Lord of all,

Be Lord in our class.

We ask for your presence to be with us
as we meet today.
May we be aware of your Lordship,
that we serve you,
your love and that we are your children.
Inspire our thoughts, discussions
and ideas as we seek to work together
to ensure that our class is your class

Amen
 Exact Differential Equations
• A first order ODE, 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥 ′ + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑦 ′ = 0 written as
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is called an exact differential equation
if 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑁𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
• Note that 𝑀𝑦 = and 𝑁𝑥 =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
• To solve the exact D.E
i. integrate 𝑀 w.r.t 𝑥 and 𝑁 w.r.t 𝑦 ignoring arbitrary constant
ii. Merge the expressions got after integration writing down each
term exactly once, even if a particular term appears in both
results and
iii. finally introduce the arbitrary constant.
 Exact Differential Equations
• Example 1
Solve the ode 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0 , 𝑦 2 =0
Solution
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Step 1. Test for exactness, 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑁𝑥 or =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕 2 𝜕𝑦 𝜕
= 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 2𝑦 , = 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 = 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝑀𝑦 = 𝑁𝑥 = 2𝑦 → 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡
Step 2. Integrate 𝑀 w.r.t 𝑥 and 𝑁 w.r.t 𝑦
‫ 𝑦 ׬‬2 − 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 ‫ ׬‬2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦
 Exact Differential Equations
• Step 3 Merge the two expressions without repetition
• 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥
Step 4 Write the final solution with arbitrary constant (c)
• The general solution is 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 = 𝑐
Step 5 Solve for c using the initial condition given to find the
particular solution
𝑦 2 = 0 → 0 − 22 + 02 2 = 𝑐 → 𝑐 = −4
• Therefore, particular solution is 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 = −4
Example 2
Solve cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
 Exact Differential Equations
Solution
M = cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑁 = 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= − sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 , = −sin(𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= → 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑐𝑡
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
න 𝑀𝑑𝑥 = න cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑥 + 𝑦)

න 𝑁𝑑𝑦 = න 3𝑦 2 + 2𝑦 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 + sin(𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 + sin(𝑥 + 𝑦)
Therefore, 𝑦 3 + 𝑦 2 + sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑐
 Applications of linear O.D.E to growth and decay problems

• Example 1
• Radium decomposes in air at the rate proportional to the
present amount (x). If initially there are 20 grams, and
after 10 years, 0.6% of the original amount decomposed.
a) Set a model that will predict the amount of radium at any
time,
b) What is the half-life of the radium?
c) What is the amount remaining in 900 grams?
 Applications of linear O.D.E to growth and decay problems
• Solution
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥
න = න 𝑘𝑑𝑡 + 𝑐 → 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑐 → 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡 . 𝑒 𝑐
𝑥
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 but 𝑡 = 0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 20 → 20 = 𝑐𝑒 0 → 𝑐 = 20
At 𝑡 = 10 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠, 𝑥 = 20 − 20 0.6% = 19.88𝑔
𝑘(10)
19.88 10𝑘
19.88
19.88 = 20𝑒 → 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 → 10𝑘 = ln
20 20
1 19.88
1 19.88 𝑙𝑛 𝑡
𝑘= 𝑙𝑛 Therefore, 𝑥 = 20𝑒 10 20
10 20
 Applications of linear O.D.E to growth and decay problems
• Solution…..
b) 𝑥 = 10 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 , 𝑡 =?
1 19.88 1 19.88 1
𝑙𝑛 𝑡 𝑙𝑛 𝑡 10𝑙𝑛 2
𝑥 = 20𝑒 10 20 → 10 = 20𝑒 10 20 →𝑡= 19.88 𝑡 = 1151.78
𝑙𝑛
20
1 19.88 𝑡 19.88
𝑙𝑛 𝑡 𝑙𝑛
c) 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 → 𝑥 = 20𝑒 10 20 → 𝑥 = 20𝑒 10 20 but 𝑡 = 900

900 19.88
𝑙𝑛 𝑡
𝑥= 20𝑒 10 20

𝑥 = 11.63 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠
 Applications of linear O.D.E to growth and decay problems

• Example 2
• Radium decomposes in air at the rate proportional to the
present amount (x). It is found that in 25 years 1.1% of a
certain amount decomposed. Determine approximately
how long will it take:
a) For one half of the original amount to decompose,
b) 20% of the amount to decompose?
c) What percentage of the amount will decompose in 50
years?
 Applications of linear O.D.E to growth and decay problems

• Solutions
a) 𝑡 = 1566.65 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
b) t = 504.35 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠
c) 2.19%