EF

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K .١
K .٢
K‫א‬ .٣
K‫א‬ .٤
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K١٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 W‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬    ، solution ‫א‬  solute ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KPercent‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 Kg/LL‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
 KMolarity‫ א‬K٣
 KNormality‫ א‬K٤
Kppm (parts per million)‫א‬‫ א‬K٥
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١
  Primary Standard Solution ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫א‬ ‫א‬    
 KSecondary Standard Solution‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K٪١٠٠ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


،Borax‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬،‫א‬،
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢١١
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KStandardization‫א‬‫א‬{
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HCl‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬HClK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 KNaOH ‫א‬HCl‫א‬ W‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬: ‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫ א‬K٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
 
 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬١
EF‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W١١
 

V (ml)
  Weight = Molarity × MW × (1)
1000
 
 W
 K‫א‬WV‫א‬‫א‬WMW،‫א‬WMolarity،‫א‬WWeight
 
 K١٠٠٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 W‫א‬
٣٥{٤٥٣٩{١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 L‫א‬٧٤{٥٥=٣٥{٤٥+٣٩{١٠=KCl‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١F‫א‬،‫א‬
 
 
100
  Weight = 0.1× 74.55 × = 0.7455 g
1000
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 W٢٢
 WSpecific gravity‫א‬‫א‬Density‫א‬١٢٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬d‫א‬
 
mass (g)
 d = (1)
volume (cm3 )
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬Wmass
 KE١=٣١F٣‫א‬Wvolume

 W‫א‬‫א‬SG‫א‬‫א‬
 
d
  SG = (2)
dw
 W
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬WSG
 KE٣L‫א‬F‫א‬Wd
 KE4oC٣L‫א‬١{٠٠٠=‫א‬FE٣L‫א‬F‫א‬Wdw
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬١٨‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫؟‬E١FK٠{٥٠‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫؟‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬K
 
d d
0.5 = =
d w 1 g / cm3
 
d(g / cm3 ) = 0.5 × 1 g / cm3 = 0.5 g / cm3
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬١٨‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬K
 
mass (g)
d=
volume (cm3 )
 
mass 18
volume (cm3 ) = = = 36 cm 3
d 0.5
 
 
 W١٢٢
E٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KE٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
% × d × 10
  Molarity = (2)
MW
 ‫א‬WMW
 K‫א‬‫א‬WMW
 K‫א‬‫א‬Wd
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W%
 
  C1 × V1 = C2 × V2 (3)
 W
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WC1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WC2
 K‫א‬‫א‬WV1
 K‫א‬‫א‬WV2
 

 ١٢،HCl‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 K٪٣٧٣L‫א‬1.19‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬
 KH = 1Cl=35.45W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 KL‫א‬٣٦{٤٥=١+ ٣٥{٤٥=HCl‫א‬‫א‬
 WM‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 
 
1.19 × 37 × 10
 M = = 12.1 M
36.45
 
 WE٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
C 2 × V2 2 × 1000
  V1 = = = 165.29 ml
C1 12.1
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 K K١
KSodium Carbonate‫א‬ K٢
KConcentrated sulfuric acid‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K K٤
 K‫א‬ K٥
 K K٦
 K K٧
 KE٢٥٠F K٨
 KE١٠٠F K٩
K K١٠
K K١١
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 W٣
 K١٠٠٠{٠٥‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ K٥
 
 W٤
 KH2SO4‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠١‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬>‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬>1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬>1
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬>1
 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، K٥
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٨
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 W
 W‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬    E‫א‬F ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 ‫א‬‫א‬ no. of equivalent weights ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،N‫א‬،Normality
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
no. of equivalent weights
 N = (1)
Volume (L)
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١١
‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬  MW ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 Kno. of reacting units‫א‬‫א‬
 
MW
  no. equivalents=  (2)
no. of reacting units
 
 
 Wreacting units‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬H+‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٢١
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣١
 W‫א‬١٣١
 W١
 CH3COOH → CH3COO + H - +

 
 K١‫א‬‫א‬CH3COOH‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W٢
 H2SO4 → SO42- + 2H+
 
 KE٩٨=‫א‬‫א‬F٤٩‫א‬‫א‬E٢F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٢٣١
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ H+    ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 NaOH + H+ → H2O + Na+
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NaOH‫א‬‫א‬
 
 Na2CO3 + 2H+ → 2Na+ + H2CO3
 
 KE١٠٦‫א‬‫א‬F٥٣Na2CO3 ‫א‬‫א‬E2F‫א‬
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬٤١
 

MW
  no. equivalents = (3)
equivalent weights
 

 Wno. of equivalents‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 
 
  no. of equivalents(eq) = N(eq / L) × Volume (L) (4)
 

 W‫א‬E٤FE٢F‫א‬
 
V (mL)
  Weight (g) = N × equivalent weight × (5)
1000
 
 W
  0.1N     ١٠٠  NaOH ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 KHCl‫א‬NaOH
 W‫א‬
١١٦،٢٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 K٤٠NaOH‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤٠‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٥F‫א‬NaOH
 
100
  Weight = 0.1 × 40 × = 0.4 g
1000
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬٥١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
% × d × 10
 N = (6)
equivalent weight
 
  C1 × V1 = C2 × V2 (7)
 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
N = M × no. of reacting units

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 KNa2CO3‫א‬ K١
 K K٢
Conc. H2SO4‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬ K٤
 K K٥
 K K٦
 KE٢٥٠F K٧
 KE١٠٠F K٨
 K‫א‬ K٩
 
 W٣
١٠٠0.05NNa2CO3‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KH2SO4‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 W٤
 K١٠٠1N‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬>‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬>1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬>1
 K‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬>1
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K١
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬  parts per million ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬   
 KE١F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
ppt ‫א‬‫א‬ppm‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
Vol/Vol  Wt/Vol Wt/Wt ‫א‬  ‫א‬
µL/L  mg/L mg/kg
ppm ‫א‬‫א‬
nL/mL  µg/mL µg/g
nL/L  µg/L µg/kg ‫א‬‫א‬
 ppb
pL/mL ng/mL ng/g  
 
 W
 KE‫א‬FweightWWt
 KE‫א‬FvolumeWVol
1X10-6=microWµ
 1X10-9=nanoWn
 1X10-12=picoWp
 

ppm٥٠٠‫א‬،NaCl،‫א‬W
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ppm‫א‬W
 
500 ppm = 500 mg (Na)
500 mg = 0.5 g (Na)

 WNa‫א‬٠{٥‫א‬NaCl‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 
58.4 g NaCl → 23 g Na
  x NaCl → 0.5 g Na
58.4
x = × 0.5 = 1.269 g NaCl
23
 
 Wppm
 
ppm MW V(ml)
  wt = × × (1)
1000 at. wt. × no. of atoms 1000
 
 W
1000 ppm‫א‬‫א‬Na2CO3‫א‬‫א‬
 K١

 W‫א‬
‫א‬Na‫א‬١٠٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬
 K٢‫א‬
 
1000 106 1000
wt = × × = 2.30 g
1000 23 × 2 1000

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 KNaCl‫א‬ K١
 K K٢
 K‫א‬ K٣
 K K٤
 K K٥
 KE٢٥٠F K٦
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 K١ K٧
 KE‫א‬٦F١٠٠ K٨
 K K٩
 K K١٠
 K‫א‬ K١١
 
 W‫א‬٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 Kppm٢٥٢٠،١٥،١٠،٥

١1000 ppmNa K١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F١٠٠100 ppmNa K٢
K‫א‬‫א‬KE1000 ppm
‫א‬KE100 ppmF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٣
 K‫א‬
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  
١٠٠volume of solute‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(% v/v)‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
K‫א‬‫א‬
 
volume of solute (ml)
  %(v / v) = × 100
volume of solution (ml)
 
١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W (% w/v)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٢
.‫א‬
 
weight of solute (g)
%(w / v) = × 100
volume of solution (ml)

١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(% m/m)(% w/w) ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣

K‫א‬‫א‬
 
weight of solute (g)
%(w / w) = × 100
mass of total solution (g)

 W١
 K١ (v/v)٪١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬
% (v / v) × volume of solution (ml)
volume of solute (ml) =
100
 
10 × 1000
volume of solute (ml) = = 100 ml
100

 W٢‫א‬
 La ‫א‬ ١ ‫א‬ LaCl3‫א‬‫א‬
 K1%(w/v)
 
 W‫א‬
 K100 mL1g‫א‬1%(w/v)‫א‬
    E١٠=‫א‬‫א‬FLa10 g1L∴
 WE٢٤٥{٤=LaCl3‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 
245.4 (LaCl3) → 138.9 (La)
x → 10 g
x (LaCl3) = 17.667 g

 W٣
 K%(w/w)‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬١٠٠NaCl‫א‬٢٥
 
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬E٣F‫א‬
25 g
  %(w / w) = × 100 = 20%
100 + 25 g
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 KHCl K١
 KKCl‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬ K٣
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 K K٤
 K K٥
 KE١٠٠F K٦
 K K٧
 K K٨
 K K٩
 K K١٠
 K‫א‬ K١١
 
 W‫א‬٣
 W(% v/v)‫א‬‫א‬١٣

 K5%(v/v)HCl‫א‬١٠٠‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬ K٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٣
1%(w/v)١٠٠Potassium‫א‬  ‫א‬
 KKCl‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCl‫ א‬K١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCl K٢
 K‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٤
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬ K٥
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬WE٤F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
E١F ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
‫א‬pH-meter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬WE١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢{٦٧{٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣{٧٥{٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٣{٨٦{٠  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٤{١٥{٩  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٦{٨٩{٦  ‫א‬‫א‬
 ٨{٠١٠{٢  ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬pHpKa‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬٢١
 WHenderson-Hasselbalch‫א‬pH
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
[proton acceptor]
  pH = − log K a + log (1)
[proton donor]
W
 KK‫א‬WKa
 K*‫א‬‫א‬Wproton donor
 K*‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Wproton acceptor
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬LowryBrønsted*
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
+
Acid → H + Base
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 
[proton acceptor]
  pH = (14 − pK b ) + log (2)
[proton donor]
 
 KpKb = -log Kb
 
 ٠{١ CH3COOH ‫א‬ ١٠   pH‫א‬ W
 
 KE1.75 X 10-5=‫א‬KaF٠{١CH3COONa‫א‬٢٠
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬W
 K١=١٠C٠{١=‫א‬
 K٢=٢٠C٠{١=(CH3COO-)‫א‬
 
1
  M CH COOH = = 0.033M
3
30
2
M CH COONa = = 0.067M
3
30
 WpHW
 
0.067 mmol
pH = -log10 (1.75 × 10-5 ) + log10
0.033mmol
pH = 4.76 + log10 2
pH = 5.06
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢
 KE٠{١F .١
 KE٠{١F‫א‬ .٢
 KpH=12 .٣
 K .٤
 KpH  .٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬ .٦
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬pH=10١٠٠‫א‬ 
Kb = 1.75 X K٠{٢٠٠E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K10-5
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


 W‫א‬‫א‬١٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬pH‫א‬‫א‬pH meter‫ א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٣
 KpH meter‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K٤
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٥
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K١٠{١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 ٣{L‫א‬٢{٥١٠٠‫א‬K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 
Vol/Vol Wt/Vol Wt/Wt ‫א‬  ‫א‬
   
‫א‬‫א‬
 
    ‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬K٢٥٠‫א‬١٠K٥
 KCaSO4.7H2O‫א‬١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٧
 KNH3EF
 KENaOHFH2C2O4EF
 KE٢H٧H‫א‬FKMnO4EF
 ‫א‬٢٥pH‫א‬K٨
٣٠٠{١
 KKa = 1.75 X 10-5K٠{٢٠‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬  ١٥٠  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  EF  ‫א‬


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫ א‬.١
 KL‫א‬‫ א‬.٢
 K‫ א‬.٣
 K‫ א‬.٤
K‫א‬‫ א‬.٥
 K‫א‬١٠{٦K٢
 K‫א‬٢٥٠K٣
 K٤
Vol/Vol Wt/Vol Wt/Wt ‫א‬  ‫א‬
µL/L  mg/L mg/kg ‫א‬‫א‬
ppm
nL/mL  µg/mL µg/g
nL/L  µg/L µg/kg ‫א‬‫א‬
 ppb
pL/mL ng/mL ng/g  
 
 K4% (v/v)K٥
 KL‫א‬٢٦٢{٢٥K٦
 ٣١{٦٠٨{EF،٤٥{٠٢EF،١٧{٠٣EFK٧
 K٤{٦١=pHK٨