Period 1 & 2 – apushreview.

com & crash course

Periods 1 (1491-1607) and 2 (1607-1754)

Native American Life Pre- and Post-Contact

-BP#1(Lecture Notes): great plains nomadic life
Innovations in agriculture:
Maize: increase in population, establishment of permanent villages with social diversity,
constant food source, vast irrigation systems
Dry, lack of natural resources
GREAT PLAINS AND BASIN: Horses gave advantage hunting became easier, more
military, more powerful
Bison & sheep: important
Northeast present-day New York:
Importance of maize
Matriarchal society
Hunting gathering and also farming

-BP#2(Lecture Notes): mound civilizations, Mayan & Aztec cities

Cahokia: build mounds, largest before 1800
West: hunting and gathering
Chinooks: warrior traditions
-BP#3(Lecture Notes): disease and other impacts of Columbian exchange
America -> Europe and Africa
Potatoes, MAIZE, tomatoes (southwest)
Europe: population growth, wealth, rise of capitalism
Africa: exporting slaves
Europe -> Americas
Wheat, rice, chickens, oxen, HORSES
Americas: diseases, social classes, horses, encomienda

Diseases: smallpox, measles, malaria, killing many natives

Crops: wheat rice and sugar

-(Provide Specific Examples for each BP above using the resources from Part 1 of this guide)

European Attempts at Colonization

-wealth
- power
- Christianity – Spanish
Spanish mission system
GOLD GLORY GOSPEL

New tech: sextant for precise sailing

Caravel, compass, quadrant for quick sailing
Joint stock companies for $$
-BP#1(Lecture Notes): St. Augustine, Florida
Military base
Wanted to convert natives
Unsuccessful because of guale uprising, but successful in Santa Fe
-BP#2(Lecture Notes): Encomienda
1600’s
Nicholas de Ovando: creator
Royal gives land to Spanish, Spanish converts the Natives there to Christianity
Natives did heavy manual labor, treated harshly,
Discovered gold and silver, wealthy

New laws: Catholics protested the harsh treatment of the Natives, forbid encomienda, replaced by
slaves

Native American labor marshaled (arranged, assembled) on plantations

Labor for agriculture and precious metals
Replaced by slaves bc natives ran away since they knew the land well

Gender leadership differed

Natives didn’t own individual land
Religion: natives were animism, polytheistic, compared to Christianity

Natives adapted tech like guns

Europeans got agriculture techniques

Natives sought for political, economic, and religious autonomy

New Mexico first successful native uprising

-BP#3(Lecture Notes): Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty between Spain and Portugal
Line of Demarcation: Drew a line in the Atlantic Ocean, dividing their colonial claims.
Spain and Portugal: Spain got lands west, Portugal got lands east.
Impact: Shaped colonial boundaries in the Americas.

-(Provide Specific Examples for each BP above using the resources from Part 1 of this guide)

Interactions between Europeans, Africans and Native Americans

-BP#1(Lecture Notes): Middle Passage Slave Trade
Europeans partnered with West African groups for slaves
Slaves did labor for plantations and mines
-BP#2(Lecture Notes): Mestizo
Caste system: Spanish Caste system:
Europeans, mestizo (European and native), mulatos (European and African), slaves

-BP#3(Lecture Notes): Spanish Black Legend

Meant horrible treatment of the Natives by the Spanish
Bartolome de Las Casas: argued for fair treatment of Natives, helped end encomienda system

Juan de Sepulveda: advocate for harsh treatment of Natives, and justified it under Christianity
-(Provide Specific Examples for each BP above using the resources from Part 1 of this guide)

Increasing Contact Brings Conflict

-BP#1(Lecture Notes): Mercantilism
Government regulate economy, controlling local production through tariffs and monopolies,
favorable balance of trade
Slave labor especially important
7-year war:
George Washington 1754
British vs French & Indians
Ended with Treaty of Paris
Colonies perfect, produced raw materials and bought back finished goods
Tobacco was discovered, Virginia started producing millions of pounds of tobacco to sell in
1600’s
1763 Pontiac rebellion from natives, failed
Proclamation line created
Republicanism and liberalism
Great awakening 1800’s, revitalization of religious feelings
American revolution: against political authority
-BP#2(Lecture Notes): Pueblo Revolt
Religious Suppression: Spanish missionaries imposed Catholicism on Pueblo Indians, sparking
resentment.
Popé's Leadership: Popé led a widespread Pueblo uprising against the Spanish in 1680.
Temporary Independence: The Pueblos briefly gained independence until the Spanish reconquered
New Mexico in 1692.
Legacy: The revolt symbolizes Native American resistance and religious freedom struggles in
colonial America, with lasting effects on Native-European relations.

-BP#3(Lecture Notes): King Phillips War

Nearly ended English settlements in northeast
Very brutal
Natives felt their way of life was in danger by the English, such as livestock taking up
more and more land
Also to preserve the way of life for English
- BP#4 (Lecture Notes): Bacon’s Rebellion
1673, lower middle class
Led an armed uprising against Berkeley, since he wouldn’t allow them to kill more Indians to get
land
The start of uprisings from lower class against corrupt British elite
Led to shift away from indentured servitude to slaves
English crown desire to control colonies
-BP#5 (Lecture Notes): Stono Rebellion:

 1739 slave rebellion in South Carolina.

 Violent Uprising: Enslaved Africans rose against their masters, seeking freedom.
 Cato's Leadership: Cato, an enslaved African, led the revolt.
 Suppression and Consequences: The rebellion was brutally suppressed, leading to stricter
slave codes and restrictions on enslaved people.
-(Provide Specific Examples for each BP above using the resources from Part 1 of this guide)

Patterns of Colonial Development

-BP#1(Lecture Notes): New England
Mostly settled by Puritans because they believed the protestant church of England wasnt right to
be in power
Common good put first
Pilgrims: landed in Plymouth, wrote the Mayflower compact, bounding them to follow just and
equal laws
Squanto saved the pilgrims along with other natives
Massachusetts Bay Colony 1629: greater self-autonomy and unity
Anti native propaganda
Pequot war: massacred natives, outnumbered and overpowered
1686 King James 6th consolidates all these into Dominion of New England, governed by Edmund
Andros but he’s corrupt
The Glorious Revolution: new royal family, colony reestablishes independence, religious
tolerance for Puritans
Salem Witch Trials: 1691

Wealthy from farming and expanding

Almost all land owners were male, male dominance put into law

-BP#2(Lecture Notes): The Middle colonies

Dutch took over area known as New Amsterdam, bought from Lenape Indians
Businessmen, let in anyone who made profit (Jews, Quakers) but not Indians
English took over 1664, becomes New York
Less economic freedom for women

Pennsylvania (& Delaware, NJ), Quaker heaven

Led by William Penn, religious tolerance, opposed slavery, respect for Indians
The Walking purchase, 36 hours’ worth of land

-BP#3(Lecture Notes): Chesapeake & Southern colonies

Huge plantations of tobacco with servants, not much social order or infrastructure
Most people were servants, small group of wealthy landowners
Most were men because they work better in fields, women were mostly indentured servants
Widows would make contracts and own land

-BP#4 (Lecture Notes):West Indies

Imported African slaves

West indies

 Geographic Region: The West Indies refer to the Caribbean islands in the Caribbean Sea.
 Colonization: Various European powers, including Spain, Britain, France, and the Netherlands,
colonized the West Indies during the Age of Exploration.
 Sugar Plantations: The West Indies were known for their lucrative sugar plantations, which relied
heavily on enslaved African labor.
  Trade Hub: The region played a significant role in the Atlantic slave trade, serving as a hub for
the transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas.
 Cultural Influence: The diverse mix of European, African, and indigenous cultures in the West
Indies influenced music, cuisine, and customs in the Americas.

AP US History Significance: The West Indies are relevant to American history due to their role in the
transatlantic slave trade and their impact on the development of plantation economies

-(Provide Specific Examples for each BP above using the resources from Part 1 of this guide)