Parishodh Journal ISSN NO:2347-6648

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STREGTH OF

CONCRETE BY REPLACING FINE AGGREGATE WITH
SURKHI
1
N.A. SOWMYA SREE, 2V. CHARAN KUMAR, 3K. ARUN TEJA, 4Y. RAM BABU,
5
P. PRASANTH
1
Assistant Professor, 2,3, 4, 5 Students
Department of Civil Engineering, Sree Venkateswara college of Engineering, kodavaluru(V&M)
SPSR Nellore, Andhrapradesh, India
Email id: : 1sowmyasree.anjani@gmail.com, 2charan186charan@gmail.com ,3 arunteja166@gmail.com
4 5
rambabuyakasiri915@gmail.com, prasanthreddy.palle@gmail.com

ABSTRCT

Surkhi is a brick powder. Brick is crushed and sieved through IS 4.75mm sieve. A partial
replacement of surkhi as 10%, 20%, 30% for fine aggregate are taken. The mix proportion of
concrete had a constant water cement ratio of 0.50. 3 cube samples for each replacement of surkhi
is tested.
In the process of partial replacement it is sieve to the fineness of sand. Slump cone test was
carried out on the fresh concrete and compressive strength test on hardened concrete. Adhere mix
700 super plasticizer is used to increase the workability of the concrete. The concrete cubes were tested
at the ages of 7 days, 14 days, and 28days.
every field of life. But on the other hand it
has put some negative impacts on
I. INTRODUCTION environment, as natural resources get
1.1 GENERAL depleted. As concrete is most commonly used
Concrete is one of the most versatile building material across the world and
building material. It is a man-made consumes most of the natural resources in the
construction material used extensively in form of coarse and fine aggregates.
buildings, bridges, roads and dams. Adding After studying all these research
some special ingredients such as admixture, papers we concluded that if we can use some
super plasticizer, etc. makes changes in the materials other than basic ingredients of
strength of the concrete. concrete which do not have negative impacts,
Surkhi in concrete is an interesting rather have positive effects on various fresh
possibility for economy waste disposal sites and hardened properties of concrete, partial
and conversation of natural resources. The replacement of these ingredients of concrete
production of natural sand and cement is with waste material will largely impact
diminishing and their use has led to severe environment and will lead to pollution free
environmental problems, there is a need to and soothing environment.
replace there material by some cheap, This waste creates air pollution and
environmental friendly by- product such as land pollution by dumping and also causes
surkhi (brick dust). It takes some weeks for water pollution so by using this material in
concrete to reach full hardness and strength. concrete we can save our atmosphere and
land. Our ultimate goal is to produce
Today’s world’s leading towards economical and eco-friendly concrete which
advancement, eager for more comfort has led will possess strength and other desired
to innovations and revolutions in each and

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Parishodh Journal
properties which one achieves by basic
concrete ingredients. By using locally
available waste like brick powder as partial
replacement, it may prove more economical
than traditional concrete and dumping of such
waste produced by brick industries is also
solved.
Also construction cost is very high by
using conventional materials due to
unavailability of natural materials. We have
the only option of partially replacing its
ingredients by locally available waste
materials. Over 3.3 billion tons of cement
was consumed globally in 2010 based on
survey of world coal association and also
cement production emits CO2 in to the
atmosphere which is harmful to the nature.
Also for producing 1 kg of cement we require
372 Kilo joules of energy while we require
only 19 kilo joules of energy to produce 1 kg
of brick powder (surkhi). If we can partially
replace the cement with the material with
desirable properties then we can save natural
material, reduce emission of CO2 in to the
atmosphere and save the energy for the
coming generations.
The industrial waste dumping to the
nearest site which spoils the land and
atmosphere as well as it also affects
aesthetics of urban environment so use of this
waste material in concrete is economical as
well as environment friendly way to disposal
of waste.
This Use of brick powder or surkhi
has been used as pozzolana in India for many
years. This material is used as a partial
replacement of cement to produce mortar or
concrete, which results in improved concrete
properties which include reduction of
permeability and resistance to sulphate attack
and alkali-aggregate reaction.
It has been used in Europe since
ancient times, where powdered brick was
mixed with hydrated lime to produce mortars.
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There are many examples across Europe of
Roman buildings bearing the fact that these
mortars have been used since long time in
past and hence, the fact that these materials
are durable is proved. So potential use for
ground brick powder is possible, not only for
repair of important historic buildings where
compatibility of materials is important, but
this can also be used for the production of
durable and impermeable concrete or
mortars.
The pozzolanicity of brick powder
depends upon the burning or calcining
temperature of clay. The most reactive state
of clay is when the burning temperature
results in loss of hydroxyl and a collapsed
and distorted clay structure, the burning
temperature to produce this active state is
usually in the range of 600-900°C.
1.2 BRICK POWDER
About 1-5% of waste bricks are
generally produced in all brick companies,
which add to quantity of waste materials
considerably. This varies from 50,000 tons
for a large scale company to 100 tons for a
small scale company. Recycling of these
waste bricks is one of the most challenging
problems worldwide with the extraordinary
growth of the world population. The waste
from these companies is crushed and sold as
low grade aggregate at prices varying
between Rupees 129 to 430 Rupees per ton.
Although this is a much lower cost than
cement (4300 Rupees per ton) however there
will be added cost of crushing if this is to be
used as cement replacement.
It is the waste material produced from
brick kilns which is of no use adds to the
waste to environment, which is to be
landfilled. The landfilling of this material
degrades the quality of soil and also
contaminates the ground water of that area. It
is finely ground bricks, orange in color and
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Parishodh Journal
Sp. gravity 2.52. Particle size of brick powder
is about 20 to 60 microns. Calcination
temperature of bricks ranges from 900 to
1000 degree Celsius. The SiO2 content in
brick powder is about 54.8% and Al2O3
content is about 19.1%.
Figure 1 surkhi
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Influence of surkhi on various properties of
concrete bricks. Ravi Kumar 2017 Concrete
with high strength, less porous is develop to
certain extent to increase durability. Sufficient
workability upto the level of pumpable can also
be achieved by suitably using the super
plasticizer within a range of 0.8% to 1% by
weight of cement.
Study on strength of concrete with surkhi as
sand replacement. Himansi Hirpara 2018
Crushed bricks can be used satifactorily to
produce M25 and M30 concrete keeping water
cement ratio in the range of 0.35 to 0.40. For
this purpose different cozzolanic material like
surkhi is used along with concrete.
Usage and impact of surkhi ( brick dust )
in concrete. Showkat Bashir 2019 There is a
need to replace these materials by some
cheap environmental friendly by- products
such as surkhi.
Many concrete structures suffer from
lack of strength and durability which has an
adverse effect on the resource productivity of
the industry.
The study of compressive strength on
concrete by using surkhi. Bibek Kumar
Kushwaha 2017 Surkhi can be used as
asphalt pavement and aggregate in cement. It
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ISSN NO:2347-6648
have high strength as comparedto sand.
Utilization of surkhi as a partial
replacement of sand in mortar. Zamir
Irfan 2017 It has also been observed that the
compressive strength increases with increases
in time.
The demand for admixture as surkhi content
increased is due to increased amount of silica
in the mixture.
Replacement of fine Aggregate with
Locally Available Surkhi. Daddan Khan
2017 The concrete having 50% BA is
achieving almost the same strength as
the specifiedstrength of 1:2:3 concrete mix.
Fine aggregate is replaced by 100%
and with the addition of admixture somewhat
below the characteristic strength of the
concrete mix.
Replacement Of fine Aggregate by
Demolished Brick Waste in Concrete. Dr. M.
N. Hiremath 2017 The 20% replacement of
Surkhi is consider as the best in view of
strength and economy 20% replacement of
Surkhi can be used wherever load
coming chancesare less.
Giulia Baronio et al. (1996)
Investigated the pozzolanic activity of some
bricks and clays. The firing temperatures are
usually higher than 900 degree Celsius for
the production of bricks. There is the specific
temperature required for every type of clay to
produce better material. The calcination
processes were very poor in ancient times.
III. METHODOLOGY
3.1 EQUIPMENT
The equipment that has been used till
now for the testing of materials are as
follows: -
 IS Sieves: To perform the gradation,
sieve analysis according to IS 383 of
coarse and fine aggregate.
 Pycnometer: To determine the
specific gravity of aggregates as per
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Parishodh Journal ISSN NO:2347-6648

IS 2386. resistance to the attack of aggressive waters

 Impact Testing Machine: To than normal Portland cement. Moreover, it
determine the impact value of coarse reduces the leaching of calcium hydroxide
aggregates against impact loading. liberated during the setting and hydration of
 LOS Angeles Abrasion Testing cement.
Machine: To determine the LOS
Angeles Abrasion value of coarse Cement used in this project is PPC 53
aggregate against wear and tear. grade.
S.NO PROPERTY VALUE
The equipment that will be used for 1. Specific gravity 3.12
further testing of the specimens are as 2. Standard consistency 31%
follows: -
3. Initial setting time 30 min
 Compression Testing Machine: To
4. Final setting time 600 min
determine the compressive strength of
concrete cubes. 5. Soundness test 1.89
 Universal Testing Machine: To 6. Fineness 3.06
determine the split tensile strength
and flexural strength of concrete. 3.2.2 FINE AGGREGATE
The fine aggregate particals
3.2 MATERIALS USED passing 4.75mm sieve is used in this
project.
 Cement.
 Fine aggregate.
 Course aggregate.
 Water.
 Surkhi.

3.2.1 Cement
IS 1489 1991 Part I defines PPC as
“An intimately interground mixture of
Portland clinker and pozzolana with the
possible addition of gypsum (natural or
chemical) or an intimate and uniform
blending of Portland cement and fine
pozzolana”. Portland-pozzolana cement can
be produced either by grinding together
Portland cement clinker and pozzolana with
addition of gypsum or calcium sulphate, or
by intimately and uniformly blending
Portland cement and fine pozzolana. The
pozzolanic materials generally used for
manufacture of PPC are calcined clay or fly
ash.
Portland-pozzolana cement produces
less heat of hydration and offers greater
Aggregates are the important
constituents in concrete. They give body to
the concrete, reduce shrinkage and effect
economy. They occupy about 70-80 percent
of the volume of the concrete. Aggregates
shall consist of naturally occurring (crushed
or uncrushed) stones, gravel and sand or
combination thereof. They shall be hard,
strong, durable, clear and free from veins and
adherent coating; and free from injurious
amounts of disintegrated pieces, alkali,
vegetable matter and other deleterious
substances. As far as possible, flaky and
elongated pieces should be avoided.
Aggregates can be mainly classified into fine
aggregates and coarse aggregates.
IS 383- 1970 defines fine aggregates as

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“Aggregate most of which passes 4.75mm IS

sieve and contains only so much coarser
material as permitted.” It may be:
 Natural sand : Fine
aggregate resulting from the natural
disintegration of rock and which has
been deposited by streams or glacial
agencies.
 Crushed stone sand : Fine
aggregate produced by crushing hard S.NO PROPERTY VALUE
stone.
 Crushed gravel sand : line aggregate 1. Specific gravity 2.72
produced by crushing natural gravel.
2. Water absorption 0.33%

S. PROPERTY VALUE 3. Bulk density 1550kg/m³

N
O
4. Fineness modulus 6.98
1. Specific gravity 2.61
2. Water absorption 1%
3.2.4 SURAKHI
3. Bulk density 1250Kg/m3 Surakhi is made by grinding burnt bricks to
4. Fineness modulus 2.62 make a powder out of it.

5. Zone I

3.123 Coarse Aggregates

IS 383-1970 defines coarse
aggregates as Aggregates most of which is
retained on 4.75 mm IS Sieve and containing
only so much finer material as is permitted
for the various types described in this
Surkhi is finely powdered burnt clay
standardFigure4.2
made from slightly under burnt bricks. It
Coarse aggregates may be described as:
serves as a substituent for fine aggregates due
1. Uncrushed gravel or stone which results
to its property of being pozzolanic and when
from natural disintegration of rock,
mixed with concrete makes it water proof and
2. Crushed gravel or stone when it results
resistant to alkali and salt attacks. In this
from crushing of gravel or hard stone, and
study, surkhi was collected from the local
3. Partially crushed gravel or stone when it is
kiln. Surkhi has often been used as a
a product of the blending of uncrushed gravel
substituent of sand as it imparts strength and
stone and crushed gravel or stone.
hydraulicity to concrete. Surkhi is a
pozzolanic material which also increases the
20mm size of coarse aggregate is used in
water proofing ability of the concrete. It not
this project.
only imparts strength to the concrete but also
increases the economy of the concrete to a

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considerable extent. It is made by grinding
burnt bricks, brick-bats, or burnt clay to
powder. Surkhi not only makes the concrete
water proof and resistant to alkali attack but
also reduces cracking and temperature rise
during hydration in a mass cement concrete.
S.NO PROPERTY VALUE
1 Specific gravity 2.12
2 Water absorption 17%
3.2.5 WATER
According to IS 456 : 2000, water used for
mixing and curing shall be clean and free
from injurious amounts of oils, acids, alkalis,
salts, sugar, organic materials or other
substances that may be deleterious to
concrete or steel. Potable water is generally
considered satisfactory for mixing concrete.
The pH value of water shall be not less than 6
3.3 MATERIAL TESTS
3.3.1 TESTS ON CEMENT
Cement is an important constituent in
concrete. The process of manufacture of
cement consist of grinding the raw materials
mixing them intimately in certain proportions
and burning them in kiln at a temperature
13000C to 15000C. To determine the various
properties of cement different tests are done.
The tests done are :
1. Standard Consistency
2. Initial Setting Time
3. Final Setting Time
4. Fineness of Cement
5. Density of Cement
6. Soundness of Cement
3.3.1.1 Standard Consistency
The standard consistency of a cement paste is
defined as that consistency which will permit
the Vicat plunger of 10 mm diameter and 50
mm length to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm
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from the bottom of the Vicat mould Figure
3.1. The experiment was done as per IS 4031-
Part IV.
Figure 3.1 : Apparatus for Standard
Consistency
3.3.1.2 Initial Setting Time
Initial setting time is regarded as the time
elapsed between the moment that the water is
added to the cement to the time that the paste
starts losing its plasticity. Experiment was
done as per IS -269:1989, clause 6.3.
3.3.1.3 Final setting time
Final setting time is the time elapsed between
the moments that the water is added to the
cement and when the paste has completely
lost its plasticity. Experiment was done as per
IS -269:1989, clause 6.3.
3.3.1.4 Fineness of Cement
Fineness is a measure of total surface area of
cement. For finer cements surface area will
be more. Fineness influences the rate of
hydration, rate of strength development,
shrinkage and rate of evolution of heat.
Experiment was done as per IS 4031-Part I-
1996.
3.3.1.5 Density of Cement
Le Chatelier’s flask is used to determine
density of cement as shown in Figure 3.2.
Kerosene which does not react with cement is
used. Experiment is done in Le
Chatelier’sflask.
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procedure in IS 383.
3.3.2.2 Specific Gravity of Coarse
Aggregate
Specific gravity of an aggregate is considered
to be a measure of strength or quality of the
material. Stones having low specific gravity
are weaker than those with higher specific
gravity values. It is determined using a wire
basket apparatus Figure.3.3 The experiment
Figure 3.2 : Le Chatelier’s Flask is carried out as per IS 383.
3.3.1.6 Soundness of Cement
The testing of soundness of cement is to
ensure that the cement does not show any
applicable subsequent expansion.
Unsoundness in cement is due to excess of
lime, magnesia or excessive proportion of
sulphates. Experiment is done by Le
Chatelier method. And the value of
soundness is 1mm.
3.3.2 Tests on Coarse Aggregate
Aggregates are important constituents in
concrete. They give body to the concrete,
reduce shrinkage and effect economy. The Figure 3.3 : Apparatus for specific gravity
aggregates occupy 70-80 percent of the of coarse aggregate
volume of concrete; their impact on various 3.3.2.3 Grain Size Distribution of coarse
characteristics and properties of concrete is aggregate
considerable. To determine the various Particle size distribution in a sample of
properties of aggregates different tests are aggregate is done by sieve analysis using a
done. sieve shaker Fig 4.4. It is the operation of
1. Bulk density of coarse aggregates dividing a sample of aggregate into various
2. Specific gravity of coarse aggregates fractions, each consisting of particles of same
3. Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates size. Experiment was done as per IS 2386-
Part I-1963,IS:383-1970 and the gradation
3.3.2.1 Bulk Density of Coarse Aggregates curve was plotted.
The bulk density is the weight of material in
a given volume and it is measured in
kilograms per litre. The bulk density of an
aggregate is affected by several factors,
including the amount of moisture present and
the amount of effort introduced in filling the
measure. Bulk density shows how densely
the aggregate is packed, when filled in a
standard manner. It depends on the particle
size distribution and shape of the particle.
The experiment was carried out as per the Figure 3.4 : Sieve shaker

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3.3.3 Tests on fine aggregate
1. Bulk density of fine aggregate
2. Specific gravity of fine aggregate
3. Sieve analysis of fine aggregate
3.3.3.1 Bulk density of fine aggregate
The bulk density is the weight of material in
a given volume and it is measured in
kilograms per litre. The bulk density of an
aggregate is affected by several factors,
including the amount of moisture present and
the amount of effort introduced in filling the
measure. Bulk density shows how densely
the aggregate is packed, when filled in a
standard manner. It depends on the particle
size distribution and shape of the particle.
The experiment was carried out as per the
procedure in IS 383
3.3.3.2 Specific Gravity of fine aggregate
Specific gravity of an aggregate is considered
to be a measure of strength or quality of the
material. Specific gravity is defined as the
ratio of the weight of the fine aggregate to
that of an equal volume of distilled water at
that temperature and both the weights being
taken in air. It is done using a pycnonmeter
Fig 3.5
Figure 3.5 : Apparatus for specific gravity
3.3.3.3 Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate
Particle size distribution in a sample of
aggregate is done by sieve analysis using a
sieve shaker Fig 4.7. It is the operation of
dividing a sample of aggregate into various
fractions, each consisting of particles of same
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size. The standard sieves for sieve analysis of
fine aggregates are 4.75mm, 2.36mm,
1.18mm, 600μ, 300μ, 150μ. Experiment was
done as per IS 2386-Part I-1963,IS:383-1970
and the gradation curve was plotted.
Figure 3.6 : Sieve shaker
3.4 MIX DESIGN
Mix design is defined as the process of
selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and
determining their relative proportions with
the object of producing concrete of certain
minimum strength and durability as
economically as possible.
A Mix design was conducted as per IS
10262-1982 to arrive at M 20 mix concrete.
3.5 MIXING OF CONCRETE
The coarse aggregate and fine aggregate were
weighed and the concrete mixture was
prepared by hand mixing on a water tight
platform. On the water tight platform cement
and fine aggregates are mixed thoroughly
until a uniform colour is obtained, to this
mixture coarse aggregate was added and
mixed thoroughly. Then water is added
carefully making sure no water is lost during
mixing. While adding water care should be
taken to add it in stages so as to prevent
bleeding which may affect the strength
formation of concrete rising of water required
for hydration to the surface. Clean and oiled
mould for each category was then placed on
the vibrating table respectively and filled in
three layers. Vibrations were stopped as soon
as the cement slurry appeared on the top
surface of the mould
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Parishodh Journal
Fig. 5. Mixing of Ingredients
3.6. CASTING OF RAW AND
PROCESSED COIR FIBRE
REINFORCED CONCRETE
The calculated amount of cement and fine
aggregate are mixed together until a uniform
mix is obtained. Fibres at varying amounts of
4%, 5% and 6% to that of weight of cement
are taken. Coir fibre strands are cut into a
length of 5cm washed and while the raw
fibres are cut into square meshes of 5cm x 5
cm, coated with coconut oil and dried in
sunlight for 24 hours
It is then added to the mix until a uniform
colour is obtained. Coarse aggregates are
then added to the same and mixed, followed
by addition of water. Care should be taken to
add water slowly in stages so as to prevent
bleeding which may affect the strength
formation of concrete. Admixture is added
towards the end of mixing procedure so as to
avail sufficient time for mixing before the
concrete hardens. It is placed in the moulds
of standard dimensions, compacted and
finished.
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Methodology and investigational
work includes the tests required to determine
the quality of materials for concrete making,
concrete mix design, specimen preparation
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and different methods for the concrete
testing.
Research methodology includes:
 After thorough and intense reviewing
of literature, a null hypothesis “Effect
on Properties of Concrete by Partial
Replacement of Cement with Brick
Powder and Coarse Aggregate with
Scrap Rubber”.
 More literature regarding the
hypothesis was studied. Constituent
materials to be used were tested to
obtain the different properties.
 A design mix has been prepared in
accordance with IS 10262:2009 and
IS 456:2000.
4.1 DESIGN MIX
Based on the properties of aggregates,
the design mix for M20 concrete mix as per
IS 10262:2009 is calculated as:
1. Target Mean Strength
fck' = fck + 1.65s
Where standard deviation s = 4 [IS
10262:2009]
Therefore,
fck' = 31.6 N/mm2
2. Water Cement Ratio
As per IS 456:2000, the minimum w/c
ratio required for the complete hydration of
cement is 0.34. However, for concrete to be
workable, we prefer w/c ratio of 0.45 to 0.5.
Hence we assume w/c ratio as 0.5
3. Water Content
As per IS 456:2000, for aggregate size of
20mm, the water content is 186 kg/m3
4. Cement Content
Water cement ratio = 0.5
Water content per m3 of concrete = 186 kg
Cement content = 186/0.5 = 372 kg / m3
Calculation of Sand & Coarse Aggregate
Volume of concrete = 1 m3
Volume of aggregate = Aggregate content/
Specific gravity of the aggregate *1000
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Parishodh Journal
Volume of cement = 372/ (3.0975 × 1000 ) =
0.120 m3
Volume of water = 186 / ( 1 × 1000 ) =
0.1440 m3
5. Fine and Coarse Aggregate Content
Total volume of other materials except coarse
aggregate = 0.120 +0.1440 = 0.264 m3
Coarse and fine aggregate Volume = 1 –
0.264 = 0.736 m3
Fine Aggregate Volume = 0.736 × 0.33 =
0.2429 m3 (Assuming 33% by volume of
total aggregate)
Coarse Aggregate Volume = 0.736 – 0.2429
= 0.4931 m3
Fine Aggregate Weight = 0.2429 × 2.65 ×
1000 = 643.68 kg/ m3
Coarse Aggregate Weight = 0.4931 × 2.57 ×
1000 = 1267.26 kg/ m3
Therefore
Cement ‫ ׃‬Fine Aggregate ‫ ׃‬Coarse Aggregate
= 372 : 643.68 : 1267.26
Cement ‫׃‬Fine Aggregate ‫ ׃‬Coarse
Aggregate = 1 ‫ ׃‬1.73 ‫ ׃‬3.41
V. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
5.1 TESTS ON MATERIALS
5.1. TESTS ON CEMENT
The various tests done on cement are:
1. Standard Consistency
2. Initial Setting Time
3. Final Setting Time
4. Fineness of Cement
5. Density of Cement
6. Soundness of Cement
5.1.1 Standard Consistency
The experiment was done as per IS 4031-Part
IV and the obtained value of standard
consistency is 34 %.
5.1.1.2 Initial Setting Time
Experiment was done as per IS -269:1989,
clause 6.3 and the obtained value of initial
setting time is 70 min. According to IS code
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initial setting time of cement shall not be less
than 30 minutes.
5.1.1.3 Final setting time
Experiment was done as per IS -269:1989,
clause 6.3 and the obtained value of final
setting time is 300 min. According to IS code
initial setting time of cement should not
exceed 10 hours.
5.1.1.4 Fineness of Cement
Experiment was done as per IS 4031-Part I-
1996 and the obtained value of fineness of
cement is 7%.According to IS code the
weight of residue should not exceed 10% for
ordinary cement.
5.1.1.5 Density of Cement
Experiment was done in Le Chatelier’s flask
and the obtained value of density of cement is
3.09 g/ml. According to IS 4031-Part II-1988
density of cement is around 3.15 g/ml.
5.1.1.6 Soundness of Cement
Experiment was done by Le Chatelier method
and the obtained value of soundness of
cement is 1mm.According to IS 269:1989-
Clause 6.2, the expansion of cement must not
exceed 10 mm for ordinary rapid hardening
and low heating portland cement.
5.2 Initial Test
 Sieve test
 Specific gravity test
 Impact test
Sieve test
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MIX PROPORTION

MATERIA WATER CEMENT COARSE FINE

L AGGREG AGGREG
ATE ATE

Kg/m³ 197 394 1071 842

Ratio 0.45 1 2.7 2.1
Specific gravity test

Quantity of material for 3 cubes

S. MIX CEME COARSE FINE SUR WA

N NT AGGREGA AGGRE KHI TE
O kg TE GATE kg R
kg kg Lit

Impact test 1. NM 5 11.9 9.6 0 3

3.2 MIX COMBINATIONS 2. MIX 1 5 11.9 8.64 0.96 2.4

3. MIX 2 5 11.9 7.68 1.92 2.4

S.NO MIX CEME COARS FINE SURK
4. MIX 3 5 11.9 6.72 2.88 2.4
NT E AGGREG HI
% AGGREG ATE %
ATE %
5.1.1 SLUMP TEST
%
1. NM 100 100 100 0 Slump test is the most commonly
used method of measuring consistency of
2. MIX1 100 100 90 10
concrete. It is used conveniently as a control
3. MIX2 100 100 80 20 test and gives an indication of the uniformity
of concrete. Additional information on
4. MIX3 100 100 70 30
workability and quality of concrete can be
obtained by observing the manner in which
Mix Calculations concrete slumps. The apparatus for
M20 grade of concrete is chosen in conducting the slump test essentially consists
this project. of a metallic mould in the form of frustum of
a cone having the internal dimensions of
MATERIAL QUANTITY/m³ bottom diameter 20 cm, top diameter 10 cm
Cement 394 kg and a height of 30 cm as shown in Figure 5.1.
Water 197 lit
Coarse aggregate 1071 kg

Fine aggregate 842 kg

Figure 5.1 : Slump Testing Apparatus

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Parishodh Journal ISSN NO:2347-6648

the water tight platform cement and fine

aggregates are mixed thoroughly until a
uniform colour is obtained, to this mixture
coarse aggregate was added and mixed
thoroughly. Then water is added carefully
making sure no water is lost during mixing.
While adding water care should be taken to
add it in stages so as to prevent bleeding
which may affect the strength formation of
concrete rising of water required for
hydration to the surface. Clean and oiled
mould for each category was then placed on
CASTING AND CURING
the vibrating table respectively and filled in
Concrete is mixed either by hand Fig 5.4. In
three layers. Vibrations were stopped as soon
this casting process is used. Concrete is a
as the cement slurry appeared on the top
mixture of Cement, Water, Coarse and Fine
surface of the mould. Fig 5.5 shows cube
Aggregates and Admixtures. The proportion
specimen placed on table vibrator.
of each material in the mixture affects the
properties of the final hardened concrete.
Figure 5.5 : Cubes Specimen Placed on
These proportions are best measured by
Table Vibrator
weight. Measurement by volume is not as
These specimens were allowed to remain in
accurate, but is suitable for minor projects.
the steel mould for the first 24 hours at
The dry ingredients are mixed and water is
ambient condition. After that these were
added slowly until the concrete is workable.
demoulded with care so that no edges were
This mixture may need to be modified
broken and were placed in the tank at the
depending on the aggregate used to provide a
ambient temperature for curing. After
concrete of the right workability. The mix
demoulding the specimen by loosening the
should not be too stiff or too sloppy. It is
screws of the steel mould, the cubes were
difficult to form good test specimens if it is
placed in the water for 7 days and 28 days.
too stiff. If it is too sloppy, water may
5.2 TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE
separate (bleed) from the mixture.
5.2.1 Compressive Strength Test
Compressive strength is the capacity of a
material or structure to withstand axial loads
tending to reduce the size. It is measured
using the Universal Testing machine.
Concrete can be made to have high
For casting, all the moulds were cleaned and
compressive strength, e.g. many concrete
oiled properly. There were securely tightened
structures have compressive strengths in
to correct dimension before casting. Care was
excess of 50 MPa. Here the compressive
taken that there is no gaps left, where there is
strength of concrete cubes for the plain
any possibility of leakage of slurry. Careful
concrete and fibre reinforced concrete are
procedure was adopted in the batching,
found out using Compression testing
mixing and casting operation. The coarse
machine. Three cubes were cast for each
aggregate and fine aggregate were weighed
percentage of fibres and the average of the
first. The concrete mixture was prepared by
two compressive strength values was taken.
hand mixing on a water tight platform. On

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A Compression testing machine is shown in

Figure 5.2.

Figure 5.2 : Compression Testing Machine

RESULTS
Compressive strength test

S. MIX 7 DAYS 14 DAYS 28 DAYS

N Avg. Compressi Avg. Compressive Avg. Load Compressive
Load ve Load strength (KN) strength
o.
(KN) strength (KN) (N/mm2) (N/mm2)
(N/mm2)
1 NM 280 12.4 340 17.5 480 21.33
2 M1 320 14.2 417 19.2 525 22.33
3 M2 470 20.8 513 24.7 675 30.25
4 M3 390 17.3 560 22.4 630 28.17

Comparison of 7, 14 and 28 days compressive strengthtest results

Chart Title
Compressive strength (N/mm2)

40 30.25 28.17
21.33 22.33 24.7 22.4
30 17.5 19.2 20.8
14.2 17.3
20 12.4
10
0
NM M1 M2 M3
MIX

7 days 14 days 28 DAYS

The above graph indicates the variation of Compressive Strength of concrete at 3, 7 and
28days of curing for M20 grade concrete with different percentages of brick powder replacing in
normal aggregates. It was observed that, strength of concrete varies gradually with increases in
percentage of replacement upto 30% and for 20% of replacement the maximum compressive
strength is obtained.

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CONCLUSION
 Based on results it is obtained that compressive strength for 28 days and 14 days by use of
locally available surkhi in concrete is satisfactory up to 20 % as the partial replacement.
 Surkhi have high strength as compared to fine aggregate. We can replace the fine aggregate
by surkhi, which will be of lesser cost as compared to fine aggregate.
 Hence it can be concluded that the replacement of fine aggregate to surkhi overcomes
the future demand in concrete construction.
REFERENCES

1. Jan Wakeel Ahmad Wani, Ravi Kumar, “Influence of Surkhi on various properties of
2. Concrete Bricks” International Journal for Engineering Research &
Technology ,Volume 6 (2017).
3. Zamir Irfan, Syed Zeeshan Shafi, Altaf Ahmad Bhat“Utilization of Surkhi as a Partial
Replacement of Sand in Concrete” International Journal for Research in Applied Science &
Engineering Technology (IJRASET) Volume 5 Issue XI November 2017
4. M S Shetty “Concrete Technology Theory and Practices,. Chand & Company, New
Delhi” (1987)
5. Indian standard Recommended guidelines for Concrete Mix Design, IS 10262:1982,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi” Reprint1998
6. Gambier ML “Concrete Technology-Second Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing
Company Limited, New Delhi” (1995)
7. Indian standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete, IS- 456:2000, 4th
Revision, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi

8. Urbanek, T; Lee, Johnson. "Column Compression Strength of Tubular Packaging Forms

Made of Paper" (PDF). Journal of Testing and Evaluation. Retrieved 13 May2014
9. NevilleAM. “Properties of Concrete –Fourth and Final Edition, Pearson Education
Limited, Essex” (2002)

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