‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
232
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 232  ‫א‬

 
 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ 
 
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
?‫?א‬?‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬?‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   W    ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

1
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 The Electromagnetic waves
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 5W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

-1-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 1-1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬ 2-1
Electromagnetic waves characteristics

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE1 J1F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 

-2-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

Ex solid lines

y
Hy dashed lines
 
 1 J1‫א‬
 

‫א‬ 3-1
Wave velocity

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EL810C3F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬4-1
Frequency and Wavelength

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(Cycle)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬(cycle/s) L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KfKHertz 

-3-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ (The same phase)‫א‬‫א‬
λ
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬L‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 λ = v / f
  W
 ‫א‬‫א‬Wλ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W v
 ‫א‬W f 
 
 W1 J1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1 KHz  J1
1 MHz  J2
 1GHz  J3
 W‫א‬
λ=v/f

1- λ = v / f = c / f =3x108 /1x103 =3x105 m

2- λ = v / f = c / f =3x108 /1x106 =3x102 m

4- λ = v / f = c / f =3x108 /1x109 =3x10-1 m =0.3 m = 30 cm

-4-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫ א‬5-1
Rays and Wavefront

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 
 E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ 

‫ﺟﺒﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬

 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬2 J1‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W J
 2 J1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W J
 3 J1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 

-5-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫ﺟﺒﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬

‫ﻣﺼﺪر اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬
‫اﻷﺷﻌﺔ‬

 
 EF‫א‬‫א‬3 J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬6-1
Spherical waves and Inverse square law

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pd‫א‬Pt ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 (W/m2) 2L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬wWatt ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬4 J1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 WR1‫א‬
Pd1 = Pt / 4лR12
:‫ هﻲ‬R2 ‫و آﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬
2
Pd2 = Pt / 4лR2
:‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺘﻴﻦ اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺘﻴﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎج ﻗﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺘﺮﺑﻴﻊ اﻟﻌﻜﺴﻲ‬
2
Pd1 / Pd2 = (R2 / R1)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 5 J1‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 

-6-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

2 ‫ﺟﺒﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬
1 ‫ﺟﺒﻬﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‬

R1

R2

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J1‫א‬
 ‫א‬

‫آﺜﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ‬

 ‫א‬5 J1‫א‬

-7-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 2 J1
1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10
 
W‫א‬
Pd1 = Pt / 4лR12
= 100 /(4л x 12) w/ m2
Pd2 = Pt / 4лR22
= 100 /(4л x 102) w/ m2

‫ א‬7-1
Polarization

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 
W‫א‬‫א‬  J
Linear polarization
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE6 J1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Horizontal polarization  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  Vertical polarization  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
-8-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬

‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬
‫اﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎب ﻋﻤﻮدي‬
‫اﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎب أﻓﻘﻲ‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬6 J1‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

Circular polarization
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE7 J1F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Right Circular polarization  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  Left Circular polarization  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-9-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬
‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬

‫ اﻟﻴﺴﺎري‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻨﻲ‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7 J1‫א‬  
W‫א‬‫א‬  J

Elliptical polarization
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE8 J1‫א‬F
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 Right Elliptical polarization  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
  Left Elliptical polarization  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 10 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻟﻤﺠﺎل‬

‫اﻟﻜ‬ ‫اﻟﻜ‬

‫ﺗﺠﺎﻩ اﻹﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬

‫ اﻟﻴﺴﺎري‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫ اﻟﻴﻤﻴﻨﻲ‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬8 J1
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬8-1
The electrical properties of the transmission medium

 W‫א‬ 
Permittivity () ‫ א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 = o r
 W  
 ‫א‬‫א‬Wo   
o =8.85 x 10-12
=(1/36л )x 10-9

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wr    
 

- 11 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

M Permeability () ‫א‬  J


 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 = o r
 W  
 ‫א‬‫א‬Wo   
o =4 л x 10-7
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wr   
 ‫א‬

Conductivity () ‫ א‬ J


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬9-1
Optical properties of electromagnetic waves

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Refraction ‫א‬  J
Reflection ‫א‬  J

Diffraction   J

Interference ‫א‬  J

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 12 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 Refraction‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
9 J1‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
n1 sin (i) = n2 sin (t)
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬Wi  
‫א‬‫א‬Wt 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W n1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W n2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬i‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬9 J1‫א‬
 Kt‫א‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬
i

‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻷول‬

‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬
t

‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻜﺴﺮة‬

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬9 J1‫א‬

- 13 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 3 J1
‫א‬K45‫א‬
 K2Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
n1 sin (i) = n2 sin (t)
1 sin (45) = 2 sin (t)
sin (t) = 0.5 sin(45) = 0.5 (0.707) = 0.3535
t = sin-1(0.3535) =20.7o
Reflection ‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬K10 J1‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
i = r

‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬ i r

‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻷول‬

‫اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻰ‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 J1‫א‬

- 14 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
 4 J1
‫א‬K45‫א‬
 K2Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
i = r
r = 45o

Diffraction ‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
λ =3×108/1×106 =300 m
 K300‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Optical waves)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Interference ‫א‬‫ א‬ J



‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K11 J1‫א‬‫א‬

- 15 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

3 ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬
A
1 ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬ B

2 ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺔ‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻋﺎآﺲ‬
 
 
B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬11 J1‫א‬
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬ 10-1
‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 Ground waves ‫א‬‫א‬
Space waves ‫א‬‫א‬
Sky waves ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬12 J1‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

- 16 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫اﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ اﻷﻳﻮﻧﻴﻪ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﺴﻤﺎوﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﻔﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺴﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫اﻷرض‬

‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻷرﺿﻴﺔ‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬12 J1‫א‬

(LF,VLF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
(VHF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 Kand above)
 (HF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
Ground waves ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Surface ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 waves)
- 17 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬  J1
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(LF, VLF)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬ 
‫א‬  J1
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 W‫א‬
   J1
‫א‬  J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3

Space waves ‫א‬‫ א‬ J


 W‫א‬‫א‬
(Direct waves)‫א‬‫א‬ J1 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪90
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (Ground reflected waves) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬٪10،‫א‬

- 18 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
F‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  
‫א‬K4036‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EDirect path‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
d = 4 (ht)1/2 + 4 (hr)1/2
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wd 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wht 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Whr 
 
 K‫א‬13 J1‫א‬  
 

‫اﻟﻤﺮﺳﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻈﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬

d hr
ht

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬13 J1‫א‬

- 19 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 5 J1
 K100‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
d = 4 (ht)1/2 + 4 (hr)1/2
= 4 (100)1/2 + 4 (100)1/2
= 40 +40 =80 km
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Sky waves ‫א‬‫ א‬ J 
‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،(Ionosphere Layer)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
40050‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K350 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W14 J1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  D   J
E   J

F   J
 
 

- 20 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

400 KM

140 KM

100 KM

50 KM

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬14 J1‫א‬  
 
 
،10050‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(VLF, LF)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K
  ‫א‬K
 
،140100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(MF)
  K
 ‫א‬
 

- 21 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

،400140‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(HF, VHF)‫א‬
  K
  ‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Microwaves)‫א‬
 
 
( Critical Angle) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Critical Frequency)‫א‬‫ א‬11-1
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W
  LF ‫א‬‫א‬ D
  MF ‫א‬‫א‬ E
  HF ‫א‬‫א‬ F
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- 22 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
  
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J6
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7
 
 
 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J8
 
 
- 23 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J9
 
 
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J10
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J11
 
 
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J12
‫؟‬‫א‬
 
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J13
 
 
 

- 24 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J14
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬  J15
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J16
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J17
 
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J18
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J19
 
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J20
 
 
 

- 25 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J21
 
 
 
 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J22
 
 
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J23
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J24
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J25
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J26
 
 

- 26 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫؟‬D  J27
 
 

‫؟‬E   J28

 
 
 

‫؟‬ F   J29

 
 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J30
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J31

- 27 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

2
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Propagation of Uniform Plane Waves
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 5W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- 28 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W1 J2
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 (radio antennas)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬2 J2
The Wave Equation
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J2 ‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 

- 29 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

Ex

x
Direction of
propagation

Ey
z

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J2‫א‬
 
d 2 Ex
  2 Ex  0
dz 2 E1 J2F

 W
x‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Ex  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W Z
 (propagation constant)‫א‬W γ  
 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1 J2F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬E1 J2F‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 30 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
  (γ) ‫א‬1 J2 J2
The propagation constant
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 2   2   j
E2 J2F
 W
(2πf)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ω 
 ‫א‬ :f
(permittivity)‫א‬‫א‬Wε 
(permeability) ‫א‬‫א‬Wμ
(conductivity)‫א‬‫א‬Wσ
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wj 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 

- 31 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

    j
E3 J2F
 W
Attenuation Constant ‫א‬W α 
 Phase Constant  ‫א‬ :β
 
2 J2‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Signal
Power
α =0 Lossless medium

α =0.5

α =0.8

Distance

 ‫א‬‫א‬2 J2‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J2‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Lossless medium) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
v ph   / 
E4 J2F
- 32 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

v g   /  E5 J2F
 W
(phases velocity) ‫א‬Wvph  
  (group velocity) E‫א‬F‫א‬Wvg  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 η‫א‬3 J2
 Wave Impedance
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Ex j
 
Hy   j  E6 J2F
  
 W‫א‬E6 J2F‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ( = 0)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J2
The propagation in lossless media ( = 0)
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬

- 33 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 2   2   j
 2   2   0
    2 
  j 
E7 J2F
But:
    j E8 J2F
 W‫א‬E8 J2F‫א‬E7 J2F‫א‬  
 0
   
 WE4 J2F‫א‬‫א‬
v ph /
v ph   /  
v ph  1 / 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
μZμr μo = μoZ4π 10-7
ε = εr εo = εo =(1/36π ) 10-9 =8.85 10-12
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
v ph  1 /   1 / 4 10  7 /(1 / 36 )10  9  3  108 m / s

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- 34 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 WE6 J2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
j

  j 
j

j 



 W ‫א‬‫א‬
μZμr μo = μoZ4π 10-7
ε = εr εo = εo =(1/36π ) 10-9 =8.85 10-12
 W‫א‬



r o

 r o
o

o
4  10  7

(1 / 36 )  10  9
 120
 377

 K377‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 1 J2
‫א‬ 
 WK‫א‬‫א‬4

‫א‬  J

- 35 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬  J


‫א‬  J


‫א‬  J

 
 W‫א‬

W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 2   2   j
 W‫א‬‫א‬  
σ Z0
 W‫א‬
 2   2 

    2 
 j 
   j
 W‫א‬‫א‬
α Z 0
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬  J


- 36 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
   
v ph   / 
 1 / 
 1 /  r  o r  o

 1 / 1  4 10  7  4  (1 / 36 )10  9
 3  108 / 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

W‫א‬  J

 WE6 J2F‫א‬‫א‬
j

  j 
j

j 



r o

 r o
1  4 10  7

4  (1/ 36 )10  9
 120 / 2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 

- 37 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬5-2
Conductors and Dielectric Materials
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 / 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 /   1

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 /   1
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬1 J5 J2
Good dielectrics
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 /   1

- 38 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
 2   2   j

  j (  j )

 j  1  j


 j  (1  j )
2
   j
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 

2 
   
 W‫א‬‫א‬

v ph  

1


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 39 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

j
 
  j



 (1  j
)

  0.5
 (1  j )
 
 
 (1  j )
 2




‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J5 J2
Good conductors
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 /   1

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
 2   2   j

- 40 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

  j (  j )

 j 1  j

 j
1
   (1  j )
2
   j
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬


2


2
 W‫א‬‫א‬

v ph 

2


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 41 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

j

  j 
j / 


1 j

j


 1
 (1  j )
 2

 (1  j )
2
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬6-2
Normal Incidence of Uniform Plane Waves on Plane Boundaries

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
3 J2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 

- 42 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

Medium 1 Medium 2

Ei
Incident wave Et Transmitted
wave

Hi
Ht

Reflected wave

Er
Hr

 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J2
 

 (reflected waves)‫א‬ (Refracted waves)‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬ (Incident waves)‫א‬‫א‬
 
d 2 Ex
2
  2 Ex  0
dz
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E x  Em e z  Em e  z

- 43 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬(Forward Wave)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Backward Wave)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KZ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KZ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Ei  Em e z a x
 Em e z e  z a x
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
H i  H m e z a y
 H m e z e  z a y
Ei

1
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Er  Em e z a x
 Em e z e  z a x
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
H r  H m e z a y
 H m e z e  z a y
Er

1
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 44 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

Et  Et e z a x
 Et e z e  z a x
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
H r  H t e z a y
 H t e z e  z a y
Et

2
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W(Reflection coefficient)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W
 
Er  2  1
 
Ei  2  1 E9 J2F
 W 
 ‫א‬W1   
 E‫א‬F‫א‬W 2   
   
 WE9 J2F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 E‫א‬‫א‬? ?F‫א‬‫א‬
1 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 45 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W(Transmission coefficient)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 
Et 2 2
T 
Ei  2  1 E10 J2F
  
 WE10 J2F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
? ?F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
 T 1 
E11 J2F
 
 W2 J2
‫א‬‫א‬ L100
 WK70 E‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
- 46 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 W‫א‬
W‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Er  2  1
 
Ei  2  1
70  377

70  377
 0.69
‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Et 2 2
T 
Ei  2  1
2  70

70  377
 0.31

W‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Er

Ei
E
 0.69  r
100
 Er  69 V/m
W‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Et
T
Ei
Et
0.31 
100
 Et  31 V/m
- 47 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  T  0.69  0.31  1
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Er  Et  69  31  100  Ei
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Et  Ei  Er  100  69  31V/m

‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W3 J2
‫א‬‫א‬ L100
 WK300 E‫א‬‫א‬F
 ‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬‫א‬  J

 
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬  J
- 48 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Er  2  1
 
Ei  2  1
300  377

300  377
 0.11
‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Et 2 2
T 
Ei  2  1
2  300

300  377
 0.89

W‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Er

Ei
E
 0.11  r
100
 Er  11 V/m
W‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Et
T
Ei
Et
0.89 
100
 Et  89 V/m
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  T  0.11  0.89  1
- 49 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Er  Et  11  89  100  Ei
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Et  Ei  Er  100  11  89 V/m
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 7-2
Power Considerations
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
P  Ex H y
 W‫א‬
Ex

Hy
 W‫א‬‫א‬

E x2
P


- 50 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W3 J2
‫א‬‫א‬ L100
 WK300 E‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬‫א‬  J

 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  J
Ei2
100 2
P   26.5 W
1 377
 
‫א‬‫א‬  J

Er  2  1
 
Ei  2  1
300  377

300  377
 0.11
Er  Ei  11 V/m
Er2
112
Pr    0.32 W
1 377
 
 

‫א‬‫א‬  J

Et 2 2
T 
Ei  2  1
2  300

300  377
 0.89
Et  TEi  89 V/m
- 51 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

Et2 89 2
Pt    26.4 W
 2 300
‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
Pr  Pt  0.32  26.4  26.72
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- 52 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬  J2
 
 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J3
 
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬  J4
 
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
 
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬  J6
 
 
 

- 53 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬  J7
 

‫؟‬‫א‬  J8
 

‫؟‬‫א‬  J9
 
 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬  J10
 
 
 
 

‫؟‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  J11

 
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J12
 
 
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J13
 
- 54 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J14

‫؟‬‫א‬  J15
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬  J16
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬  J17
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬  J18

- 55 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

3
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Fundamentals of Antennas

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 8W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- 56 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 1 J3
‫א‬‫א‬(Antenna) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Antenna structure)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Antenna parameters) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬–‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬ J ‫א‬–‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 
 Antenna Structure ‫א‬‫א‬2 J3
 
 Size ‫א‬1 J2 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  W
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬
λ = c / f = 3×108 /3×103 =100,000 m =100 km
100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬
λ = c / f = 3×108 /3×106 =100 m
 K100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 57 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬
λ = c / f = 3×108 /3×109 =0.1 m =10 cm
 K10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Supports ‫א‬2 J2 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K1 J3‫א‬
 

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J3‫א‬
 
 Conductors ‫א‬3 J2 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 (Microwave Band)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Insulators‫א‬‫א‬4 J2 J3

- 58 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Weather Protection‫א‬‫א‬5 J2 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K2 J3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫ﻏﻄﺎء ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬

‫هﻮاﺋﻰ‬

 K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J3
 
 Feed Lines ‫א‬6 J2 J3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J

 W3 J3‫א‬
- 59 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 30WTransmission line‫א‬ J  

 1000WCoaxial cable‫א‬‫א‬ J  
 1000WHorn antenna‫א‬‫א‬ J  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- 60 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬3 J3‫א‬

- 61 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

  Matching Conditions‫א‬‫א‬7 J2 J3

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K4 J3
 
 

‫اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻰ‬
‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬

Z T = Z in (antenna)

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬4 J3‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 62 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
  Antenna Parameters‫א‬‫א‬3 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬
 
  Radiation Pattern ‫א‬1 J3 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K5 J3‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J3‫א‬
Omnidirectional pattern‫א‬  J
 Omnidirectional Antenna‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Directive pattern‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

Directive Antenna ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Mobile communications)‫א‬‫א‬
- 63 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E360F‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W‫א‬  
Polar diagram‫א‬‫א‬ J  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K5 J3‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Cartesian diagram ‫א‬‫א‬ J  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬
 E-plane ‫א‬‫א‬ J   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 64 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

H-plane ‫א‬‫א‬ J   

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
  
 W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 (Watt)‫א‬‫א‬ J  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
dB(Decibel)‫א‬ J  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
P (dB) = 10 log (P / Pmax )
 W  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WP   
 ‫א‬‫א‬WP (dB)   
 ‫א‬WPmax
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J3‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Front Lobe)‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬(Lobes)
‫א‬K‫א‬(Side Lobes)‫א‬‫א‬(Back Lobe)
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Front-‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Wto-Back ratio)
 ‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 65 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J3
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J3 J3
 Radiation Resistance and Antenna Efficiency

 ‫א‬ W
‫א‬(AC antenna resistance)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Radiated power) ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
Rr = Pr / i2
 W
(Ohm Ω)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Rr 
(Watt w) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Pr 
 (Ampere A) ‫א‬‫א‬(rms) ‫א‬‫א‬W i 
 
- 66 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K6 J3‫א‬
 1 J3
‫א‬1000‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K10 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Rr = Pr / i2
=1000 / (10)2 = 10 Ω

Pr

i i

Pr Rr

‫هﻮاﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬6 J3
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Input power Pin) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K(Dissipated power Pd)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
- 67 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 = Pr / Pin
 W
‫א‬‫א‬W  
(Watt w) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W Pr 
  (Watt w)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WPin 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Pin = Pr + Pd
 
 W
 (Watt) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WPd 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 = Pr / Pin
= Pr / (Pr + Pd )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7 J3‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 8 J3‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 68 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

Rr
Rd

Rd
Rr

Antenna
Equivalent Circuit

 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬7 J3
 

Pd

i i
Pd

Rd

‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻔﻘﺪ‬
‫هﻮاﺋﻲ‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬8 J3
 

- 69 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 = Pr / Pin
= Pr / (Pr + Pd )
= i2 Rr / i2 ( Rr + Rd )
= Rr / ( Rr + Rd )
= Rr / Rin
 W  
Rin =Rr + Rd
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ 
 = (Pr / Pin ) × 100 %
‫א‬(Data sheet)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 W2 J3
 K‫א‬1000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬900‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬
 = Pr / Pin
= 900/1000=0.9
=0.9 × 100 %
= 90%
 W3 J3
100‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬900‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
Pin = Pr + Pd
=900 + 100 = 1000 w

 = Pr / Pin
= 900/1000=0.9
=0.9 × 100 %
= 90%
- 70 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W4 J3
100‫א‬‫א‬900‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K
 W‫א‬
 = Rr / ( Rr + Rd )
= 900 / (900 +100)
= 0.9 = 90%
 W4 J3
‫א‬‫א‬K100‫א‬‫א‬900‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
2
Pr = i Rr
=102 (900)
=90,000 
= 90 k
Pd = i2 Rd
=102 (100)
=10,000 
= 10 k

 W5 J3
 ٪90900‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬

 = Rr / ( Rr + Rd )
= 900 / (900 + Rd)
= 0.9
Rd = 100 
 
 

- 71 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W6 J3
‫א‬‫א‬100900‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Pr = i2 Rr
=12 (900) = 900 w
 = Pr / Pin
= Pr / (Pr + Pd )
= 900 / (900 +100)
=0.9
 
 
 W7 J3
‫א‬900‫א‬‫א‬1000‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K1‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
Rin =Rr + Rd
Rin = Pin / i2
= 1000 / 12
= 1000 
 = Rr / Rin
= 900/1000=0.9
=0.9 × 100 %
= 90%
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J3 J3
 Directive Gain and Power Gain
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬(Reference antenna) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K9 J3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 72 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

Pr

P1
1 ‫هﻮاﺋﻰ‬

Pr

P2
2 ‫هﻮاﺋﻰ‬

Pr
Pref

‫هﻮاﺋﻰ ﻣﺮﺟﻌﻲ‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬9 J3‫א‬
 
(Isotropic ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kantenna)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
D = Pr / Pref
 W
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WD
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WPref
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
=0.9
- 73 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W8 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W2L‫א‬100
 2L‫א‬500‫א‬‫א‬  J
2
L‫א‬1000‫א‬‫א‬  J

 2L‫א‬1500‫א‬‫א‬  J

 ‫א‬
  J 
D = Pr / Pref
= 500 /1000 =0.5
 –
D = Pr / Pref
= 1000 /1000 =1
 –
D = Pr / Pref
= 1500 /1000 =1.5
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
(Reference antenna) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
AP = D 
 W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WAP

- 74 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W9 J3
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W2L‫א‬100
 ٪802L‫א‬500‫א‬‫א‬  J

٪902L‫א‬1000‫א‬‫א‬  J
 ٪1002L‫א‬1500‫א‬‫א‬  J
 
 ‫א‬
  J 
D = Pr / Pref
= 500 /1000 =0.5
AP =  D = 0.8 × 0.5 = 0.40
 –
D = Pr / Pref
= 1000 /1000 =1
AP =  D = 0.9 × 1.0 = 0.90

 –
D = Pr / Pref
= 1500 /1000 =1.5
AP =  D = 1.0 × 1.5 = 1.50
 =D
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Data sheet)‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 75 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EKKK‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J3 J3
 Antenna Polarization
  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J3 J3
Antenna Beamwidth ( )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬AO, BO A, B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K10 J3‫א‬

- 76 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

Pmax /2
 A

O Pmax

‫اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10 J3‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
AO, BO A, B‫א‬‫א‬3‫א‬‫א‬
K11 J3‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 A
-3dB

O 0 dB

‫اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬11 J3‫א‬
 
- 77 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬11 J3‫א‬10 J3‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬6 J3 J3
Antenna Input Impedance Zin
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K12 J3

Iin

Vin

‫اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬12 J3hg
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WIin‫א‬‫א‬Vin‫א‬
Zin= Vin / Iin

- 78 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Matching conditions)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬13 J3‫א‬K13 J3‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Receiver)
 

‫اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻰ‬
‫ﺧﻂ اﻟﻨﻘﻞ‬ ‫داﺋﺮة اﻟﻤﻮاءﻣﺔ‬

Z c1 = Z in (antenna)
Z T = Z c2

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬13 J3hg
 
 K‫א‬
 
 
- 79 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 10 J3
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
75‫א‬  J
 E300–150–100–75–70–50F‫א‬‫א‬
150‫א‬  J

 E300–150–100–75–70–50F‫א‬‫א‬
300‫א‬  J

 E300–150–100–75–70–50F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 75‫א‬‫א‬  J
 150‫א‬‫א‬  J

 300‫א‬‫א‬  J

 
 
 
 

- 80 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
   
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
  
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
  
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
  
 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬  J6
 
 

- 81 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J8
  
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬  J9
 

‫؟‬‫א‬  J10
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J11
  
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J12
 

  
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J13
 
 

- 82 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J14
   
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J15
  
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J16
 
 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J17
  
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J18
  
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J19

- 83 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

4
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Basic Antennas and Feeding Methods
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 8W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

- 84 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W1 J4
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
( Half-wave dipole)d‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Short dipole)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Horn ‫א‬‫א‬(Helical antenna)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Loop antenna)d ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Microstrip antennas)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Dish antenna)‫א‬‫א‬antenna)
 
(Center feeding)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K(Horn method) ‫א‬(Delta-match feed method)‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J4
Basic Radiators
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Short dipole)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬( Loop antenna)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬( Half-wave dipole) ‫א‬
(Dish antenna)‫א‬‫א‬ (Horn antenna) ‫א‬‫א‬(Helical antenna) ‫א‬
 K(Microstrip antennas)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 85 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J2 J4
Short dipole antenna
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Antenna theory) ‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1 J4‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(+Q, -Q) W  J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E10L1F(l) W  J2


+Q ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ‬

-Q ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J4‫א‬
 

- 86 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬(Electric field)‫א‬‫א‬2 J4‫א‬

E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Magnetic field)
 KH‫א‬
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J4
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J4‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬r(1/r2) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(1/r3)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 87 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J1 J2 J4
The radiation pattern of the short dipole

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J4‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬2 J4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(E-plane)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(H-plane)‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Wave impedance Z) ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Z=E/H
 W
 ‫א‬WZ   
 ‫א‬‫א‬WE    
  ‫א‬‫א‬WH   
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E π120F377‫א‬

- 88 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

E-Plane

H-Plane

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J4‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J1 J2 J4
The radiation resistance of the short dipole
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
Zin = Vin / Iin
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rr  80 2 (l /  ) 2
 W
 ‫א‬W Rr   
 ‫א‬‫א‬W l   

- 89 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬W    
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬7.9‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J1 J2 J4
Directivity (D)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
D = 1.5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J1 J2 J4
Beamwidth ( )
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W
 = 90o
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J2 J4
Half-Wave Dipole
   

- 90 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬4 J4‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K

+Q ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺐ‬

-Q ‫اﻟﻘﻄﺐ اﻟﺴﺎﻟﺐ‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J4
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J2 J2 J4
The radiation pattern of the half-wave dipole

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J4‫א‬ 
(Isotropic Pattern)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Omnidirectional pattern)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬() ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- 91 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

Omnidirection
Short-dipole

Half-Wave

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5 J4
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J2 J2 J4
The radiation resistance of the half-wave dipole
  
73.1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
- 92 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J2 J2 J4

Directivity (D)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
D = 1.63
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J2 J2 J4
Beamwidth ( )
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 = 78o
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- 93 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J2 J4
Loop Antenna
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6 J4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 

 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬6 J4‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- 94 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J3 J2 J4
The radiation pattern of the small loop antenna

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7 J4‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
E-Plane  
 
 
 
 
 
H-Plane
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7 J4

- 95 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J3 J2 J4

The radiation resistance of the small loop antenna
  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Rr = 31200 A2/ 2
 W
 ‫א‬a (a2) ‫א‬WA  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬ N ‫א‬‫א‬
2
RN = N R1
 W 
 ‫א‬N‫א‬‫א‬WRN  
 ‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬WR1  
 1 J4
105‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K100
 W‫א‬
2
RN = N R1
R5 = 52 (2) =50 Ω
R10 = 102 (2) =200 Ω
R100 = 1002 (2) =20,000 Ω = 20 KΩ
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
- 96 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J3 J2 J4

Directivity (D)
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
D = 1.5
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J3 J2 J4
Beamwidth ( )
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  = 90oW‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J2 J4
 Helical Antenna
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8 J4‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 N‫א‬  J
S‫א‬‫ א‬ J
D‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Normal Mode)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Axial Mode)
 (Microwaves)‫א‬(MHz) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 

- 97 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬8 J4‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J4 J2 J4
The radiation pattern of the helical antenna

 W‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
Normal Mode ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K9 J4‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 98 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬9 J4‫א‬
 
 Axial Mode ‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K10 J4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 99 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬10 J4
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J4 J2 J4
Directivity (D)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 
Dmax = 15 NS(  D)2 / 2
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 100 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J4 J2 J4
Beamwidth ( )
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 
3dB =52 (3/2 ) / NS  D
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬5 J2 J4
Horn Antenna
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Microwave Band) ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
  J
‫א‬  J
  J
- 101 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬11 J4‫א‬
 K(Waveguides)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬11 J4‫א‬
 
 W ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J
      W‫א‬‫א‬
G = 10 A / 2
 W 
 ‫א‬‫א‬WA   
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W   

- 102 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 
 2 J4
5020‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 3 GHz  J
30 GHz  J

 W‫א‬
3GHz  J
G = 10 A / 2
A = 20  50 = 1000 cm2 = 0.1 m
 = c / f = 3  108 / 3  109 = 0.1 m
G = 10 A / 2
= 10  0.1 / 0.12 = 100
30 GHz  J

G = 10 A / 2
A = 20  50 = 1000 cm2 = 0.1 m
 = c / f = 3  108 / 30  109 = 0.01 m
G = 10 A / 2
  = 10  0.1 / 0.012 = 10,000
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D = 7.5 A / 2
 3 J4
5020‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 3 GHz J
30 GHz J
- 103 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
3GHz  J
D = 7.5 A / 2
A = 20  50 = 1000 cm2 = 0.1 m
 = c / f = 3  108 / 3  109 = 0.1 m
D = 7.5 A / 2
= 7.5  0.1 / 0.12 = 75
30 GHz  J

D = 7.5 A / 2
A = 20  50 = 1000 cm2 = 0.1 m
 = c / f = 3  108 / 30  109 = 0.01 m
D = 7.5 A / 2
= 7.5  0.1 / 0.012 = 7500
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E = 56  / dE degree
H = 67  / dH degree
 
‫א‬‫א‬K11 J4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬dHdE
 K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬6 J2 J4
Dish " Parabolic" Antenna
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬12 J4‫א‬K(Microwave Band) ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 104 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬12 J4‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J
  J
  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬

- 105 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

  W‫א‬ J  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ J  
 ‫א‬EF8L1‫א‬‫א‬    
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬8L1‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
G = k(D)2 / 2
 W
 ‫א‬WD  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wk   
 K0.70.4‫א‬
 
 4 J4
0.5‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 3 GHz  J

 30 GHz  J

 
 W‫א‬
3GHz  J

- 106 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

G = k(D)2 / 2
 = c / f = 3  108 / 3  109 = 0.1 m
G = k(D)2 / 2
= 0.5  (1)2 / 0.12 =493.5
30 GHz  J

G = k(D)2 / 2
 = c / f = 3  108 / 30  109 = 0.01 m
G = k(D)2 / 2
= 0.5  (1)2 / 0.012
 
 5 J4
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K0.5‫א‬1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K493.5‫א‬

G = k(D)2 / 2
493.5 = 0.5  (1)2 / 2
2 = 0.009999
 = 0.1
f = c /  =3  108 / 0.1 = 3  109 = 3GHz

13 J4 (Conventional feeding)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬K14 J4 ‫א‬(Cassegrain feeding)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬13 J4‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(Subreflector)‫א‬
 K(Front Lobe)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Side Lobes)‫א‬
 
 
 
 

- 107 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬13 J4‫א‬

- 108 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬14 J4‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬7 J2 J4
Microstrip Antennas
   
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15 J4‫א‬
    
  Dielectric Substrate‫א‬  J
Metalic Patch   J
Feeder 
   J
 
 

- 109 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬15 J4‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬  J
 K16 J4‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬16 J4‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
- 110 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  J
   J
‫א‬‫א‬  J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   
 W‫א‬‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫ א‬ J
 ‫א‬‫ א‬ J
Microwave band ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬3 J4
Feeding methods
 
(Center feeding)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬K(Horn method) ‫א‬(Delta-match feed method)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KMatching Conditions‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬1 J3 J4
Center Feeding
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬17 J4
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Matching Stub)‫א‬
- 111 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬17 J4‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬2 J3 J4
Delta-match Feed Method
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬18 J4‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Delta)‫א‬
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬18 J4‫א‬
 
- 112 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬3 J3 J4
Horn Method
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬19 J4‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Probe)
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ‫א‬19 J4‫א‬

- 113 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
   
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
  
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
  

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7
  
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8
- 114 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K9
 
 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K10
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K11
   
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K12

 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K13
   
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K14
 
 
 
 
 

- 115 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K15
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K16
 
  

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K17
   
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K18
  
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K19
 
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K20

- 116 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬

5
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Antenna arrays
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 5W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
- 117 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W1 J5
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K(Array element)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬2 J5
 W‫א‬
Driven elements  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(transmission line)
 
Nondriven (Parasitic) elements EF  J

(transmission ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Mutual induction)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬line)
 
 
 

- 118 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 Reflectors‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1 J5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
Directors‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 1 J5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Driven element

Feed Points

Lens
Mirror

 
 ‫א‬1 J5‫א‬    

- 119 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬3 J5
Broadside Array

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬2 J5‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K2 J5‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

- 120 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

λ/2

Feed points

 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬2 J5‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J5
End-fire Array

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J5‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

- 121 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K3 J5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Feed points

λ/2

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬3 J5‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬5 J5
Non-Resonant Array

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J5‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K4 J5‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K4 J5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪67

- 122 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K303

Feed points Terminating

Resistor

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬4 J5‫א‬

- 123 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 
 
 
‫؟‬‫א‬  J2
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J6
 
 
 
 

- 124 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7
 
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J8
 

- 125 -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

6
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Practical antenna systems
 

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ٪90‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 5W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- 126 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 W1 J6
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J6
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬  J

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Wire antenna‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 Inverted L-antenna‫א‬L‫א‬  J
 

- 127 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬3 J6
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1 J6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 
  
 

‫اﻟﻌﻨﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻋﻮاآﺲ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺘﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺎت‬

‫آﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻞ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‬
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬1 J6‫א‬
 
٪6 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬1 J6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٪6‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 128 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  232  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J6
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 129 -
 ‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ 232‬‬ ‫א‪ ‬‬

‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ هﻮاﺋﻲ اﻟﺠﻮال؟‬

‫‪ -2‬اذآﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻮال‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻓﻴﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم هﻮاﺋﻲ اﻟﻴﺎﺟﻲ؟‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻣﻢ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن هﻮاﺋﻲ اﻟﻴﺎﺟﻲ؟‬

‫‪ -5‬آﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل إﺷﺎرات ذات ﺗﺮددات ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ و ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة؟‬

‫‪ -6‬آﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ؟‬

‫‪- 130 -‬‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 The Electromagnetic waves
 
 ‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J6

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7

   ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J8

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J9

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J10

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J11

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J12
‫؟‬‫א‬

- 131 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 232  ‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬    J13

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬    J14


‫؟‬‫א‬ n1  J15

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J16

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J17

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J18

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J19

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J20

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J21
 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J22

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J23

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J24

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J25

‫؟‬D  J26

- 132 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 232  ‫א‬

‫؟‬‫؟‬E   J27

‫؟‬‫ ؟‬F   J28

 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J29

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J30

- 133 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Propagation of Uniform Plane Waves

 ‫א‬
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 

‫؟‬‫א‬  J2
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J3

‫؟‬‫א‬  J4
 

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5

 ‫؟‬‫א‬  J6

‫؟‬‫א‬  J7

‫؟‬‫א‬  J8

‫؟‬‫א‬  J9

‫؟‬‫א‬  J10

‫؟‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  J11

- 134 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 232  ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J12
 ‫؟‬‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J13

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J14

‫؟‬‫א‬  J15

‫؟‬‫א‬  J16

‫؟‬‫א‬  J17
 

‫؟‬‫א‬  J18
 

- 135 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
Fundamentals of Antennas
 
 ‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
   

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
  

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3
   

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
   

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5
 
‫؟‬‫א‬  J6

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J7
  

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J8
  
‫؟‬‫א‬  J9

‫؟‬‫א‬  J10
- 136 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 232  ‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J11
  

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J12

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J13
  

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J14

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J15
  

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J16


‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J17

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J18
   

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J19
 K 

- 137 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Basic Antennas and Feeding Methods
 
 ‫א‬
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K7

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K8

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K9

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K10

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K11

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K12

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K13
- 138 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 232  ‫א‬

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K14

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬ K15

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K16

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K17

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K18

 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K19

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K20

- 139 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Antenna arrays
 
 ‫א‬
 
‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 
‫؟‬‫א‬  J2

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J3

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J4
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J5

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬  J6

‫؟‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  J7
 

‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J8

- 140 -
 ‫א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪ ‬‬ ‫א‪ ‬‬
‫א‪ ‬‬
‫‪ 232‬‬ ‫א‪ ‬‬

‫א‪‬א‪ ‬‬
‫‪‬א‪‬א‪‬א‪‬‬
‫‪Practical antenna systems‬‬

‫أﺳﺌﻠﺔ‬

‫‪ -1‬ﻣﺎ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ هﻮاﺋﻰ اﻟﺠﻮال؟‬

‫‪ -2‬اذآﺮ ﺑﻌﺾ أﻧﻮاع اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻴﺎت اﻟﺘﻰ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ إﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺠﻮال‪.‬‬

‫‪ -3‬ﻓﻴﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪم هﻮاﺋﻰ اﻟﻴﺎﺟﻲ؟‬

‫‪ -4‬ﻣﻢ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن هﻮاﺋﻰ اﻟﻴﺎﺟﻲ؟‬

‫‪ -5‬آﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل إﺷﺎرات ذات ﺗﺮددات ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ و ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺻﻐﻴﺮة؟‬

‫‪ -6‬آﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺸﻮﻳﺶ ﻣﺤﺮك اﻟﺴﻴﺎرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻟﻬﻮاﺋﻲ؟‬

‫‪- 141 -‬‬

  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 232  ‫א‬

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬

[1] W. Tomasi , Electronic Communications Systems; Fundamentals through advanced,

Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1998.

[2] C. Balanis, Antenna Theory; Analysis and Design, John wiley & Sons, Inc., 1997.

[3] S. Ramo, J. Whinnery, and T, Duzer, Fields and Waves In Communication

Electronics, John wiley & Sons, Inc., 1994.

[4] R. C. Collin, Antennas and Radiowave Propagation, McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1985.

- 142 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 232  ‫א‬

 ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
2        1  J1
 2    ‫א‬‫א‬ 2-1
3      ‫א‬ 3-1
3      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 4-1
4      ‫א‬‫א‬ 5-1
5   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 6-1
7       ‫א‬ 7-1
10    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 8-1
11   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 9-1
14      ‫א‬‫א‬ 10-1
19     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬1 11-1
20          
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W W‫א‬‫א‬
 30          1-2
30        ‫א‬ 2-2
33      ‫א‬ 3-2
34     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 4-2
 38   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5-2
 41 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 6-2
48   ‫א‬‫א‬ 7-2
50          
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 232  ‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 58          1-3
58        ‫א‬‫א‬ 2-3
 58      ‫א‬ 1-2-3
58      ‫א‬ 2-2-3
59     ‫א‬ 3-2-3
59      ‫א‬‫א‬ 4-2-3
59     ‫א‬‫א‬ 5-2-3
60     ‫א‬ 6-2-3
62     ‫א‬‫א‬ 7-2-3

62        ‫א‬‫ א‬3-3

 62      ‫א‬ 1-3-3
66    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2-3-3
72  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3-3-3
74     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 4-3-3
75     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 5-3-3
76     ‫א‬‫א‬ 6-3-3
79          
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 85         1-4
85       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2-4
87    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 1-2-4
90   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 2-2-4
94     ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 3-2-4
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 232  ‫א‬

96    ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 4-2-4

 99    ‫א‬‫א‬ 5-2-4
 102    ‫א‬‫א‬ 6-2-4
 106   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 7-2-4

107       ‫א‬ 3-4

 110         
 
115        1-5
115     ‫א‬‫א‬ 2-5
116      ‫א‬‫א‬ 3-5
117   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 4-5
118     ‫א‬‫א‬ 5-5
120          
 
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
123        1 J6
123       ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬2 J6
123       ‫א‬‫א‬3 J6
124      ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬4 J6
126          

127         
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬