HIS AND HERS THEORY

Modal and related verbs

Present Simple Affirmative
Auxiliary + main verb (infinitive)
You ought to eat more fruit.
We have to go by train
He is able to dress himself.
Negative
Auxiliary + not + main verb (infinitive)
You ought not (oughtn’t) to eat sweets.
We don’t have to go by train.
He isn’t able to dress himself.

Past Simple* Affirmative Negative

I could play tennis when I was ten. I couldn’t play tennis when I was ten.
We were able to go out yesterday. We weren’t able to go out yesterday.
They had to pay for the tickets. They didn’t have to pay for the tickets.
*must, ought to and should do not have Past Simple forms

Yes/No and Wh- questions

Should they believe her? Yes, they should.
Can she understand? No, she can’t.
Do we have to get up early? No, you don’t.
Does he have to pay? No, he doesn’t.
Where can we play tennis?

Yes/No and Wh- questions

Could you understand our science homework? Yes, I could.
Did they have to get 80 percent to pass the exam? No, they didn’t.
What could you see from the top?
Modal verbs can, must and should are also called modal auxiliaries. Like the related verbs
have to, ought to and be able to they are used for rules, responsibilities and ability.
To form sentences with these verbs:
• don't add third person s except with have/has to and am/are/is able to.
• use have to instead of must, and should instead of ought to for questions.
• don't use the auxiliary do in questions, negatives or short answers, except with have
to.
We use must for
• written rules: All students must show their ID cards.
• things which we think are important to do: I must do some revision this weekend.
• strong advice: You must stop smoking.
We use mustn’t when something is
• forbidden by law/rule: You mustn’t use a mobile phone in the hospital.
• an obligation: We mustn’t forget to buy Jim a birthday card.
We use have to for
• rules: If you lose a library book, you have to buy a new one.
• laws: You have to get a visa to travel to the USA.
• external obligation: He has to do his homework first.
We use don’t have to
• when something isn’t necessary: You don’t have to buy me a birthday present – a
card is enough.
We use should/shouldn’t and ought/ought not to to
• give advice: You shouldn’t get married after only two weeks together! You ought to
wait at least a year.
• explain a duty or responsibility: If you saw the accident, you ought to phone the
police.
• make suggestions: You shouldn’t spend so much money./You ought to see a doctor.
We use can/can’t (present) and could/couldn’t (past) for
• ability: I could understand the joke but I didn’t think it was funny.
• possibility: You can go there by train, coach or plane.
• permission: You can go when the light is green.
• laws: People couldn’t vote at eighteen when I was young.
• rules: You can’t smoke in my house.
We use the correct form of be able to for ability, in tenses where there is no appropriate
form of can: I’ll be able to paint your kitchen next weekend./They won’t be able to come to
your party.
Culture notes____________________________________________________
The Vikings were Scandinavian explorers, warriors and merchants. They explored, raided
and invaded large parts of Europe and, possibly, America between the 8 th and 11th
centuries. They were particularly known for their horned helmets and longships.

UK eating habits vary. Generally many people eat food while sitting on the sofa or
armchairs and will watch TV. However, families will still tend to eat at the table. English
people generally don’t eat meals with their hands (i.e. finger food, eating chicken by hand,
etc.) and prefer to use a knife and fork. People in the UK seem to have no trouble with food
from other countries and are generally keen to try something new.

Comprehensive schools are schools run by the State and are free to children. They are
mostly coeducational and you will rarely find a single-sex comprehensive school. They are
nearly always day-schools as well, although there are occasionally state schools which have
a boarding house for children, for example, whose parents are in the services abroad.
However, these are very rare.
High schools are generally independent schools which are fee-paying. They will be co-
educational or single-sex although in recent years single-sex schools are becoming rarer.
They could be boarding schools or day schools. Most commonly independent schools will
be day schools with a small boarding house or a minority of students.