‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
 ‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٤

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪ ٩٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K ƒ
K ƒ
K ƒ
K ƒ
K ƒ

 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Solvent Extraction for the Separation of Metals
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Kmicro and macro quantities

 W‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
(i)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(ii)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (ppm)‫א‬0.003
100‫א‬‫א‬1000‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
0.3 ‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ppm
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 EFFe3+EFI2 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E
 ‫א‬F 
 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fe3+EF‫א‬‫א‬
 

Fe3+
‫א‬ Fe3++ I2

‫א‬ I2

 
 KFe3+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F
 ‫א‬‫א‬ Fe3+
 KEF J٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1.49‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 .(Dc) Concentration distribution

 

 ‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬ [A]o
Dc = Z (1)
 ‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬ [A]w
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬[ ]‫א‬‫א‬water‫א‬organic‫א‬‫א‬wo
 W
 

‫א‬
Z‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 
 (mmoles A)o / Vo (mmoles A)o X Vw
 Dc = = (2)
 (mmoles A)w / Vw (mmoles A)w X Vo
 

 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬AW(mmoles A) 0
 K‫א‬‫א‬AW(mmoles A)w
 K‫א‬‫א‬WV0
 K‫א‬WVw
 ،‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬mass distribution(Dm)
(mmoles A)o 
Dm =
(mmoles A ) w
 K‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬
 (3)
 
 W‫א‬E3FE2F‫א‬
  Dc = Dm V w (4)
Vo

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 WE4F‫א‬
  Dm = Dc V o (5)
Vw
‫א‬،Dc = DmVo = Vw‫א‬ 
 KVw DmVoDc‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(3F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬f‫א‬
(mmoles A )w
 f = (6)
(mmoles A )o + (mmoles A )w
 
 W(mmoles A)w‫א‬
1
 f = (7)
(Dm +1)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE7F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬n‫א‬
1
 f = (8)
( Dm + 1) n
n(%E)‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
1
%E = 100[1− ] (٩ )
(Dm+1) n

 99.9 %‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E١F
،‫א‬‫א‬10Dc = 20‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(%E)
K10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
K20‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
K10‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬Dm .١
Vo
  Dm = Dc
Vw
10
  Dm = 20 X = 20
10
 W‫א‬‫א‬(%E)‫א‬،
1
  %E = 100 [ 1 − ]
(Dm + 1)
1
  %E = 100 [ 1 − ] = 95.2 %
(20 + 1)
 WDm .٢
Vo
  Dm = Dc X
Vw
20
Dm = 20 x = 40
10
  1
%E = 100 [ 1− ] = 97.6 %
(40 + 1)
 WDm .٣
10
Dm = 20 x = 20
10
1
% E = 100 [1 − ] = 99.8 %
(20 + 1) 2
 
(iii)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(iii)(ii)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
 K66.2%
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬95.5%%E‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫∴א‬66.2%‫א‬‫א‬
 100-66.2 =33.8%
 ‫א‬‫א‬
66.2/100 x33.8 =22.4%
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬∴
 33.8-22.4 =11.4%
 W‫א‬‫א‬
66.2/100 x 11.4 = 7.5%
‫א‬95.5%
 ‫א‬‫א‬
66.2 + 22.4 + 7.5 = 96.1%
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
K ƒ
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ƒ
 W‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Ki
‫א‬I2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF‫א‬
WE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Kii
KMn+‫א‬‫א‬EF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKK،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S, O‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ion pair‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E‫א‬ F‫א‬‫א‬
WSalicylaldehyde ƒ
 OH

C = O:
H
 
Cu2+‫א‬   EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
 KE٢F
H
O :O = C

Cu
C = O: O

   H
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
W J٨ ƒ
،Fe3+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬     EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٣FK،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N
O
F
e
O
N

 
 KFe  J٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣F
3+

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬dithizone
(HL)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 Mn+‫א‬
Mn+
 
+ nHL ' MLn + nH+
 W‫א‬‫א‬
[ MLn ] [ H+ ]n
K=
[ Mn+ ] [ HL ]n

  pH= -log [H+] 

‫א‬‫א‬H+‫א‬[MLn]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬[H+]‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬FHg(DZ)2 K ‫א‬‫א‬ Zn2+Hg2+ 
pH‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K1018ZZn(DZ)21036ZE‫א‬‫א‬
Zn(DZ)2‫א‬‫א‬[H+]2.0‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬Hg(DZ)2‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
[H+]pH = 4‫א‬Zn(DZ)2K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Zn(DZ)2‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 KpH = 4‫א‬Zn (DZ)2 pH = 2‫א‬Hg (DZ)2
 J٨Fe3+ / Al3+،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
‫א‬pH=5‫א‬
 (CN-)‫א‬‫א‬Fe3+‫א‬pH=5
 Fe3+ + 6CN- → [Fe (CN)6 ]3-

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

Al3+ J٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬Fe3+‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Kiii
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fe3+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E7F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،E
 Fe (6H2O) + HCl (7M) → H+[FeCl4]-
3+

KKKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 [(C2H5)2O: H+, Fe (C2H5)2OCl4-]
 Koxonium extraction ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 :EHCl‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
Hg2+,Sb2+,Al3+,Fe3+HCl‫א‬١٣‫א‬
 KKKK

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Fe3+،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ J
 KFe2+‫א‬
‫א‬HCl‫א‬‫ א‬ J

‫א‬(%E)‫א‬‫א‬E٤F‫א‬
WHCl
%100Au3+
 
%EHg Fe3+
2+

 
Sb2+
 
 
 05M10M
- ١٠ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Fe3+‫א‬Hg2+‫א‬Au3+‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬7.0HCl .١
 O    P
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 Fe3+HAu3+   Hg2+
 KFe3+Au3+1.0HCl‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 O    P
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 
Au3+  Fe3+

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬C6H5Cl‫א‬C6H5NH2‫א‬‫א‬L١
‫א‬Au3+Hg2+Sb2+L٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٣
K80 %‫א‬HNO3‫א‬8.0‫א‬‫א‬L٤
(%E)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬98 %
‫א‬201.0‫א‬40 L٥
 W‫א‬0.5‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 %E(iii   Dm(ii    Dc(i
 ‫؟‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L٦
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

- ١٢ -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK •
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK •
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK •
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E1.49‫א‬FKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Dm = Dc ……………………………………… K٤
 
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK •
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK •
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬7HClEF .٢
       
 
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
 Sb + Au 
2+ 3+
      Hg 
2+
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬1.0HCl‫א‬EF
       
 
 ‫א‬      ‫א‬  
 Au3+       Sb2+  
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٣
 K‫א‬
 
 %20 ‫ اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻲ‬80Z‫א‬‫ א‬.٤
 .80/100x20 =16%‫א‬‫א‬
80/100x4 =3.2%‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬98%
K 80+16 +3.2 =99.2%‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬x‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬ .٥
40x0.1 =4.0 mmole
 4.0 - 0.5 =3.5 mmole‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
[mmoles Ao] X Vw
Dc =
[mmoles A]w X Vo

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
3.5 X 40
 14= 0.5 X 20

 
Vo
 Dm = Dc
Vw
 
20
 Dm = 14 =7
40
 
1
 %E = 100 [1-
(Dm+1)2
 
1
 %E = 100 [1- ]
(7+1)2
 
= 100 [1 – 0.125]
= 100 [0.875] = 87.5%

 W‫ א‬.٦
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  ٢٥٢  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .١
 
K‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١{٤٩‫א‬F‫א‬ .٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
  .٤
Vo
 Dm = Dc
Vw
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨ .٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٧
‫א‬Fe3+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ƒ א‬
KFe2+‫א‬
 HCl‫ƒ א‬
 K

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