LAIBA JAWAID GHAZIANI

ROLL # 2023F-BBMS-002
APPLIED CHEMISTRY
ASSIGNMENT : 1
BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES
SUBMITTED TO : MS SUMERA ZAKI
 ASSIGNMENT # 1
Q. Define chemical bond. Describe the formation of covalent bond with examples.
Outline the main features covalent bond.
DEFINITION OF BOND :
A connection between two surfaces or objects that have been joined together,
especially by means of an adhesive substance, heat, or pressure.

DEFINITION OF CHEMICAL BOND :

Chemical bonding refers to the formation of a chemical bond between two or
more atoms, molecules or ions to give rise to a chemical compound. These
chemical bonds are what keep the atoms together in the resulting compound.

A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms brought about by :

A sharing of electrons between two atoms or a complete transfer of electrons.
 When a chemical bond is formed , energy is released .
 Breaking chemical bonds requires energy .
 TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING : When substances participate in
chemical bonding and yield compounds, the stability of the resulting compound
can be gauged by the type of chemical bonds it contains.
The type of chemical bonds formed varies in strength and properties. There are
3 primary types of chemical bonds which are formed by atoms or molecules to
yield compounds. These types of chemical bonds include
1. IONIC BOND 2. COVALENT BOND 3. HYDROGEN BOND

IONIC BOND : Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding which involves

a transfer of electrons from one atom or molecule to another.
Examples of Ionic Bonds
 NaCl: sodium chloride.
 NaBr: sodium bromide.
 NaF: sodium fluoride.
 NaI: sodium iodide.
 KF: potassium fluoride.
 KCl: potassium chloride.
 KI: potassium iodide.
 KBr: potassium bromide.
 MgSe: magnesium selenide

COVALENT BOND : A covalent bond is formed by the equal sharing of electrons

from both participating atoms. The pair of electrons participating in this type of
bonding is called a shared pair or bonding pair. Covalent bonds are also called
molecular bonds. Sharing of bonding pairs will ensure that the atoms achieve stability
in their outer shell, which is similar to the atoms of noble gases.
 Examples of covalent bonds :

 Nitrogen Gas (N2): Two nitrogen atoms share electrons to form a diatomic molecule
(N≡N).
 Hydrochloric Acid (HCl): A hydrogen atom shares an electron with a chlorine atom to
form hydrochloric acid.
 Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2): Carbon, hydrogen, and two chlorine atoms form covalent
bonds.
 Nitrogen triflouride (NF3): Nitrogen and three fluorine atoms share electrons.
 Dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4) - Two nitrogen atoms share electrons with each other.
 Phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) - Phosphorus shares electrons with
five chlorine atoms.
 Acetic acid (CH3COOH) - Carbon shares electrons with hydrogen, oxygen,
and carbon atoms.
 Dimethyl Ether (CH3OCH3): Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms form covalent bonds
in this compound.

 FEATURES OF COVALENT BOND :

 Covalent bonding does not result in the formation of new electrons. The bond only pairs
them.
 They are very powerful chemical bonds that exist between atoms.
 A covalent bond normally contains an energy of about ~80 kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol).
 Covalent bonds rarely break spontaneously after it is formed.
 Covalent bonds are directional, where the atoms that are bonded showcase specific
orientations relative to one another.
 Most compounds having covalent bonds exhibit relatively low melting points and boiling
points.

TYPES OF COVALENT BOND:

Based on the number of shared electron pairs,

1. Single Covalent Bond

2. Double Covalent bond

3. Triple Covalent Bond

Based on the polarity of the bond and the

coordination of the atoms,

1. Polar Covalent Bond

2. Nonpolar Covalent Bond

3. Coordinate Covalent Bond or Dative Covalent

Bond
HYDROGEN BOND: refers to the formation of hydrogen bonds,
which are a special class of attractive intermolecular forces that arise due to the
dipole-dipole interaction between a hydrogen atom that is bonded to a highly
electronegative atom and another highly electronegative atom which lies in the
vicinity of the hydrogen atom.
FOR EXAMPLE : in water molecules (H2O), hydrogen is covalently bonded to the
more electronegative oxygen atom. Therefore, hydrogen bonding arises in water
molecules due to the dipole-dipole interactions between the hydrogen atom of one
water molecule and the oxygen atom of another H2O molecule.