INTRODUCTION

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association (IEEE-SA) is

a renowned global organization (operating unit within IEEE) committed to advancing technology

through the development and promotion of industry standards. They have evolved into a central

hub for the creation and dissemination of standards across diverse technical domains. Through a

program that emphasizes fairness, transparency, consensus-building, balance, and with the help

of experts around the world, IEEE-SA has been developing standards for more than a century.

The IEEE-SA has been committed to a single primary goal for numerous years. That

primary goal is to raise the world’s standards in a resolutely and dutifully ways. This goal is

bolstered by four key contributing factors. The advancement of global technologies and

technology platforms, by promoting innovation, helping to create a sustainable future, and most

importantly, protecting public safety, health & wellbeing.

STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Standards play a fundamental role in shaping and regulating industries worldwide. They

are established guidelines that define the characteristics, performance, and quality requirements

for products, services, and systems.

IEEE-SA is not a body formally authorized by any government, but rather a community,

basically developing standards. These standards span a broad spectrum of technologies, such as;

Aerospace Electronics, Broadband Over Power Lines, Broadcast Technology, Clean

Technology, Cognitive Radio, Design Automation, Portable Battery Technology, Power

Electronics, Power & Energy, Radiation/Nuclear, Reliability, Transportation Technology,

Electromagnetic Compatibility, Learning Technology, Ethernet/Wi-Fi, Medical Device

Communications, Nanotechnology, Organic Components. The IEEE-SA serves as the primary

governing body responsible for organizing and leading standardization endeavors within IEEE.

This organization is very held accountable due to the fact that they have the responsibility for

supervising and administering the creation of technical standards.

Every year, IEEE-SA presides over a process by which, the suggested standards undergo

a vote based on their technical reliability and integrity. Basically, for authorization of the

standard, the IEEE-SA Standards Board first approves a PAR (Project Approval Request),

depending on the NesCom’s (New Standards Committee) recommendation to the Standards

Board, all before the mobilization of the work group (working group meetings are open

according to the rules). Then, from the drafting of the standard (following the IEEE Standards

Style Manual), to its finalization, the draft is now ready to Balloting approval. The IEEE

Standards Department sends an invitation-to-ballot to any individual who has expressed an

interest in the subject matter of the standard forming a Balloting group. Finally, after getting

75% approval, the draft standard, along with the balloting comments, are submitted to the IEEE

SA Standards Board Review Committee (RevCom). The standard now has a validity period of

ten years from the date of IEEE SA Standards Board approval.

The standards development process has two methods. The Individual method and the

Entity (Corporate) Method. For the individual method, the participants here are individuals and

each individual has one vote. Ballot groups are made up of a minimum of 10 individuals and

note, these participants MUST be an IEEE-SA individual members. For the Entity Method or

Corporate Method, from the word entities, the participants involved are companies, universities,

government bodies, etc. For this method, each entity has one vote. Standards project initiation

requires 3 entities to commit to membership and payment of appropriate dues, and that the Entity
sends these representatives to participate in standards development meetings. The participants

involved on these methods come from the Industry, Government agencies (regional or national),

Academia, Consumers, Standard Development Organizations, Civil Society organizations ( Non

Gov’t., nonprofit), Research Organizations, Consultants, and many more.

To summarize, the standards development process starts with the idea, then the

identification of standards committee, project approval, development of draft standard, SA

ballot, to the approval of Standards Board, then after, the standard will be published. After the

final step, there can be amendments on the standard, the building of products and lastly, the

development of Certification Tests (ICAP).

The guiding principles of the standards development process are the following; Direct

participation, Due process, Broad consensus, Balance, Universal Openness, Coherence, and

Development.

IN-DEPTH INFORMATION

Project Authorization Request (PAR)

When an idea for a standard is proposed to an IEEE Standards Committee, a PAR is

submitted to initiate the standards process. PARs must be reviewed by NesCom (New Standards

Committee) and approved by the IEEE Standards Board (SASB) for the process to move

forward.

Developing the Draft Standard

After the approval of PAR, the formed working group establishes goals, deadline, and schedule,

then after, drafts the document. The document will be reviewed by working group’s IEEE
Technical Project Editor. If there are no changes to be made, an SA Balloting will be held. If not,

the document must be revised.

SA Balloting

After forming the balloting group, they ballot the document, and will undergo a process

containing conditions. First condition is, if there is a 75% return rate? If not, Ballot fails but may

be extended to reach return rate. If yes, the Ballot will now proceed to the second condition.

The second condition will be, if there is a 75% affirmative vote. If not, the Ballot fails;

either revise document or start over. But if there is, there will be a comment resolution, thus

making the Ballot proceed to the third condition.

Third one is, if it is necessary to revise the draft. If not, they will recirculate unresolved

negative comments, but if it is necessary, then the document will be revised, then there will be

recirculation of revised document, unresolved negative comments, and rebuttal. If it wasn’t

necessary to revise the draft, then they will re circulate unresolved negative comments. After

that, the Ballot will now proceed to the fourth condition.

If 75% affirmation is not maintained, Ballot fails; either revise document or start over. If

it is maintained, they will check if there are any new negative votes. If there is/are, the Ballot

will go back to the third condition. If there is/are none, draft standard enters IEEE Standards

Association Standards Board (SASB)’s approval process.

Balloting

Working Group Chair initiates the Request to Ballot in myProject (30-day Ballot). The

Balloters have the rights to approve, disapprove, or abstain. Thus, consensus must be reached for

the standard to move forward (75% response Rate /75% Approval Rate).

The Comment Resolution period begins after ballot closes. This is where they resolve

comments (accepts, denies, or revises). This is often handled by a Comment resolution Group

formed by the working group. Recirculation/s initiated will take 10 days. Also, the draft should

show (highlight) changes.

The myProject System

The issuing of invitation to ballot will typically take a 30-day process, wherein the

invitation specifies responsibilities of balloters. Also, Ballot Group must be balanced, and that no

one interest category can be 1/3 or 33% more.

Once Balloting begins, the balloting group remains static. IEEE SA membership is

needed to join SA Ballot. For Individual method or per ballot fee or, for Entity method, at least

basic corporate membership or payment of a fee is required in order to participate in a ballot.

Response and Results of Balloting

Response will be needing 75% return rate. Failure when less than 75% returns, but can be

extended to reach return.

Results, will also be needing 75% approval rate and an attempt to resolve negative

ballots. Thus, all comments received must be addressed. Recirculation of revised draft and
comments have at least 10-day minimum. Balloters have an opportunity to review the revised

draft and responses to comments. Also, Balloters can change their vote.

Approving the Draft Standard

Upon consensus, draft can be submitted for final review by the Review Committee

(RevCom). They will review and make a recommendation to the IEEE SA Standards Board

(SASB).

IEEE SA Standards Board has the power for final approval on projects and will review

RevCom’s recommendations.

Post-Approval and Publication

The IEEE Project Editor will finalize a copy edit of text and ensures that technical

integrity of document is maintained. Formatting of electronic text into proofs, such that there

will be review by working group chairs, correction, and will be ready for Publication.

Complimentary copies and awards for the Working group members.

Maintenance

Standards must have a revision approved by the SASB prior to the close of year 10 in

order to remain active (Standards have a 10-year lifecycle). It is because any standard without an

approved revision will become inactive after year 10.

A revision action can result in changes to the standard, changes to only the references or

bibliography, or no change at all.

ELECTRICAL STANDARDS

Electrical Standards are very important due to the fact that it works by harmonizing

practices and promoting consistency across diverse industries. These standards encompass a

wide array of guidelines, specifications, and protocols designed to govern the design, installation,

and operation of electrical systems. It ensures the safety of individuals and property. Safety

standards encompass everything from the design of electrical systems to the materials used in

construction.

IEEE Standard for the Testing, Design, Installation, and Maintenance of Electrical

Resistance Trace Heating for Commercial Applications

Specific test requirements for qualifying electrical resistance trace heating for

commercial service are provided in this standard. A basis for electrical and thermal design is

included, heating device characteristics are addressed, and installation and maintenance

requirements are detailed. Recommendations and requirements for unclassified heating device

applications are provided.

IEEE Guide for Selection and Installation of Electrical Cables and Cable Systems in

Hazardous (Classified) Locations on Oil and Gas Land Drilling Rigs

Selection, performance requirements, and procedures for flexible electrical cables and

cable systems installed in hazardous (classified) locations on oil and gas land drilling rigs are

covered by this guide.

IEEE Guide for the Design and Installation of Cable Systems in Substations
 The design, installation, and protection of wire and cable systems in substations are

covered in this guide, with the objective of minimizing cable failures and their consequences.

2023 National Electrical Safety Code(R) (NESC(R))

The 2023 NESC(R) covers practical safeguarding of persons during the installation,

operation, or maintenance of (1) electric supply stations, (2) overhead supply and

communications lines, and (3) underground or buried supply and communication cables. It also

includes work rules for the operation of electric supply and communications lines and

equipment. This Code consists of the introduction, definitions, grounding rules, lists of

referenced and bibliographic documents, and Parts 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the 2023 Edition of the

National Electrical Safety Code.

IEEE Recommended Practice for Installation Design and Installation of Vented Lead-Acid

Batteries for Stationary Applications

Recommended design practices and procedures for storage, location, mounting,

ventilation, instrumentation, preassembly, assembly, and charging of vented lead-acid batteries

are provided. Required safety practices are also included. These recommended practices are

applicable to all stationary applications. Specific applications, such as emergency lighting units,

semiportable equipment, and alternate energy applications, may have other appropriate practices

and are beyond the scope of this recommended practice.

IEEE/IEC International Standard for Explosive atmospheres -- Part 30-2: Electrical

resistance trace heating -- Application guide for design, installation and maintenance
 This part of IEC 60079 provides guidance for the application of electrical resistance trace

heating systems in areas where explosive atmospheres may be present, with the exclusion of

those classified as requiring EPL Ga/Da (traditional relationship to Zone 0 and Zone 20

respectively). This standard also provides guidance for explosive atmospheres incorporating the

Division method of area classification that may be applied by some users of this standard. NOTE

Information on the Division method is given in NFPA 70 and CSA C22.1. It provides

recommendations for the design, installation, maintenance and repair of trace heating systems

including associated control and monitoring equipment. It does not cover devices that operate by

induction heating, skin effect heating or direct pipeline heating, nor those intended for stress

relieving.

IEEE Standard for Measurement and Limits of Voltage Fluctuations and Associated Light

Flicker on AC Power Systems

Background information on supply voltage fluctuations caused by fluctuations in power

demands of installations is provided by this standard. The manifestation of these supply voltage

fluctuations as lamp flicker is presented in this standard. A flicker measurement method using a

meter that is described in IEC 61000-4-15 is presented in this standard. The short-term (Pst) and

long-term (Plt) indices used for the quantification of lamp flicker are defined in this standard. For

different system voltages, planning levels for flicker that the utilities need their system to be

limited to in order to reduce customer complaints are defined in this standard. The procedure for

determining emission limits for individual installations at the point of common coupling (PCC)

so that the planning levels can be achieved in practice is defined in this standard. Then, an

assessment procedure for evaluating flicker compliance against emission limits is described.

Methodologies to analyze background flicker to identify the flicker contribution of individual

sources are also presented in this standard. Rapid voltage changes (RVCs) that are caused by

various system events such as switching of capacitor banks, energization of power transformers,

and starting of induction motors are also addressed by this standard. Methods to estimate flicker

or RVCs at the PCC for various types of fluctuating installations are provided by this document.

Example terms and language that can be the basis for defining relative responsibilities and

assessment methods for installations that may cause flicker and RVCs are included in the

document.

Guide to Installation of Foundations for Transmission Line Structures

This guide presents various approaches to good practice that improve the installation of

transmission line structure foundations. This guide covers only the construction aspects of the

installation of the foundations. Sponsor Committee PE/T&D - Transmission and Distribution.

IEEE Guide for the Installation of Overhead Transmission Line Conductors

General recommendations for the selection of methods, equipment, and tools that have

been found to be practical for the stringing of overhead transmission line conductors and

overhead ground wires are provided.

IEEE Standard for the Electrical Protection of Communications Facilities Serving Electric

Supply Locations -- General Considerations

General considerations are presented for the electrical protection of telecommunications

facilities serving electric supply locations. This standard contains material that is common to the

IEEE 487(TM) family of standards (i.e., dot-series) including fundamental protection theory;

basic electrical protection philosophy, concepts, and designs; protection apparatus; service types;

reliability; service performance objective (SPO) classifications; and transmission considerations.

In general, special protective measures, handling procedures, and administrative procedures are

necessary to provide electrical protection against damage to telecommunications facilities and

equipment, maintain reliability of service, and ensure the safety of personnel.

IEEE Recommended Practice for Inductive Coordination of Electric Supply and

Communication Lines

The inductive environment that exists in the vicinity of electric power and wire-line

telecommunications systems and the interfering effects that may be produced are addressed. An

interface that permits either party, without need to involve the other, to verify the induction at the

interface by use of a probe wire is presented. This recommended practice does not apply to

railway signal circuits.

Section 9. Grounding methods for electric supply and communications facilities (Rule 094B

Grounding electrodes)

The intention is to classify our service pedestal post as a made electrode under Rule

094B. More specifically, the proposal is to construct the post out of a formed 1/8” stainless steel

plate with a buried length sufficient to expose at least two square feet of the post’s surface to the

soil below five feet in depth to meet the requirements for a plate ground under Rule 094B3c.

IEEE Recommended Practice for Equipment Grounding and Bonding in Industrial and

Commercial Power Systems

 The grounding and bonding of equipment in industrial and commercial power systems is

covered in this recommended practice. The interconnection and grounding of the non-electrical

metallic elements of a system is covered first. This is followed by a discussion of the objectives

of equipment grounding and bonding, including minimizing electric shock hazard to personnel,

providing adequate current carrying capability for ground faults, and ensuring the timely

operation of overcurrent protection.

IEEE Guide for Bonding Shields and Sheaths of Single-Conductor Power Cables Rated 5

kV through 500 kV

The most common shield/sheath-bonding systems now in use on medium through extra

high-voltage (5 kV to 500 kV) single-conductor shielded power cables and the methods of

calculating the corresponding shield/sheath voltages and currents, when the cables are operated

as part of a three-phase system, with the neutral grounded directly or through an impedance, are

described in this guide.

IEEE Standard for Qualifying Permanent Connections Used in Substation Grounding

Direction and methods for qualifying permanent connections used for substation

grounding are provided in this standard. This standard particularly addresses the connection used

within the grid system, the connection used to join ground leads to the grid system, and the

connection used to join the ground leads to equipment and structures.

IEEE Guide for Reliability-Based Placement of Overhead and Underground Switching and

Overcurrent Protection Equipment up to and Including 38 kV

 Analytical techniques to assist in the placement of switching and overcurrent protection

devices on distribution feeders for reliability purposes is provided in this guide.

IEEE Standard for Trip Systems for Low-Voltage (1000 V and below) AC and General

Purpose (1500 V and below) DC Power Circuit Breakers

This standard pertains to the requirements for current and voltage protective functions of

1) direct-acting overcurrent electromechanical trip devices, 2) direct-acting overcurrent

electronic trip systems, 3) reverse-current trip systems, and 4) under voltage trip devices that are

integral with low-voltage ac (1000 V and below) and general-purpose low-voltage dc (1500 V

and below) power circuit breakers covered by IEEE Std C37.13 and IEEE Std C37.14.

Additional information, communication, and/or additional internal or external protective

functions or devices are not covered by this standard. This standard should not be interpreted to

restrict the inclusion of such functionality in the device.

IEEE Standard for the Surge Parameters of Isolating Transformers Used in Networking

Devices and Equipment

Terms, test methods, test circuits, measurement procedures, and preferred result values

for the surge mitigation parameters of isolating transformers used in networking devices and

equipment are set in this standard. Three types of isolating transformer are considered: mains

low frequency power, high frequency power (switching mode power supplies) and signal (e.g.,

Ethernet data).

IEEE Standard Test Specifications for Surge-Protective Devices (SPDs) for Use on the

Load Side of the Service Equipment in Low-Voltage (1000 V and Less) AC Power Circuits
 Surge-protective devices (SPDs) intended to be installed on the load side of the service

equipment connected to 50 Hz or 60 Hz ac power circuits rated at 1000 V (root mean squared

[rms]) or less are the focus of this standard. Performance characteristics and standard methods

for testing and rating are established for these devices, which may be composed of any

combination of components. The tests in this standard are aimed at providing comparisons

among the variety of SPDs available.

IEEE Guide for Acceptance and Maintenance of Insulating Mineral Oil in Electrical

Equipment

Recommendations regarding mineral oil tests and evaluation procedures are made in this

guide; references are made to methods of reconditioning and reclaiming conventional petroleum

(mineral) dielectric insulating liquids; the levels at which these methods become necessary; and

the routines for restoring oxidation resistance, where required, by the addition of oxidation

inhibitors. The intent is to assist the power equipment operator in evaluating the serviceability of

mineral oil received in equipment, oil as received from the supplier for filling new equipment at

the installation site, and oil as processed into such equipment; and to assist the operator in

maintaining mineral oil in serviceable condition. The mineral oil covered is used in transformers,

reactors, load tap changers, and voltage regulators.

IEEE Recommended Practice for Voltage Sag and Short Interruption Ride-Through

Testing for End-Use Electrical Equipment Rated Less than 1000 V

A non-industry-specific recommended practice for voltage sag and short interruption

ride-through performance and compliance testing for all electrical and electronic equipment
connected to low-voltage power systems that can experience malfunction or shutdown as a result

of reductions in supply voltage lasting less than one minute is detailed in this document. Testing

procedures and requirements for test equipment are clearly defined within this document to

reflect this electrical environment, including single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase balanced

and unbalanced voltage sags. Requirements for certification and test reporting, including

characterization of voltage-sag ride-through equipment are also defined.

IEEE Recommended Practice for Determining the Impact of Preventative Maintenance on

the Reliability of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems

This recommended practice describes how to determine the impact of preventive

maintenance on the reliability of industrial and commercial power systems. It is likely to be of

greatest value to the power-oriented engineer with limited experience in the area of reliability. It

can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of industrial and

commercial power systems.

IEEE Recommended Practice for the Use of Probability Methods for Conducting a

Reliability Analysis of Industrial and Commercial Power Systems

Described in this recommended practice are ways for using probability methods to

conduct a reliability analysis of industrial and commercial power systems. It is likely to be of

greatest value to the power-oriented engineer with limited experience in the area of reliability. It

can also be an aid to all engineers responsible for the electrical design of industrial and

commercial power systems.

IEEE Recommended Practice for Analyzing Reliability Data for Equipment Used in

Industrial and Commercial Power Systems

This recommended practice describes data supporting the reliability evaluation of

existing industrial and commercial power systems. It is likely to be of greatest value to the

power-oriented engineer with limited experience in the area of reliability. It can also be an aid to

all engineers responsible for the electrical design of industrial and commercial power systems.

IEEE Recommended Practice for the Application of Instrument Transformers in

Industrial and Commercial Power Systems

The selection and application of instrument transformers used in industrial and

commercial power systems are covered in this recommended practice.

IEEE Recommended Practice for Conducting Load-Flow Studies and Analysis of

Industrial and Commercial Power Systems

Activities related to load flow analysis, including design considerations for new systems,

analytical studies for existing systems, as well as operational and model validation

considerations for industrial and commercial power systems are addressed. Load flow analysis

includes steadystate power flow and voltage analysis along with considerations for optimal

power flow calculations. The use of computer-aided analysis software, with a list of desirable

capabilities recommended to conduct a modern load-flow study, is emphasized. Examples of

system data requirements and result analysis techniques are presented.

IEEE Recommended Practice for Conducting Short-Circuit Studies and Analysis of

Industrial and Commercial Power Systems

Activities related to short-circuit analysis, including design considerations for new

systems, analytical studies for existing systems, as well as operational and model validation

considerations for industrial and commercial power systems are addressed. Fault current

calculation and device duty evaluation is included in short-circuit analysis. Accuracy of

calculation results primarily relies on system modeling assumptions and methods used. The use

of computer-aided analysis software with a list of desirable capabilities recommended to conduct

a modern short-circuit study is emphasized. Examples of system data requirements and result

analysis techniques are presented.

IEEE Recommended Practice for Conducting Motor-Starting Studies and Analysis of

Industrial and Commercial Power Systems

Activities related to motor-starting studies, including design considerations for new

systems, analytical studies for existing systems, as well as operational and model-validation

considerations for industrial and commercial power systems are described. Motor-starting

analysis includes evaluation of motor-starting current and voltage drop. Accuracy of calculation

results primarily relies on system modeling assumptions and methods used. The use of computer-

aided analysis software, with a list of desirable capabilities recommended to conduct a modern

motor-starting study, is emphasized. Examples of system data requirements and result-analysis

techniques are presented. Benefits obtained from motor-starting studies are discussed, and

various types of computer-aided motor-starting studies are examined. Data or information

required for these studies, as well as the expected results of a motor-starting study effort, are also

reviewed. Sponsor Committee IAS/ICPS/SDC - Industrial & Co.

IEEE Recommended Practice for Conducting Harmonic Studies and Analysis of Industrial

and Commercial Power Systems

Harmonic studies and analysis of industrial and commercial power systems are described.

The basic concepts involved in such studies are described first. This is followed by a discussion

of how to determine the need for a harmonic study, how to assemble the required data, how to

recognize potential problems, and how to implement corrective measures.

IEEE Recommended Practice for Electrical Installations on Shipboard--Electrical Testing

A consensus of recommended practices for system testing in marine electrical

engineering as applied specifically to vessels, shipboard systems, and equipment is provided.

IEEE Recommended Practice for Shipboard Electrical Installations -- Systems Engineering

Recommendations for systems engineering, design, and integration of electrical power

systems at the total ship level from concept design through the establishment of the design

baseline prior to detail design are provided in this document. Recommendations for ac power

systems, dc power systems, emergency power systems, shore power, quality of service, power

quality and harmonics, electric propulsion and maneuvering systems, motors and drives,

thrusters, and steering systems onboard ships are established by this document. These

recommendations reflect the present-day technologies, engineering methods, and engineering

practices. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the IEEE 45(TM) series of

documents.
IEEE Recommended Practice for Electrical Installations on Shipboard -- Safety

Considerations

This recommended practice covers electrical safety considerations for shipboard

electrical systems and equipment including a review of fundamental concepts pertaining to

electrical safety and establishing electrical safety programs and work practices associated with

the operation and maintenance of shipboard electrical power distribution systems.

IEEE Approved Draft Recommended Practice for Electrical Installations on Shipboard –

Design

Recommendations for the design of electrical power generation, distribution, propulsion,

loads systems, and equipment on merchant, commercial, and naval vessels are covered in this

document.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Standards_Association#External_links