RHEOLOGY

Badra Saed
 Contents
 Definition and fundamentals
 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Flows
 Thixotropic Behaviours
 Instrumentation
 Pharmaceutical Applications
 Viscoelasticity, Rheology of solids
 Definitions
• The term derived from greek work rheo means to flow and logos
means science was suggested by Bingham and crawford in1910·
• Rheology is defined as the science which deals with flow and
deformation of material under the influence of stress·
• Viscosity is an expression of the resistance of a fluid to flow
• The higher the viscosity greater the resistance·
• η=F/G
• Where F is the shearing stress
• G is rate of shear the unit of viscosity is dynes sec/cm2·
 Terminologies
 Shear: the movement of a material relative to a parallel layer
 Shear stress: (F) is the force applied per unit area to make liquid flow
(force/area)
 Shear rate: (G) difference in velocity between two planes of liquids
separated by distance
 G=dv/dr
 Newtonian laws
 Rate of shear or velocity gradient can be defined as the velocity difference
(dv) between two liquid planes separated by a very minute distance(dr)·
 Quantitatively the flow properties of liquid were first studied by NEWTON·
 Rate of shear is directly proportional to the shearing stress·
 F/A=ηdv/dr ········(1)
 equation 1 is often written as
 η=F/G ·······(2)
 where F=F·/A
 G=dv/dr
 Flow liquid
 Two type of flow
1. Newtonian flow
2. Non Newtonian flow
• plastic flow
• Pseudoplastic flow
• Dilatant flow
 NEWTONIAN FLOW

 A Newtonian fluid is a fluid whose stress Vs rate of shear curve is

linear and passes through the origin· the constant of proportionality
is known as viscosity·
 F∝G F is viscosity
 EXAMPLE- water, chloroform, caster oil and syrups·
 NON NEWTONIAN FLOW
It is defined as the relation between F and G is not linear·
The non Newtonian behaviour is generally exhibited by liquid and solid
heterogenous dispersion such as colloidal solution and emulsion·
They are classified into
• plastic flow
• pseudo plastic flow
• dilatant flow
 Thixotropy
 It is a comparatively slow recovery on standing of a material which lost
its consistency through shearing·
 Thixotropy is only applied to shear thinning systems·
 This indicates a breakdown of structure which does not reform
immediately when the stress is removed or reduced·
 Determination of viscosity
 Single point Multiple point

At a single rate of shear one point in the At several rate of shear many points on the
curve curve

Equipment Equipment

capillary viscometer and falling sphere cup and bob viscometer cone and plate
viscometer viscometer

Application Application

Newtonian fluids Non-Newtonian fluids and Newtonian fluids

 CAPILLARY VISCOMETER
 To determine the viscosities of the Newtonian fluids capillary
viscometer are mainly used·
 These type of viscometer act under the influence of gravity·

 These viscometer can be divided into 2 types

1· OSWALD VISCOMETER or U TUBE VISCOMETER

2· SUSPENDED LEVEL VISCOMETER
 OSWALD VISCOMETER
• In this liquid is made to flow between two points X and Y as shown·
the time required for the flow is noted·
• The same procedure is repeated for both known sample ( whose
viscosity is known generally water) and unknown sample ( whose
viscosity is to be determined)·
 FALLING SPHERE VISCOMETER
• It consist of glass tube which is positioned vertically· The sample
whose viscosity is to be determines is placed in the glass tube·
• A glass or steel ball is dropped into liquid as soon as temperature
reaches the equilibrium with temperature of outer jacket·
• The tube and jacket are then inverted which effectively places the
ball at the top if inner glass tube· the viscosity of fluid or liquid is
directly related to time taken by the ball to move between the two
points
 CUP AND BOB VISCOMETER
• They belongs to the category of rotational viscometer it consist of cup
for holding the sample· the bob is positioned at an appropriate height.
sample under study is placed between the gap of cup and bob·
• Now either the cup or bob is made to rotate and the torque resulting
from the viscous is measured by a spring or sensor in the drive attaches
to bob·