TRENDS NETWORKS AND CRITICAL
THINKING IN THE 21ST CENTURY -
REVIEWER
LIEZL O. REVILLA
DEMOCRACY
• Means the “power of the people.”It
originates from the Greek words demos,
which means “people,” and kratos, which
means “strength or power.”
• U.S. President Abraham Lincoln
succinctly defined democratic government,
in his “Gettsburg Address” delivered in
1863, as a “government of the people, by
the people, for the people.”
• PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY- A
democratic form of government that began
in Great Britain.
-It features a leading party or coalition of
parties whose leader becomes the prime
minister or chancellor.
• JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY-
Symbolized by Andrew Jackson. It focused
on the needs of the ordinary people rather
than on the needs of the elite and the
educated.
• LIBERAL OR CONSTITUTIONAL-
Founded on the principles of free and fair
elections, a universal right to vote, and a
competitive political process where
qualified people can run and be voted for
office.
• CONSTITUTIONAL MONARCHY-
where the monarch’s power is limited by
the constitution such as in Malaysia,
Cambodia, Thailand, Japan, Norway,
Sweden, UK, Spain, and the Netherlands.
MONARCHY- Rule by single person who
inherits power.
• FEDERAL REPUBLIC- is composed
of self- governing states that have
consolidated together, thus forming a
federation.
• UNITARY REPUBLIC- is run as one
entity and has a strong central or national
government as exemplified by the
Philippines, Timor-Leste, Vietnam,
Bangladesh, Egypt, South Korea, Czech
Republic, Malta, Panama, Uruguay, Peru,
ad Macedonia.
• SOCIAL DEMOCRACY- Conceived in
the 19th century, it promotes universal
access to health, education, just
compensation for workers, and social
services.
DIMENSIONS OF DEMOCRACY
• CIVIL RIGHTS - are the individual
person’s right to autonomy and to act
freely without discrimination.
• POLITICAL AND CIVIL RIGHTS - are
limitations to the powers of the
government vis-à-vis the sovereign people
and every individual.
• POLITICAL LEGITIMACY- is
considered a basic condition for governing,
without which a government will suffer
legislative deadlock(s) and collapse.
• EDUCATIONAL DIMENSION-
dimensions of democracy implies the
equal opportunity of the people in
obtaining education.
• ECONOMICAL DIMENSION -
dimension of democracy implies economic
equality as far as possible, satisfaction of
the basic needs of the people and equality
of opportunity in undertaking economic
activities.
• SOCIAL DIMENSION- dimensions of
democracy, which dimension comprises
the participation of the people in the
government.
• ETHNICAL DIMENSION -dimension
of democracy incorporates equality of all
irrespective of caste, class, color, creed,
sex and wealth.
• VOTING SYSTEM- It is a set of rules
that determine how elections and
referendums are conducted and how their
results are determined.
• REFERENDUM- an event in which
the people of a country, state, etc., vote for
or against a law that deals with a specific
issue: a public vote on a particular issue.
A referendum is any question, issue, or
act referred to a vote of the people by the
General Assembly, a local government, or
a petition from voters as authorized by
law. A referendum includes constitutional
amendments and bond issues.
• PRIVATE ENTERPRISE- Is an
industry and business which is owned by
individual people or commercial
companies, and not by the government or
an official organization.
- Almost any business can be a
private sector company, with examples
including: Digital media companies,
Accountancy firms. Hospitality and
catering businesses.
• The wide array of non-governmental
and not-for-profit organizations that have
a presence in public life, expressing the
interests and values of their members or
others, based on ethical, cultural,
political, scientific, religious or
philanthropic considerations.
• CITIZEN PARTICIPATION- It is the
most important democratic practice in a
country. Many people feel a sense of
commitment to their neighborhood and
are actively involved in activities to
improve the quality of life there.
• Founded on the principles of free
and fair elections, a universal right to
vote, and a competitive political process
where qualified people can run and be
voted for office.
UNDEMOCRATIC PRACTICES
-Against or in disagreement with
democracy
These are the practices that affect the
Society and Government in a lot of ways.
GENDER BIASES - Refer to the prejudicial
act of attitude towards male or females or
discrimination between genders
It is also behavior that shows favoritism
toward one gender over another.
MATRIARCHAL SOCIETY - Is a
characterized by female rule or female
dominance, including women’s control of
property.
PATRIARCHAL SOCIETY- Demonstrate the
social system in which position of
dominance and privilege are primarily held
by men.
MATRILINEAL SOCIETY- In other hand is
where descent or lineage, birthright and
social classification are traced through
maternal, rather than paternal lines.
RACE, RELATION,
SUFFRAGE, ANDPOLITICAL
MARGINALIZATION
-Every citizen is entitled to exercise
suffrage or the right to vote people to
whom he or she entrust the authority to
govern. However, there are societies and
governments that discriminates against
individual and groups’ tribe or ethnicity,
race, religion, and socioeconomic
background.
CULTURAL DOMINATION,
REPRESENTATION AND THE POLITICS
OF
RECOGNITION
-The major cultural groups enjoy more
governments support and priority in terms
of development projects, higher
representation in government and private
offices, bigger budgetary allocation, and
more seats in governments.
OTHER FORMS OF UNDEMOCRATIC
PRACTICES
• Vote Buying – is a widespread
phenomenon. It is usually viewed as
a purely economic exchange in
which the voters sell his/her to the
highest bidders
• Bullying – is a form of
aggressiveness behaviors in which
someone intentionally and
repeatedly causes another person
injury or discomfort.
• Political corruption –it is the use of
power for private gain in the form
of bribery and embezzlement.
• Abusing power of authority -
misuse of position of power to take
unjust advantage of individuals,
organization or government.
• Undemocratic practices may not
always be the best option for a
number of people, but they work
fine in most places where they are
followed.
• Only you have the power to decide
which political system works best
for you (Democratic or
Undemocratic). It’s up to you, but a
factor that should be taken in
consideration is where you live. You
should consider moving to a place
where the political views suit you in
a better way and you are
comfortable with the government.
REPRESENTATIVE AND
PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACIES
 REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY
- A person who has been chosen
to act or make decisions on
 behalf of another person or a - MAXRANGE is a data set that analyzes
group of people. political regimes and democratization
 REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY processes from the 18th century to the
is also called Indirect present, making it the largest and most
Democracy. comprehensive political regime data set in
A political system where the qualified the world today. Its latest version,
citizens exercise their political power MaxRange2, focuses on seven dimensions,
through representatives. The sovereign including general level of democracy,
power remains on the citizens but its institutional structure, strength of the
exercise is on the representatives they executive, status of the regime,
elect. concentration of powers to the executive,
The power of these representatives is and position of the head of state, as well
limited of balancing measures such as: as a simplified strength variable.
• Constitution MaxRange data set is the creation of Max
• Independent Judiciary Rånge and Mikael Sandberg, who are both
• Referendum associated with Halmstad University in
Sweden.
PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY- The
DEMOCRACY INDEX is an evaluation of
action or state of taking part in something.
the state of democracy of countries. It is
PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY is also
published by The Economist Intelligence
called Direct Democracy.
Unit based in the UK.
Participatory Democracy is a form of
INTERNATIONAL IDEA- which is based in
government in which citizens participate
Stockholm, Sweden, evaluates the
individually and directly in political
country's quality of democracy. The
decisions and policies that effect their
acronym IDEA stands for Institute for
lives.
Democracy and Electoral Assistance. The
Participatory Democracy is a process of
structure of its assessment framework is
collective decision making that combines
based on popular control over decision
element from both direct and
makers, political equality of those
representative democracy.
exercising control, and seven mediating
One of the most popular demonstration of
values (citizen participation, authorization
Participatory Democracy was the EDSA
of public officials, equal representation of
People Power in 1986.
different groups, accountability of officials,
transparency in government,
REPRESENTATIVE VS PARTICIPATORY
responsiveness to the needs of the public,
DEMOCRACY
and solidarity of the people)..
If the citizen elects representatives to
make laws and policies, it is called a
Representative Democracy.
PRINCIPLES IN SAFEGUARDING
If the people themselves votes directly on
DEMOCRACY
policies and laws, it is called a
Participatory Democracy.
POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY - The power in a
DEMOCRATIC INCLINATION OF
democratic system flows from the people,
INSTITUTIONS
who have the ultimate say in the decisions
- Established democratic institutions
made by their leaders.
possess the core elements of elections,
RULE OF LAW - Everyone is subject to the
political parties, lawmaking bodies,
same laws, including those who make and
interest groups, social movements, and
enforce them. This ensures that no one is
mass just as how democratic a political or
above the law and that justice is applied
social institution is. Moreover, certain
fairly and equally.
values such as respect for human rights
PROPORTIONALITY -principle of
and human dignity, racial and ethnic
safeguarding democracy states that those
equity, equal access to and distribution of
responsible for safeguarding should
wealth and resources, social justice, fair
provide the least intrusive response
trial, and other civil liberties and political
appropriate to the risk presented.
rights are considered as indicators of
democracy and freedom.
PROTECTION- Support and
representation for those in greatest need.
EMPOWERMENT – People being supported
and encouraged to make their own
decisions and informed consent.
PREVENTION- It is better to take action
before harm occur.
PARTNERSHIP- Local solutions through
services working with their communities.
ACCOUNTABILITY -Accountability and
transparency in safeguarding practice.
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY
ICT- is an extended term for information
technology (IT) which stresses the role of
unified communications and the
integration of telecommunications. The
phrase information and communications
technology has been used by academic
researchers since the 1980s, and the
abbreviation ICT became popular after it
was used in a report to the UK
government by Dennis Stevenson in 1997.
ICT changes how people work,
communicate, learn, and live.
ICT transactions like online shopping,
telemedicine, and social media are now
popular because it is easier to buy online
and save time.
BENEFITS OF ICT
EDUCATION- Many educators are already
using and infusing technology as a
teaching-learning pedagogy through the
use of different platforms.
COMMUNICATION- ICT include devices
and applications that provide access to
information and enable electronic
communications, like sending text
messages or engaging in video chats.
Mobile phones, smartphones, computers,
and laptops are typical ICT devices.
JOB OPPORTUNITY- ICT comprises the
employees' ability to improve specific jobs,
be more flexible on working hours, and
share ideas with co-workers. And can
easily find a job online.
SECURITY BREACH- Students are often
more curious than they are malicious.
They want to push the boundaries just to
see if they can.
CHEATING- Sharing homework answers
via IMs, email, text messaging, or any
other device.
by switching on their mobile devices and
snapping a photo of a classmate's work,
enabling them to copy that homework
almost word for word to avoid doing it
themselves.
GAMING- There are tons of free gaming
apps and people love them, especially the
learners. These addictive games can be
quite a distraction and take away from
productivity in learning.
FUNCTIONS OF ICT
DATA PROCESSING- The processing is
done in sequence of operations which
translates inputs such as geographical
maps, images, satellite imageries, aerial
photographs or in the form tabular data
collected from in-site survey, Government
records or personal observations into
output in the form of dimensional model
or in other visual forms.
DATA CAPTURE- function of ICT is use for
data capturing, storage and transmission
of important information.
DATA MANIPULATION- functions of ICT,
which among them it is the process of
summarizing, re-arranging, improving
scientific designs achieve either physically
or by processor.
DATA DISPLAY- functions of ICT includes
presenting of information in the form of
text, graphics, audio and video.
DATA STORAGE- function of ICT plays an
issue of covering space, which depends on
the following factors such as disc space
and availability and flexibility.
DATA TRANSMISSION- function of ICT is
used to transmit data from one pace to
another place or from one computer to
another computer.
DATA RETRIEVAL- functions of ICT
supports the recovery of information’s
either in the form of features or
characteristics or both in a computer
generated form.
EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY- function
of ICT includes the provisions of trainings,
seminars and workshops on how to use
technology.
Infrastructure function - functions of ICT
covers network, devices and other related
equipment and setups such as those from
withdrawing cash from an automated
teller machine.
MANAGEMENT- uses of ICT, refers to the
management information system which
takes care of report writing, home school
links, attendance, examination entries and
target settings.
COMMUNICATION- use of ICT discusses
about projecting the right of image of the
school through its website, which provides
the public idea of the school.
LEARNING- covers the key areas of
research, modeling and simulation, online
courses and revision units,
communication, publishing and
collaboration.

DISADVANTAGE OF THE USE OF ICT:

COST
More and more resources are being put
into ICT in schools the cost of laptops,
wireless broadband, projectors for
example contribute a large percentage of
the school's budget.
Misuse of ICT
Instead of using their laptops or tablets for
their studies and online tests, more often
than not students stray away and visit
social networking sites like Facebook or
Twitter. Students would be too focused on
playing games or visiting social
networking sites resulting to lower
academic grades.
DIGITAL DIVIDE
-natural consequence of advancements in
ICT -discrepancy in peoples access and
skill related to ICT
Factors: geographical location economy
income, age, education, race, and
government support among others.