Chapter Four-Soild and Hazardous Waste Management

CHAPTER FOUR
SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT
By
Solomon Tibebu
Solid and Hazardous Waste Management
Objective
 Upon successful completion of this chapter:
» students will be able to understand the source,
type, impact, solid waste management, solid waste
disposal methods including landfill operation and
energy recovery options.
Environmental Engineering // Chapter 4: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management// Year:2019/20

Contents:
4.1. Introduction to Waste
4.2. Source of Solid Waste
4.3. Types of Solid Waste
4.4. Effects of Solid Waste
4.5. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

Introduction to Waste
Waste
 It is defined as:
– waste (also know as trash, garbage, rubbish, refuse,) is any unwanted

or useless materials.
Or
– any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted “a useless

or profile less activity using or expanding or consuming thoughtlessly
or carefully”.
Or
– any material which is not needed by the owner, producer or processor.

 Types of Waste:
» solid waste » chemical waste
» liquid waste » commercial waste
» gaseous waste » biomedical waste
» animal by product » bulky waste
» biodegradable
waste

Solid Waste
 It is defined as:
– non liquid and non soluble materials ranging from municipal to

industrial wastes that contain complex and sometimes hazardous
substances.
 Solid waste also include:
» garbage
» rubbish
» demolition products
» sewage treatment residue
» dead animals, manure and other discarded materials

Classification of solid waste
• Based on content, moisture and heating value,

solid wastes may be classified as follows:
1. Garbage: Refers to the putrescible solid
waste constituents produced during the
preparation or storage of meat, fruit,
vegetables etc. Moisture content:70%,
Heating value:6x106 J/kg.

2. Rubbish: Refers to non-putrescible solid

waste constituents, either combustible or non-
combustible. Combustible wastes would include
paper, wood, scrap ,rubber, leather etc.
Non-combustible wastes are metals, glass,

ceramics etc. Moisture content:25%, Heating
value:15x106 J/kg.

3) Pathological Wastes: Dead animals, human

waste, etc. Moisture content:85% and there are
5% non- combustible solids. The heating
value:2.5x10 6 J/kg.
4) Industrial Wastes: Chemicals, paints sand,
metal ore processing, flyash, sewage treatment
sludge etc.
5) Agricultural Wastes: Farm animal manure,
crop residue etc.
Solid wastes (Life cycle)

Contents:

Sources of Solid Waste
o Sludge (wastewater treatment plants)

Sources of Solid Waste
 The increase in the quantity of solid waste is due to:
» over population
» affluence (material comfort)
» technological advancement

Contents:

Types of Solid Waste
 Classification of solid waste depending on their source:
» 1. municipal
» 1.1. Domestic (garbage & rubbish)
» 1.2. Industrial (Hazardous)
» 2. Agricultural
» 3. Construction & demolition

Municipal Solid Waste
 Municipal solid waste consist of …..
» household waste
» sanitation residue
» waste from streets
 With rising urbanization and change in life style and food habits , the
amount of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its
composition changing.

Composition of Municipal Solid Waste

Thank You
Hazardous Solid Waste
 Industrial and hospital waste is considered hazardous as they may contain

toxic substances.
 Hazardous waste could be highly toxic to humans, animals and plants.
 Hazardous waste show one of the following characteristics:

– corrosively, ignitability, reactivity and toxicity
– highly inflammable or explosive
 In the industrial sector the major generators of hazardous waste are the metal,
chemical, paper, pesticide, dye and rubber goods industries.
 Direct exposure to chemicals of hazardous waste such as mercury and cyanide can
be fatal.

Hazardous Solid Waste
 Household wastes that can be categorized as hazardous waste include:
 E-wastes including old batteries
 paint tins
 medicine bottles etc

Example of Hazardous Solid Waste

Hospital or biomedical Solid Waste
 Bio-medical waste means any waste which is generated during the

diagnosis treatment or immunization of human beings or animals or in
research activities such as the production or testing of biological medicin.
 it may includes wastes like:
» sharp waste……syringe
» pathological waste
» chemical waste
» radioactive waste etc.

Contents:

Effects of Solid Waste

Effects hazards

Effects hazards

Environmental impact

Contents:

 Solid waste management is the:
» collection,
Important solid waste
» transportation, management elements
» processing,
» recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials.
 The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is

generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health and the environment.

 Purpose of Solid Waste Management

 The 3Rs (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) to be followed for waste management.

Reduce
 Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste or disposable and durable

goods like:
» paper plate,
» paper bowl,
» Styrofoam cup,
» plastic spoon,
» roll of paper towels,
» paper napkin
» ceramic metal spoon, glass dish towel and cloth napkin.
 Recovery of one tonne paper can save 17 trees.

Reuse
 Instead of buying new containers from the

market, use the ones that are in the house.
 Don’t through away the soft drink can or

bottle cover them with home made paper or
paint on them and use them as pencil stands
or small vases.

Recycle
 Use shopping bags made of cloth or jute

which can be used over and over.

Break
Solid waste Management (Solid Waste Engineering)
Solid Waste Generation
Biogas Collection (from houses & street using small cars)

generation.
Biogas plant Transfer
design
(anaerobic
process) Transfer Station
(sorting/classification/separation)
Biodegradable Non-Biodegradable Reuse Recycle

Non-reusable
Compost Non-recyclable Recycling
(fertilizer) industry
production. Transport such as
Compost land (using big cars) plastic
design recycling
(aerobic Landfill (Chemical
process) (Landfill design) Engineering)

generation.
design
(anaerobic

Non-reusable
design recycling
(aerobic Incineration Landfill (Chemical
process) (Energy generation) (Landfill design) Engineering)
 The five key components of solid waste management are:
» generation
» storage
» collection
» transportation
» disposal

Generation
 Generation of solid waste is the stage at which materials become valueless

to the owner. For example waste items such as different plastic and can..etc

Storage
 Storage included:
– galvanized steel dust bin
– paper sack
– public bins

Collection
 Collection included:
– house to house collection
– collection from the public bins

Transportation
 Waste handling and separation involves activities associated with waste

management until the waste is placed in storage containers for collection.
 Handling also encompasses the movement of loaded containers to the

point of collection.
 Waste is transferred from a smaller collection vehicle to larger transport

equipment.


generation.
design
(anaerobic

Non-reusable
design recycling
(aerobic Incineration Landfill (Chemical
process) (Energy generation) (Landfill design) Engineering)
Disposal
 Solid waste disposal method included:
» land application: landfilling and open dumping
» recycling (resource recovery)
» composting or manure pits
» burning or incineration

Sanitary landfill: It is an engineered operation, designed

& operated according to acceptable standards.
 It may be defined as a method of disposing refuse on
land without creating nuisances or hazards to public
health or safety.
 The operation is carried out without environmental
damage and in areas already spoiled or in need of
restoration.

Landfill

Landfill

Landfill operation and energy recovery

Open dumpling

Recycling
 Recycling refers to the collection

and refuse of waste materials such
as empty beverage container
 The materials from which the items

are made can be processed into new
products
 Materials for recycling may be

collected separately from general
waste using dedicated bins.

Composting
 Method of combined disposal of refuse and night soil/ sludge

Manure Pits
 Mostly used in rural areas
 Digging manure pits is to prevent the refuses thrown around the houses.
 The garbage, cattle dung, straw, and leaves should be dumped into the manure pits
and covered with earth.
 Two pits will be needed
 In 5-6 moths time the refuse is converted into manure which can be returned to the
field.

Incineration
 It is a disposal method in which solid organic wastes are subjected to

combustion so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products.
 This process reduces the volumes of solid waste to 20-30% of the original
volume.
 Also called thermal treatment.
 Where land is not available
 Hospital waste.

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CHAPTER FOUR

SOLID AND HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

 Upon successful completion of this chapter:

» students will be able to understand the source,

type, impact, solid waste management, solid waste

disposal methods including landfill operation and

energy recovery options.

Environmental Engineering // Chapter 4: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management// Year:2019/20

4.1. Introduction to Waste

4.2. Source of Solid Waste

4.3. Types of Solid Waste

4.4. Effects of Solid Waste

4.5. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

Environmental Engineering // Chapter 4: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management// Year:2019/20

– waste (also know as trash, garbage, rubbish, refuse,) is any unwanted

– any materials unused and rejected as worthless or unwanted “a useless

– any material which is not needed by the owner, producer or processor.

Environmental Engineering // Chapter 4: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management// Year:2019/20

» solid waste » chemical waste

» liquid waste » commercial waste

» gaseous waste » biomedical waste

» animal by product » bulky waste

Environmental Engineering // Chapter 4: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management// Year:2019/20

– non liquid and non soluble materials ranging from municipal to

 Solid waste also include:

» sewage treatment residue

» dead animals, manure and other discarded materials

• Based on content, moisture and heating value,

Environmental Engineering // Chapter 4: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management// Year:2019/20

2. Rubbish: Refers to non-putrescible solid

Non-combustible wastes are metals, glass,

Environmental Engineering // Chapter 4: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management// Year:2019/20

3) Pathological Wastes: Dead animals, human

Solid wastes (Life cycle)

Environmental Engineering // Chapter 4: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management// Year:2019/20

4.1. Introduction to Waste

4.2. Source of Solid Waste

4.3. Types of Solid Waste

4.4. Effects of Solid Waste

4.5. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

Environmental Engineering // Chapter 4: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management// Year:2019/20

o Sludge (wastewater treatment plants)

Environmental Engineering // Chapter 4: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management// Year:2019/20

 The increase in the quantity of solid waste is due to:

» affluence (material comfort)

Environmental Engineering // Chapter 4: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management// Year:2019/20

4.1. Introduction to Waste

4.2. Source of Solid Waste

4.3. Types of Solid Waste

4.4. Effects of Solid Waste

4.5. Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

Environmental Engineering // Chapter 4: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management// Year:2019/20

 Classification of solid waste depending on their source:

» 1.1. Domestic (garbage & rubbish)

» 1.2. Industrial (Hazardous)

» 3. Construction & demolition

Environmental Engineering // Chapter 4: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management// Year:2019/20

Municipal Solid Waste

 Municipal solid waste consist of …..

» waste from streets

Environmental Engineering // Chapter 4: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management// Year:2019/20

Composition of Municipal Solid Waste

Environmental Engineering // Chapter 4: Solid and Hazardous Waste Management// Year:2019/20