- ycamarnaBaIDe c ysopKOM 72-74, 75,
TCKOr saKJby-qHBaIDa) 103
rrpaneHn KaHaJI (B. sa.n;aTaK rrpaneIDa) HeypaJIHe OCHOBe 435-439
npanelbe noKpeTa oqHjy 13, 303 rrperrosHaBaIDe rnm1rnja (B. upeuo3HaBaHJe
rrpaneIDe rrpo11;eca pernaBaIDa rrpo6JieMa (B. · o6JLuKa)
pernaBaIDe rrpo6JieMa, cpase y pernaBaIDy npeTpara .u;o Hc:a;pIDbelba 125, 127, 128, 145,
rrpo6JieMa, aJITepHaTHBHH MO,D;eJI) 264,209
rrpeBH~aIDe 6HTHHX KapaKTepHCTHKa rrpo6Jie- rrpecpepeHI.J;Hja II03HTHBHHX HH,Il;HKaTOpa (B.
I1H,[(EKC TIOJMOBA 561
KOrHHTHBHO ycMepe:a.e 380, 396-398 CHHTaKca 2, 5, 153, 154, 155, 237, 240, 255,
400,402 256,277,291,292-306,308,457,466
npeBHl)a:a.e 6HTHHX KapaKTepHCTHKa CHHTaKCH'IKa rrpaBHJia 3, 36, 153, 255,
npo6JieMa 400 256,280,292,293,294,311,315
cpyttKI(HOHaJIHa cpHKCHpaHOCT 375, CHHTaKCH'IKa cTpJKTypa 13 7, 280, 281,
398-399,400,402,412 294,297, 302,304,305
Teopnja fbyeJia H CajMoHa 375, 393-395, rpaMaTHKa ¢pa3HHX CTPJKTypa 294-296,
419 297,305, 315
YHHBep3aJIHa Mannrna sa penrnBa:a.e HMeHH'IHa CHHTarMa 295
rrpo6JieMa 393,395-396,416,419 rnarOJICKa CHHTarMa 295
CHCTeM np0,!1;JKI(Hje 395, 419 rrpaBHJia rrperrHCHBa:a.a 295
caMornacm1n;H (B. roBop, cpoHeMa) TpaHccpopMal(HOHa rpaMaTHKa 36, 294,
caMOHaMeniyTa. orp~HH'le:a.a (B. pelllaBa:a.e 296-297,299,305,315
rrpo6JieMa, 'IHHHOI(H KOjH OMeTajy pelllaBa- ,ri;y6nHcKa cTpJKTypa 297, 299, 300,
:a.e) 305,315
caMOOKOH'laBajylia npeTpara 125, 127 rroBpnmHCKa CTPJKTypa 13 7, 297,
caMOilOCMaTpaIDe (HHTpocneK:o;Hja) 25,
7, 299,305,315
29,30,39,44,48,333,370,375,394,401,417 TpaHccpopMan;nje 297, 299, 300, 302,
CBe,ri;o11e:a.e 011eBn,ri;au;a (B. ,ri;yroTpajHa MeMo- 305,315
pnja, errnso,ri;n11Ka MeMopnja, aYTo6no- TpaHccpopMan;noHa rrpaBHJia 297,
rpacpcKa ceha:a.a) 315
CBecHa IlIDKiba (B. Ila)Klba, KOHUi.pollUCaJ-ta uaJK- aJTOHOMHOCT CHHTaI<Ce 297, 299, 302,
1-ba) 303,305, 306,315,316
ceKJH.ri;apHaMeMopHja 28, 51, 106 rrapmpa:a.e 298, 301, 315
ceKytt,ri;apHH sa,ri;aTaK (B. ,!J;BOCTPJKH sa,ri;aTaK) napcep 298, 316
ceKJH.ri;apHH KBaJIHTeTH 22 npeMelllTa:a.e "KJIHKa" 301
ceMaHTHKa 240, 255, 297) 302, 306, 458, 466, Mo,ri;eJIH o6pa,ri;e pe11eHHI(e 298-299
469 je,ri;Hocpa3HH MO,IJ;eJIH 298, 299, 302,
ceMaHTH'IKa ,ri;eMeHI(Hja (B. arH03Hje, BH3yeJI- 315
He arnosnje) HHTepaKTHBHH MO,IJ;eJIH 298, 299,
ceMaHTH'IKa )l;HCTaH:u;a 160 302,315
ceMaHTH'IKa MeMopnja (B. ,ri;yroTpajHa MeMO- ,!J;BOcpa3HH MO,IJ;eJIH 298, 299, 302, 315
pnja, acrreKTH) ayTOHOMHH MO,IJ;eJIH 298, 299, 315
ceMaHTH'IKa Mpe)l{a 154, 158, 164, 165, 171, Mo,ri;eJI pa11Ba:a.a 302, 303, 316
172, 176, 188 MO,IJ;eJIH 3aCHOBaHH Ha orpaHH'lelbHMa
ceMaHTH'IKa IlOBe3aHOCT (B. aco11ujaUl.UBHa/ 302,303,316
ceMaHUl.U1iKa aoee3aHocm) pecpepeHn;HjaJIHa Teopnja napmpa:a.a
ceMaHTH'IKO rrpHMOBa:a.e (B. rrpHMOBa:a.e, 304
BpcTe) OCHOBHH o6JIHK pe11eHHI(e 299, 300
ceHsopmr perncTap (B. 1iYllHa MeMopuja) ,ri;epHBal(HOHa Teopnja KOMITJieKCHOCTH 300
cepnjaJIHa o6pa,ri;a (B. pegHa o6paga) CHTyan;HoHe npeJieBaHTHe Bapnja6Jie (B. eK-
CHM60JI 236, 238, 277 crrepnMeHT, Bapnja6Jie, npeJieBaHTHe Ba-
CHM60JIH'IKa ,IJ;HCTaHn;a (B. ecpeKaT CHM60JIH- pnja6Jie)
1IKe ,!J;HCTaHn;e) cncTeM npo,ri;JKn;Hje (B. pelllaBa:a.e rrpo6Jie-
CHM60JIH'IKe rrpe,ri;CTaBe (B. rrpe,ri;CTaBe) Ma, Teopnja fbyeJia H CajMoHa, YHHBep-
CHM60JIH'IKH K0,!1; (B. KO,IJ;, eep6allHU Kog) 3aJIHa ManmHa sa pelllaBa:a.e rrpo6JieMa)
CHM60JIH'IKH CHCTeM (B. je3HK, KapaKTepH- CKJia,IJ;HlllTe BH3yeJIHHX HHcpopMal(Hja (B.
CTHKe) UKOHU1iKa MeMopuja)
CHMJJITattamosnja (B. amosnje, BH3yeJIHe amo- CKpHBeHH HHBO ( rnoj) (B. KOHeKI(HOHH3aM,
snje) eJieMeHTH Mpe)l(e)
564 KOfHI1TI1BHA IICI1XOJIOfI1JA
TeopHja <}>IDITepa 33, 86-88, 92, 93, 101, 104 HpeJieBaHTHe BapHja6Jie, TeXHMKe 3a eJIM-
6acpep (B. yJia3HM KaHaJIM) MMCaFbe HpeJieBaHTHMX BapHja6JIH)
yJia3HMKaHaJIM 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, ypol)eHe H,a:eje 19, 20
94, 104,439,440 ycarnarnaBaFbe c y3opKOM (B. rrperro3HaBaFbe
cpMJITep 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 104 o6JIMKa,rrpHcTyrrM)
KaHaJI O,ll;JIYKe 88, 91, 92, 94, 101, 102, 104, YTMrt;aj KOrHMTMBHor ycMepeFba Ha pernaBaFbe
106, 107 rrpo6JieMa (B. pernaBalhe rrpo6JieMa,
TeopHje rrepu;erru;Mje roBopa (B. roBop, rrep- 'C!MHMOU:M KOjM OTe)KaBajy pernaBaFbe rrpo-
u;erru;Mja roBopa) 6JieMa)
TeopHje rro3He ceJieKrt;Mje (B. rra)Klha, Teo- yTMu;aj KOHTeKcTa Ha pa3yMeBaFbe roBopa (B.
pHje) roBop, rrepu;erru;Mja roBopa)
TeopHje paHe ceJieKrt;Mje (B. rra)Klha, TeopHje) JTMrt;aj MopcpoJIOilIKMX 'C!MHMJiau;a Ha o6pa,IJ;y
TeCT He,a:oBpIIIeHHX CJIOBa 438 pe"CIM (B. MopcpoJiomja)
TecT YAaJDeHMX acou;Mjau;Mja (B. KpeaTMBHOCT, YTMrt;aj rrparMaTcKor OKBMpa Ha 3aKJDJ'C!MBaFbe
TeXHMKe 3a MCIIMTMBalhe KpeaTMBHOCTH) (B. 3aKlbJ'C!MBalhe, 'C!MHMOU:M KOjM JTMqy Ha
TeCTOBM ,ll;I1BepreHTHe rrpO,ll;JKU:Mje (B. Kpea- 3aKJDJ'C!MBaFbe)
TI1BHOCT, TeXHrrKe 3a MCIII1TI1Balbe KpeaTI1B- JTHU:aj <}>oHOJIOIIIKe CTPYKTYPe Ha o6pa,a:y
HOCTI1) peqH 258-260
TeXHMKa KOHCeH3JaJIHe rrpou;eHe (B. KpeaTMB- JTHU:aj <}>peKBeHn;Hje Ha o6pa.a:y peqH 260-
HOCT, TeXHI1Ke 3a MCIIMTMBaFbe KpeaTMB- 261, 264, 279, 289, 290, 291
HOCTH) y-qecTaJIOCT (B. cjjpeKBeJ-t4uja)
THITHqHOCT 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 166, yqecTaJIOCT rrpo.a:YKU:Hje 160, 167
168, 171, 172, 181, 188, 189,334 cpa3a BepHcpm<art;Mje (B. pernaBaFbe rrpo6JieMa,
TpaHCKOpTHKaJIHa MOTOpHa acpa3Mja (B. acpa- cpa3e y pernaBalhy rrpo6JieMa, "t!eTBopocpa-
3Mje) 3HM MO,IJ;eJI)
TpaHCKOpTHKaJIHa ceH30pHa acpa3Mja (B. acpa- cpa3a MlIJMMHau;rrje (B. pernaBaFbe rrpo6JieMa,
3Mje) cpa3e y pernaBalhy rrpo6JieMa, "t!eTBopocpa-
TpaHc<}>ep 11, 12 3HM MO,IJ;eJI)
HeraTMBHI1 TpaHccpep 12 cpa3a MHKy6au;rrje (B. pernaBaFbe rrpo6JieMa,
II03MTMBHM TpaHccpep 12 cpa3e y pernaBalhy rrpo6JieMa, "t!eTBopocpa-
TpaHccpopMart;MOHa rpaMaTMKa (B. CMHTaK- 3HI1 MO,ll;eJI)
ca) cpa3e y pernaBalhy rrpo6JieMa (B. pernaBaFbe
TpaHccpopMart;MOHa rrpaBMJia (B. CMHTaKca, rrpo6JieMa)
TpaHccpopMart;MOHa rpaMaTrrKa) cpaKTOp ( eKcrrepHMeHTaJIHH) (B. eKcrrepH-
TpeHYfHa MeMOpHja 106, 107, ll5, ll6, 145 MeHT)
TCL /Teachable Language Comprehender/ cpapMHKC (B. roBop, rOBOpHH opraHH)
(B. ,IJ;yroTpajHa MeMOpHja, opraHM3au;rrja cpacrt;MKYJIYC apKyaTyc (B. M03aK, JieBa MO-
rrojMOBa, Mpe)KHJ1 MO,IJ;eJIH) )K,IJ;aHa xeMHccpepa)
JBMl)alhe (B. pernaBaFbe rrpo6JieMa, cpa3e pe- cpart;MJIMTart;Mja (B. MHTepcpepeHrt;Mja)
rnaBaFba rrpo6JieMa, cpa3a MlIJMMHart;Mje) <l>eXHepOB 3aKOH 24, 364
yJia3 y JieKCI1KOH (B. MeHTaJIHM JieKCMKOH, cpI13MOrHOMMja (B. cjjpeHOllOfuja)
JieKCI1'C!KM yJia3) <}>HKCaD;HOHa TaqKa 15, 60, 440
yJia3HM KaHaJII1 (B. Teoprrja cpMJITepa) cpMJITep (B. TeopHja cpMJITepa)
yJia3HI1 HMBO ( CJioj) (B. KOHeKrt;MOHM3aM, eJie- cpMJITepCKa TeopHja ay.ri;MTMBHe rrepu;erru;Mje
MeHTHM Mpe)Ke) (B. meopuja cjjullwepa)
YHrrBep3aJIHa MallIMHa 3a pernaBalhe rrpo- cp1Iern celialba (B. .ri;yrOTpajHa MeMopHja,
6JieMa (B. pernaBaFbe rrpo6JieMa, TeopHja errM30,ll;M'C!Ka MeMOpHja)
I:byeJia M CajMoHa) fMRI (B. HeypOO,ll;CJIMKaBaFbe)
yrrpoce"CiaBaFbe (B. eKcrrepHMeHT, BapHja6Jie, cpoHaTOpHrr crrcTeM (B. roBop, roBopHrr opramr)
566 KOfHI1TI1BHA I1CI1XOJIOrHJA
YpegHuK
MHpjaHa HcHn
OgloBopHu ypegHuK
rrpocp. ,z:i;p Yporn lliyBaKOBHn
3a u3gaBa'tfa
,IJ;paroJby6 Koj"CJHn,
B. ,II;. ,Il;HpeKTOpa H rJiaBHOr ype,n;HHKa
PeapogyKUiuje Ha KOPUUiaMa
Marcel Duchamp. Reseaux des stoppages etalon, 1914
Marcel Duchamp. 3 stoppages etalon, 1913-1914
165:159.9(075.8)
KOCTM'li, AneKcaHp;ap, 1947-
KorHMTMBHa rrcYixonorYija I AneKcaHp;ap
Kocrn:h. - 3. M3p;. Eeorpap; : 3aBop; 3a
yI,I6eHMKe, 2014 (Eeorpap;: CnpK6eHM rnaCHYIK).
- xv, 566 CTp. : MJiyCTp., rpa¢. rrpYIKa3M ;
26cm
TYipa:tK 1.000. OrnoBHM rrojMOBM: cTp.
471-508. EmnecKo-cprrcrrn peqHMK rrojMoBa:
CT£. 509-513. HarroMeHe M 6M6JIYiorpaipcKe
pe<bepeHu;e y3 TeKcT. EYI6JIYiorpa¢YIJa: cTp.
515-540. - PerncTpM.
ISBN 978-86-17-18621-8
a) IlcYixonorMja ca3HaH>a
COBISS.SR-ID 208538124
ISBN 978-86-17-18621-8
© 3ABO,JJ; 3A YI,IEEHI1KE, EeorpaA (2006-2014).
0BO ,IJ;eJIO He CMe ce YMHO)KaBanI, cpoTOKOmipanr I1 Ha 6HJIO KOjII HaqIIH
perrpOAYKOBaTII, HII y u;eJIIIHII HHTII y ,IJ;eJIOBIIMa, 6e3 IlIICMeHor 0,7J;06peTua II3,IJ;aBaqa.
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