NATURE THEORY

-It argues that intelligence is largely determined genetically, that ancestry determines I.Q
intelligence quotient and that low intelligence as demonstrate low I.Q becomes having
criminal behaviour. It is also refers to all environmental variables that impact who are
including our childhood experience, how we were raised, our social relationship and our
surrounding culture.

BRAIN DISORDER
- Modern attempt to probe (investigate) about brain disorder was conducted by Portuguese
physician ANTONIO MONIZ in 1935. He performed prefrontal lobotomy (destruction of
the lobes of the brain) as a last resort for non-responsive mental patients. According to
him, out of twenty mental patients, fifteen showed some degree of improvement as a result
of the operation.

ANTONIO EGAS MONIZ

(HE WAS A PORTUGUESE NEUROLOGET)
• AMNESIA- forget an events
• ANTEROGRADE-short term memory
• RETROGRADE-long term memory
• LOCALIZED-certain events
• NEUROSIS-mild metal disorder
• ANXIETY-excessive worry
• PHOBIA-irrational fear or exaggerated fear
• PSYCHOSIS-severe mental disorder hospitalization
• HALLUCINATION-false perception (sense)

The FIVE Senses

• Sight-visual imager
• Sound-auditory imagery
• Touch-tactile imager
• Smell olfactory imagery
• Taste gustatory imager

INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT
-The I.Q is a measurement of your intelligence and it is expressed in a number, it is
measure of a person's reasoning ability. In other words, an I.Q test is supposed to gauge
how well someone can use information and logic to answer question or make predictions. A
real intelligence quotient test is a structure, researched and clinical assessment with
psychological backing and conducted by a trained professional.

How I.Q test accurate?

-One of the important thing to remember is that an I.Q only measures a person's potential
as determined by that particular test on that particular day at that particular point in time.
The test participant may have been feeling unwell that day, they have bad night sleep the
previous night, or had an argument on the way to the test, etc.
-The first attempt to measure inteligence was made by ALFRED BINET with the help of
his friend SIMON. The scale they made was known as BINET SIMON SCALE.

ALFRED BINET
(A FRENCH PSYCHOLOGIST WHO INVENTED THE FIRST PRACTICAL LO TEST
CALLED BINET SIMON TEST)

TWIN STUDIES
-The studies and adoptees are ingenious ways of attempting to address the nature vs nature
debate that is, whether criminality is inherited or learned. Such studies are after the fact in
nature and begin with criminals who have a twin and then attempts to find the other twin
in order to discover whether he or she is also a criminal.

BIO-CHEMICAL
-Crime specially violent, is a function of DIET, VITAMIN INTAKE, HORMONAL
IMBALANCE, or FOOD ALLERGIES.
MENSTRUATION AND CRIME
-Found that nearly half of the crimes of her sample female inmates had occurred during
menstruation or pre-menstruation.

SCHAUSS
-Study comparing nutritional differences of delinquents and non-delinquents, the
surprising major differences found was that DELINQUENTS DRANK MORE MILK.

HYPOGLYCEMIA
-Low blood sugar also been claimed to be linked to impaired brain function and commit
violent crime.

SIGMUND FREUD
(FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS) -HE INTRODUCED THE PSYCHOSEXUAL
HUMAN STAGES OF
-BORN MAY 6, 1856 -HE ALSO INTRODUCED PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY
(PERSONALITY THEORY). THE ID "PLEASURE PRINCIPLE", EGO "REALITY
PRINCIPLE", SUPEREGO "MORALITY PRINCIPLE".

Oral Stage (birth-18 months)

-In the first stage of psychosexual development, the libido is centered in a baby's mouth.
During the oral stages, the baby gets much satisfaction from putting all sorts of things in its
mouth to satisfy the libido, and thus its id demands. Which at this stage in life are oral, or
mouth orientated, such as sucking, biting, and breastfeeding.
-Freud said oral stimulation could lead to an oral fixation in later life. We see oral
personalities all around us such as smokers, nail-biters, finger-chewers, and thumb
suckers. Oral personalities engage in such oral behaviors, particularly when under stress.

Anal Stage (18 months- 36 months)

-During the anal stage of psychosexual development the libido becomes focused on the
anus, and the child derives great pleasure from defecating. The child is now fully aware
that they are a person in their own right and that their wishes can bring them into conflict
with the demands of the outside world. Freud believed that this type of conflict tends to
come to a head in potty training, in which adults impose restrictions on when and where
the child can defecate. The nature of this first conflict with authority can determine the
child's future relationship with all forms of authority.
-Early or harsh potty training can lead to the child becoming an anal-retentive personality
who hates mess, is obsessively tidy, punctual and respectful of authority. They can be
stubborn and tight-fisted with their cash and possessions.
-Not as daft as it sounds. The anal expulsive, on the other hand, underwent a liberal toilet-
training regime during the anal stage.

Phallic Stage (3-6 years)

-The phallic stage is the third stage of psychosexual development, spanning the ages of
three to six years, wherein the infant's libido (desire) centers upon their genitalia as the
erogenous zone. The child becomes aware of anatomical sex differences, which sets in
motion the conflict between erotic attraction, resentment, rivalry, jealousy and fear. which
Freud called the;

OEDIPUS COMPLEX
-In the young boy, the Oedipus complex or more correctly, conflict, arises because the boy
develops sexual (pleasurable) desires for his mother. He wants to possess his mother
exclusively and get rid of his father to enable him to do so.
-Irrationally, the boy thinks that if his father were to find out about all this, his father
would take away what he loves the most. During the phallic stage what the boy loves most
is his penis. Hence the boy develops castration anxiety.
-The little boy then sets out to resolve this problem by imitating, copying and joining in
masculine dad-type behaviors. This is called identification, and is how the three-to-five
year old boy resolves his Oedipus complex.
-Identification means internally adopting the values, attitudes, and behaviors of another
person.

ELECTRA COMPLEX
• For girls, the Electra complex is less than satisfactory. Briefly, the girl desires the father,
but realizes that she does not have a penis. This leads to the development of PENIS ENVY
and the wish to be a boy.
• The girl resolves this by repressing her desire for her father and substituting the wish for
a penis with the wish for a baby. The girl blames her mother for her 'castrated state,' and
this creates great tension.
• The girl then represses her feelings (to remove the tension) and identifies with the mother
to take on the female gender role.

LATENCY STAGE (6 YEARS TO PUB! Slide 24 of 47

-The latency stage is the forth stage of psychosexual development, spanning the period of
six years to puberty. During this stage the libido is dormant and no further psychosexual
development takes place (latent means hidden). -Freud thought that most sexual impulses
are repressed during the latent stage, and sexual energy can be submitted towards school
work, hobbies, and friendships.
-Much of the child's energy is channeled into developing new skills and acquiring new
knowledge, and play becomes largely confined to other children of the same gender.

5. GENITAL STAGE (PUBERTY TO ADULT)

⚫The genital stage is the last stage of Freud's psychosexual theory of personality
development, and begins in puberty. It is a time of adolescent sexual experimentation, the
successful resolution of which is settling down in a loving one-to-one relationship with
another person in our 20's.

⚫ Sexual instinct is directed to heterosexual pleasure, rather than self-pleasure like during
the phallic stage.

⚫ For Freud, the proper outlet of the sexual instinct in adults was through heterosexual
intercourse. Fixation and conflict may prevent this with the consequence that sexual
perversions may develop.

⚫ For example, fixation at the oral stage may result in a person gaining sexual pleasure
primarily from kissing and oral sex, rather than sexual intercourse.

RICHARD LOUIS DUGDALE

-He studied the lives of the members of the Jukes family. He discovered that from among
that descendants of Ada Jukes, there were 290 paupers, 60 thieves, 7 murderers, 40 other
criminals, 440 person with sexual diseases(STD), 50 prostitutes and

MARGARET ADA JUKES

(MOTHER OF ALL CRIMINAL)

HENRY HERBERT GODDARD

-Studied the Kalikak family and found, and among the descendants from Kalikak
relationship with a feebleminded lady, there were 143 feeble minded and only 46 normal,
36 were illegitimate, 3 epilepsy, 3 criminal, 8 kept brothel and 82 died of infancy.
-(AUGUST 14, 1866-JUNE 18, 1957) WAS A PROMINENT AMERICAN
PSYCHOLOGIST, EUGENICIST AND SEGREGATIONIST DURING THE EARLY
20TH CENTURY.

*DEBORAH KALLIKAK
*Martin Kallikak
Idiot 0-2 years old
Imbecile 2-7 years
Feeble minded 7-12

ADRE-MICHAEL GUERRY (1864)

-A FRENCH STATISTICIAN CALCULATED PER CAPITA CRIME RATES IN
FRANCE IN EARLY 1800'S 1ST PERSON WHO USED STATISTICS TO EXPLAIN
CRIME.

CARTOGRAPHIC SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY

LAMBERT ADOLPHE JACQUES QUETELET (1866)
-A BELGIUM MATHEMATICIAN
They studied the influence of social statistical data such as population, age, gender,
occupation and economic status to criminality. -1st person who used statistics to explain
crime.
-Geographic factors Temperature location
THERMIC LAW OF DELINQUENCY
COLD CLIMATE
-Crimes against property
HOT WARM CLIMATE
- Crimes against person

Cultural Deviance Theory

-Give emphasis on the concept of culture and sub-culture
-Because people in the lower class feel isolated due to extreme deprivation and poverty.
They tend to create a sub-culture with its own set of rules and values.
-Combines the elements of social disorganization theory and strain theory.

CULTURE?
Refers to the system of values and meanings and social norms shared by a group of
individuals; way of life of the majority of people.

SUB-CULTURE?
A sub-culture within an existing culture that maintain unique set of values and belief that
are in conflict with conventional social norms. Culture within a culture

DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT THEORY (RONALD AKERS AND ROBERT

BURGESS)
-Individual's behavior depends on how people around him react towards his behavior.
-A behavior is reinforced when the individual gains something from it
-A behavior will be extinguished if the individual is punished for his behavior
-Reward and punishment

FOUR KINDS OF DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT THEORY

DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF INCOMPATIBLE BEHAVIOR (DRI)
-Is the reinforcement of behavior which are incompatible with problem or inappropriate
behaviors which the child cannot be doing simultaneously.

DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF ALTERNATIVE BEHAVIOR (DRA)

-as alternatives to problem or Is the reinforcement of behaviors which serve inappropriate
behavior, especially alternative means of communication

DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF OTHER BEHAVIOR (DRO)

-Also known as omission training procedure- an instrumental conditioning procedure in
which a positive reinforcement is periodically delivered only if the participant does
something other than the target response.

DIFFERENTIAL REINFORCEMENT OF LOW RATES (DRL)

-Is the reinforcing of periods of time in which the child exhibits the behavior at a
predetermined lesser rate.