CÂU GIÁN TIẾP (REPORTED SPEECH)

1. Cấu trúc câu gián tiếp là gì? Cấu trúc câu trực tiếp
là gì?
Vậy cấu trúc câu gián tiếp là gì? cấu trúc câu trực tiếp là gì? Chúng ta hãy đi là rõ hai khái niệm này
nhé!

 Cấu trúc câu trực tiếp (direct speech)

Đây là một câu nói chính xác lời của một người diễn đạt, do đó nó còn được gọi là câu trích dẫn.

Cấu trúc câu trực tiếp bao gồm: [Mệnh đề tường thuật] + [“mệnh đề được tường thuật lại”].
Mệnh đề được tường thuật lại sẽ đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép nhằm nhắc lại chính xác câu từ của người
nói.

Ví dụ: He said, “ I went to school yesterday” -> Anh ấy nói là hôm qua anh ấy đi học.

 Cấu trúc câu gián tiếp (indirect speech)

Là một câu nói thuật lại lời của một người khác nói ở dạng gián tiếp, cấu trúc câu gián tiếp không
sử dụng dấu ngoặc kép và có sự biến đổi về thì của câu.

Cấu trúc câu gián tiếp bao gồm: [Mệnh đề tường thuật] + that + [Mệnh đề được tường thuật
lại]. Câu gián tiếp được thêm từ “that” để nối hai vế câu lại với nhau.

Ví dụ: Mary said that she is hungry now. -> Mary nói là cô ấy đang đói bụng.

2. Quy tắc chuyển cấu trúc câu trực tiếp sang cấu trúc
câu gián tiếp
Để thuật lại ý của người nói hay nói cách khách là chuyển cấu trúc câu trực tiếp thành cấu trúc câu
gián tiếp thì chúng ta cần lưu ý những điều cơ bản sau:

2.1 Trường hợp 1

Nếu động từ ở mệnh đề chính là thì hiện tại đơn - simple present - (say), hiện tại hoàn thành -
present perfect - (have/has said) hoặc thì tương lai đơn -simple future - (will say), thì trong câu gián
tiếp chúng ta đổi đại từ và chia động từ tương ứng với đại từ đó là được, không cần thay đổi thì
Ví dụ 1: My mother says, “I hope it will rain tomorrow” -> My mother says that she hopes it will
rain tomorrow.

Ví dụ 2: Mira has said, “ I am sad now” -> Mira has said that she is sad now.

2.2 Trường hợp 2

Nếu động từ trong mệnh đề chính ở thì quá khứ đơn - simple past - (said) thì trong cấu trúc câu gián
tiếp chúng ta cần đổi thì, đổi đại từ và một số cụm từ chỉ thời gian, nơi chốn. Trong trường hợp này,
khi chuyển cấu trúc câu từ trực tiếp sang gián tiếp bạn cần lưu ý những thay đổi sau:

 Biến đổi thì động từ

Trường hợp ngoại lệ, nếu lời nói trực tiếp diễn tả một thói quen hoặc một sự thật hiển nhiên thì khi
chuyển chúng về gián tiếp bạn có thể sử dụng simple present thay vì simple past.

Ví dụ: I go to bed late every evening -> She said she goes/ gone to bed late every evening

 Đối với những động từ khiếm khuyết (modal verbs) ta có thể sử dụng những động từ
cùng nghĩa khi chuyển từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp:
  Thay đổi giới từ và trạng từ của câu

3. Các cách chuyển đổi câu trực tiếp sang cấu trúc câu
gián tiếp
Chuyển đổi câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp thường sẽ có 4 loại câu: Câu mệnh lệnh/ yêu cầu, câu
hỏi, câu cảm thán và câu trần thuật.

3.1 Cấu trúc câu gián tiếp dạng mệnh lệnh/yêu cầu

Câu mệnh lệnh/yêu cầu thường được sử dụng các động từ như: order, command, tell, ask, request,
require,...

Cách chuyển:

Câu trực tiếp: S + tell/request/require/… + O + to V.

-> Câu gián tiếp: S + told/requested/ required + O + not to V.

Ví dụ: “Hurry up”, the teacher said to them -> The teacher told them to hurry up.

3.2 Câu gián tiếp dạng câu hỏi

Về câu hỏi thì được chia làm 2 dạng là câu hỏi yes-no và câu hỏi Wh

 Câu hỏi yes-no

Cấu trúc: S+ asked/inquired/wondered, wanted to know + if/whether +S +V

Ví dụ: “Have you watched that film?” -> He asked if/whether I had watched that film.

 Câu hỏi wh ( who, what, where, when)

Cấu trúc: S + asked(+O)/wanted to know/required/wondered + Wh-words + S + V.

Ví dụ: What time does the class begin? -> She wanted to know what time the class began

3.3 Câu gián tiếp dạng câu cảm thán

Cấu trúc: S+ said/told + that + S + V(lùi thì) + O

Ví dụ: What a lovely house they have! -> She said what a lovely house they had.

3.4 Câu gián tiếp dạng trần thuật

Cấu trúc: S + say(s)/said + that + S + V

Ví dụ: I saw him yesterday -> She said she had seen him the previous day.

3.5 Những trường hợp đặc biệt của câu gián tiếp

Khi chuyển câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp, chúng ta không đổi thì ở mệnh đề phụ trong các trường
hợp đặc biệt sau:

 Động từ trong câu trực tiếp có thời gian cụ thể

Ví dụ: She said, “ I was born in 1990” -> She said that she was born in 1990.

 Câu điều kiện loại 2 và 3

Ví dụ: She said, “If I were you, I wouldn’t come here” -> She said if she were me
she wouldn’t come here.

 Quá khứ giả định

Ví dụ: Mira said, “I wish I were a boy” -> Mira said that she wished she were a boy

 Câu trực tiếp có chứa could, should, might, used to, ought to, would rather, had
better,...

Ví dụ: Mary said to me, “ you had better not call him” - > Mary said to me I had better not call
him.

 Câu trực tiếp diễn tả một chân lý, một tình huống không đổi.

Ví dụ: My teacher said, “the sun rises in the East” -> My teacher said the sun rises in the East.

4. Bài tập về câu trực tiếp, gián tiếp trong tiếng Anh
4.1 Bài tập

Bài tập 1: Chuyển các câu sau từ câu trực tiếp sang gián tiếp

1. "Where's my book?" Linh asked.

Linh asked where was her book

2. "Where are you going?" Lan asked us.

Lan asked us where were we going.

3. My brother asked: "Have I cleaned the room?"

My brother asked if i had cleaned the room.

4. "Where have you been?" the mother asked her daughter.

Mother asks her daughter where had she been.

5. "What color of shirt do you like the most?" I asked my boyfriend.

I asked my boyfriend what color of shirt did he like the most.

6. "What are they doing?" My father asked.

My father wants to know what were they doing.

7. "Will she go to the movies?" My brother asked Lan

My brother wants to know if she would go to the movies.

8. The teacher asked: "Did the whole class do the English homework?"

Teachers want to know if the whole class did the english homework.

9. "Why did you lie?" she asked me.

She asked me why i had lied to her.

10. "Have you talked to your family?" my friend asked me.

My friend asked me if I had talked to my family.

Bài tập 2: Chọn đáp án đúng

1. “How old are you?” he asked.

A. He asked me how old are you.

B. He asked me how old I am

C. He asked me how old was I.

D. He asked me how old I was.

2. My mother asked me: “Where are you going?”

A. My mother asked me where was I going.

B. My mother asked me where I was going.

C. My mother asked me where is I going.

D. My mother asked me where I is going.

3. “Keep silent” said the teacher to the kids.

A. The teacher told the kids to keep silent.

B. The teacher said the kids to keep silent.

C. The teacher told the kids keep silent.

D. The teacher told to the kids to keep silent.

4. “I didn't see my family last week.”, Linh said.

A. Linh said he didn’t see my family last week before.

B. Linh said he hasn’t seen my family last week.

C. Linh said he hadn’t seen my family last week.

D. Linh said he hadn’t seen my family last week before.

5. “We are ready for the next event”, they said to us.

A. They told us they are ready for the next event.

B. They told us they will ready for the next event.

C. They told us we were ready for the next event.

D. They told us they were ready for the next event.

6. “I have finished the project.”, Linh said to me.

A. Linh told me she has finished the project

B. Linh told me she finished the project.

C. Linh told me she had finished the project.

D. Linh told me she has been finished the project.

7. “Please bring me the menu.” he said to the waitress.

A. He asked the waitress bring him the menu.

B. He asked the waitress to bring her the menu.

C. He asked the waitress to bring him the menu.

D. He asked the waitress bring her the menu.

8. “Don’t shout”, she said to me.

A. She told me don’t shout.

B. She told to me not to shout.

C. She told me not to shout.

D. She said to me don’t shout.

9. “I cleaned the house yesterday”, she said.

A. She told me she had cleaned the house the day before.

B. She said to me I cleaned the house the day before.

C. She told me she had cleaned the house yesterday.

D. She told me she cleaned the house yesterday.

10. “Can you lend me the book?”, he asked me.

A. He asked me can you lend him the book.

B. He asked me could you lend him the book.

C. He asked me if I can lend him the book.

D. He asked me if I could lend him the book.

Bài tập 3: Chọn đáp án đúng:

1. Linh asked me _____.

A. Where do you come from?

B. where I came from

C. where I came from

D. where did I come from?

2. She asked me _____ I liked Korean music.

A.when

B.what

C.if

D.x

3. The doctor ____ him to drink 2 liters of water.

A.told

B.tell

C. have told

D. are telling

4. My brother wanted to know_____ complete this project..

A. when would she

B. when will she

c. when she will

D. when she would

5. Linh told me that her father____ a luxury car.

A. owns

B. owned

C. owning

D. A and B

6. What did that man say ______?

A. at you

B. for you

C. to you

D. you

7. I called my friend in America last night, and she said it _______ sunny there.

A. is

B. were

C. has been

D. was

8. The architects have ______ that the house blueprint will be completed on time.

A. promised

B. promise

C. promises
D. promising

9. The doctor _______ him to take more exercise.

A. told

B. tell

C. have told

D. are telling

10. The last time I saw my mother she looked very happy. She explained she’d been on
holiday the ______ week.

A. ago

B. following

C. next

D. previous

11. Last week, Lan ______ she put the key on the cupboard.

A. asked

B. is asking

C. ask

D. was asked

12. My sister has ______ this answer wasn’t completely true.

A. admitting that

B. was admitted that

C. admitted that

D. admit that
13. When I called my brother yesterday, he said he was busy ______ days.

A. that

B. the

C. then

D. this

14. My mother wonders _____ the clothes are on sale yet.

A. what

B. when

C. where

D. whether

15. Linh _____ me that my train was about to leave.

A. has reminded

B. has reminded that

C. reminded

D. reminded that

16. Hello, Lan. I didn’t expect to see you today. John said you _____ ill.

A. are B. were C. was D. should be

17. Lan ______ and left.

A. said goodbye to me B. says goodbye to me C. tell me goodbye D. told me goodbye

18. I told you ______ switch off the light, didn’t I?

A. don’t B. not C. not to D. to not

19. Lan was slow, so her brother ________ hurry up.

A. tell him B. told him for C. told to D. told him to

20. Lan was driving too fast, so I ______ to slow down.

A. asked her B. asked C. ask D.have asked her

Bài tập 4: Viết lại câu

1. “You stole my best watch, Linh!” John said.

- John accused .....................................................................................................

2. “You broke my phone, John!” Lan said.

- Lan accused .............................. .......................................................

3. “Where was your baby girl born?” the nurse said to Mrs. Lan.

- The nurse asked Mrs. Lan ........................... ................................. ........

4. “Brother John, you should drink 2 liters of water a day,” said the doctor.

- Doctor advised .....................................................................................

5. “Will I be able to find this homestay?” Lan said to herself.

- Lan wonders .....................................................................................

6. “I'm sorry I lied to you,” Lan told Susan.

- Lan apologizes ..........

7. “When do you get your summer vacation?” Lan asked.

- Lan asked Linh ............................ ................................. ... ... ... ... ... ...

8. “Can I have a new pair of shoes, please?” I told her mother.

- I ask ............................................... .................................. .....

9.. “Don't hang out until I get back, Peter,” his mother said.

- Peter's mother told him .............................. ................................. ... ... ... ... ... ...
 10. “Don't touch the knife,” Mrs. James told her son.

- Mrs. James told her son ............................ ................................. .. ...

Bài tập 5: Viết lại câu mà nghĩa không đổi

1. “If the weather is nice, I will go on a picnic with my family,” he said.

.................................. ................................. ... ... ... ... ... ...

2. “What would you do if you had five days off?” I asked him.

................................. ................................. ... ... ... ... ... ...

3. “I would come to see you if I didn't have to take the exam, James,” she said.

.................................. ................................. ... ... ... ... ... ...

4. "I'm sure I won't be jealous if you tell me the truth", he told me

.................................. ................................. ... ... ... ... ... ...

5. “If there's a storm tomorrow, we won't have to go to school,” they told me.

.................................. ................................. ... ... ... ... ... ...

6. She told me: “If I were you, I wouldn't choose to give up this dream job.”

.................................. ................................. ... ... ... ... ... ...

7. “If a lot of guests come, the homestay will be full.”

................................. ................................. ... ... ... ... ... ...

8. “You will be surprised if you meet her.”, Linh told Linda.

.................................. ................................. ... ... ... ... ... ...

9. She said: “I will get sick if I stay out in the sun for too long.”

.................................. ................................. ... ... ... ... ... ...

10. “What would you do if you saw him?” Linh asked me

.................................. ................................. ... ... ... ... ... ...