

‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٢٧٢
  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬         ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

? ‫א‬?? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬     ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬      
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   ‫؛‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
?
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K
K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬
،
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬K
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬ .٣
 K .٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

١
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬
 
 WPurpose of bibliographic research‫א‬‫א‬١١
،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬، ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WHow is the library organized‫א‬٢١
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

١٠٠{٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤٠{٠٠٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫ א‬.١
K‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
K .٥
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
. .٩

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.١
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
.E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 
 WInformation sources‫א‬٣١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫ א‬.١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
KE…‫א‬،F‫ א‬.٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
K‫א‬‫ א‬.٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٧
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٨
K‫א‬ .٩
K‫א‬‫א‬ .١٠
.‫א‬‫ א‬.١١

 WChoosing a topic‫א‬‫א‬٤١
 W‫א‬Subject‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬١٤١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K…‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Subjects‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬Topic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫؟‬Topic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Subject‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Subject‫א‬
 KTopic 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Research topic‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Subject‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WTopic
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WSubject‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 K‫ א‬.٢
 K‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬ .٤
.‫א‬L‫א‬L‫ א‬.٥

 WResearch topic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? .١
K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? .٢
K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? .٣
.?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? .٤
 
Research topic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬Open-ended questions
‫א‬KDifferent perspectives

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
Research bias‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 K‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬KResearch topic
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Subject
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
E‫א‬‫א‬FAnnual review sources‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
.Subject‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣

 WSubject‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٢٤١
‫א‬‫א‬،General Subject‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ KE ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬Subject‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Topic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K…‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
Specific  Subject‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬٣ ٤ ١
 WTopic

  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬Topic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KResearch topic‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Topic‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ،K
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬Topic
 ،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬Topic‫א‬‫א‬،K
‫א‬Topic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،EF‫א‬
‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Research topic‫א‬Topic‫א‬
Too narrowly‫א‬Topic‫א‬‫א‬
 KToo broadly‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬Research topics‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K?‫؟‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬?،‫א‬
،
 ‫א‬Research topic
 K
? ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫?א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K?‫א‬‫?א‬General Subject‫א‬
،
‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬‫?א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F‫א‬K?‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬،?‫א‬‫א‬?
Concepts of research topic‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? .١
 K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? .٢
 K?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? .٣
 
?‫א‬‫?א‬Subject‫א‬‫א‬Topic‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬?W‫א‬Research topic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬?W ‫א‬،‫א‬Topic‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K?‫א‬???‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬Topic‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،??????‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ??
 K?K…?،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ?
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
? ??
 ?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K??‫א‬Topic
 KE
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤ ٤ ١
 W‫א‬
 ،?‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫?א‬       ‫א‬  ‫א‬   
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫؟‬، ‫א‬
 ?‫א‬  ‫?א‬    K‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬Topic‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬  J
    ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ‫؟‬  J
     ‫؟‬  J
 ‫؟‬  J
   ‫؟‬  J
 ‫؟‬  J
  ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 ‫؟‬  J
‫؟‬  J
 
‫؟‬Topic‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،topic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ١٤٤١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
one-stop ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬shopping
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٩٦٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،١٤٦٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٤٤١
    .‫ א‬.١
    K‫ א‬.٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 .‫ א‬.٤
 .‫א‬ .٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٤٤١
   .‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
  K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
.‫א‬ .٣
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٤٤١
 .‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

.‫א‬‫א‬ .٢

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٥٤٤١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Topic
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KTopic‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
KE،F‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٦٤٤١
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬:‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 .‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫ א‬.٢
K ‫א‬‫א‬
،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:‫ א‬.٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.،
.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،W‫א‬‫א‬٧٤٤١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
،
 ??‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KPlagiarism‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٨٤٤١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
E ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E ‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬ ‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 ‫؟‬Choosing a topic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 ‫؟‬Topic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Subject‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E…‫א‬،
 F‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.١
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ .٤

 WChoosing a topic‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤

 K‫א‬Subject‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K١
KSubject‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K٢
Subject‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬K٣
KSpecific Topic

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Subject‫ א‬K٥
Research topic‫א‬KTopic
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
KE،F‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬

١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٨

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
 
 
 
 

- ١٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬

 W١٢
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،،،F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫…א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،F‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬K…
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬،E‫א‬K…‫א‬،‫א‬F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬K…
 K
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Essential trace elements‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KHeavy metals‫א‬‫א‬
Heterogeneous‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 KGeological parent material‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،Topography

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KField sampling‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WContamination and loss‫א‬‫א‬١٢٢
‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬The fine size fractions‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCarbon steel‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Stainless steel‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬PVC‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬
Antioxidants‫א‬‫א‬،Stabilizers‫א‬،Fillers‫א‬‫א‬،Plasticisers‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬،Polyethylene‫א‬،PTFE‫א‬
    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Silicon rubber‫א‬Polypropylene
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 WField sampling‫א‬‫א‬٢٢٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KW‫א‬٤٢٥‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢‫א‬F

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 
 

 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢F‫א‬
  
  
E ٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢ J١F‫א‬‫א‬KE١٠F
‫א‬K‫א‬E٠{٥F
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


  
 
 ‫א‬WE٢٢F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣٢٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
،،‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬
‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬‫א‬ ، ‫א‬  ‫א‬ F  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬     K‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬2mm‫א‬‫א‬
 K،‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
WSubsampling of soil sample‫א‬‫א‬٤٢٢
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K…‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬100 µm‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
The original bulk ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ksample
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Jackson‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬١٠٠٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١ ٢F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
Bulk soil sample‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1.3 g/cm3

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 Mesh size‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Optimum weight (4 X Min. Wt.) Minimum weight
Sieve opening (mm)
(mg) (mg)
2.72 0.68 0.1
10.8 2.7 0.16
27.2 6.8 1
212 53 2
1760 440 4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٣ ٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Coning and quartering
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬٣٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬١٣٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Na, Ca, B, Si
 K1000 cm3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 

- ٢٤ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٢F‫א‬

 W‫א‬٢٣٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
PbF
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K

- ٢٥ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬٣٣٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٣٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬٥٣٢
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥١٠‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HNO3HCl‫א‬(pH = 1)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 
  W‫א‬‫א‬٤٢
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬E٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٠{٥
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠٠٥٠٠٠
 KStainless steel‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F

- ٢٦ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١٤٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K٨٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٢
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K١٢{٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٢{٥ J٠{١‫א‬،
Filtration‫א‬Sedimentation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ KSize fractionation‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- ٢٧ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥٢
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Standard dustfall jar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬٢١‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬١٠٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٢
Total suspended particulates‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ KT.S.P.‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٧٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٢٨ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
Subsampling of soil sample‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 ‫؟‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬ .٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KW‫א‬٤٢٥‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
١٠FE ٢٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E ٢ ١F ‫א‬‫א‬KE
،‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬E ٠{٥F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
Coning and ‫א‬‫א‬K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬quartering
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K٣
‫א‬PbF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K٨٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Standard dustfall jar‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬٢١‫א‬،
‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- ٣١ -
  
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W١٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢٣
 WPrecision and Accuracy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢٣
 WPrecision‫א‬١١٢٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
K
 
 WAccuracy‫א‬‫א‬٢١٢٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
WDeterminate error‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 K
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WRandom error‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 

 WMedian‫א‬‫א‬Mean‫א‬٢٢٣
 WThe mean‫א‬١٢٢٣
 Wn‫א‬‫א‬

x1 + x 2 + x 3 + ... + x
X=
n
 W
 KMean‫א‬W X
 K‫א‬‫א‬WKKKx3, x2, x1
 K‫א‬Wn
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬
 
i=n
∑ xi
 X = i =1
n
 
i=n
 Kn١‫א‬‫א‬ESigmaF ∑ x i 
i =1

 
6.83 , 6.85 , 6.88, 6.88 , 6.84, 6.87W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
6.87 + 6.84 + 6.88 + 6.88 + 6.85 + 6.83
X= = 6.86 %
6

 WThe Median‫א‬‫א‬٢٢٢٣
‫א‬‫א‬Median‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
K2.79 , 3.50 , 2.10, 3.56 , 2.81 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 W‫א‬
 3.56 , 3.50 , 2.81 , 2.79 , 2.10W‫א‬W
K2.81‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
  K5.51 , 5.90 , 6.01 , 5.99W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 W‫א‬
 6.01 , 5.99 , 5.90 , 5.51W‫א‬W
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬W

5.90 + 5.99
median = = 5.95
2

 WRelative standard deviation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Standard deviation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٢٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٣٢٣
 Wsd‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

i=n

∑ (x i
− X) 2
sd = i =1

n −1

K6.83 , 6.85 , 6.88, 6.88 , 6.84, 6.87W‫א‬‫א‬‫ اﺣﺴﺐ א‬W

 W‫א‬
i=n 2

(
: ∑ xi − X
i =1
) W

( )
x1 − X = ( 6.87 − 6.86 ) = ( 0.01) = 1 × 10−4
2 2 2

(x − X) = ( 6.84 − 6.86 ) = ( 0.02 ) = 4 × 10−4

2 2 2
2

(x − X) = ( 6.88 − 6.86 ) = ( 0.02 ) = 4 × 10−4

2 2 2
3

(x − X) = ( 6.88 − 6.86 ) = ( 0.02 ) = 4 × 10−4

2 2 2
4

(x − X) = ( 6.85 − 6.86 ) = ( 0.01) = 4 × 10−4

2 2 2
5

(x − X) = ( 6.83 − 6.86 ) = ( 0.03) = 9 × 10−4

2 2 2
6

( xi − X )
i=n
∑
i =1
= 23 × 10−4

 Wsd‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
23 × 10−4 0.0023
sd = = = 0.02
6−5 5
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 WRelative Standard Deviation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٣٢٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 Wrds‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

sd
rsd= ×100%
X

.6.83 , 6.85 , 6.88, 6.88 , 6.84, 6.87W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

 K‫א‬‫א‬6.86‫א‬0.02sd W‫א‬

0.02
rsd = ×100
6.86

rsd = 0.29%

 WNormal distribution‫א‬‫א‬٤٢٣
‫א‬K‫א‬ E ١٠٠F ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   E‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 Normal distribution ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١‫א‬FBell-shaped distribution‫א‬‫א‬Gaussian Curve
 E     F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ E =‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣F‫א‬

 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬-E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬=‫א‬

‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    X +sd ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ٪٦٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K X +3sd‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٩{٧٤
 K‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬٪٠{٦٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪١٠{٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪٠{٦٥+١٠{٠٠‫א‬
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٣
Kt‫א‬F‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 WF-test F‫א‬١٣٣
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

S12
F= 2
S2

‫א‬‫א‬E١‫א‬‫א‬FF≥1K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬s 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V1‫א‬‫א‬E١‫א‬FFF 
 K(n –1) 1)١–‫א‬=‫א‬‫א‬V2‫א‬

 ٪٩٥‫א‬FWE١٣F‫א‬

V1/
٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩ ١٠
V2
٢ ٩.٢٠ ١٩.٢٠ ١٩.٢٠ ١٩.٣٠ ١٩.٣٠ ١٩.٤٠ ١٩.٤٠ ١٩.٤٠ ١٩.٤٠
٣ ٩.٥٥ ٩.٢٨ ٩.١٢ ٩.٠١ ٨.٩٤ ٨.٨٩ ٨.٨٥ ٨.٨١ ٨.٧٩
٤ ٦.٩٤ ٦.٥٩ ٦.٣٩ ٦.٢٦ ٦.١٦ ٦.٠٩ ٦.٠٤ ٦.٠٠ ٥.٩٦
٥ ٥.٧٩ ٥.٤١ ٥.١٩ ٥.٠٥ ٤.٩٥ ٤.٨٨ ٤.٨٢ ٤.٧٧ ٤.٧٤
٦ ٥.١٤ ٤.٧٦ ٤.٥٣ ٤.٣٩ ٤.٢٨ ٤.٢١ ٤.١٥ ٤.١٠ ٤.٠٦
٧ ٤.٧٤ ٤.٣٥ ٤.١٢ ٣.٩٧ ٣.٨٧ ٣.٧٩ ٣.٧٣ ٣.٦٨ ٣.٦٤
٨ ٤.٤٦ ٤.٠٧ ٣.٨٤ ٣.٦٩ ٣.٥٨ ٣.٥٠ ٣.٤٤ ٣.٣٩ ٣.٣٥
٩ ٤.٢٦ ٣.٨٦ ٣.٦٣ ٣.٤٨ ٣.٣٧ ٣.٢٩ ٣.٢٣ ٣.١٨ ٣.١٥
١٠ ٤.١٠ ٣.٧١ ٣.٤٨ ٣.٣٣ ٣.٢٢ ٣.١٤ ٣.٠٧ ٣.٠٢ ٢.٩٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬ :
 W‫א‬‫א‬

ppm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ppm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٢٩ ١٢٧
١٣١ ١٢٥
١٣٠ ١٢٦
١٢٧ ١٢٩
١٢٥ ١٣١
١٢٨ ١٣٠
‫ـ‬ ١٢٣

 ‫؟‬E٪٩٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

X1 = 127
X 2 = 128

∑ ( x i1 − X1 )
i=n 2

50
S1
2
= i =1
= = 8.3
7 −1 6
∑ ( x i2 − X 2 )
i=n 2

24
S2
2
= i =1
= = 4.8
6 −1 5

8.3
F= = 1.73
4.8

‫א‬FK(V2 =6 - 1V1=7 - 1 ،٪٩٥F٤{٩٥‫א‬F 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٥‫א‬،‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 Wt‫א‬٢٣٣
‫א‬‫א‬t‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

n
(
±t = X − µ ) s
 W
 K‫א‬W X
 K‫א‬‫א‬Wµ
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ws
 
 Wt ، X 2  X1 µ‫א‬
 
X −X
  ±t = 1 2 n1× n 2
S n1 + n 2
 W
 K‫א‬W X
 K‫א‬Wn
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Ws
 Ws

i=n i=n
∑ ( x i1 − X1 ) 2
+ ∑ ( x i2 − X 2 )2
s= i =1 i =1
n1 + n 2 − 2
 W١
‫א‬‫א‬،١١{٧ppm‫א‬
‫א‬Ks = ± 0.7 ppm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ppm١٠{٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫؟‬٪٩٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬
5
± t = (10.8 − 11.7 )
0.7
± t = 2.9

٪٩٥En – 1 = 4،٪٩٥F٢{٧٧٦‫א‬tE٢F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
W‫א‬‫א‬
 

E٪F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٪F‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٨{٨٩  ٢٠{١٠
 ١٩{٢٠  ٢٠{٥٠
 ١٩{٠٠  ١٨{٦٥
 ١٩{٧٠  ١٩{٢٥
 ١٩{٤٠  ١٩{٤٠
  J  ١٩{٩٩
 

 ‫؟‬٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬W
 

( xi1 − X1 )
i =n 2
∑
i =1
= 2.262
2.262
s12 = = 0.452
5
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W

∑ ( x i2 − X 2 ) = 0.420
i=n 2

i =1

0.420
s22 = = 0.105
4
 WF

0.425
F= = 4.30
0.105

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٦{٢٦F‫א‬FE٤{٣٠F‫א‬F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kt‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KSW

2.262 + 0.420
S=
6+5−2
S = 0.546
 Wt

19.65 − 19.24 6 × 5
±t =
0.546 6+5
± t = 1.23

t٢{٢٦(n1 + n2 – 2 = 9‫א‬٪٩٥=F‫א‬t 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬t‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 tWE٢٣F‫א‬

 ‫א‬  (n-1)‫א‬
%٩٩ %٩٥ %٩٠
٦٣.٦٥٧ ١٢.٧٠٦ ٦.٣١٤ ١
٩.٩٢٥ ٤.٣٠٣ ٢.٩٢٠ ٢
٥.٨٤١ ٣.١٨٢ ٢.٣٥٣ ٣
٤.٦٠٤ ٢.٧٧٦ ٢.١٣٢ ٤
٤.٠٣٢ ٢.٥٧١ ٢.٠١٥ ٥
٣.٧٠٧ ٢.٤٤٧ ١.٩٥٣ ٦
٣.٤٩٩ ٢.٣٦٥ ١.٨٩٥ ٧
٣.٣٥٥ ٢.٣٠٦ ١.٨٦٠ ٨
٣.٢٥٠ ٢.٢٦٢ ١.٨٣٣ ٩
٣.١٦٩ ٢.٢٢٨ ١.٨١٢ ١٠

 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ٢‫א‬  ١‫א‬
٤٦.٠٦ ٤٥.٢١
٤٥.٩٥ ٤٥.٩٢
٤٥.٨٧ ٤٥.٧٥
٤٥.٢١ ٤٥.٠٢
٤٦.١٤ ٤٤.٩٩

 ‫؟‬٪٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 WQ testEQ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٣
E١٠‫א‬٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Q‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 WQ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

− x1
Q = x2
x n − x1
 
 WEXnF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

− x n −1
Q = xn
x n − x1

‫א‬K١٠{٩،٩{٨٢،١٠{٠،١٠٣W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
 ‫؟‬٪٩٥١٠{٩
 
K١٠{٩،١٠{٣،١٠{٠،٩{٨٢W‫א‬ W‫א‬

10.9 − 10.3 0.60

Q= = = 0.56
10.9 − 9.82 1.08

E٠{٥٦‫א‬‫א‬F٠{٨٢٩En = 4٪٩٥=F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪٩٥٪٩٥‫א‬١٠{٩‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬Q‫א‬ K١
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


 QWE٣٣F‫א‬

%٩٩ %٩٥ %٩٠ n

٠.٩٩٤ ٠.٩٧٠ ٠.٩٤١ ٣
٠.٩٢٦ ٠.٨٢٩ ٠.٧٦٥ ٤
٠.٨٢١ ٠.٧١٠ ٠.٦٤٢ ٥
٠.٧٤٠ ٠.٦٢٥ ٠.٥٦٠ ٦
٠.٦٨٠ ٠.٥٦٨ ٠.٥٠٧ ٧
٠.٦٣٤ ٠.٥٢٦ ٠.٤٦٨ ٨
٠.٥٩٨ ٠.٤٩٣ ٠.٤٣٧ ٩
٠.٥٦٨ ٠.٤٦٦ ٠.٤١٢ ١٠

 WQuality control‫א‬‫א‬٥٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KSensitivity‫א‬Detection limit‫א‬ .١
‫א‬Between batches‫א‬‫א‬batch‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬Replicates samples‫א‬
KCertified reference material‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K .٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬Precision‫א‬Accuracy‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬،Q‫א‬K٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬K١

 KSystematic Errors .١
 KRandom Errors‫א‬ .٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٢

 K‫א‬ W .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W .٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WAccuracy‫א‬K٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬K٤
(a)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬(w)‫א‬‫א‬
 Q = a/w
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K?‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W١٤
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬٢٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KCover‫ א‬.١
 KAbstract‫ א‬.٢
 KContents‫ א‬.٣
 KIntroduction‫ א‬.٤
 KTheory‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
 KMethods and Materials‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
 KResults‫ א‬.٧
 KDiscussion and Conclusions‫א‬‫א‬ .٨
 KReferences‫א‬‫ א‬.٩
   KAppendices‫ א‬.١٠
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬١٢٤
 WE١٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬KKKKK‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫ א‬.٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
K‫א‬ .٥
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬LK
 LK
١٤١٩‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬WE١٤F‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 
 W‫א‬٢٢٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 
4 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
5 1 J1
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
10 1 J2
11  ‫א‬2 J2
21  ‫א‬3 J2
22  ‫א‬4 J2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
24  ‫א‬1 J3
25 ‫א‬2 J3
27 ‫א‬3 J3
28 ‫א‬4 J3
28 ICP ‫א‬1 J4 J3
30 ‫א‬2 J4 J3
32 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬5 J3
33 ‫א‬‫א‬6 J3
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
35 ‫א‬1 J4
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
38 ‫א‬1 J5
38 ‫א‬2 J5
45 ‫א‬‫א‬

 WE٢٤F‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W
 K‫א‬?‫?א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 
 W‫א‬٣٢٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 K‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬ .٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤

 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 
 W‫א‬٤٢٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K .٣
K‫א‬ .٤
 
 W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬ .٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
? ‫?א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ‫?א‬ .٥
K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٥٢٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 W
 WE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 WE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K١١٣١٣
 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٢٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F .٣
K‫א‬ .٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEH2SO4F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EARFW،‫א‬ .٣
 KAnalytical Reagent
‫א‬E٪٩٩{٩F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
KE٪٣٠F–E٪٧٠F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy Spectraa 220FS
 KEVarianF
 KEKKK J‫א‬ J‫א‬F‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K .٢
 
 W‫א‬٧٢٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 WE١٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K
‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤

‫א‬WTHK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤F‫א‬
‫א‬WEC،Total Dissolved Solids‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WTDS،Total Hardness‫א‬
 Electrical Conductivity ‫א‬

K+ Na+ Ca2+ HCO3- Cl- TH TDS EC

pH ‫א‬
(mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) µS/cm
5 32 25 65 31 70 307 7.3 494 DE1
5 31 31 64 31 71 313 7.4 516 DE2
5 33 33 62 30 69 318 7.3 519 DE3
4 30 36 64 30 72 336 7.5 485 DC1
4 31 32 64 30 71 401 7.5 499 DC2
4 35 29 64 31 69 358 7.3 493 DC3
5 32 28 65 32 75 357 7.3 534 DF1
5 36 35 68 32 72 363 7.2 540 DF2
5 32 36 68 32 71 364 7.2 539 DF3

WE٣4‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 KKK٣٠٢٠١٠W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 KEKKK،● ،■،□F‫א‬ .٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 K
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬?? .٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٨٢٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 KE>‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٢
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٣
 KE‫؟‬‫א‬F  J٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٦
‫א‬‫א‬KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J٧
K‫א‬‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

0.4

0.3 y = 0.036x
Absorbance

0.2

0.1

0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Ca (ug/ml)

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٤F‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬٩٢٤
،،F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬،‫א‬،
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Brady, J.E., 1990. General Chemistry: Principles and Structure. John Wiley & Sons,
International Edition.
 W
Jarvis, K.E., 1997. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), In: Gill, R.
(editor), Modern Analytical Geochemistry. Addison Wesley Longman Limited.
 W‫א‬‫א‬
M. Bounessah, S.M. Al-Shayeb, K.M. Al-Ghefaili and B. Abdulfatah, 2001. Assessment
of Lead Levels in Dust and Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in 6-10 Year-old School
Children Environment in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia, Asian Journal of Chemistry, Vol.
13(4), 1435-1442.
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
M. Bounessah and S.M. Al-Shayeb, 2000. Lead Concentrations in Schoolbooks and
Newspapers, From Saudi Arabia, Conference Proceedings of The First Saudi Technical
Conference, 18-22 November, 2000, Riyadh, Saudi.
 W‫א‬
http:\\www.rct.edu.sa/chm/msds/benzene.pdf
 W‫א‬١٠٢٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬ .٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 K‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤
.‫ آﻠﻤﺔ " اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ " ﺑﺨﻂ ﺻﻐﻴﺮ ﻏﻴﺮ واﺿﺢ‬ .٥

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
.‫ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮق اﻟﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ .٣

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F .٣
K‫א‬   .٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K .٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩٨٤F ١٤٠٤K K١
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬WE ١٤٠٤F‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤٠٨F‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ، ١٤١٦ ،‫א‬‫א‬   K٤
K‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
  J٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
  J٢ J  K K K K K K K WPurpose of bibliographic research‫א‬‫א‬١١
  J٢ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K WHow is the library organized‫א‬٢١
  J٣ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KWInformation sources‫א‬٣١
  J٤ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KWChoosing a topic‫א‬‫א‬٤١
  J٤ J  K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬Subject‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬١٤١
  J٦ J  K K K K K KWSubject‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٢٤١
  J٧ JWSpecific TopicSubject‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٣٤١
  J١٠ J K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٤٤١
  J١٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٤٤١
  J١٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٤٤١
  J١٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٤٤١
  J١١ J K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٦٤٤١
  J١٢ J K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،،W‫א‬‫א‬٧٤٤١
  J١٢ J K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬٨٤٤١
  J١٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬
  J١٥ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J١٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬
  J١٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٢٢
  J١٩ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KWContamination and loss‫א‬‫א‬١٢٢
  J٢٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WField sampling‫א‬‫א‬٢٢٢
  J٢٢ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٣٢٢
  J٢٣ J K K KWSubsampling of soil sample‫א‬‫א‬٤٢٢
  J٢٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬٣٢
  J٢٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬١٣٢
  J٢٥ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬٢٣٢
  ‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  J٢٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬٣٣٢

  J٢٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٣٢
  J٢٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬٥٣٢
  J٢٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬
  J٢٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬٤٢
  J٢٧ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬١٤٢
  J٢٧ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٢
  J٢٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥٢
  J٢٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٢٥٢
  J٢٩ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬
  J٣٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٣٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٣٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W١٣
  J٣٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٢٣
  J٣٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K WPrecision and Accuracy‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢٣
  J٣٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WPrecision‫א‬١١٢٣
  J٣٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KWAccuracy‫א‬‫א‬٢١٢٣
  J٣٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WDeterminate error‫א‬‫א‬
  J٣٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WRandom error‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٣٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WMedian‫א‬‫א‬Mean‫א‬٢٢٣
  J٣٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WThe mean‫א‬١٢٢٣
  J٣٥ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KWThe Median‫א‬‫א‬٢٢٢٣
  J٣٦ JWRelative standard deviation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Standard deviation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٢٣
  J٣٦ J  K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٣٢٣
  J٣٧ J  K K K K WRelative Standard Deviation‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٣٢٣
  J٣٧ J K K K K K K K K K K WNormal distribution‫א‬‫א‬٤٢٣
  J٣٩ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣٣
  J٣٩ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KWF-test F‫א‬١٣٣
  ‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  J٤١ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KWt‫א‬٢٣٣

  J٤٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KWQ testEQ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٣
  J٤٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WQuality control‫א‬‫א‬٥٣
  J٤٧ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬
  J٤٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬٢٤
  J٥١ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬١٢٤
  J٥٢ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬٢٢٤
  J٥٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬٣٢٤
  J٥٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬٤٢٤
  J٥٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬
  J٥٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬
  J٥٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬٥٢٤
  J٥٤ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٥ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬
  J٥٥ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬
  J٥٥ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٥ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦٢٤
  J٥٥ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٦ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬٧٢٤
  J٥٧ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K WE١٤‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٧ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KWE٣4‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٨ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬٨٢٤
  J٥٩ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬٩٢٤
  ‫א‬  ٢٧٢  ‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬

  J٥٩ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬

  J٥٩ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW
  J٥٩ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٩ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٥٩ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W‫א‬
  J٥٩ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW‫א‬١٠٢٤
  J٦٠ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬
  J٦١ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  J٦٣ J K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K‫א‬‫א‬
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