Contents
 Human Population and its impact on the
environment
 Sustainable Development and consumption
 Human values and environmental problems
Population Today
 Access this link to check what is the population
now.
 https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/
 Most significant factor impacting the health of
Earth's environment:
 A large and growing human population
Most Populous Countries
 With more than 1B people
o China
 1.42B as of September 2022 (going
down/declining)
o India
 1.41B and rising (by 2030, it will
be no. 1)
 With more than 100 M people
o US, Indonesia, Pakistan, Nigeria, Brazil,
Bangladesh, Russia, Mexico, Japan,
Ethiopia, Philippines, Egypt
o Russia and Japan has been controlling their
population and eventually they will have
problems with it in the future and their
population will decline
o Congo and Vietnam will also be reaching
their 100m mark
Rate of Population Growth
 Globally, there are 140m babies born per year.
 8.5B by 2030; 9.7B by 2050, 10.4 by 2080 - 2100
 Starting in the 1970s, there has been a decrease in
the rate of population growth decreasing% in
2020)
 More than half of the expected population growth
is expected to
 come from DR Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, India,
Nigeria, Pakistan,
 Philippines and Tanzania
 African nations are expected to double populations
due to fertility
 and birth rates rise and decreased infant mortality
and malnutrition.
Factors Affecting Human Populations
 Supply of food
 Effects of diseases and other environmental
factors
 Social customs governing reproduction
 Technological developments, especially in
medicine and public health
Life Expectancy
 Global life expectancy has also improved in recent
years, rising to 72.8 years in 2019—almost 9 years
longer than in 1990.
 Global life expectancy is projected to continue to
increase, reaching 77.2 years by the year 2050.
 What is the impact of the increase in global
expectancy to
 population?
Impact to Population
 The percentage of over-65 residents in the world's
population is projected to rise from 10% in 2022
to 16% in 2050. This total will be roughly twice
the number of children under age 5 and equal to
the number of children under age 12.
 This imbalance can put considerable strain on a
country's economy and infrastructure, as it can
lead to a shortage of working-age individuals
entering the workforce to take the place of those
who are retiring.
Most significant factor impacting the health of Earth's
environment:
 A large and growing human population
 How?
The population
 Consume vast quantities of food and water
 Occupy or farm much of the most productive land
 Use a great deal of energy and raw materials
 Produce much waste.
Economic and Social Progress
 Globally, we continue to use ever- increasing
amounts of natural resources to support our
economic activity
 Globally, the generation of waste is mounting
 About one third of the food produced for human
consumption each year is lost o wasted.
Consumption
 The human use of material and
Economic growth
 The expansion in output of a nation's goods and
services.
 The world's economy is growing at an enormous
rate, yet this growth is unevenly distributed across
the nations of the world.
Shrinking our material footprint is a global imperative
 '"Material footprint" refers to the total amount of
raw materials extracted to meet final consumption
demands.
o 1990 - 43B metric tons
o 2000 - 54B
o 2017 - 92B
o 2060 - 190B
Material Footprint per capita
 1990
o 8.1 metric tons of natural resources were
used to satisfy an individual's needs
 2017
o 12.2 metric tons
o High-income countries - 27 metric tons per
person
o Upper-middle-income countries - 17
metric tons per person
o Low-income countries - 2 metric tons per
person.
 The lifestyles of people in the richest nations
are heavily dependent on resources extracted
from poorer countries
o On a per-capita basis, high-income
countries rely on 9.8 metric to of primary
materials extracted elsewhere in the world.
BLUE - 2000 ORANGE -2017
GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR COUNTRIES
 Highly developed countries
o With complex industrialized bases, low
rates of population growth, and high per
person incomes.
o 18% of the world's population: United
States of America, Canada, Most of
Europe, and Japan
 Poor/Developing countries
o Moderately developed countries
 Fewer opportunities for income,
education, and health care (Turkey,
South Africa, Thailand, and
Mexico)
o Less developed countries
 Cheap, unskilled labor is abundant,
but capital for investment is scarce
(Haiti, Bangladesh, Rwanda, and
Laos)
Highly developed countries account for the lion's
share of total resources consumed:
 86% of aluminum used
 76% of timber harvested
 68% of energy produced
 61% of meat eaten
 42% of the fresh water consumed
  These nations also generate 75% of the world's Sustainable development
pollution and waste.

Population, Resources and the Environment

 Rapid population growth tends to overwhelm and
deplete a country's soils, forests, and other natural
resources.
 In highly developed nations, individual demands
on natural resources are far greater than the
requirements for mere survival.

Sustainability and the Environment

 Sustainability is the ability to meet humanity's
current needs without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their needs
 It is achieved when the environment can function  Economic growth that meet the needs of the
indefinitely without going into a decline from the present without compromising the ability of future
stresses that human society imposes on natural generations to meet their needs
systems.
Sustainable consumption
 The use of goods and services that satisfy basic
human needs and improve the quality of life but
also minimize resource use
5 Factors that affect sustainable consumption
 Population
 Economic activities
 Technology choices
 Social values
 Government policies

Goal of Sustainability At the global level, sustainable consumption requires

the eradication of poverty. Widespread adoption of
sustainable consumption will not be easy. It will
require major changes in the consumption patterns
and lifestyles of most people in highly developed
countries.

Voluntary simplicity
 Individual happiness and quality of life are not
necessarily linked to the accumulation of material
goods

Continued technological progress represents a promising

opportunity for maintaining high standards of living while
using fewer resources.
Sustainable Development
 The environment's ability to meet present and
future needs to the state of technology and social
organization existing at a given time and in a
given place.
 The number of people, their degree of affluence,
and their choices of technology affect the
sustainability of the environment
 Sustainable development can occur only within
the limits of the environment.
 Robert Cahn
 The main ingredients of an environmental ethic
Human Values and Environmental Problems are caring about the planet and all of its
 Ethics is a branch of philosophy that is derived inhabitants, allowing unselfishness to control the
through the logical application of human values. It immediate self-interest that harms others, and
helps us determine which forms of conduct are living each day so as to leave the lightest possible
morally acceptable and unacceptable. footprints on the planet.

Environmental Ethics Environmental Justice

 Field of applied ethics that considers the moral  The right of every citizen to adequate protection
basis of environmental responsibility. from environmental hazards.
 What role should we play in determining the fate
of Earth's resources, and also of the other living Family Planning in Egypt
organisms on earth. 1. Eliminate poverty and stabilize the human population
 It considers the rights of people living today, both
individually and collectively as well as the rights Restoration in Indonesia
of future generations. 2. Protect and restore earth's resources
Environmental Worldviews
 is based on how the environment works, our place Feeding the world's people
in the environment, and right and wrong 3. Provide adequate food for all people
environmental behaviors.
a. Western worldview is based on human Energy Neutral Construction
superiority over nature, the unrestricted use 4. Mitigate climate change
of natural resources, and economic growth
to manage an expanding industrial base. Bicycle rack in Amsterdam
b. Deep ecology worldview is based on 5. Design sustainable cities
harmony with nature, a spiritual respect for
life, and the belief that humans and all
other species have an equal worth. The Loess Plateau in China

Environmental Health Hazards

 Toxicology
o is the study of toxicants, chemicals with
adverse effects on health.
 Epidemiology
 o is the study of the effects of chemical,  Disease-causing agents are infectious organisms,
biological, and physical agents on the such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasitic
health of human populations. worms that cause diseases.
 Acute toxicity  A pathogen is an agent that causes disease
o refers to the adverse effects that occur
within a short period after high-level
exposure to a toxicant. Chronic toxicity
refers to the adverse effects that occur a in
period of low-level exposure to a toxicant.

DETERMINANTS OF MEDICAL ECOLOGY

MAN SOME HUMAN DISEASES TRANSMITTED BY

Heredity POLLUTED WATERS
Sex
Age
Behavior
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT GEOGRAPHY
 Air (altitude and temperature)
 Water supplies
 Food supplies

BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
 Flora/fauna
 Reservoir of infection
 Vectors
 Microbes

SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
 Economic condition
 Education
 Occupation and income
Health Effects of Pollutants
 Culture
 A dose of a toxicant is the amount that enters the
 Family
body of an exposed organism.
 Community
 The response is the type and amount of damage
 Social security
that exposure to a particular dose causes. A dose
 Medical and health care
may cause death (lethal dose) or harm but not
 Government
death (sublethal dose).

Disease-Causing Agents in the Environment

  The smaller the number the more toxic it is
 The effective dose—50 percent, or ED50,
measures a wide range of
biological responses, such as stunted development in
the offspring of a pregnant animal, reduced enzyme
activity, or onset of hair loss.

Cancer-Causing Substances - Carcinogens

 Chemicals such as dioxins, alcohol, preservatives
such as nitrates and nitrites, tobacco, asbestos
 Radiation
o UV rays from the sun or tanning beds
 Virus
o human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause
cervical cancer, hepatitis C can lead to
liver cancer and non-Hodgkin's
o lymphoma, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can
cause stomach cancer, HIV