‫א‬

‫א‬
٢٧١
  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬  

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬???‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 
‫א‬  


 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬ E١
،‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٠ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K 

-١-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEconomics‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 EconomicsW‫א‬W 
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 NeedsW‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Services‫א‬Goods‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

-٢-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Goods‫א‬
Services،KKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ Necessary‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬LuxuryE‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،
 K‫א‬KKKK
 
 WE٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫؟‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Economics ResourcesW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
 Factors of Production‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬Inputs 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
LaborW‫א‬E١
E‫א‬FE‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Human Resources‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KWage‫א‬
 
CapitalW‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬KKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Investment ‫א‬‫א‬Capital Goods‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Consumer Goods‫א‬‫א‬،Goods
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،Money ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KInterest‫א‬
 
LandW‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Natural Resources‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KRent‫א‬
 
Entrepreneur WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

-٥-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 KNormal Profit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ScarcityW‫א‬W ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KScarcity ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬
 
 The Economic ProblemW‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KThe Economic Problem?‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Sacrifice‫א‬ Choice‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬E١
 ‫؟‬E٢
 ‫؟‬E٣

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
What to produce?‫؟‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬KKKKK‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 How to produce?‫؟‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
For whom to produce? ‫؟‬E٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬Distribution Theory‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Efficiency and Full Employment W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Efficiency‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Full Employment‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Opportunity Cost W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬Sacrifice‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬Choice‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Opportunity Cost
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬Best Alternative ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٩-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Production Possibilities Curve (PPC) W‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬trade-off،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Production Possibilities Curve (PPC)‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPPC‫א‬
 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E١ J١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬

*‫א‬‫א‬  EF  EF  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠  ٥٠  ٠  a
 ٥  ٤٥  ١ b
 ١٠  ٣٥  ٢ c
 ١٥  ٢٠  ٣  d
 ٢٠  ٠  ٤  e
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬*

‫א‬a‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬e‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬b‫א‬،dcb‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬c‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬،

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E١ J١F‫א‬

 KE١ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬FE١ J١F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،، c
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KPPC‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E١ J١F‫א‬
 PPC‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬b‫א‬a ‫א‬‫א‬Ke،d،c،b،a‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬c‫א‬b ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KKKKKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KIncreasing Costs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬ g‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،m‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬W 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 
MicroeconomicsW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Microeconomics  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
MacroeconomicsW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Macroeconomics‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 SummaryW‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫؟‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫؟‬‫؟‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- ١٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
K‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠
‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬ E١١
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢
K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K J   K‫א‬ J

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 ‫؟‬ J     ‫؟‬‫א‬ J
 K J     ‫؟‬ J
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬ J   KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬ J  KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ J
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KK J   K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬M‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J   K J
 KK J    K‫א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
   ‫א‬  L‫א‬‫א‬
 EF  EF  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٠  ١٥  a
١ ١٤ b
 ٢  ١٢ c
 ٣  ٩  d
 ٤  ٥  e
 ٥  ٠  f
 

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫א؟‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٦
‫؟‬‫؟‬K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
 
 

- ١٨ -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٥ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Demand Theory‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Buyers‫א‬Consumers‫א‬
Prices ‫ر‬‫א‬ Market Concept‫א‬‫א‬Sellers‫א‬Producers

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Market Concept and Prices W‫א‬‫א‬W 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Buyers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Consumers‫א‬
 KE‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬Producers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬Sellers
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ Prices ‫ر‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 DemandW‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬Demand
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Effective Demand‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Ceteris Paribus 
 K
 
 Law of DemandW‫א‬W 
Quantity Demanded‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Law of Demand‫א‬
‫א‬Price‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Qd‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 Demand Schedule W‫א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
١٤٢٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K
 

- ٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٢ J١F
 ‫א‬
  ١٤٢٨
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
P‫א‬
 Qd‫א‬  
EF
 EF
 ٥  ٥  a
 ١٠ ٤ b
 ١٥  ٣ c
 ٢٠  ٢  d
 ٢٥  ١  e
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 Demand CurveW‫א‬W 
،‫א‬،D‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬e،d، c،b،a ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Qd
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Demand Curve‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٢ J١F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤٢٨

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬ c ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Market Demand Schedule and CurveW‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Market Demand Curve‫א‬
- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J٢FMarket Demand Schedule
 
 
 E٢ J٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٤٢٨
 

 Qd‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  P‫א‬
 EF  
‫א‬ EF
  ‫א‬  
 ٧٥  ١٥  ٥  ٢٠  ١٠  ٢٥  ١  a
 ٦٠  ١٢  ٤  ١٦  ٨  ٢٠ ٢ b
 ٤٥  ٩  ٣  ١٢  ٦  ١٥  ٣ c
 ٣٠  ٦  ٢  ٨  ٤  ١٠  ٤  d
 ١٥  ٣  ١  ٤  ٢  ٥  ٥  e
 
E٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
Market Demand ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬e،d، c،b،a ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Curve
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٢ J٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٤٢٨

 
 
 KE٢ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J١F‫א‬
 
 Determinants of Demand W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
 Number of ConsumersW‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬shift‫א‬‫א‬
KD٢D١D‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KD٣D١‫א‬
 
 E٢ J٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٤٢٨‫א‬

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬
،D٢D١D‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،D٣D١D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J٣F‫א‬
 
Consumers’ Tastes and Preferences W‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PreferencesTastes‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬shift‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬shift‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 
Consumers’ IncomesW‫א‬E٣
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Income‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Normal Goods‫א‬‫א‬E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
shift‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،Inferior Goods‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Consumers’ ExpectationsW‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 
 Prices of Other GoodsW‫א‬‫א‬E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Prices of Other Goods‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Complementary Goods‫א‬‫א‬E

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Substitute Goods‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢ J٣F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
Change in Quantity Demanded and Change in Demand
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Change in Quantity DemandedW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٢ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،c ‫א‬b ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kb ‫א‬c‫א‬

- ٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٢ J٤F‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 Change in DemandW‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D١‫א‬D‫א‬shift‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،D٢
‫א‬،D٣D١‫א‬D‫א‬shift‫א‬
 KE٢ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

- ٣١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٢ J٥F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 

- ٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E٢ J٣F‫א‬
 
 E٢ J٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ١
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
٢

   W‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬o ٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬o
  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  W
٤
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬o
‫א‬‫ א‬o
   W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬o ٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬o
 
 

- ٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 SummaryW‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٧

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٤٢٨
 
 
  Qd‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
P‫א‬  
 EF    
EF  
       
 
 ٢٠  ١١  ١٢  ١٠  a  
 
 ١٦  ٩  ١١ ١٥ b  
 
 ١٢  ٧  ١٠  ٢٠ c  
 
 ٨  ٥  ٩  ٢٥  d  
 
 ٤  ٣  ٨  ٣٠  e  

 
 

- ٣٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٣٦ -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٥ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

- ٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Supply Theory‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
Sellers‫א‬Producers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Supply‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 SupplyW‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬Supply
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Effective Supply‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
،‫א‬‫א‬،Ceteris Paribus 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Law of SupplyW‫א‬W 
Quantity Supplied‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Law of Supply‫א‬
‫א‬Price‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Qs‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ P‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 Supply Schedule W‫א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٤٢٨
 K‫א‬

- ٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٣ J١F
 
  ١٤٢٨
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 P‫א‬
 Qs‫א‬  
EF
 EF
 ٥  ١  a
 ١٠ ٢ b
 ١٥  ٣ c
 ٢٠  ٤  d
 ٢٥  ٥  e
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 Supply CurveW‫א‬W 
،‫א‬،S‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬e،d، c،b،a ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Qs‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Supply Curve‫א‬

- ٤٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 E٣ J١F‫א‬
 
  ١٤٢٨

 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J١F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬c‫א‬ b‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Market Supply Schedule and CurveW‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Market Supply Curve‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٣ J٢F
 ‫א‬
  ١٤٢٨
 

   Qs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  P‫א‬
 EF  
 ‫א‬ EF
    
 ١٥  ٣  ١  ٤  ٢  ٥  ١  a
 ٣٠  ٦  ٢  ٨  ٤  ١٠ ٢ b
 ٤٥  ٩  ٣  ١٢  ٦  ١٥  ٣ c
 ٦٠  ١٢  ٤  ١٦  ٨  ٢٠  ٤  d
 ٧٥  ١٥  ٥  ٢٠  ١٠  ٢٥  ٥  e
 
E٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
Market Supply ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬e،d، c،b،a ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Curve
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٣ J٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  ١٤٢٨

 

 
 KE٣ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J١F‫א‬،
 
 Determinants of Supply W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬shift‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
 Number of Producers or SellersW‫א‬‫א‬E١
Sellers‫א‬Producers‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬shift‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

S١S‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KS٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KS٣S١
 
 E٣ J٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ١٤٢٨‫א‬
 

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬
،S٢S١S‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،S٣S١S‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٤٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

- ٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Technology W‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Technology‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬shift‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬shift‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣ J٣F‫א‬
 
Factors of Production PricesW‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬shift‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬shift‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣ J٣F‫א‬
 
 Taxes and Subsidies W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

shift‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
Change in Quantity Supplied and Change in Supply
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Change in Quantity SuppliedW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٣ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٣ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬، b‫א‬c ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kd‫א‬c‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٣ J٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 Change in SupplyW‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،S٢S١‫א‬S‫א‬shift
shift‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،S٣S١‫א‬S‫א‬
 KE٣ J٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ٤٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٣ J٥F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E٣ J٣F‫א‬
 
 E٣ J٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
 ‫א‬
‫א‬ ٣
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬o
٤
 ‫א‬ ‫ א‬o
 

- ٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 SummaryW‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

- ٥٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٦

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٤٢٨
 
 
 
  Qs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
P‫א‬  
 EF    
EF  
       
 
 ٤  ٧  ١٠  ١٠  a  
 
 ٨  ٩  ١١ ١٥ b  
 
 ١٢  ١١  ١٢  ٢٠ c  
 
 ١٦  ١٣  ١٣  ٢٥  d  
 
 ٢٠  ١٥  ١٤  ٣٠  e  

- ٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫ א‬E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥

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 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬

٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٥ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Market Equilibrium ‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KMarket Equilibrium‫א‬‫א‬
 KInvisible Hand‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Market EquilibriumW‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٤ J١F‫א‬‫א‬E٣ J٢F‫א‬E٢ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
- ٥٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٤ J١F
 ‫א‬
  ١٤٢٨
 

‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ P‫א‬
Qs‫א‬ Qd‫א‬  
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ EF
 EF  EF
  ‫א‬  ١٥  ٧٥  ١ a
  ‫א‬  ٣٠  ٦٠ ٢ b
 ‫א‬    ٤٥  ٤٥  ٣ c
 ‫א‬  ٦٠  ٣٠  ٤ d
 ‫א‬  ٧٥  ١٥  ٥ e
 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Demand Surplus ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Market Equilibrium‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(PE)Equilibrium Price ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(QE)Equilibrium Quantity
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬e‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Supply Surplus ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٤ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J١F،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٤ J١F‫א‬
 ١٤٢٨‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Equilibrium Point‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬(PE)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(QE)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٥٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Consumer Surplus and Producer Surplus W‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WK‫א‬
 
 Consumer SurplusW‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
 

E٤ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K A M E‫א‬‫א‬

 E٤ J٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 
- ٥٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Producer SurplusW‫א‬E٢
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ZE‫א‬F‫א‬
 

E٤ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K A F E‫א‬‫א‬

 
 Changes in Market EquilibriumW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Change in Demand with Unchanged SupplyW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
shift‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٥٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٤ J٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D١D‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬E٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D٢D‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Change in Supply with Unchanged DemandW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
shift‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
- ٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١‫א‬
 KE٤ J٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٤ J٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S١S‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S٢S‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- ٦٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Change in Both Demand and Supply W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
،E٤ J٥F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٥F‫א‬E١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٤ J٥F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

 K ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٤ J٦F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٤ J٦F‫א‬E٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٤ J٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
،E٤ J٧F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٤ J٧F‫א‬E١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٤ J٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E٤ J٨F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٨F‫א‬E١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٤ J٨F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 Price Monitoring W‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Price Ceiling WE١
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٤ J٩F‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 
 P١‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J٩F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Qd‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Qs‫א‬‫א‬PE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Black Market

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
Price Floor WE٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٤ J١٠F‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 
 P٢‫א‬‫א‬E٤ J١٠F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Qd‫א‬‫א‬Qs‫א‬‫א‬PE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 SummaryW‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫؟‬‫؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٨
K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٤٢٨
 
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ P‫א‬
Qs‫א‬ Qd‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ EF
 EF  EF
     ٣٠  ١٥٠  ١ a
     ٦٠  ١٢٠ ٢ b
     ٩٠  ٩٠  ٣ c
     ١٢٠  ٦٠  ٤ d
     ١٥٠  ٣٠  ٥ e
 
 W‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K E٤
K E٥
K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١١
 

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 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٠ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E٦
K‫א‬ E٧
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Elasticity of Demand ‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 

 Price Elasticity of DemandW‫א‬‫א‬E١

 Income Elasticity of DemandW‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 Cross-Price Elasticity of DemandW‫א‬‫א‬E٣
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Price Elasticity of DemandW‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ed‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%٢٠%٢٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
= Ed =‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،ECoefficient of Demand Elasticity F Ed ‫א‬‫א‬
،Qd‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Δ‫א‬‫א‬%‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬KP‫א‬
 
 Ed = %Δ Qd
%Δ P
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
%١٠E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
%Δ Qd J١٠
 Ed = = = J١/٢
%Δ P ٢٠

- ٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 % ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 % ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،% ٠ ،٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬.% ٠ ،٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،E%Δ PF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E%Δ QdF‫א‬
 
 Δ Qd
%Δ Qd =
 Qd
 
‫א‬ Q٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Δ QdF
KQ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Qd،Q١‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
Q٢ – Q١
%Δ Qd =
 Q١
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Δ P
%Δ P =
 P
 
‫א‬‫א‬P٢‫א‬‫א‬ (Δ PF
 W‫א‬‫א‬KP١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P،P١
 
P٢ – P١
 %Δ P =
  P١
 
- ٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
Q٢ – Q١ P٢ – P١
Ed =
 Q١ D  P١
 
 
Q٢ – Q١  P١
Ed =  
 Q١ P٢ – P١
 
١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬٨٠٠١٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬١٤٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
١٤٠ ١٠٠  ٨٠٠ – ١٠٠٠
  Ed =
 ١٠٠
D  ١٠٠٠
 
١٤٠ ١٠٠  ١٠٠٠
Ed = 
 ١٠٠  ٨٠٠ – ١٠٠٠
 
٤٠ ١٠٠٠ ٤
  =  = =  J٢
١٠٠  J٢٠٠  J٢
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 

- ٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Types of Price Elasticity of DemandW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Elastic DemandW‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Ed = %Δ Qd
%Δ P > │١ │
 K‫א‬ >
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬│ │
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%٣٠E‫א‬F
 
%Δ Qd J٣٠
 Ed = = = J٣ =│٣│
%Δ P ١٠
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،%٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%١
‫א‬‫א‬،%٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%١
‫א‬EF‫א‬
E٥ J١F‫א‬‫א‬D١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 
 E٥ J١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 Inelastic DemandW‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 Ed = %Δ Qd
%Δ P < │١ │
 K‫א‬ <
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%٢٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%٥
 
%Δ Qd J٥
 Ed = = = J١/٤ =│١/٤│
%Δ P ٢٠
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،(‫א‬) % ٠ ،٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ % ١
، % ٠ ،٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ %١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٥ J١F‫א‬‫א‬D٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Unitary Elastic DemandW‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Ed = %Δ Qd =│١│
%Δ P
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%١٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%١٠
 
%Δ Qd J١٠
 Ed = = = J١ = │١ │
%Δ P ١٠
 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،% ١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ % ١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ % ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،% ١ 
D٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
K‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J١F‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 
 Perfectly Inelastic DemandW‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Ed = %Δ Qd = ٠
%Δ P
 
‫א‬‫א‬%٥٠E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(%٠) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
%Δ Qd ٠
 Ed = = =٠
%Δ P ٥٠
 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ % ٥٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ % ٥٠‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬E٥ J١F‫א‬‫א‬D٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٨١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Perfectly Elastic DemandW‫א‬‫א‬E٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 Ed = %Δ Qd
%Δ P
=∞
 K ∞
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋ ﺔ‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،% ٢٠
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(%٠)
 
%Δ Qd ٢٠
 Ed = = =∞
%Δ P ٠
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٥ J١F‫א‬‫א‬D٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Determinations of Demand ElasticityW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Necessary Goods‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Luxury Goods‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٨٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬EF‫א‬Consumer’s Budget
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،E F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٤
Short Run‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Long Run‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
 

- ٨٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٥ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥ J٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 The Importance of Demand ElasticityW‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ETRFTotal Revenue ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EPF‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬EQF‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ×‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  TR = P × Qd
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Ed >│١│F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Ed <│١│F‫א‬

- ٨٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Ed = │١│F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٥ J١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬     

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 Ed >│١│ 
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
Ed <│١│
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 Ed =│١│
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Income Elasticity of DemandW‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Income Elasticity of Demand‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
= EI =‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،ECoefficient of Income ElasticityFEI‫א‬‫א‬
،Qd‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Δ‫א‬‫א‬%‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬KI‫א‬
 
 EI = % Δ Qd
%Δ I
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
%٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
%Δ Qd ٥
 EI = = =١/٢
%Δ I ١٠

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬ % ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 % ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،% ٠ ،٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،% ٠ ،٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%١٠‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬%٢٠
 
 
%Δ Qd ٢٠
 EI = = =٢
%Δ I ١٠

 % ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 % ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،% ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،% ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%١٠‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬%٤٠‫א‬
 
%Δ Qd ١٠
 EI = = = J٤
%Δ I J٤٠

 % ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
% ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،% ٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،% ٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
- ٩٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Normal Good‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E EI = ١L٢F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EEI = ٢F‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Inferior Good‫א‬‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬،
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ٩١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 
 E٥ J٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬      

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٠> EI >١
EF
   ‫א‬‫א‬  
 
 ‫א‬
EF   EI >١
   
   ‫א‬‫א‬
 EI < ٠
    
 ‫א‬

 
 Cross-Price Elasticity of DemandW‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬
Cross-Price Elasticity of ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EYF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E Y XFCrossDemand
‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEYF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٩٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
= Exy =‫א‬‫א‬
Y ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
،ECoefficient of Cross-Price ElasticityFExy‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Δ‫א‬‫א‬%‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KPY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،QX
 W
 
 Exy = %Δ QX
%Δ PY
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬%٢٠E‫א‬FY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬%٤٠E‫א‬FX‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
%Δ QX ٤٠
 Exy = = =٢
%Δ PY ٢٠

 % ١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،% ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،% ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ % ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
 KE‫א‬F
 

- ٩٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬%١٠E‫א‬‫א‬FY‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬%٣٠E‫א‬‫א‬FX‫א‬‫א‬
 
%Δ QX J٣٠
 Exy = = = -٣
%Δ PY ١٠

% ١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،% ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،% ٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ % ١ ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬F
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٩٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٥ J٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

  ‫א‬‫א‬    

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬   Exy > ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬
 
     ‫א‬
   ‫א‬  Exy < ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬

     ‫א‬
   ‫א‬
 Exy = ‫ﺻﻔﺮ‬  ZZZ
   
 

- ٩٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 SummaryW‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬

- ٩٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٧
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٣
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤
K‫א‬

- ٩٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬ J    K‫א‬ J
 K J  K‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K J     K J
 K‫א‬ J   ‫א‬ J
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
W‫א‬
 K J     K J
 K‫א‬ J   ‫א‬ J
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K J KE‫א‬F‫א‬ J
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
W‫א‬
 K J    K J
 K J    K J
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
 K‫א‬ J   K‫א‬ J
 K J  K‫א‬ J
 
 
- ٩٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٤٢٨
 

EF‫א‬‫א‬ P‫א‬ 
 ٢٥  ٢ a
 ٢٠  ٤ B
 ١٥  ٦ C
 ١٠  ٨ D
 ٥  ١٠ e
 W‫א‬
K٤٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
K٨٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
     
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٢
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٣
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٥
 
- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬

٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٠ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫ א‬E١
K‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Elasticity of Supply ‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 Elasticity of SupplyW‫א‬W 
Price Elasticity of Supply‫א‬‫א‬EESFElasticity of Supply‫א‬

‫א‬،Ed‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
= ES =‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،ECoefficient of Supply Elasticity F ES‫א‬‫א‬
،QS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Δ‫א‬‫א‬%‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬KP‫א‬
 
  ES =  %%ΔΔQPS
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%١٥‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%٣٠
 
%Δ QS ٣٠
 ES = = =٢
%Δ P ١٥

%١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،% ٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ .% ٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ % ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،E%Δ PF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E%Δ QSF‫א‬
 
 Δ QS
%Δ QS =
 QS
‫א‬ Q٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Δ QSF
KQ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ QS،Q١‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٠٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

Q٢ – Q١
%Δ QS =
 Q١
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Δ P
%Δ P =
 P
 
‫א‬‫א‬P٢‫א‬‫א‬ (Δ PF
 W‫א‬‫א‬KP١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬P،P١
 
P٢ – P١
 %Δ P =
  P١
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
Q٢ – Q١ P٢ – P١
  ES =
 Q١ D  P١
 
 
Q٢ – Q١  P١
ES = 
 Q١ P٢ – P١
 
١٥٠١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬١٠٠٠٩٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
١٥٠ – ١٠٠  ١٠٠٠ – ٩٠٠
  ES =
 ١٠٠
D  ١٠٠٠
- ١٠٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 
١٥٠ – ١٠٠  ١٠٠٠ – ٩٠٠
  ES = 
 ١٠٠  ١٠٠٠
 
٥٠ ١٠٠٠ ٥
  =  = = ٥
١٠٠ ١٠٠ ١
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Types of Price Elasticity of SupplyW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Elastic SupplyW‫א‬‫א‬E١

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ES = %%ΔΔQPS >١
 K‫א‬ >
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%١٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%٣٠E‫א‬F
 
%Δ QS ٣٠
 ES = = = ٢
%Δ P ١٥
 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،%٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%١‫א‬‫א‬
،%٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬S٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J١F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٦ J١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S1 S2 S3
P

S4

S5

Qs

 
 
 Inelastic SupplyW‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ES = %%ΔΔQPS <١
 K‫א‬ <
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%٣٠‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%١٥
 
%Δ QS ١٥
 ES = = =١/٢
 %Δ P ٣٠
 

- ١٠٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،E‫א‬F % ٠ ،٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ % ١
،% ٠ ،٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ % ١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬S٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J١F‫א‬
 
 Unitary Elastic SupplyW‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ES = %%ΔΔQPS = ١
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%٥‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%٥
 
%Δ QS ٥
 ES = = =١
%Δ P ٥
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،% ١ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ % ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ % ١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،% ١ 
K‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J١F‫א‬‫א‬S٣‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Perfectly Inelastic SupplyW‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ES = %%ΔΔQPS = ٠
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬%١٠٠E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(%٠) ‫ ﻓ ﻲ اﻟﻤﺎﺋ ﺔ‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
%Δ QS ٠
 ES = = =٠
%Δ P ١٠٠
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ % ١٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ % ١٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٦ J١F‫א‬‫א‬S١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
- ١٠٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 
 Perfectly Elastic SupplyW‫א‬‫א‬E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 ES = %%ΔΔQPS = ∞
 K ∞
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬%٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 
%Δ QS ٢٥
 ES = = =∞
%Δ P ٠
 
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٦ J١F‫א‬‫א‬S٥‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Determinations of Supply ElasticityW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Short Run‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Long Run‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬

 W‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 SummaryW‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K 
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬ J    K‫א‬ J
 K J  K‫א‬‫א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
W‫א‬‫א‬
 K J    K J
 K‫א‬ J   ‫א‬ J
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K J KE‫א‬F‫א‬ J
 
 
- ١١٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٤٢٨
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 P‫א‬  
 EF
 ٤  ١ a
 ٨  ٢ B
 ١٢  ٣ C
 ١٦  ٤ D
 ٢٠  ٥ e
 W‫א‬
K٣٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
K٥٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
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 ‫א‬
‫א‬ L‫ א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬

٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬L‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٠ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫ א‬E١
 K‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤

  W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Consumer Behavior‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 

 Classical Utility Analysis ‫א‬‫א‬E١

 Indifference Curves Analysis ‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 Demand Creation W‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬Rationality ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Classical Theory For UtilityW‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،util??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
Total Utility (TU)W‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TU‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TU‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Saturation Point
‫א‬TU‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Utils‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١١٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
E٧ J١F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٧ J١F
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ٧  ٦  ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ ‫א‬‫א‬
 TU‫א‬‫א‬
٥٤ ٦٠ ٦٠ ٥٦ ٤٨ ٣٦ ٢٠
EUtils‫א‬F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬TU‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٥٦٣٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٦‫א‬‫א‬Saturation Point‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬Total Utility Curve‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J١F
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F٦٠
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE
 
 
 
- ١٢٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٧ J١F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
Marginal Utility (MU)W‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٦‫א‬٢٠‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KSaturation Point‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Marginal Utility (MU)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٧ J٢F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
- ١٢١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
=‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Δ Total Utility Δ TU
 MU = =
Δ Quantity Consumed Δ Q
 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٧ J٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 

 MU‫א‬‫א‬  TU‫א‬‫א‬  

 EUtils‫א‬F  EUtils‫א‬F  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٠  ٢٠  ١
 ١٦ ٣٦ ٢
 ١٢  ٤٨ ٣
 ٨  ٥٦  ٤
 ٤  ٦٠  ٥
   ٦٠ ٦
 ٦–  ٥٤  ٧
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٢٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F
 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F‫א‬

 
 E٧ J٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 
- ١٢٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Law of Diminishing Marginal UtilityW‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Marginal Utility‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬Equilibrium Situation ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 

- ١٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬Utils‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬٨٦٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬= ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ =  
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬  
EMUF‫א‬‫א‬
EPF‫א‬ ‫א‬ =  

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 
MU  ‫א‬‫א‬


=
 P ‫א‬‫א‬
 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬٨‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٢F
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬E٧ J٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 E٧ J٣F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 EMU/PF‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
P=٢ P=١ P = ١L٢   MU  TU ‫א‬
 ١٠  ٢٠  ٤٠  ٨  ٢٠  ٢٠  ١
 ٨  ١٦  ٣٢  ٨  ١٦ ٣٦ ٢
 ٦  ١٢  ٢٤  ٨  ١٢  ٤٨ ٣
 ٤  ٨  ١٦  ٨  ٨  ٥٦  ٤
 ٢  ٤  ٨  ٨  ٤  ٦٠  ٥
       ٨    ٦٠ ٦
 ٢–  ٦–  ١٢–  ٨  ٦–  ٥٤  ٧
 
 

- ١٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬FEEMU/PF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬EP = ١L٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬٨‫א‬٤٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬٣٢
٨٣٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،٢٤،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٨‫א‬
،١٦‫א‬‫א‬٨٢٤
K‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬٨١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٨‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،EP = ١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EP = ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Consumer’s Equilibrium W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Choice Problem‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،( I )،Income،
 KPYY‫א‬PXX‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬X‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬


MUX
=
  PX X ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬Y
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬


MUY
=
  PY Y ‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨‫א‬‫א‬
،Y‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W

- ١٢٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫ א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬



Y‫א‬‫א‬
=
X ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

MUY = MUX
  PY  PX
 

 PY = MUX
  PX MUY
 
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬( I )‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، Y  X ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
  Y ‫א‬‫א‬+X‫א‬‫א‬= ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ = ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 I = X . PX + Y . PY
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 

- ١٣٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Demand Curve Derive W‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬Individual Demand Curve‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EP = ١L٢F‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EP = ٢F‫א‬‫א‬،EP = ١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Demand Law‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٧ J٣F‫א‬
 
 E٧ J٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
P

1½

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Q
  ‫ﻋﺪد اآﻮاب اﻟﻘﻬﻮة‬
 
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Consumer’s SurplusW‫א‬W 
- ١٣١ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢ ½F
،E١ ½F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٧ J٤F

- ١٣٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

       

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
١½  ١ ٢½ ١
 ١  ١  ٢ ٢
 ½  ١ ١½ ٣
   ١ ١ ٤
 ٣  ٤  ٧  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬E٧ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 E٧ J٤F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
- ١٣٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Criticism of Classical Theory of Utility W‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K١
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٣٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 SummaryW‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
Kutil‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W
K‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٣
K‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K J     K J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J    K J

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K J    K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J    K J
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
 
- ١٣٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٧  ٦  ٥  ٤  ٣  ٢  ١ ‫א‬
٣٣ ٣٥ ٣٥ ٣٦ ٣٤ ٣٠ ٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- ١٣٨ -
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ L ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬

٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٥ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤

  W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 

- ١٣٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Indifference Curves Analysis‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Indifference Curves‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ranking‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٣٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Indifference Curves W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Indifference Curves‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،Y‫א‬‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٨ J١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
EY )‫א‬‫א‬ ( X )‫א‬
 ΔY/ΔX  E‫)א‬
   ٢٠  ١ a
 ٥  ١٥  ٢ b
 ٣  ١٢  ٣ c
 ٢  ١٠  ٤ d
 ١  ٩  ٥ e
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
X‫א‬Fa‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
X‫א‬٥Fe‫א‬EY١٥XFb‫א‬EY٢٠

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EY٩
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E٨ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E e, d, c, b, aF‫א‬،EYF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬،Indifference Curve‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 E٨ J١F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

  Characteristics of Indifference Curves W‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J١F‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
Y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬c‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،b‫א‬
d‫א‬،Y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Y‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Y‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Y‫א‬
‫א‬Y‫א‬‫א‬e‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،Diminishing Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬KEE٨ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (ΔXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (ΔYF‫א‬
 
 
ΔY J٥
 MRS b = = = J٥ =│٥│
 ΔX ١
 
ΔY  J٣
 MRS c = = = J٣ =│٣│
 ΔX ١
 
ΔY J٢
MRS d = = = J٢ =│٢│
 ΔX ١
 
ΔY J١
MRS e = = = J١ =│١│

 ΔX ١
 
‫א‬،b‫א‬٥‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 MUXKΔX = MUY KΔY
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
ΔY MUX
= 
Δ X MUY
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EYF‫א‬‫א‬ EXF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 

- ١٤٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٨ J٢F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬m ‫א‬g ‫א‬E٨ J٣F‫א‬
،IC٢‫א‬‫א‬f ‫א‬g ‫א‬‫א‬،IC١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،m ‫א‬f ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬m‫א‬‫א‬IC٢‫א‬‫א‬f‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،IC١
 
 

- ١٤٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 
 E٨ J٣F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 Budget LineW‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،I
 ٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
،PY٥٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،PX٤٠٠‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬=
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬×‫א‬‫א‬F +E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬×‫א‬F=
 
- ١٤٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

I = P X X + PY Y
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
٢٠٠٠ = ٤٠٠ X + ٥٠ Y

٢٠٠٠ = ٤٠٠ X + ٥٠ (٠)

٢٠٠٠ = ٤٠٠ X

X = ٢٠٠٠ / ٤٠٠

X=٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
٢٠٠٠ = ٤٠٠ X + ٥٠ Y

٢٠٠٠ = ٤٠٠ (٠) + ٥٠ Y

٢٠٠٠ = ٥٠ Y

Y = ٢٠٠٠ / ٥٠

Y = ٤٠
 
٤٠EYF‫א‬‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،E٥٠×٤F٤٠٠
 
٢٠٠٠ = ٤٠٠ (١) + ٥٠ (٣٢)
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٢F‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٨ J٢F
 EYF‫א‬‫א‬EXF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 EY )‫א‬‫א‬  ( X )‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ٤٠  ٠ a
 ٣٢  ١ b
 ٢٤  ٢ c
 ١٦  ٣ d
 ٨  ٤ e
 ٠  ٥ f
 
E٨ J٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٤F‫א‬،Budget Line‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 
 
 
 
 E٨ J٤F‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
n‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
E١٦٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬٤E١٢٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬٢٤
‫א‬K٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬٢٨٠٠
E٨٠٠F‫א‬‫א‬١٦ m‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١٦٠٠E٨٠٠F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٢٨٠٠٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬

- ١٤٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٨٠٠٢٠٠٠‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨ J٥F‫א‬
 E٨ J٥F‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨ J٥F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٦F‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 E٨ J٦F‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٨ J٧F‫א‬
 
 E٨ J٧F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 
 Consumer’s EquilibriumW‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬E٨ J٤F‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٢F
 KE٨ J٨F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E٨ J٨F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IC٢‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬١٦‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬d
 K‫א‬‫א‬
b‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IC١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬e‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،IC٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬IC٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IC١‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬IC٤
 
 Demand Curve Derive W‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬٣FE٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٠٠،E٨ J٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬١٦

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٥٠‫א‬٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Individual Demand Curve‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٠٠٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ E١‫א‬IC١‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬٢٠٠٤٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣‫א‬IC٣
 KE٨ J٩F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨ J٩F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٨ J٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Demand Law‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٨ J٩F‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 SummaryW‫א‬
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١

‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
K‫א‬
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K J

W‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J    K‫א‬ J
 K J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

W‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٥،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٦٠،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫ א‬E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 ‫א‬
‫א‬ L ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬

٩
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬L‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬ E٣

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٥ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤

  W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Production Theory‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Supply‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KSupply Side ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Sellers‫א‬Producers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
،K‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬
 

- ١٥٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 Production Theory ‫א‬E١

 Costs Theory ‫א‬E٢

 
 Production Theory W‫א‬W 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FInput‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KEFOutputE‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،Short-Run‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Long-Run‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 W
 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

  Production Function in the Short-Run W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬KProduction Function‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 [E‫א‬F‫]א‬‫א‬=‫א‬
 
Q = ƒ (L)
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،L‫א‬Q‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬EFƒ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KQ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٩ J١F‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٩ J١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫ א‬ 

 ‫א‬  AP MP TP = Q ‫א‬
 ٠  ٠  ٠  ٠
 
 ١٥  ١٥  ١٥  ١
 ‫א‬
 ١٧  ١٩  ٣٤  ٢
 ‫א‬
 ٢٠  ٢٦  ٦٠  ٣
‫א‬  ٢٠  ٢٠  ٨٠  ٤
 ١٩  ١٥  ٩٥  ٥
 
 ١٨  ١٣  ١٠٨  ٦
‫א‬
 ١٦  ٤  ١١٢  ٧
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٤  ٠  ١١٢  ٨
‫א‬‫א‬  ١٠  ١٣ J  ٩٩  ٩
 
 Production Terms WW 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Total Production (TP)W‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬TP‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 
 
 Average Production (AP)W‫א‬‫א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬AP‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F‫א‬KTP‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
TP Q
 AP = AP = AP
 
 Marginal Production (MP)W‫א‬‫א‬E٣
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MP‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،TP‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F‫א‬K‫א‬E‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
=‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

Δ TP Δ Q
 MP = =
Δ MP Δ MP
 The Relationship between MP & APW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،b‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬b‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٩ J١F‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،b‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
c‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٩ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،d‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬F‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
Kd‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬EAPF‫א‬‫א‬EAPF‫א‬‫א‬<EMPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

KEAPF‫א‬‫א‬EAPF‫א‬‫א‬>EMPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

EAPF‫א‬‫א‬EAPF‫א‬‫א‬=EMPF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K
 
 Law of Diminishing ReturnW‫א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KLaw of Diminishing Return ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩ J١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ١٦٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 E٩ J١F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 SummaryW‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫ א‬E١
K‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ J K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K J   K‫א‬‫א‬ J
 
WE‫א‬F‫א‬ E٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
AP MP TP L
١٥ ١٥ ١
٢٥ ٢
١٠ ٥٠ ٣
 ١٤ ٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 

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 ‫א‬
‫א‬ L‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬

١٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 ‫א‬L‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٥ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬ E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤

  W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Costs Theory ‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 What is Costs? ‫؟‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Accounting Costs‫א‬‫א‬Explicit Costs‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،Implicit Costs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Opportunity Cost

‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Profit Concept in Economics W‫א‬‫א‬W 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Economic Profit‫א‬‫א‬
Total Costs‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Total Revenue‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Normal Profit‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Costs of Production in the Short-Run W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
١٥٠E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬٢٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠ J١F‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 E١٠ J١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫ א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ Q  L
  MC   TC  * VC FC
  J ١٥٠٠٠٠  ٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠  ٠  ٠
 ١٣٣ ١٥٢٠٠٠  ٢٠٠٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠  ١٥  ١
 ١٠٥ ١٥٤٠٠٠  ٤٠٠٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠  ٣٤  ٢
 ٧٨ ١٥٦٠٠٠  ٦٠٠٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠  ٦٠  ٣
 ١٠٠ ١٥٨٠٠٠  ٨٠٠٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠  ٨٠  ٤
 ١٣٣ ١٦٠٠٠٠  ١٠٠٠٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠  ٩٥  ٥
 ١٥٣ ١٦٢٠٠٠  ١٢٠٠٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠  ١٠٨  ٦
 ٤٠٠ ١٦٤٠٠٠  ١٤٠٠٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠  ١١٢  ٧
 J J ١٦٦٠٠٠  ١٦٠٠٠ ١٥٠٠٠٠  ١١٢  ٨
 ‫א‬x ‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬*
 ‫א‬‫א‬H‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬*
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬*
 

- ١٧٣ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،E‫א‬F
 
 Fixed Costs (FC)W‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fixed Costs ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٠ J١F‫א‬(FC)‫א‬‫א‬
 (FC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬KKKKKK٢٠٠١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠
 
 E١٠ J١F‫א‬
 FC‫א‬‫א‬

 
- ١٧٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

- ١٧٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Variable Costs (VC)W‫א‬‫א‬E٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Variable Costs ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(VC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E١٠ J٢F‫א‬(VC)‫א‬‫א‬
 (VC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E١٠ J٢F‫א‬
 VC‫א‬‫א‬

 

- ١٧٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Total Costs (TC)W‫א‬‫א‬E٣

(FC)‫א‬‫א‬Total Costs‫א‬‫א‬

 W،(VC)‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬+ ‫א‬= ‫א‬‫א‬
 

 TC = FC + VC
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
E١٠ J٣F‫א‬(TC)‫א‬‫א‬
(TC)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E١٠ J٣F‫א‬
 TC‫א‬‫א‬

 
- ١٧٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Average and Marginal Costs the Short-Run W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Average Fixed Costs (AFC)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Average Fixed Costs ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،
 
‫א‬‫א‬
=‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 AFC = FC
Q
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
- ١٧٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 Average Variable Costs (AVC)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Average Variable Costs ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
=‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 AVC = VC
Q  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Average Total Costs (ATC)W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Total Variable Costs ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬
=‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ATC = TC
Q  
 

- ١٧٩ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Marginal Costs (MC)W‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Marginal Costs ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
= ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 MC = Δ TC
Δ َQ
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 MC = Δ VC
Δ َQ
 

- ١٨٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 SummaryW‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
K
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
K‫א‬
 

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ E٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٩
K‫א‬‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
‫א؟‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨٠
 K١٥٠٠
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  MC   TC  VC FC MP *Q  L
           ٠  ٠
           ١٠  ١
           ٢٥  ٢
           ٣٥  ٣
           ٤٣  ٤
           ٥٠  ٥
           ٥٥  ٦
           ٥٥  ٧
 ‫א‬*

- ١٨٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬ ‫א‬  

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٥
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ E٣

 
 
 
 
 
  

- ١٨٣ -
  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،E٢٠٠٥F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ .١

 K‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،E١٤٠٠F‫א‬،‫א‬ .٢

 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E٢٠٠٢F‫א‬،،‫א‬ .٣

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
Baumol, W. J. and Alen. B. (١٩٧٩). Economics: Principles and .٤
Policy. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Nicholson, Water. (١٩٩٨). Microeconomic Theory: Basic .٥
Principles and Extensions , ٧th. Ed. USA, The Dryden Press.
Ruffin, Roy. J. and Paul R. Gregory. (١٩٨٣). Principles of .٦
Microeconomic. Glenview, lll.: Scott Foresman.

- ١٨٤ -
  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  

 ‫א‬
 
A
ANALYSIS 
AVERAGE 
B
BEHAVIOR 
BUDGET ‫א‬
BUYERS ‫א‬
C
CAPITAL ‫א‬
CEILING 
CHANGE 
CHARACTERESTICS 
CHOICE ‫א‬
CLASSICAL 
COEFFICIENT 
COMPLEMENTRY 
CONCEPT 
CONSUMER 
COST 
CREATION 
CRITICIM 
CROSS 
CURVE 
D
DEMAND ‫א‬

- ١٨٥ -
  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  

DETERMINANTS ‫א‬
DIMINISHING 
DISTRIBUTION 
E
ECONOMICS ‫א‬
EFFECTIVE 
EFFICIENCY L
ELASTICITY 
EMPLOYMENT 
ENTERPRENEUR 
EQUILIBRIUM ‫א‬
EXPECTATIONS 
F
FACTORS ‫א‬
FIXED 
FLOOR 
FUNCTION ‫א‬
G
GOODS 
H
HAND 
HUMAN 
I
IMPORTANCE 
INCOME 
INDIFFERENCE ‫א‬
INDIVIDUAL 
INELASTIC 

- ١٨٦ -
  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  

INFERIOR 
INPUTS 
INTEREST  
INVESTMENT  ‫א‬
INVISIBLE  
L
LABOR 
LAND ‫א‬
LAW 
LINE 
LUXURY 
M
MACROECONOMICS ‫א‬
MARGINAL 
MARKET ‫א‬
MICROECONOMICS ‫א‬
MONEY 
MONITERING ‫א‬
N
NATURAL 
NECESSARY 
NEEDS  
NORMAL  
NUMBER  
O
OPPORTUNITY 
P
POINT 

- ١٨٧ -
  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  

POSSIBILITY 
PREFRENCE 
PRICE 
PROBLEM 
PRODUCER 
PRODUCTION 
PROFIT 
Q
QUANTITY 
R
RANKING 
RATIONALITY 
RELATIONSHIP 
RENT 
RESOURCES ‫א‬
RETURN ‫א‬
S
SACRIFICE  
SATURATION 
SCARCITY 
SCHEDULE 
SELLORS ‫א‬
SERVICES 
SHIFT 
SHORT-RUN ‫א‬
SIDE 
SITUATION 
SUBSIDIES 
- ١٨٨ -
  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  

SUBSTITUTE 
SUMMARY 
SUPPLY 
SURPLUS 
T
TASTERS ‫א‬
TAXES ‫א‬
TECHNOLOGY ‫א‬
TERMS 
THEORY 
TOTAL L
TYPES ‫א‬
U
UNITARY 
UTILITY 
UTILS ‫א‬

V
VARIABLE  
W
WAGE ‫א‬

- ١٨٩ -
  ٢٧١ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  

 ‫א‬

  ................................................................................................................................................................. 
  ................................................................................................................................................................. 
 ٢ ............................................................................................................. ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٧ ................................................................................................................................................... 
 ٢١ ............................................................................................................................. ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣٥ ................................................................................................................................................... 
 ٣٨ ............................................................................................................................ ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٥٠ ................................................................................................................................................... 
 ٥٣ ............................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧٠ ................................................................................................................................................... 
٧٣ .............................................................................................................................‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٩٦ ................................................................................................................................................... 
 ١٠٠.......................................................................................................................... ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١١٣.................................................................................................................................................. 
١١٦...................................................................................................... ‫א‬L‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٣٦.................................................................................................................................................. 
 ١٣٩................................................................................................... ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٥٦.................................................................................................................................................. 
 ١٥٩....................................................................................................... ‫א‬L‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٦٨................................................................................................................................................. 
 ١٧١..................................................................................................... ‫א‬L‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٨١................................................................................................................................................. 
١٨٣........................................................................................................................................................ ‫א‬‫א‬
١٨٤.................................................................................................................................................... ‫א‬
 

 

 

 

 

 

 