INTRODUCTION TO FLUID

MECHANICS
FLUID MECHANICS
LECTURE 01
MECHANICS
• the science which describes and predicts the conditions of rest or
motion of solid bodies or fluids under the action of forces.
MAJOR BRANCHES
• FLUID STATICS
• study of fluids at rest.

• FLUID DYNAMICS
• study of fluids in motion.
OTHER CATEGORIES
• HYDRODYNAMICS
• the study of the motion of fluids that are practically incompressible (such as liquids,
especially water, and gases at low speeds)

• HYDRAULICS
• A subcategory of hydrodynamics is which deals with liquid flows in pipes and open
channels.

• GAS DYNAMICS
• deals with the flow of fluids that undergo significant density changes, such as the flow of
gases
• through nozzles at high speeds.
OTHER CATEGORIES
• AERODYNAMICS
• deals with the flow of gases (especially air) over bodies such as
aircraft, rockets, and automobiles at high or low speeds.

• Some other specialized categories such as METEOROLOGY,

OCEANOGRAPHY, and HYDROLOGY deal with naturally occurring
flows.
FLUIDS
• Substances which are capable of flowing and have particles that easily
mover or change their relative position without separation of mass.
• e.g are liquid and gas.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN A SOLID AND A FLUID
TYPES OF FLUIDS
• 1. IDEAL FLUIDS
• assumed to have no viscosity (nonviscous, no shear resistance)
• incompressible
• have uniform velocity when flowing
• no friction between moving layers of fluid
• no eddy currents or turbulence
TYPES OF FLUIDS
• 2. REAL FLUIDS
• exhibit infinite viscosities
• non-uniform velocity distribution when flowing
• compressible
• experience friction and turbulence in flow
TYPES OF REAL FLUIDS
• 2.1 NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• The viscosity coefficient is independent of the rate of shear
• Fluid's viscosity remains constant, no matter the amount of shear
applied for a constant temperature.
• These fluids have a linear relationship between viscosity and shear
stress.
• Examples: Water, Mineral oil, Gasoline, Alcohol
TYPES OF REAL FLUIDS
• 2.2 NON- NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• The viscosity at a given pressure and temperatures is a function of the
velocity gradient.
• When shear is applied to non-Newtonian fluids, the viscosity of the
fluid changes.
CATEGORIES OF NON- NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• 2.2.1 According to viscosity changes in respect to the amount of
shear or stress applied to the fluid.

• 2.2.1.1 Bingham Plastics ( ideal plastics)

• Can withstand a certain amount of shearing stress. When the shear
stress has reached a certain yield value, the material deforms.
• e.g sewage sludge
CATEGORIES OF NON- NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• 2.2.1 According to viscosity changes in respect to the amount of
shear or stress applied to the fluid.

• 2.2.1.2 Pseudoplastic Fluids

• Viscosity decreases with rate of shear but the material deforms as
soon as the shearing stress is applied.
• e.g ketchup, gels, polytyrene in organic solvents, and metallic scraps in
gasoline.
CATEGORIES OF NON- NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• 2.2.1 According to viscosity changes in respect to the amount of
shear or stress applied to the fluid.

• 2.2.1.3 Dilatant Fluids

• Viscosity increases with the rate of shear.
• e.g quicksand, butter and starch suspension
CATEGORIES OF NON- NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• 2.2.1 According to viscosity changes in respect to the amount of shear or
stress applied to the fluid.

• 2.2.1.4 Viscoplastic Fluids

• these materials do not deform when subjected to a shear stress smaller than a
certain value, which is called the yield stress.
• In this range of applied shear stress, these materials behave as ideal rigid
solids. If the shear stress in the fluid exceeds the yield stress then the fluid
deforms as a (nonlinearly) viscous fluid and is typically shear thinning since the
fluid structure breaks down progressively with shear.
CATEGORIES OF NON- NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• 2.2.2 According to how viscosity changes in respect to shear applied
over time to the fluid.

• 2.2.2.1 Rheopectic Fluids

• very similar to dilatant in that when shear is applied, viscosity
increases. The difference here, is that Viscosity increases with time.
• e.g. gypsum paste, cream
CATEGORIES OF NON- NEWTONIAN FLUIDS
• 2.2.2 According to how viscosity changes in respect to shear applied
over time to the fluid.

• 2.2.2.2 Thixotropic Fluids

• Fluids with thixotropic properties decrease in viscosity when shear is
applied. The viscosity decreases with time
• e.g. paint, cosmetics, asphalt, and glue