IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 34, NO.
1, JANUARY 1, 2022
A High Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensor Based
on Leaky Mode Coupler of MMI
Siti Mahfuza Saimon , Muhammad Yusof Mohd Noor , Asrul Izam Azmi, Ahmad Sharmi Abdullah ,
Mohd Haniff Ibrahim, Mohd Hafizi Ahmad , Mohd Rashidi Salim, Member, IEEE,
Ahmad Fauzi Othman , and Fouziyah Abdulsalam Hamid Alqazoun
Abstract— A novel leaky mode coupler of multimode inter-
ference (MMI) fiber structure is proposed and experimentally
demonstrated for surrounding refractive indices higher than that
of silica fiber. The sensor is composed of a section of silica
rod (SR) and multimode fiber (MMF) between two identical
single-mode fibers (SMFs) to form a single-mode-silica rod-
multimode-single-mode (SSRMS) fiber structure. In the pro-
posed design, the SR acts as a mode coupler and a sensing
element, while the MMF functions as the narrow spectral width
generator. The output power at narrow spectral response of
the SSRMS sensor was monitored corresponding to different
surrounding high refractive indices (SHRI). The experimental
results revealed that the SSRMS sensor exhibited high sensitivity
up to −293.40 dB/RIU for SHRI ranging from 1.450 to 1.531.
The sensor is highly suitable for SHRI applications, such as for
monitoring insulation oil in a power transformer.
Index Terms— Fiber optic sensor, high refractive index, leaky
mode, multimode interference, silica rod.
I. I NTRODUCTION
R EFRACTIVE index (RI) is vital for many applications,
including environmental monitoring, food processing,
automotive devices, and household appliances. Lately, the
development of fiber-based RI is favorable over its counterpart
electronic sensor due to the distinctive advantages of small
size, rapid response, high sensitivity, immune to electromag-
netic interference, and ability to operate in harsh environments
in the former [1]–[3]. Many reports on fiber-based sensors
for RI measurement are available, but primarily for measuring
surrounding RI lower than RI of silica fiber known as low
RI fiber sensing [4]–[7]. Meanwhile, high RI fiber sensing
using the RI sensing medium with higher RI than that of
Manuscript received December 5, 2021; accepted December 15, 2021. Date
of publication December 21, 2021; date of current version January 4, 2022.
This work was supported by the Research University Teknologi Malaysia
under Grant PY/2020/03909. (Corresponding author: Muhammad Yusof Mohd
Noor.)
Siti Mahfuza Saimon, Muhammad Yusof Mohd Noor, Asrul Izam Azmi,
Ahmad Sharmi Abdullah, Mohd Haniff Ibrahim, Mohd Rashidi Salim,
and Fouziyah Abdulsalam Hamid Alqazoun are with the Lightwave Com-
munication Research Group (LCRG), School of Electrical Engineering,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia (e-mail:
yusofnor@gmail.com).
Mohd Hafizi Ahmad is with the Institute of High Voltage and High Current,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Malaysia.
Ahmad Fauzi Othman is with the Distribution Network Division, Tenaga
Nasional Berhad, Kuala Terengganu 80673, Malaysia.
Color versions of one or more figures in this letter are available at
https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2021.3137288.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/LPT.2021.3137288
1041-1135 © 2021 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
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63
the silica fiber has been a promising application, especially in
power transformer oil, petrochemical storage, and biomedical
specimen analysis. Several reports on high RI fiber sensors
using different schemes, such as those based on Fabry-Perot
(FP) interferometry and lossy mode resonance (LMR) [8], fiber
gratings [9], [10], and multimode interference (MMI) fiber
structure [11]–[14]. Pablo et al. fabricated and characterized
optical sensors to detect high RI (transformer oil) based on
FP and LMR interferometry schemes [8]. The sensors can
detect variation of RI of the oil with the help of thin-film
coated on the sensors. The same is true for the grating scheme
sensor. Instead of using oxide-based coating material, the
fiber Bragg grating (FBG) used palladium coating overlaid
using a polyimide layer to sense the variation RI of the
transformer oil [15]. Fabrication of these sensors, which needs
additional coating material, is complicated and incurs extra
cost to achieve smooth and thin coating. This is because;
the performance of the sensor is highly dependent on the
coating material. Longer grating period has also been proposed
to detect the sense of high RI using long-period grating
(LPG) [10] but without any coating. Effective RI changes
in the cladding of LPG because oil can shift the Bragg
wavelength of the LPG. Apart from that, high RI sensing may
be realized by exposing MMI structures directly in the field of
measurement. This design offers more flexibility, lowers cost,
increases sensitivity, and eases fabrication.
For instance, Li Yang et al. proposed a silica MMI structure
based on single-mode-multimode-single-mode (SMS) configu-
ration [14]. The multimode section was etched using hydroflu-
oric acid until the MMF cladding was entirely discarded.
A bare core with a diameter of 105 μm was achieved to
be exposed to high RI medium. The high RI surrounding
affected the output intensity of the MMI structure by leaky
mode interference with ∼77 dB/RIU sensitivity for high RI
ranging at 1.46-1.55. An SMS structure with a diameter core
of 50 μm and etched-off cladding of MMF was deployed by
Razzaq et al. to sense high RI using 300-400 nm absorption
wavelength [13]. A non-silica MMF was used in high RI
MMI-based sensor using polymer-type fiber [12]. Similarly,
a 2-cm length of etched polymer fiber section was used as
the sensing area. However, due to high thermo-optic coef-
ficient (TOC) of the polymer material, the polymer fiber
sensor displayed high cross-sensitivity to temperature and was
difficult to be integrated with silica fiber-based network.
64
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the proposed sensor (inset shows the
BeamPROP optical field distribution along SR and MMF).
Despite the different versatility of MMI scheme for high RI
sensors, it poses a common problem where the cladding por-
tion of the MMF requires a tedious cladding etching process
to expose the core of the MMF to high RI environment.
Consequently, the fiber sensor structure becomes fragile and
breaks easily. In fact, some portions of the core of MMF
need to be etched off to achieve higher sensitivity. Generally,
the sensitivity of these high RI MMI fiber sensors can be
increased by employing a smaller diameter of sensing area and
a longer sensing element, such as those described in [16], [17].
However, smaller diameter can cause the fiber structure to
easily break off, whereas longer sensing element exposes the
sensor to macro bending error.
In this study, a novel leaky mode coupler of MMI fiber
structure is proposed to avoid etching off the MMI structure
for RI sensing. This aim is achieved by using a single-mode-
silica rod-multimode-single-mode (SSRMS) fiber structure. A
silica rod (SR) with diameter larger than that of the core of
MMF acts as the leaky mode coupler and the sensing region,
so as to enhance mode excitation and to be exposed to SHRI.
Based on this technique. high sensitivity of SHRI sensing was
achieved. It is believed that this is the first-ever reported leaky
mode coupler of MMI structure for RI sensing.
II. S ENSOR D ESIGN AND O PERATING P RINCIPLE
The schematic diagram of the proposed SSRMS sensor is
illustrated in Fig. 1. It is formed by fusion splicing a short
section of SR between a lead-in SMF and a fusion spliced
of MMF-lead-out SMF. When light was launched into the
SR, a series of linearly polarized modes excited from the
fundamental mode (LP01 ) at the SMF-SR interface owing
to the mode field mismatch. Then a large leaky mode field
pattern propagated in the SR due to SHRI. It was noted that
upon considering the circular symmetry of the fiber structure,
the multiple leaky modes excited from the fundamental mode
of SMF were symmetric modes (LP0m ) [18]. Similarly, at
SR-MMF interface, multiple modes were excited again from
the leaky modes of the SR due to mode field mismatch. Owing
to the differences between longitudinal propagation constant
(β) of the multiple modes, the interference at LP0m happened
along the MMF to form an MMI.
Due to the ideal alignment assumed above, only LP0m
modes were excited to the MMF section. At the distance z
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IEEE PHOTONICS TECHNOLOGY LETTERS, VOL. 34, NO. 1, JANUARY 1, 2022
of the MMF, the electrical field profile can be described as:

M
E(r, z) = cm E m (r ) exp(iβm z) (1)
m=1
where E m (r ) and βm are field profile and propagation constant
of the mth mode, respectively. cm is the excitation coefficient
of the mth mode from LP0m leaky modes in SR to LP0m
guided mode in MMF, and can be expressed as:
∞
0 E s (r )E m (r )r dr
cm =  ∞ (2)
∞
0 |E s (r )| r dr 0 |E m (r )| r dr
2 2
where E s (r ) is the mode field of LP0m mode in SR. The
power of LP0m mode in MMF was determined by the coupling
coefficient ηm , which is ηm = cm2 . The coupling coefficient for
the mode of different order in MMF can vary significantly by
the excitation of mth leaky mode in the SR.
Suppose the length of MMF is L, the condition for a
constructive or a destructive interference is
λ(u 2m − u 2n )
∅mn = (βm − βn ) .2L = .2L = Nπ (3)
4πu 2 n c
where ∅mn is the phase difference between two modes,
LP0m and LP0n , βm − βn longitudinal propagation constants
difference, u m = π (m − 1/4) and u n = π (n − 1/4) are the
roots of the Bessel function of zero order, n c is the refractive
index of MMF core, and N is an integer. The wavelength for
a destructive (when N is an odd number) interference is
4n c a 2 N
λc = (m > n) (4)
(m − n) [2 (m + n) − 1] L
Here, the destructive interference formed a narrow dip in the
transmission spectrum of SSRMS. The total destructive power
of λc relies on the power of LP0m mode in MMF.
As the output power of LP0m in MMF was influenced by the
excitation of leaky mode in the SR due to changes in SHRI,
the total destructive power was modulated by the SHRI of SR.
Therefore, the destructive dip power level was used as a power
characteristic for SHRI sensing.
III. FABRICATION & E XPERIMENT
The whole fabrication process of the sensor involved fiber
cleaving and splicing. For high RI sensing, power attenuation
along the leaky structure - which is SR - was expected.
To minimize propagation loss while simultaneously maxi-
mizing light received at the SR-MMF interface, the shortest
possible length of silica rod (0.5 cm) that could be achieved
within equipment tolerance in the laboratory was chosen
for the SSRMS sensor fabrication. In order to fabricate the
SSRMS structure, first, a section of SR (H. Baumbach &
Co Ltd) was spliced to the lead-in SMF (SMF-28, Thorlabs)
by using a fusion splicer (FITEL S178A) in manual mode
and cleaved to 0.5 cm length by using a ruby fiber scribe.
Fig. 2(a) portrays the splicing machine image for a splice
between lead-in SMF and SR. Second, an MMF (FG105LCA,
Thorlabs) was spliced to the lead-out SMF and cut at 5-cm
length with a high-precision cleaver (FITEL S326). Next, the
lead-in SMF-SR and the MMF-lead-out SMF were aligned
SAIMON et al.: HIGH SENSITIVITY REFRACTIVE INDEX SENSOR BASED ON LEAKY MODE COUPLER OF MMI 65

Fig. 2. An image of splice between (a) lead-in SMF and silica rod, and
(b) silica rod and MMF.

centrally and spliced together. The image of the splice between

SR and MMF is presented in Fig. 2(b). During the fabrication,
the cleave and splice perfection is guaranteed by assessing the
image of the cleaved and spliced part from the fusion splicer
and microscope.
An experimental setup was prepared to characterize the RI Fig. 3. Measured spectra for SSRMS sensor with different lengths of MMF
response of the proposed sensor. During the experiment, the (RI=1.468 at SR) (inset shows the extinction ratio versus different lengths of
sensor was fixed on a microscope glass slide with constant MMF).
strain from sticky tapes applied on both ends to guarantee
that the sensor was aligned correctly and free of unintended
bend or stress. This sensor setup was adequately adjusted to
ensure sensor stability. A broadband light source, Amplified
Spontaneous Emission (ASE), was connected to the lead-in
SMF, and the light was received at the output by an Optical
Spectrum Analyzer (OSA: Anritsu MS9740A). The sensor was
tested with a set of RI liquids (Cargille Series A) ranging at
1.45-1.531 (at 1.55 μm wavelength) while maintaining the
ambient temperature at 24 ◦ C. First, a few drops of RI liquid
were applied onto SR and MMF, and they were left to stabilize
for two minutes before the output spectrum was recorded.
Once the output spectrum was recorded, the RI liquids were
delicately wiped using Kimwipes dry tissue. Next, the SSRMS
sensor was cleaned using alcohol and dried in the air until
the original spectrum was obtained. Finally, these steps were Fig. 4. Dip power with standard deviation (SD) error bars versus different
repeated using the next RI liquid with an increment of 0.009. refractive indices for silica rods with 120 μm, 150 μm, and 180 μm diameter
(inset shows measured spectra for SSRMS sensor with SR diameter of
150 μm).
IV. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
Different MMF lengths should display a significant impact spectrum turned steeper with increasing surrounding RI. With
on the extinction ratio (ER) of the narrow transmission spec- RI surrounding the SR increased, the leaky mode at SR section
trum of the SSRMS. Following that, the effect of the MMF was better confined, thus increasing the overlap and the power
length on ER was investigated. The length of MMF was varied coupling strength [19]. The greater the power of coupling
at 3 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, 6 cm, and 7 cm, while the SR was fixed strength, more light is coupled into the core of MMF. This
at length and diameter of 0.5 cm and 150 μm, respectively. phenomenon yielded a more substantial power destruction
The SR section was set in high surrounding RI (value: 1.468). interference effect on the SSRMS fiber structure, thus resulting
Fig. 3 illustrates the measured spectra for SSRMS structure in a steeper and narrower spectral dip.
with various lengths of MMF. The transmission spectra for the SSRMS sensor with SR
The narrow spectra for SSRMS structures with 3 cm and diameters of 120 μm, 150 μm, and 180 μm were recorded,
4 cm MMF exhibited very low ER. As shown in the inset and the intensity responses for each of the dips are plotted
of Fig. 3, the SSRMS structure with MMF lengths of 5 cm, in a graph displayed in Fig. 4. All graphs display a rea-
6 cm, and 7 cm respectively exemplified ERs of 16.5 dB, sonably linear response, demonstrating the potential of the
13.0 dB, and 9.6 dB. The sensor with 5-cm MMF yielded sensor in an intensity-based sensing scheme. When the SR
the highest ER as the generated dip resonant of the MMI is diameter was 120 μm, 150 μm, and 180 μm, the sensitivity
at the center frequency of the broadband light source. Thus, of the sensor was −150.75 dB/RIU, −168.16 dB/RIU, and
it is the best choice for SSRMS structure fabrication for a −293.40 dB/RIU, respectively. The SSRMS structure with
maximum measurement range. 180 μm diameter SR exhibited linear response with the highest
The inset in Fig. 4 illustrates the measured transmission sensitivity, followed by the SSRMS structure with 150 μm and
spectra of the SSRMS sensor with an SR diameter of 150 μm. 120 μm diameter SR. The diameter of SR exceeded the core
The narrow dip resonant spectrum resulting from the MMI diameter of the MMF to enhance the multimode excitation
effect on MMF was noted in the spectra. The dip of the and to be exposed to high RI surrounding from lead-in SMF

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66
TABLE I
P ERFORMANCES C OMPARISON OF THE MMI-BASED RI F IBER S ENSORS
to MMF [20]. It is also expected that the length of SR to
have an influence on the ER and sensitivity performance of
the sensor [21]. Besides that, this sensor has a cross-sensitivity
to temperature due to the MMI in the MMF but can be easily
compensated by cascading another MMF to the structure.
Table I compares the previously reported fiber multimodal
RI sensors in terms of sensor structures, RI range, sensor
head diameter, and sensitivity. In [22]–[25], the sensors need
a polished, etched, or tapered structure, which makes the
sensors become more fragile and easily break. Besides that,
the RI detection was only for RI that ranged lower than the
RI of the fiber with wavelength shift responses. The sensor
in [14] managed to sense RI higher than the RI of the fiber
with a sensitivity of 76.63 dB/RIU, but it needs an etched
structure too. These sensors scheme required fiber structures
with reduced diameter to improve sensor sensitivity. On the
contrary, the proposed sensor in this present study hit the
sensitivity up to nearly 4-fold of the sensitivity achieved
in [14] without compromising the integrity of the sensor
structure. In fact, the sensitivity can be increased with a larger
SR diameter. This had improved the mechanical strength of
the sensor, thus making it more difficult to break.
V. C ONCLUSION
A novel leaky mode coupler of MMI-based sensor is
proposed based on SSRMS fiber structure for SHRI sensing.
The working principle and the fabrication process of the
sensor, as well as the experimental results, are presented in
this letter. The SSRMS sensor exhibited exceptionally high
sensitivity to SHRI than that of conventional SMS sensor
without compromising the integrity of the MMI structure.
The sensitivity of the proposed sensor can be increased when
a lengthier SR diameter is deployed, thus further enhancing
the integrity of the sensor structure. These features make
the sensor suitable for power energy applications to monitor
insulation oil quality in power transformers.
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