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1.5 Force 力
(a) Effects of forces 力的作用效果
1. State that a force may produce a change in size and shape of a body.
说明一个力可以改变一个物体的大小和形状。
2. Plot extension/load graphs and describe the associated experimental procedure.
画 伸长量/力 的图像并描述这个相关实验过程。
3. Describe the ways in which a force may change the motion of a body.
描述力可以怎样改变一个物体的运动。
4. Find the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same line.
求共线的两个或多个力的合力。
10. Interpret extension/load graphs.
解释 伸长量/负荷 的图象。
11. State Hooke’s Law and recall and use the expression F = k x.
说明胡克定律并记住使用F=kx。
12. Recognize the significance of the term 'limit of proportionality' for an extension/load graph. 从 伸长量/
负荷 图像中辨认出正比例限度。
13. Recall and use the relation between force, mass and acceleration (including the direction).
记住和应用力,质量和加速度之间的关系。(F=ma)。
14. Describe, qualitatively, motion in a curved path due to a perpendicular force (F = mv2 / r is not required).
定性的描述物体在一个垂直力的作用下沿曲线运动。
(b) Turning effect 转动效果
5. Describe the moment of a force as a measure of its turning effect and give everyday examples. 描述力矩
是力的转动效果量度并且取例子。
6. Describe, qualitatively, the balancing of a beam about a pivot.
定性的描述一个杆关于支点的平衡。
15. Perform and describe an experiment (involving vertical forces) to verify that there is no net moment on a
body in equilibrium.
演示和描述一个实验证明物体在合力矩为零时会保持平衡。
16. Apply the idea of opposing moments to simple systems in equilibrium.
应用反向的力矩简化一个系统的平衡。
(c) Conditions for equilibrium 平衡的条件
7. State that, when there is no resultant force and no resultant turning effect, a system is in equilibrium. 描述
当合力为零并且合力矩为零时,系统保持平衡。
(d) Centre of mass 质心
8. Perform and describe an experiment to determine the position of the centre of mass of a plane lamina. 演
示和描述一个在几何平面内找出物体质心的实验。
9. Describe qualitatively the effect of the position of the centre of mass on the stability of simple objects. 定
性的描述质心的位置对物体稳定的影响。
(e) Scalars and vectors 标量和矢量
17. Demonstrate an understanding of the difference between scalars and vectors and give common examples.
阐明和理解标量和矢量之间的区别并且提出常见的例子。
18. Add vectors by graphical representation to determine a resultant.
通过图像表示求两个矢量的和。
19. Determine graphically a resultant of two vectors.
通过画图求两个矢量的和
1.7 Pressure压强
1-relate, without calculation, pressure to force and area, using appropriate examples
不通过计算,通过合适的例子得出压强,力和面积之间的联系
2-describe the simple mercury barometer and its use in measuring atmospheric pressure描述简单的水银气
压计和用它来测量大气压强
3-relate, without calculation, the pressure beneath a liquid surface to depth and to density, using appropriate
examples
不通过计算通过合适的例子得出液体表面下的压强,升读和密度之间的关系
4-use and describe the use of a manometer描述压力计的应用
5recall and use the equation p = F/A记住,会用等式P=F/A
6-recall and use the equation p = hρg记住会用等式p=pgh
2. Thermal Physics热学物理
2.1 Simple kinetic molecular model of matter物质简单分子动能模型
(a) States of matter物质的状态
1-state the distinguishing properties of solids, liquids and gases
描述固体,液体,气体性质的区别
(b) Molecular model分子模型
1-describe qualitatively the molecular structure of solids, liquids and gases
定性的描述固体,液体,气体的分子结构
2-interpret the temperature of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules
以分子运动来描述气体的温度
3-describe qualitatively the pressure of a gas in terms of the motion of its molecules
以分子运动来定性的描述气体的压强。
4-describe qualitatively the effect of a change of temperature on the pressure of a gas at constant volume
定性的描述体积不变时温度的变化对压强的影响。
5-show an understanding of the random motion of particles in a suspension as evidence for the kinetic
molecular model of matter
解释和理解粒子的随机运动 是分子动力学模型的一个实例
6-describe this motion (sometimes known as Brownian motion) in terms of random molecular bombardment
用分子的随机碰撞来描述一种运动(布朗运动)
7-relate the properties of solids, liquids and gases to the forces and distances between molecules and to the
motion of the molecules
联系固体,液体,气体的性质与分子间力,分子间距离和分子的 运动
8-show an appreciation that massive particles may be moved by light, fast moving molecules展示一定质量
的粒子被光照后移动,并且移动加快。
(c) Evaporation蒸发
1-describe evaporation in terms of the escape of more-energetic molecules from the surface of a liquid
以高能量的分子从液体表面逃离的方式描述蒸发。
2-relate evaporation and the consequent cooling
联系蒸发和冷却结果
3-demonstrate an understanding of how temperature, surface area and wind over a surface influence
evaporation
描述理解温度,表面积和表面的气流对蒸发的影响。
(d) Pressure changes改变压强
1-relate the change in volume of a gas to change in pressure applied to the gas at constant temperature
联系温度不变时,体积的改变引起压强的改变。
2-recall and use the equation pV = constant at constant temperature
记住和应用当温度不变时等式,PV=常数
3.2 Light光
(a) Reflection of light 光的反射
1-describe the formation, and give the characteristics, of an optical image by a plane mirror
描述形成,给出特点在平面镜中呈现的光学图像。
2-use the law angle of incidence = angle of reflection会用入射角等于反射角
3-perform simple constructions, measurements and calculations
演示简单的结构测量和计算。
(b) Refraction of light 光的衍射
1-describe an experimental demonstration of the refraction of light
描述一个实验解释光的衍射现象。
2-use the terminology for the angle of incidence i and angle of refraction r and describe the passage of light
through parallel-sided transparent material
会用术语入射角i折射角r并且描述光通过两个透明的平行板。
3-give the meaning of critical angle
给出一些重要角度的意义。
4-describe internal and total internal reflection
描述内部的和总的反射
5-recall and use the definition of refractive n in terms of speed
记住和应用以速度定义折射率n.
6-recall and use the equation sin i /sin r = n 记住和应用等式sin i/sin r=n
7-describe the action of optical fibres 描述纤维光学的作用。
(c) Thin converging lens 薄的汇聚透镜
1-describe the action of a thin converging lens on a beam of light
描述薄聚焦透镜对一束光的作用。
2-use the term principal focus and focal length
会用主焦点和焦距。
3-draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of a real image by a single lens
用光线图来解释通过单镜头形成的实相。
4-draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of a virtual image by a single lens
画光线图来解释通过单镜头形成的虚像。
5-use and describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying glass
用和描述利用一个单镜头作为一个放大镜。
(d) Dispersion of light 光的分散
1-give a qualitative account of the dispersion of light as illustrated by the action on light of a glass prism
定性的分析当光通过棱镜分散的行为
(e) Electromagnetic spectrum电磁波谱
1-describe the main features of the electromagnetic spectrum and state that all e.m. waves travel with the
same high speed in vacuo
描述电磁波的主要特点和描述所有的波以同样的速度在真空中传播。
2-state the approximate value of the speed of electro-magnetic waves
描述电磁波速度值。
3-use the term monochromatic
用单一的一色的。
3.3 Sound 声音
1-describe the production of sound by vibrating sources
描述声音是由振动产生。
2-describe the longitudinal nature of sound waves
描述声音的纵向特性。
3-state the approximate range of audible frequencies
描述可听得见波的大概频率。
4-show an understanding that a medium is required in order to transmit sound waves
展示和理解声音的传播需要介质。
5-describe an experiment to determine the speed of sound in air
描述一个测量声音在空气中传播的速度。
6-relate the loudness and pitch of sound waves to amplitude and frequency
声波的响度和音调与振幅和频率之间的关系。
7-describe how the reflection of sound may produce an echo
描述声音的反射产生回声。
8-describe compression and rarefaction
描述压缩和稀疏
9-state the order of magnitude of the speed of sound in air, liquids and solids
描述液体和固体在空气中传播速率大小的顺序。