Community W aste

Management

By: Amensisa H.(BSc,

MPH)

•1 May 04-2022
 Part I
Solid waste management

•2 May 04-2022
Presentation outline
 Public Health importance of SW
 Main sources of solid waste
(generation)
 Solid waste management hierarchies
 Functional elements of SWMS
 Solid waste disposal methods

•3 May 04-2022
Solid waste management
 Definitions
 W astes ??
 Substances or objects which are disposed of or are
intended to be disposed of
 Solid wastes are ??
 Solid wastes are the wastes arising from human
and animal activities and are normally solid and
discarded as useless or unwanted.

•4 May 04-2022
 Cont …
 Solid waste management
 A systematic administration of activities that provide for the
collection, source separation, storage, transportation,
transfer, processing, treatment and disposal of solid waste.

‘Or’
 Solid-waste management is the process of the collecting,
treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded
because it is of no longer use.

•5 May 04-2022
Classification of wastes according to their properties

 Bio-degradable wastes
 Degradable e.g. Paper, wood, fruits etc.
 Non-biodegradable wastes
 Cannot be degraded

e.g. Plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, Metals, etc.

 Hazardous wastes
 Wastes that require special handling due to serious threat
to human health & the env’t if mismanaged

•6 May 04-2022
Characteristics of Hazardous wastes

 Ignitability- Catch fire (Flash point of 140 O F or less)

 Corrosively -Substances that corrode (pH <2 or >12.5)
 Reactivity- Chemically unstable & may explode
 Toxicity- A waste that is likely to produce mass acute
and chronic poisoning, long term health effects.
(mutagenicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity)
 Infectivity (potential cause for infectious diseases),
 Radioactivity and bioaccumulation effect,
 Irritant (allergic response)

•7 May 04-2022
•8 May 04-2022
 Public Health importance of S W

What are the public Health importance of SW ???

 Solid wastes have a great potential to pollute the air,

soil and water.

– Poor incineration causes air pollution
– Improper landfill can contaminate soil, surface and
ground water.
– Mining tailings from gold and silver mines will probably
being spilling arsenic into the water supply forever

•9 May 04-2022
Public Health importance of SW c o nt …

 Open dumping is helpful for

 Breeding site of flies

 Attract vultures and stray dogs

 Fire hazard

 Physical injury

 Nuisance, odor, and wind blow debris

•10 May 04-2022

Main sources of S W
Main sources of SW(waste
generation)???
 Residential (domestic )
 Commercial –business area
 Institutional – Health care
 Construction Demolition
 Municipal services
 Treatment plant sites
 Industrial and agricultural
•11 May 04-2022
Solid waste management hierarchies

•12 May 04-2022

 Cont …
 Source reduction

 Most useful, may involve design of packaging with minimum toxic

content, minimum volume or a longer useful life.

 Reuse

 Repeated use of items prior to disposal

 Repair the item

 Recycling
 Waste combustion (transformation), physical, chemical and biological alteration of
the waste for the purposes of:

improving efficiency
- recover reusable material, glass
- recover conversion products, compost
•13 May 04-2022
 Cont …
 Energy conservation
 Recycling consumes 50–90% less energy than
manufacturing
the same item from virgin material

Pollution abatement/protection
 Reduces level of pollutant emissions

Incineration
 Reduces waste volume by 80– 90%

•14 May 04-2022

Functional elements of S W M S

Waste generation

On-site handling, storage, & processing

Collection

Transfer & Processing & Recovery

transport

Disposal

•15 May 04-2022

Functional elements of S W M S
Waste generation
 Activities in which materials are identified as no longer being
of
value

On-site handling, storage, & processing:

 Activities associated with the handling, storage, and
processing at the point of generation

Collection
 Activities associated with the gathering of solid wastes and the
hauling of wastes to the location where the collection
•16 vehicle is emptied May 04-2022
 Cont …
Transfer & transport
 Transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to
the larger transport equipment
 Subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long distance, to
the disposal site

Processing & recovery:

 Techniques used to improve the efficiency of the other
functional elements & to recover useable materials or energy from
solid wastes

Disposal:
 Activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes
•17 May 04-2022
Disposal Methods
Source Reduction, Reuse,
Recycling
 Sanitary landfill
 Incineration
 Composting

 Dumping in to sea
 Hog feeding
 Discharge to sewers
 Open dump

•18 May 04-2022

 Cont …
Sanitary landfill

 A method of disposing a refuse on land without

creating
nuisances or hazards to public health or safety

Incineration

 Is a high temperature dryoxidation process that

reduces organic & combustible waste to
 Inorganic,

 Incombustible matter & Resulting in a very

•19
significant reduction of waste volume & weight
May 04-2022
 Cont …
Composting

 Involves the biological stabilization of solid matter

under
aerobic or anaerobic conditions

 It is suitable for organic wastes

Dumping in to sea

 Affects aquatic ecosystem

•20 May 04-2022

 Cont …
Hog feeding

Problem of pork tapeworm,

trichinosis

 Effective for garbage disposal only

Discharge to sewers

 Itshould be grinded to be
disposed

Open dump

 Most unsanitary disposal option

•21 May 04-2022

Health Care W aste
Management

•22 May 04-2022

 Cont…

•23 May 04-2022

 High risk wastes Description and examples
category
Infectious waste Waste suspected of containing pathogens e.g. laboratory cultures,
waste from isolation wards, tissues, materials or equipment having
been in contact with infected patients, excreta
Pathological waste Human tissue or fluids e.g. body parts, blood & other body fluids,
human fetuses
Sharps Sharp waste e.g. needles, infusion sets, scalpels, knives, blades, broken
glass, etc.
Pharmaceutical Waste containing pharmaceuticals e.g. pharmaceuticals which are
Waste expired or no longer needed, items contaminated or containing
pharmaceuticals (bottles, boxes)
Genotoxic Waste containing substances with genotoxic properties e.g. waste
waste containing cytotoxic drugs (often used in cancer therapy),
genotoxic chemicals
Chemical waste Waste containing discarded chemical substances e.g. laboratory
Wastes with high reagents, film developer, expired disinfectants, solvents
content of heavy e.g. batteries, broken thermometers, blood pressure gauges
metals
Pressurized e.g. gas cylinders, cartridges and aerosol cans
containers Waste containing radioactive substances e.g. unused liquids from
Radioactive waste radiotherapy/laboratory research, contaminated glassware,
absorbent paper, urine & excreta from patients treated/tested with
unsealed radionuclides
Source: WHO (1999)

•24 May 04-2022

 Category of H C W s Health effects
Infectious waste Respiratory infections, genital infections, skin infections,
meningitis,AIDS,Viral Hepatitis A, B and C
Radioactive waste Cancer, burn & skin irritation, headache, dizziness, etc

Sharps Double risk: injury & potential transmission routes

for
HIV & Hepatitis B & C from contaminated sharps
Pharmaceutical Ineffective medical care from consumption of expired
Waste pharmaceuticals, pollution of env’t
Hazardous chemical Intoxication, burns & skin irritation, pollution of
waste env’t ,
possibility of fire, poisoning
Pressurized Injury from explosion
containers
Genotoxic waste Carcinogenic and mutagenic, skin/eyes irritation,
nausea,
•25 May 04-2022
headache, or dermatitis
Health effects of H C Ws
Health effects of HCWs ???
 Needle stick injuries
 Transmission of infection
 Re-use of some type of waste -e.g.,
syringe
 Environmental pollution e.g., air, water
 Exposure to radiation
 Fires

 Publicnuisance (offensive smells,

unsightly)
•26 May 04-2022
Importance of proper H C W M

What are the importance of proper

HCW M ???

 Minimizes the spread of infection

 Minimizes accidental injury

 Reduces environmental pollution

 Reduces odors & aesthetic problems

•27 May 04-2022

Key steps in H C W waste management

 Waste Minimization

 Segregation/
separation

 Handling

 Transporting

 Treatment

 Disposal

•28 May 04-2022

Waste Minimization
Waste minimization is the first & best way to:
 Reduce HCW quantities & costs
 Reduce Env'tal impact on air pollution & landfill
capacity

All purchases of material & supplies should be made with

waste reduction in mind
 Improving reuse & recycling practice
 Administrative controls

•29 May 04-2022

Segregation/ Separation
 What does waste segregation
mean?
 W hydo we need to segregate
waste?
 Who should segregate waste?
 How should be waste segregated?

•30 May 04-2022

 Cont …
Waste segregation
 Is separating waste by type at the place where it is generated
 W aste should be separated immediately by the
person generating the waste
 Waste handlers should never sort/arrange through waste
after it has been placed in the bin
 Segregation must be maintained throughout until final
disposal
 Segregation will result in a clear solid waste stream
(80% - 85%) which can be easily, safely & cost-
•31 May 04-2022
effectively managed
•32 May 04-2022
Handling
 Protective clothing should be worn by waste handler:
 Aprons, Heavy duty gloves, Footwear,
Goggles/glasses
and masks, Hands should be washed
 Waste collection
 Collect, quantifying by volume, labeling as to its
source, & recording

•33 May 04-2022

 Cont …
 Storage
 Placing waste in a secure place until it can be
disposed
 Ideal storage area should be:-
 Designed, secure, kept clean, dry and pest free
 HCW should be stored no longer than one week
 Organic waste should be disposed daily

•34 May 04-2022

Transport
Waste transportation can be either on-site or off-site
 On-site
 Waste should be moved in a designated trolley or wheel
barrel
 The collected waste should not be left unattended, even
temporarily, anywhere other than at the designated
central storage

•35 May 04-2022

 Cont …
 Off-site
 It is preferable that the vehicle should be designated
for
waste transport only & have a cover
 Bins/bags/safety boxes must be kept upright, secured,
dry(i.e. protected against rain), and out of direct contact
with other supplies

•36 May 04-2022

Treatment
 Methods used to render the waste non-
hazardous
 Steam sterilization
 Incineration

 Thermal deactivation
 Gas/vapor sterilization
 Chemical disinfection

•37 May 04-2022

•38 May 04-2022
•39 May 04-2022
Disposal
 Eliminating or transporting healthcare waste from the
facility

Common disposal methods:

 Bury

 Incineration

•40 May 04-2022

 Cont …
Burial

Advantage:

Simple and

inexpensive

Concern/Disadvantage:-
 Canhandle small
volume
 Presentsa danger to
community if not
properly buried
•41 May 04-2022
 Cont …
Incineration

Advantage

Disinfects & greatly reduce waste

volume Factors that influence effectiveness:

 Waste moisture content
 Combustion chamber filling
 Temperature/residence time,
 Maintenance/repair

•42 May 04-2022

 Cont …
Concern/disadvantage
 May produce emissions & hazardous ash
containing
dioxins, metals & furans
 Mayrequire pollution control equipment to meet
local env’tal regulations

•43 May 04-2022

 Cont …
 Things must not be incinerated
 PVC plastics( blood bags, IV lines etc.)
 Important! Syringe bodies are Not PVC
plastic
 Mercury thermometers
 Batteries
 X-ray or photographic materials
 Aerosol cans or gas containers
 Glass vials
•44 May 04-2022
D rum incinerators

•45 May 04-2022

A brick incinerator

•46 May 04-2022

 Thank
•47
U! May 04-2022