Engineering Report Municipal Wastewater

Final draft of design report
Wastewater Treatment Plant:
Sequencing Batch Reactor design for small

municipalities
Engineering United Group:

1. Azamat Kenesbekov
2. Bexultan Maukenov
3. Olzhas Alshagirov
4. Sanzhar Askaruly
5. Sanzhar Kamidenov

Municipal Wastewater Treatment Facility: Sequencing Batch Reactor for Municipal usage.

Table of contents:
1. Introduction
1.1 Client Consultant Agreement
1.2 Project methodology
2. Literature review
2.1 SBR overview
2.2 Summary of literature review
2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of SBR
3. Design statement
4. Scope of works
4.1 Site establishment
4.2 General obligations
4.3 General site
4.4 Preliminary treatment works
4.5 Primary treatment works
4.6 Laboratory room, control room, chemical storage and dosing room
5. Design parameters
5.1 Design criteria
5.2 Design specifications
6 Monitoring and control philosophy
6.1 Operating attendance philosophy
6.2 General control philosophy
6.3. Plant specific control philosophy
7. Cost estimation
7.1 Electrical part
7.2 Civil part
7.3 Chemical part
8 Risk management
8.1 Risk table
8.2 Risk matrix
9. Conclusion
10. Acknowledgement
11. Reference
11. Appendix
A) Service agreement
B) Team contract
C) Gantt Chart Time
D) Time task matrix
E) Layout drawings
F) Poster
G) Chemical storage and dosing
H) Results/calculations
I) Process flow diagram
J) Process and instrumentation diagram
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1. Introduction
Objective of this paper is to present the conceptual design of the SBR wastewater treatment
plant based on the comprehensive review of available literature on this topic and model of operation
of the existing wastewater treatment plants. The conceptual design contains the scope of works,
design criteria and specifications, layout and multi-view 3D drawings required for the construction
of the plant.
Considering the importance of some ecological problems in Kazakhstan particularly Aral

Sea drying, Professor Roland Bradshaw hired the EUG team (Engineering United Group) to make a
conceptual design of the wastewater treatment plant for a small community in Kazakhstan. In this
project Professor Bradshaw represents the client and project manager. It should be mentioned that at
the beginning of the project the EUG team composed and signed the Service Agreement, as well as
the Team contract, which are presented in the Appendices A and B. These documents establish
requirements to the EUG team working conditions and state each team member’s duties and
responsibilities.
The SBR type plant is widely implemented wastewater treatment process working on the
principles of parallel treatment of water (one working another filling). Its opearting characteristics
and low capital cost make it very attractive for implementation for small community needs.
Location of the wastewater treatment plant was decided to be Terenozek town on the northern bank
of Syrdariya river in Kyzylorda province of south-central Kazakhstan. So, to prepare the document
client consultant agreement must be signed. Therefore, the next section tends to talk about the
limitations on team work, time of work and salaries to be paid to workers.
1.1 Client Consultant Agreement

First of all, in order to accomplish the project Gantt Chart should be drawn. It is aimed to show
activities, tasks and events. Gantt chart, in appendix C, shows duration of project and time needed
for particular work being completed.
After that, time task matrix should be prepared. Time task matrix in appendix D shows the
workload distribution among members of team (total hours worked) and amount of salary being
paid for this job.
Consulted scope of work will show borders and restrictions of our project. Consulted scope of work
presented below:
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• Project will include only 30% of completed design of the plant
• Project will be conceptual, so there is no guarantee that it will work after implementation
• Literature review will contain overview of SBR, summary table indicating the comparison
between the different SBR plants and advantages/disadvantages to create fundament for
design specification
• Project will include mechanical, civil, chemical and electrical engineering systems
• The cost estimation of the project will be comprehensive
• Layout drawings will contain 3-D and multi-views of the plant
Project consists from layout drawings of the plant, poster and document of the SBR plant. Layout
drawings are presented in appendix E, poster in appendix F.
1.2 Project Methodology

In order to maintain intellectual honesty and omit possible scientific data fabrication, an
unequivocal view on the applied research strategy and methodology is needed. This project is
considered to describe the field of determinant study and it prompts findings to be emerged from
systematically collected data (Bradshaw, 2013). Project is led by information with advanced
methods of gathering and evaluating [data] that can reflect on reliability and validity. It is
implemented by wide and exploratory search prior to narrowing down to appearing findings.
Research tends to be constant comparative in its nature with permanent-lasting review of new data
against previously collected in order to develop a theory or hypothesis. The project plan follows the
eight steps proposed by Lee (1999).
-‐ the generation of ideas, questions and concepts;
-‐ suggestions of potential hypotheses;
-‐ preliminary data acquisition to test potential hypotheses;
-‐ continuous comparison of hypotheses with the wider population;
-‐ theory refinement with integration and simplification of the hypotheses;
-‐ production of theory development and theory refinement
-‐ detailed data collection and analysis;
-‐ communicating the research findings
In the literature review the following factors have been established to propose robust and reliable
technology for wastewater treatment. The quality insurance was guaranteed by the weekly meetings
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with the Professor Rolland Bradshaw who checked progress. Moreover, deliverables (literature
review, poster, first draft) were submitted, approximately, once in a month. It increased overall
quality of the report due to the feedbacks received. Then the meeting with the stakeholder (client
and adviser in one face) led efficiently project through emerging obstacles. Therefore, moving
towards the completion of the project substantial amount of effort was put forward by each
teammate who, eventually, composed high-standard document.
2. Literature review
2.1 SBR Overview
In the early 1900’s at Manchester in the UK Ardern, Lockett and Fowler established the main
principles of biological degradation operations using activated sludge (n.a., 2010). They operated
“fill and draw” processes on crude sewage and conceptualized sequencing batch reactors (SBR)
technology. It was achieved by utilizing single reactor basin and applying iterative approach of
aeration, settlement and discharge of treated water. Sequencing batch reactor technology was
capable of attaining very high quality effluent water quality, but this technology faced many
operational difficulties. Therefore for a long period of time development of SBR process for
wastewater treatment has stagnated. However, further developments of SBR technology in 1970’s
in the USA and the Australia led to worldwide application of this technology (n.a., 2010).
Operational difficulties have been solved by by aeration equipment, mechanically actuated valves
and most importantly credible microprocessor control systems (ibid.). Nowadays, availability of
artificial intelligence made SBR plants operate efficiently, with control system ranging from
float/timer base PLC system to SCADA software with high level graphics aimed to reduce energy
consumption and select pressures for more efficient BOD and nutrient removal (Abreu and Estrada,
n.d.). Finally, SBR plants can be used for wastewater treatment in large scale municipalities (up to 1
million people population).
2.2. Summary of literature review
The analysis of diverse plants was conducted and results are composed in the Table 1. These plants
are all SBR type plants. In order to select correct design criteria/specification for Terenozek plant,
plants from the US, Australia and Canada with different design parameters were analyzed.
According to the literature review some problems with decanter were prevented (imperfect air seal,
MLSS injection to effluent). So, assessing the data from sources was the pivot point for proposing
appropriate scope of the works and eventual design criteria.
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Table 2.1. Comparison of technical characteristics for SBR technology (Arora, 1985).
2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of SBR in comparison to other wastewater treatment

plants (WWTP)
2.3.1 Advantages:
• Equalization, primary clarification, bio treatment and secondary clarification can be
achieved in one reactor vessel compared to all other wastewater treatment plants WWTP.
• Operating flexibility and control compared to all other WWTP (Sumi, 1999).
• Minimal footprint compared to anaerobic digestion and conventional WWTP.
• Potential capital cost savings by elimination of clarifiers and other equipment compared to
Membrane WWTP (Olive,2002).
• Easier to control chemical processes compared to Membrane WWTP.
• Lower maintenance cost compared to Membrane WWTP
• No odors within tank compared to Membrane WWTP.
2.3.2 Disadvantages:
• -Energy inefficient compared to anaerobic digestion WWTP.
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• -Higher level of sophistication is required compared to conventional WWTP.
• -Higher level of maintenance: PLC, SCADA compared to all other WWTP.
• -Potential discharging during the decant phase which is unique to SBR (Sumi, 1999).
• -Potential plugging of aeration devices which is unique to SBR.
• -Worse quality of water compared to Membrane WWTP.
3. Design statement
According to the literature review, main objectives and challenges of the chemically
enhanced Terenozek SBR WWTP was identified. The contract was offered to the team by the
Professor Bradshaw who strives to improve the environmental situation in the Kazkahstan.
Therefore, the main objective of the project is not to obtain monetary utility, vice versa, it is aimed
to cease drying of Aral-Sea. The other objectives of the project are ensuring safe and reliable
removal of treatment residuals using SBR treatment, the testing of a new generation of SBR plant
with enhanced chemical additives. This modification tend to remove ammonia, nitrites, nitrates,
BOD5 and phosphorous with higher efficiency. Regarding the challenges emerging from project
implementation some main issues must be addressed.
Firstly, construction of the SBR plant was never performed in the Kazakhstan, therefore
operational problems may be comparatively high. However, this problem can be solved by
employing foreign specialists or by training local specialists prior to construction. Returning to
disadvantages of SBR some problems emerge: potential aeration units plugging, MLSS sucking to
decanter during fill, react and settle phases. To effectively solve problems; scope of works, will
establish duties for engineers. These duties/obligations will help contractor easily completing
manual work without worrying about planning/designing.
4. Scope of the work

This scope of works was developed for a subsequent design and build contract.
4.1. Site Establishment
• Provide, maintain and remove on completion site accommodation and compound, including
fencing
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• Site security including provision and maintenance of controlled site entrances for the
duration of the construction
• Power supply to Site Accommodation and compound.
• Distribution switchgear construction
• Install cabling to the site
• Provision of an emergency power source during power outages
• Clearance and reinstatement of the site upon completion
• Water supply to Site Accommodation and compound.
4.2 General Obligations

• Provision and maintenance of off-site and site design project management, supervisory and
safety resources to complete the site
• Construction of the site including all temporary works
• Control of discharge/test water
• Supply, delivery, offloading, and installation of all equipment and materials
• Removal and disposal off site to a suitably licensed tip approved by the project manager, all
surplus excavated materials, debris, arising, waste and rubbish
• Liaison with the employer’s operators and the project manager as required
• Provision of temporary site accommodation and welfare facilities within the site
• Contact and compliance with the local authority requirements with regard to traffic
management into and out of the site
• Contact and compliance with the Local Authority requirements with regard to noise
constraints
• Asset coding and labeling of new assets provided or modified under the Contract
• Liaison with the Regional Electricity Company (REC) via the Project Manager
4.2.1 Health and Safety Requirements

• Comply with WWTP safety regulations of Republic of Kazakhstan
• Prepare, co-ordinate and implement HAZCOM, HAZOP and HAZCON techniques.
• Provide regular safety trainings for all staff on the plant, including equipment.
• Provide ordinary safety trainings for plant visitors.
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• Provide all the required safety equipment (fire extinguishers, etc)
• Establish regular safety equipment testing.
• Establish the medical room with all the required staff and medicals.
• Organize regular medical check-ups.
4.2.2 Design requirements:

• All Civils, building and temporary work design.
• Hydraulic Design of individual components of the works and the whole system
• All mechanical and electrical plant design
• Provision of a Design Coordinator for the duration of the Contract
4.2.3 Testing and Commissioning Requirements

• Development of a detailed Commissioning Plan
• Disinfection of the Works
• Testing and Commissioning of the site
• Disposal of water used for testing and commissioning
• Provision of 3 training sessions for the Employer’s employees (5 employees)
• Provision of as-built drawings, operating and maintenance manuals
• Factory Acceptance Testing of Equipment, PLC and SCADA software
4.3 General site

• Construction of control room
• Construction of laboratory room
• Construction of chemical dosing room
• Construction of electrical substation
4.4. Preliminary treatment works

4.4.1. Mechanical engineering scope
• Inlet actuated Control Valve installation
• Screens installation
• Screening trays with lifting handles installation
9


• Mechanical rakes installation
• Grit Bucket elevator installation
• Grit Classifier Installation
• Pipeworks
• Pumps installation
• Fittings, valves and supports for the connection of all instrumentation
4.4.2. Electrical engineering scope

• Preliminary treatment PLC hardware
• Preliminary treatment PLC software and SCADA interface
• Electric actuator for mechanical rake
• Flowmeter instrumentation
• Power and control cabling
• Cable support system and cable ducting
4.5. Primary treatment

4.5.1. Civil engineering scope
• Earthworks and grounding
• Excavation works
• Foundation installation and pile integrity
• Construction of slab
• Construction of verticals
• Installation chemical dosing line channels
• Construct rigid mounting pole
• Provide travelling bridges
• Storage tank plinths
4.5.2. Mechanical engineering scope

• Submersible mixers installation
• Pipework installation
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• Valves installation
• Supports for the connections installation
• Aerators shaft and bearings installation
• Aerator motor coupling, motor mount and aerator motor installation
• Decanter installation
4.5.3. Electrical engineering scope
• PLC software and SCADA interface
• Power and control cabling
• Cable support system and cable ducting
• PLC hardware
• 3 level instrumentation
• Electric actuators
4.5.4 Chemical Engineering scope
• Chemical Dosing and storage
• Storage tanks
• Chemical dosing pumps
4.6. Laboratory room, control room and chemical storage and dosing room
4.6.1 Civil scope included in construction
• Earthworks and grounding
• Excavation works
• Foundation installation and pile integrity
• Construction of slab
• Construction of verticals
• Installation of chemical dosing line channels
• Construct rigid mounting pole
• Storage tank plinths
Mechanical scope of work
• Pipework installation
• Fittings installation
• Valves installation
• Supports for the connections installations
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• Spare equipment installation
4.6.2 Mechanical scope included in construction
• Separate storage bunds, storage tanks and dosing rigs for different chemicals and secondary
containment for all lines
• Alkali blind tank
• Ferric chloride blind tank
• Anionic polymer blind tank
• Chemical delivery pipework and tanker connections
• 3 No. Dosing lines complete with valves, pumps and fittings
• 1 No. Emergency Safety shower and Eyebath complete with all necessary pipework and
fittings, valves and supports installed internally adjacent to Chemical storage area
5. Design Parameters
The next section of the document is intended to describe in-depth parameters of SBR tank. Design
criteria part will stress mainly on equipment description and design specification will explain the
non-equipment specification as well as justification for choosing particular design unit.
5.1 Design criteria
5.1.1 Design Flows
Raw water shall be supplied to Syr-Darya River from Terenozek sewage. The new water treatment
works shall be designed for treated water outputs as stated in Table 2 below.
Treatment works key capacity (Normal Design requirement (Ml/d)
Operation)
Maximum treated water output 3.7 (Final water production)
Average treated water output 2.9 (Final water production)
Minimum treated water output 2.0 (Final water production)
Maximum Raw Water Abstraction Limit 4 Ml/d
Table 5.1. Design flows
The treatment works shall operate on a not continuous basis.
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The flow of design shows the possible values of flow. The SBR plant doesn’t need equalization
tank and it’s controlled by SCADA, so the flow deviations don’t affect WWTP, significantly.
However, this data is helpful to design efficient plant and correctly size the tank.
5.1.2 Preliminary treatment

Item Process Unit Parameter Design Criteria
1 Engineering Scope: Mechanical
After the screen and before the SBR tank,
Location
for influent control
Three-gate
Unit type The Red Valve series 5200 Control Valve
Control
A heavy-duty, rug pinch mechanism
1.1 Pinch Valve Description
positions the sleeve to direct flow control
(influent
Length: 7.25”
control)
Specification Width: 6”
Working pressure: 150 psi
Located before the Grit Removal
Location
Chamber, at the Screens section
Unit Type Meva Multi Rake Screen
Mechanically cleaned bar screen suitable
Description for inlet works of treatment plants and
1.2 Screens water stations
Discharge height: 1.5-5m
Installation angle: 75 or 80
Specification Screens width: 300-4000mm
Slot width: 5-100mm
Rake speed: 7-9m/min
Location On the screens before the SBR tank
Unit type MR 380
1.3 Rakes Description Rake are to clean the screens from waste
Length: 500 mm
Specification
Width: 200 mm
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Thickness: 100 mm
Location After the screens and before the SBR tank

Unit type PISTA® Grit Chamber
PISTA® is a grit chamber with
unparalleled hydraulic design, including its
Description
flat chamber floor, patented and low-
Grit
1.4 energy axial-flow propeller.
chambers
Unit capacities: 0.5mgd-100mgd
Max. Head Loss: 6.35mm
Specification Pump Sizes: 10cm&15cm
Pump Arrangements: Top & Remote-
Mounted
Location At the entrance to the tank
Unit Type JUNTAI PVC Pipe
Description Large diameter polyvinyl chloride pipe
1.5 Inlet pipe Flow rate : 0.17m3/sec
Average velocity:0.9m/sec
Specification
Inlet diameter : 500mm
Thickness: 0.5mm-5mm
Location Before the pumps
Unit type TideFlex TF-1 Check Valve
Self-cleaning, low-maintenance valve that
Description
Check eliminates potential backflow
1.6
Valves Nominal size: 150 mm
Length: 275 mm
Specification
Height: 147 mm
Max Backward Pressure: 5.2 bar
Expansion At the pumps, just before the Grit Removal
1.7 Location
Joints chamber and the SBR tank
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Unit type J-1 Expansion Joint
Heavy-duty, still-wire reinforced joint
Description used to compensate for pipeline movement
and vibration
Nominal size: 6”
Specification Bolts circle diameter: 9.5”
Bolts number: 8
Location Before the SBR tank after grit chamber
Unit type 6TDWP Sludge Pro Pump
6TDWP Sludge Pro disc pump is designed
Description for a wide range of slurry and sludge
6TDWP process applications
1.8
Pump Typical Flow Range 0-375 GPM
Displacement 3.46 gal/rev
Specification Max. Suction Lift 25’
Max. Discharge Head: 184’ (5.1 bar)
Max. Operating Speed: 0-110RPM
Location Before the SBR tank after grit chamber
Unit type 3DDWP Sludge Pro Pump
3DDWP Sludge Pro disc pump is designed
Description for a wide range of slurry and sludge
3DDWP process applications
1.9
Pump Typical Flow Range 0-165 GPM
Displacement 1.5 gal/rev
Specification Max. Suction Lift 25’
Max. Discharge Head: 184’ (5.1 bar)
Max. Operating Speed: 0-110RPM
Location At the pipeline, when it changes direction
Rubber
1.10 Unit type RedFlex Rubber Fitting
Fittings
Description Strong, durable and flexible rubber fitting
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Nominal diameter: 6”
Specification Flange thickness: 0.75”
Flange O.D: 11”
At the pipeline, before and after screens,
Location
grit chamber and the SBR tank
Unit type Red Valve Series 40 Pressure sensor
The industry standard pressure sensor for
Pressure Description protecting instrumentation and assuring
1.11
Sensors accurate pressure management
Nominal size: 6“
Outside diameter: 11”
Specification
Working pressure: 275 psi
Weight: 37 lbs
2 Engineering Scope: Electrical
Location Inside the pumps, valves and mixer
Description Safety ensuring aggregate
Hardwired
2.1 Switches off the actuator, drive in case of
interlocks
Specification emergency for plant to be operated
manually
On all the valves, motors, aerators and
Location
mixer
Used for automation of valves, motors,
Electric Description aerators and mixer. Uses electric motor to
2.2
actuators provide torque to operate valve
Control Current – 4-20mA
Specification Torque –10Nm
Power – 1KW
Table 5.2. Design criteria of process units in preliminary treatment
5.1.3 Primary treatment
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Process
Item Parameter Design Criteria
Unit
1 Engineering Scope: Civil
Location Tank itself
Unit type C30/37 and steel grade 500
It is Concrete of grade C30/37 reinforced
Description
by rebars of steel grade 500
Thickness of the wall – 650 mm
Reiforced
Thickness of the slab – 700 mm
1.1 Concrete
Vertical Reinforcement of the walls –
Tank
18@200 mm (internal and external)
Specification
Horizontal Renforcement of the walls –
20@200 mm (internal and external)
Slab Reinforcement – 20@200 mm (top
and bottom, longitudinal and transverse)
2 Engineering Scope: Mechanical
Location Inside the tank
Three phase asynchronous AC motor
Description
connected to 5 blades
Agitator
2.1 Length of blades – 2000mm
(Mixer)
Width of blades – 130mm
Specifications
Inclination of blades – 30 degrees
Power consumption – 100kW
Location At the outlet of the tank
Unit type JUNTAI PVC Pipe
Description Large diameter polyvinyl chloride pipe
2.2 Outlet pipe Flow rate : 0.0392m3/sec
Average velocity:0.9m/sec
Specifications
Inlet diameter : 235.5mm
2.3 Sludge Location At the bottom of the tank
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Process
Unit
discharging Unit Type JUNTAI PVC Pipe
pipes Description Large diameter polyvinyl chloride pipe
Flow rate: 0.0188m3/sec
Average velocity: 0.5m/sec
Specification
Thickness:0.5mm-5mm
Inlet diameter: 220 mm
Location Near chemical dosing tank
Unit Type PVC Drainage Pipe
Chemical
2.4 Description Small Diameter PVC Drainage Pipe
dosing pipe
Inlet diameter:20mm
Specification
Location Near the tank
Unit Type 200PNS-30
Sludge
Description sludge suction pump
2.5 suction
Motor power:110kw
pump
Specification Fuel: electric
Structure: single stage pump
Location On the chemical dosing tank
Unit Type PTFE Diaphragm
Chemical
PTFE Diaphragm Type Chemical Dosing
2.6 dosing Description
Pump
pump
Power: Electric
Specification
Usage: Liquid
Location After the tank, for effluent control
Effluent Unit type Type A MegaFlex Valve
2.7 Control Effluent discharge valve, controlling raw
Valves Description sewage, storm overflow and flow
equalization
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Process
Unit
Valve size 30”
Length 60”
Specification
Working pressure 50 psi
Weight 4100 lbs
Location The bottom of the main SBR tank.
Unit Type HURRICANE® Submersible Mixers
Designed for submerged operation and
utilizes a chemical-duty, explosion-proof,
water-cooled motor. The motor shaft spins
the impeller, creating a low pressure zone
Description
and pulls air from above the water surface.
Aerator Air and water are mixed together
2.8
Unit efficiently, and the air is broken into fine
bubbles by the spinning impeller.
Power: 6 x 15kW
304 or 316 (optional) stainless steel
configuration
Specification
Hardened 17-4 stainless steel impeller
360-degree air/water mixture near the
basin floor
Inside the tank. Attached in the bottom at
Location
height 1800mm.
Unit Type AD-150G
Circular floating weir discharged by
2.9 Decanter gravity. It is fiberglass reinforced plastic
float and draw tube with stainless steel
Description
spring loaded solids excluding valves, a
heavy duty wire reinforced flexible hose,
steel knee brace, and elbow which
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Process
Unit
connects the decanter to the wall sleeve in
the basin.
Flow rate - 2.35m3/min

Diameter -1250mm
Total height (with support legs) – 1400mm
Mass – 150kg
Specification
Height of Ciruclar weir – 120 mm.
Length of discharge pipe -5000mm
Flow rate - 2.35m3/min
3 Engineering Scope: Chemical

Anionic Polymer
Location NaHCO3 Specific Gravity = 2.159
3.1 Chemical FeCl3Specific Gravity = 1.38
NaHCO3 Specific Gravity = 2.159
Unit type
FeCl3Specific Gravity = 1.38
Location In the chemical storage and dosing room
Quantity 2
Chemical
Working
3.2 storage
volume of 7m3
tanks
tank
Asset life 25 yrs
Chemical
Minimum 10mg/l
dose rate if
Chemical Maximum 40-70mg/l
NaHCO3
3.3 dosing
FeCl3 10mg/l
pump
Tanfloc
0.1 mg/l
(anionic
20


Process
Unit
polymer)

Quantity 2
Working
3.4 Water tank
volume of 7m3
tank
Asset life 25 years
Quantity 2
Working
3.5 Container
volume of 7m3
tank
Asset life 25 years
Table 5.3. Design criteria of process units in primary treatment
5.1.4 Mass balance and Design Assumptions

The Contractor shall calculate the generation of solids from the Design of waste water quality
envelope. Other assumptions include:
The plant shall be designed based on Ferric chloride, anionic polymer (Tanfloc) and Sodium
Bicarbonate (𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂! ) dosages.
The Contractor shall determine the contribution of the various chemical additives carrier flows used
for chemical dosing and include them into system mass balance.
5.1.5 Chemicals dosing and storage

There are three chemical additives used for wastewater treatment: ferric chloride, anionic polymer
and sodium bicarbonate. Ferric chloride (𝐹𝑒𝐶𝐿! ) and anionic polymer will be used for coagulation
and flocculation, while sodium bicarbonate (𝑁𝑎𝐻𝐶𝑂! ) will be added in order to control acidity
level of the water. Ferric chloride and sodium carbonate are in solid state, whereas anionic polymer
is in the liquid state. To store chemicals two tanks and two containers will be used. For storage of
21


liquid anionic polymer two tanks will be used - one working and one reserve. For each solid
chemical additive one container and one water tank will be used. Solid chemical additives will be
stored in container and before instillation will be dissolved in water tank. All three chemical
additives will be delivered to the basins with the aid of pump and pipes. All equipment will be
located in the chemical dosing room and it is presented in appendix G.
5.1.6 Electrical, Instrumentation, Control and Automation

5.1.6.1. Power Supplies
The power load from the additional plant shall require an increase in the REC supply. The existing
Authorised Supply Capacity is being reviewed by the Employer. The Employer shall have the
mains power supply upgraded to meet the demand of the additional plant.
The Contractor shall confirm the power requirements for the existing and additional plant prior to
the Employer placing an order with the REC. The REC shall undertake work to provide a new LV
supply and shall download power monitoring software in the Control room.
An existing standby diesel generator of 21 KVA rating provides power to key areas of the plant in
the event of a mains power failure. The changeover switchgear is automatic allowing the Standby
Generator Power to supply parts of the treatment works.
The Power Distribution Board DB1 in the control room, supplies power to the treatment works via a
number of distribution feeders and fuseboards. A supply from the existing standby generator feeds
into a mains/generator changeover panel in the control room to supply the plant.
The Power Distribution Board DB1 shall sub-feed the following circuits:
• Grit removal system (automated brush system)
• Aeration system
• Pump units
• Control system units (PLC)
• Lighting system (internal and external)
Each plant area shall have a dedicated MCC with a PLC/LOI installed in a Control &
Instrumentation section. The MCC’s shall be provided complete with all motor starters, feeders and
controls for the associated plant.
The layout of the plant shall be arranged with the Switchboards/MCC’s located in the following
areas:
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Switchboard/MCC Description Location

Grit removal system Controlroom
Aeration system Controlroom
Pump units Controlroom
Control system units (PLC) Controlroom
Lighting system Controlroom
Table 5.4. Switchboards location
Proprietary packaged plant shall be provided complete with their electrical, instrumentation and
control panels, and interfaced to the plant area MCC.
Chemical dosing pumps shall be provided with speed controllers forming part of the pump unit. The
pumps shall be supplied from local distribution boards and controlled from the plant area PLC.
Local MCB Distribution Boards shall be provided for actuators, lighting, and small power. These
shall be fed from the MCC’s.
A protection study shall be undertaken on the existing and new electrical distribution system to
determine protection settings required. A detailed report including grading curves and
recommended settings shall be provided. Settings are to take into account system maximum and
minimum fault levels. The protection systems shall be set as required by the protection study, for
new and existing protection relays.
The system shall be arranged to allow for the new generator to operate independently of the REC’s
supply and shall not rely on the REC’s earthing terminal. Earth readings shall be as low as
practicable with a maximum of 10 ohms being normally acceptable. The design shall allow for two
earth nests with disconnect links for the site main earth.
5.1.6.2 Instrumentation
In general, the current inventory of instrumentation options may be grouped into three levels, by
reliability:
1. Can be used with reasonable reliability
2. Reliability will likely require frequent maintenance
3. Presently not reliable, but technology is improving
5.1.6.2.1 Level #1 Instrumentation

5.1.6.2.1.1 Dissolved Oxygen
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Reliable measurement of D.O. levels in water and wastewater streams and reactors can be
successfully achieved as long as the D.O. probe is properly maintained with suitable cleaning and
calibration.
Installation:
Rigid mounting pole
5.1.6.2.1.2 pH
On-line measurement of pH can be reliably performed, as long as routine maintenance and
calibration are provided for the probe.
Installation:
Rigid mounting pole
5.1.6.2.1.3 Turbidiy (Scattering of Light Beam by suspended solids)
Turbidimetric analysis of fluids using flow-through cells is becoming a commonplace procedure
among larger water and wastewater treatment facilities. Biological (biofilm growth), physical
(scratching), or chemical (scaling) alteration of the instrument's optical surface(s) will probably
represent major long-term problems, and can be corrected with routine cleaning or cell replacement.
Installation:
Rigid mounting pole
5.1.6.2.1.4 Flowmeter
Ultrasonic and magnetic flow meters have been successfully used in many water and wastewater
treatment facilities. Although maintenance requirements are minimal, frequent calibration may be
difficult.
Installation:
On the inlet pipe
5.1.6.2.1.5 Temperature-Thermocouple device
Temperature measurement is quite advanced and can be reliably employed with little risk. Problems
are infrequent, but may be associated with insulative fouling of the sensor, causing reduced
response times.
Installation:
Placed in thermo well with immersion length typically 10 times
thermocouple diameter.
5.1.6.2.1.6 Level - Bubbler Type
Several types (i.e., resistive, bubbler, ultrasonic, etc.) of dependable liquid level sensors can be
24


obtained in the current marketplace. S
Installation:
3-in. (minimum) gap between tube and bottom of tank.
This tube should be fitted with an automatic or manual compressed air purge system to
expel debris inside the tube. (Molvar, 1976)
5.6.2.2. Level #2 Instrumentation

5.6.2.2.1 Oxygen Reduction Potential
On-line measurement of a system's oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) may provide valuable
information about a system's status. However, the platinum electrodes used tb acquire this potential
are subject to surface fouling and subsequent degrading of the sensor's accuracy. Future refinements
in cleaning and on-line calibration of ORP probes will be necessary (Wene, 1988).
Installation:
Rigid mounting pole
5.6.2.2.2 Conductivity
Conductivity cells are presently available, but are not commonly used with water or wastewater
treatment systems. Problems encountered with long-term sensor reliability are primarily related
fouling of the electrodes; temperature sensitivity is also a concern (Wene, 1988).
Installation:
Rigid mounting pole.
5.1.6.2.3. Level #3 Instrumentation

5.1.6.2.3.1 Ammonia
On-line measurement of ammonia has been available for several years. However, the employed ion
selective probe and affiliated chemical dosing and sample filtration hardware are mechanically
complex and difficult to maintain over extended periods.
Installation:
Free ammonia sensor placed on prefiltered sample sidestrean which has been dosed
withNaOH to raise sample pH above 12. Utility generally limited to clean samples.
5.1.6.3. PLC description

5.1.6.3.1 Ability to work in harsh conditions
25


Unlike mainframe computers whose size and environmental sensitivity warrant a dedicated room
and a heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system, PLCs are extremely small and can
tolerate harsh environments.
5.1.6.3.2 Multiple Sensor Monitoring and Correlation
Unlike dedicated microprocessor controllers, this can usually accept only one form of input signal
voltage or amperage, PLCs can easily accept a diverse range of sensory inputs. Instruments can be
selected and installed with reasonable confidence that the PLC will be able to handle their data
input.
5.1.6.3.3 Interface Opportunities
Should the need arise, the newest generation of programmable logic controllers can be
electronically linked into a control network that provides supervisory access to all coupled PLC
units. This feature allows standalone controllers to operate either independently or networked with a
master controller that monitors the discrete operation of the remaining PLCs. Such networks are
designed for fault tolerance, with independent control assumed by each PLC in case contact with
the supervisory computer unit is lost.
5.1.6.3.4 Ensure Operational and Equipment Safety
A properly implemented PLC system could complement the operational staff by routinely
monitoring a facility's equipment and performance for possible failure. (Kim, 1991)
5.1.6.4. Instrumentation Requirements

The following table summarizes the major instrumentation required with the associated parameters
- the Contractor shall provide all the instrumentation listed below and any other, including
associated equipment, as required to achieve full functionality of the works.
The Contractor shall refer to the Control Philosophy for further details on the operation of each
instruments and shall develop as required.
26


Table 5.5. Item list of control instruments
5.2 Design specifications

5.2.1. Preliminary Treatment
5.2.1.1 Screens
Screens are aimed to remove larger particles of floating and suspended matter. Screens consist of a
set of inclined parallel bars, fixed at certain distance in channel. The screens are used to protect
pumps, valves, pipelines, and other appurtenances from damage or clogging by rags and large
objects. The cross section of the screen chamber is always greater (about 200 to 300 %) than the
incoming sewer. The length of this channel should be sufficiently long to prevent eddies around the
screen. (Christian, 2008)
5.2.1.1.a Coarse Screens
It is used primarily as protective devices and hence used as first treatment unit. Common type of
these screens are bar racks (or bar screen), coarse woven-wire screens. Bar screens are used ahead
of the pumps and grit removal facility. Clear spacing between the bars in these screens may be in
the range of 15 mm to 40 mm. (Ghangrekar and Kharagpur, 2007)
27


5.2.1.1.b.Fine Screens
Fine screens are mechanically cleaned screens using perforated plates, woven wire cloths, or very
closely spaced bars with clear openings of less than 20 mm, less than 6 mm typical. Fine screens are
used for pretreatment of industrial wastewaters and are not suitable for sewage due to clogging
problems, but can be used after coarse screening. Fine screen can be fixed or static wedge-wire
type, drum type, step type and centrifugal screens. Fixed or static screens are permanently set in
vertical, inclined, or horizontal position and must be cleaned by rakes, teeth or brushes. (ibid)
5.2.1.2. Gravity Flow Grit Chambers:
Gravity channels are sized to produce a certain optimum flow velocity through the channel. At this
velocity, the majority of the grit will fall out of solution and be collected in a dump pit in the bottom
of the channel. The long, narrow, relatively deep, aerated channels are equipped with coarse bubble
diffusers. The velocity of the wastewater through the channel, combined with the tolling motion
produced by the aeration, ensures that the grit is separated from the liquid flow. (Wason et al.,
2009)
5.2.2. Primary treatment processes.

5.2.2.1 Fill phase
During the fill phase, the basin receives influent wastewater. The influent brings food to the
microbes in the activated sludge, creating an environment for biochemical reactions to take place.
Mixing and aeration can be varied during the fill phase to create the following three different
scenarios: static fill, mixed fill and aerated (Lowell, 2005).
Mixed Fill – Under a mixed-fill scenario, mechanical mixers are active, but the aerators remain off.
The mixing action produces a uniform blend of influent wastewater and biomass. Because there is
no aeration, an anoxic condition is presented, which promotes denitrification. Anaerobic conditions
can also be achieved during the mixed-fill phase (Lowell,2005). Under anaerobic conditions the
biomass undergoes a release of phosphorous. This release is reabsorbed by the biomass once
aerobic conditions are reestablished. This phosphorous release will not happen with anoxic
conditions.
Advantages of anaerobic mixed filling (mixed filling) mode:
1) Simultaneous removal of organic carbon (Yu, 1996).
2) Financial savings due to reduction of aeration time (Lowell, 2005)
3) Effective prevention of filamentous bulking of activated sludge (Yu, 1996).
28


5.2.2.1.1 Chemical phosphorous removal
Chemical phosphorous removal is precipitation by chemical addition to wastewater. Calcium,
aluminum and iron are most commonly used for precipitation in wastewater plants (Sumi, 1999).
Although chemical phosphorous removal is simple and easy to do, we have to consider a big
increase in sludge production and additional operation and maintenance costs as a result of chemical
sludge produced by chemical addition.
5.2.2.1.2 Chemical coagulants

New innovative method is to replace chemical precipitants by chemical coagulants. The addition of
chemical coagulants to increase the performance of primary wastewater treatment settling units has
gained greater recognition in recent years. The process of adding metal salts to increase
sedimentation rates is not new, but the practice didn’t recommend itself as an efficient one due to
production of excess sludge.
Coagulation is achieved by adding multi-valent cationic metals, preferably in the form of salts, such
as Al2(SO4)3 and FeCl3, or low molecular weight cationic polymers(Olive,2002). Flocculation takes
place after adding high molecular weight anionic polymers, which, again by electrostatic forces,
group the coagulated particles into larger structures (ibid.). According to the data, best results are
achieved when chemical salt addition is followed by a period of rapid mixing to promote
coagulation. Afterwards, polymer addition with slow mixing should be exhibited in order to
minimize flocculation break-up (Bourke,2000).
Figure 5.1. Graphical representation of coagulation and flocculation processes
5.2.2.2. React phase

During this phase no wastewater enters the basin and the mechanical mixing and aeration units are
on. Because there are no additional volume and organic loadings, the rate of organic removal
increases, dramatically. Most of the carbonaceous BOD5 removal occurs in the react phase. Further
nitrification occurs by allowing the mixing and aeration to continue - the majority of denitrification
29


takes place in the mixed-fill phase. The phosphorus released during mixed fill and some additional
phosphorus is absorbed during the react phase (Lowell, 2005).
5.2.2.2.1. Biological phosphorous removal

A sequential system of anaerobic and aerobic zones results in the selection of organisms
(phosphorous removing bacteria) capable for consuming phosphorous at rates above the typical
requirements for microbial growth (Sumi, 1999). With intermittent application of anaerobic and
aerobic zones biomass could accumulate up to 4 to 12% of microbial solids. The organism which
consume phosphorous is called Acinetobacter (Water Environment Federation, 1992). Acetate and
other short-chain fatty acids produced by fermentation reactions, which occur in anaerobic zone, are
taken up in phosphorous-removing bacteria. They are stored as poly-hydroxy-butrate (PHB).
Microorganism should uptake some energy to store PHB. In anaerobic conditions this energy could
be taken by phosphorous removing bacteria by splitting high energy phosphate bonds to long-chain
inorganic polyphosphates (Sumi,1999). As a result polyphosphates are split to orthophosphates. In
aerobic zones orthophosphate re-synthesized to polyphosphates, while PHB stored in bacteria is
oxidized to CO2 and H20. The kinetics of phosphorous release and uptake are not fully understood
(Lowell, 2005). Therefore, it is better relying on empirical observations.
5.2.2.2.2. Biological nitrogen removal

The removal of nitrogen is effected through the biological oxidation of nitrogen from ammonia
to nitrate (nitrification), followed by denitrification, the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas( Waste
water and sewage). Nitrogen gas is released to the atmosphere and thus removed from the water.
Nitrification itself is a two-step aerobic process. Each step facilitated by a different type of bacteria
(Waste water and sewage). The oxidation of ammonia (NH3) to nitrite (NO2) is followed by
oxidation of nitrite (NO2) to nitrate (NO3). Denitrification requires anoxic conditions to encourage
the appropriate biological conditions. Since denitrification is the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas,
an electron donor is needed. This can be, depending on the wastewater, organic matter (from
faeces), sulfide, or an added donor like methanol (Waste water and sewage).
5.2.2.3. Settling phase

Settling is a process of sludge separation from effluent. This process is accomplished after the
aeration process and considered as the supplementary process. This process involves sedimentation
30


and concentration of suspended solids. The standard concentration for SBR should be less than 50
mg/l (Krzemieniewski et al.,2000). This characteristic requirement is important for maintaining
efficient separation of these particles from the purified wastewater. During the settlement phase the
minimum level of wastewater must be achieved in order to start the next phase of decantation. The
process also has several properties that should be taken into account. These properties are settling
properties of sludge, concentration, settleability, sludge volume index (SVI), and total suspended
solids (TSS) in the effluent (ibid). Many observers assure that SVI is more preferable parameter for
determination of sludge settling properties. Typically, SVI varies between 30 and 400 ml/g
(Jenkins, 1993). In real situation the SVI should not exceed the value of 150 ml/g for prevention of
bulking sludge. Low amount of SVI below the 70 ml/g can cause turbid effluent. The SVI value can
be estimated by the carrying out of the experiment.
5.2.2.4. Decant phase

An absolute seal at the decanter entrance interface is a necessity to prohibit mixed-liquor surface
solids (MLSS) entering the decanter at each phase. The decanter should be designed to follow the
liquid level down during the decant phase permitting short settle periods. It should also be designed
to draw clear effluent from 6 to 8 in. below the surface, prohibiting floating scum from entering the
decant system. Due to entrance turbulence can pull lighter sludge up and seriously affect effluent
quality, entrance velocities must be considered in the decanter design. Therefore, circular weir
usage provide the optimum in energy dissipation (Wang, 1985). Decant phase usually takes from 0
to 60 minutes. Terenozek WWTP needs 0.5 hour for decant phase to not pull lighter sludge up.
Also, the length of decant pipe was taken to be 6 meters in order to allow best degree of sludge and
maintain appropriate slope velocity. The decanter is the aquadecant with little modifications wgicg
ideally suits the design.
5.2.2.4.1. Principles of floating decanter work:
Opening the valve creates a hydraulic differential, causing the spring-loaded plugs to open,
allowing the treated effluent to enter the decanter where it flows by gravity to its destination. It
should be noted that the decanter almost doesn’t require power (only to open/close valve), making it
efficient.(Floating Solids-Excluding Decanter,2007)
5.2.2.4.2. Preventive measure included in decant phase based on experience
All facilities in the US experienced some difficulties operating their decanter mechanisms,
because these permitted at one time or another, the MLSS to enter the decanter mechanisms piping
31


during fill, react and settle. These solids were discharged during decant and affected the effluent
quality. These problems have been corrected at some facilities and are being corrected at others. At
Culver, this problem was solved by returning the effluent during the first 1 or 2 minutes of the
decant period to the aeration basin through an automatic three-way valve, after which time the
decanted effluent was diverted to the chlorine contact tank. Moreover, the Grundy Center
Wastewater Treatment Facility had the problem with unsatisfactory decanter design, which
permitted the MLSS to enter the decanter piping system during fill, react and settle periods. The
city is in the process of replacing decanter. (Arora, 1985).
“Floating decanters are used in the aeration tanks; these decanters transfer the effluent by
gravity from the aeration tanks to the effluent control by gravity from the aeration tanks to the
effluent control structure during DRAW. The decanter consists of a 30.5-cm diameter header pipe
with orifices which draws water from just beneath the water surface. Because of the gravity
discharge, the withdrawal flow rate, which averages 7086 m3/d the change in liquid level from 4.57
to 3.35 m, was too low to practically remove additional treated effluent beyond the 3.35 m liquid
level. To solve this problem modification of decanter to include first flush recycle line was
introduced. The decanters were submerged and accumulated mixed liquor solids during aeration.
The recycle line was used to divert the first 7 minutes of discharge from the decanter to the aeration
tanks at approximately 4.5 m3/min. This amounted to approximately 9% of the volume added to
each tank each cycle.” (Irvine, 1987).
5.2.2.5. Idling phase

Idle phase is the process between discharging treated effluent and before filling the tank
again. This time is used to remove all the sludge through the sludge pipe using sludge suction
pump. The sludge waste frequency is defined by increase of net solids consistency in the reactor for
each cycle, and the equipment capacity of mixing and aeration process. However, idle phase can be
eliminated altogether. In some cases SBR does not involve idle phase. Sludge wasting may be
performed during the solid wasting from the mixed liquor in the react phase (Vigneswaran et al.,
2007). Idle phase is also important for multiple tank model when one of the tanks is not completely
filled meanwhile the second is completed to fill and in an idle mode (Arora et al, 2015). The
properties of the idle phase are to increase operation flexibility and extend the duration of one or
more of the other phases when it is necessary. This process can last from 0 to 60 minutes (Wang et
al., 2009).
32


5.2.3 Civil engineering design specifications
Inasmuch as the Structure of the tank will consist of reinforced concrete the
characteristics will be determined according to Eurocode 2 and Code of Practice for the storage of
Liquids – IS3370 of reinforced concrete design for water retaining structure. Due to the EC2 for
reinforced concrete use of concrete class 30/37 and steel class grade 500 assures a balance between
strength, durability, shrinkage and workability requirements (Mosley, 2012). Whereas, allowable
values for design components are noticed in the table below:
Type of Component Minimal allowable value Maximum allowable value

Thickness of walls 200 mm
Thickness of the slab 300 mm
Water/cement ratio 0.55
Cement content 300 kg/m^3 400 kg/m^3
Cover 40 mm
Blinding 75 mm
Rebar Spacing 300 mm
Crack width 0.1 mm 0.1 mm
Table 5.6. Design specifications for water retaining structures (Mosley, 2012).
The measure of cover reinforcement ensures corrosion prevention. The permissible

value of crack width is 0.1 mm (Mosley, 2012).
The calculation equations are based on several factors such as flexural cracking and
exposure conditions within the Limit state design. The limit state design procedure consists of
ultimate limit state design and serviceability limit state design. The serviceability limit state design
considers three specific cases: Flexural tension in mature concrete that is caused by both permanent
and variable actions, Direct tension in mature concrete caused by hydrostatic loadings and Direct
tension caused by restrained thermal and shrinkage movement (ibid). In the theory concrete and
steel pretend to be elastic components, and it have permissible stresses or limits explicitly.
33


Figure 5.2. Concrete Reinforced Section (Suresh, 2007).
According to the diagram the cross section of the reinforced concrete is subjected to tension and
compression stresses. When the force is applied to floor or slab the top part is exposed by
compression and the bottom part is supposed to be expanded. the following equation can be
generated:
!!"!
! !! !!!"! !!!"!
!!!
= !!" = !!"
→ 𝑥 = !!!"! !!!"
𝑑 = 𝑘𝑑 (ibid.)
!!
!!!"! !"#
Where 𝑘 = !!!"! !!!"
, and 𝑚 = !!
!"
𝜎!" – permissible stress in concrete
𝑚 – modular ratio of composite material
𝑧 = 𝑑 − 𝑥 3 = 𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑 3 = 𝑑 1 − 𝑘 3 = 𝑗𝑑 where 𝑗 = 1 − 𝑘 3 → 𝑗 − 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚
Furthermore, the Compression stress is 𝐶 = 1 2 𝜎!"! 𝑏𝑥, and Tension stress is 𝑇 = 𝜎!" 𝐴!"
For these stresses the moments are

𝑀 = 𝐶×𝑧 = 1 2 𝜎!"! 𝑏𝑥 𝑗𝑑 = 1 2 𝜎!"! 𝑏𝑘𝑑 𝑗𝑑 = 1 2 𝜎!"! 𝑘𝑗 𝑏𝑑 ! = 𝑄!"# 𝑏𝑑 ! where 𝑄!"# is the
moment of resistance factor for balanced section, and 𝑀 = 𝑇×𝑧 = 𝜎!" 𝐴!" 𝑗𝑑 (Suresh, 2007).
From the equations of moments Area of steel can be determined:
𝑀
𝐴!" =
𝜎!" 𝑗𝑑
Concrete Steel 𝜎!"! 𝜎!" 𝑘 𝑗 𝑄!"#

Grade Grade
C30/37 500 30 500 0.16 0.95 2.28
Further, overall moments act in two directions: vertical and horizontal. Additionally,
apart from moments the walls are subjected to direct pull that is exerted by water pressure.
Therefore, the walls are designed both for direct tension and bending moment.
34


Figure 5.3. Moment distribution (Suresh, 2007).
Code of Practice for the storage of Liquids provides moment coefficients (𝑀! and 𝑀! ) and shear
forces for certain measurements.
Maximum vertical moment - 𝑀! 𝑦! ℎ! 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ℎ = 1, 𝑦 = 0
Maximum horizontal moment - 𝑀! 𝑦! ℎ! 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ℎ = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏/2
𝑝𝐿
Tension in short wall – 𝑇! = 2
𝑝𝐵
Tension in long wall - 𝑇! = 2
In order to determine moment coefficients from tables, the factors must be calculated:
For Long wall
L/h=29.73/6.87=4.32~3 at 𝑥 ℎ = 1, 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑀! = −0.126 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 ℎ = 1/4, 𝑦 = ! → 𝑀! =

!
−0.071
Maximum vertical moment - 𝑀! 𝑦! ℎ! = −400
Maximum horizontal moment - 𝑀! 𝑦! ℎ! = −225.8
𝛾! ℎ𝑏
Tension – 𝑇!"#$ = 2 = 500.1𝑘𝑁
For short Wall
𝐵 = 2.16~2 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑀 = −0.086 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 𝐿 → 𝑀 = −0.059

ℎ ℎ ! ℎ 4 2 !
Maximum vertical moment - 𝑀! 𝑦! ℎ! = −273.55
Maximum horizontal moment - 𝑀! 𝑦! ℎ! = −187.67

35


𝛾! ℎ𝐿
Tension –𝑇!!!"# = 2 = 1001 𝑘𝑁
! !""×!"!
Then, 𝑑 = !"
= !.!"×!"""
= 589.76 𝑚𝑚
Assuming that cover is 50 mm the thickness of wall is
𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 + 𝑑 = 589.76 + 50 = 639.76~𝟔𝟓𝟎𝒎𝒎 → 𝑻𝒉𝒊𝒄𝒌𝒏𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒘𝒂𝒍𝒍
Vertical steel is
𝑀 400×10!
𝐴!" = = = 1295.21 𝑚𝑚!
𝜎!" 𝑗𝑑 500×0.97×639.76
!"#$$ !"#$%&' !"#! !" !"#$!×!"""
Let’s pretend that diameter of rebars is 18 mm then 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = !!"
=
!"#.!"×!"""
!"#$.!"
= 196.37 𝑚𝑚/𝑚~200𝑚𝑚/𝑚
Vertical reinforcement for wall – 18@200mm
For horizontal steel

!
𝐴!" = 0.0024𝐴!" = 0.0024×1000×650 = 1560 𝑚𝑚 𝑚
!"#$$ !"#$%&' !"#! !" !"#$!×!"""
Let’s pretend that diameter of rebars is 20 mm then 𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = !!"
=
!"#×!"""
!"#$
= 201.28 𝑚𝑚/𝑚
Then, Horizontal reinforcement for wall – 20@200mm
Finally the thickness of the slab can be assumed as 700 mm according to wall
calculations that are 650 mm. Reinforcement can be assumed the same as horizontal reinforcement
of the wall:
Slab reinforcement for top and bottom - 20@200mm
5.2.4 Design calculations
To calculate the design flow a typical per capita water consumption is assumed to be on average
150 l/d. In our case, a wastewater treatment facility for the population of 9,100 people is assumed.
To calculate Flow to Full Treatment (FTFT), the following equation is used:
FTFT = 3PG + I + 3E
For FTFT, I + 3E is assumed = 20% of 3PG
36


Hence, FTFT = 1.2*3*9100*150 = 4914 m3/day
Initial assumptions that were considered:
Table 5.7. Design parameters
5.2.4.1 Reactor Volume
To find the reactor volume, initially BOD5 removed should be calculated, which is the difference of
influent and effluent parameters:
!" !
𝐵𝑂𝐷! 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 !
= 𝐵𝑂𝐷!"#$%&"' − 𝐵𝑂𝐷!""#$!%& × 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 !
× 10!!
Then, the required Aerobic Mass is found from the division of BOD5 removed into the FIM Ratio:
𝐵𝑂𝐷! 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 (𝑘𝑔/𝑑)

𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑘𝑔 = !"#$%
𝐹𝐼𝑀 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 ( !"#$%%! − 𝑑)
Consequently, the Reactor Volume is found from relationship of Mass to MLSS concentration:
!
𝑀𝐿𝑆𝑆 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑘𝑔) 10! (𝑚𝑔/𝑘𝑔)
𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 !"# !"#$% !"#"! 𝑚 = ×
𝑀𝐿𝑆𝑆 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 (𝑚𝑔/𝐿) 10! (𝐿/𝑚! )
Since the decant volume is usually 60% of the total volume, the reactor volume is divided by 0.4.
Hence the Total Reactor volume is found.
5.2.4.2 Decant Volume
Total Decant Volume is the difference of Total Reactor volume from Reactor Volume
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑚! − 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 !"# !"#$% !"#"! 𝑚!
37


5.2.4.3 Detention Time
The maximum detention time is considered to be the time of the Total Reactor Volume by Flow
Rate:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑚! )

𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 ℎ𝑡 = !
× 24 (ℎ𝑟/𝑑)
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 !
× 10!! (𝑚! /𝐿)
The minimum detention time is considered to be the time of the Decant Volume by Flow Rate:
𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑚! )

𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 ℎ𝑡 = !
× 24 (ℎ𝑟/𝑑)
𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 !
× 10!! (𝑚! /𝐿)
5.2.4.4 SBR dimensions
The Basin Area is the relationship of Basin Volume to the Minimum Depth:
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑚3)

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑚2) =
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ (𝑚)
Basin Length is the root of the Basin Area:
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
Basin depth is the Total Reactor volume by Basin Area:
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ =
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
5.2.4.5 Aeration Power
Nitrogenous O2 Demand is found from the following formula:
𝑂! 𝑘𝑔
𝑁𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑂! 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘𝑔 = 𝑁𝐻! − 𝑁!"#$#%&$ × 𝑘𝑔𝑂!/!" 𝐵𝑂𝐷!
𝑑 𝑑
Ammonia-N oxidized is the difference of Total Kheldahl nitrogen (TKN) and Synthesis N:
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝑁𝐻! − 𝑁!"#$#%&$ = 𝑇𝐾𝑁 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 − 𝑆𝑦𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑁 (𝑘𝑔/𝑑)
𝑑 𝑑
Where,
𝑆𝑦𝑛𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠 𝑁 = 5% 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
In fact, sludge production is the product of Net Sludge Yield and BOD5 Removed:
38


𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔𝑀𝐿𝑆𝑆
𝑆𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑆𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 × 𝐵𝑂𝐷! 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 (𝑘𝑔/𝑑)
𝑑 𝑘𝑔𝐵𝑂𝐷!
Carbonaceous O2 Demand is found from:
𝑘𝑔𝑂! 𝑘𝑔
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑂! 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝐵𝑂𝐷! 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑘𝑔𝑂! /𝑘𝑔𝐵𝑂𝐷!
𝑑 𝑑
Actual Oxygen requirements is the sum of Carbonaceous O2 Demand and Nitrogenous O2 Demand:
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
𝐴𝑂𝑅 = 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑂! 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 + 𝑁𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑂! 𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
Where,
𝐴𝑂𝑅 = 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 (𝑘𝑔𝑂! /𝑑)
And Standard Actual Oxygen Requirements:
𝑘𝑔𝑂! 𝐴𝑂𝑅 × 𝐶! × 𝜃 !!!"

𝑆𝐴𝑂𝑅 =
ℎ𝑟 𝛼 × 𝛽 × 𝐶!" − 𝐶! × 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒
!!
!
𝑘𝑔𝑂!
𝑆𝐴𝑂𝑅 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
ℎ𝑟
𝜃 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 1.024
𝐶! 𝑂! 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 9.02 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝐶!" = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 9.02 − 0.0003× 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶!" = 9.02 − 0.0003 × 1000 = 8.72 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝐶! = 2 𝑚𝑔/𝐿
𝛼 = 0.85
𝛽 = 0.95
𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑈𝑠𝑎𝑔𝑒
ℎ𝑟 𝑟
= 14 (𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 4 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑎𝑦 6ℎ , 1.0 ℎ𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 3.5 ℎ𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒,
𝑑 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
0.75 ℎ𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒, 0.5 ℎ𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.25 ℎ𝑟 𝑖𝑑𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
39


!"!!
𝑆𝐴𝑂𝑅 !
𝑀𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑘𝑊 = !"
𝑂! 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 (!"!!)
Since the blowers typically have and efficiency of 50% or less, we consider 44% efficiency. If
aerators of 11.2 kW (15hp) is chosen, then we need 16 aerators.
5.2.4.6 Sludge and Decant Flows
𝑆𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 (𝑘𝑔/𝑑)

𝑆𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐿/𝑑 =
𝑆𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 (𝑘𝑔/𝐿)
Typical sludge density = 1.02 kg/L
𝑀𝐷𝐹
𝐷𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝐿/𝑑 =
𝑁𝐵 × 𝑁𝐶𝐵 × 𝑀𝐶𝑇
𝑀𝐷𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑦 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 (𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒)
𝑁𝐵 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠
𝑁𝐶𝐵 = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝑀𝐶𝑇 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 (𝑚𝑖𝑛)
All the calculation results are provided in the excel spreadsheets that are provided in appendix G.
6. Monitoring and control philosophy

6.1. Operating Attendance Philosophy
6.1.1 General Overview
Terenozek Sequencing batch reactor wastewater treatment plant has capacity of 3650m3 per day.
The treatment shall be automated, because it was too difficult and tedious for human operators to
successfully manage on a routine basis.
The site will be manned by a single licensed operator, who will sit in the control room. The work
will be done in three shifts of 8 hours per day. He will be responsible for corrective actions, checks,
routine maintenance and first response to alarms as required.
The operator is responsible for:
1. Looking after the processes on the SCADA and report on some deviations of working
process. If necessary refer to mechanical, electrical, chemical or civil engineer.
2. Recovery of plant following automatic shutdown
40


3. Monitoring the proper operation of phases
6.1.2. Plant Throughput
Raw water flows through the pipes from Terenozek town to the SBR tanks. All plant flows will be
provided by gravity.
Treated water will be directed to the Syr-Darya river in order to increase it volume and fight with
the drought of Aral Sea.
6.1.3. Preliminary treatment
6.1.3.1 Three gate valve
Three gate valve should direct the flow of raw water into the respective tank. To provide optimum
operation of the tanks owing to increased flow the operator will control the valve.
6.1.3.2 Flow
Flow control of the inlet pipe flow may be controlled through flowmeter analysis and further pump
excitation.
6.1.4. Primary treatment

6.1.4.1. All level instrumentation
The plant operator will monitor performance of instrumentation and the SCADA automatically will
control the mixers, blowers and pumps. However, the operator will have an access to manually set
some characteristics.
6.1.5. Chemical Dosing
The tank will be operated manually in order to correctly add chemicals (time, amount).
6.2. General Control Philosophy
The requirements of the ‘General Control Philosophy’ must be implemented on all systems unless
stated otherwise in the ‘Plant Specific Control Philosophy’.
6.2.1 Automatic Control Systems
The automation should be implemented using PLC’s and a SCADA system. Automatic control
from the PLC’s shall be the normal mode of operation unless stated otherwise.
The PLC shall monitor all process signals available on the plant with the exception of electrical
actuators. In case of fault the respective signal must be sent to the PLC then to SCADA.
The PLC control shall be executed on a command and feedback basis. If something is not working
within pre-set time, the alarm shall be raised.
41


Safety procedures must be incorporated in the design of software and watchdog operation so if
equipment fails an alarm must switch on. Moreover, the following procedures must be undertaken:
• Switch off the instrument (level 3)
• Switch off the zone instruments (level 2)
• Switch off the instruments in the tank (level 1)
• Blackout of the whole plant (level 0) (Safety Engineering subject)
6.2.2 Manual Operation
Control of the plant shall be at the SCADA by means of Operator control through SCADA
mouse/keyboard.
In case of SCADA/PLC blackout, the Hardware interlocks only shall be active.
6.2.3 Operator Facilities
All setpoints, control parameters (including P&ID terms), alarm limits and timers shall be
adjustable through the SCADA with suitable password protection.
The SCADA shall monitor and control the whole plant including switchgear and other non-process
equipment.
SCADA must be capable of illustrating/carrying out following points:
• Display all analogue and digital values including non-process parameters such as power
consumption
• Display and adjustment of dosing rates, timers and alarm limits
• Selection of duty and standby valves and pumps, rotation sequence and hours run
• Accept alarms via local PLCs
• Overview screens detailing individual parameters for the plant area
• Record events
• Display trends of all analogue values
Three levels of security shall be provided at engineer, supervisor and operator levels.
6.2.4. Actuators
Local operation is required for all actuated valves.
Automatic duty rotation of plant shall be carried out in the PLC’s, with the facility for the Operator
to override and edit the required duty sequence from the SCADA.
In the event of any actuator being unavailable for automatic control an alarm shall be initiated.
6.2.5. Hardwired interlocks
42


Hardwired interlocks shall be provided wherever necessary for the protection of
personnel and equipment, environment, process and equipment.
6.2.6. Instrumentation
All instrumentation shall be monitored for failure, by means of an independent
instrument failed signal or where the facility is not available an out of range signal
shall be used.
Instrumentation control shall be provided by dual instruments to control the readings and the
functionality of instruments.
Instrumentation used for control shall be hardwired to the local plant PLC, and to
the controlling plant PLC’s. Repeat relays and signal isolators on the instrument
transmitter signal shall be provided for this facility.
6.2.7. Failure modes
On power failure the plant shall be held at the control values prior to the failure, these values shall
be held for a period of time after the mains or standby power has been re-established.
On PLC failure there shall always be a means of operating plant manually, although this will not be
considered as a normal means of operation.
The PLC’s and SCADA and critical instruments shall be powered by means of a true on-line UPS.
6.3. Plant Specific Control Philosophy
6.3.1. Raw water quality
Water quality instrumentation shall measure the parameters of a raw water. The parameters to be
measured are:
• Turbidity
• pH
• Conductivity
• Temperature
The signals from the water quality instruments shall be connected to the I/O of the Switchboard
PLC. The signal from PLC must be directed to SCADA in order to monitor real-time values of
instrumentation.
An alarm shall be provided for high and low signals as appropriate to the measurements.
6.3.2. Raw water flow meter
The Raw Water flow meter shall be provided for monitoring. The signal form the instrument should
be connected to Swithcboard PLC.
43


In the event of a flow signal failure an alarm shall be initiated.
6.3.3 Output water quality
Water quality instrumentation shall measure the parameters of water after the react phase.
• Turbidity
• pH
• Conductivity
6.3.4. Mains Power Failure/Standby Power
6.3.4.1. Control of Plant on loss of mains power
On mains power failure, an automatic start-up of the standby diesel generatorshall be initiated.
On loss of mains power to the site the following start-up sequence shall apply:
• Control Room
• PLC
• Valves
• Pumps
• Mixer
• Laboratory room
• Instrumentation
6.3.5. Primary treatment control philosophy.

6.3.5.1 Fill
• The level sensor checks the water level in the both tanks
• If the right tank is empty direct the flow by the three-gate valve to the right tank
or vice versa.
• Add chemical additives
• Initiate the pump drive in the inlet pipe to increase the flow of influent
• Activate the mixer after level sensor reached some value
6.3.5.2 React
• When the level sensor indicates full tank close the three-gate valve
• Switch off the pump
• Initiate actuator responsible for the aerators
44


• Dependent on the sensors, intermittently switch on and off the aerators and
mixer to allow efficient nitrification/denitrification, phosphorous and
carbonaceous compounds removal.
• Adjust speed of the mixer initially fastàcoagulation, then slowàflocculation.
6.3.5.3 Settle
• Switch off aerators and mixer
• According to instrumentation analysis monitor the water quality
6.3.5.4 Draw
• After predetermined time or/and sensor data analysis open the valve on the
effluent
• Due to differential pressure decanting will start
6.3.5.5 Idle
• Close the valve on the effluent
• Open the sludge valve
• The remained sludge is activated sludge which will be useful for the fill
process
7. Cost estimation
7.1 Fixed electrical cost
No 2, 315 kW induction motors: 2000$
No 10, 15kW AC Induction Motors: 7080$
No 6, 200W LED street lamps: 1800$
No 10, 100W LED ceiling lamps: 1000$
Decanter: 2000$
Gyro sensor: 200$
WQ401, DO Electrode: 165$
WQ201, pH Electrode: 165$

WQ730 Turbidity Sensor,0-50 & 0-1000 NTU:1225$
45


WQ600 ORP Sensor: 719$
WQ-Cond-4 Conductivity Sensor, 20-200mS: 848$
WE710 Temperature Sensor, Flat Surface: 343$
WL400 Water Level Sensor 0-250': 639$
EX201B Brass Flow Sensor, 10" to 48": 1410$
SCADA: 25000$
PLC: 700$
Total cost: 46000$
7.2 Electrical operational cost per year

Decanter: 200$ per year
Gyro sensor: 10$ per year
WQ401, DO Electrode: 50$
WQ201, pH Electrode: 50$
WQ730 Turbidity Sensor, 0-50 & 0-1000 NTU: 200$
WQ600 ORP Sensor: 350$
WQ-Cond-4 Conductivity Sensor, 20-200mS: 420$
WE710 Temperature Sensor, Flat Surface: 100$
WL400 Water Level Sensor 0-250': 150$
EX201B Brass Flow Sensor, 10" to 48": 250$*2=500$
Sensor, Pro Plus Ammonium (ISE): 300$
(GWI price list, 2015)
Valve with actuator: 100$
SCADA: 1000$
PLC: 200$
Speed Control: 50$
Total cost: 52000$
7.3 Fixed civil cost

Concrete type VA 20 Mpa: 150000$
Steel rebars #14@100mm and #25@100mm: 80000$
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Total cost: 230000$
7.4 Mechanical fixed cost
HDPE Pipes for Drinking Water Supply: 1000$
Chemical tank agitator/2013 Newly agitator/mixing tank agitator/chemical mixer: 5000$
Inlet pipe: 10000$
Outlet pipe: 10000$
Chemical dosing pump: 1000$
Sludge suction pump: 5000$
No 6, control valves: 12000$
No 6, check valves: 18500$
Grit chamber: 19500$
No 4, 6DTWP pumps: 10700$
No 2, 3DDWP pumps: 2500$
Total cost: 95200$
7.5 Mechanical operational cost per year
Screens: 15 468$
Grit chamber: 116 540.5$
Pumps: 567 567.5$
Pressure sensors: 2 209$
Total cost: 701 965.1$
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7.6 Chemical operational cost
Ferric chloride addition: 15784$
Anionic polymer: 270$
Total cost: 16054$
7.7 Expenditure on the salary
Total cost: 5000$
7.8 Capital cost of the project
Capital cost of the project was calculated by the application of present worth analysis.
Taking Kazakhstan’s inflation rate = 5%, and assuming 15 years life span of the plant present
worth of the project: 8370000$
8. Risk management
The total Risk Management plant includes risk management of construction, operation,
commissioning and deconstruction of the plant. However, design presented in this paper is aimed to
be conceptual. Thus, only operation risk management plant is going to be offered in this part.
There are a lot of hazards in the wastewater treatment plant operation process due to its importance
for environment and use of chemicals. In this part, all the hazards are going to be listed, assessed
and represented on the Risk Matrix. Finally, the ways of reducing hazards possibility and
consequences will considered.
On the SBR wastewater treatment plant the most dangerous and possible hazards are considered to
be the following:
1. Pollution of water resources
2. Power failure
3. Cut-off communications systems
4. Fire
5. Explosion
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6. Physical damage to equipment
7. Corrosion of equipment
8. Flow fluctuations in the incoming sewage
8.1. Risk Table

Threats Probability Severity
Pollution of water resources Possible Major
Power failure Likely Major
Cut-off communications systems Unlikely Extensive
Fire Unlikely Extensive
Explosion Highlyunlikely Extensive
Physical damage to equipment Possible Major
Corrosion of equipment Verylikely Medium
Flow fluctuations in the incoming sewage Likely Medium
Table 8.1. Table of threats

8.2. Risk Matrix
49


Extensive Explosion 1)Cut-off
Communications
systems;
2)Fire
Major 1)Pollution of
Water 1)Powerfailure
Resources;
2)Physical
damage to
equipment
Medium 1)Flow 1)Corrosionof
Fluctuations Equipment
Minor
NoImpact
Severity / HighlyUnlikely Unlikely Possible Likely VeryLikely
Probability
Table 8.2. Table of risks
According to the Risk Matrix, we defined our threats as following:

1. Pollution of water resources - ALARP
2. Power failure – Not Acceptable
3. Cut-off communications systems - Not Acceptable
4. Fire – Not Acceptable
5. Explosion - NotAcceptable
6. Physical damage to equipment - ALARP
7. Corrosion of equipment – Not Acceptable
8. Flow fluctuations in the incoming sewage – ALARP
50


8.3 Threats mitigation

1) There will be daily effluent water testing in order to prevent environmental pollution
2) Our plant will have an additional power source, so the plant will not stop working in the case of
power failure
3) Plant is able to be operated manually in the case of communications systems cut-off. Special staff
will be working on the plant, which will be professionally educated in SBR systems controlling.
4) All electrical equipment will be in a separate room in order to prevent fire. All chemical additives
will be treated very carefully, according to the safety rules. In addition, there will be enough fire
extinguishers and evacuation plan in case of fire.
5) There are no vessels under the great pressure. Thus, explosion occurrence is very unlikely
6) The SBR plant will be fenced around by a high wall and there will be security staff on the
territory of the plant, so that no one could physically damage plant
7) All the pipes will be made of the highly corrosion resistant materials. In addition, there will be
annual testing of the equipment and pipes
9. Conclusion
Conceptual design of SBR wastewater treatment plant nearby Terenozek village was proposed.
Design includes detailed design criteria/specifications, scope of works, capital cost and risk
assessment. Additional materials, as Service Agreement and Team Contract, process flow drawings,
Gantt chart and poster are presented in the Appendices.
Each part of the project was thoroughly designed and revised by the EUG team, and it will be
checked by the project manager Professor Roland Bradshaw. Design of the plant is conceptual,
which means that it is considered to be 30 percent of the total engineering design. Nevertheless, this
report appears to be quite comprehensive. In the literature review large number of related to the
topic books and articles were read and taken into account. According to the books and internet
search, the approximate design parameters for the plant were proposed. The decision over the
particular equipment was completed through comparative analysis among WWTP plants. In the
scope of works main requirements and limitations were presented. Design criteria were specified,
which incorporates the detailed requirements to the plant design. Finally, as the result of this part,
final design specifications were considered and presented in the report. In addition, the
accomplished design has comprehensive 3D and 2D drawings of the SBR plant itself, its tanks and
51


operator and testing rooms, which are presented in the Appendices. This project gave immense
experience to each team member. Going through the obstacles as a team, helped to alleviate true
engineering spirit among teammates. Finally, it should be said that this project worth investing for.
10. Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank Dr. Roland A. Bradshaw, for the motivation and the review in the
development of this project.
52


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Environ/Environmental/Steps/EnvSysSBR.html
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CONSIDERATIONS. Retrieved February 17, 2015 from
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%B7%D0%B5%D0%BA
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12. Appendix
Appendix A – Service Agreement.
SERVICE AGREEMENT
This Agreement dated this day of: 20 January
of: 2015
between[Name of Client]: Roland Bradshaw
of [Address of Client ]: 53, Kabanbay Batyr ave, Astana, Kazakhstan
(hereinafter called “the Client”) of the one part
and [Name of Consultant] EUG
of [Address of Consultant] 53, Kabanbay Batyr ave, Astana, Kazakhstan
(hereinafter called “the Consultant”) of the other part
WHEREAS, the Client desires that certain Services Conceptual design of wastewater treatment plant:
should be performed by the Consultant, namely Sequencing Batch Reactor for small municipalities
and has accepted a proposal by the Consultant for the performance of such Services.
THE CLIENT AND THE CONSULTANT AGREE AS FOLLOWS:

1 In this Agreement words and expressions shall have the same meanings as are respectively assigned
to them in Clause 1.1 of the General Conditions.
2 The following documents shall be deemed to form and be read and construed as part of the
Agreement, namely:
(a) any letter of offer by the Consultant;
(b) any letter of acceptance by the Client;
(c) this Client/Consultant Model Services Agreement;
(d) the Appendices, namely:
Appendix 1: Scope of Services
Appendix 2: Personnel, Equipment, Facilities and Services of Others to be Provided by the Client
Appendix 3: Remuneration and Payment
Appendix 4: Time Schedule for Services.
3 In consideration of the payments to be made by the Client to the Consultant under this Agreement, the
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Consultant hereby agrees with the Client to perform the Services in conformity with the provisions of the
Agreement.
The Client hereby agrees to pay the Consultant in consideration of the performance of the Services
such amounts as may become payable under the provisions of the Agreement at the times and in the
manner prescribed by the Agreement.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have caused this Agreement to be executed the day and year
stated above in accordance with their respective laws.
AUTHORISED SIGNATURE(S) OF CLIENT
Signature:
In the presence of:
Name: Roland Bradshaw
Signature:
Address: 53, Kabanbay Batyr ave, Astana, Kazakhstan
AUTHORISED SIGNATURE(S) OF CONSULTANT
Signature:
In the presence of:
Name: Azamat Kenesbekov
Signature:
Address: 53, Kabanbay Batyr ave, Astana, Kazakhstan

58


PARTICULAR CONDITIONS
A. References from Clauses in the General Conditions
1.1 Definitions
1.1.2 The Project is: Conceptual design of wastewater treatment plant:

Sequencing Batch Reactor for small
municipalities
1.1.10 Commencement Date: 20.01.2015
1.1.11 Time for Completion: 12 Weeks
1.3 Language for Communications: English
1.4 Language(s) of the Agreement:: English
Ruling language: English
Governing Law: Current legislations and laws of Republic of

Kazakhstan
1.8 Notices
Client’s address: 53 Kabanbay avenue, Astana, Kazakhstan
Email: roland.bradshaw@nu.edu.kz
Telephone number: +7 7172 709142
Facsimile number: +7 7172 709142
Consultant’s address: 53 Kabanbay avenue, Astana, Kazakhstan
Email: akenesbekov@nu.edu.kz
Telephone number: +7 707 143 0491
Facsimile number: +7 707 143 0491
5 Payment
5.2.2 Agreed Compensation for Overdue Payment 3%

(percent per day):
6 Liabilities
6.2 Duration of Liability: 1 year
Reckoned from: 17.04.2015
6.3.1 Limit of Compensation: 28%
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8 Mediation
8.2.1 Named Mediator: Chimwi Mgbere
Nominating Centre for Mediation: Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr

avenue, Astana, Kazakhstan, 010000
8.2.3 Mediation Procedures: CEDR Model Mediation Procedure
8.3.2 Rules of Arbitration: International Chamber of Commerce

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PARTICULAR CONDITIONS
B. Additional Clauses
The parties are to include in this section any variations, omissions and additions to the General Conditions.
The Consultant obligates to come to the meeting organized by the Client on the weekly basis at the specified
time. In addition to that Consultant agrees to prepare a short presentation on the work done and bring the
printed deliverables for the evaluation purposes.
The Client agrees to assess the work presented by the Consultant during the period of maximum one week
and provide the feedback.
The meeting will commence at the address agreed by both sides, which is 53, Kabanbay batyr avenue,
th
Astana, Kazakhstan, block 6, 5 floor.

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APPENDICES
These Appendices form part of the Agreement.
1 Scope of Services
The Scope of the Consultant’s Services includes the project and risk management plan, conceptual
drawings, cost estimation, electrical system design, monitoring and control philosophy and feasibility
analysis. The work of EUG team will be delivered in the form of poster, oral presentation and final
report.

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2 Personnel, Equipment, Facilities and Services of Others to be Provided by the
Client
Services provided by the LOGIK team are based on the conceptual design of Membrane
Bioreactor Wastewater treatment plant, which does not require the equipment and facilities to be
provided from the Client.
However the Services of the Teaching Assistant, Yerbol Zhakupov, professor, Chimwi Mgbere,
and the Client himself, Roland Bradshaw, in terms of organization of regular meeting and
lectures, assignment of the deliverables will be required for successful implementation of the
project.
63


3 Remuneration and Payment
3.1 Terms of payment, the basic system or systems
The agreed payment for the Work provided by each Consultant is dependent on the hours spent on the
project. According to the rate, each of the engineering team members gets $10/hour.
Civil Engineer has to receive $1680 for 168 hours spent
Mechanical Engineer has to receive $1650 for 165 hours spent
Chemical Engineer has to receive $1620 for 162 hours spent
Control Engineer has to receive $1540 for 154 hours spent
Power Engineer has to receive $1540 for 154 hours spend
The total payment for Consultant team is $8030.
3.2 Times for payment
• 10% of the total payment should be conducted within three days after the Service
contract is signed.
• 20% of the payment should be transferred to each Consultant after the Poster
Presentation
• The rest of the money should be paid upon the completion of the final version of the
conceptual design of Sequencing Batch Reactor WWTP and submission of the Final
Report.
3.3 Methods of payment
The money should be transferred to the each Consultant via debit card with the requisites
provided by Consultant in advance.
3.4 Price changes
The price could not be changed after the signing of this Contract.
3.5 Currencies of payment
The money for the Work should be paid in USD
3.6 Taxation
Cost of the Services provided by the Consult that is mentioned in 3.1 is inclusive of taxes and
other mandatory payments in accordance with the current legislation of the Republic of
Kazakhstan in the case of fully performing the services stated in the present Contract.
3.7 Contingencies
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The contingencies between the Client and Consultant will be solved with the help of Mediator.
65
4 Time Schedule for Services
This section describes the key milestones date agreed between Client and Consultant


Appendix B – Team contract.
Team Contract:
Team Name: United Engineering Group Date: 16.2.15
Members: Bexultan Maukenov, Azamat Kenesbekov, Olzhas Alshagirov, Sanzhar Askaruly, Sanzhar Kamidenov
Purpose
This exercise guides your team through discussions that forge a “contract” among your members.
You will negotiate shared understandings and record them for all members to see. This exercise
also helps you receive instructor feedback on your contract to make it more effective.
Part A: Importance of Team Processes

1. Discuss what is important to your team. Be sure that each member shares his/her
perceptions on what makes a good team.
For us the most important thing for our team is to develop high quality project.
2. In the table below, check an importance level for each process to rate your team’s
perception of its importance to team productivity. Use the definitions given below for rating
importance.
Rating Definition of Importance
Low Managing this process will not significantly affect the productivity of the team.
Medium Managing this process may affect team productivity, but it is not crucial to
productivity.
High Managing this process is crucial for the team to be highly productive.
Importance of Process
Area Team Process Name Low Medium High
Building an inclusive supportive climate 1
Team Gaining buy-in and interdependence 1

Relationships
Resolving conflicts to enhance teamwork 1
Establishing shared team goals 1
Managing tasks to achieve team goals 1
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Joint Producing competent consensus outputs 1
Achievements
Allocating responsibilities to members 1
Member Achieving quality work from members 1

Contributions
Facilitating team member professional 1
development
Achieving effective in-team 1

communication
Team
Information Managing stakeholder communication 1
Building shared knowledge assets 1
Part B: Team Operating Procedures

Prepare a team contract (or set of team bylaws) that defines your team’s organizational structure
and commits all members to agreed-upon operating procedures. This “contract” should emerge
from substantive team discussions and from full member agreement. The team contract must be
prepared as a formal agreement signed by all members and referenced regularly in the course of
team business.
The team contract must address each of the following issues:
Roles and Define roles that will be assigned within the team and the
Responsibilities responsibilities of the person in each role. Define also who is
assigned the role and any plans for review or reassignment of
roles to achieve team and member goals. Specifically address
roles for managing team progress and budget, conducting
meetings, documenting team information, and communicating
with project stakeholders. Also address issues of back-up for
members needing help or encountering unexpected challenges.
Team Define relationships that are expected among team members

Relationships and the methods employed to establish and maintain these
supportive relationships. Specifically address your establishment
of an inclusive and supportive climate, gaining strong member
commitments to success of all members, and ways in which
conflicts will be handled constructively.
Joint Define what is expected and methods the team will use to
Achievements achieve high quality work done together (i.e., when members
are working together on the same outcome). Specifically
68


address establishing shared goals, planning and monitoring
progress toward team goals, and conducting effective team
meetings.
Member Define what is expected from team members when conducting

Contributions work individually. Define how individual work assignments will be
made, by whom, and with what definition of expectations.
Explain how work quality and timeliness will be monitored and
enforced (be specific). As appropriate, describe a process by
which the team will allocate credit and/or project assets based
on member contributions. Also describe how members will be
supported in their efforts to develop skills and abilities needed
for the project.
Information Define what is expected from team members regarding the

Management recording and sharing of team information (e.g., ideas, drawings,
meeting minutes, work status, problems, advisor
communication). Specifically address the ways and frequency of
keeping members and outside stakeholders informed. Also
define how project information will be recorded and made
available to members, but also guarded to protect confidentiality
and to support patentability.
A template for your team contract is attached. You may modify it to fit your team needs and
preferences. Be sure to provide adequate detail to inform people of expectations and to provide a
basis for evaluating teamwork and resolving differences. When your contract is completed and
signed by all members, scan it to a pdf document for submittal to the instructor and for ongoing
team reference.
Team Contract
Section 1: Team Name and Mission

This team shall be known by the name: EUG
The mission of this team is to produce high-quality engineering project which will change notion on
the Sequencing batch reactors wastewater treatment plants.
Section 2: Membership
Membership on this team includes the following people Sanzhar Askaruly, Sanzhar Kamidenov,
Olzhas Alshagirov, Bexultan Maukenov, Azamat Kenesbekov. Members may leave or be removed
from the team by project manager Bexultan Maukenov.
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Members of this team shall be responsible to effectively communicate with each other (being
polite, coming to consensus, respect), to do their appointed duties on time, participate to all
meetings, enhance specific knowledge about project on their own. Members may not be late or
absent for meetings, may not submit papers after team established deadline, may not disregard
the team leaders’ assignments.
Section 3: Roles and Responsibilities

Roles are assigned to members of the team to provide structure for team activities and to authorize
individual members to conduct designated business in the name of the team. Roles are assigned
(how) and for periods of (what) for the purposes of (what). Individual will be assigned to roles
based on (what considerations). In the event of a role vacancy, the team will . . . . Roles and
associated responsibilities are defined below.
3a. Team Leader/Manager/Chief: Bexultan Maukenov
The team leader is responsible for overall team work organization. It includes appointing team
meetings and allocating tasks to each member of the team. Specific responsibilities of Bexultan as
of Mechanical engineer are to design pipes, pumps, decanters, aerators and screens.
3b. Team Reporter/representative: Azamat Kenesbekov
The team representative is responsible of presenting the team for stakeholders and clients.
Moreover, he should report the unofficial team meetings and help team leader to appoint task for
members.The specific responsibilities of Azamat is to create Programmable Logic Controller for the
whole plant. Moreover, he helps to Power Engineer in setting up electrical equipment.
3c. Team Researcher: Olzhas Alshagirov

The team researcher search auxiliary resources and offer alternative or original solution of issue.
The specific responsibilities of Olzhas is to design of the chemical enhancing of sequencing batch
reactor, choice of the chemicals for chemical enhancing of primary treatment, mass and energy
balance and calculation of influent and effluent flow rates.
3d. Communication manager: Sanzhar Askaruly

The Communication manager is responsible for managing various auxiliary devices, instruments
and software for interactive team connection and information sharing. Moreover he is responsible
for power supply and electrical equipment maintenance.
3e Documentation manager: Sanzhar Kamidenov

Documentation manager is responsible for managing all gained resources, evaluating resources in
terms of its value and reliability. As a civil engineer he also responsible for geotechnical design,
structural analysis and design, and construction materials selection. He will design main SBR
construction and auxiliary related facilities in terms of construction engineering.
Section 4: Team Relationships
70


Relationships among team members must support full and respectful engagement of all members
for the benefit of the entire team. To this end, team members will aspire to have robust as
professional so friendly relationships. Each team member plays equally important role for
successful project completion. Therefore, team members must be polite and respectful to each
other. They should share all data, resolve the problems with consensus including each person’s
opinion, attend all the meetings, didn’t distribute own burden to others and establish
rules/regulations of team respect.
Section 5: Joint Work

5a. Purposes of Joint Work
Team members will work together to establish collective goals and to produce decisions and work
products that advance teamwork and project success. When working together, members will
attend all regular team meetings, share all their creative ideas of brainstorming, contribute to the
professional development of all team, share all found related resources, understand the main idea
of project, discuss possible solutions of arised problems in design, cooperate as a team, take over
the work of other team members for a valid reason when he/she can not cope with the workload
due to overload.
5b. Team Meetings

Team meetings are an important example of working together. Meetings of the entire team will be
held every Tuesday and thursday at the room of one of the members, or as called by the team
leader. In order to make team meetings productive and rewarding for all members, they will be
conducted according to specific agenda made up by the team leader.
Section 6: Individual Work

Team members are expected to work alone in many cases to complete work important to the team.
Work assignments will be made by using internet resources. As for example, Google Drive and
Evernote applications will be implemented in order to synchronize the teamwork. Assignments will
include definitions of expectations that include active search and evaluation of required resources
from various types of scientific sources and mass media, managing personal affairs, which do not
interfere to the project activity, understand and be familiar with the executed work of other team
members, perform required tasks on time.
Work quality, alignment with team needs, and timeliness are vital to the success of the team. To
ensure that team member contributions provide value desired by the team, every team members
will do peer review for each other member. Individuals failing to meet expectations will face the
following consequences: 1) Oral punishment; 2) Fine; 3) Dismissal. The team will assist members
in their success by various bonuses. Also, the team will be open-minded to contribute to work of
each other.
Section 7: Documentation and Communication
71


The team must maintain timely and accurate documentation of its individual and collective
achievements, while also communicating needed information to one another and key project
stakeholders.
7a. Documentation
Team members will maintain the following records of their work in the form of official weekly logs
submitted to mentor and unofficial notes for team. Confidentiality and legality of records will be
ensured by Azamat Kenesbekov who will be responsible for the reporting the meetings
confidentially.
7b. Communication among Members

Team members will keep one another informed about deadlines, project
advancements/assignments for members by social networking sites, google drive (sharing unit),
phone calls and oral communications.
7c. Communication with Outside Stakeholders

Outside persons, including Rolland Bradshaw, will be kept informed about project advancements
every Thursday at 7:00 pm. When confidential information is involved, it will not be included to the
oral report to mentor.
Section 8: Ownership of Team Assets

An initial allocation of 10% preferred shares will be set aside for the initial team membership. The
initial distribution of this percentage will be equally divided. An additional 10% of preferred shares
will be allocated to team members for contributions over the course based on performance which
will be valued by interteam votes. Left 40% will be allocated between outside stakeholders
Section 9: Conflict Resolution

The team will strive to resolve conflicts quickly and to the satisfaction and benefit of everyone
involved. To this end, the team will attempt to achieve consensus. When the dispute becomes
uncontrollable the team leader conducts voting where majority wins. To avoid conflicts, team
leader should wisely and fairly allocate workload and develop peaceful communications within
team.
Section 10: Amendments

Amendments to this team contract may be made with the approval by all members of the team.
Proposed amendments must be agreed with all team members, and project manager/team
adviser. Before coming into effect, amendments must be discussed and evaluated by team
members. Amendments must be reasonable,valuable and consistent. The amended contract must
be distributed to all members and submitted to the instructor before becoming effective.
Section 11: Affirmation of Compliance

We, the members of this team, affirm that we have established this contract with input and
consensus of all members. By our signatures, we commit to compliance with the contract for the
benefit of all members and the team as a whole.
72


Name Signature Date
Bexultan Maukenov 16.02.15
Azamat Kenesbekov 16.02.15
Olzhas Alshagirov 16.02.15
Sanzhar Kamidenov 16.02.15
Sanzhar Askaruly 16.02.15
73


Appendix C – Gantt chart
Appendix D – Time task matrix
Beksultan Sanzhar Olzhas Azamat Sanzhar

Actions Maukenov Kamidenov Alshagirov Kenesbekov Askaruly
Research plan and strategies 11 11 11 11 11
Identifying objectives 7 7 7 7 7
Deliverables & Gantt Chart 7 7 7 7 7
Preparation of weekly log 6 6 6 6 6
Meeting with advisor 12 12 12 12 12
Literature review 13 13 13 13 13
Understanding task & req-s 3 3 3 3 3
74


Analysis of similar projects 5 5 5 5 5
Solutions of other groups 5 5 5 5 5
Possible alternatives 6 6 6 6 6
Materials for poster pres-n 6 6 6 6 6
Preparation of weekly logs 5 5 5 5 5
Proposed solution viability 3 3 3 3 3
Design concept 31 31 31 31 31
Design of chemical enhancing
of the SBR process 8
Designing of process phase
diagrams 8
Computer simulation 7
SBR tank design 7
Auxilary facilities design 5
Geotechnical design 5
Structural analysis/ Design 5
Estimation of consumables 5
Screens design 5
Grit removal design 5
Decantors design 4
Pumps selection 4
Pipes selection 4
Aerators design 4
Estimation of power
consumption 5 5
Design of instrumentation tools 5 5
Safety considerations 3 3 3 3 3
Technolgy compliance 3 3 3 3 3
Designing logic control 2 2 2 5 5
Compilation of materials 2 2 2 2 2
Report structure building 5 5 5 5 5
Cost estimation 3 3 3 3 3
Presentation content and design 3 3 3 3 3
Total time spent (hours) 165 168 162 154 154
Money spent ($) 1650 1680 1620 1540 1540
75


Appendix E – Conceptual drawings

Isometric view
Top view
76


Side view
Bottom isometric view
Tank
77


Control room
Pumping system
78


Valve
79


Appendix F – Poster
Appendix G – Chemical storage and dosing
Chemical facility
80


Chemical tanks
81


Appendix H – Results/Calculations
Design assumptions table:
82


Appendix H – Results/Calculations:
Appendix I – Process flow diagram
83


Appendix J – Process and instrumentation diagram
84

Engineering Report Municipal Wastewater

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Engineering Report Municipal Wastewater

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Final draft of design report

Wastewater Treatment Plant:

Sequencing Batch Reactor design for small

Engineering United Group:

Considering the importance of some ecological problems in Kazakhstan particularly Aral

1.1 Client Consultant Agreement

1.2 Project Methodology

2.3 Advantages and disadvantages of SBR in comparison to other wastewater treatment

4. Scope of the work

4.2 General Obligations

4.2.1 Health and Safety Requirements

4.2.2 Design requirements:

4.2.3 Testing and Commissioning Requirements

4.3 General site

4.4. Preliminary treatment works

4.4.2. Electrical engineering scope

4.5. Primary treatment

4.5.2. Mechanical engineering scope

4.6.2 Mechanical scope included in construction

5.1.2 Preliminary treatment

Location After the screens and before the SBR tank

5.1.3 Primary treatment

Flow rate - 2.35m3/min

3 Engineering Scope: Chemical

Location In the chemical storage and dosing room

5.1.4 Mass balance and Design Assumptions

5.1.5 Chemicals dosing and storage

5.1.6 Electrical, Instrumentation, Control and Automation

Switchboard/MCC Description Location

5.1.6.2.1 Level #1 Instrumentation

5.6.2.2. Level #2 Instrumentation

5.1.6.2.3. Level #3 Instrumentation

5.1.6.3. PLC description

5.1.6.4. Instrumentation Requirements

Table 5.5. Item list of control instruments

5.2 Design specifications

5.2.2. Primary treatment processes.

5.2.2.1.2 Chemical coagulants

Figure 5.1. Graphical representation of coagulation and flocculation processes

5.2.2.2. React phase

5.2.2.2.1. Biological phosphorous removal

5.2.2.2.2. Biological nitrogen removal

5.2.2.3. Settling phase

5.2.2.4. Decant phase

5.2.2.5. Idling phase

Type of Component Minimal allowable value Maximum allowable value

The measure of cover reinforcement ensures corrosion prevention. The permissible

𝜎!" – permissible stress in concrete

𝑚 – modular ratio of composite material

𝑧 = 𝑑 − 𝑥 3 = 𝑑 − 𝑘𝑑 3 = 𝑑 1 − 𝑘 3 = 𝑗𝑑 where 𝑗 = 1 − 𝑘 3 → 𝑗 − 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚

For these stresses the moments are

From the equations of moments Area of steel can be determined:

Concrete Steel 𝜎!"! 𝜎!" 𝑘 𝑗 𝑄!"#

Figure 5.3. Moment distribution (Suresh, 2007).

Maximum vertical moment - 𝑀! 𝑦! ℎ! 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ℎ = 1, 𝑦 = 0

Maximum horizontal moment - 𝑀! 𝑦! ℎ! 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ℎ = 0, 𝑦 = 𝑏/2

For Long wall

L/h=29.73/6.87=4.32~3 at 𝑥 ℎ = 1, 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑀! = −0.126 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 ℎ = 1/4, 𝑦 = ! → 𝑀! =

Maximum vertical moment - 𝑀! 𝑦! ℎ! = −400

Maximum horizontal moment - 𝑀! 𝑦! ℎ! = −225.8

𝐵 = 2.16~2 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 0 → 𝑀 = −0.086 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 = 1 , 𝑦 = 𝐿 → 𝑀 = −0.059

Maximum vertical moment - 𝑀! 𝑦! ℎ! = −273.55

Maximum horizontal moment - 𝑀! 𝑦! ℎ! = −187.67

Assuming that cover is 50 mm the thickness of wall is