MTH 222

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
٢–
٢٢٢
‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
 ٢– ‫א‬
 

 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

?J ‫א‬??٢J ?‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬       
 ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
 ٢– ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬ ‫א‬  2-  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬W،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
 ٢– ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬        ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬         ‫א‬    
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫ א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬     
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
 ٢– ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬          
‫א‬   ‫א‬   K‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
            ‫א‬  
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ K    ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢–
‫ א‬ ‫ א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K‫א‬

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
-١-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 1, 3 2, 5 3, 7 4 , 9 5 ,...,2 − 1 n ,... E١F
 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ 2   1 1000        ‫א‬ ‫א‬  2001 1001  ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 2  1 1000 000 ‫א‬‫א‬ 20000001 10000001
 K 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2   x     2   x    ،E١F ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،‫א‬ x   ‫א‬
 K x → 2 
1,1 2 ,1, 3 4,  1, 5 6 ,1,... ‫א‬‫א‬ 2 ‫א‬ E١F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 1  1 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ x ≠ a  x → a 
 K‫א‬
 (1)‫א‬‫א‬ x → 2 W‫א‬‫א‬
 1, 9 4,2 5 9 , 49 16 ,..., (2 − 1 n) 2 ,... ‫א‬‫א‬ f ( x) = x 2 → 4 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ x → 2 ‫א‬
 2.1,2.01,2.001,2.0001,...,2 + 1 / 10 n ,... E٢F
‫א‬ 4.41,4.0401,4.004001,...., (2 + 1/ 10 n ) 2 ,... ‫א‬‫א‬ x 2 → 4 
 x  x 2 KK2 x 4 x 2 
 lim x 2 = 4 4،2
x →2
-٢-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 x ‫א‬٢‫א‬،E١F‫א‬‫א‬ x → 2  x 
K٢‫א‬E٢F‫א‬‫א‬ x → 2  x K x → 2 − ‫א‬٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K x → 2 + ‫א‬ ٢ x ‫א‬
 lim f ( x) ‫א‬ lim f ( x) ‫א‬  lim f ( x)
x →a + x →a − x →a
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 W١
‫א‬    a   ‫א‬ − 3 ≤ x ≤ 3  ‫א‬  f ( x) = 9 − x 2  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 x  a = 3 ‫א‬ 9 − a 2  lim 9 − x 2  − 3 < x < 3 ‫א‬
x→a
‫א‬ ٣ x ‫א‬ lim− 9 − x 2 = 0 ‫א‬٣

x→−3
  ‫א‬ x > 3     9 − x 2     lim+ 9 − x 2   
x →−3
 K lim 9 − x 2
x→3
   lim− 9 − x       lim+ 9 − x    
2 2
x→−3 x→−3
 K lim 9 − x 2
x→ −3
 
 f  ℜ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EEF‫א‬FA
 ℜ  A ‫א‬
  ‫ﺒ‬ x0 ∈ A ‫א‬ x  b ∈ A  f : A → ℜ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x → x0  f ( x) → b  xlim

→x
f ( x) = b 
0
 δZδEεFε
 x ∈ A  x − x0 p δ ⇒ f ( x) − b < ε    
 x 0  x  b ∈ A  f (x) 
  x0  x  f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٣-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
       x = a  ‫א‬‫א‬   x → a  f ( x) ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 2  x  f (x) ، f ( x) = x 2 W٢
 lim f ( x) = lim x 2 = 2 2 = 4    
x →2 x →2
 2‫א‬ x 4 f (x) ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬:٣
5
⎛ 4x2 + x ⎞ 3x 2 + 2 x
 1) lim(2 x + 5 x + 2) 2) lim⎜⎜
3
⎟⎟ 3) lim  4) lim 5  
x →0 x→1
⎝ 2 x ⎠ x →1 x + 1 x →3
 :‫א‬
 1) lim(2 x 3 + 5 x + 2) = 2(0) 3 + 5(0) + 2 = 2 
x →0
5 5
⎛ 4 x 2 + x ⎞ ⎛ 4(1) 2 + 1 ⎞ ⎛ 5 ⎞ 5 3125
  2) lim⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜ ⎟ =
x →1
⎝ 2 x ⎠ ⎝ 2(1) ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 16
2 2
3 x + 2 x 3(1) + 2(1) 5
 3) lim = =
x →1 x +1 1+1 2
 4) lim 7 = 7
x→3
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬E1
  x ‫א‬ g (x) ، f (x)  F ( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) ‫א‬‫א‬
 lim F ( x) = lim( f ( x) + g ( x)) = lim f ( x) + lim g ( x)
x→a x→a x →a x→a
W٤
 lim (6 x 3 + 5 x 2 ) = lim 6 x 3 + lim 3 x 2 = lim (6 x 3 + 5 x 2 ) = lim 6 x 3 + lim 3 x 2
x→ −2 x→ −2 x→ −2 x→ −2 x→ − 2 x→ − 2
= 6(−2) 3 + 3(−2) 2 = −48 + 12 = −36

 ‫א‬E2
  x ‫א‬ g (x) ، f (x)  F ( x) = f ( x) − g ( x) ‫א‬‫א‬
 lim F ( x) = lim( f ( x) − g ( x)) = lim f ( x) − lim g ( x)
x→a x→a x→a x→a
-٤-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 lim(2 x 4 − x 3 ) = lim 2 x 4 − lim x 3 = 2(1) 4 − (1) 3 = 1 W٥

x→1 x →1 x →1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F ( x) = f1 ( x) ± f 2 ( x) ± f 3 ( x) ± .... ± f n−1 ( x) ± f n ( x)
  x ‫א‬ f1 ( x), f 2 ( x), f 3 ( x),...., f n−1 ( x), f n ( x) 
 lim F ( x) = lim f1 ( x) ± lim f 2 ( x) ± lim f 3 ( x) ± .... ± lim f n−1 ( x) ± lim f n ( x)
x→a x→a x→a x→a x→a x→a
 F ( x) = x − 2 x + 3x + x ‫א‬‫א‬W٦
4 3 2
lim F ( x) = lim( x 4 − 2 x 3 + 3x 2 + x) = lim x 4 − lim 2 x 3 + lim 3 x 2 + lim x

 x→1 x →1 x→1 x→1 x→1 x →1
= (1) 4 − 2(1) 3 + 3(1) 2 + 1 = 3

 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣
  x ‫א‬ f ( x), g ( x)  F ( x) = f ( x) g ( x) ‫א‬‫א‬
 lim F ( x) = lim( f ( x) × g ( x)) = lim f ( x) × lim g ( x)
x→a x→a x→a x→a
 F ( x) = (−2 x − 1)(5 x 2 + 1) W٧

3
 lim F ( x) = lim (−2 x 3 − 1)(5 x 2 + 1)  = lim (−2 x 3 − 1) × lim (5 x 2 + 1) 

x→ −1 x → −1 x → −1 x → −1
 = (− 2(−1) 3 − 1)(5(−1) 2 + 1) = 6  
 F ( x) = f1 ( x) × f 2 ( x).... × f n ( x) ‫א‬‫א‬ F (x) ‫א‬
  lim F ( x) = lim f1 ( x) × lim f 2 ( x) × .... × lim f n ( x) 
x→a x →a x→a x →a
 ‫א‬E٤
f ( x)
  lim g ( x) ≠ 0  x ‫א‬ f ( x), g ( x)  F ( x) = ‫א‬‫א‬
x →a g ( x)
f ( x) lim f ( x)
  lim F ( x) = lim = x→a

x→a x→a g ( x )
lim g ( x)
x →a
2x + 6
  F ( x) = ‫א‬‫א‬W٨
5x 2 − 1
2 x + 6 lim (2 x + 6) 6
 lim F ( x) = lim = x →0
= = −6 
x →0 x →0 5 x 2 − 1 lim(5 x − 1) − 1
x →0
⎧x 2 , x ≠ 2
  lim f ( x)  f ( x) = ⎨ ‫א‬W٩
x→ 2
⎩0 , x = 2
-٥-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 lim f ( x) = lim x 2 = 4  x ≠ 2 ‫א‬ x → 2 ‫א‬W‫א‬

x→2 x →2
⎧⎪ x 2 − 5 , x≤3
 f ( x) = ⎨ ‫א‬ lim f ( x) W١٠
⎪⎩ x + 13 , x > 3 x→3
  f ( x) = x 2 − 5  f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬ x W‫א‬

 lim− f ( x) = lim− ( x 2 − 5) = 32 − 5 = 4 
x→3 x→3
  f ( x) = x + 13  f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬ x 

 lim+ f ( x) = lim+ ( x + 13 ) = 3 + 13 = 4 
x→3 x→3
 lim f ( x) = 4 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x→3
⎧t 2 , t ≥ 0
 g (t ) = ⎨ ‫א‬ lim g (t ) W١١
⎩t − 2 , t < 0 t→0
  g (t ) = t − 2  g (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0 ‫א‬ t W‫א‬

 lim− g (t ) = lim− (t − 2) = 0 − 2 = −2 
t →0 t →0
  g (t ) = t  g (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠‫א‬ t 

2
 lim+ g (t ) = lim+ (t 2 ) = 0 2 = 0 
t →0 t →0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
∞ 0
1) lim f ( x) = ∞ × 0 , 2) lim f ( x) = ∞ − ∞ , 3) lim f ( x) = , 4) lim f ( x) =
x →a x →a x →a ∞ x →a 0
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  : 0 ‫א‬ W
0
 K
x2 − 9
 lim
x→ 3 x − 3
‫א‬‫א‬W١٢
x2 − 9 0
 lim = ‫א‬W‫א‬
x→3 x − 3 0
 ‫א‬‫א‬
-٦-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
x2 − 9 ( x − 3)( x + 3)
 lim = lim = lim( x + 3) , x ≠ 3 
x→3 x − 3 x →3 x−3 x →3
x2 − 9
 lim = lim( x + 3) = 6 
x→3 x − 3 x →3
x2 − x
 lim W‫א‬‫א‬W١٣
x →0 x
x2 − x 0
 lim = ‫א‬W‫א‬
x →0 x 0
x( x − 1)
  lim = lim( x − 1) = −1 ، x ≠ 0 
x →0 x x →0
x4
 lim 2 W‫א‬‫א‬W١٤
x→0 x
x4 0
  lim = ‫א‬W‫א‬
x →0 x 2 0
4
x
 lim 2 = lim x 2 = 0 ، x ≠ 0 
x →0 x x →0
2
x + x−6
  lim 2 W‫א‬‫א‬W١٥
x → −3 x −9
x2 + x − 6 0
 lim 2 = ‫א‬W‫א‬
x → −3 x −9 0
2
x + x−6 ( x + 3)( x − 2) x−2 −5 5
 lim = lim = lim = = ، x ≠ −3 
x→−3 2
x −9 x→−3 ( x + 3)( x − 3) x→−3 x − 3 −6 6
2 x 2 − 2 x − 12
 lim W‫א‬‫א‬W١٦
x→→3 x−3
2 x 2 − 2 x − 12 0
  lim = ‫א‬W‫א‬
x→→3 x−3 0
2
2 x − 2 x − 12 (2 x + 4)( x − 3)
 x ≠ 3  = = 2 x + 4 
x2 − 3 ( x − 3)
2 x 2 − 2 x − 12
 lim = lim 2 x + 4 = 10 
x→3 x−3 x →3
3 2
x + 6 x + 12 x + 8
 lim W‫א‬‫א‬W١٧
x → −2 x+2
x 3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 8 − 8 + 24 − 24 + 8 0
 lim = = ‫א‬W‫א‬
x→ −2 x+2 −2+2 0
3 2 2
x + 6 x + 12 x + 8 ( x + 4 x + 4)( x + 2)
 = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x+2 ( x + 2)
-٧-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
x 3 + 6 x 2 + 12 x + 8
 = x 2 + 4 x + 4 ، x ≠ −2 
x+2
3 2
x + 6 x + 12 x + 8
 lim = lim x 2 + 4 x + 4 = 4 − 8 + 4 = 0 
x → −2 x+2 x → −2
1
  α   lim α = 0 W١
x →∞ x
3 2
  lim 5 = 0  lim 2 = 0 W١٨
x →∞ x x →∞ x
lim (a n x n + a n −1 x n−1 + ... + a1 x + a 0 ) = ∞ W2

x →∞
 lim (4 x 2 + 2 x + 5 ) = ∞ W١٩
x →∞
∞
‫א‬‫א‬،K ∞   x ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬W ∞ ‫א‬ W
∞ ∞
 ‫א‬‫א‬
x2
 lim W‫א‬‫א‬W٢٠
x →∞ x 2 + 1
x2 ∞
 lim 2 = ‫א‬W‫א‬
x →∞ x + 1 ∞
 x ‫א‬‫א‬
2
x2 x2 x2 1 1
 lim 2 = lim 2 2 = lim = =1
x →∞ x + 1 x →∞ x x +1 x 2 x →∞ 1 + 1 x 2
1+ 0
x+5
 lim 3 W‫א‬‫א‬W٢١
x →∞ x
x+5 ∞
 lim 3 = ‫א‬W‫א‬
x →∞ x ∞
 x ‫א‬‫א‬
3
x+5 x x3 + 5 x3 1 x 2 + 5 x3 0 + 0
 lim = lim = lim = =0
x →∞ x 3 x →∞ x3 x3 x →∞ 1 1
x5 + 3
  lim 2 W‫א‬‫א‬W٢٢
x →∞ x
x5 + 3 ∞
 lim = ‫א‬W‫א‬
x →∞ x2 ∞
  x 2 ‫א‬‫א‬
x5 + 3 x5 x 2 + 3 x 2 x3 + 3 x 2
 lim = lim = lim = ∞
x →∞ x 2 x →∞ x2 x2 x →∞ 1
-٨-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ K ∞ × 0 ‫א‬‫א‬W ∞ × 0 ‫א‬W

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 lim x⎛⎜ +
2 ⎞
3
⎟ 2
W‫א‬‫א‬W٢٣
x →0 x − x⎠
⎝x
 lim x⎛⎜ + 2 ⎞⎟ = 0 × ∞ ‫א‬W‫א‬
3 2
x →0 ⎝ x x − x⎠
⎛3 2 ⎞ ⎛3 2 ⎞ ⎡1 ⎛ 2 ⎞⎤ ⎛ 2 ⎞ 2
lim x⎜ + 2 ⎟ = lim x⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ = lim x ⎢ ⎜⎜ 3 + ⎟⎟⎥ = lim⎜ 3 + ⎟ = 3+ =1
x →0 ⎝ x x − x ⎠ x →0 ⎝ x x( x − 1) ⎠ x→0 ⎣ x ⎝ (x − 1) ⎠⎦ x→0⎝ x − 1 ⎠ 0 −1
 E ∞ − ∞ F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
  lim⎛⎜
3 1 ⎞
− 2 ⎟ W‫א‬‫א‬W٢٤
x→1⎝ x − 1 x − 1⎠
 lim⎛⎜
3 1 ⎞
− 2 ⎟ = ∞ − ∞ ‫א‬W‫א‬
x→1⎝ x − 1 x − 1⎠
⎛ 3 ⎞ 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
 lim⎛⎜
3 1 ⎞ 1 5
− 2 ⎟ = lim⎜ − ⎟ = lim ⎜3 − ⎟=∞× =∞
x→1⎝ x − 1 x − 1 ⎠ x→1⎝ x − 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1) ⎠ x→1 x − 1 ⎝ (x + 1) ⎠ 2

xn − an
 a ∈ ℜ  lim = na n −1 W٣
x→a x − a
 lim g / ( x) ≠ 0  g ( x) = 0  I ‫א‬ g(x) ‫ و‬f ( x) ‫א‬

x →a
f ( x) f ′( x)
  lim = lim W
x→a g ( x) x →a g ′( x)
 g ( x) = x − a  f ( x) = x n − a n ‫א‬‫א‬
x 3 − 23
  lim W‫א‬‫א‬W٢٥
x →2 x − 2
x 3 − 23
 lim = 3 × 2 2 = 12  W‫א‬
x →2 x − 2
x 3 + 64
 lim  W‫א‬‫א‬W٢٦
x→−4 x + 4
x 3 + 64
= 3(− 4 ) = 48 
3−1
 lim W‫א‬
x → −4 x + 4
-٩-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ e x −1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
x
  1) lim⎜ ⎜ ⎟ = 1 ,  2) xlim
⎟ ⎜1 + ⎟ = e ≈ 2.718 , 
x →0 →∞ ⎝ x⎠
⎝ x ⎠
1 − cos x sin x x −1
 3) lim = 0 ,  4) lim = 1 ,  5) lim = 1 . 
x →0 x x →0 x x →1 ln x

 W‫א‬‫א‬ W
4 − 2x ⎛ 1⎞ 4 x2 − x
1) lim 6) lim h⎜1 + ⎟ 11) lim
x→2 8 − 4 x h →0 ⎝ h⎠ x →+∞ 2 x 3 − 5
2x4 + 4x2 x3 − 4 x 2 + 5x − 2 3 − 2x4

2) lim 7) lim 12) lim
x →0 x 4 + 3 x 2 h→2 x 2 − 3x + 2 x →+∞ x − 1
x3 − 1 x− 3 3x + 5
3) lim 8) lim 2 13) lim 3
x→1 x − 1 x →3 x − 3 x x →+∞ 6 x − 8
u 2 + 2u + 1 ⎛ 1⎞ x2 + 2
4) lim 9) lim⎜ 4 x + ⎟ 14) lim
u → −1 u +1 x →0⎝ x⎠ x →+∞ 3 x − 6
1− y 3x + 5 2− x
5) lim 10) lim 15) lim+
y →1 1 − 3 y x →+∞ 6 x − 8 x→4 ( x − 4)( x + 2)
4 − 2x 0
 1) lim = ‫א‬  W‫א‬
x →2 8 − 4 x 0
4 − 2x 2(2 − x ) 2 1
 lim = lim = =  
x →2 8 − 4 x x→2 4(2 − x ) 4 2
4 2
2x + 4x 0
 2) lim 4 2
= ‫א‬
x →0 x + 3 x 0
 lim 4
4
2x + 4x 2
= lim 2 2
( )
x2 2x2 + 4
= lim 2
2x2 + 4 4
=
x →0 x + 3 x 2 (
x →0 x x + 3 ) x →0 x + 3 3
x3 − 1 0
 3) lim = ‫א‬
x →1 x − 1 0
 lim
3
x −1
= lim
( )
(x − 1) x 2 + x + 1 = lim x 2 + x + 1 = 3
( )
x →1 x − 1 x →1 x −1 x →1
2
u + 2u + 1 0
 4) lim = ‫א‬
u → −1 u +1 0
- ١٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 lim
u 2 + 2u + 1
= lim
(u + 1) = lim (u + 1) = −1 + 1 = 0
2
u → −1 u +1 u → −1 u + 1 u → −1
1− y 0
 5) lim 3 = ‫א‬
y →1 1 − y 0
 lim
1− y
= lim
y −1 (
= lim
)([ )
3 y −1 3 y
2
+ 3 y +1 ] [( ) 2
]
= lim 3 y + 3 y + 1 = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
y →1 1 − 3 y y →1 3 y − 1 y →1 3 y −1 y →1
 6) lim h⎛⎜1 + ⎞⎟ = 0 × (1 + ∞ ) = 0 × ∞ ‫א‬

1
h →0 ⎝ h⎠
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ h + 1⎞
lim h⎜1 + ⎟ = lim h⎜ ⎟ = lim(h + 1) = 1
h →0 ⎝ h ⎠ h →0 ⎝ h ⎠ h →0
x3 − 4 x 2 + 5x − 2 0
 7) lim = ‫א‬
h→ 2 x 2 − 3x + 2 0
 lim
3 2
x − 4 x + 5x − 2
= lim
( (
x − 2) x 2 − 2 x + 1
= lim
) ( x − 1)
2
= lim( x − 1) = 2 − 1 = 1
x →2 x 2 − 3x + 2 x→2 (x − 2)(x − 1) x → 2 ( x − 1) x→2
x− 3 0
 8) lim 2 = ‫א‬
x →3 x − 3 x 0
lim 2
x− 3
= lim
x− 3
= lim
( x− 3 ) = lim
1
=
1
=
1
x →3 x − 3 x x→3 x ( x − 3) (
x→3 x )( ) (
x − 3 x + 3 x→3 x x + 3 3 3 + 3 6 3 ) ( )
 9) lim⎛⎜ 4 x + ⎞⎟ = ∞ + 0 = ∞
1
x →0 ⎝ x⎠
3x + 5 3x 1 1
10) lim = lim = lim =
x →+∞ 6 x − 8 x →+∞ 6 x x→ +∞ 2 2
2 2
4x − x 4x 2
11) lim 3
= lim 3
= lim = 0
x →+∞ 2 x − 5 x →+∞ 2 x x →+∞ x
3 − 2x4 − 2x4
12) lim = lim = lim − 2 x 3 = −∞
x →+∞ x − 1 x→+∞ x x →+∞
3x + 5 3 3x + 5 3 1
13) lim 3 = lim =
x →+∞ 6 x − 8 x →+∞ 6 x − 8 2
- ١١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
x2 + 2 x2 + 2 x x2 + 2 x2
14) lim = lim = lim
x →+∞ 3 x − 6 x→+∞ (3x − 6) x x→+∞ (3x − 6) x
1 + 2 x 2 xlim 1 + 2 x2
 = lim = →+∞
x →+∞ 3 − 6 x lim (3 − 6 x)
x→+∞
lim (1 + 2 x 2 ) lim 1 + 2 lim 1 x 2 1 + 2( 0) 1

x→+∞ x→+∞ x →+∞
= = = =
lim (3 − 6 x) lim 3 − 6 lim 1 x 3 − 6(0) 3
x →+∞ x →+∞ x→+∞
2− x
 15) lim+ = −∞
x →4 ( x − 4)( x + 2)
 W‫א‬‫א‬W
1) lim(3x 2 − 2 x + 1) 7) lim f ( x), wheref ( x) = ⎨
⎧− 1, x ≠ −1
13) lim
2− y
x →5
x→1
⎩ − 3 , x = −1 y→ x
7 + 6y2
2x 2 − 5x + 3 8) lim( x − 1) x − 3 2−5 x
2) lim x→1 14) lim 2
x→1.6 x−4 x →∞ 4+5 x
x2 − 2 3 3s 7 − 4 s 5
3) lim 9) lim 15) lim 3
x →2 x − 2 x →∞ 1 + 2 x
s →+ x 2s 7 + 1
x2 − 1 ⎧ x − 1, x ≤ 3 x 2 − 4 x4
4) lim 10) lim f ( x) where f ( x) = ⎨ 16) lim 2
x→−1 x + 1 x →3
⎩3x − 7, x > 3 x →2 x + x − 6
x 2 + x − 12 3x 2 + 2 x − 7 17) lim x 3 − 3x − 1
5) lim 11) lim x →5
x→3 x−3 x →∞ x2 − 4
6) lim
( x + 1) − 1
2
12) lim
x 2 + 7 x − 10 18) lim 2
2x − 7
3x 3 − 1 x →∞ 4 x − 2 x + 1
x→−2 x+2 x →∞
- ١٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫–א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١
 f : I → ℜ  I ≠ {x0 }، I  x0 ، ℜ I 
  b ‫א‬ x0  f ‫א‬‫א‬
f ( x ) − f ( x0 )
 f ′( x0 ) ‫ﺒ‬ x0  f  b  lim =b
x → x0 , x ≠ x0 x − x0
 I  x0        ‫א‬ I      f    
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  f , : I → ℜ  
 x → f , ( x)  
  f ‫א‬‫א‬
 ε  b ‫א‬‫א‬ x0  f W١
  ( x0 + h) 
f ( x0 + h) = f ( x0 ) + bh + hε (h) , lim ε (h) = 0  
h→0
 f ′( x0 ) ≠ ( f ( x0 ))′ W٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 f ‫ ﻠ‬‫א‬ C f ‫א‬ x0  f 
( x0 , f ( x0 )) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ M 0 ‫א‬

f ( x) − f ( x 0 ) NM
 (D) ‫א‬ = = 
x − x0 M0N



 M 0  C f ‫ ﻠ‬‫א‬ M 0T  (D) ‫א‬ x0  x 
- ١٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 y = f (x ) ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ℜ  I ‫א‬  y = f ( x ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
:
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
f ′( x) = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x
W‫א‬‫א‬
 y′  f ′( x) 
d
[ f (x)]  df  dy
dx dx dx
f ( x ) = x 2 + 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١ 
f ′( x) = lim
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x)
= lim
(
( x + ∆x ) + 2 − x 2 + 2
2
) W‫א‬
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x→0 ∆x
= lim
( ) (
x 2 + 2 x∆x + (∆x) 2 + 2 − x 2 + 2 )= lim
2 x∆x + (∆x) 2
= lim 2 x + ∆x = 2 x
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0
f ( x ) = 1 − x 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) 1 − ( x + ∆x) 2 − (1 − x 2 )
f ′( x) = lim = lim
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x
2 2 2
1 − x − 2 x∆x − (∆x) − 1 + x − 2 x∆x − (∆x) 2
= lim = lim = lim − 2 x − ∆x = −2 x
∆x →0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0
w = 1.2 − 0.3m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣

2
w′ =
dw
= lim
f (m + ∆m) − f (m)
= lim
( ) (
1.2 − 0.3(m + ∆m) 2 − 1.2 − 0.3m 2 )
dm ∆m → 0 ∆m ∆m → 0 ∆m
2 2 2
1.2 − 0.3m − 0.6m∆m − 0.3(∆m) − 1.2 + 0.3m
 = lim
∆m → 0 ∆m
2
− 0.6m∆m − 0.3(∆m)
 = lim = lim − 0.6m − 0.3∆m = −0.6m
∆m → 0 ∆m ∆m → 0
s = 2 + 3t 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
ds f (t + ∆t ) − f (t ) 2 + 3(t + ∆t ) 2 − 2 − 3t 2
s′ = = lim = lim W‫א‬
dt ∆t → 0 ∆t ∆t →0 ∆t
2 + 3t 2 + 6t∆t + 3(∆t ) 2 − 2 − 3t 2 6t∆t + 3(∆t ) 2
= lim = lim = lim 6t + 3∆t = 6t
∆t →0 ∆t ∆t → 0 ∆t ∆t → 0

f ( x ) = 2 x + 5 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
- ١٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) 2( x + ∆x ) + 5 − (2 x + 5)
f ′( x) = lim = lim W‫א‬
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x→0 ∆x
2 x + 2 ∆x + 5 − 2 x − 5 2 ∆x
= lim = lim = lim 2 = 2
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x →0 ∆x ∆x → 0
 f (x ) = 3x − 7 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
f ( x + ∆x) − f ( x) 3( x + ∆x ) − 7 − 3 x − 7
f ′( x) = lim = lim W‫א‬
∆x → 0 ∆x ∆x → 0 ∆x
3( x + ∆x ) − 7 − 3 x − 7 3( x + ∆x ) − 7 + 3 x − 7
= lim
∆x → 0 ∆x 3( x + ∆x ) − 7 + 3 x − 7
3( x + ∆x ) − 7 − (3 x − 7 ) 3x + 3∆x − 7 − 3x + 7
= lim = lim
(
∆x→0 ∆x 3( x + ∆x ) − 7 + 3 x − 7 ) (
∆x → 0 ∆x 3( x + ∆x ) − 7 + 3 x − 7 )
3∆x 3
= lim = lim
(
∆x → 0 ∆x 3( x + ∆x ) − 7 + 3 x − 7 )
∆x → 0 3 x + 3∆x − 7 + 3 x − 7
3 3
 = =
3x − 7 + 3x − 7 2 3x − 7
 ‫א‬‫א‬
n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W١‫א‬
 y = f ( x) = x n  W‫א‬‫א‬
 y′ = nx n−1   
 y = x 3 ‫א‬W٧
 y ′ = 3x 3−1 = 3x 2 
 y = x −4 ‫א‬W٨
 y′ = −4 x −4 −1 = −4 x −5 
 ١‫א‬ y = x 
 y = x ⇒ y ′ = 1x1−1 = x 0 = 0 

  y′ = 0  c  y = c ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ :٢‫א‬
 y′ = 0  y = −5 ‫א‬ y′ = 0  y = 7 ‫א‬W٩
 y′ = nax n−1  y = ax n ‫א‬‫א‬W٣‫א‬
- ١٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
  y = 3x 6 ‫א‬W١٠
 y′ = 3 × 6 x 6−1 = 18 x 5 
  y = 53 x ‫א‬‫א‬W١١
1
 y=5 x = 3
5( x) 3  W‫א‬
1 −2
1 −1 5
 y ′ = × 5 x 3 = x 3 
3 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬W٤‫א‬
 f1 ,..., f n ( x)  F ( x) = f1 ( x) ± f 2 ( x) ± ... ± f n −1 ( x) ± f n ( x) ‫א‬ F (x ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 F ′( x) = f1′( x) ± f 2′ ( x) ± ... ± f n −1 ( x) ± f n ( x n )  ‫א‬

  y = 4 x −3 − 5 x 2 + 7 x − 12 ‫א‬‫א‬W١٢
 y′ = −3 × 4 x −3−1 − 5 × 2 x 2−1 + 7 x1−1 = −12 x −4 − 10 x + 7 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W٥‫א‬
‫א‬ f1 ( x), f 2 ( x)   F ( x) = f1 ( x). f 2 ( x)  ‫א‬   F (x)  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 F ′( x) = f1′( x) f 2 ( x) + f 2′ ( x) f1 ( x)  K ℜ  I ‫א‬
 F ( x) = (3x − 2)(4 x + 1) ‫א‬‫א‬W١٣
 F ′( x) = 3(4 x + 1) + 4(3x − 2) 
 ‫א‬W٦‫א‬
f1 ( x )
 f1 ( x), f 2 ( x)  F ( x) = ‫א‬ F ( x) ‫א‬‫א‬
f 2 ( x)
 K ℜ  I ‫א‬ f 2 ( x) ≠ 0  ℜ  I ‫א‬
f1′( x) f 2 ( x) − f 2′ ( x) f1 ( x)
 F ′( x) =
( f 2 ( x) )2
1 8x 7
 x ≠  y = ‫א‬‫א‬W١٤
2 2x − 1
 f 2 ( x) = 2 x − 1 ⇒ f 2′ ( x) = 2  f1 ( x) = 8 x 7 ⇒ f1′( x) = 7 × 8 x 7−1 = 56 x 6 W‫א‬
f1′( x) f 2 ( x) − f 2′ ( x) f1 ( x) 56 x 6 (2 x − 1) − 2 × 8 x 7 56 x 6 (2 x − 1) − 16 x 7
 F ′( x) = = = 
( f 2 ( x)) 2 (2 x − 1) 2 (2 x − 1) 2
112 x 7 − 56 x 6 − 16 x 7 96 x 7 − 56 x 6 2 x 6 (48 x − 28)
 = = =    
(2 x − 1) 2 (2 x − 1) 2 (2 x − 1) 2
- ١٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 F ( x) = ( f ( x)) n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧‫א‬
  f ( x)  F ( x) = ( f ( x)) n ‫א‬
 F ′( x) = n( f ( x)) n −1 f ′( x)
dF ( x) dF ( x) df ( x)
 F ′( x) = = = n( f ( x)) n −1 f ′( x) 
dx df ( x) dx
 y = F ( x) = 4(2 x 2 + 3x − 2) 2 ‫א‬‫א‬W١٥
 f ( x) = (2 x 2 + 3 x − 2) ⇒ f ′( x) = 4 x + 3 W‫א‬
 y ′ = F ′( x) = 2 × 4(2 x 2 + 3x − 2) 2−1 (4 x + 3) = 8(2 x 2 + 3x − 2)(4 x + 3) 
 ‫א‬W٨‫א‬
1
K y = f ( x) =  ℜ  I  g ( x) ≠ 0 ‫א‬ g (x) 
g ( x)
− g ′( x)
 y′ = f ′( x) = 
(g ( x) )2
1 1 1
 y = f ( x) = =  x ≠  g ( x) = (2 x − 1) W١٦
g ( x) (2 x − 1) 2
− g ′( x) −2
 y′( x) = f ′( x) = = 
(g ( x) ) (2 x − 1)2
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ٩‫א‬
  Z = f (g (x) )  y = g (x)  Z = f ( y ) ‫א‬‫א‬
dZ dZ dy
 =
dx dy dx

  y = 5 x 2  Z = y 3 + 2 y + 4 ‫א‬‫א‬W١٧
 Z = (5 x 2 ) + 2(5 x 2 ) + 4
3

dZ dZ dy
=
dx dy dx
( ) (
= 3 y 2 + 2 (10 x ) = 10 x 3 y 2 + 2  )
  5x 2 ‫ﻴ‬ y 

dZ
dx
[(
= 10 x 3 5 x 2 )2
] (
+ 2 = 10 x 75 x 4 + 2  )
- ١٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 1
 1) y = 5 x13 + 13 + x − 13  5) y = 3 (1 + x 2 ) 
4 7
9) y = −
x9
x3 − 1 x 5 x −3 4
 2) y = 4   6) y = −    10) y = 3 − 3x
x +1 2 2 x
2
⎛ x+2 ⎞ 5 2x2 − 3
 3) y = ⎜ 2 ⎟  7) y =  11) f ( x) =
⎝ x − 3x ⎠ x2 − 7x + 3 1
(x 2
+7 ) 3
 4) y = (x 3 − 2 x 2 )  8) y = (4 x 2 − 3) 2 (x + 5)
4 3t 2 − 4
12) f (t ) =
2t + 5
 W‫א‬
1
1) y = x13 + 13 + x − 13 = ⎛⎜ x13 + 13 + x − 13 ⎞⎟ 5
5
⎝ ⎠
4
1 ⎛ 12 −
 y ′ = ⎜13x − 13 x − 14 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ x13 + 13 + x − 13 ⎞⎟ 5
5⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
3
x −1
 2) y = 4  ⇒ y ′ =
2 4
( 3 3
3x x + 1 − 4 x x − 1 ) ( )

x +1 x4 + 1
2
( )
2
x+2 ⎞
 3) y = ⎛⎜ 2 ⎟ 
⎝ x − 3x ⎠
 y′ = 2⎛⎜ 2 ⎟⎢
( )
x + 2 ⎞ ⎡ x 2 − 3x − (2 x − 3)( x + 2 )⎤
⎥
⎝ x − 3x ⎠ ⎢⎣ 2
x − 3x ( 2
⎥⎦ )
 4) y = (x 3 − 2 x
)  ⇒ y′ = 4(x − 2 x ) (3x − 4 x )
2 4 3 2 3 2
4
 5) y = (1 + x ) ⇒ y = (1 + x ) 
3 2 4 2 3
4 1
  y′ = (1 + x ) (2 x ) = x(1 + x ) 
4 2 83
−1
2 3
3 3
x 5 x −3 1 5 1 15
 6) y= −  ⇒ y ′ = + 3 × x −4 = + x −4 
2 2 2 2 2 2
5 − 5(2 x − 7 )
 7) y = ⇒ y′ = 2 
2
x − 7x + 3 (
x − 7x + 3 2 )
 8) y = (4 x 2 − 3) 2 (x + 5) 
- ١٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ( ) ( )
y ′ = 2 × 8 x 4 x 2 − 3 ( x + 5) + 4 x 2 − 3 2 = 16 x 4 x 2 − 3 ( x + 5) + 4 x 2 − 3 ( ) ( ) 2
7 − 7 × 9 x 8 63 x 8 63
 9) y = −  ⇒ y ′ = − = 18 = 10 
x9 (x9 )2 x x
1 1
4 ⎛ 4⎞
10) y = − 3 x ⇒ y = ⎜ 3 ⎟ 2 − (3 x ) 2
x3 ⎝x ⎠
1 1
2 −2 1 −2 1
− 4 × 3x 1⎛ 4 ⎞ 3 6 ⎛ 4⎞ 3
⇒ y′ = × ⎜ ⎟ − (3x ) −2
=− ⎜ ⎟ − (3x )− 2
 x ( )
3 2
2 ⎝ x 3
⎠ 2 x 4 ⎝ x3 ⎠ 2
3 1
= − 4 x3 − 3x
x 2x
2x2 − 3
11) f ( x) = 1
(x 2
+7 ) 3
1 2
(
4x x + 7 2 1
3
)
2x2 − 3 x2 + 7
3− ( )( ) −
3 (2 x ) 4x −
2
3
(
x 2x2 − 3 x2 + 7 )( ) −1
f ′( x) = =
1 2 1
⎡ 2
⎢ x + 7 3⎥
⎤
( ) (x 2
+7 ) 3
 ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎡ 1
( ⎤
2 x ⎢2 − 2 x 2 − 3 x 2 + 7 −1 ⎥ )( )
= ⎣ ⎦
3
1
(x 2
+7 ) 3
1
3t 2 − 4 ⎛ 3t 2 − 4 ⎞ 2
 12) f (t ) = =⎜ ⎟
2t + 5 ⎜⎝ 2t + 5 ⎟⎠
1 ⎛ 3t 2 − 4 ⎞ − 2 6t (2t + 5) − 2 3t 2 − 4 1 2t + 5 6t 2 + 30t + 8
 f ′(t ) = ⎜⎜ ⎟
1
=
( )
2 ⎝ 2t + 5 ⎟⎠ (2t + 5)2 2 3t 2 − 4 (2t + 5)2
 ‫א‬ t ‫ ﻟ‬ f (t ) W٢
 a) f (t ) = 4t 3 + t −3 + t 
 b) f (t ) = (t 2 − t ) 3 
 c) f (t ) = (2t − 3)(2 − 3t )
 W‫א‬
 a) f (t ) = 4t 3 + t −3 + t 
 f ′(t ) = 3 × 4t 2 − 3t −4 + 1 = 8t 2 − 3t −4 + 1
- ١٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 b) f (t ) = (t 2 − t ) 3 
 (
f ′(t ) = 3 t 2 − t ) (2t − 1) 
2
 c) f (t ) = (2t − 3)(2 − 3t ) 

 f ′(t ) = 2(2 − 3t ) − 3(2t − 3) = 4 − 6t − 6t + 9 = −12t + 13
dy 4
  r = 1+ 2t ، y = π r 2 ‫א‬W٣
dt 3
4 4
  y = π (1 + 2t )2  r = 1+ 2t ، y = π r 2 W‫א‬
3 3
dy 4 4 16
  = 2 × π (1 + 2t )(2) = 4 × π (1 + 2t ) = π (1 + 2t )  
dt 3 3 3
  (− 1,3) ‫א‬ y = 2 + x 2 ‫א‬‫א‬W٤
     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (− 1,3) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
dy
 m= = 2x = 2(−1) = −2   
dx (− 1,3) (− 1,3)
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬  ‫א‬   s = f (t ) = 2t 3 + 5 (m)   W٥
 K t = 5 Seconds ‫א‬
dy
 = 6t  t  s ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
dt
 W t = 5 Seconds ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dy dy
 E t = 5 ‫א‬ F = t =5 = 6 × 5 = 30 m s  
dt dt

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
1) y = x 2 + 4 x − 3 3) y = 2 t + 3 5) y = x 3 − 1 7) y = 5 − +3t + 2t 2
2) y = x − 5 4) y = − x 2 + 5 x − 7 6) y = 2 x − 7 8) y = 3t + 7
 W‫א‬‫א‬E2
1) y = (2 x 3 − 7)(3x 2 ) 6) y = (3 x − 2)( x + 7) ⎛ 2x − 7 ⎞
−1 4
3x − 1 11) y = ⎜⎜ ⎟ (3 − 2 x) 3
2 ⎟ 16) y =
⎝ x ⎠ x2
−2
2x2 − 5 3x 2 x −1 ⎞
3
12) y = ⎛⎜
2
2) y = 7) y = ⎟ 17) y = x (5 x3 2
+ 1) 3
3x (5 x + 7)(2 x − 1) ⎝ x + 2⎠
- ٢٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
3) y =
2 8) y = (2 x 4 − 1.9) 3 13) y =
2x 18) y = 2 x −3 + 7 x −5
2
3x − 7 x + 4 x 2 + 1.8
5 x3 + 4 14) y = x 2 x − 1 19) y = (4 x 2 x 3 )
1
4) y = 3 9) y = 2
4
4 x − 3x 2 x ( x − 2) 3
5) y =
1
−x 10) y = (2 x 3 − 4 x + 7) −2 15) y = 1.9 x−2
20) y =
x+2 (2 x + 4) 3 x2 + 5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ t ‫א‬‫א‬ s E٣

1) s = (1.4t 2 )(3t + 2), t = 2 s
3.8t 3
2) s = , t = 2s
2t + 7
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
1) y = (3x 2 − 4 x + 1)(5 x 2 + 2), x = 3
(2 x − 1)(4 x 3 )
 2) y = , x = −1
5x + 6
3) y = x 2 x − 1 , x = 2
2x3
 4) y = , x = −2         
(3 x − 5)( x + 2)


- ٢١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y = sin x ‫א‬ E١
d (sin x)
 y′ = = cos x 
dx
d (cos x)
  y′ = = − sin x  y = cos x ‫א‬ E٢
dx
 ℜ I‫א‬ x ‫א‬ u  y = sin u ‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y ′ = dy = d (sin u ) du = cos u du   
dx dx du dx
 ℜ I‫א‬ x ‫א‬ u  y = cos u ‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  y ′ = dy = d (cos u ) du = − sin u du   
dx du dx dx
 y = sin(2 x − 3) ‫א‬‫א‬W1
3
  y′ = 3 × 2 x 2 cos(2 x 3 − 3) = 6 x 2 cos(2 x 3 − 3) 

  y = cos(2θ 3 − 3θ −2 ) ‫א‬‫א‬W٢
du
 u = 2θ 3 − 3θ −2 ⇒ = 6θ 2 + 6θ −3 W‫א‬
dθ
 y ′ = −(6θ + 6θ −3 ) sin(2θ 3 − 3θ −2 ) 
2
y = tan x ‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
sin x
 y = tan x = 
cos x
 ‫א‬
′ ′
f1 ( x) = sin x ⇒ f1 ( x) = cos x, f 2 ( x) = cos x ⇒ f 2 ( x) = − sin x

d (tan( x) ) cos x. cos x + sin x sin x cos 2 x + sin 2 x 1
y′ = = 2
= 2
= 2
= sec 2 x
dx (cos x) cos x cos x
d (tan( x) )
  y′ = = sec 2 x 
dx
 ℜ I‫א‬ x ‫א‬ u  y = tan u ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
- ٢٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y ′ = dy = dy du = d (tan u ) du = sec 2 u du   
dx du dx du dx dx
d (tan u ) du
 y′ = = sec 2 u 
dx dx
dy
  y = tan x −2 ‫א‬W٣
dx
du
 u = x − 2 ⇒ = −2 x − 3 W‫א‬
dx
d (tan u ) du
 y′ = = sec 2 u = −2 x −3 sec 2 x −2 
dx dx
 y = cot x ‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
cos x
  y = cot x = 
sin x
 ‫א‬
′
f1 ( x) = cos x → f1 ( x) = − sin x
′
 f 2 ( x) = sin x → f 2 ( x) = cos x
y′ =
d (cot( x) ) − sin x sin x − cos x cos x − sin 2 x + cos 2 x
= = =
( −1
= − csc 2 x
)
2 2 2
dx (sin x) sin x sin x
d (cot( x) )
 y′ = = − csc 2 x 
dx
 ℜ I‫א‬ x ‫א‬ u  y = cot u ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y ′ = dy = dy du = d (cot u ) du = − csc 2 u du
dx du dx du dx dx
 y ′ = d (cot u ) = − csc 2 u du 
dx dx
 y = cot 3 x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
du
 u = 3x ⇒ = 3 W‫א‬
dx
 y ′ = d (cot u ) = − du csc 2 u = −3 csc 2 3 x 
dx dx
- ٢٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 y = sec x ‫א‬‫א‬ E٩

1
 y = sec x = 
cos x
 ‫א‬
d (sec( x) ) sin x sin x 1
 y′ = = 2
= = tan x sec x  
dx (cos x) cos x cos x
d (sec( x) )
 y′ = = tan x sec x 
dx
 ℜ I‫א‬ x ‫א‬ u  y = sec u ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y ′ = dy = dy du = d (sec u ) du = du tan u sec u
dx du dx du dx dx
 y′ = d (sec u ) = du tan u sec u 
dx dx
 y = sec xθ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
2
du
 u =θ 2 ⇒ = 2θ W‫א‬
dθ
 y ′ = d (csc u ) = du tan u sec u = 2θ tan θ 2 sec θ 2 
dθ dθ
 y = csc x ‫א‬‫א‬ E١١
1
 y = csc x = 
sin x
 ‫א‬
d (csc( x) ) − cos x cos x 1
 y′ = = = − = − cot x csc x
dx (sin x) 2 sin x sin x
d (csc( x) )
 y′ = = − cot x csc x 
dx
 ℜ I‫א‬ x ‫א‬ u  y = csc u ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y ′ = dy = dy du = d (csc u ) du = − du cot u csc u
dx du dx du dx dx
 y ′ = d (csc u ) = − du cot u csc u 
dx dx
- ٢٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 y = csc x 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
du
 u = x3 ⇒ = 3x 2 W‫א‬
dx
 y ′ = d (csc u ) = − du cot u csc u = −3 x 2 cot x 3 csc x 3
dx dx
 y = csc(2 x 5 − 3) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧
du
 u = 2x5 − 3 ⇒ = 10 x 4 W‫א‬
dx
 y ′ = d (csc u ) = − du cot u csc u = −10 x 4 cot( 2 x 5 − 3) csc( 2 x 5 − 3)
dx dx
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
1) y = sin 5 3x 2 5) y = csc3 (−7 x 4 ) sin x 2 13) y = sin (cos 2 x )
9) y =
cos 2 x 2
1 5
14) y = 1 + sin x
2) y = x tan 6) y = 1 + cos 2 x 10) y = sec(2 x + 1)2
x
3) y = x cos 2 x 7) y = tan 2 ( x 2 + 1) 1 15) y = x cot (− 4 x )
11) y =
x sin 3 x2
12) y = (sin x − cos x ) 16) y = x csc x

2
4) y = csc x 3 8) y = ( x 4 − cot x) 3
 W‫א‬
 1) y = sin 5 3 x 2           
 y′ = 5 sin 4 3x 2 (6 x )cos 3x 2 = 30 x sin 4 3x 2 cos 3x 2 
1
 2) y = x tan
x
1 1 1 1 1 1
 y ′ = tan − x 2
sec 2 = tan − sec 2
x x x x x x
 3) y = x cos 2 x
1
1 −
 y ′ = x 2 cos 2 x − 2 x sin 2 x
2

1
 4) y = csc x = ( )
1
3 2
csc x 3 2 = csc x 3
1 1 1
( )( )
−
1 − 3 3

2 2
y ′ = (csc x 3 ) 2 3 x 2 − cot x 3 csc x 3 = − x 2 csc x 3 cot x 3 csc x 3 = − x 2 csc x 3 cot x 3
2 2 2
- ٢٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 5) y = csc3 (−7 x 4 )
 y′ = 3(− 7 × 4 x 3 )csc 2 (− 7 x 4 )[− cot (− 7 x 4 )csc(− 7 x 4 )] = 84 x 3 csc3 (− 7 x 4 )cot (− 7 x 4 )
1
 6) y = 1 + cos 2 x ⇒ y = (1 + cos 2 x) 2
1 1
1 − −
 y ′ = (1 + cos 2 x) 2 (−2 cos x sin x) = −(1 + cos 2 x) 2 cos x sin x.
2
  7) y = tan 2 ( x 2 + 1)
 y′ = 2(2 x) tan( x 2 + 1) sec 2 ( x 2 + 1) = 4 x tan( x 2 + 1) sec 2 ( x 2 + 1)
 8) y = ( x 4 − cot x) 3
 y′ = 3(x 4 − cot x ) (4 x 3 + csc 2 x )
2
sin x 2
 9) y = 2 2
cos x
2 x cos x 2 cos 2 x 2 + 4 x sin x 2 cos x 2 sin x 2 2 x cos 3 x 2 + 4 x sin 2 x 2 cos x 2
′
y = =
(cos 2 x 2 ) 2 cos 4 x 2

=
2x
cos x 2
( )
1 + 2 tan 2 x 2 = 2 x sec x 2 1 + 2 tan 2 x 2 ( )
 
sin x 2
y= 2 2
= tan x 2 sec x 2
cos x
⇒ y ′ = 2 x sec 2 x 2 sec x 2 + 2 x tan x 2 sec x 2 tan x 2 = 2 x sec 3 x 2 + 2 x tan 2 x 2 sec x 2

( )
= 2 x sec x 2 sec 2 x 2 + tan 2 x 2 = 2 x sec x 2 1 + 2 tan 2 x 2 ( )
5
 10) y = sec(2 x + 1)2
5 3 5 5 3 5 5
 y′ = (2 x + 1)2 (2) tan (2 x + 1)2 sec(2 x + 1)2 = 5(2 x + 1)2 tan (2 x + 1)2 sec(2 x + 1)2
2


1
 11) y =
x 2 sin 3 x
2 x sin 3 x + 3 x 2 sin 2 x cos x 2 sin x + 3x cos x
 y′ = − =−
(x 2
sin 3 x )
2
x 3 sin 4 x
12) y = (sin x − cos x )
2

(
y ′ = 2(sin x − cos x ) (cos x + sin x ) = 2 sin 2 x − cos 2 x = 2 1 − 2 cos 2 x ) ( )
- ٢٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
13) y = sin (cos 2 x )


y ′ = −2 sin 2 x cos(cos 2 x )
14) y = 1 + sin x
1
 ⇒ y = (1 + sin x )2
1 1
y′ = (1 + sin x )− 2 cos x
2
15) y = x cot (− 4 x )

y′ = cot (− 4 x ) + 4 x csc 2 (− 4 x )
16) y = x csc x
y ′ = csc x − x cot x csc x
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: 
1) f ( x) = sin 3 x  7) y = ( x 3 − 7 x + 4) sin( x 2 − 1) 13) y = 3 2 + tan( x 2 )
2) f ( x) = tan⎛⎜ 4 x 2 ⎞⎟.
−1 3 2
⎝ ⎠ 8 y = tan ⎡⎢(2 x − 1) 3 ⎤⎥  14) x − 2 x + 7 sec x
⎣ ⎦
−3
3) f ( x) = sec⎛⎜ 2 x 3 ⎞⎟. 9) y = cos 2 x tan( 1 − x 3 ) 15) f (x ) = ⎡⎢ x + csc⎛⎜ x 3 + 3⎞⎟⎤⎥
⎝ ⎠ x
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
3
4) y = x 2 − 2 x − 3 csc x 10) f (x ) = 2 sec 2 ⎛⎜ x 7 ⎞⎟ 16) f (x ) = 3 cot 4 x
⎝ ⎠
1 17) f ( x) = csc⎛⎜ 4 x 2 ⎞⎟ + 2 sin x 2 .
5) y = sin x cot( − x 2 ) 11) y = 3 2 + sin( x 3 )
x ⎝ ⎠
2
6) f ( x) = cos 3 x ( ) 12) f (x ) = cos3 ⎛⎜ x ⎞
⎟ 18) f (x ) = tan⎛⎜ 4 x 2 ⎞⎟
⎝ x +1⎠ ⎝ ⎠

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 W f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١‫א‬
 a > 0  y = f ( x ) = a x    
 W f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y′ = a x ln a    
  y = f (x ) = 2 x W f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 y′ = 2 x ln 2  W f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٢٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢‫א‬

 a > 0  y = f (x ) = ba x    
 W f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y′ = ba x ln a    
  y = f ( x ) = 7 3 W f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
x
  y ′ = 7 3 x ln 3  W f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

  y = ba f ( x ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣‫א‬
 x ‫א‬ u  u = f (x ) 
 y = ba u 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
dy dy du
 =    
dx du dx
dy
 = ba u ln a u ′    
dt
 y = 8 2 (3 x )W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
2
+ 4 x +5
ln 2 (6 x + 4 ) = (48 x + 32) ln 2 23 x
2 2
 y′ = 8 23 x + 4x +5 + 4 x +5



  e ≅ 2,718 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤‫א‬
  y = f ( x ) = b e x  W f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ln e = 1  y′ = b e x ln e ٣‫א‬
 y′ = b e x W f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y = 3 e x W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
 y′ = 3 e x W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
  y = b e f ( x ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥‫א‬
 x ‫א‬ u  u = f (x ) 
 y = b e u 
- ٢٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
dy dy du
 =    
dx du dx
dy
 ln e = 1  = b e u ln e u ′  
dt
 W‫א‬‫א‬
dy
 y′ = = b e u u ′    
dt
 y = 8 e 2 x+1 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
y′ = 8 × 2 e 2 x +1 = 16e 2 x +1 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 y = −5 esin x ‫א‬W٦
 y ′ = −5 cos x e sin x  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 W f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦‫א‬
 a > 0, a ≠ 1  y = b log a x    
 W f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
b log a e
 y′ =    
x
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧‫א‬
 a > 0, a ≠ 1  y = b log a f ( x )  
 x ‫א‬ u  u = f ( x ) 
 y = b log a u 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
dy dy du u′
 = = b log a e    
dx du dx u
 ( )
y = 3 log 6 x 5 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧
 y′ =
( )
3 30 x 4 log e 15 x 4 15
= 5 log e = log e. W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
5
6x x x
 W f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨‫א‬
  y = b ln x    
- ٢٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
b ln e
 ln e = 1  y′ =  f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x
1
 y ′ = b  W f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x
1 2
 y′ =   y = ln x ‫א‬‫א‬ y′ =  y = 2 ln x ‫א‬‫א‬W٨
x x
  y = ln f ( x )  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩‫א‬
 x ‫א‬ u  u = f ( x ) 
 y = b ln u 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
dy dy du u′

= = b ln e    
dx du dx u
 W y = b ln u ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ln e = 1 
dy u′
 y′ = = b    
dx u
 y = e − x ln x 2  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩
2 x −x ⎛ 2 ⎞
  y′ = −e − x ln x 2 + 2
e = ⎜ − ln x 2 ⎟e − x  
x ⎝x ⎠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
(
1) y = log 3 3x 2 − 5 ) 5) y = ln
x4 9) y = e x
2
13) y = e − x ln x
(3x − 4) 2
2) y = ln( x + 3) 6) f ( x) = ln sin 3 x 14) y = e −2 x sin 3 x
2 2
10) y = 53 x
3) y = ln 2 ( x + 3) (
7) f ( x) = ln x + 1 + x 2 ) 11) y = x 2 3 x 15) f ( x) = ln tan e x
2
(
4) y = ln x 2 + 2 x 2 + 3 )( ) 8) y = e 1
− x
2
e ax − e − ax 16) f ( x) = ln 1 − 2 x
12) y = ax
e + e −ax
 W‫א‬
 1) y = log 3 (3x 2 − 5) 

dy
= 2
1
dx 3 x − 5
log 3 e
d
dx
3x 2 − 5 = 2 (
6x
3x − 5
)
log 3 e 
 2) y = ln( x + 3)2 
- ٣٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 y = ln ( x + 3) = 2 ln ( x + 3) 
2
1 d 2
. ( x + 3) =
dy
 =2 
dx x + 3 dx x+3
 3) y = ln 2 ( x + 3) 

dy d
= 2 ln( x + 3). ln( x + 3) = 2 ln ( x + 3).
1 d
(x + 3) = 2 ln(x + 3) 
dx dx x + 3 dx x+3
 4) y = ln (x 3 + 2)(x 2 + 3)  
 y = ln (x 3 + 2)(x 2 + 3) = ln (x 3 + 2) + ln (x 2 + 3) 

dy
= 3
1
dx x + 2 dx
.
d 3
x +2 + 2
1
x + 3 dx
(
.
d 2
)
x +3 = 3
3x 2
+ 2
x +2 x +3
( 2x
 ) 
x4 x4
5) y = ln 2
⇒ y = ln 2
= ln x 4 − ln(3 x − 4) 2 = 4 ln x − 2 ln(3x − 4)  
(3 x − 4) (3 x − 4)
6) f ( x) = ln sin 3 x  
1 d 3 cos 3 x
 f ′( x) = sin 3 x = = 3 cot 3x  
sin 3x dx sin 3 x
 7) f ( x) = ln x + 1 + x 2 ( ) 
(x + ) ⎛ 1
( ) ( )⎞⎟⎟
1
1 d 1 − d
f ′( x) = 1 + x2 = ⎜1 + 1 + x 2 2 1 + x2
2 ⎜
x + 1 + x2 dx x + 1+ x ⎝ 2 dx ⎠
⎛ ⎞ 1 + x2
( )
1
1 − 1 + x2 + x 1 1
= ⎜1 + x 1 + x 2 2 ⎟. = . =
2 ⎜ ⎟ 2
x + 1+ x ⎝ ⎠ 1+ x x + 1 + x2 1 + x2 1 + x2
1
− x
8) y = e 2  
1 1
− x d ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 − x
 y′ = e 2 ⎜− x⎟ = − e 2  
dx ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
2
9) y = e x  
 y′ = e x .
2 d 2
dx
( )
x = 2x e x
2
 
2
10) y = 53 x 

2
y′ = 53 x ln 5.
d
dx
( ) 2
3x 2 = 6 x 53 x ln 5  
11) y = x 2 3 x  
d
dx
d
( ) ( )
 y ′ = x 2 . 3 x + 3 x. x 2 = x 2 3 x ln 3 + 2 x 3 x = x3 x ( x ln 3 + 2) 
dx
- ٣١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
e ax − e − ax
12) y =  
e ax + e −ax
(e ax
+ e − ax ) dxd (e ax
) (
− e − ax − e ax − e − ax ) dxd (e ax
+ e − ax )
 y′ =  
(e + e ) ax − ax 2
a (e + e )(e + e ) − a (e − e )(e − e )
ax − ax ax − ax ax − ax ax − ax
 =
(e + e ) ax − ax 2
a (e + 2 + e
2 ax
) − a(e − 2 + e ) = 4a
−2 ax 2 ax −2 ax
=
(e + e ) (e + e )
ax − ax 2 ax − ax 2
13) y = e − x ln x 
 e− x 
 y′ = e − x (ln x ) + ln x (e − x ) = ⎛1 ⎞
d d
− e − x ln x = e − x ⎜ − ln x ⎟ 
dx dx x ⎝x ⎠
 14) y = e −2 x sin 3x  
−2 x
 y ′ =e
d
dx dx
( )
(sin 3x ) + sin 3x d e −2 x = 3e −2 x cos 3x − 2e −2 x sin 3x =e −2 x (3 cos 3x − 2 sin 3x )

2
 15) f ( x) = ln tan e x  
( )
2 2
d1 x2 1 2 x2 d x2 2 xe x sec 2 e x
 f ′( x) = 2
tan e = 2
sec e e = 2

tan e x dx tan e x dx tan e x
 16) f ( x) = ln 1 − 2 x          
1 1 1
(1 − 2 x )− 2 d (1 − 2 x ) = − 1 (1 − 2 x )− 2 = 1
d 1 1
 f ′( x) = 1 − 2x =
1 − 2 x dx 1 − 2x 2 dx 1 − 2x 2x − 1
 
1 1
 f ( x) = ln (1 − 2 x )2 =
ln (1 − 2 x ) 
2
 f ′( x) =
1 1 d
(1 − 2 x ) = 1 − 2 = − 1 = 1 
2 1 − 2 x dx 2 1 − 2x 1 − 2x 2x − 1

- ٣٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1) y = t 3 ln⎛⎜ e5t − 1⎞⎟  9) y = sin x ln 2 x − 3 17) y = ln⎛⎜ 3x 4 − 5 x 2 + 7 x − 1⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
x3 + 1
2x 10) y = e3ln cos 2 x  log x 2
2) e − 1 18) y =
e2x + 1 x
2
11) y = e cos 3x cot( 1 − x 2 )
x
3) y = e x −sin 2 x tan x 19) y = x ln e 2 x − 3
x2
x
3
4) y = x 2 − 2 x − 3 csc x 12) y = esin 2 x cos(− x 2 ) 20) y = e1+ tan 2 x
5) y = x 2 23tan x x−x 2 21) y = x 3 log 2 ⎛⎜ 2 x 3 − 1⎞⎟
13) y = tancsc x ⎝ ⎠
3
6) y = x 3 ln x 14) y = 2 − ln x 3 22) y = x 4 ln⎛⎜ x 3 − 1⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
e− x + cos x 15) y = x(ln x )2 2x
7) y = 23) y = 3 cot e
2e−2 x − 3 ln x 2 ln( x 2 + 3)
8) y = sec x 3 ln( x − 3) 2x 24) y = ⎛⎜ x 2 + 5 x + 1⎞⎟ log 5 ( x + 3)
16) y = 3e −1 ⎝ ⎠
ln( x 2 + 5)

 ‫א‬‫א‬
W
  ‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ f (x)  x ‫א‬ y  y = f (x) 
  x ‫ ﻟ‬ y n ‫א‬
d(yn ) dy
 = ny n−1 = ny n−1 y ′
dx dx
 ‫א‬ f (x)  x ‫ ﻟ‬ y ‫א‬
dy
 W W١
dx
 xy 3 − 3x 2 = xy + 5 (1)   
- ٣٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 f ‫א‬ x ‫ﺒ‬ y ‫א‬ x ‫ ﻟ‬ y ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 ‫א‬K‫א‬ f ‫א‬ y = f (x)
 W (1) ‫א‬
y 3 + 3xy 2 y ′ − 6 x = y + xy ′
⇒ 3xy 2 y ′ − xy ′ = y − y 3 + 6 x
 ⇒ y ′[x(3 y 2 − 1)] = y − y 3 + 6 x     
y − y3 + 6x
⇒ y′ =
x(3 y 2 − 1)
 y ′ = 1  x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 = 0 W٢
 W‫א‬
d 2 d
( x − 2 xy + y 2 ) = (0)
dx dx
 ⇒ 2 x − 2 y − 2 xy ′ + 2 yy ′ = 0   
2 y − 2x
⇒ y ′(2 y − 2 x) = 2 y − 2 x ⇒ y ′ = =1
2 y − 2x

 y = x x ‫א‬ y ′ W 3 
  y = x x ⇒ ln y = ln x x ⇒ ln y = x ln x W‫א‬
 ‫א‬
y′ ⎛1⎞
 = ln x + x⎜ ⎟   
y ⎝ x⎠
y′
 = ln x + 1 ⇒ y ′ = y (ln x + 1) 
y
 y = x x (ln x + 1)  y = x x 
- ٣٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
dy
 W 
dx
1 1
 (1) + = 1          
y x
 ⇒ − y −2 y ′ − x −2 = 0         
x −2 y 2
 ⇒ y′ = −
− 2
=
2
        
y x
2 2
( 2) x − y 3 − y = 1
3
1 1
2 −3 2 −3
⇒ x − y y′ − y′ = 0 
3 3
⎛ −1 ⎞ 1 −1
⎜2 ⎟ 2 − 2 x 3
⇒ y ′⎜ y 3 + 1⎟ = x 3 ⇒ y ′ =
⎜3 ⎟ 3 3 ⎛ −1 ⎞
⎝ ⎠ ⎜2 3 ⎟
⎜⎜ 3 y + 1⎟
⎟
⎝ ⎠
x+ y
 3) x 2 =          
x− y
 2x =
(1 + y ′)(x − y ) − (1 − y ′)(x + y ) ⇒ 2 x(x − y )2 = (1 + y ′)(x − y ) − (1 − y ′)(x + y )
( x − y )2
 ⇒ 2 x( x − y ) = y ′( x − y + x + y ) + x − y − x − y ⇒ 2 x( x − y ) = y ′(2 x ) − 2 y
2 2
2 x( x − y ) + 2 y
2
⇒ y′ = (x − y ) + 
y
 ⇒ y′ =
2
   
2x x
 4) y = 1 + sin 3 (xy 2 ) 
 ⇒ y = [1 + sin (xy )] 
1
3 2 2       
[ )] [3 sin ] ( )
1
1 −
 y′ = 1 + sin 3 ( xy 2 2 2
( xy 2 ) cos( xy 2 ) y 2 + 2 xyy ′   
2
- ٣٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
1 1
1 2 −2 1 2 2 −2
′ ′
y = 2 xyy 1 + sin ( xy ) 3 sin ( xy ) cos( xy ) + y 1 + sin ( xy ) 3 sin 2 ( xy 2 ) cos( xy 2 )
3 2 2 2 3
2 2
[ −1
] [ −1
] [ ] [ ]
⎧ ⎫ 3
⎪ ⎪
y ′⎨1 − xy 1 + sin ( xy ) 2 3 sin ( xy ) cos( xy )⎬ = y 1 + sin ( xy ) 2 sin 2 ( xy 2 ) cos( xy 2 )
3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2
⎪⎩ ⎪⎭ 2
[ ] [sin ( xy )]cos( xy )      
1
2 3 2 − 2 2 2
 3 y 1 + sin ( xy ) 2
⇒ y′ =
1 − xy[1 + sin ( xy )] [3 sin ( xy )]cos( xy )
1
2 3 2 − 2 2 2
2
 y 2 = 1 + sin 3 (xy 2 ) ‫א‬W

 2 yy ′ = 3 sin 2 ( xy 2 ) cos( xy 2 )( y 2 + 2 xyy ′)  ‫א‬
 (
2 yy ′ 1 − 3x sin 2 ( xy 2 ) cos( xy 2 ) = 3 y 2 sin 2 ( xy 2 ) cos( xy 2 )  )  
3 y 2 sin 2 ( xy 2 ) cos( xy 2 )
 y′ =     W
(
2 y 1 − 3 x sin 2 ( xy 2 ) cos( xy 2 ) )
 5) e xy = x          
xy
1 − ye 1 y
   ( y + xy ′) e xy = 1 ⇒ y ′xe xy = 1 − ye xy ⇒ y ′ = xy = xy −
xe xe x
 6) y 3 e xy = tan x           
 3 y 2 y ′ e xy + ( y + xy ′)e xy = sec 2 x        
( ) sec 2 x − ye
xy
 ⇒ y ′ 3 y 2 + x e xy = sec 2 x − ye xy ⇒ y ′ =     
(
3 y2 + x e
xy
)
cot y
 7) x 2 =           
1 + csc y
− y ′ csc 2 y (1 + csc y ) + y ′ csc y cot y cot y
 2x =     
(1 + csc y )2
 2 [
⇒ 2 x(1 + csc y ) = y ′ csc y cot 2 y − csc 2 y (1 + csc y )  ]   
2
2 x(1 + csc y )
 ⇒ y′ =      
csc y cot 2 y − csc 2 y (1 + csc y )
x
 8) y = ⎛⎜1 + ⎞⎟ 
1
         
⎝ x⎠
x
⎛ 1⎞
 ln y = ln⎜1 + ⎟ ⇒ ln y = x ln⎛⎜1 + ⎞⎟ 
1
     
⎝ x⎠ ⎝ x⎠
- ٣٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
y′ ⎛ 1⎞ − x −2 y′ ⎛ 1⎞ 1
 = ln⎜1 + ⎟ + x ⇒ = ln⎜1 + ⎟ −     
y ⎝ x⎠ 1 y ⎝ x ⎠ x +1
1+
x
x
⎧ ⎛ 1⎞ 1 ⎫ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎧ ⎛ 1⎞ 1 ⎫
 y ′ = y ⎨ln⎜1 + ⎟ − ⎬ ⇒ y ′ = ⎜1 + ⎟ ⎨ln⎜1 + ⎟ − ⎬  
⎩ ⎝ x ⎠ x + 1⎭ ⎝ x⎠ ⎩ ⎝ x ⎠ x + 1⎭
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ : ١
1) xy + e xy − y 3 sin x = y 3 + 9 x cot y
7) x 2 =
1 + csc y
2) 3x 2 y 2 + 4 xy − 2 y = 0 8) tan 3 ( xy 2 + y ) = x
3) x 3 y 2 − 5 x 2 y + x = 1 3 9) 3 x 2 − 4 y 2 = 7
1 1
4) + = 1 10) y 3 sin x − x 2 = y 3e 2 x
y x
5) ( x 2 + 3 y 2 ) 3 = x 11) y + sin y = x
2 2 12) x cos y = y
6) xy 3 + yx 3 = x2
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
1) x 2 y − 5 xy 2 + 6 = 0; (3,1) 
2 2
2) x 3 −y 3 − y = 1; (1,−1)
3) y 2 − x + 1 = 0; (10,3) 3
1− y
4) = x; (0,1)
1+ y
- ٣٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 f (x) ‫א‬ (n − 1) ‫א‬‫א‬ f ( x) ‫א‬ n ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ n ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ n ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 n ‫א‬‫א‬ n − 1 ‫א‬‫א‬KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ℜ ⊃ I ‫א‬‫א‬ n  f  x ‫א‬ y  y = f (x) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
dy d ( f ( x) )
 E x ‫ﻟ‬ y ‫ﻟ‬‫א‬‫א‬F y ′ = = = f ′( x) 
dx dx
d 2 y d ( f ′( x) )
 E x ‫ﻟ‬ y ‫ ﻟ‬‫א‬‫א‬F y = 2 =
′′ = f ′′( x)
dx dx
d 3 y d ( f ′′( x) )
 E x ‫ﻟ‬ y ‫ﻟ‬‫א‬‫א‬F y ′′′ = = = f ′′′( x)
dx 3 dx
d 4 y d ( f ′′′( x) )
 E x ‫ ﻟ‬ y ‫ ﻟ‬‫א‬‫א‬F y ( 4) = 4 = = f ( 4) ( x)
dx dx
 KKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKK
 KKKKKKKK
d n y d f ( n −1) ( x)
 E x ‫ﻟ‬ y ‫ﻟ‬nF y = n = (n) (
= f ( n ) ( x)
)
dx dx
 y = sin x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W١
d sin x
y′ = = cos x      W‫א‬
dx
d cos x
 y ′′ = = − sin x
dx

d3y
 y = 6x ‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F
5
W٢
dx
- ٣٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 y′ =
d
dx
( )
6 x 5 = 5 × 6 x 4 = 30 x 4     W‫א‬
 y ′′ =
d
dx
( )
30 x 4 = 4 × 30 x 3 = 120 x 3    
 y ′′′ =
d
dx
( )
120 x 3 = 3 × 120 x 2 = 360 x 2   
 y 5 = cos x ‫א‬ y ′′ W٣

d 5
dx
( )
d
y = (cos x ) 
dx
    W‫א‬
− sin x
 ⇒ 5 y 4 y ′ = − sin x ⇒ y ′ =
5y4

d
dx
( d
dx
)
5 y 4 y ′ = (− sin x )
sin 2 x
 ⇒ 4 × 5 y y ′y ′ + 5 y y ′′ = − cos x. ⇒ −20 y
3 4
8
+ 5 y 4 y ′′ = − cos x
3
25 y
4 sin 2 x 4 sin 2 x
⇒ + 5 y 4
y ′
′ = − cos x ⇒ 5 y 4
y ′
′ = − cos x −
5 y5 5 y5
 ⇒ 5 y 4 y ′′ = − cos x − tan x sin x ⇒ y ′′ = − 4 ⎛⎜ cos x + tan x sin x ⎞⎟

4 1 4
5 5y ⎝ 5 ⎠
         y = e − x ln x  y ′′ W٤
−x −x
 y′ = e − x
d
dx dx
( )
(ln x ) + ln x d e − x = e − e − x ln x = e − y 
x x
    W‫א‬
− xe − x − e − x − xe − x − e − x e − x ⎛2 1 ⎞
 y ′′ = 2
− y ′ = 2
− + e − x ln x = −e − x ⎜ + 2 − ln x ⎟ 
x x x ⎝x x ⎠
 y = e sin 3x  y′′ W٥
−2 x
−2 x
 y ′ =e
d
dx dx
( )
(sin 3x ) + sin 3x d e −2 x = 3e −2 x cos 3x − 2e −2 x sin 3x = 3e −2 x cos 3x − 2 y W‫א‬
−2 x
 y ′′ = 3 e
d
dx
(cos 3x ) + 3 cos 3x d e −2 x − 2 y ′
dx
( )     
(
 = −9e −2 x sin 3x − 6e −2 x cos 3x − 2 3e −2 x cos 3x − 2 sin 3x    )
 = − e −2 x (12 cos 3x + 5 sin 3x )       
  y = e ln x  y ′′ W6
−x 2
- ٣٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 y = e − x ln x 2 = 2e − x ln x  W‫א‬
⎛2 1 ⎞
y ′′ = −2 e − x ⎜ + 2 − ln x ⎟   ٤‫א‬
⎝x x ⎠
 K‫א‬ n + 1 ‫א‬‫א‬ n ‫א‬ y ‫א‬W
 y = 2 x 5 + 3x 3 + 5 x − 1 ‫א‬ y (6) W٧
 y (6) = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬ y  W‫א‬
 
 (t ) ‫א‬feet (s ) ‫א‬
 s = t 3 − 2t 
 ‫א‬٤ t ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫א‬٤ t ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
  2 fet sec 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
ds
 ‫א‬‫א‬ (t ) ‫א‬ (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬ = 3 t 2 − 2 
dt
ds(4)

dt
(
= 3t 2 − 2 ) (4 ) − 2 = 46 ft sec ‫א‬4‫א‬
t =4 = 3
2
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E٢
d 2s
 ‫א‬‫א‬ (t ) ‫א‬ (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬ = 6 t 
dt 2
 ‫א‬4‫א‬
d 2s
2 t =4
= 6 t t = 4 = 6 × 4 = 24 ft sec 2  
dt
  2 fet sec 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(3
d 2s 1
 2
= 6 t = 2 ⇒ t = sec
dt 3
- ٤٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
1) y = 3x 2 − 2 x 3 ; y ′′ d6y
7) y = 3x 5 − 10 x 3 + 15 x ;
dx 6
1 1 x d2y
2) y = x 3 − x 5 ; y ′′ 2 8) y = ; 2
3 5 x − 4 dx
3) y = 7 + 6 x 2 − 4 x 4 ; y ′′′ 2x
9) y = 2 ; y ′′
x +1
4) y = 8 x 3 − 2 x 4 ; y ′′′ 1 x d3y
10) y = + ;
x − 2 4 dx 3
5) y = x( x − 1) 3 ; y′′ 1
11) y = 2 ; y ′′
x −1
6) y = e −2 x (cos 3x − sin 2 x) ; y ′′ 12) y = (1 + x 2 ) ln x ; y ′′
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬:٢
13) f ( x ) = 8 x 10 + 2 x 8 − 4 x 5 + 1 ; x = 1
4x2
14) f ( x) = ;x = 2
3x − 7
3
4 4
15) f ( x) = (4 − x ) ; x = −3
16) f ( x) = 4 − x + 2 x 4 ; x = 1
17) f ( x) = 2 x 2 2 x 4 + 3 ; x = −1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ t (h) ‫א‬ s (km) ‫א‬W٣
 18) s = (2t 2 − 3) 4 ; t = 2 h
t
19) s = 2
; t = 4.6 h
2t − 3
20) s = 3.4 − t 4 ; t = 1h
21) s = t 2 1 + t 2 ; t = 1h
22) s = (2t + 7) t 3 − 1 ; t = 2h
23) s = 1.8t 3 − 2.9t 2 − 1 ; t = 2.8h 
- ٤١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢–
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
-٤٢-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W ( x0 , y0 ) ‫א‬ m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 y − y 0 = m ( x − x0 )  
  (− 1,3) ‫א‬ y = 2 + x 2 ‫א‬‫א‬W١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (− 1,3) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
dy
 m= = 2x = 2(− 1) = −2
dx (− 1,3) (− 1,3)
 ‫א‬
 y − y 0 = m( x − x 0 )
y − 3 = m[x − (− 1)] ⇒ y − 3 = −2( x + 1) = −2 x − 2

⇒ y = −2 x − 2 + 3 ⇒ y = −2 x + 1
  (− 1,3) ‫א‬ y = 2 + x 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ٢
1
 m1 = −  m × m1 = −1 ‫א‬ m1 ‫א‬ m W‫א‬
m
1 1 1
 m1 = − = − = ‫א‬ m = −2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
m −2 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 y − y 0 = m1 ( x − x0 )
1
y −3= [x − (− 3)] ⇒ y − 3 = 1 (x + 1)
2 2

1 1 1 7
⇒ y = x + + 3⇒ y = x +
2 2 2 2

‫א‬ x 2 + y 2 = 25 E‫א‬‫א‬F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 (3,4)
 ‫א‬W‫א‬
  x ‫א‬
x
 x 2 + y 2 = 25 ⇒ 2 x + 2 yy ′ = 0 ⇒ 2 yy ′ = −2 x ⇒ y ′ = −  
y
-٤٣-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
dy − 2(3) 3
 m= = =−  
dx (3,4 ) 2(4) 4
 ‫א‬
 y − y 0 = m( x − x 0 )    
3 3 9 3 25
 y − 4 = − ( x − 3) = − x + + 4 ⇒ y = − x +  
4 4 4 4 4
1 1 4
 m1 = − =− = ‫א‬‫א‬
m 3 3
−
4
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 y − y 0 = m1 ( x − x0 )    
4 4 4
 y − 4 = ( x − 3) ⇒ y = x − 4 + 4 ⇒ y = x   
3 3 3
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1) 3x − 2 y + 4 = 0 ; (2,4) 2) y = 4 − x + 3x 2 ; (− 1,8) 
 3) y = x 4 − 2 x 2 ; (2,8) 4) y 2 − 3x 2 + 2 x − 3 = 0 ; (1,2)
 5) 2 xy + y 2 − 3 = 0 ; (1,1) 6) x 2 y − 3 y 2 + 10 = 0 ; (− 1,2) 

K



-٤٤-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١
 x0 U ‫א‬ x0 ‫א‬ f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 f ( x) < f ( x0 ) ∀x ∈U
 t 0  I ‫א‬ t 0 ‫א‬ f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 f ( x) > f (t 0 ) ∀x ∈ I
 ١
‫א‬ x0 ‫א‬ f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 f ′( x0 ) = 0 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢
 K f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، x
 K x 
1 1
 y = x 3 − x 2 − 2 x + 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
3 2
 W‫א‬
  x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y′ = x 2 − x − 2 = ( x − 2)( x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 2  x = −1  
 x ‫ﻟ‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 4
  y = (2) 3 − (2) 2 − 2(2) + 2 = −  x = 2 
3 2 3
1 1 19
  y = (−1) 3 − (−1) 2 − 2(−1) + 2 =  x = −1 
3 2 6
-٤٥-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
4 19
 (2, − ), (−1, ) W‫א‬‫א‬
3 6
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 x < x0   f (x)    x0 ‫א‬ f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K  ‫א‬‫א‬ x0   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،    
‫א‬‫א‬، x > x0  f (x) 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ x0 ‫א‬
 x < x0  f ′( x) < 0  x0 ‫א‬ f ( x ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K x0  x > x0  f ′( x) > 0 ، x0
 y = 16 − x 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 [− 4,+4]‫א‬ y = 16 − x 2 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 W x = 0 ‫א‬ 4
  − 4 ≤ x < 0  0 < x ≤ 4  f ( x) < 4 
x
  f ( x) =
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
1 + x2
 W ℜ  f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
1 − x2
 f ′( x) =     
(1 + x )
2 2
K  ‫א‬  ‫א‬     x = 1  x = −1  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
x −∞ −1 1 +∞
1− x + + -
1+ x - + +
1 − x2 - + -
‫א‬  − 1 < x < 1  f ′( x) > 0  x < −1  f ′( x) < 0 
  f (x) ‫א‬ x = −1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
1
  (−1,− ) 
2
-٤٦-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬    x > 1     f ′( x) < 0  − 1 < x < 1     f ′( x) > 0   
  f (x) ‫א‬ x = 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
1
 K (1, ) 
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
 y = x 3 − x 2 − 2 x + 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
3 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:‫א‬
y ′ = x 2 − x − 2,
  
y ′′ = 2 x − 1
4 19
 (2, − ), (−1, ) ‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬
3 6
4
  (2, − ) ‫א‬
3
 y ′′ = 2(2) − 1 = 3 > 0   
x=2
4
  (2, − ) 
3
19
  (−1, ) ‫א‬
6
 y ′′ = 2(−1) − 1 = −3 < 0   
x = −1
19
  (−1, ) 
6
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
 y = x 3 − x 2 − 2 x + 2 ‫א‬ W٥
3 2
1
 y ′′ = 2 x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x =   
2
1 1
 y ′′ > 0  x > ‫א‬ y ′′ < 0  x < ‫א‬
2 2
-٤٧-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
1
 ‫א‬ x = 
2
1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ x = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
3 2
1⎛ 1 ⎞ 1⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 11
 y = ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ − 2( ) + 2 =   
3⎝ 2 ⎠ 2⎝ 2⎠ 2 12
 K‫א‬ ⎛⎜ ,
1 11 ⎞
⎟ ‫א‬
⎝ 2 12 ⎠
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ f ( x) ‫א‬
 K f ( x) ‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬ -
‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -
1 1
 y = x 3 − x 2 − 2 x + 2 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
3 2
 ℜ  f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
19 4
  (−1, ) ‫א‬ (2, − ) ‫א‬٤‫א‬
6 3
 ‫א‬ ⎛⎜ , ⎞⎟ ‫א‬٥‫א‬
1 11
⎝ 2 12 ⎠
1 1 1 1
 lim x 3 − x 2 − 2 x + 2 = +∞  lim x 3 − x 2 − 2 x + 2 = −∞ W‫א‬
x→+∞ 3 2 x→−∞ 3 2
-٤٨-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬











x −1
  y = W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧
x+2
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ x = −2 ‫א‬ (− ∞,−2) ∪ (− 2, ∞ ) W‫א‬
 x ≠ −2 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
x −1 x −1
  lim = 1  lim = 1 
x →∞ x + 2 x→ −∞ x + 2
  ∞,−∞ ‫א‬ y = 1 

x −1 − 3 x −1 − 3
  lim+ = + = −∞  lim− = − = ∞ 
x→ −2 x+2 0 x→ −2 x + 2 0
 -2‫א‬ x = −2 
 f ′( x) =
(1)(x + 2) − (x − 1)(1) = x + 2 − x + 1 = 3 W‫א‬‫א‬
(x + 2)2 (x + 2)2 (x + 2)2
3
 f ′( x) = > 0 ∀x ∈ (− ∞,−2) ∪ (− 2, ∞ )    
(x + 2)2
 
-٤٩-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
f ′( x) = 3( x + 2 ) 
−2
  W‫א‬‫א‬
−6
f ′′( x) = −6( x + 2 ) = ∀x∈ (− ∞,−2) ∪ (− 2, ∞ )   
−3
 ≠0 ,
(x + 2)3
 ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
0 −1 1
 x=0⇒ y = =−
0 +1 2
 ⎛⎜ 0,− ⎞⎟ ‫א‬
1
⎝ 2⎠
x −1
 = 0 ⇒ x −1= 0 ⇒ x =1
x+2
 (1,0) W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬











 y = x 5 − 15x 3 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨
 W‫א‬
  ℜ  f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬
  lim f ( x) = −∞, lim f ( x) = ∞ W‫א‬
x →−∞ x →∞
-٥٠-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 y′ = 5 x 4 − 45 x 2  W‫א‬‫א‬
 y′′ = 20 x 3 − 90 x  W‫א‬‫א‬
 5 x 4 − 45 x 2 = 0 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 5 x 4 − 45 x 2 = 0 ⇒ 5 x 2 ( x 2 − 9) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 3, − 3    
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  y ′′ = 20 x 3 − 90 x = 0  x = 0 
x=0 x=0
y ′′ = 20 x 3 − 90 x = 20(3) 3 − 90(3) = 270 > 0  x = 3 

x=3 x=3
 x = 3 ‫א‬‫א‬
 x = 3 ⇒ y = ( 3 ) 5 − 15 ( 3 ) 3 = − 162   
  (3,−162) 
y ′′ = 20 x 3 − 90 x = 20(−3) 3 − 90(−3) = −270 < 0  x = −3 

x = −3 x = −3
 x = −3 ‫א‬‫א‬
 x = −3 ⇒ y = (−3) 5 − 15(−3) 3 = 162   
  (−3,162) 
 (0,0) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 x < 0 : y ′ = 5 x 2 ( x 2 − 9) < 0    
 x > 0: y ′ = 5 x 2 ( x 2 − 9) < 0    
  (0,0)  x = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y ′′ = 0 ‫א‬
y ′′ = 20 x 3 − 90 x = 10 x(2 x 2 − 9) = 0
 3 3    
⇒ x = 0, ,−
2 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 x < 0 : y′′ > 0; x > 0 : y ′′ < 0  
 ‫א‬ (0,0) 
-٥١-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
3 3
 x< : y ′′ < 0; x > : y ′′ > 0  
2 2
3
 ‫א‬ ( ,−100) 
2
3 3
 x < − : y ′′ < 0; x > − : y ′′ > 0  
2 2
3
 ‫א‬ (− ,100) 
2
‫א‬‫א‬ f ( x) = − f (− x) ‫א‬ f (x) ‫א‬
 
 (0,0) , ( 15 ,0), (− 15 ,0)  W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬












‫א‬W٩
 y = x 4 − 2x 2 W‫א‬‫א‬
  ℜ  f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  lim f ( x) = ∞, lim f ( x) = ∞ 
x →−∞ x →∞
-٥٢-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 y′ = 4 x 3 − 4 x = 4 x( x − 1)( x + 1)  W‫א‬‫א‬
 y′′ = 12 x 2 − 4  W‫א‬‫א‬
 4 x( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 4 x( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0, 1, − 1    
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  y ′′ = 12 x 2 − 4 = −4 < 0  x = 0 

x=0 x=0
 x = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
 x = 0 ⇒ y = 0  
  (0,0) 
y ′′ = 12 x 2 − 4 = 12(1) 2 − 4 = 8 > 0  x = 1 
x =1 x =1
 x = 1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 x = 1 ⇒ y = (1) 4 − 2(1) 2 = −1   
  (1,−1) 
y ′′ = 12 x 2 − 4 = 12(−1) 2 − 4 = 8 > 0  x = −1 

x = −1 x = −1
 x = −1 ‫א‬‫א‬
 x = −1 ⇒ y = (−1) 4 − 2(−1) 2 = −1  
  (−1,−1) 
 y ′′ = 0 ‫א‬
y ′′ = 12 x 2 − 4 = 4(3 x 2 − 1) = 0
 1 1   
⇒x= ,−
3 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
 x<− : y ′′ > 0; x > − : y ′′ < 0  
3 3
1 5
 ‫א‬ (− ,− )  
3 9
-٥٣-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
1 1
 x< : y ′′ < 0; x > : y ′′ > 0   
3 3
1 5
 ‫א‬ ( ,− )  
3 9
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ f ( x) = f (− x) ‫א‬ f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 (0,0) , ( 2 ,0), (− 2 ,0) W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬













 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
1) y = x3 2) y = − x 3 3) y = x 4) y = 1 − x 2
16 x2 + 1 1 x 8) y = 3x 5 − 10 x 3 + 15 x
5) y = x 2 + 6) y = 7) y = +
x2 x2 − 1 x−2 4

-٥٤-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬     y = f (x)  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ y  x      
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 W١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2 Km  (5Km ) A ‫א‬ P  M 
 ‫א‬ (6 Km )A ‫ א‬B
 B      ‫א‬     ‫א‬ B   A   ‫א‬‫א‬ C  ‫א‬ 
 4km Lh
 ‫א‬
 CB = 6 − x  PC = 25 + x 2 ، x = AC ‫א‬
 2km/h PC ‫א‬‫א‬
25 + x 2
 t1 =
2
6−x
 t 2 = 4kmLh CB ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4
  B ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
6−x 25 + x 2
 t = t1 + t 2 = +   
4 4
dt
  = 0 ‫א‬ B ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dx
dt 1 x x 1
 =− + =0⇒ = ⇒ 2 x = 25 + x 2 
dx 4 2 25 + x 2 2 25 + x 2 4
5
 ⇒ 4 x 2 = 25 + x 2 ⇒ 3x 2 = 25 ⇒ x = ±    
3
5
x= ‫א‬
3
-٥٥-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W٢
  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  a = 8   S    
 K S ‫א‬
، r  S ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ z  W‫א‬
  v = π r 2 z ‫א‬‫א‬
2
  r + ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ = a 2
z
2
W
⎝2⎠
⎛ 2 z2 ⎞
  v = π z ⎜⎜ a _ ⎟⎟ W
⎝ 4⎠
      z ‫ ﻟ‬       v = v(z ) ‫א‬‫ א‬
dv
 W، =0
dz
dv z2 1 2 3z 2 2 3z
2
 = π (a − ) − π z = 0 ⇒πa − π
2 2
= 0 ⇒πa = 
dz 4 2 4 4
3z 2 2a
⇒a = 2
⇒z=± 
4 3
2a 16
 z= =  ‫א‬
3 3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
6 16 3 16 24
 v′′ = − π z ⇒ v′′( ) = − π ( ) = −π < 0 
4 3 2 3 3
16
  z = ‫א‬‫א‬
3
 W٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EWattsFP‫א‬‫א‬
8
 P = 5.12 R − R 3 
3
 K‫א‬‫א‬EohmsF‫א‬R
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢

-٥٦-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
R ‫ ﻟ‬ p = p(R) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

dp
 W، = 0  
dR
5.12
 P′ = 5.12 − 8R 2 = 0 ⇒ 8R 2 = 5.12 ⇒ R = ± ⇒ R = ±0.8 Ohms 
8
 R = 0.8 Ohms W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 P′′ = −16 R ⇒ P′′(0.8) = −16(0.8) = −12.8 < 0  
 K‫א‬
 W R = 0.8 ohms ‫א‬‫א‬
8
 P(0.8) = 5.12 − (0.8)3 = 2.731watts  
3
W٤
،9048‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x 
 V = (90 − 2 x )(48 − 2 x )x ⇒ V = 4( x 3 − 69 x 2 + 1080 x)
 W x 
V ′ = 4(3 x 2 − 138 x + 1080)

= 12( x 2 − 46 x + 360) = 12( x − 10)( x − 36 )
 V ′ = 0 ⇒ x = 10  x = 36   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 V ′′ = 12(2 x − 46) = 24( x − 23)  
 V ′′(36) = 312 > 0 ‫ و‬V ′′(10) = −312 < 0  
  x = 36 ‫א‬ x = 10 ‫א‬
 x 2 = 100 cm 2 ‫א‬

-٥٧-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W٥
  16π m 3   ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ h ‫א‬‫א‬ r 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 A = 2(π r 2 ) + (2π r )h = 2π r 2 + 2π r h
 W‫א‬‫א‬
16π 16
 V = π r 2 h = 16π ⇒ h = =  
π r2 r2
 W‫א‬‫א‬
16 32π
 A = 2π r 2 + 2π r 2
= 2π r 2 +  
r r
  r ‫א‬ A ‫א‬
r ≠ 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
dA
 W =0
dr
  A′ = 4π r − 32πr −2 = 0 ⇒ 4π r = 32π r −2   
32π
 ⇒ r3 = = 8 ⇒ r = 2  
4π
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 A′′ = 4π + 64πr −3 ⇒ A′′(2) = 4π + 64π (2)−3 = 12π > 0  
 ‫א‬ h ‫א‬ r = 2 ‫א‬‫א‬
16
 h=    
r2
 4  r = 2  h ‫א‬
 r = 2m, h = 4m W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٥٨-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬p
 P = 3x 5 − 10 x 3 + 15 x W
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
dp
 W = 0  p ‫א‬‫א‬
dx
 P′ = 15 x 4 − 30 x 2 + 15 = 15( x 4 − 2 x 2 + 1) = 15( x 2 − 1) 2   
 P′ = 0 ⇒ ( x 2 − 1) 2 = 0 ⇒ x 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ x 2 = 1 ⇒ x = 1  x = −1  
  x = 1 W‫א‬
 x = 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x = 1 
 P ′′ = 60 x 3 − 60 x ⇒ P ′′(1) = 60 − 60 = 0   
 W‫א‬‫א‬ x = 1 ‫א‬
 P′ = 15(x 2 − 1) ≥ 0, ∀x 
2
 
  x = 1 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ P ′〉 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W
‫א‬  104km‫א‬‫א‬ B‫א‬ ‫א‬E١
‫א‬    A  16km / hr    ‫א‬   B KA 
      ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ، 24km / hr   
 ‫؟‬
 ‫؟‬٣٦E٢
 ‫א‬10‫א‬E٣
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    a = 8    s     E٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٥٩-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬ y 2 = 4 px ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
 x = a > 0
‫א‬  p ‫א‬ ١٢٠‫א‬E٦
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 2m 2  ‫א‬E٧
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،14cm ‫א‬ 21cm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬600E٨
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬K 1000cm 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩
‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬EF‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ( 1 4 x 2 + 35 x + 25) ‫א‬ x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠
 K‫א‬ (50 − 1 2 x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬E١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E١٢
 K20cm
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3r‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E١٣
 Kr‫א‬

-٦٠-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 W١
‫א‬‫א‬K10 ft 3 min ‫א‬
 K 5 ft ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10 ft ‫א‬
‫א‬ h ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ r ‫א‬ v W‫א‬
 
dv
  = 10 ft 3 min ‫א‬‫א‬
dt
 h ‫א‬‫א‬t‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 r ‫א‬
π
  v= r 2 h ‫א‬
3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 t ‫א‬‫א‬
π π
  v = r 2 h = h 3   
3 3
 ‫א‬
dv 3π 2 dh dh dh 1 dv
 = h = π h2 ⇒ =    
dt 3 dt dt dt π h 2 dt
dv
  = 10 ft 3 min ‫א‬‫א‬
dt
dh 10
 = ‫א‬‫א‬
dt π r 2
  h = 5 ft ‫א‬‫א‬
dh 10 2
  h =5 = h =5 = ft min    
dt π h2 5π
-٦١-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W٢
i
‫א‬‫א‬. V = 0.04  r  i ‫א‬
r2
 0.03 A s ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ r = 0.12 cm  
 W‫א‬
 r ‫א‬ r ‫א‬ i V 
 W‫א‬
i
 r = 0.12 ⇒ V = 0.04 = 2.78 i   
(0.1)2
 ‫א‬
dV di
 = 2.78    
dt dt
di
 = 0.03 ‫א‬‫א‬
dt
dV
 = 2.78(0.03) = 0.08 V s  W‫א‬‫א‬
dt
 W٣
‫א‬‫א‬ 100 ft 3 min ‫א‬
  5 ft min ‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  r ‫א‬ v 
 E100 ft 3 min ‫א‬‫א‬F100 ft
3
min ‫א‬
  5 ft ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  r  v ‫א‬ t ‫א‬
4
  v = πr 3 ‫א‬‫א‬
3
 ‫א‬
dv 4π 2 dr dr dr 1 dv
 = 3r = 4π r 2 ⇒ =    
dt 3 dt dt dt 4π r 2 dt
dv
 = 100 ft 3 min ‫א‬‫א‬
dt
 ‫א‬‫א‬
-٦٢-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
dr 100
 = ft min   
dt 4π r 2
  r = 5 ft ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dr 100 100 1
  r =5 = r =5 = = ft min   
dt 4π r 2 4 × 25π π
 W٤
‫א‬ r ‫א‬ w ‫א‬45
−2
‫א‬‫א‬525‫א‬‫א‬K w = 45⎛⎜1 +
r ⎞
⎟ W
⎝ 2500 ⎠
dr
 K = 33 km s ‫א‬‫א‬
dt
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬ r  w 
−3
dw ⎛ r ⎞ ⎛ 1 dr ⎞
 = 45(− 2)⎜1 + ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 
dt ⎝ 2500 ⎠ ⎝ 2500 dt ⎠
dr
 = 33 ‫א‬‫א‬
dt
 ‫א‬
−3
dw ⎛ r ⎞ ⎛ 33 ⎞
 = −90⎜1 + ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 
dt ⎝ 2500 ⎠ ⎝ 2500 ⎠
 W r = 525 ‫א‬‫א‬
−3 −3
  = −90⎛⎜1 +
dw r ⎞ ⎛ 33 ⎞ ⎛ 525 ⎞ ⎛ 33 ⎞
⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = −90⎜1 + ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = −0.67 km s 
dt ⎝ 2500 ⎠ ⎝ 2500 ⎠ ⎝ 2500 ⎠ ⎝ 2500 ⎠


-٦٣-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W٥
‫א‬ C ‫א‬‫א‬ B  A  b  a 
^
 CA = 8 km ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، A C B = 120 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K 30km h  b ‫א‬ 20km h  a ‫א‬ CB = 6km ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
   t ‫א‬
  E C  A ‫א‬F x = CA 
 E C  B ‫א‬F y = CB 
 E C  B ‫א‬F s = AB 
  s 2 = x 2 + y 2 − 2 xy cos 120 
1
 cos 120 = − 
2
 s 2 = x 2 + y 2 + xy  
 ‫א‬
ds dx dy dx dy
 2s = 2x + 2 y + y + x   
dt dt dt dt dt
ds 2 x + y dx 2 y + x dy
 ⇒ = +   
dt 2 s dt 2s dt
ds 2x + y dx 2y + x dy
 ⇒ = + 
dt 2 x 2 + y 2 + xy dt 2 x 2 + y 2 + xy dt
  dx = 20 ,
dy
= 30 
dt dt
  B  A ‫א‬‫א‬
ds 2x + y 2y + x
  = 20 + 30  
dt 2 x 2 + y 2 + xy 2 2
2 x + y + xy
  x = 8 , y = 6  B  A ‫א‬‫א‬
ds 2×8 + 6 2×6 + 8 440 600 520
 = 20 + 30 = + = km h
dt 2 8 2 + 6 2 + 8 × 6 2 2
2 8 + 6 + 8× 6 148 148 148


-٦٤-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W٦
100m ‫א‬K 2 m s 
 ‫؟‬ 200m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ s ‫א‬‫א‬ x 
 s 2 = x 2 + 100 2 
 ‫א‬
ds dx ds x dx
 = 2x ⇒ =
2s   
dt dt dt s dt
ds x dx x dx
 ⇒ = =   
dt s dt x 2 + 100 2 dt
dx
 = 2 ‫א‬‫א‬
dt
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ds 2x
 =   
dt x 2 + 100 2
 W x = 200 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ds 200
 = 2 ≅ 1 .8 m s   
dt 223.6
 1.8 m s  x = 200 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
 0.3 cm s ‫א‬r =74cm‫א‬
 ،10 ft  8 ft  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
 K 6 ft ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 5 ft 3 min 
 ( y ) ‫א‬ B ‫א‬، a ft sec  (x) ‫א‬ A ‫א‬J ٣
 K b ft sec 
 (0, y ) ‫א‬ B  (x,0)  A  B  A ‫א‬
-٦٥-
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 3000ft K ‫א‬         ‫א‬J ٤
 4000ft.‫א‬880ft/sec‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
16cm ‫א‬‫א‬ 2cm 3 / min J ٥
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 4cm K
 K‫א‬ 8cm ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٦
 1.5cm. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 K cm ‫א‬
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  4m J ٧
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K102m. / sec . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ 2.4m. ‫א‬
‫א‬     ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬  J ٨
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ .3 ft.3 / min K
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 30 0 ‫א‬‫א‬ 500mile / hr J ٩
     600mile / hr.     ‫א‬  J ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬E p F‫א‬
‫א‬ 4mile ‫א‬ p ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬K1200mile / hr.
-٦٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢–
‫א‬
 ‫א‬
٣
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬ W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K
- ٦٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W١
 :‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ f (x) ‫א‬EF‫א‬ F (x) 
dF ( x)
  f (x)  F (x)  dF ( x) = f ( x)dx  = f ( x) 
dx
‫א‬    ،‫א‬   c   F ( x) + c  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K f (x) ‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W 2
 W  c ، F ( x) + c ‫א‬ f (x) ‫א‬
dF ( x)
 = f ( x)
dx
  f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬
 ∫ f ( x)dx = F ( x) + c
 K‫א‬ c ‫א‬‫א‬ f ( x)dx ‫ﻟ‬‫א‬
 W
 ∫ 5x
4
dx = x 5 + c  d ( x 5 ) = 5 x 4 dx 
 ∫ 3e
3x
dx = e 3 x + c  d (e 3 x ) = 3e 3 x dx 
 ∫ − 2 x sin x
2
dx = cos x 2 + c  d (cos x 2 ) = −2 x sin x 2 dx 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٦٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W١‫א‬
  a 
 ‫א‬ c  ∫ adx = ax + c
 W
 1) ∫ 5dx = 5 x + c 
 2) ∫ − 7 dx = −7 x + c   
5 5
 3) ∫ − dx = − x + c
3 3
 W٢‫א‬
x n +1
 ‫א‬ c  n = −1  ∫ x n dx = +c
n +1
x 3+1 1
1) ∫ x dx =3
+ c = x4 + c  W
3 +1 4
1 x −4+1 x −3 1 1
      2) ∫ 4 dx = ∫ x dx =
−4
+c= +c=− 3 +c
x − 4 +1 −3 3x
2
2 +1 7
x 5 5
       3) ∫ 5
x dx = + c = x 5 + c 
7 7
5
 W٣‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∫ af ( x)dx = a ∫ f ( x) dx
 af ( x) = af ( x) ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
x 4+1 7
 1) ∫ 7 x 4 dx = 7 ∫ x 4 dx = 7
+ c = x5 + c
4 +1 5
−2 1 x −3+1 x −2 1
 2) ∫ 3 dx = −2∫ 3 dx = − 2∫ x −3 dx = −2 +c=−2 +c= 2 +c
x x − 3 +1 −2 x
2 2 1
− −
 3) ∫ 5 x 3 dx = 5∫ x 3 dx =3 5x 3 + c 
- ٦٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W٤‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K x ‫א‬ f ( x), g ( x) ‫א‬
 ∫ [ f ( x) + g ( x)]dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ g ( x)dx
 K x ‫א‬ f1 ( x), f 2 ( x), f 3 ( x),...., f n ( x) ‫א‬
 ∫ [ f1 ( x) ± f 2 ( x) ± f 3 ( x) ± .... ± f n ( x)]dx = ∫ f1 ( x)dx ± ∫ f 2 ( x)dx ± ∫ f 3 ( x)dx ± .... ± ∫ f n ( x)dx
 W
 1) ∫ (x 2 − 2 x + 5)dx = ∫ x 2 dx − ∫ 2 xdx + ∫ 5dx 
x3 2x2 1
   − + 5 x + c = x 3 − x 2 + 5 x + c 
=
3 2 3
 2) ∫ ⎛⎜ x − 3 ⎞⎟dx = ∫ x dx − 2∫ 3 dx 
2 1
⎝ x ⎠ x
1
1 +1 3
x −3+1
x2 2
 =∫ − 2 ∫ x dx =
x 2 dx −3
−2 + c = x 2 + x −2 + c
3 −2 3
2
 3) ∫ ⎛⎜ x 5 − 2 x − 2 ⎞⎟dx = ∫ x 5 dx − 2 ∫ x dx − 3∫ x −2 dx 
3
⎝ x ⎠
1 2 2
 = x5 − x + 3 x −1 + c 
5 2
 5‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ − 1  n  x ‫א‬ u 
u n+1
 ‫א‬ c  n = −1  ∫ u n u ′dx = +c
n +1
 W
 1) ∫ (2 x 3 − 6) (6 x 2 ) dx 
4
 u = 2 x 3 − 6 ⇒ u ′ = 6 x 2 
( )
5
∫( )
4 u5 2x3 − 6
 2 x − 6 (6 x ) dx = ∫ u u dx =
3 2
′ 4
+ c= + c 
5 5

 2) ∫ (x 4 − 2) x 3 dx 
5
- ٧٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
  u = x 4 − 2 ⇒ u ′ = 4 x 3 
∫ (x ) ( ) ( )
5 1 5 1 u6 1 4 6
 4
− 2 x 3 dx = ∫ x 4
− 2 ( 4 x 3
) dx = +c= x − 2 + c
4 4 6 24

 3) ∫ x + 3x (x + 1)dx = ∫ (x + 3x ) (x 2 + 1)dx 
1
3 2 3 2
  u = x 3 + 3x ⇒ u ′ = 3x 2 + 3 = 3(x 2 + 1)
( ) ( )( )
1
1
 ∫
3
x + 3x +1 x + 1 dx = ∫ 3 x + 3x + 1 2 x 2 + 1 dx 
2 3
3
3
1 3
( )
3
1 1 2 2
u2 2 3
 = ∫ u2 ′
u dx = + c = u + c = x + 3x + 1 2 + c
3 3 3 9 9
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: 

1) ∫ (2 x − 3x 4 )dx ( )
5) ∫ 3 3 x 2 − 1 xdx
3
9) ∫ 1 − 4 x dx
⎛ 3
2) ∫ ⎜ 4 − 4 x 2 +
2 ⎞
⎟dx 6) ∫ (x + 2 x ) (4 x
4 2 3
+ 2 dx ) 10) ∫ 3 5 + x 3 x 2 dx ( )
⎝x x⎠
3) ∫ x ( x − 3) dx
2
7) ∫ x x 2 + 1 dx 11) ∫
(1 + 3x )dx
2 x + 3x 2
⎛ 1 1 1 ⎞
4) ∫ ⎜ 2 + 3 + 4 ⎟dx (
8) ∫ 5 5 x 7 + 2 x 6 dx ) 2
(
12) ∫ 3x − x 3 ) (1 − x )dx
5 2
⎝x x x ⎠
 ‫א‬
3
1 3
x5 4 3x2
 1) ∫ (2 x − 3x )dx = 2∫ 4
x 2 dx − 3∫ x dx = 2
4
− 3 + c = x 2 − x 5 + c.
3 5 3 5
2
1
⎛ 3 2 ⎞ −
2) ∫ ⎜ 4 − 4 x 2 + ⎟dx = 3∫ x dx − 4∫ x dx + 2∫ x 2 dx
−4 2
⎝x x⎠
 −3 3
1
1 
x x 4 x2
=3 −4 +2 + c = − x −3 − x 3 + 4 x 2 + c
−3 3 1 3
2
- ٧١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
1
 3) ∫ x ( x − 3) dx = ∫ 2
x2 (x 2
− 6 x + 9 dx)
7 5 3
⎞ ⎛ 5 3 1
x2 x2 x2
  = ∫ ⎜ ⎟dx = ⎜x2
−6 +9 +c
− 6x 2 + 9x 2
⎟ 7 5 3
⎝ ⎠
2 2 2
7 5 3
2 12 ⎛2 12 ⎞
 = x 2 − x 2 + 6 x 2 + c = x ⎜ x 3 − x 2 + 6 x ⎟ + c 
7 5 ⎝7 5 ⎠
 4) ∫ ⎛⎜ 2 + 3 + 4 ⎞⎟dx = ∫ x −2 + x −3 + x −4 dx
1 1 1
( )
⎝x x x ⎠
x −1 x −2 x −3 1 1 1 1 1
  = + + +c=− − − +c
−1 − 2 − 3 x 2 x 2 3 x3
 5) ∫ 3(3x 2 − 1) xdx
3
 u = 3x 2 − 1 ⇒ u ′ = 6 x

1
2 ∫ (
3 x 2
− 1
3
) 1 4
(6 x)dx = 3x 2 − 1 + c
8
( )
6) ∫ (x ) (4 x )
2
 4
+ 2x 3
+ 2 dx
 u = x 4 + 2x ⇒ u′ = 4x3 + 2
∫ (x )( ) ( )
2 1 3
 4
+ 2x 4 x 3 + 2 dx = x 4 + 2 x + c
3
 7) ∫ x x + 1 dx = ∫ x(x +1)
1
2 2 2 dx
 u = x 2 + 1 ⇒ u′ = 2x
1
( ) ( )
3
1 1 2
2∫
 2 x x 2
+ 1 2 dx = x + 1 2 +c
3
8) ∫ 5(5 x + 2 ) x dx
2
 7 6
 u = 5 x 7 + 2 ⇒ u ′ = 35 x 6

1
7∫
5 x (
7
+ 2
2
(35 x 6
) dx)=
1
21
5 x 7
+ 2
3
+c ( )
1
 9) ∫ 1 − 4 x dx = ∫ (1 − 4 x )2 dx
 u = 1 − 4 x ⇒ u ′ = −4
1 1 1 2 2 1 3 3
 ∫ (1 − 4 x ) 2 dx = − ∫ (− 4)(1 − 4 x ) 2 dx = − ( )(1 − 4 x )2 + c = − (1 − 4 x )2 + c
4 4 3 12
- ٧٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 10) ∫ 5 + x (x )dx = ∫ (5 + ) (x )dx

1
3 3 2 3 3 2
x
   u = 5 + x 3 ⇒ u ′ = 3x 2
( ) ( ) ( ) (5 + x ) ( )
1 1 4 4
1 13 1
∫ ( )
3∫
 5 + x x 3 3
dx = 5 +
2
x 3 x dx = 3 3 2 3 3
+c= 5 + x3 3 +c
34 4
 11) ∫
(1 + 3x )dx = ∫ (1 + 3x ) 2 x ( + 3x
1
2 −2
) dx + c
2 x + 3x 2
   u = 2 x + 3 x 2 ⇒ u ′ = 2 + 6 x = 2(1 + 3x )
∫ (1 + 3x )(2 x + 3x ) ( )
1 1
2 −2 1 2 −2
 dx = ∫ 2(1 + 3 x ) 2 x + 3 x dx
2
( )
1
12
 = 2 x + 3x 2 2 + c = 2 x + 3x 2 + c 
21
 (
12) ∫ 3x − x 3 ) (1 − x )dx
5 2
   u = (3 x − x ) ⇒ u ′ = 3 − 3 x = 3(1 − x )
3 2 2
∫ (3x − x ) (1 − x )dx = 13 ∫ (3x − x ) (3)(1 − x )dx = 13 16 (3x − x ) ( )

3 5 3 5 3 6 1 6
 2 2
+c = 3x − x 3 +c
18
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 x +1 t 3 − 4t + 3 t
1) ∫ dx  8) ∫ 3 dx 15) ∫ dt
(1 − 3x ) 2
x2 + 2x + 5 t
3x 2 − 1 4
2) ∫ (2 x − 3)(4 x − 12 x + 9)
2
2 3 dx 9∫ 5 dx 16) ∫ dx
2x3 − 2x + 5 x
3) ∫ (2 − x) 2 2 − x dx  x 2 − 2x +
1
17) ∫
7 x3
dx
10 ∫ x dx 2 − x4
x
4) ∫ 1 + x dx  18) ∫ x(1 − x 2 ) dx
5
t + 3t + 7 6
11) ∫ dt
2 t
5 ∫ (2 x + 7 )(x 2 + 7 x + 3) dx 12) ∫ t 7t 2 + 12dt  19) ∫ (1 − x)(1 + 2 x − x 2 ) dx
45 3
6) ∫
(3 − x )dx
8
13) ∫
ds
20) ∫ (2 x − 5) (x 2 − 5 x + 3) dx
5
x 3s + 1
7) ∫
4 + ln x 1
21) ∫ x(x 3 − 1)dx
x
dx 14) ∫ (1 − x ) x 2 dx
- ٧٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(I
1) ∫ cos xdx = sin x + c 2) ∫ sin xdx = − cos x + c
3) ∫ sec 2 x dx = tan x + c 4) ∫ csc 2 x dx = − cot x + c
5) ∫ sec x tan xdx = sec x + c 6) ∫ csc x cot x dx = − csc x + c
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x ‫א‬ u ‫א‬(II

7) ∫ u ′ cos u dx = sin u + c 8) ∫ u ′ sin udx = − cos u + c
9) ∫ u ′ sec 2 u dx = tan u + c 10) ∫ u ′ csc 2 u dx = − cot u + c
11) ∫ u ′ sec u tan udx = sec u + c 12) ∫ u ′ csc u cot u dx = − csc u + c

 y = tan x ‫א‬‫א‬ W٣‫א‬
sin x
 ∫ tan xdx = ∫ cos x dx = − ln cos x + c = ln cos
−1
x + c = ln sec x + c
 ∫ tan xdx = ln sec x + c  

  x ‫א‬ u ‫א‬W١٤‫א‬
 ∫ u ′ tan udx = ln sec u + c
 y = cot x ‫א‬‫א‬W١٥‫א‬
cos x
 ∫ cot xdx = ∫ sin x dx = ln sin x + c = − ln sin
−1
x + c = − ln csc x + c
 ∫ cot xdx = − ln csc x + c  

  x ‫א‬ u ‫א‬W١٦‫א‬
 ∫ u ′ cot udx = − ln csc u + c
 y = sec x ‫א‬‫א‬W١٧‫א‬
 ∫ sec xdx = ln sec x + tan x + c
- ٧٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
  x ‫א‬ u ‫א‬W١٨‫א‬

 ∫ u ′ sec udx = ln sec u + tan u + c
 y = sec x ‫א‬‫א‬W١٩‫א‬
 ∫ csc xdx = ln csc x − cot x + c
  x ‫א‬ u ‫א‬W٢٠‫א‬
 ∫ u′ csc udx = ln csc u − cot u + c
W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:
1) ∫ sin 4 xdx csc(2 + 3 ln x ) 3 sin( 2 − x)
6) ∫ dx 11) ∫ dx.
x x
2) ∫ cos 2 xdx 7) ∫ sec 2 (4 x ) dx 12) ∫
cos(3 + 5 ln 9 x).
dx.
7x
(
3) ∫ x tan 2 x 2 + 1 dx ) x3 ⎞
2⎛
8) ∫ x csc ⎜⎜ 3 − ⎟⎟dx
2 13) ∫ cos(9 + 4 sin 6 x) cos 6 x dx.
⎝ 3⎠
⎛
4) ∫ cot⎜ 7 −
x⎞
⎟dx
( ) ( )
9) ∫ x 2 csc 2 x 3 cot 2 x 3 dx tan(5 −
4
)
⎝ 2⎠ x dx
14) ∫ x3
( )
5) ∫ x 2 sec 5 x 3 + a dx 10) ∫ [sin(3 x + 2) + cos(2 − 3 x)]dx 15) ∫ (cos 3x − sin 3x )2 dx
W‫א‬
1 1
 1) ∫ sin 4 xdx = ∫ 4 sin 4 xdx = − cos 4 x + c
4 4
1
 2) ∫ cos 2 xdx = ∫ 2 cos 2 xdx = sin 2 x + c
2
( 1
) 1
( )
 3) ∫ x tan 2 x 2 + 1 dx = ∫ 4 x tan 2 x 2 + 1 dx = ln sec 2 x 2 + 1 + c
4 4
( )
⎛ x⎞ 1 ⎛ x⎞ ⎛ x⎞
4) ∫ cot ⎜ 7 − ⎟dx = −2 ∫ − cot ⎜ 7 − ⎟dx = 2 ln csc⎜ 7 − ⎟ + c
⎝ 2⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

 5) ∫ x 2 sec(5 x 3 + a )dx ، a 
 u = 5 x 3 + a ⇒ u ′ = 15 x 2 
 ∫x
2
(
sec 5 x 3 + a dx = ) 1
15 ∫ ( 1
) ( )
15 x 2 sec 5 x 3 + a dx = ln sec 5 x 3 + a + tan 5 x 3 + a + c
15
( )
- ٧٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
csc(2 + 3 ln x )
 6) ∫ dx
x
3
 u = 2 + 3 ln x ⇒ u ′ = 
x
csc(2 + 3 ln x ) 1 3 1
∫ dx = ∫ csc(2 + 3 ln x ) dx = ln csc(2 + 3 ln x ) − cot (2 + 3 ln x ) + c
x 3 x 3
1 1
7) ∫ sec 2 (4 x ) dx = ∫ 4 sec 2 (4 x ) dx = tan (4 x ) + c
4 4
⎛ x ⎞
3
⎛ x3 ⎞ ⎛ x3 ⎞
8) ∫ x 2 csc 2 ⎜⎜ 3 − ⎟⎟dx = − ∫ − x 2 csc 2 ⎜⎜ 3 − ⎟⎟dx = cot⎜⎜ 3 − ⎟⎟ + c
⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
( ) ( ) 1
( ) ( )
9) ∫ x 2 csc 2 x 3 cot 2 x 3 dx = ∫ 6 x 2 csc 2 x 3 cot 2 x 3 dx
6

1
( ) 1
= − csc 2 x 3 + c = − csc 2 x 3 + c
6 6
10) ∫ [sin(3x + 2) + cos(2 − 3x)]dx = ∫ sin(3x + 2)dx + ∫ cos(2 − 3x)dx.
1 1 1 1
=
3 ∫ 3 sin(3 x + 2)dx − ∫ − 3 cos(2 − 3 x)dx. = − cos(3 x + 2) − sin( 2 − 3x) + c.
3 3 3
3 sin( 2 − x)
11) ∫ dx.
x
1 1
u = 2 − x ⇒ du = − dx 
2 x
3 sin( 2 − x ) 1 sin( 2 − x )
∫ x
dx = 3(−2) ∫ −
2 x
dx = −6 ∫ sin udu = 6 cos u + c = 6 cos(2 − x ) + c.
cos(3 + 5 ln 9 x).
12) ∫ dx.
7x
5
u = 3 + 5 ln 9 x ⇒ du = dx. 
x
cos(3 + 5 ln 9 x) 11 5
∫ 7x
dx =
57∫x
cos(3 + 5 ln 9 x)dx
1 1
= ∫ cos u du = sin u + c = sin(3 + 5 ln 9 x) + c.
35 35
13) ∫ cos( 9 + 4 sin 6 x) cos 6 x dx.
u = 9 + 4 sin 6 x ⇒ du = 24 cos 6 xdx 
1 1
∫ cos(9 + 4 sin 6 x) cos 6 x dx = 24 ∫ 24 cos(9 + 4 sin 6 x) cos 6 x dx = 24 sin (9 + 4 sin 6 x ) + c
- ٧٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
4
tan(5 − )
x dx
14) ∫ x3
1 1 3
− 4 − −1 − 2
u = 5 − 4x 2 ⇒ du = x 2 = 2 x 2 =
2 x3
4
tan(5 − )
x dx = 1 2 tan(5 − 4 )dx = 1 tan u du = 1 ln sec u + c = 1 ln sec(5 − 4 ) + c
∫ x3 2 ∫ x3 x 2∫ 2 2 x
(
15) ∫ (cos 3x − sin 3x )2 dx = ∫ cos 2 3x − 2 cos 3x sin 3x + sin 2 3x dx )
      = ∫ (1 − 2 cos 3 x sin 3x )dx = ∫ dx − 2 ∫ cos 3x sin 3 xdx 
1 1
  ∫ cos 3x sin 3xdx = 3 ∫ 3 cos 3x sin 3xdx = 6 sin 3 x + c  
2
1
 ∫ (cos 3x − sin 3x ) dx = x − 3 sin 3x + c    
2 2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1) ∫ cos 3 xsin xdx  8) ∫ tan 3 5 x sec 2 5 x dx  cos t

15) ∫ dt
t
2) ∫
1
sin x dx  9) ∫ sin 3θ sec 2 cos 3θ dθ 16) ∫
sec x tan x
dx
x (3 + 2 sec x) 2
3) ∫ (1 + sin t )2 cos tdt  10F ∫ (1 − cos x )3 sin xdx 17) ∫
cos x − sin x
dx
(sin x + cos x) 3
4) ∫ x cos (3 x 2 )dx  1
sec 2 x
11F ∫ (1 − sin 2ϑ ) cos 2ϑ dϑ
3 18) ∫ 5 − tan x
dx
5) ∫ x 2 sec 2 x 3 dx 12) ∫ x 7 tan(8 x 8 + 6)dx x + cos 2 x

19) ∫ 3 x 2 + sin 2 x dx
6) ∫ cos 3 2t sin 2t dt  13) ∫ sin(7 − cos 3x) sin 3xdx 3 cot t
20) ∫ dt
t
7) ∫ cos 4θ 2 − sin 4θ dθ  14) ∫ te t sec(2 + e t ) tan(2 + e t )dt 21) ∫ (2 + tan 2 x) sec 2 xdx
2 2 2
- ٧٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
:‫א‬‫א‬ (a ≠ 1) ١ ‫א‬ a ‫א‬W١‫א‬
ax
∫ a dx = +c
x
ln a
3x
+c W١ ∫ 3 dx =
x
ln 3
:‫א‬‫א‬ x ‫א‬ u ‫א‬W٢‫א‬
au
 ∫ u ′a dx = ln a + c
u
1 1 5 −3 x
  ∫ 5 dx = − 3 ∫ − 3 5 dx = − 3 ln 5 + c. 
−3 x −3 x
W٢
2
2 x2 1 2 1 62x
 ∫ x6 dx = ∫ 4 x 6 2 x dx = +c  W٣
4 4 ln 6
: a = e ‫א‬W٣‫א‬
ex
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ln e = 1  ∫ e x dx = + c. 
ln e
 ∫ e dx = e + c.
x x
 :‫א‬‫א‬ x ‫א‬ u ‫א‬W٤‫א‬

 ∫ u′e dx = e + c.
u u
∫ (x − 1) e
x 2 − 2 x +1
 dx  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
 u = x 2 − 2 x + 1 ⇒ u ′ = 2 x − 2 = 2( x − 1) W‫א‬
1 1 1 u 1 x −2 x+1
( ) ( )
2 2 2
 ∫ x − 1 e x − 2 x +1
dx = ∫ 2 x − 1 e x − 2 x +1
dx = ∫ u ′ e u
dx = e + c = e + c 
2 2 2 2

 ∫ (cos x − 1) e dx  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
sin x − x
 u = sin x − x ⇒ u ′ = cos x − 1 W‫א‬

 ∫ (cos x − 1) e dx = ∫ u ′ e u dx =e u + c = e sin x− x + c 
sin x − x
- ٧٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 :‫א‬‫א‬ x ‫א‬ u ‫א‬W٥‫א‬

u′
 ∫ u dx = ln u + c
ex
∫ e x − 2 dx W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 u = e x − 2 ⇒ u ′ = e x W‫א‬
ex u′
 ∫ e x − 2 ∫ u dx = ln u + c = ln e − 2 + c 
= x
dx
2x3 + 1
∫ x 4 + 2 x dx W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧
 u = x 4 + 2 x ⇒ u ′ = 4 x 3 + 2 = 2(2 x 3 + 1) W‫א‬
2x3 + 1 1 2(2 x 3 + 1) 1 u′ 1 1
 ∫ x 4 + 2 x 2 ∫ x 4 + 2 x dx = 2 ∫ u dx = 2 ln u + c = 2 ln x + 2 x + c 
4
dx =
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
(
1) ∫ e − x + cos 2 x + 1 dx ) 6) ∫ 21+cot 5t csc 2 5tdt (
11) ∫ e 2 x sec e 2 x − 1 dx )
2) ∫ 2e 2 x+cos x (2 − sin x )dx
2 2
5− xe 2 x
12) ∫
2
e x dx
∫ x 3
dx ٧F 2
e2x + 5
x
e 3+ln 2 x cos 2 x − sin 2 x
3)∫
e
dx 8) ∫ dx 13) ∫ dx
ex + 1 x sin 2 x + cos 2 x
1
e1+ x−1 sec 2 x
ex 9) ∫ dx 14) ∫ dx
4) ∫ dx x −1 5 − tan x
x2
5) ∫ 32 x e 5−3 dx
2x
10) ∫ xe x e x + 1 dx
2
( 2
)
7
15) ∫
x + cos 2 x
x 2 + sin 2 x
dx
 W‫א‬
( ) 1
1)∫ e − x + cos 2 x + 1 dx = −e − x − sin 2 x + x + c
2
2 )∫ 2e 2 x +cos x
(2 − sin x )dx
  u = 2 x + cos x ⇒ du = (2 − sin x )dx
∫ 2e
2 x + cos x
(2 − sin x )dx = ∫ 2e u du
  = 2e u + c = 2e 2 x+cos x + c
- ٧٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
ex
3)∫ dx
e +1 x
( )
1
ex −
∫ ex + 1
dx = ∫ e x e x + 1 2 dx
  u = e x + 1 ⇒ du = e x dx
1 1
∫ e (e )
1 −
−
x x
+1 2 dx = ∫u 2 du = 2u 2 +c
1
  = 2( e x
+ 1) 2 + c = 2 ex + 1 + c
1
ex −1
4) ∫ dx = ∫ x −2 e x dx
x2
  u = x −1 ⇒ du = − x −2 dx
1
− 2 x −1
∫ x e dx = −∫ e du = −e +c= −e x +c
u u
5) ∫ 32 x e 5−3 dx
2x
 u = 5 − 32 x ⇒ du = −2 32 x ln 3dx
1
 ⇒ 32 x dx = −
du
2 ln 3
1 1 u 1 5−32 x
∫ 2 ln 3 ∫
2 x 5−32 x
3 e dx = − e u
du = − e + c = − e +c
2 ln 3 2 ln 3
6) ∫ 21+cot 5t csc 2 5tdt
1
 u = 1 + cot 5t ⇒ du = −5 csc 2 5tdt ⇒ csc 2 5tdu = − du
5
− 1 1 1
∫ 2 csc 5tdt = 5 ∫ 2 du = − 5 ln 2 2 + c = − 5 ln 2 2
1+ cot 5t 2 1+ cot 5t
u u
+c
2
5−
e x2 −2
٧F ∫ dx = ∫ x −3e 5−2 x dx  
x3
1
 u = 5 − 2 x −2 ⇒ du = 4 x −3 dx ⇒ x −3 dx = du
4
−3 5 − 2 x − 2 1 u 1 1 −2
∫x e dx =
4 ∫ e du = e u + c = e 5−2 x + c
4 4
e 3+ln 2 x
8) ∫ dx = ∫ x −1e 3e ln 2 x dx = ∫ x −1e 3 (2 x)dx = 2e 3 ∫ dx = 2e 3 x + c
x
- ٨٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
1
e1+ x−1 1 1+( x −1)
9) ∫ dx = ∫ ( x − 1) 2 e
− 2 dx
x −1
1 1 1 1
( )
u = 1 + ( x − 1) 2 ⇒ du = ( x − 1) 2 dx ⇒ x − 1 2 dx = 2du
− −
2
1 1
− 1
1+ ( x −1)
∫ (x − 1) 2 e1+ ( x −1)2 dx = ∫ 2e du = 2e + c = 2e +c
u u 2
10) ∫ xe x
2
(e x2
)
+ 1 dx
7
2 2 2 1
u = e x + 1 ⇒ du = 2 xe x dx ⇒ xe x dx = du
2
( ) ( )
8
7 1 7 1u 1 8 1 x2 8
∫ 2∫
x2 x2
xe e + 1 dx = u du = + c = u + c = e + 1 +c
28 16 16
(
11) ∫ e 2 x sec e 2 x − 1 dx  ) 
1
u = e 2 x − 1 ⇒ du = 2e 2 x dx ⇒ e 2 x dx = du
2
( 1
∫ e sec e − 1 dx = 2 ∫ sec u du
2x 2x
)
1 1
(
= ln tan u + sec u + c = ln tan e 2 x − 1 + sec e 2 x − 1 + c
2 2
) ( )
2
xe 2 x
12) ∫ 2 dx
e2x + 5
2 2 2 1
u = e 2 x + 5 ⇒ du = 4 xe 2 x dx ⇒ xe 2 x dx = du
4
2 x2
xe 1 du 1 1
∫ e 2 x2 + 5 4 ∫ u 4
2 x2
dx = = ln u + c = ln e +5 +c
4
cos 2 x − sin 2 x
13) ∫ dx
sin 2 x + cos 2 x
u = sin 2 x + cos 2 x ⇒ u ′ = 2 cos 2 x − 2 sin 2 x = 2(cos 2 x − sin 2 x)
cos 2 x − sin 2 x 1 2(cos 2 x − sin 2 x) 1 u′ 1
∫ sin 2 x + cos 2 x dx = 2 ∫ sin 2 x + cos 2 x dx = 2 ∫ u dx = 2 ln u + c = ln sin 2 x + cos 2 x + c
sec 2 x
14) ∫ dx
5 − tan x
u = 5 − tan x ⇒ u ′ = − sec 2 x
sec 2 x − sec 2 x u′
∫ 5 − tan x dx = − ∫ 5 − tan x dx = − ∫ u dx = − ln u + c = − ln 5 − tan x + c
- ٨١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
x + cos 2 x
15) ∫ dx
x 2 + sin 2 x
u = x 2 + sin 2 x ⇒ u ′ = 2 x + 2 cos 2 x = 2( x + cos 2 x)
x + cos 2 x 1 2( x + cos 2 x) 1 u′ 1 1
∫ x 2 + sin 2 x dx = ∫ 2
2 x + sin 2 x
dx = ∫
2 u
dx =
2
ln u + c =
2
ln x 2 + sin 2 x + c
- ٨٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1) ∫ 5e 2 x dx  1113+csc 2 x 15) ∫ 5e 2 x e1+e dx 

2x
8) ∫ dx 
sin 2 x tan 2 x
2
2) ∫ xe5 x +1dx  9) ∫ x 2 e x dx
2 3
5−
e x2
16) ∫ x3
dx
e2x sec x tan x e 3− x

3) ∫
e2x + 1
dx  10) ∫ 3 + 2 sec x dx 17) ∫ x dx
4) ∫ e −3 x (e −3 x + 1)5 dx 
3
11) ∫ e 2 ln x dx  18) ∫ e1+cos x sin xdx
5 ∫ 52−3 x x 2 dx 19 ∫ e sin e e 3 x cos e 3 x dx F

3 3x
2e x
12) ∫ dx 
ex + 1
2 4−3 ln x 13 ∫ sec x tan x e 5+2 sec x dx ) 20) ∫ 2 cos x 21−sin x dx 
6) ∫ dx 
x
32 − cos 2 x 21) ∫ (e − x + e x ) 2 dx 
−3 x
7) ∫ dx  35 − e
14) ∫ 3 x dx 
5 csc 2 x e

 ‫א‬
 
 
  ∫ xsin x dx  ∫ sin xe − x dx 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٨٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  d (uv ) = vdu + udv ‫א‬‫א‬
 uv = ∫ vdu + ∫ udv W‫א‬
 ‫א‬
∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu 
 ‫ ∫ א‬vdu  ‫א‬   ∫ udv  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 u, dv ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ∫ x sin xdx  W١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 u = x ⇒ du = dx 
 dv = sinudx ⇒ v = −cosx 
 ∫ x sin xdx = − x cos x + ∫ cos xdx   
 = − x cos x + sin x + c   
 ∫ xe dx W‫א‬W٢
x
 K‫א‬،W‫א‬
 u = e x ⇒ du = e x dx    W
x2
 dv = xdx ⇒ v =    
2
2 2
x x x x
 ∫ xe x
dx = e − ∫ 2 e dx    
2
x 2e x
‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ∫ dx  ‫א‬ 
2
 K‫א‬،‫א‬ dv  u ‫א‬‫א‬
 dv  u ‫א‬
 u = x ⇒ du = dx 
 dv = e x dx ⇒ v = e x 
∫ udv = uv − ∫ vdu W‫א‬
  ∫ xe x dx = xe x − ∫ e x dx 
- ٨٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 = xe x − e x + c = e x ( x − 1) + c  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ∫ ln xdx W٣
  ∫ ln xdx W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 z = ln x 
  z = ln x ⇒ e z = x ⇒ de z = dx 
de z
 = e z ⇒ de z = e z dz 
dz
 dx = e z dz 
 = ∫ ze z dz ‫א‬‫א‬
∫ ln xdx = ∫ zde
z
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ∫ ze z dz = e z ( z − 1) + c 
 ∫ ln xdx = e
ln x
(ln x − 1) + c = x(ln x − 1) + c 
 ‫א‬
1
  u = ln x ⇒ du = dx   
x
  dv = dx ⇒ v = x    
  ∫ udv = vu − ∫ vdu ‫א‬
1
 ∫ ln xdx = x ln x − ∫ x x dx = x ln x − ∫ dx 
  = x ln x − x + c = x(ln x − 1) + c 
 ∫ sin 2 xdx W٤
 ∫ sin
2
xdx = ∫ sin x sin xdx W‫א‬
 
u = sin x ⇒ du = cos xdx

du = sin xdx ⇒ v = − cos x
  ∫ udv = vu − ∫ vdu ‫א‬
 ∫ sin
2
xdx = − sin x cos x + ∫ cos 2 xdx  
- ٨٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 
 sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1 ⇒ cos 2 x = 1 − sin 2 x  
 ∫ sin 2 dx = − sin x cos x + ∫ (1 − sin 2 x )dx     
 = − sin x cos x + ∫ dx − ∫ sin 2 xdx   
 ⇒ ∫ sin 2 xdx = − sin x cos x + x − ∫ sin 2 xdx 
    ⇒ ∫ sin 2 xdx + ∫ sin 2 xdx = − sin x cos x + x + c   
 ⇒ 2∫ sin 2 xdx = − sin x cos x + x + c     
1 1 1 1
 ∫ sin
2
xdx = − sin x cos x + x + c = − sin 2 x + x + c  
2 2 4 2
‫א‬‫א‬ W
 ‫א‬‫א‬ u , dv ‫א‬‫א‬
 u, v ‫א‬
:‫א‬‫א‬
 ∫x
n
e ax dx ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 u = x n ⇒ du = nx n−1dx  
1
 dv = e ax dx ⇒ v = e ax  
a
 ٢‫א‬‫א‬ ∫ x e x dx W٥
:‫א‬‫א‬
 ∫x
n
sin ω x dx ‫א‬ ∫ x n cos ω x dx ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 u = x n ⇒ du = nx n−1dx  
1
 dv = cos ω xdx ⇒ v = sin ω x ‫א‬ 
ω
1
 dv = sin ω xdx ⇒ v = − cos ω x ‫א‬ 
ω
∫ x cos x dx :‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 W‫א‬
u = x ⇒ du = dx
 
dv = cos xdx ⇒ v = sin x
- ٨٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ∫ x cos x =x sin x − ∫ sin xdx = x sin x + cos x + c  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 I = ∫ x n ln xdx ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dx
 u = ln x ⇒ du = ‫א‬ 
x
x n+1
 dv = x n .dx ⇒ v =  
n +1
 ∫ x 2 ln xdx W‫א‬‫א‬W٧
1
 u = ln x ⇒ du = dx W‫א‬
x
x3
 dv = x dx ⇒ v = 
2
 
3
 ‫א‬
x3 x3 1
 ∫ x ln xdx = 3 ln x − ∫ 3 . x dx 
2

x3 1 x3 x3 1
 = ln x − + c = ln x − x 3 + c 
3 3 3 3 9

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∫e
ax
cos ωxdx ‫א‬ ∫ e ax sin ωxdx ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 u = e ax ⇒ du = ae ax dx 
1
 dv = sin ω xdx ⇒ v = − cos ω x ‫א‬
ω
1
 dv = cos ω xdx ⇒ v = sin ω x ‫א‬
ω
 I = ∫ e sin 2 xdx W‫א‬‫א‬W٨
3x
 u = e 3 x ⇒ du = 3e 3 x dx  W‫א‬
1
 dv = sin 2 xdx ⇒ v = − cos 2 xdx 
2
- ٨٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
1 3 3x
 I = ∫ e 3 x sin 2 xdx = − cos 2 x.e 2 x +
e cos 2 xdx 
2 2∫
e3x 3
 I = − cos 2 xe 3 x + I1 
2 2
 ‫א‬ I1 = ∫ e cos 2 x ‫א‬
3x
 u = e 3 x ⇒ du = 3e 3 x   
1
 dv = cos 2 xdx ⇒ v = sin 2 x 
2
1 3
 ∫e
3x
cos 2 x = sin 2 xe 3 x − ∫ e 3 x sin 2 xdx  
2 2
 I ‫א‬‫א‬
1 3 9
 ∫e sin 2 xdx = − cos 2 xe 3 x + sin 2 xe 3 x − ∫ e 3 x sin 2 xdx  
3x
2 4 4
 ⇒ ∫ e 3 x sin 2 xdx + ∫ e 3 x sin 2 xdx = e 3 x ⎛⎜ − cos 2 x + sin 2 x ⎞⎟ 
9 1 3
4 ⎝ 2 4 ⎠
 ⇒ ∫ e 3 x sin 2 xdx = e 3 x ⎛⎜ − cos 2 x + sin 2 x ⎞⎟ 
13 1 3
 
4 ⎝ 2 4 ⎠
 ⇒ ∫ e 3 x sin 2 xdx = e 3 x ⎛⎜ − cos 2 x + sin 2 x ⎞⎟ 
4 1 3
 
13 ⎝ 2 4 ⎠
W‫א‬‫א‬
e3x
∫ e sin 2 xdx = 13 (− 2 cos 2 x + 3 sin 2 x )   
3x
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
1) ∫ cos 2 xdx 4) ∫ x x + 4dx
3
7) ∫ x 5 e x dx
2) ∫ ln(5 x + 3)dx 5) ∫ xe1−3 x dx 8) ∫ x 2 e x dx
3) ∫ xe −3 x dx 6) ∫ x sec x tan xdx 9) ∫ x 3 sin( 2 x 2 )dx
 W‫א‬
1) ∫ cos 2 xdx 
 ∫ cos
2
xdx = ∫ cos x cos xdx   
 u = cos x ⇒ du = − sin x.   
 dv = cos x ⇒ v = sin x.   
- ٨٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
∫ cos xdx = sin x cos x + ∫ sin 2 xdx.
2
   
= sin x cos x + ∫ (1 − cos x)dx.
2
 ∫ cos
2
xdx = sin x cos x + ∫ du − ∫ cos 2 xdu.  
⇒ 2∫ cos 2 xdx = sin x cos x + x + c.
 1 x 1 x   
⇒ ∫ cos xdu = sin x cos x + + c = sin 2 + + c.
2
2 2 4 2
 2) ∫ ln(5 x + 3)dx      
5
 u = ln(5 x + 3) ⇒ du =   
5x + 3
 dv = dx ⇒ v = x   
 ‫א‬
5x 5x + 3 − 3
 ∫ ln(5 x + 3)dx = x ln(5 x + 3) − ∫ 5 x + 3 dx =x ln(5 x + 3) − ∫ dx
5x + 3
3 3
 = x ln(5 x + 3) − ∫ dx + ∫ dx = x ln(5 x + 3) − x + ln(5 x + 3) + c
5x + 3 5
 = ⎛⎜ x + ⎞⎟ ln(5 x + 3) − x + c 
3
⎝ 5⎠
 3) ∫ xe −3 x dx
u = x ⇒ du = dx 
1
 dv = e −3 x dx ⇒ v = − e −3 x   
3
  W‫א‬
1 1 1 1 1 ⎛ 1⎞
 ∫ xe dx = − xe −3 x + ∫ e −3 x dx = − xe −3 x − e −3 x + c = − e −3 x ⎜ x + ⎟ + c
−3 x
3 3 3 9 3 ⎝ 3⎠
  4) ∫ x x + 4dx 
u = x ⇒ du = dx 
1 2 3
 dv = (x + 4)2 dx ⇒ v = ( x + 4)2   
3
- ٨٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬
2 3 2 3 2 3 4 5
  ∫ x x + 4dx = ( x + 4 ) 2 − ( ) 2 dx = ( x + 4 ) 2 + ( )
3∫
x + 4 x + 4 2 +c
3 3 15
 5) ∫ xe1−3 x dx 
 u = x ⇒ du = dx 
1
 dv = e1−3 x dx ⇒ v = − e1−3 x 
3
 W‫א‬
1 1−3 x 1 1−3 x 1 1−3 x 1 1−3 x 1 1−3 x ⎛ 1⎞
 ∫ 3∫
1−3 x
xe dx = − xe + e dx = − xe − e = − e ⎜ x + ⎟+c
3 3 9 3 ⎝ 3⎠
  6) ∫ x sec x tan xdx      
 u = x ⇒ du = dx   
 dv = sec x tan xdx ⇒ v = sec x 
 ‫א‬
 ∫ x sec x tan xdx = x sec x − ∫ sec xdx = x sec x − ln sec x + tan x + c
3
 7) ∫ x 5 e x dx 
1 3 3
   du = 3x 2 dx, v = e x  u = x 3 , dv = x 2 e x dx 
3
1 1 1 1
  ∫ x 5 e x dx = x 3e x − ∫ x 2 e x dx = x 3e x − e x + c = ( x 3 − 1)e x + c W
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3
 8) ∫ x 2 e x dx 
 u = x 2 ⇒ du = 2 xdx 
 dv = e x dx ⇒ v = e x 
 W‫א‬
 ∫ x e dx = x e − 2∫ xe dx 
2 x 2 x x
  
 ‫א‬ ∫ xe x dx ‫א‬
 u = x ⇒ du = dx  
 dv = e x dx ⇒ v = e x   
 ‫א‬
 ∫ xe
x
dx = xe x − ∫ e x dx = xe x − e x + c = ( x − 1)e x + c  
- ٩٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ∫x e dx = x 2 e x − 2( x − 1)e x + c = ( x 2 − 2 x + 2) e x + c 
2 x
 9) ∫ x 3 sin( 2 x 2 )dx
 u = x 2 ⇒ du = 2 xdx 
1
 dv = x sin(2 x 2 )dx ⇒ v = − cos(2 x 2 ) 
4
 W‫א‬
1 1 1 1
 ∫x sin( 2 x 2 )dx = − x 2 cos(2 x 2 ) + ∫ x cos(2 x 2 )dx = − x 2 cos(2 x 2 ) + sin( 2 x 2 ) + c 
3
4 2 4 8
 :‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬W
1) ∫ x 3e − x dx 6) ∫ x( x + 5) −10 dx  x3
2
1١) ∫ dx
sec 5 x
2) ∫ x ln x dx 7) ∫
dx 12) ∫ x x + 5dx
x(ln x) 3
3) ∫ x ln xdx  cot(7 x + 5) sin(3 x + 2) x tan 3 x
8) ∫ 13) ∫ dx
csc(7 x + 5) cos 3 x
4) ∫ x cos xdx 9) ∫ x 2 sin xdx  14) ∫ x 2 e − x dx
5) ∫ xe 2 x dx 10) ∫ x sec 2 xdx 15) ∫ x 3 cos(3x 2 )dx
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
f ( x)
  x ‫א‬ g ( x)  f ( x) ‫א‬‫א‬ F ( x) = ‫א‬‫א‬
g ( x)
x − 1 − 2 x + 1 x( x + 1) 1
 ‫א‬ , , , W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W١ 
x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1 x 3 + 1 x( x 2 + 1)
ln x sin x + e x x − 2
 ‫א‬ , , W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x x2 x3
 ‫א‬ F (x)  g (x)  f (x) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
x3 − 1 x +1
 = x − 
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
- ٩١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
W ‫א‬  E F        ‫א‬ 
Ax + B A
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ax 2 + bx + c  2

(ax + bx + c) k (x − r)k
EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ g (x)  x ‫א‬ g ( x), f ( x) ‫א‬
 r1 ≠ r2 ≠ r3 ≠ ... ≠ rn  g ( x) = ( x + r1 )( x + r2 )( x + r3 ).....( x + rn )
f ( x)
 ‫א‬K‫א‬ F ( x) = ‫א‬
g ( x)
f ( x) A A2 A3 A
 K‫א‬ A1 , A2 ,..., An  = 1 + + + ..... n
g ( x) x + r1 x + r2 x + r3 x + rn
2x + 1
  2 W‫א‬‫א‬W٢
x −4
 W A1 , A2 ‫א‬W‫א‬
2x + 1 2x + 1 A1 A2
 ‫א‬ A1 , A2  = = + (1)
x 2 − 4 ( x − 2)( x + 2) x − 2 x + 2
 K‫א‬
2 x + 1 A1 ( x + 2) + A2 ( x − 2 )
 =
x2 − 4 x2 − 4
  x 2 − 4 ‫א‬
 2 x + 1 = A1 ( x + 2) + A2 ( x − 2)
  x ‫א‬
  2(− 2) + 1 = A1 (− 2 + 2) + A2 (− 2 − 2)  x = −2 
3
 − 3 = −4 A2 ⇒ A2 =   
4
 2(2) + 1 = A1 (2 + 2) + A2 (2 − 2)  x = 2 
5
 5 = 4 A1 ⇒ A1 =   
4
 E١F‫א‬ A1 , A2 
- ٩٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
2x + 1 5 1 3 1
 = +
x −4 4 x−2 4 x+2
2
 ∫ 22x + 1 dx ‫א‬W٣
x −4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
2x + 1 5 1 3 1
 = +
x2 − 4 4 x − 2 4 x + 2
2x + 1 5 1 3 1
 ∫ x 2 − 4dx = 4 ∫ x − 2dx + 4 ∫ x + 2dx  
5 3
 = ln x − 2 + ln x + 2 + c   
4 4
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ g ( x)  x ‫א‬ f ( x), g ( x) ‫א‬
 n ∈ Ν  g ( x) = ( x + r )n
f ( x)
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ F ( x) = 
g ( x)
f ( x) A1 A2 An−1 An
 ‫א‬ A1 , A2 ,..., An  = + + ... +
g ( x) ( x + r ) (x + r )2
(x + r )n−1 (x + r )n

x−2
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬W٤
( x + 1) 3
 W A1 , A2 , A3 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
x−2 A1 A2 A3
 ‫א‬ A1 , A2 , A3  = + + ( 2)
( x + 1) 3 x + 1 ( x + 1)2 ( x + 1)3
 K‫א‬
A1 ( x + 1) + A2 ( x + 1) + A3
2
x−2
 =
( x + 1) 3 (x + 1)3
  (x + 1)3 ‫א‬
 x − 2 = A1 ( x + 1)2 + A2 ( x + 1) + A3
  x ‫א‬
 A3 = −3  − 1 − 2 = 0 + 0 + A3  x = −1 
 − 2 = A1 + A2 + A3  x = 0 
- ٩٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 − 2 = A1 + A2 − 3 ⇒ A2 = 1 − A1   
 1 − 2 = A1 (2)2 + A2 (2) + A3  x = 1
 − 1 = 4 A1 + 2 A2 − 3 ⇒ −1 = 4 A1 + 2(1 − A1 ) − 3   
 ⇒ −1 = 4 A1 + 2 − 2 A2 − 3 ⇒ 2 A1 = −1 + 1 = 0 ⇒ A1 = 0 
 0 = 1 − A2 ⇒ A2 = 1  
 E٢F‫א‬ A1 , A2 , A3 
x−2 1 3
 = − 
(x + 1) 3
(x + 1) 2
(x + 1)3
x−2
 ∫ ( x + 1)3 dx. ‫א‬‫א‬W٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
x−2 1 3
 = − .
( x + 1) 3 ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) 3
x−2 1 1
 ∫ dx = ∫ ( x + 1) 2 dx − 3∫ ( x + 1) 3 dx .    
( x + 1) 3
3
   = −( x + 1) −1 + ( x + 1) −2 + c.   
2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
3x − 1
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬W٥
2
( x − 1)( x − 1)
3x − 1 3x − 1 3x − 1
 = = W‫א‬
( x − 1)( x − 1) ( x − 1)( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1) 2
2
 W A1 , A2 , A3 . K
3x − 1 A A A3
 ‫א‬ A1 , A2 , A3  = 1 + 2 + (3)
( x + 1)( x − 1) 2
x + 1 x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
3x − 1 A1 ( x − 1) 2 + A2 ( x + 1)( x − 1) + A3 ( x + 1)
  = 
( x 2 − 1)( x − 1) ( x 2 − 1)( x − 1).
  ( x 2 − 1)( x − 1). ‫א‬
 3 x − 1 = A1 ( x − 1) 2 + A2 ( x + 1)( x − 1) + A3 ( x + 1) 
- ٩٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 3(1) − 1 = A1 (1 − 1) 2 + A2 (1 + 1)(1 − 1) + A3 (1 + 1)  x = 1 

 2 = 2 A3 ⇒ A3 = 1   
 3(−1) − 1 = A1 (−1 − 1) 2 + A2 (−1 + 1)(−1 − 1) + A3 (−1 + 1)  x = −1 
 − 4 = 4 A1 ⇒ A1 = −1   
 3(0) − 1 = A1 (0 − 1) 2 + A2 (0 + 1)(0 − 1) + A3 (0 + 1)  x = 0 
 − 1 = A1 − A2 + A3 ⇒ A2 = A1 + A3 + 1 = 1   
 E٣F‫א‬ A1 , A2 , A3 
3x − 1 1 1 1
 =− + +
2
( x − 1)( x − 1) x + 1 x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
3x − 1
 ∫ 2 dx ‫א‬W٦
( x − 1)( x − 1)
3x − 1
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 2 ‫א‬W‫א‬
( x − 1)( x − 1)
3x − 1 1 1 1
 =− + +
2
( x − 1)( x − 1) x + 1 x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
3x − 1 1 1 1
 ∫ 2 dx = − ∫ dx + ∫ dx + ∫ dx   
( x − 1)( x − 1) x +1 x −1 ( x − 1) 2
x −1 1
 = − ln x + 1 + ln x − 1 − ( x − 1) −1 + c = ln − +c
x +1 x −1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
x2 + 1 3xdx 2x2 + 3
1) ∫ dx  6) ∫  11) ∫ dx 
x( x 2 − 1) ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3) x 2 ( x − 1)
x+3 2x2 + 3 t −5
2) ∫ 2 dx  7) ∫ 2 dx 12) ∫ 2 dt
x − 3x + 2 x ( x − 1) t + 6t + 5
dx x2 3t + 7
3) ∫ 2
 8) ∫ dx 13) ∫ 2 dt
x − 16 ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1) t − 2t − 3
2dx 2x − 1 2t 2 − 4
4) ∫ 2
 9) ∫ dx  14) ∫ (t + 1)(t − 2)(t − 3) dt
x + 5x + 4 ( x + 1) 2 ( x − 2) 2
2x + 7 x−5 2x − 3
5) ∫ dx 10) ∫ 2 dx 15) ∫ 2 dx
( x − 4)( x + 3) x − 64 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
- ٩٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 F ( x) ‫א‬ [a , b] ‫א‬‫א‬ f ( x) ‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬ f ( x) ‫א‬

b b
 ∫ f ( x)dx = F ( x) a = F (b) − F (a)
a
2
 ∫ xdx. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
1
2
x2 2 4 1 3
 ∫ xdx = = − = .   W‫א‬
1
2 1 2 2 2
3
 ∫ (x
3
− 4 x + 1)dx. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
0
 W‫א‬
3
⎛ x4 4x2 ⎞3
∫ ⎜ ⎟⎟
3
( x − 4 x + 1) dx = ⎜ 4 − + x
0 ⎝ 2 ⎠0
⎛ 34 4 × 32 ⎞
 = ⎜⎜ − + 3 ⎟⎟ − (0 − 0 + 0) 
⎝ 4 2 ⎠
81 81 81 − 60 21 1
= − 18 + 3 = − 15 = = =5
4 4 4 4 4
π
2
 ∫ cosθ dθ . ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W3
0
π π
2 2 π
 ∫ cosθ dθ = sin θ 0
= sin
2
− sin o = 1.  W‫א‬
0
- ٩٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W a ≤ x ≤ b ‫א‬‫א‬ g (x)  f (x) ‫א‬
a
 ∫ f ( x)dx = 0 E١
a
b a
 ∫ f ( x)dx = − ∫ f ( x)dx E٢
a b
b c b
∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx  a ≤ c ≤ b ‫א‬E٣

a a c
2
 ∫ x ‫א‬‫א‬W٤
−1
⎧ x , if x ≥ 0
 x=⎨   W‫א‬
⎩− x, if x < 0.
 
2 0 2
x2 0 x2 2 1 4 5
 ∫ x dx = ∫ − xdx + ∫ xdx. = − + =0+ + − 0 = .
−1 −1 0
2 −1 2 0 2 2 2

 W‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
2 1 π
2
1) ∫ x 4 − x dx 2
5) ∫ x 2 2 − x 3 dx 9) ∫ (1 + cos x)dx
0 −1
−π
2
2 3 1
⎧2 x , x ≤ 1 x
2) ∫ (2 − 4 x)dx 6) ∫ f ( x), where f ( x) = ⎨ 10) ∫ dx
0 0 ⎩2, x > 1 0
x +1
2 2 2
⎧3, x ≤ 0
3) ∫ 2 x − 3 dx 7) ∫ f ( x)dx, where f ( x) = ⎨ 11) ∫ x 9 − x 2 dx
−1 −2 ⎩ x + 3, x > 0 −1
3 2 4 2 2
x −2 x +1
4) ∫ 2 dx 8) ∫ dx 12) ∫ ( x 3
− 1) 3 x 2 dx
2
x 1
x 0
- ٩٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  [a , b] ‫א‬ y = f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ A ‫א‬ [a , b] ‫א‬ x  f ( x) ≥ 0 ‫א‬ E١
 W‫א‬ a, b ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

b
 A = ∫ f ( x)dx.     
a
 K x = 3  x = 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y = x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١

2
  A ‫א‬ x  f ( x) ≥ 0 W‫א‬

3
x3 3 x3 3 27 1 26
  A = ∫ x dx =
2
= = − = Square units
1
3 1 3 1 3 3 3
‫א‬ A ‫א‬ [a , b] ‫א‬ x  f ( x) ≤ 0 ‫א‬ E2
 W‫א‬ a, b ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
b
 A = ∫ f ( x)dx.     
a
x = 2  x = −2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y = − x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2

2
W A ‫א‬ x  f ( x) = − x 2 ≤ 0 W‫א‬

2 2
x3 2 3 (−2) 3 16 16
∫ ∫ − x dx = − = − = Square units
2
A= f ( x)dx = =− +
−2 −2
3 3 3 3 3
- ٩٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬ x  f ( x) ≥ 0  a < c < b  b  a ‫א‬ c ‫א‬ E3

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A ‫א‬  [c , b] ‫א‬ x  f ( x) ≤ 0  [a , c]
 W‫א‬ a, b ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c b
 A = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx.     
a c
 x      f ( x) ≤ 0   a < c < b    b  a  ‫א‬  c  ‫א‬ E٤
‫א‬ A ‫א‬  [c , b] ‫א‬ x  f ( x) ≥ 0  [a , c] ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ a, b ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
c b
  A = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx     
a c
x = 2  x = −2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y = x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣

3
 f ( x) = x 3 ≤ 0  [0,2] ‫א‬ x  f ( x) = x 3 ≥ 0 W‫א‬

 A ‫א‬ [− 2,0] ‫א‬ x
0 2
x4 0 x4 2 16 16
 A= ∫ x dx + ∫ x dx. =
3 3
+ =− + = 4 + 4 = 8 Square units
−2 0
4 −2 4 0 4 4
 x = −3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y = − x 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
x=2
 f ( x) = − x ≤ 0  [− 3,0] ‫א‬ x  f ( x) = − x ≥ 0 W‫א‬
3 3
 A ‫א‬ [0, 2] ‫א‬ x 

0 2
x4 0 − x4 2 81 16 81 16 97
 A = ∫ − x dx + ∫ − x dx = −
3 3
+ = +− = + = Square units
−3 0
4 −3 4 0 4 4 4 4 4
‫א‬‫א‬ f ( x) = x 2 − 6 x + 8 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ f ( x) = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 x 2 − 6x + 8 = 0 
  
 x − 6 x + 8 = 0 ⇔ ( x − 2)( x − 4) = 0 ⇔ x = 2  x = 4 
2
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ x = 4  x = 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
- ٩٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
x −∞ 2 4  ∞
x−2 - + +
x−4 - - +
f ( x) = ( x − 2)( x − 4) + - +

 A ‫א‬ [2, 4] ‫א‬ x  f ( x) ≤ 0 

4
⎛ x3 6x 2 ⎞4 ⎛ 43 ⎞ ⎛ 23 ⎞
∫( )
x − 6 x + 8 dx = ⎜⎜ − + 8 x ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ − 3(4) 2 + 8(4) ⎟⎟ − ⎜⎜ − 3(2) 2 + 8(2) ⎟⎟
2
A=
2 ⎝ 3 2 ⎠2 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
⎛ 64 ⎞ ⎛8 ⎞ 64 − 48 8 + 12 16 20 4 4
= ⎜ − 48 + 32 ⎟ − ⎜ − 12 + 16 ⎟ = − = − = − = Square units
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝3 ⎠ 3 3 3 3 3 3
 
 K x = 3  x = 2 ‫א‬ y = x 2 + 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 K x = 2  x = −1 ‫א‬ y = 2x 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
‫א‬ y = ( x + 2)( x 2 − 2 x − 3) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 K x = 1  x = −2
 K x = 0  x = −1 ‫א‬ y = 3x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
‫א‬ y = 2( x + 4)( x 2 − 2 x − 3) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
 K x = 3  x = −5
3π
 x= K x = 0 ‫א‬ y = sin x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
2
 ‫א‬ y = −2 x 2 + 4 x + 30 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7

- ١٠٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢–
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ o


 ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 y ‫ ﻟ‬ x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
3) y ′′′ + 2( y ′′) 2 + y = sin x 
dy
1) = x + 5; 2) xy ′ + y = 3;
dx

d2y dy
4)( y ′′) + ( y ′) + 3 y = x ;
2 3 2
5) + 3 + 2y = 0 
dx dx
 ‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٢FE١F‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥FE٤F‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٣F‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E٥FE٤F،E٢F،E١F‫א‬J 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬J 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  y  EF ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Φ( x, y, y ′) = 0  W‫א‬‫א‬K y ‫ ﻟ‬x ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٠١ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 (1) : y ′ = f ( x, y )  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  y′ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 EF‫א‬ φ  ℜ 2   Ω W  y ‫א‬‫א‬  x ‫א‬ 
 WΩ
f :Ω → R  
( x, y ) → f ( x; y )

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ p, q  p( y )dy + q( x)dx = 0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 : xy 2 dx + ⎛⎜1 − x 2 ⎞⎟ dy = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
⎝ ⎠
 xdx
+
dy
( )
= 0   y 2 1 − x 2 ‫א‬W‫א‬
1− x2 y2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
xdx dy 1 2 ) − y −1 = c. 
∫ 1 − x 2 + ∫ y 2 = c  ⇒ − 2 ln(1 − x
1 1
− −
 ln(1 − x 2 ) 2 − y −1 = c ⇒ y −1 = ln(1 − x 2 ) 2 − c 
−1
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ − ⎟
 y = ⎜ ln(1 − x 2 ) 2 − c ⎟  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
 sin x cos ydx + cos 2 xdy = 0 ، y (0)= π . W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
2
4
W cos y cos 2 x ‫א‬W‫א‬
2
sin x 1 sin x 1
dx + dy = 0 ⇒ ∫ dx + ∫ dy = c
cos 2 x cos 2 y cos 2 x cos 2 y
- ١٠٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
⇒ ∫ tan x sec xdx + ∫ sec 2 ydy = c ⇒ sec x + tan y = c

π
c ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y = , x = 0. 
4
π
sec(0) + tan = c ⇒ c = 1+1 = 2
4
 sec x + tan y = 2 ⇒ y = tan −1(2 − sec x ).
 sin 2 x cos x dx + y e y dy = 0  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
‫א‬W‫א‬
2 x cos x dx + y e y dy = c 
∫ sin ∫ 
2 x cos x dx = 1 sin 3 x  
∫ sin 
3
‫א‬ ∫ ye y dy 
∫ ye dy = ye − ∫ e dy = ye − e = e ( y − 1)
y y y y y y
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 3 1
sin x + e ( y − 1) = c ⇒ e ( y − 1) = c − sin 3 x 
y y
3 3
⎛ x y 2 + x ⎞dx + ⎛ x 2 y − y ⎞dx = 0 W‫א‬‫א‬W٤
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
( ) ( )
⇒ x y 2 + 1 dx + y x 2 − 1 dy = 0 ⎛⎜ x y 2 + x ⎞⎟dx + ⎛⎜ x 2 y − y ⎞⎟dx = 0 W‫א‬
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
W ⎛⎜ x 2 − 1⎞⎟⎛⎜ y 2 + 1⎞⎟ ‫א‬
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
x y
dx + dy = 0   
2
x −1 2
y +1
‫א‬
x y
∫ x 2 − 1 d x + ∫ y 2 + 1 dx = 0 ⇒ 2 ln( x
1
2
(
2 − 1) + 1 ln y 2 + 1 = c )
  2c = ln c1 
c
⎛ x 2 − 1⎞⎛ y 2 + 1⎞ = c ⇒ y 2 + 1 = 1 
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ 1
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ 2
x −1
c c +1− x2
 y=± 1 −1 = ± 1   
2
x −1 x2 −1
- ١٠٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 y(π ) = 2  sin xdx + cos xdy = y sin xdx W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥

 sin xdx + cos xdy = y sin xdx ⇒ (1 − y ) sin xdx + cos xdy = 0 W‫א‬
  (1 − y) cos x ‫א‬
dy
 tan xdx + = 0
1− y
 ‫א‬
dy
∫ tan xdx + ∫ 1 − y = c ⇒ ln sec x − ln(1 − y) = c 
 c = ln c1 
 sec x = c1 ⇒ sec x = c1(1 − y )    
1− y
W‫א‬‫א‬ x = π , y = 2 
 ⇒ c = 1 sec π = −c
1 1
 sec x = (1 − y ) ⇒ sec x = 1 − y ⇒ y = 1 − sec x  
y (1) = 3.  yy ′ = 4 x W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
dy
y = 4 x ⇒ ydy = 4 xdx ⇒ ∫ ydy = ∫ 4 xdx + c ‫א‬W‫א‬
dx
 W‫א‬
y2 x2
 =4 + c ⇒ y 2 = 4 x 2 + 2c 
2 2
c ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y = 3, x = 1 
 y(1)= 3 ⇒ (3)2 = 4 ×12 + 2c ⇒ 9 − 4 = 2c ⇒ c = 5 
2
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y 2 = 4x 2 + 5 ⇒ y = ± 4x2 + 5 
y(1) = −3  xy ′ = 4y . W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W7
dy dy dx dy dx
  x = 4y ⇒ = 4 ⇒ ∫ = 4 ∫ + c ‫א‬W‫א‬
dx y x y x
c = e c  ln y = 4 ln x + c ⇒ y = c1x 4 
1
c ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y = −3, x = 1 
1
 ⇒ −3 = c1(1) 4 ⇒ c1 = −3  
- ١٠٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
y = −3x 4    
 y (2) = 1 y ′ = 2xy 2 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨
dy W‫א‬
= 2 xy 2 ⇒
dy dy
= 2 xdx ⇒ ∫ = ∫ 2 xdx + c
 dx −1 2 x 2 y 2 −1 ⎛ 2y 2 ⎞ 1
−y = + c ⇒ y = −⎜ x + c ⎟ ⇒ y = −
2 ⎝ ⎠ x2 + c 
c ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y = 1, x = 2 
1 = −(4 + c ) ⇒ 1 = −4 − c ⇒ c = −5 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 y=     
5 − x2
 y (0) = 2  e y y ′ = 4 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩
y dy y
⇒ e y = 4x + c e = 4 ⇒ ∫ e dy = ∫ 4dx + c  W‫א‬
dx
c ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y = 2, x = 0 
( )
⇒ e y = 4 x + e 2 ⇒ ln e y = ln⎛⎜ 4 x + e 2 ⎞⎟ y (0) = 2 ⇒ e 2 = c 
⎝ ⎠

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
y = ln (4 x + 7.34)   


y(0) = −2  2( y −1)y ′ = e x W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٠
 W‫א‬
2( y −1) = e x ⇒ ∫ 2( y −1)dy = ∫ e xdx + c
dy
 2( y − 1)2dx x 2
= e + c ⇒ ( y − 1) = e + c
x
2 
c ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y = −2, x = 0 
 y(0) = −2 ⇒ (− 2 − 1)2 = e 0 + c ⇒ c = 8 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( y − 1)2 = e x + 8 ⇒ y − 1 = ± e x + 8 
- ١٠٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
⇒ y = ± e x + 8 +1
 2 y ′ = y ( y − 2) W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١١
  2dy 2dy W‫א‬
2 y′ = y ( y − 2 ) ⇒ = y ( y − 2) ⇒ = dx
dx y ( y − 2)  ‫א‬
dy dy
⇒ 2∫ = x + c ⇒ 2∫
y( y − 2) ∫
= dx + c 
y( y − 2)
dy
 ‫א‬ ∫ 
y( y − 2)
1 k k
= 1+ 2   
y ( y − 2) y y − 2
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎛1⎞ 1
k = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = − , k = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ =  
1 ⎝ y −2⎠ y = 0 2 2 ⎝ y⎠ y =2 2
1 1⎛1 1 ⎞⎟
= − ⎜⎜ −   
y ( y − 2) 2 ⎝ y y − 2 ⎟⎠
dy dy dy
2∫ = −∫ + ∫ = − ln y + ln( y − 2) 
y( y − 2) y y−2

 ln(
y−2
y
)= x+c⇒
y−2
y
(
= e x+c ⇒ y − 2 = ye x+c ⇒ y 1 − e x+c = 2 )
2 2
 c1 = e c ، y = = , 
1 − e x +c 1 − c e x
1
2 3
3 y y ′ = ⎛⎜1 + y ⎞⎟ cos x. W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٢
⎝ ⎠
 W‫א‬
2 ′ ⎛ 3 ⎞ 2 ⎛ 3 ⎞ 3y2
3 y y = ⎜1 + y ⎟ cos x. ⇒ 3 y dy = ⎜1 + y ⎟ cos xdx ⇒ dy = cos xdx
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 1 + y3 
W‫א‬
3y2
= esin x+c. ⇒ ln(1 + y 3 ) = sin x + c
ln(1+ y3 )
⇒e ∫ 1 + y 3 dy = ∫ cos xdx + c
 ⇒ 1 + y 3 = esin x+c ⇒ y 3 = esin x+c − 1  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
y = 3 c esin x − 1 , c = ec
1 1
- ١٠٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
cos 2 x y ′ = y 2 ( y − 1)sin x. ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٣

 cos 2 x y ′ = y 2 ( y − 1)sin x ⇒ cos 2 x dy = y 2 ( y − 1)sin x dx W‫א‬
 W y 2 ( y − 1)cos 2 x ‫א‬
dy sin x dy
 = dx ⇒ = tan x sec x dx 
y 2 ( y − 1) cos 2 x y 2 ( y − 1)
 ‫א‬
dy
∫ y 2 ( y − 1) = ∫ tan x sec x dx + c   
∫ tan x sec x dx = sec x + c 


dy
‫א‬ ∫ 
y 2 ( y − 1)
1k k k
 = 1+ 2 + 3 
y 2 ( y − 1) y y 2 y − 1
  y 2 ( y − 1) ‫א‬‫א‬
 1 = k1 y ( y − 1)+ k 2 ( y − 1) + k3 ⎛⎜ y 2 ⎞⎟  
⎝ ⎠
 y = 0 ⇒ 1 = k1 × 0 + k 2 (−1) + k3 × 0 ⇒ k 2 = −1,  y = 0 ‫ﺒ‬
y = 1 ⇒ 1 = k × 0 + k × 0 + k ×1 ⇒ k = 1,  y = 1 ‫ﺒ‬
1 2 3 3
 , y = −1 ⇒ 1 = k1 × 2 + k 2 × (−2) + k3 × 1 ⇒ 2k1 = 1 + 2k 2 − k3  y = −1 ‫ﺒ‬
 ⇒ k1 = 1 − 2 − 1 = −2,
1 1 1 1 
=− − +
y 2 ( y − 1) y y 2 y −1
 = −2 ln y + y −1 + ln( y − 1) + c ∫ 2
dy dy dy dy
= −2 ∫ − ∫ +∫ 
y ( y − 1) y 2 y − 1
y
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ln( 2 ) + y−1 = sec x + c  
y −1
y
- ١٠٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
1) xdx − y 2 dy = 0 8)
dy
= cos 2 5 y.sin 3 x ds s 2 + 6s + 9
15) =
dx dt t2
2) (1 + x 2 ) y′ = 3xy dz ds tan t
9) = z 3 t 2 16) =
dt dt s ln s
dy 3 xy − y dx t sin t x2
3) = 10) = 17) y ′ =
dx xy − x dt x y −1
4) xdx − y 3 dy = 0 11) sds + s 3 (θ 2 − 3)dθ = 0 dy t + 1
18) =
dt y − 1
5) y 4 y ′ = x + 1 12) x′ = x 2t + x 2 x3 + 7
′
19) y = 9
y − 3y4
6) y ′ = ( x + 1) / y 13) xx′ = (1 − t ) 2 dx te t
20) =
dt csc x
2x3 14) x −2 dx + ( y + 1) 2 dy = 0 21) xy ′ − 2 xy = xe 3 x
7) yy , =
1 + y2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
dy
1) = −2 yt 2 , y (2) = 3
dx
2)4 xdy − ydx = x 2 dy, y (5) = −1
3) x 2 ( y + 1)dx = y 2 ( x − 1)dy = 0, y (−1) = 2
dx
4) = x 2 − x 3 , x(1) = 2
dt
5) s′ = (t 2 + s 2 ) / st , s(1) = −2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dy ⎛x⎞
 = F ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟     
dx ⎝ y⎠
- ١٠٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
dy dy y
 y = vx ⇒ = x + v  v = ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dx dx x
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
y
 xy ′ = y − x e x W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
y
 xy ′ = y − x e x    W‫א‬
  x ‫א‬
y y
 y′ = −e x   
x
y dv y
v= ⇒ y′ = x + v   v = 
x dx x
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dv dx
 x + v = v − e v ⇒ −e −v dv = 
dx x
 ‫א‬
dx
∫− e dv = ∫
−v
+c
x
 ⇒ e −v = ln x + c ⇒ ln(e − v ) = ln(ln x + c) ⇒ −v = ln(ln x + c)
y
 W v = ‫א‬
x
y
 − = ln(ln x + c) ⇒ y = − x ln(ln x + c) 
x


 ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dy
 ‫א‬‫א‬ M , N  N ( x, y ) = M ( x, y )  
dx
 
dy ⎛x⎞
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = F ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ W‫א‬
dx ⎝ y⎠
- ١٠٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ٢
 W‫א‬ m ‫א‬ ( x, y ) ‫א‬ g ( x, y ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 ( x, y )  g (tx, ty ) = t m g ( x, y )  
 g ( x, y ) = x 3 y 2 − 3x 5 ‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 W
 g (tx, ty ) = (tx) 3 (ty ) 2 − 3(tx) 5 = t 5 ( x 3 y 2 − 3x 5 ) = t 5 g ( x, y )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ g ( x, y ) 
 ‫א‬ h( x, y ) = x 3 y − 3x 2 ‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dy
 2x 2 = x 2 + y 2 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
dx
 N ( x, y ) = 2 x 2 , M ( x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 W‫א‬
N (tx, ty ) = 2(tx) 2 = 2t 2 x 2 = t 2 N ( x, y ),
 
M (tx, ty ) = (tx ) 2 + (ty ) 2 = t 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) = t 2 M ( x, y )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ M , N ‫א‬‫א‬
dy ⎛x⎞
 W = F ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dx ⎝ y⎠
  x 2 ‫א‬
2
 2 = 1 + ⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ 
dy y
 
dx ⎝x⎠
dy dy y
y = vx ⇒ = x + v  v = 
dx dx x
dv
 2x + 2v =1 + v 2 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dx
dv 2dv dx
 ⇒ 2 x = v 2 − 2v + 1 ⇒ = .
dx (v − 1)2 x
 ‫א‬
2 ∫ (v − 1) dv = ∫
−2 dx
+c
x
1 2 −2
 ⇒ −(v − 1)−1 = (ln x + c ) ⇒ −(v − 1) = ⇒v= +1
2 ln x + c (ln x + c )
- ١١٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
y 2 y
 =1−  W v = ‫א‬
x ln x + c x
2x
y=x− W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ln x + c
 x 2 y ′ = xy − y 2 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ M = xy − y 2 , N = x 2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬
  x 2 ‫א‬
2
xy y 2 y ⎛ y⎞
 y′ = 2 − 2 ⇒ y′ = − ⎜ ⎟   
x x x ⎝x⎠
y dv y
v = ⇒ y′ = x + v  v = 
x dx x
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ⇒ x dv + v = v − v 2 ⇒ − dv = dx
2
dx v x
 ‫א‬
dv dx
  −∫ 2
= ∫ + c
v x
1
 ⇒ v −1 = ln x + c ⇒ v = 
ln x + c
y 1 x y
 = ⇒y=  W v = ‫א‬
x ln x + c ln x + c x
x
 y=  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ln x + c
 x 2 y ′ = y 2 − 2 xy W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
  x 2 ‫א‬W‫א‬
2
⎛ y⎞ y
 y′ = ⎜ ⎟ − 2   
⎝x⎠ x
y dv y
v = ⇒ y′ = x + v  v = 
x dx x
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dv dv dv dx
 x + v = v 2 − 2v ⇒ x = v 2 − 3v = v(v − 3) ⇒ =
dx dx v(v − 3) x
- ١١١ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
  dv dx
∫ v(v − 3) = ∫ x
+c
dv
 ‫א‬ ∫ 
v(v − 3)
dv dv dv
∫ v(v − 3) = k ∫ 1
v
+ k2 ∫  
v−3  
⎛ 1 ⎞
k1 = ⎜
1
⎟ = − , k2 = ⎜ ⎟ =
⎛1⎞  1 
⎝ v − 3 ⎠ v=0 3 ⎝ v ⎠ v =3 3
 
dv 1 dv 1 dv  1 1 v −1 
∫ v (v − 1) = − 3 ∫ + ∫
v 3 v −1
= − ln v + ln( v − 1) = ln 3
3 3 v
v −1 
ln 3 = ln x + c
v 
v −1 3 3 1 
⇒ 3 = c1 x ⇒ v − 1 = vc1 x 3 ⇒ v (1 − c1 x 3 ) = 1 ⇒ v = 3
v 1 − c1 x 3

y 1 y
= v =  W‫א‬
x 1 − c13 x 3 x
x
 c2 = e 3c  y =  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 − c2 x 3
 xyy ′ = 2 y 2 − x 2 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧
  xy ‫א‬W‫א‬
2 y2 x2 y x
 y′ = − ⇒ y′ = 2 −   
xy xy x y
y dv y
v = ⇒ y′ = x + v  v = 
x dx x
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dv  1 xdv 1 v2 −1 v 1
x + v = 2v − ⇒ =v− = ⇒ 2 dv = dx
dx v dx v v v −1 x
 ‫א‬
vdv dx 1
∫ v 2 − 1 ∫ x 2 ln(v − 1) = ln x + c
= ⇒ 2
 2 1 1
⇒ ln(v − 1) = ln x + c ⇒ (v − 1) = c1 x 2 ,
2 2 2
c1 = ec
- ١١٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬

2
⇒ v 2 − 1 = c2 x 2 ⇒ v 2 = c2 x 2 + 1 ⇒ v = ± c2 x 2 + 1 , c2 = c1

v =  W‫א‬
y y
= ± c2 x 2 + 1 ⇒ y = ± x c2 x 2 + 1
x x
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y = ± x c2 x 2 + 1      
4
 y ′ = − 3⎛⎜ ⎞⎟ W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨
y y 3
x ⎝ x⎠
y dv y
v = ⇒ y′ = x + v  v = W‫א‬
x dx x
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
dv 4 −4 dx
 x + v = v − 3(v) 3 ⇒ −3(v) 3 dv = 
dx x
− 4 dx − 1
∫ − 3(v) 3 dv = ∫ x ⇒ v 3 = ln x + c ‫א‬
1
1 1
 ⇒ v3 = ⇒v=
ln x + c (ln x + c) 3
y 1 y
 = 3
 W v = ‫א‬
x (ln x + c) x
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x
y=      
(ln x + c) 3
 3xy 2 y ′ = 4 y 3 − x 3 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩
2
4 y 1⎛ x ⎞
 y′ = − ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟  3xy 2 ‫א‬W‫א‬
3 x 3⎝ y ⎠
y dv y
v = ⇒ y′ = x + v  v = 
x dx x
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
x dv + v = 4 v − 1 1
 dx 3 3 v2
dv 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1 ⎛ v3 −1 ⎞ 3v 2 dx 
⇒x = ⎜ v − 2 ⎟ = ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⇒ 3 dv =
dx 3 ⎝ v ⎠ 3⎝ v ⎠ v −1 x
- ١١٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
3v 2 dv dx
∫ v 3 − 1 = ∫ x + c ⇒ ln(v − 1) = ln x + c
3
⇒ v 3 − 1 = c1 x ⇒ v 3 = c1 x + 1 ⇒ v = 3 c1 x + 1, c1 = e c
y
 W v = ‫א‬
x
y 3
 = c1 x + 1 ⇒ y = x 3 c1 x + 1 
x
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
y = x 3 c1 x + 1      
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
y+x 2 xy 7) xdy − ydx = ( x − y 2 )dx = 0
1) y ′ = 4) y ′ =
x x − y2
2
2 y4 + x4 5) y 2 dx − xydy + x 2 dx = 0 8)(2 x + 3 y )dx + ( y − x)dy = 0

2) y ′ =
xy 3
3) y ′ = ( x 2 + y 2 ) / xy x 4 + 3x 2 y 2 + y 4 x x x
6) y ′ = 9)(1 + 2e y
)dx + 2e y
(1 − )dy = 0
x3 y y
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y ′ + p ( x) y = q( x)
x ‫א‬ p ( x), q( x) 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y = e − I ( x ) ⎛⎜ ∫ e I ( x )q( x )dx + c ⎞⎟
⎝ ⎠
  c  I ( x) = ∫ p ( x)dx 
 y′ + 3 y = 20 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
- ١١٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 y ′ + 3 y = 20   W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 p ( x) = 3, q( x) = 20 
 I ( x ) = ∫ p( x)dx = 3 x 
 y = e −3 x [20∫ e 3 x dx + c ]W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
+ ce − 3 x   
⎡ 20 ⎤ 20
y = e −3 x ⎢ e 3 x + c ⎥ ==
⎣3 ⎦ 3

1
 y ′ + y = x 3 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
x
1
 y′ + y = x 3   W‫א‬
x
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 p( x) = , q( x) = x 3 
x
 I ( x ) = ∫ p ( x)dx = ln x 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 y = e − ln x (∫ e ln x x 3 dx +c ) =
1
x
[
∫ ]
x 4 dx + c  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 ⎡ x5 ⎤ x4 c
 y = ⎢ + c⎥ = +   
x⎣ 5 ⎦ 5 x
 xy ′ + y = x 2 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣
 xy ′ + y = x 2   W‫א‬
  x ‫א‬
1
 y + y = x  
x
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 p( x) = , q( x) = x 
x
 I ( x ) = ∫ p ( x)dx = ln x 
- ١١٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 y = e − ln x (∫ e ln x xdx +c ) =
1
x ∫ [
x 2 dx + c  ] 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 ⎡ x2 ⎤ x c
 y = ⎢ + c⎥ = +   
x⎣ 2 ⎦ 2 x
 xy ′ − 2 y = x 3e 3 x W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٤
 xy ′ − 2 y = x 3e 3 x   W‫א‬
  x ‫א‬
2
 y′ − y = x 2 e3 x   
x
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
 p( x) = − , q( x) = x 2 e 3 x 
x
2
 I ( x ) = ∫ p ( x)dx = − ∫ dx = −2 ln x = ln x −2 
x
 W‫א‬‫א‬
⎡ ln x12 2 3 x
[
⎤ 2 3 x   
]
1
−ln
y=e x2
⎢∫ e x e dx + c ⎥ = x ∫ e dx + c
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
2 ⎡1 3x ⎤ x 3x
 y=x ⎢ e + c ⎥ = e + cx 2   
⎣3 ⎦ 3
1
 xy ′ + 3 y = W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٥
x
1
 xy ′ + 3 y =   W‫א‬
x
  x ‫א‬
3 1
 y′ + y =   
x x2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
3 1
 p ( x) = , q ( x) = 
x x2
- ١١٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
dx
 I ( x ) = ∫ p( x)dx = 3∫ = 3 ln x = ln x 3 
x
 W‫א‬‫א‬
  y = e −ln x
3
[∫ e ln x3 1
x2
] [∫ xdx + c]
dx + c = 1
x3
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 ⎡ x2 ⎤
 y= ⎢ + c ⎥  
x3 ⎣ 2 ⎦
 y′ + 2 y = sin x W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
  p ( x) = 2  q ( x) = cos x  y ′ + p( x) y = q( x ) 
I ( x ) = ∫ p ( x)dx = 2 x 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 y = e − I ( x) ⎛⎜ ∫ e I ( x) q( x )dx + c ⎞⎟  
⎝ ⎠
y = e −2 x ⎛⎜ ∫ e 2 x sin xdx + c ⎞⎟ 
⎝ ⎠
‫א‬ e 2 x sin xdx 
∫
2 x sin xdx = 1 sin xe 2 x − 1 e 2 x cos xdx 
∫e 2 2∫
‫א‬ ∫ e 2 x cos xdx 
2 x cos xdx = 1 cos xe 2 x + 1 e 2 x sin xdx 
∫ e
2 2∫
 
2x 1 2x 1 2x 1 2x
∫ e sin xdx = 2 sin xe − 4 cos xe − 4 ∫ e sin xdx 
⎛1 ⎞ 1⎛ 1 ⎞
⇒ ⎜ + 1⎟ ∫ e 2 x sin xdx = ⎜ sin x − cos x ⎟e 2 x 
⎝4 ⎠ 2⎝ 2 ⎠
5 1⎛ 1 ⎞
⇒ ∫ e 2 x sin xdx = ⎜ sin x − cos x ⎟e 2 x 
4 2⎝ 2 ⎠
2⎛ 1 ⎞
⇒ ∫ e 2 x sin xdx = ⎜ sin x − cos x ⎟e 2 x 
5⎝ 2 ⎠
 y = ce −2 x + e −2 x ⎛⎜ sin x − cos x ⎞⎟e 2 x 
2 1
5 ⎝ 2 ⎠
- ١١٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
y = ce −2 x + (2 sin x − cos x )  
5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y ‫ﻟ‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
y ′ = −2ce −2 x + (2 cos x + sin x )
5
1
y ′ + 2 y = −2ce −2 x + (2 cos x + sin x ) + 2ce −2 x + 2 (2 sin x − cos x ) 
5 5
  = ⎛⎜ + ⎞⎟ sin x = sin x = cos x + sin x + sin x − cos x 
1 4 2 1 4 2
⎝5 5⎠ 5 5 5 5
2
 y ′ + y = 4 x, y (1) = 4 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧
x
2
  y′ + y = 4 x   W‫א‬
x
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
2
 P(x ) = , q( x ) = 4 x 
x

I ( x ) = ∫ p( x)dx = ∫ dx = 2 ln x = ln x 2 
2
x
 W‫א‬‫א‬
[ ] [
  y = e −ln x 4∫ e ln x xdx + c = x 2 4∫ x 3 dx + c 
2 2
] 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
−2 ⎡ 4 x ⎤
4
 y=x ⎢ + c ⎥ = x 2 + cx −2   
⎣ 4 ⎦
 c ‫א‬ y = 4, x = 1 ‫א‬‫א‬ y (1) = 4 
 y = 4, x = 1 ⇒ 4 = 1 + c ⇒ c = 3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y = x 2 + 3x −2
- ١١٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
3
1) xy ′ = xe x − 2 y 6) y ′ + 2 xy = 4 x dq
11) + 0.04q = 3.2e −0.04t
dt
2)(e − x − 1) y ′ + e x y = 0 dq
+ 7)
3
q=2
dv
12) + 2v cos t = sin 2 t cos t
dt 100 − t dt
3) sin ty ′ = y cos t dy y
8) x − 2 y = x 3 cos 4 x 13) y ′ + = 5 cos 3x 2
dt x
3
dy dI
4) x = y + x 3 + 3x 2 − 2 x 9) + 20 I = sin 2t 14) xy ′ + 2 y = xe x
dt dt
4 5 2 3
5) y ′ + y = x 4 10)v′ − v = −5 x 2  , 2
15) y + x y = 2 3
x e
x
x x
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
13) y ′ − x 3 y = −4 x 3 , y (0) = 6
14) y ′ − y cot x = 2 x cos x , y (0) = −1
15) y ′ − y = e x , y (1) = 0
 16) y ′ + 2 xy = x , y (1) = e
- ١١٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
  R ‫א‬ V ‫א‬E١
 VR = Ri 
Volts‫ﺒ‬V ‫א‬ Amperes ‫ﺒ‬‫א‬ i  Ohms ‫ﺒ‬‫א‬ R 
 L ‫א‬V ‫א‬E2
di
VL = L
dt
Volts ‫ﺒ‬V Amperes ‫ﺒ‬‫א‬ i  Henrys ‫ﺒ‬‫א‬ L 
 C ‫א‬ V ‫א‬E3
1 1
VC = q = ∫ i (t )dt
C C
Coulombs ‫ﺒ‬‫א‬‫א‬ q  Farads ‫ﺒ‬‫א‬ C 
dq
, q (t ) = ∫ i (t )dt  
 i (t ) =
dt
Kirchoff``s Voltage Law(KVL) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R-L Circuit  L  R ‫א‬ (I
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V (t ) = VR + VL
di  
⇒ V (t ) = R i + L
dt
R 1
 ⇒ i ′ + i = V (t )  
L L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
− Rt ⎡ Rt 1 ⎤
i (t ) = e L ⎢⎢ ∫ e L V (t )dt + c ⎥⎥ 
L
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥

- ١٢٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
R-C Circuit C  R ‫א‬(II

 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
VR + VC = V
dq 1
R + q = V (t )
dt C
dq 1 V (t )
 ⇒ + q=
dt RC R
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
− 1 t ⎡  1 t V (t ) ⎤
q=e ⎢ dt + c⎥⎥
⎢∫
RC e RC
R  ١
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
  R = 20 Ohms V = 20 Volts‫א‬‫א‬R-L ‫א‬
 t = 0.1 S‫א‬‫א‬ i (0) = 0 Amperes ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L = 2 Henrys
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
di
L + Ri = V 
dt
L = 2 , R = 20, V = 20
⇒ i ′ + 10i = 10 2i ′ + 20i = 20 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
−10t ⎡
10 e dt + c ⎤ = 1 + ce − 10t 
10 t
q=e
⎢⎣ ∫ ⎥⎦
  i(0) = 0 
i = 0, t = 0 ‫ﺒ‬ i (t ) ‫א‬
 0 = 1 + c ⇒ c = −1  
 ‫א‬
i(t ) = 1 − e −10t 

  t = 0.1 Seconds ‫א‬
1 e −1
i(0.1) = 1 − e −1 = 1 − = = 0.632 Ampers
e e


- ١٢١ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 W٢
   VoltsV = 50Volts  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ R-C   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  C = 0.003 Farads    R = 10Ω (Ohms)
 ‫א‬‫א‬ q(0) = 0 Colombs
 ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
R = 10Ω, C = 0.003 Farads, E = 50Volts  
dq 1
R + q = V (t )  
dt C
1
10q ′ + q = 50  
3 ×10 −3
1
q′ + q = 5 
3 ×10 −4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
1 t⎡ 1 t ⎤
− − 4
−4 ⎢ 3×10 ⎥
q (t ) = e 3×10 ⎢5∫ e dt + c ⎥ 
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
− 1 t
−4
 = 15 × 10 −4 + ce 3×10 
q = 0, t = 0 ‫ﺑ‬ q (t ) ‫א‬، q (0) = 0 
 q(0) = 0 ⇒ 0 = 15 ×10 −4 + c ⇒ c = −15 ×10 −4
 ‫א‬‫א‬
− 1 t
 q (t ) = 15 × 10 −4 (1 − e 3×10−4 ) .  

 ١
 V (t ) = 110Volts ‫א‬‫א‬R-L ‫א‬
  R = 100 Ohms
  i (0) = 0 Amperes ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L = 2.5 Henrys 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬0.6 Amperes ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
- ١٢٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
1
i = V ( t )
R
i′ +
L L
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
− Rt ⎡ Rt 1 ⎤
 i(t ) = e L ⎢ ∫ e L V (t )dt + c ⎥
⎢ L ⎥
⎣ ⎦
V = V0 ‫א‬
− R t ⎡V0 L R t ⎤ V
0 − Rt − R t ⎡V0 R t ⎤
=e L ⎢ e dt + c ⎥ =
L + ce L i (t ) = e L ⎢ ∫ e L dt + c ⎥  
⎢L R ⎥ R ⎢L ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
  i(0) = 0 
 i = 0, t = 0 ‫ﺒ‬ i (t ) ‫א‬
V V
i(0) = 0 + c = 0 ⇒ c = − 0
R R
V0 ⎡ − Rt ⎤
 i (t ) = ⎢1 − e L ⎥ 
R ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
 R = 100 Ohms, L = 2.5henrys, V (t ) = 110Volt 
 W‫א‬
⎛
110 ⎜ −100t ⎞⎟
⎛ −40t ⎞⎟
i(t ) = ⎜1 − e 2.5 ⎟ = 1.1⎜1 − e
100 ⎜ ⎟ ⎝ ⎠
⎝ ⎠
 i(0) = 0 0.٦Amperes ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(
1.1 1 − e −40t = 0.6  )   
0 .6 0 .6
 ⇒ 1 − e −40t =  ⇒ −e −40t = −1 +  
1 .1 1.1
0.5 .5
⇒ e −40t = ⇒ −40t = ln  
1 .1 1 .1
1 0.5 1 1.1
  ⇒ t = − ln = ln = 0.02 Seconds
40 1.1 40 0.5
  ‫א‬‫א‬
2. 5
τ L = L R = 2 = 2.5 × 10 − 2 Seconds

10
- ١٢٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
٢
‫א‬‫א‬ R ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K R-L ‫א‬ L = 10henrys ‫א‬
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ، ?  t = 1 Seconds   ‫א‬   ٩٩٪  ‫א‬  
 i(0) = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬١‫א‬W‫א‬
V ⎡ − Rt ⎤
i(t ) = 0 ⎢1 − e L ⎥⎥   
R ⎢
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
 t ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V ⎡ − R t ⎤ V0 ⎡ − R t ⎤ V0
 i(∞ ) = lim 0 ⎢1 − e L ⎥ = ⎢1 − lim e L ⎥ =  
t →∞ R ⎢ ⎥ R ⎢ t →∞ ⎥ R
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
 i (∞) ٩٩٪‫א‬ t = 1 Seconds ‫א‬
V
i(1) = 0.99 i (∞) = 0.99 0   
R
V ⎡ − ⎤
R V
i (1) = 0 ⎢1 − e L ⎥ = 0.99 0   
R ⎢ ⎥ R
⎣ ⎦
V0
 ‫א‬ 
R
−R −R
1− e L = 0.99 ⇒ −e L = −0.01  
R
⇒ − = ln 0.01 ⇒ R = − L ln 0.01  
L
 ‫א‬ L = 10henrys 
R = −10 ln 0.01 = −10 ln10 −2 = 20 ln10 = 46.05 Ohms 
 ٣
‫א‬ R = 1Ohms ‫א‬ R-L ‫א‬‫א‬
 i (t ) ‫א‬
‫א‬ I (0) = 0 Ampers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L = 1henry
⎧1 if 0≤t ≤3
 V(t) = ⎨    
⎩0 if t >3
 t = 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٢٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
١  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  V(t) =1 0 ≤ t ≤ 3   W‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
V ⎛⎜ − R t ⎞⎟
i (t ) = 0 1− e L ⎟   
1 R ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
0 ≤ t ≤ 3 ‫א‬‫א‬ V0 = 1, R = 1, L = 1 
i1(t ) = 1 − e −t    
 V = V0 = 0  t > 3 
− R (t −3) ⎛⎜ − R (t −3) V ⎞
 i2 (t ) = e L
⎜⎜ ∫ e
L dt + c ⎟⎟
L ⎟
⎝ ⎠
 t > 3 ‫א‬‫א‬ V = V0 = 0 , R = 1, L = 1 
− (t −3)
i2 (t ) = e (k + c ) = c1 e −(t −3) , c1 = k + c
 t = 3 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
i1(3) = i2 (3)
c1 = 1 − e −3 
( )
−3 − (t −3)
 i2 (t ) = 1 − e e 
‫א‬
⎧1 − e −t if 0≤t ≤3
i (t ) = ⎪⎨⎛ −3 ⎞ − (t −3) if
⎪⎜1 − e ⎟ e t >3  ٤
⎩⎝ ⎠
‫א‬ V = 100Volts ‫א‬‫א‬R-C ‫א‬‫א‬ i (t ) ‫א‬
‫א‬ I (0) = 1Ampers ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C = 0.25 Farads
⎧100 − t if 100 ≥ t ≥ 0
 R=⎨    
⎩0 if t > 100
  R-C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
1 1      
i′ + i = V′
RC R 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
− 1 t⎡ 1 t
V′
⎤
i(t ) = e ⎢ dt + c ⎥⎥
⎢∫
RC e RC
R
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
- ١٢٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
  V ′ = 0 V = 100 ‫א‬

− 1 t
 i(t ) = ce RC   
i = 1, t = 0 ‫ﺒ‬‫א‬‫א‬ c ‫א‬ i (0) = 1 
i (0 ) = 1 ⇒ ce 0 = 1 ⇒ c = 1  
− 1 t
 i(t ) = e RC 
⎧100 − t if 100 ≥ t ≥ 0
‫א‬ R=⎨  C = 0.25Farads 
⎩0 if t > 100
⎧ − 1
⎪ 0.25(100−t )
t
i(t ) = ⎨e if 0 ≤ t ≤ 100   
⎪0 if t > 100
⎩
٥
V (t ) = 1 − e −tVolts ‫א‬‫א‬  R-C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
R = 500Ω ‫א‬ C = 10 −3 Farads ‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 R dq + 1 q = V (t )   
dt C
V (t ) = 1 − e −tVolts 
dq 1
R + q = 1 − e −t   
dt C
dq
 ⇒ +
1
dt RC
1
q = 1 − e −t 
R
( ) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
− 1 t⎡ 1 t 1 ⎤
q=e RC ⎢
⎢∫
e RC
R
− (
. 1 − e dt + c ⎥⎥
t
1
) 

⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

⎡ ⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎞⎤
1 ⎢ ⎜ 1 t⎜ − 1⎟ ⎟⎥
− t 1⎜ t
 = e RC ⎢ ⎜ ∫ e RC dt − ∫ e ⎝
RC ⎠ dt + c ⎟⎥ 
⎢R 1 ⎟⎥
⎢ ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
- ١٢٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎤
− 1 t ⎢ 1 ⎜⎜
1
t t ⎛⎜ − 1⎞⎟ ⎟ ⎥
⎢ RC ⎝ RC ⎠ ⎟ ⎥
⎟ + c1 ⎥  
=e RC RC e RC − e
⎢R ⎜ 1 − RC
⎢ ⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦
− 1 t
 =C− C −
e + c e RC 
t   
1 − RC 1
‫א‬‫א‬ R, C 
 10 −3 −t − 1t
−3
q (t ) = 10 − e + c e .5
1 − .5 1 
= −2 ×10 −3 e −t + c e −2t + 10 −3  ٦
1
 V (t ) = 125 sin t ‫א‬‫א‬ R-C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
R = 50Ω ‫א‬ C = 0.04 Farads ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 R dq + 1 q = V (t )     
dt C
V (t ) = 125 sin t 
dq 1
R + q = 125 sin t 
dt C
dq 1 1
 ⇒ + q = 125 sin t 
dt 0.04 × 50 50
dq
 ⇒ + 0.5q = 2.5 sin t ⇒ q ′ + 0.5q = 2.5 sin t 
dt
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
[
q = e −0.5t 2.5∫ e 0.5t sin tdt + c  ]
‫א‬ ∫ e 0.5t sin tdt 
0.5t sin tdt = 2 sin te 0.5t − 2 e 0.5t cos tdt
∫e ∫  
 ‫א‬ ∫ e 0.5t cos tdt 
0.5t cos tdt = 2 cos te 0.5t + 2 e 0.5t sin tdt 
 ∫e ∫ 
0.5t sin tdt = 2 sin t e 0.5t − 4e 0.5t cos t − 4 e 0.5t sin tdt 
∫e ∫ 
- ١٢٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
2
⇒ ∫ e 0.5t sin tdt = e 0.5t (sin t − 2 cos t )
5
q(t )  e 0.5t sin tdt 
∫
 q(t ) = e −0.5t ⎡⎢ e 0.5t (sin t − 2 cos t ) + c ⎤⎥ 
2
⎣5 ⎦
‫א‬‫א‬
 q(t ) = 2 (sin t − 2 cos t ) + ce−0.5t
5
- ١٢٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 
 ١
 C = 0.04 Farads    R-C  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ R = 50Ω 
V (t ) = 110 cos 314t    E١F
V (t ) = 110 cos 2t + 25 sin 2t + 200 cos 4t + 25 sin 4t E٢F
   V (t ) = 50e −t + 1012 sin πt E٣F
 ٢ 
 R = 40 Ohms  V (t ) = 100Volts ‫א‬‫א‬R-L ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K i (0) = 0 Amperes ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L = 0.03 Henrys 
 K‫א‬٩٩٪‫א‬
 ٣
  ، 0.25 C   R-C  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ R = 2 (Ohms) ‫א‬ ،V = 110Volts ‫א‬‫א‬ t = 0.2 S ‫א‬‫א‬
  C = 0.04 Farads


 ٤
  ، R-C  ‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ R = 20 (Ohms)  ‫א‬ ،V = 6Volts  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
  C = 0.01 Farads
 ٥
 R = 10 (Ohms)   V = 110Volts ‫א‬‫א‬ R-L  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬، i (0) = 0  L = 3.2 Henrys
 ٦
 R = 40 (Ohms)   V = 50 cos 2t Volts ‫א‬‫א‬  R-L ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬، L = 2 Henrys 
- ١٢٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ٧
 C = 0.01 Farads  ‫א‬ R = 10 (Ohms)  ‫א‬ ،V = 200e − 2t Volts  ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ t = 1 S  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  R-C  ‫א‬ 
 0.25 C 
 ٨
 R = 2 Ohms      V = 4 Volts  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ R-L   ‫א‬ 
 K t = 0.01 S ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، i (0) = 0  L = 0.06 Henrys


- ١٣٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 y ′′ + p(t ) y ′ + q(t ) y = r (t ) E١F 
  t ‫א‬ p(t ) , q(t ) , r (t )  t ‫א‬ y 
 E١F‫א‬‫א‬ p(t ) , q(t ) ‫א‬‫א‬
 (r (t ) = 0 ∀t )  r (t ) ≡ 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
 y ′′ + 2ty ′ + y = t 2  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y′′ + yy ′ = 0 ‫א‬W٢
 ‫א‬‫ א‬Euler-Cauchy W٣
 ‫א‬ a, b  t 2 y ′′ + aty ′ + by = h(t ) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
at ′ b 1
y ′′ + y + y = h(t ) 
t2 t2 t2
a b 1
       ⇒ y ′′ + y ′ + y = h(t )
t t 2 t2
1
p (t ) = , q (t ) = , r (t ) = h( t )  y ′′ + p(t ) y ′ + q(t ) y = r (t ) ‫א‬
a b
t t2 t2  W١
 y = yh + y p  : ‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y p 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ yh 
y′′ − 4 y ′ + 3 y = 10e −2 x E١F : ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ c1, c2  yh = c1e x + c2 e3 x 
- ١٣١ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬ y p = e −2 x  E١
3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
 W‫א‬
 E١F‫א‬ y p ‫ﻠ‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
8
⇒ y ′p′ = e −2 x y p = e −2 x ⇒ y ′p = − e −2 x 
2 4
 
3 3 3
8 16 6 ⎛ 8 16 6 ⎞
 y ′′ − 4 y ′ + 3 y = e −2 x + e −2 x + e −2 x = ⎜ + + ⎟e −2 x = 10e −2 x
3 3 3 ⎝3 3 3⎠
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y p = e −2 x 
3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢
2
 = c1e x + c2e3x + e −2 x y = yh + y p   
3
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ yh = a cos t + b sin t ‫א‬W٥
 y ′′ + y = 0 E١F   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y ′′ + y = 1 E٢F   
 E٢F‫א‬ y p = 1 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ yh = a cos t + b sin t 
 = a cos t + b sin t + 1 y = y + y p E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
h
 W
‫א‬ y1 , y2 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
y y      
1 2 ≠0
y′ y′ 
1 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٦
 y′′ − y = 0   
y2 = e −t , y1 = et ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 
y y t e− t
1 2 =e = et ⎛⎜ − e− t ⎞⎟ − e−t et = −1−1 = −2 ≠ 0 
y′ y′ et − e− t ⎝ ⎠
1 2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (y1, y2 )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٧
     y′′ + y = 0   
 y2 = sin t , y1 = cos t ‫א‬‫א‬
 
y y
1 2 = cos t sin t 
= cos 2 t + sin 2 t = 1 ≠ 0
y′ y′
1 1
− sin t cos t 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (y1, y2 )
 W٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (y1, y2 )‫א‬
 ‫א‬ c1, c2  y = c1 y1 + c2 y2 ‫א‬
y = c et + c e −t ٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 2
 y = c1 cos t + c2 sin t ٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 t ‫א‬ r (t )  a, b  y ′′ + ay ′ + by = r (t )
r (t ) ≡ 0 ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٨
 y ′′ − y = 0  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٩
 t 2 y ′′ − y = 0  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 z ‫א‬ y ‫א‬ u ‫א‬ t ‫א‬‫א‬
1
u = ln t ⇒ z (u ) = z (ln t ) = y (t ) ⇒ z ′(u ) = z ′(ln t ) = y ′(t )
t
′ ′
⇒ z (u ) = ty (t )
1 1
 z ′′(u ) = − 2 z ′(ln t ) + 2 z ′′(ln t ) = y ′′(t ) ⇒ t 2 z ′′(u ) = − z ′(ln t ) + z ′′(ln t ) = t 2 y ′′(t )
 t t
 ⇒ z ′′(u ) = t 2 y ′′(t ) + ty ′(t ) = t 2 y ′′(t ) + z ′(u ) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
z ′′ − z ′ − z = 0
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W٣
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  y ′′ + ay + by = r (x) E١F  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y ′′ + ay + by = 0 E٢F  
λ2 + aλ + b = 0 ‫ﺒ‬‫א‬‫א‬
⎛ λt λ t⎞
‫א‬ ⎜⎜ e 1 , e 2 ⎟⎟  λ2 , λ1 ‫א‬‫א‬ E١
⎝ ⎠
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ⎛⎜ e λ t , te λ t ⎞⎟  λ ‫א‬ E٢
⎝ ⎠
‫א‬‫א‬
 W
E ∆ > 0 ‫א‬F λ2 , λ1 ‫א‬‫א‬W
λt λt
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ yh = c1e 1 + c2 e 2 
- ١٣٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 λ1 = α − iβ , λ2 = α + iβ  λ2 , λ1 ‫א‬‫א‬W
E ∆ < 0 ‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ yh = c1eα −iB + c2eα +iB
    yh = eαt ( A cos β t + B sin β t )   
 λ ‫א‬W 
 ‫א‬ A, B, c1, c2  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ yh = e λ t (c1 + c2t )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٠
 y′′ − y = 0   
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 λ2 − 1 = 0 ⇔ λ1 = −1, λ2 = 1 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 yh = c1et + c2e −t   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W1١
 y ′′ + y ′ − 2 y = 0  
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 λ2 + λ − 2 = 0 ⇔ (λ + 2)(λ − 1) = 0 ⇔ λ1 = −2, λ2 = 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 yh = c1e −2t + c2et   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٢
 y ′′ + 8 y ′ + 16 y = 0  
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
2
⇔ (λ + 4) = 0 ⇔ λ = −4 λ2 + 8λ + 16 = 0   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
h
(
1 2
)
y = c + c t e −4t  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٣
 y ′′ − 2 y ′ + 10 y = 0   
- ١٣٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
λ2 − 2λ + 10 = 0   
∆ = 4 − 4 × 10 = −36   
2 − 6i
 λ1 = = 1 − 3i, λ2 = 1 + 3i ⇒ α = 1, β = 3
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 yh = et ( A cos 3t + B sin 3t )  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 yh = c1e (1−3i )t + c2e (1+3i )t  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٤
   y ′′ = 0 
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
λ2 = 0 ⇒ λ = 0  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( )
yh = c1 + c2t e 0t = c1 +c 2 t 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 15 
  8 y ′′ + 2 y ′ − y = 0
 W‫א‬
2 1 1 1
8 y′′ + 2 y′ − y = 0 ⇒ y′′ + y′ − y = 0 ⇒ y′′ + y′ − y = 0
8 8 4 8
‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
 λ2 + λ − = 0   
4 8
1 4 1+ 8 9 3
∆= + = = ⇒ ∆=   
16 8 16 16 4
1 3 1 3 2 1
− − 1 − +
λ1 = 4 4 =− , λ = 4 4 = 4 = 2 =1 
2 2 2 2 2 2 4

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
− 1t 1t
y =c e 2 + c e4   
h 1 2
- ١٣٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Basic Rule‫א‬‫א‬W٤
‫א‬ y p ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ r (t ) ‫א‬
 r (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
αt αt
r (t ) = ke ⇒ y p = ce E١F
E٢F
r (t ) = k nt n + k n−1t n−1 + ... + k1t + k 0 ⇒ y p = K nt n + K n−1t n−1 + ... + K1t + K 0 , n ∈ Ν
r (t ) = k cos ωt ⎫
⎪
‫أو‬ ⎬ ⇒ y p = K cos ωt + M sin ωt E٣F
r (t ) = k sin ωt ⎪⎭
r (t ) = keαt cos ωt ⎫
⎪⎪ αt
 ‫أو‬ ⎬ ⇒ y p = e (K cos ωt + M sin ωt ) E٤F
⎪
r (t ) = keαt sin ωt ⎪⎭
 ‫א‬ y p 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٦
 y ′′ + 4 y = 8t 2   
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 y′′ + 4 y = 0   
 ‫א‬‫א‬

λ2 + 4 = 0 
∆ = 0 − 4 × 4 = −16 
0 − 4i
λ1 = = −2i, λ = 2i ⇒ α = 0, β = 2
2 2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   yh = e 0t ( A cos 2t + B sin 2t ) = A cos 2t + B sin 2t  
- ١٣٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
y ′′ + 4 y = 8t 2 E١F  
y (t ) = k1t 2 + k 2t + k3  r (t ) = 8t 2 
p
⇒ y ′′ (t ) = 2k1 ⇒ y ′ (t ) = 2k1t + k 2 y (t ) = k1t 2 + k 2t + k3 
p p p
E١F‫א‬
y ′′ + 4 y = 2k1 + 4k1t 2 + 4k 2t + 4k3   
(
 = 4k1t 2 + 4k 2t + 2k1 + 4k3 = 8t 2  ) 
 ‫א‬
 4k1 = 8 ⇒ k1 = 8 = 2   
4
4k = 0 ⇒ k = 0   
2 2
 2k1 + 4k3 = 0 ⇒ 2 × 2 + 4k3 = 0 ⇒ 4k3 = −4 ⇒ k3 = −1 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
y p = 2t 2 − 1    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y = yh + y p = A cos 2t + B sin 2t + 2t 2 − 1 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٧
 y ′′ − 3 y ′ + 2 y = et  
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 y ′′ − 3 y ′ + 2 y = 0  
‫א‬‫א‬
 λ2 − 3λ + 2 = 0   
3 −1 2 3 +1 4
 λ1 = = = 1, λ2 = = = 2  
2 2 2 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
y = c et + c e 2t    
h 1 2
- ١٣٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
y ′′ − 3 y ′ + 2 y = et E١F  
y = ket  r (t ) = et 
p
y ′′ = ket ⇒ y ′ = ket ⇒ y = ket 
p p p
 = 0et = 0 = (k − 3k + 2k )et y′′ − 3 y ′ + 2 y = ket − 3ket + 2ket   E١F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (c1 = k , c2 = 0)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬
Modification Rule‫א‬W٥
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y p ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ty p E١
 ‫א‬‫א‬ t 2 y p E٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y p ‫א‬‫א‬
  y p = ctet
= c(t + 2)et ⇒ y ′p′ = c(t + 1)et + cet ⇒ y ′p = ctet + cet = c(t + 1)et 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
= [c(t + 2) − 3c(t + 1) + 2ct ]et y ′′ − 3 y ′ + 2 y = c(t + 2 )et − 3c(t + 1)et + 2cet
= [ct + 2c − 3ct − 3c + 2ct ]et = −ce t  
r (t ) = e t 

− ce t = e t ⇒ −c = 1 ⇒ c = −1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y p = −te t  
- ١٣٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y = yh + y p = c1e t + c2 e 2t − te t  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٨
 y ′′ − 2 y ′ + y = et  
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 y ′′ − 2 y ′ + y = 0   
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 λ2 − 2λ + 1 = 0 ⇒ (λ − 1)2 = 0 
 λ = 1 ‫א‬
   y h = (c1 + c2t )e t ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 y ′′ − 2 y ′ + y = et E١F  
 y p = ce t ‫א‬ y p ‫א‬‫א‬ r (t ) = et 
 (c2 = 0, c1 = c )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y p = ct 2 e t   
( )
= ct 2 + 2ct e t y ′p = 2cte t + ct 2 e t   
 y ′p′ = (2ct + 2c )e t + (ct 2
+ 2ct )e t
 = c(t 2 + 4t + 2 )e t = (ct 2 + 4ct + 2c )e t
E١F‫א‬
( ) (
y ′′ − 2 y ′ + y = c t 2 + 4t + 2 e t − 2c t 2 + 2t e t + ct 2 e t  )  
(
= 2ce t = c t 2 + 4t + 2 − 2t 2 − 4t + t 2 e t   )
 ‫א‬
1
    2ce t = e t ⇒ c = 
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
y p = t 2et    
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
= e t ⎜ c1 + c2t + t 2 ⎟ y = y h + y p = e t (c1 + c 2 t ) + t 2 e t  
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
Sum Rule‫א‬W٦
 y ′′ + ay ′ + by = r1 (t ) ‫א‬ y1p ‫א‬
 y ′′ + ay ′ + by = r2 (t ) ‫א‬ y 2 p 
 y ′′ + ay ′ + by = r1 (t ) + r2 (t ) ‫א‬ y p = y1 p + y 2 p 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١٩
 y ′′ − 2 y ′ + y = e t + t  
 W‫א‬
   y ′′ − 2 y ′ + y = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
    y h = (c1 + c2t )e t 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 y ′′ − 2 y ′ + y = et   
1
 y1p = t 2 e t 
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y ′′ − 2 y ′ + y = t
y 2 p = k1t + k 0 ‫א‬ y 2 p ‫א‬‫א‬ r (t ) = t 
 ⇒ y 2′′p = 0 ⇒ y 2′ p = k1 y 2 p = k1t + k 0
y ′′ − 2 y ′ + y = t ‫א‬
y ′′ − 2 y ′ + y = −2k1 + k1t + k 0 = k1t + k 0 − 2k1
‫א‬
⎧k1 = 1
   ⎨    
⎩k 0 − 2k1 = 0 ⇒ k 0 = 2k1 = 2
  y′′ − 2 y ′ + y = t ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    y2 p = t + 2
  y ′′ − 2 y ′ + y = e t + t ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
 y p = y1p + y 2 p = t 2 e t + t + 2
2
- ١٤١ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
y = (c1 + c 2 t )e t + t 2 e t + t + 2
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٠
 y ′′ + 2 y ′ + 5 y = 16e t + sin 2t   
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 y ′′ + 2 y ′ + 5 y = 0    
‫א‬‫א‬
λ 2 + 2λ + 5 = 0   
∆ = 4 − 4 × 5 = −16   
− 2 − 4i
 λ1 = = −1 − 2i, λ2 = −1 + 2i ⇒ α = −1, β = 2
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 yh = e −t ( A cos 2t + B sin 2t )    
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 y ′′ + 2 y ′ + 5 y = 16e t + sin 2t    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 y ′′ + 2 y ′ + 5 y = 16e t     
y1 p = ke t ‫א‬ y1 p ‫א‬‫א‬ r1 (t ) = 16e t 
y1 p = ke t ⇒ y1′ p = ke t ⇒ y1′′p = ke t  
 y ′′ + 2 y ′ + 5 y = 16e t ‫א‬
 y ′′ + 2 y ′ + 5 y = ke t + 2ke t + 5ke t = 8ke t = 16e t   
 ‫א‬
 8k = 16 ⇒ k = 2    
 y ′′ + 2 y ′ + 5 y = 16e ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
t
y1 p = 2e t
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 y ′′ + 2 y ′ + 5 y = sin 2t   
- ١٤٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ y 2 p ‫א‬‫א‬ r2 (t ) = sin 2t 

 y 2 p = k1 cos 2t + k 2 sin 2t   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
y 2′ p = −2k1 sin 2t + 2k 2 cos 2t , y 2′′ p = −4k1 cos 2t − 4k 2 sin 2t 
 y ′′ + 2 y ′ + 5 y = sin 2t ‫א‬
y ′′ + 2 y ′ + 5 y = −4k1 cos 2t − 4k 2 sin 2t − 4k1 sin 2t + 4k 2 cos 2t + 5k1 cos 2t + 5k 2 sin 2t
= (− 4k1 + 4k 2 + 5k1 )cos 2t + (− 4k 2 − 4k1 + 5k 2 )sin 2t = sin 2t
 ‫א‬
⎧4k 2 + k1 = 0
 ⎨   
⎩− 4k1 + k 2 = 1
‫א‬
4 1
k1 = − , k2 =   
17 17
  y ′′ + 2 y ′ + 5 y = sin 2t ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4 1
 y2 p = − cos 2t + sin 2t  
17 17
  y ′′ + 2 y ′ + 5 y = 16e t + sin 2t ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4 1
 y p = y1 p + y 2 p = 2e t − cos 2t + sin 2t   
17 17
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
4 1
y = y h + y p = e −t ( A cos 2t + B sin 2t ) + 2e t − cos 2t + sin 2t

17 17 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢١ 
 y ′′ − y = e x  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 y ′′ − y = 0   
 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ⇒ λ2 = 1 ⇒ λ1 = −1, λ2 = 1 λ2 − 1 = 0  
 λ1 = −1, λ2 = 1 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  y h = c1e − x + c1e x  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 y ′′ − y + y = e x E١F  
 y p = ke x ‫א‬ y p ‫א‬‫א‬ r ( x) = e x 
 (c2 = k , c1 = 0) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y p = kxe x  x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  y ′p = k (e x + xe x ) = k (1 + x )e x , y ′p′ = k (e x + (1 + x )e x ) = k (2 + x )e x  
 E١F‫א‬
y ′′ − y = k (2 + x )e x − kxe x = [k (2 + x ) − kx]e x = (2k + kx − kx )e x = e x 
 ‫א‬
1
    2k = 1 ⇒ k =    
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 x
yp = xe    
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 x
y = y h + y p = c1e − x + c2 e x + xe  
2

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٢
 y ′′ + 2 y ′ + y = 2 x 2  
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 y′′ + 2 y ′ + y = 0     
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 λ2 + 2λ + 1 = 0 ⇒ (λ − 1)2 = 0   
 λ = −1 ‫א‬
- ١٤٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
y h = (c1 + c2 x )e − x    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 y p = k 2 x 2 + k1 x + k 0 ‫א‬ y p ‫א‬‫א‬ r ( x) = 2 x 2 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y ′p = 2k 2 x + k1 , y ′p′ = 2k 2   
‫א‬‫א‬
y ′′ + 2 y ′ + y = 2k 2 + 4k 2 x + 2k1 + k 2 x 2 + k1 x + k 0 = k 2 x 2 + (4k 2 + k1 )x + 2k 2 + 2k1 + k 0 = 2 x 2
 ‫א‬
⎧k 2 = 2    
⎪
⎨ 4 k 2 + k1 = 0 ⇒ k1 = − 4 k 2 = − 8 
⎪ 2 k + 2 k + k = 0 ⇒ k = − 2 k − 2 k = − 4 + 16 = 12
⎩ 2 1 0 0 2 1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    y p = 2 x 2 − 8 x + 12    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
y = y h + y p = e − x (c1 + c 2 x ) + 2 x 2 − 8 x + 12   



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢٣
 y ′′ + y = − x − x 2  
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 y ′′ + y = 0   
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 λ2 + 1 = 0 ⇒ λ2 = −1 = i 2 ⇒ λ1 = −i, λ2 = i ⇒ α = 0, β = 1 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
y h = e 0t ( A cos t + B sin t ) = A cos t + B sin t 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 y p = k 2 x 2 + k1 x + k 0 ‫א‬ y p ‫א‬‫א‬ r ( x) = − x − x. 
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y ′p = 2k 2 x + k1 , y ′p′ = 2k 2   
‫א‬‫א‬
 y ′′ + y = 2k 2 + k 2 x 2 + k1 x + k 0 = k 2 x 2 + k1 x + 2k 2 + k 0 = − x 2 − x  
 ‫א‬
⎧k 2 = −1
⎪
   ⎨k1 = −1  
⎪2k + k = 0 ⇒ k = −2k = 2
⎩ 2 0 0 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    y p = −x2 − x + 2    
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 y = A cos x + B sin x − x 2 − x + 2   
- ١٤٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١
d2y dy 7) y ′′ − 9 y = 10e 2 x + 3 sin x

1) 2 + 3 − 4 y = x 2
dx dx
2
d y dy 8)4 y ′′ + 12 y ′ + 9 y = 9e 3t − 7e 2t
2) 2 + + 4 y = 8 sin 2t
dx dx
3) y ′′ + 3 y ′ + 16 y = 24 cos 4t d2y
9) 2 + 2 y = 5t cos t + t
dx
4) y ′′ − 4 y ′ + 4 y = (6 x 2 + 4)e x 10) ( D 2 + 4 D + 3) y = 2 cos x + sin x 
d2y dy d 2z dz
5) 2 + 4 + 3 y = 12e 3 x 11) 2 + 4 + 3 z = 9te t + 25 sin t
dx dx dt dt
2 2
d y dy d y
6) 2 − 6 + 8 y = 5e − x + 8 x 12) 2 + 2 y = 4 cos 2 x + 6e − x
dx dx dx
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢
 d2y dy
13)3 2 − 4 − 4 y = 22e 3 x , y (0) = 4 , y′(0) = 3
dx dx
14) 4 y′′ + 4 y′ + y = 6t 3 + 40t , y(0) = −20 , y′(0) = 0
 15) ( D2 + 2D + 5) y = 16sin x , y(0) = −0.6 , y′(0) = 0.2
2
 16) d y + dy − 2 y = 2t 2 − 2t − 14 , y (0) = 0 , y′(0) = 0
dx 2 dx



- ١٤٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

L-C Circuit L-C‫א‬EI
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
V (t ) = V + V
L C
1
V (t ) = Li ′ + ∫ idt
C
 W‫א‬
1
V ′(t ) = Li ′′ +
i
C
′
 ⇒ i′′ + 1 i = V (t )
LC L
 W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 i′′ + 1 i = 0
LC
‫א‬‫א‬
1
λ2 + =0
LC
1 1
 ⇒λ =± j ⇒ α = 0, β =
LC LC
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
 ih = c1 cos t + c2 sin t
LC LC
′ 1 V ′(t )
 r (t ) = V (t ) ‫ﻟ‬ i ′′ + i= ‫א‬‫א‬ i p ‫א‬‫א‬J
L LC L
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
 i (t ) = ih + ip = c1 cos t + c2 sin t + ip
LC LC
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٤٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
i (∞) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ i (t ) ‫א‬ t 

  in (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
1
V = VL + VC = Li ′ + ∫ idt
C
1
V (t ) = Lq ′′ + q
C
1 1
 q′′ + q = V (t )      
LC L
 W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J
 q′′ + 1 q = 0
LC
‫א‬‫א‬
1 1 1 1
λ2 + = 0 ⇒ λ2 = − ⇒ λ1 = − j , λ2 = j
LC LC LC LC
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 qh = c1 cos 1 t + c2 sin 1 t
LC LC
1 1
  q′′ + q = V (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬ q p ‫א‬‫א‬J
LC L
V (t )
 r (t ) = ‫ﻠ‬
L
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
 q(t ) = c1 cos t + c sin
2
t + q p (t )
LC LC
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ q(t ) ‫א‬‫א‬ t 
q (∞) ‫א‬
  qh (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W
- ١٤٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
W١
 C = 0.05 FaradsV = 100 Volts‫א‬‫א‬L-C ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ L = .2 Henrys
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 i′′ + 1 i = 1 V ′(t )
LC L
 V ′ = 0 V = 100 
  L = 0.2  C = .05 V ′ = 0 
1 1
 i′′ + i= × 0 = 0 ⇒ i ′′ + 100 i = 0   
0.2 × 0.05 0.5
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 λ2 + 100 = 0 ⇒ λ2 = −100 ⇒ λ1 = −10 j , λ2 = 10 j ⇒ α = 0, β = 10   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 i(t ) = c1 cos10t + c2 sin 10t
W٢
 V = 250 Volts‫א‬‫א‬L-C ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L = 10 Henrys C = 0.004 Farads
 i (0) = 0, q (0) = 0 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 i′′ + 1 i = 1 V ′(t )
LC L
 V ′ = 0  V = 250 
  L = 10  C = 0.004 V ′ = 0 
1
 i′′ + i = 0 ⇒ i ′′ + 25i = 0
0.004 × 10
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
λ2 + 25 = 0λ2 = 25 j 2 ⇒ λ1 = −5 j , λ2 = 5 j ⇒ α = 0, β = 5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 i(t ) = c1 cos 5t + c2 sin 5t

 c1 , c2 ‫א‬‫א‬ t = 0, i = 0, q = 0 
i(0) = c ×1 + c × 0 = c = 0
1 2 1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
V (t ) = V + V
L C
1
V (t ) = Li ′ + q
C
1 1 1 1
 ⇒ i′ + q = V (t ) ⇒ i ′(0 ) + q(0 ) = 250 ⇒ i ′(0 ) = 25
LC L Lc 10
 i(t ) = c1 cos 5t + c2 sin 5t ‫א‬
 i′(t ) = −5c1 sin 5t + 5c2 cos 5t
 
25
   i ′(0 ) = −5c1 sin 0 + 5c2 cos 0 = 25 ⇒ 5c2 = 25 ⇒ c2 = =5
5
‫א‬
 i(t ) = 5 sin 5t
 R-L-C Circuit ،R-L-C‫א‬EII
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(1
V = V +V +V
R L C
1
 V (t ) = Ri + Li ′ + ∫ idt
C
 ‫א‬
1
V ′(t ) = Ri ′ + Li ′′ +
i
C
R 1 1
 ⇒ i ′′ + i ′ + i = V ′(t )
L LC L
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
i (∞) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ i (t ) ‫א‬ t 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(2
- ١٥١ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
V = V +V +V
R L C
1
V = Rq ′ + Lq ′′ + q
C
R 1 1
⇒ q′′ + q′ + q = V (t )
L LC L
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ q(t ) ‫א‬‫א‬ t 
 q(∞) ‫א‬
W٣
 V = 50 sin t Volts‫א‬‫א‬R-L-C ‫א‬‫א‬
 K L = 10 Henrys C = 0.05 FaradsOhms R = 20
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
R ′ 1 1
i ′′ + i + i = V ′(t )
L LC L
R 20 1 1 1 1
‫א‬ = = 2, = = 2  , v′(t ) = 50 cos t = 5 cos t  
L 10 Lc 10 × 0.05 L 10
‫א‬
i ′′ + 2i ′ + 2i = 5 cos t
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 i′′ + 2i′ + 2i = 0
‫א‬‫א‬
λ2 + 2λ + 2 = 0
∆ = 4 − 4 × 2 = −4 = 4 j 2
 λ1 = − 2 − 2 j = −1 − j, λ2 = −1 + j ⇒ α = −1, β = 1
2
 ih = e (k1 cos t + k 2 sin t )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
−t
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
- ١٥٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 i p = A cos t + B sin t W‫א‬‫א‬ r (t ) = 5 cos t 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
i ′p = − A sin t + B cos t ، i ′p′ = − A cos t − B sin t
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 i′′ + 2i′ + 2i = − A cos t − B sin t − 2 A sin t + 2 B cos t + 2 A cos t + 2 B sin t

 ⇒ (− A + 2 B + 2 A)cos t + (− B − 2 A + 2 B )sin t = 5 cos t 
 ⇒ ( A + 2 B )cos t + (B − 2 A)sin t = 5 cos t 
‫א‬
⎧ A + 2B = 5
⎨
⎩B − 2 A = 0 
‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬
 5 B = 10 ⇒ B = 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 2A = B = 2 ⇒ A =1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 i p = cos t + 2 sin t
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( )
i = i + i = e −t K1 cos t + K 2 sin t + cos t + 2 sin t
h p
‫א‬
- ١٥٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 
 ١
 VoltsV (t ) = 800 cos 5t ‫א‬‫א‬  R-L-C ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K L = 10 Henrys C = .02 FaradsOhms R = 40   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
R ′ 1 V ′(t )
i ′′ + i + i=
L Lc L
′ 1 1
‫א‬‫א‬ V (t ) = −400 sin 5t  = 4 ,
R
= = 5 ,
L L Lc 10 × 0.02
i ′′ + 4i ′ + 5i = −400 sin 5t
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 i′′ + 4i′ + 5i = 0     
‫א‬‫א‬
λ2 + 4 λ + 5 = 0
∆ = 16 − 4 × 5 = −4 = 4 j 2
−4−2j
 λ1 = = −2 − j , λ2 = −2 + j ⇒ α = −2, β = 1
2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ih = e −2t (k1 cos t + k 2 sin t )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ r (t ) = −400 sin 5t 
i P = K1 cos 5t + K 2 sin 5t. 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 i′P = −5K1 sin 5t + 5K 2 cos 5t. 
i ′p′ = −25K cos 5t − 25K sin 5t. 
1 2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
i ′′ + 4i ′ + 5i = −25 K1 cos 5t − 25 K 2 sin t − 20 K1 sin 5t + 20 K 2 cos 5t + 5 K1 cos 5t + 5 K 2 sin t
( ) (
= − 25 K1 + 20 K 2 + 5K1 cos 5t + − 25 K 2 − 20 K1 + 5 K 2 sin 5t  )
- ١٥٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
( ) ( )
= 20 − K1 + K 2 cos 5t − 20 K1 + K 2 sin 5t = −400 sin 5t 
‫א‬
(
⎧⎪20 − K1 + K 2 = 0 )
⎧⎪− K1 + K 2 = 0
⇒⎨
⎨
( )
⎪⎩− 20 K1 + K 2 = −400 ⎪⎩ K1 + K 2 = 20
 K 2 = 10 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 k1 = k 2 = 10  W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 i p = 10 cos 5t + 10 sin 5t
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
h 1
( 2
)
i = i + i p = e−2t k cos t + k sin t + 10 cos 5t + 10 sin 5t

‫א‬
٢
Volts V (t ) = 850 sin 4t ‫א‬‫א‬R-L-C ‫א‬‫א‬
 K L = 5 Henrys C = 0.01 FaradsOhms R = 20  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
R ′ 1 V ′(t )
i + i= i ′′ +
L Lc L
R 20 1 1 V ′(t ) 850 × 4
‫א‬ = = 4, = = 20, = cos 4t = 680 cos 4t 
L 5 Lc 5 × 0.01 L 5
 W‫א‬
i ′′ + 4i + 20i = 680 cos 4t
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
 i′′ + 40i + 20i = 0
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 λ2 + 40λ + 20 = 0
∆ = 16 − 4 × 20 = −64 = 64 j 2
− 4−8j
λ1 = = −2 − 4 j , λ2 = −2 + 4 j ⇒ α = −2, β = 4
2
- ١٥٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ih = e −2t ( A cos 4t + B sin 4t )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ r (t ) = 680 cos 4t 
i p = K cos 4t + K sin 4t
1 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
i ′ = −4 K1 sin 4t + 4 K 2 cos 4t 
i ′′ = −16 K cos 4t − 16 K sin 4t
1 2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 i ′′ + 4i ′ + 20i = −16 K1 cos 4t − 16K 2 sin t − 16 K1 sin 4t + 16K 2 cos 4t + 20 K1 cos 4t + 20 K 2 sin 4t
= (− 16 K + 16 K + 20 K )cos 4t + (− 16 K − 16 K + 20 K )sin 4t 
1 2 1 2 1 2
   ( ) ( )
= 4 K + 4 K cos 4t + 4 K − 4 K sin 4t = 680 cos 4t 
1 2 2 1
‫א‬
( )
⎧⎪4 K1 + 4 K 2 = 680 ⎧⎪ K1 + 4 K 2 = 170
⇒⎨
⎨
(
⎪⎩4 K 2 − 4 K1 = 0 )
⎪⎩ K 2 − 4 K1 = 0
 ‫א‬‫א‬٤‫א‬‫א‬
 17 K 2 = 680 ⇒ k 2 = 40
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 4K1 = k 2 = 40 ⇒ K1 = 10
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 i p = 10 cos 4t + 40 sin 4t
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
i = i + i p = e −2t ( A cos 4t + B sin 4t ) + 10 cos 4t + 40 sin 4t
h
‫א‬
٣
 VoltsV (t ) = 300 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  R-L-C  ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬   ‫א‬ L = 10  Henrys  C = 0.02  Farads  Ohms R = 40   
 i (0) = 0, q (0) = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
R ′ 1 V ′(t )
i ′′ +
i + i=
L Lc L
R 40 1 1
‫א‬‫א‬ = = 4, = = 5, V = 300 ⇒ V ′(t ) = 0 
L 10 LC 10 × 0.02
i ′′ + i ′ + 5i = 0    
    W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
λ2 + 4λ + 5 = 0    
∆ = 16 − 4(5) = −4 = 4 j 2
−4−2j
λ1 = = −2 − j, λ = −2 + j ⇒ α = −2, β = 1
2
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 i = e −2t ( A cos t + B sin t )
A, B ‫א‬‫א‬ t = 0, i = 0, q = 0 
i(0) = 0 ⇒ i(0) = A = 0
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
V (t ) = Ri + Li ′ + ∫ idt = Ri + Li ′ + q
C C
1
Ri(t ) + Li ′(t ) + q(t ) = 300
C
1 300 300
 Ri(0) + Li ′(0) + q(0) = 300 ⇒ Li ′(0) = 300 ⇒ i ′(0) = = = 30
C L 10
 i = e −2t ( A cos t + B sin t ) ‫א‬
i ′(t ) = −2e −2t ( A cos t + B sin t ) + e −2t (− A sin t + B cos t )  
  = e −2t [(− 2 A + B )cos t + (2 B + A)sin t ]    
 
 i′(0)= −2 A + B = 30 ⇒ B = 30   
W‫א‬
 i(t ) = 30e −2t sin t
- ١٥٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
٤
Volts V (t ) = 24 cos 5t ‫א‬‫א‬R-L-C ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ L = 1 Henrys C = 0.04 FaradsOhms R = 6  
 i (0) = 0, q(0) = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
R 1 V′
i ′′ +
i′ + i=
L LC L
V ′(t )
 W‫א‬‫א‬ R = 6 , 1 = 1 = 25 = −120 sin 5t , 
L LC 0.04 L
i ′′ + 6i ′ + 25i = −120 sin 5t  
  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E١
 i′′ + 6i′ + 25i = 0
 ‫א‬‫א‬
λ2 + 6λ + 25 = 0
∆ = 36 − 4 × 25 = −64 = 64 j 2
−6−8 j
λ1 = = −3 − 4 j , λ2 = −3 + 4 j ⇒ α = −3, β = 4
2
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ih = e −3t ( A cos 4t + B sin 4t )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 i p = K1 cos 5t + K 2 sin 5t W‫א‬‫א‬ r (t ) = −120 sin 5t 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 i′ = −5K1 sin 5t + 5K 2 cos 5t. ، i ′′ = −25K1 cos 5t − 25K 2 sin 5t. 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
i ′′ + 6i ′ + 25i = −25K1 cos 5t − 25K 2 sin 5t − 30 K1 sin 5t + 30 K 2 cos 5t + 25K1 cos 5t + 25k 2 sin 5t
( 1 2 1
) (
= − 25K + 30 K + 25K cos 5t + − 25K − 30 K + 25K sin 5t
2 1 2
)
 = 30k cos 5t − 30k sin 5t = −120 sin 5t 
2 1
 ‫א‬
- ١٥٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
⎧⎪ K = 0
 ⎨ 2
⎪⎩− 30 K1 = −120 ⇒ K1 = 4
 i p = 4 cos 5t ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 i = ih + i p = e −3t ( A cos 4t + B sin 4t ) + 4 cos 5t 
A, B ‫א‬‫א‬ t = 0, i = 0, q = 0 
 i(0) = 0 ⇒ i(0) = A + 4 = 0 ⇒ A = −4 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 1
 V (t ) = Ri + Li ′ + ∫ idt = Ri + Li ′ + q 
C C
R 1 V (t )
 i(t )+ i ′(t ) + q(t ) = 
L LC L
R 1 V (0)
 i (0 ) + i ′(0 ) + q(0 ) = ⇒ i ′(0 ) = 24 
L LC L
 i = e −3t ( A cos 4t + B sin 4t ) + 4 cos 5t ‫א‬
i ′(t ) = −3e −3t ( A cos 4t + B sin 4t ) + 4e −3t (− A sin 4t + B cos 4t ) − 20 sin 5t
 i ′(0) = −3 A + 4 B = 24 ⇒ 4 B = 24 − 12 ⇒ B = 3   
 ‫א‬
 i(t ) = e −3t (− 4 cos 4t + 3 sin 4t ) + 4 cos 5t 
 
 Volts V (t ) = 110 sin ωt  ‫א‬‫א‬ R-L-C  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ E١
 K L = .4 Henrys C = 0.1 FaradsOhms R = 40Ω   
VoltsV (t ) = 210 sin 4t  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  R-L-C    ‫א‬  ‫א‬    E٢
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ L = 2  Henrys   C = 0.005  Farads   
 i (0) = 0, q(0) = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Ohms R = 6  VoltsV (t ) = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬R-L-C ‫א‬E٣
 i(0) = 0  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ L = 0.5  Henrys   C = 0.003  Farads 
 K q(0) = 0.05 C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
   VoltsV (t ) = 100  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ R-L-C    ‫א‬   E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K L = 2  Henrys C = 0.05  Farads   Ohms R = 3
  i (0) = 0, q (0) = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    VoltsV (t ) = 20 sin 2t  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  R-L-C    ‫א‬  E٥
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ L = 0.5  Henrys C = 0.05 Farads  Ohms R = 4
 K i (0) = 0, q (0) = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬  R-L-C    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   E٦
  C = 0.004  Farads    Ohms R = 10     VoltsV (t ) = 10 cos t
 K L = 2 Henrys
‫א‬  ‫א‬  R-L-C    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   E٧
 C = 0.06  Farads   Ohms R = 50    Volts V (t ) = 56 sin 2t
L = 10 Henrys
    VoltsV (t ) = 80 sin 3t  ‫א‬  ‫א‬  R-L-C    ‫א‬  E٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬  K L = 5  Henrys   C = 0.08  Farads   Ohms R = 4
 ‫א‬
    Volts V (t ) = 120 cos 4t  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ R-L-C   ‫א‬  E٩
 ‫א‬‫א‬   L = 1  Henrys   C = 0.5  Farads    Ohms R = 8
K‫א‬
Farads     Volts V (t ) = 250  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ L-C  ‫א‬  E١٠
‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬    L = 10  Henrys   C = 0.004
. i (0) = 0, q (0) = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬ L-C    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬    E١١
‫א‬ L = 1  Henrys C = 0.25  Farads  VoltsV (t ) = 90 cos t
. i (0) = 0, q(0) = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Volts V (t ) = 10 t ‫א‬‫א‬ L-C ‫א‬E١٢
- ١٦٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ٢–  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ L = 0.1  Henrys   C = 0.1  Farads
K‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬. i (0) = 0, q (0) = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٦١ -
‫א‬‫א‬ ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
 ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 References
1) Technical Calculus with Analytic
J.Gersting, Dover Publication, Inc. 1992
2) Mathematics for Electrical and Telecom. Technicians

V.1, Smithson, Mc graw Hill 1986.
3) Advanced Engineering Mathematics

E.Kreysrig,Johns Wiley & Sons, 7th edition 1993.
4) Engineering Mathematics
K. Strou, Macmillan Press, fourth edition 1995.
5) Mathematics for Technicians

A. Greer & G. Taylor, Stanley Thornes 1989.
6) Calculus
 P. Avbbott & M. Wardle, Teach yourself-books NTC Publishing Group. USA 1992

7) Engineering Mathematics
A.Croft, R.Davison, M.Hargreaves, 2nd Edition Addison-Wesley, 1996
،،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، E8
 K١٩٨٣J ١٤٠٣
 K٢٠٠٣J ١٤٢٤،‫א‬‫א‬،٢٢٢،‫א‬‫א‬E9
 K‫א‬‫א‬،٣٠١،‫א‬E10
K‫א‬‫א‬،٢٠٥،E١١
- ١٦٢ -
‫א‬  ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
 ٢–  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ١  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤  ‫א‬
 ٦  ‫א‬
 ١٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠  
 ١٢  
 ١٣  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤  ‫א‬
 ١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣٥  
 ٣٧  
 ٣٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤١  
‫א‬  ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
 ٢–  ‫א‬
 ٤٣  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ٤٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٥  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤٧  ‫א‬
 ٤٨  ‫א‬
 ٥٤  
 ٥٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٥٥  
 ٥٩  
 ٦١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬
 ٦١  
 ٦٥  
 ٦٧  ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٨  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٧٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ٨٣  ‫א‬
 ٩١  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٥  
 ٩٦  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
 ٢–  ‫א‬
 ٩٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٨  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٩٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٠  
 ١٠١  ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠١  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠١  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠١  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٠٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١١٩  
 ١٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٢٠ R-L Circuit ‫א‬
 ١٢١  R-C Circuit ‫א‬
 ١٢٢  
 ١٢٩  
 ١٣١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٣٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ١٤٧  
 ١٤٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬  ٢٢٢  ‫א‬
 ٢–  ‫א‬
 ١٤٨  L-C Circuit ‫א‬

 ١٥١  R-L-C Circuit ‫א‬
١٥٣  
١٥٩  
١٦٢  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
GOTEVOT appreciates the financial support provided by BAE SYSTEMS

MTH 222

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MTH 222

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ٣ x ‫א‬ lim− 9 − x 2 = 0 ‫א‬٣

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x → x0  f ( x) → b  xlim

  x0  x  f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 2‫א‬ x 4 f (x) ‫א‬

= 6(−2) 3 + 3(−2) 2 = −48 + 12 = −36

 lim(2 x 4 − x 3 ) = lim 2 x 4 − lim x 3 = 2(1) 4 − (1) 3 = 1 W٥

lim F ( x) = lim( x 4 − 2 x 3 + 3x 2 + x) = lim x 4 − lim 2 x 3 + lim 3 x 2 + lim x

= (1) 4 − 2(1) 3 + 3(1) 2 + 1 = 3

 F ( x) = (−2 x − 1)(5 x 2 + 1) W٧

 lim F ( x) = lim (−2 x 3 − 1)(5 x 2 + 1)  = lim (−2 x 3 − 1) × lim (5 x 2 + 1) 

 lim f ( x) = lim x 2 = 4  x ≠ 2 ‫א‬ x → 2 ‫א‬W‫א‬

  f ( x) = x 2 − 5  f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬ x W‫א‬

  f ( x) = x + 13  f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣‫א‬ x 

  g (t ) = t − 2  g (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 0 ‫א‬ t W‫א‬

  g (t ) = t  g (t ) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٠‫א‬ t 

lim (a n x n + a n −1 x n−1 + ... + a1 x + a 0 ) = ∞ W2

‫א‬‫א‬ K ∞ × 0 ‫א‬‫א‬W ∞ × 0 ‫א‬W

 lim g / ( x) ≠ 0  g ( x) = 0  I ‫א‬ g(x) ‫ و‬f ( x) ‫א‬

2x4 + 4x2 x3 − 4 x 2 + 5x − 2 3 − 2x4

 6) lim h⎛⎜1 + ⎞⎟ = 0 × (1 + ∞ ) = 0 × ∞ ‫א‬

lim (1 + 2 x 2 ) lim 1 + 2 lim 1 x 2 1 + 2( 0) 1

w = 1.2 − 0.3m ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٣

 F ′( x) = f1′( x) ± f 2′ ( x) ± ... ± f n −1 ( x) ± f n ( x n )  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ t ‫א‬‫א‬ s E٣

  y′ = 3 × 2 x 2 cos(2 x 3 − 3) = 6 x 2 cos(2 x 3 − 3) 

 y = sec x ‫א‬‫א‬ E٩

12) y = (sin x − cos x ) 16) y = x csc x

13) y = sin (cos 2 x )

 W f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W٢‫א‬

  y ′ = 7 3 x ln 3  W f (x) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 f ‫א‬ x ‫ﺒ‬ y ‫א‬ x ‫ ﻟ‬ y ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

 y 2 = 1 + sin 3 (xy 2 ) ‫א‬W

 ⇒ 5 y 4 y ′′ = − cos x − tan x sin x ⇒ y ′′ = − 4 ⎛⎜ cos x + tan x sin x ⎞⎟

  ∞,−∞ ‫א‬ y = 1 

y ′′ = 20 x 3 − 90 x = 20(3) 3 − 90(3) = 270 > 0  x = 3 

y ′′ = 20 x 3 − 90 x = 20(−3) 3 − 90(−3) = −270 < 0  x = −3 

  y ′′ = 12 x 2 − 4 = −4 < 0  x = 0 

y ′′ = 12 x 2 − 4 = 12(−1) 2 − 4 = 8 > 0  x = −1 

R ‫ ﻟ‬ p = p(R) ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

  u = x 3 + 3x ⇒ u ′ = 3x 2 + 3 = 3(x 2 + 1)

 10) ∫ 5 + x (x )dx = ∫ (5 + ) (x )dx

∫ (3x − x ) (1 − x )dx = 13 ∫ (3x − x ) (3)(1 − x )dx = 13 16 (3x − x ) ( )

5) ∫ sec x tan xdx = sec x + c 6) ∫ csc x cot x dx = − csc x + c

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ x ‫א‬ u ‫א‬(II

11) ∫ u ′ sec u tan udx = sec u + c 12) ∫ u ′ csc u cot u dx = − csc u + c

 ∫ tan xdx = ln sec x + c  

 ∫ cot xdx = − ln csc x + c  

  x ‫א‬ u ‫א‬W١٨‫א‬

1) ∫ cos 3 xsin xdx  8) ∫ tan 3 5 x sec 2 5 x dx  cos t

5) ∫ x 2 sec 2 x 3 dx 12) ∫ x 7 tan(8 x 8 + 6)dx x + cos 2 x

 :‫א‬‫א‬ x ‫א‬ u ‫א‬W٤‫א‬

 u = sin x − x ⇒ u ′ = cos x − 1 W‫א‬

 :‫א‬‫א‬ x ‫א‬ u ‫א‬W٥‫א‬

1) ∫ 5e 2 x dx  1113+csc 2 x 15) ∫ 5e 2 x e1+e dx 

e2x sec x tan x e 3− x

5 ∫ 52−3 x x 2 dx 19 ∫ e sin e e 3 x cos e 3 x dx F

3) ∫ xe −3 x dx 6) ∫ x sec x tan xdx 9) ∫ x 3 sin( 2 x 2 )dx

 3(1) − 1 = A1 (1 − 1) 2 + A2 (1 + 1)(1 − 1) + A3 (1 + 1)  x = 1 

∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx  a ≤ c ≤ b ‫א‬E٣

 K x = 3  x = 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y = x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W١

  A ‫א‬ x  f ( x) ≥ 0 W‫א‬

x = 2  x = −2 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ y = − x ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W2