l RA N S A CTION S

OF T HE

BI BLI O G RA P HI CA L S O C I ET Y .

VO LUME X l
l .

OCT O B ER , 19 1 1, TO APR I L , 19 1 3 .

LO N D O N :
P RI NT E D FO R T HE BIBL I OGRA P H I CA L S O C I ET Y
BY B LA D ES EA S T
,
BLA D E S .

I 9 1 4
 CONTE NTS .

PA G E
JO U RNA L OF T HE T WE N T I ET H S ES S I O N
“
T HE D U P L I C I TY O F D U P L I CA T ES A N D A ” “
N EW E T EN I N
X S O

OF B I B L I OG R A PH Y BY F M A D A N
.
”
.

S E VE N T Y Y EA RS OF C A TA L O G U I N G . BY H B W HE
. . A T LEY

W HA T IS B I B L I OG R A PH Y ? BY W W . . G RE G 39

J O U R NA L OF T HE T WE N T Y -F I R S T S ES S I O N 55

~ ~
SO ME S IX T EE N T H C E N TU R Y M A N U S C R I P T L E TT ER B O O K S - .

BY P . S . A LL E N
T HE G E N ER A L C A TA L OG U E OF I N CU N A B ULA . BY E R N S T GR O U S

A B B L I R PH Y
I M DER N B R I T I H H I
OG A OF O S S TO R Y S I N C E 1 48
5 .

B H E N R Y R T EDDER
Y . 101

NO TES ON T HE B I B L I O G R A PH Y 0F PO PE . BY G A A IT EN
. . K 1 13

BO O KS OF S E C RE TS . BY P R F E R FER
O SSO G US O N

T HE I N VE N T O R Y O F I N CU N A B UL A I N G REA T B R I TA I N AN D

I RE L A N D BY E R N S T C RO U S
.

N O TES ON DE N C E FO R L I T ER A R Y S T U DE N TS
B I B L I OG R A PH I C A L EV I

A N D E D I T O R S O F EN G L I S H W O R K S O F T HE S I X T EE N T H A N D

S E VE N T EE N T H C E N TU R I E S BY R O N A L D B M c K E R R o w
. . 21 3

I N DE X . BY ET HE L FE NGA 32 1
 T HE BI BLI O G RA P HI C A L S O C I ET Y .

JO URN A L O F T HE T WEN T I ET H S ES S I O N .

O ctobe r , 191 1, to M a rch . 19 12 .

O C T O B ER M EE TI N G .

The fi rs t M e e ti n g o f t h e S e ss i o n wa s h e ld a t 2 0 H a n o v e r S qu a re o n
,

M o n d a y O c t o b e r 1 6 th a t 5 p m t h e P re s id e n t M r W h e a tl e y in t h e
, , . .
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C h ai r. A bbo t Gasqu e t re a d a p ap e r illu st rat e d wit h l an t e rn slid e s o n

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2726 P r ogr ess of 2726 R evision of tile Vul g a t e O f .thi s h e ki n dly s u p p li e d

t h e fo ll o wi n g S umm a ry .

S U MM A R Y .
- T h e l e c t ure r fi rs t c a ll e d t h e a tt e n ti o n o f t h e m e e ti n g t o t h e
s c o p e o f t h e w o rk e n t ru s t e d t o t h e R e vi s i n g C o mmi s s i o n w h i c h h e h a d ,

e x pl a i n e d fully in a p re vio u s l e c tu re giv e n t o t h e S o c i e ty t wo y e a rs b e fo re .

T h e a c tu a l fo rm a l re vi s i o n o f t h e t e xt c o u ld n o t b e a tt e m p t e d u n til c o n
s id e ra b l e p re p a ra t o ry w o rk h a d b e e n p e rfo rm e d A S a b a s i s fo r s ta rti n g o n
.

a c riti ca l e x a mi n a ti o n O f t h e La ti n t e xt o f t h e Bibl e it wa s o f t h e fi rs t ,

im p o rtan c e t o h a ve t h e t e xt o f t h e Vu lga te a s S t J e ro m e h a d p ro d uc e d it
. .

It is t h e d e t e rmi n a ti o n o f th a t t e xt whi c h is th e e n d w h i ch t h e p re s e n t
C o mmi s s i o n h as in vi e w .

T o u n d e rs t a n d t h e im p o rta n c e o f t h i s it m a y b e u s e ful t o b e a r in mi n d
,

th a t in th e l as t qua rt e r o f t h e 4 t h c e n tu ry S t J e ro m e wa s ch a rge d by P op e
.

S t D a m a sus t o giv e t h e C h u rc h a n a cc u ra t e La ti n v e s i o n o f t h e Bibl e t o

. r

t ak e t h e p l ac e o f t h e n um e ro u s t ra n sl a ti o n s t h e n c u rre n t A ll o ur
.

a u t h o riti e s a t t h e t d re a g re e d a s t o t h e c o m e t e n c e o f S t J e ro m e
p re s e n a y a p .

fo r t h e t ask e n t ru s t e d t o him by P o p e S t D a m a s us . H e h a d a l s o a c c e ss t o
.

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a n d whi ch n o l o n g e r e xi s t so t h a t if w e c o uld o bt a i n h is v e rs i o n it w o uld

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o bvi o u s ly b e o f t h e g re a t e s t im p ort a n ce n o t o n ly fo r t h e La ti n t e xt but fo r

,

t h e G re e k a n d in re l a ti o n t o t h e O ld T e s t a m e n t fo r t h e S e p tu a gi n t v e rs i o n
, .

T h e m e th o d s fo ll o w e d in c o ll a ti n g t h e v ari o u s M S S w e re t h e n e xp l a i n e d .

a n d illu s t ra t e d by a se ri e s o f S lid e s T h e Bibl e p ri n t e d t o se cu re u n i fo rmity

.

o f co ll a ti o n wa s in fi v e g o o d s iz e d v o lum e s e xt e n di n g t o s o m e a g
p e
, s ,

a n d a l re a dy a b o u t 1 0 0 b o u n d v o lum e s o f th e s e c o ll a ti o n s a re p l ac e d o n t h e

S h e lv e s o f t h e w o rk ro o m o f t h e C o mmi s s i o n in R o m e .

D u ri n g t h e l a s t t wo y e a rs a g re a t d e a l in t h e wa y o f p h o t o g ra p hy h a s
b e e n d o n e t o h e l p t h e w ork T h e C o mmi ss i o n h ad t h e b e st p o ssibl e
.

ma chi n e m a d e fo r re p ro du ci n g M S S by th e bla c k a n d whit e p ro c e ss I n .

‘
.

th i s way m an y o f t h e m o st im p o rt a nt Bibl e s ha v e b e e n c op i e d a n d in ord e r ,

t o se c u re a b so lut e e x ac t n e ss t h e p h o t o g ra p h s are c o m p are d a n d c o ll a t e d

with t h e M S S a n d in a n y p l ac e wh e re th e re a di n g is n o t p e rfe c tly c l e a r it

.
,

is n o t e d in t h e m a rgi n I n t h i s wa y a c o n s id e ra bl e n umb e r o f t h e m o s t
.

im p o rt an t La ti n Bibli ca l t e xt s h a v e b e e n ga t h e re d t oge th e r a n d a re re a dy
fo r t h e u se o f t h o se wh o a re a t w o rk o n c o m p ari n g t h e c o ll a ti o n s a n d wh o ,

m a y fi n d so m e re a s o n t o d o ubt t h e a cc u ra c y o f s o m e re a di n g Ab o ut 1 5 0 .

b o u n d v olum e s o f th e se p h o t o gra p h ic c op i e s o f M S S fro m va ri o u s lib ra ri e s .

a n d c o ll e c ti o n s h a v e b e e n so fa r p re p are d .

A ft e r e xpla i n ing th e m e th o d s u se d in thi s work o f coll e cti n g th e ma t e ri a l

n e c e ssa ry fo r o bta i n i n g t h e b e s t p o ssibl e t e xt o f S t J e ro m e s Vulga te t h e .
’
,

l e c ture r e x h ibit e d a se ri e s o f p h o t o gra p h s o f s o m e o f t h e m os t im p o rt an t

La ti n Bibli cal M S S By th e s e h e S h ow e d wh a t t h e E n gli s h a n d I ri sh sc rib e s
.

h a d d o n e in re ga rd t o t h e Bibl e in s u c h M S S a s t h e Codex .

'

T/ze L zud zsf a r ue G osp el

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s, e tc .

N O V E MB E R M E ETI N G .

On M o n d ay N o v e mb e r 2 0 th a t 5 p m t h e P re sid e n t M r Wh e a tl e y
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in t h e C h a i r D r G K F o rt e s cu e re a d a p a p e r o n m e Br z tz s/z M u seu m
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S uo eet I n d e x O f t
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v

SU MM R Y — T h l tu
A . e ec b e ga n by so m e ac c o u n t o f th e e a rli e r ca ta l ogu e s
re r

o f t h e B riti s h Mu s e um d t o f S ir A n t o n y P a n iz z i s
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1 78 7 to 1 8 7
, 3 t h e a ,
e

s u cc e ss i o n t o t h e o ffic e o f K e e p e r o f P ri n t e d B o o k s I t is fro m thi s p e ri o d.

th a t t h e d e v e l op m e n t o f th e library da t e s .

Imm e di at e ly a ft e r h is a cce ssi on t o p o we r P an izzi b e ga n t o c arry out h is

,

d e sig n of fo rmi n g a G e n e ra l A lph a b e ti ca l C a tal o gu e o f t h e e nti re lib ra ry .

H e s t re n u o u s ly o pp o s e d t h e p ri n ti n g o f thi s ca t a l o gu e u n til it wa s c o m
le t e d a n d s e c ure d t h e a d o p ti o n o f h is o wn s y s t e m o f t ra n sc ribe d S li p s
p ,

w hi c h c o uld b e ea sily t ak e n up a n d pas te d d own a ga i n Thi s syst e m .

re m a i n e d in fo rce u n til t h e y e a r 1 8 8 0 w h e n t h e w o rk o f i n c o rp o ra ti n g t h e
,

wh o l e o f t h e e xi s tin g ca tal o gu e s i n t o on e al p h a b e t wa s co m p l e t e d an d n o
a dditi o n s b e y o n d t h e n e wly a c qui re d b o ok s re m a i n e d t o b e d e a lt wit h .

From thi s y e ar da t e s th e p ri n ti n g o f th e Ca tal ogu e whi ch wa s c o mp l e te d ,

withi n twe n ty y e ars u n d e r t h e e dit o rshi p o f D r R i c h a rd Garn e tt a n d .

M r Arth u r Mille r
. .

R ea d e rs in t h e B riti sh Mu se um m ay b e divid e d i n t o t wo cla sse s th o se ,

wh o c o m e th e re t o re a d b o o k s whi c h a re k n o w n t o th e m b e fo re h a n d a n d ,

th os e wh o c o m e to s tudy t h e lit e ra tu re o f a s ubj e c t but do n ot kn o w wh a t

bo o ks e xi s t o n t h e o bj e c t o f th e i r re se arch Fo r t h e fi rs t c las s t h e G e n e ra l
.
,

C a ta l ogu e is m o re o r l e s s a n i n fa llibl e guid e but fo r t h e se c o n d c l a ss o f

, , ,

re a d e rs t h e sa m e ca t a l o gu e is al l but u se l e s s T h e l e c t ure r p roc e e d e d t o

.

e xpl a in t h e re a so n s whi c h l e d him imm e di a t e ly a ft e r h is a p p o i n tm e n t t o

,

t h e p os t o f S u p e ri n t e n d e n t o f t h e R e a di n g R o o m t o re a li s e t h e imm e di a t e
,

a n d p re s s i n g n e c e s s ity o f p ro du c i n g so m e s o rt o f g u id e t o t h e lit e ra tu re ,

above al lt o t h e re c e n t lit e ra tu re o f e ac h s ubj e c t

, H e t h e re fo re d e t e rmi n e d
.

t o d e v o t e h is tim e t o t h e form a ti o n o f t h e S ubj e c t I n d e x t h e fi rs t v o l um e ,

o f w h i ch was p u bli s h e d in 1 8 8 6 a n d whi c h h a s n o w re a c h e d it s fi fth v o lum e ,

t h e wh o l e co n t a i n i n g up t o t h e p re s e n t tim e
,
re fe re n c e s t o b o o k s
,

o n e v e ry s ubj e ct im p o rta n t o r t rivi al a s t h e ca se m a y b e

, T h e r e m ai n d e r .

o f t h e l e c t ure d ea lt with t h r e e ma i n p o i n t s in con n e c ti o n with t hi s w o rk .

T h e fi rs t e xp l a i n e d t h e di s ti n c ti o n be tw e e n t h e t wo m e t h o d s o f formi n g a
c a t al o gu e o f s ubj e c t s viz ,
t h e C la s s C a ta l o gu e a n d t h e S ubj e ct I n d e x
.
, .

B 2
 4 f 0 UR N / 1L .

The co m p il e r o f a sc i e n tifi c c l a ss c ata l o gu e b e gi n s by t aki n g a n umb e r

o f s w e e p i n g c l a s s h e a di n g s s u c h a s Th e o l o gy H i s to ry S o c i o lo gy B e ll e s
, , ,

Le tt re s a n d s o fo rth H e th e n p ro ce e d s t o divid e a n d sub divide an d

,
.
-

c l a s s i fy a n d s p e c i fy u n til h e im a gi n e s th a t h e h a s a rriv e d a t s o m e t h i n g

a p p ro xim a ti n g t o a c o rre c t c l as s ifi ca ti o n o f hum a n k n o wl e dg e H a vi ng .

a c c o m p li s h e d thi s m ore o r l e s s im p o ss ibl e t a s k h e e n d e a v o u rs t o fo rce h is ,

b o o k s i n t o o n e o r o t h e r o f t h e h u n dre d s o r th o u sa n d s o f cl a s se s a n d s ub
c l a sse s h e h a s fo r m e d t o re ce iv e t h e m h is w o rk is in va i n t h e b o o k s will ,

n o t fit i n t o h is p ig e o n h o l e s a n d t h e re s ult is i n e vit a bl e fa ilu re

-
, .

A S ubj t I d x u
ec n e ,
t h a t o f t h e B riti sh Mu se um is fo rm e d o n
s ch as ,

e x ac tly t h e o p p o s it e p ri n c i p l e I t a im s a t n o l o gica l s e qu e n ce n o a cc u rat e

.
,

c l ass ifi ca ti o n .It b e gi n s a t t h e o th e r e n d by t a ki n g fi rs t t h e titl e s o f t h e

b o o k s t h e m se lv e s a n d t h e n p la ci n g th e m u n d e r t h e h e a di n gs i n t o wh i c h
t h e y na tu ra lly fa ll T h e l e c tu re r illu s tra t e d h is m e a n i n g by re fe rri n g t o
.

s e v e ra l e x a m p l e s O n e o f t h e se wa s t h e c a s e o f b o o k s o n t h e H o rs e
. In .

t h e S u bj e c t I n d e x b o o k s di re c tly d e a li n g with t h i s a n im a l will b e fo u n d

,

un d e r t h e h e a di n g H o rs e wit h c ro ss re fe re n c e s fo r i n di re c t re fe re n c e s o
,
-
, r

s id e lig h t s ,
t o Ag ri c ultu re D o m e s ti c An im a l s Ra c in g a n d V e te ri n a ry
, , ,

S cie n ce w h e re a s in t h e b e st o f C l a s s C a t a l o g ue s B ru n e t s T a o/e M étfi odz oue

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’
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t h e s e arc h e r will b e c o m p e ll e d t o g ro p e h is wa y t h ro ugh t h e m a i n h e a di n g

S c i e n c e s a n d Art s u n til h e a rriv e s a t t h e s ub h e a di n g M e di ca l S c i e n c e

-
.

At th e e nd th i s h ea di n g h e will fi n d a s ub sub h e a di n g e n titl e d

of -

Ve t e rin ary S c i e n c e wh e re h e will fi n d o n e h al f o f h is s ubj e ct viz b o ok s o n

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,

t h e a n a t o my p hy s i o l o gy a n d z o o l o gi c a l h i s t o ry o f t h e H o rse
,
F o r t h e o th e r .

h a l f h e will ha v e t o tu rn t o qu it e a n o th e r s ub h e a di n g o f t h e m ai n h ea di n g -

S c i e n c e s a n d Art s n a m e ly G ymn a s ti c E x e rc i se s wh e n h e will di sc o ve r th e

, , ,

lit e ra tu re o f h o rs e m a n ship .

The s e co n d
i t o n wh i c h t h e l e c tu re r l a id gre a t s tre s s wa s t h e
p o n , ,

im p o s s ibility o f c o m p ili n g a S ubj e c t I n d e x m e re ly fro m titl e p a g e s To be -

.

o f a n y g e n ui n e use t o t h e w o rld a S ubj e c t I n d e x mu s t c o n s i s t O f a n i n d e x

o f t h e m a i n s ubj e c t o r s ubj e c t s t re a t e d o f in e a c h w o rk Thi s is su ffi ci e n tly .

 f 0 URN A L .
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i n di ca te d by t h e titl e page s o f a b o ut s ixty o ut o f e ve ry hu n d re d b o o k s 3 th e

-

re m a i n i n g fo rty mu s t b e s e e n a n d m o re o r l e s s re a d b e fore th e y ca n b e

o rly i n d e x e d M a n y e x a m p l e s w e re giv e n by t h e l e c tu re r o f b o o k s
p r p e .

wh i c h re qui re d t o b e e n t e re d s e pa ra t e ly u n d e r se v e ra l h e a di n gs o f b oo k s
wit h i n d e fi n it e o r t e ch n i ca l titl e s su c h a s A rt A rc h aeo l o gy t h e Ea s t o f
, ,

s c i e ntific t e rm s o r o f mi sl e a di n g titl e s s uc h a s P o rt e r s [Mus ic o f tl ze Wil

’
,
d ,

a t re a ti s e o n N a tu re S tudy o r L igl
,
z t f or t ire Bl in d a w o rk o n A fri ca n ,

Mi ss i o n s .

T h e thi rd p o i n t d e a lt with wa s t h e v a lu e o f t h e I n d e x a s a g e n e ra l
bibli o gra phy o f c u rre n t lit e ra tu re o f t h e c ivilize d wo rld T h e l e ctu re r .

cl a im e d fo r t h e I n d e x th a t it fo rm s a C l o s e r a p p ro xim a ti o n th a n ca n b e fo u n d

e l s e wh e re t o a li s t o f w h a t is b e s t in m o d e rn lit e ra tu re a n d thu s
p os s e s se s ,

a sp e c i a l int e re s t as illu s t ra ti n g t h e m a i n c o u rs e o f e v e n t s t h e c u rre n t s , ,

c ro s s c u rre n t s
-
, a n d ba c kwa t e rs o f th o ug h t t h e s o c i a l li fe th e s c i e n tifi c
, ,

ro g re s s o f t h e l a s t thi rty y ea rs S e v e ra l e x a m p l e s o f t h e e b b a n d fl o w o f
p .

Curre n t lit e ra tu re w e re giv e n t h e m o s t n o t e w o rthy o f whi c h is th e fa c t t h a t

,

du ri n g t h e p as t fi ve y ea rs th e re a re 6 1 5 e n t ri e s u n d e r t h e hi s to ry o f t h e
Un it e d K i ngd o m a n d u n d e r t h e hi s to ry o f Fra n ce o f whi ch n o l e ss ,

than 6 5 9 re l a t e t o th e hi s t o ry o f t h e y e a rs 1 7 8 9 t o 1 8 1 5 .

Thu s th e re a re m o re b o o k s p ubli s h e d du ri n g t h e se five y e a rs ( th e

p p
r o o r ti o n du ri n g ea c h e a rli e r p e ri o d o f th e I n d e x b e i n g t h e s a m e
) o n t h i s

S h o rt p e ri o d o f F re n c h h i s t o ry t h a n o n t h e wh o l e o f t h e hi s t o ry o f G re a t

B rita i n fro m C aesa r s i n va si o n to t h e p re se n t tim e

’
.

A fte r re m a rk s by th e Pre side n t M r B alli nge r M r We l ch M r R e dgra ve

, .
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, .
,

M r P o tt e r a n d M r P e ddi e a h ea rty v o t e o f th a n k s wa s o ffe re d t o

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, .
,

M r Fo rt e sc u e a n d b ri e fly a c k n o wl e dg e d
. .

D EC E MB ER M EE TI N G .

On M o n d a y D e c e mb e r 1
,
8 t h th P
, id t M Wh tl y
e re s en ,
r. ea e ,
in t h e Ch ia r,

Mr . Fa l con e r M a da n re a d a a
p p e r o n Tb c D pl
uicity of D up l
ica tes, ddin g
a

to it A N ote on a ew exten sion of Bioliog

n m fi
p y . B o th p ap e r an d N o t e a re
p rint e d in full in t h e p re s e n t v o lum e .
 6 1 0 UR N AL .

P iu
re v o s to th e A u l M ti g
nn a ee n th e fo ll owi n g R epor t and B a la nc e
S he e t we re c i rc ula te d a m o n g M e mb e rs by m e a n s of th e N e w s -S k ee t .

A NN UA L R E POR T .

( 1 u
D ri n g t h e p as t y e ar t h e S o c i e ty h a s l o s t th re e M e mb e rs by d e a th

v C C h e twy n d A tki n so n M rs P ro c t o r a n d M r W J S mith

( t h e R e . .
,
.
) o n e . . .
,

by re sign a ti o n a n d o n e u n d e r R ul e 7 F iv e n e w M e mb e rs h a v e b e e n
,
.

e l e c t e d t o fill th e s e va c a n c i e s .

Ea rly in l a s t y e a r t h e t wo b o o k s fo r 1 9 1 0 t h e G en er a lI n dex to ,

T r a n sa ction s , Vol
s I .
—X
,
a nd t h e D ict ion a ry f
o tl
ce E ng/is! ; Book T r a d e ,
1
55 6 - 16 2
4 , dit e d by M r R B M c K e rro w w e re s e n t o ut t o M e mb e rs
e . . .
, .

F o r th e p re se n t y e a r Mi s s H e n ri e tta P a lm e r s H a n dl is t of E ngl is l
’
z E d it ion s

a nd Tr a ns l a tion s o f t lze G r eek a nd L a t in C la s s ics 1 4 8 0 —16 0

4 with , ,

M r S ch ol d e re r s I n tro du c ti o n is n o w re a dy a n d Vo l X I o f o ur T r a n sa c
’
,
. .
,

tio s a n d a fo u rt h p a rt o f th e H a n d l
n is ts of E ngl isl z P r in ter s a re a lm o s t

th rough t h e p re ss It is h o p e d th a t allth re e b o o k s m ay b e in M e mb e rs
.
’

h an d s s o m e tim e n e xt m o n th .

A t th e tim e w h e n o ur S oc i e ty wa s fo un d e d th e c ult o f t h e p ap e r
wra pp e r wa s a t it s h e igh t O ur b o o k s in th e i r se v e ra l s e ri e s w e re t h us a ll
.

i s su e d in p ap e r wra pp e rs n o t in o rd e r t o sa v e t h e co s t o f c as i n g but b e ca u s e
, ,

s o m e o f o ur M e mb e rs wi s h e d t o k e e p t h e m u n b o u n d in b o x e s a n d o th e rs ,

t o h a v e p ap e r w ra p p e rs t o p re se rv e w h e n t h e b o o k s w e re b o u n d The .

liki n g fo r k e e p i n g b oo k s u n b o u n d in b o x e s is c e rta i n ly l e s s p re va l e n t tha n

it wa s e igh t e e n y e ars ago a n d wh e n a s e t o f o ur b o o k s c o m e s i n t o t h e
,

m a rk e t it is usua lly di sc o v e re d th a t th e o w n e r h a s b o un d th e e a rli e r vo l um e s

a n d th e n fi n d in g t h e roc e s s a dd s fro m 4 0 p e r c e n t t o 6 0 p e r c e n t t o
, p . .

th e i r c os t h a s l e ft th e l a t e r o n e s in t h e i r w rapp e rs T h e C o u n c il th e re fo re
, .
, ,

p p e t o t a k e t h e o p p o rtu n ity o ff e re d by s t a rti n g a n e w d e ca d e o f

r o o s

T r a n s a ction s t o p ut t h e S o c i e ty s b o o k s i n t o c a se s whi c h th o ugh quit e

’
, ,

i n e xp e n s ive will e na bl e th e m to s t an d o n o p e n b o o k sh e lve s w ith l e s s ri sk

,

o f i n j u ry th a n p a p e r w ra rs But if a n e xi s ti n g M e mb e rs o f t h e S o c i e ty
pp e y .

wh o S t ro n gly p re fe r t h e p re s e n t w ra pp e rs will n oti fy thi s t o t h e H o n .

 f 0 UR N A L .

ta ry t h e
S e c re , C o u n c il
will m e e t th e i r wi sh e s by c on ti n ui n g t o su p p ly th e m
with wra pp e rs a n d w ra p p e rs will o f co u rse c o n ti n u e t o b e u s e d fo r t h e H a n d
, , ,

l is ts of E ngl isli P r in te r s o f whi c h th re e p a rt s h a v e a l re a dy b e e n i s s u e d

,
.

Fo r t h e y e a r 1 9 1 2 t h e fi rs t b o o k se n t t o t h e p ri n t e r will b e
M r A ru n d e ll E sd a il
. e s H a n dl
’
is t of E ngl is lc R om a ces a n d N ove l s th e n ,

m a n us c ri p t o f whi c h h a s b e e n fo r s o m e tim e in th e S e c re t a ry s h a n d s Fo r ’
.

t h e o t h e r b o o k o f t h e y e a r M r R B M c K e rro w h a s ki n dly u n d e rt a k e n t o
. . .

s e a rc h o u t as fa r a s p o s s ibl e al
,
lt h e m a rk s o r d e vi c e s u s e d by En gli s h
,

r i n t e rs a n d ubli h rs u t o t h c l o f t h e y e a r 1 6 4 0 a n d t o e dit fa c
p p s e p e o s e ,

s imil e s o f t h e m as a n illu s t ra t e d M o n o g ra p h Th e se t wo b o ok s will m ak e .

imp o rtan t a dditi o n s t o t h e a tt e m pt s s p o k e n o f in t h e l a s t R e p o rt t o

“
,
”
,
“

i n cre as e o ur k n o wl e dge o f En gli s h b o o k p ro du c ti o n by i n ve s tiga ti n g it -

S im ult a n e o u s ly fro m it s lit e ra ry an d ty p o gra p hi c a l s id e s whil e t h e l a tt e r o f ”

,

t h e m it is h o p e d w ill b e p l e a s i n g t o M e mb e rs e sp e ci a lly i n t e re s t e d in t h e
, ,

illu s t ra ti o n a n d d e c o ra ti o n o f b o o k s wh o s e t a st e s du ri n g th e l a s t fe w y e ars
,

h a v e b e e n s o m e wh a t s e v e re ly n e gl e c t e d D uri n g t h e fi rs t h a l f o f t h e
.

S o ci e ty s e xi st e n c e t h e Illu s t ra t e d M o n o g ra p h s ra th e r d wa rfe d it s o th e r
’

u bli c a ti o n s th e s e m o n o g ra h s b e i n g m a i n ly c o n c e rn e d w it h fo re ig n w o rk
p , p ,

a n d c o m pa ra tiv e ly littl e b e i n g d o n e fo r E n gli s h bibli og ra p hy T h e b al a n ce .

h avi n g n o w b e e n re s t o e d t h e C o un c il will b e v e ry p l e a se d t o re c e iv e
r ,

s ugg e s ti o n s fo r s o m e m o re Illu s t ra t e d M o n o g ra ph s a n d g re a tly h o p e th a t ,

t h e l o n g p ro mi s e d o n e by M r C a m p b e ll D o dg s o n on H a n s W e iditz m a y a t
.

l as t b e fo rth co mi n g .

M r R B M c K e rro w s e dit o ri a l wo rk o n th e 1 5 5 7— 1 6 4 2 D iction a ry

. . .
’

f t h E n l i l B k t r a d e a n d h is
p ro mi s e d M o n o gra p h o n th e M a rk s a n d
-
o e g s c o o ,

D e v i ce s o f En gli s h P rin t e rs a n d P u bli s h e rs h a v e a l re a dy b e e n m e n ti o n e d in

t h i s R e p ort M r P o ll a rd h a s n o w i n fo rm e d t h e C o u n c il th a t h e h a s fo r
. .

so m e tim e b e e n a v a ili n g him s e l f o f M r M c K e rro w s h e l p a n d a dvi ce in

’
.

o th e r m a tt e rs co n n e c t e d with t h e S o c i e ty s w o rk a n d w o uld g re a tly lik e t o

’
,

h a v e h im a s h is c o ll e a gu e in t h e H o n S e cre t a ry sh i p T h e C oun c il h a v e
. .

m uc h p l e a su re in a skin g t h e S o c i e ty in re e l e c ti n g Mr P o lla rd t o s e c u re
,
-
.
,

a l so t h e h e l p o f M r M c K e rro w by e l e c ti n g h im a s J o i n t H o n S e c re ta ry
. . .
 s / 0 URN AL .

O wi g nu re o f o th e r n e e d s th e Lo nd on S c h o o l o f
to th e p re ss
E co n o mi cs wa s n e ve r a bl e t o give t h e S o c i e ty th e imp ro ve d a cco mm o da ti o n
fo r it s lib ra ry w h i c h wa s o rigi n a lly p ro mi s e d T h e C o u n cil h a s th e re fo re .
, ,

fo r s o m e tim e b e e n in n e go ti a ti o n with U n iv e rs ity C o ll e ge Lo n d on fo r t h e , ,

h o usi n g o f t h e S o c i e ty s b o o k s t h e re o n S imil a r t e rm s t o t h o se a rra n ge d wit h

’

t h e S c h o o l o f E c o n o mi c s but it wa s n o t i n t e n d e d t o m a k e a n y c h a n g e
,

u n til 1 9 1 2 N o ti c e h o w e v e r wa s re c e iv e d in t h e A utum n fro m t h e S c h o o l

.
, ,

o f Ec o n o mi c s th a t in c on s e qu e n c e o f re c e n t d o n a ti o n s t o it s o wn lib ra ry it

wa s d e s i ro u s o f re ga i n i n g p o ss e ss i on o f t h e s p ac e l e n t t o t h e S oc i e ty a s s oo n

a s p o s s ibl e a n d o ur lib ra ry wa s
,
th e re fo re m o ve d t o U n ive rs ity C o ll e ge , ,

S h o rtly b e fo re t h e C h ri s tm a s h o lid a y s Fu rth e r i n fo rm a ti o n o n thi s s ubj e c t .

will b e giv e n in a n e arly n u mb e r o f t h e N ew s S treet - .

BALANCE S HEET — 1st Ja nua ry, 1911 t o S lat De ce m .

, b e r, 1911, i ncl usive .

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 j O UR N A L .
9

AN N UA L M EE T I N G .

The ine t e e n th A n n u a l M e e ti n g o f th e S o c i e ty wa s h e ld a t 2 0 H a n o ve r
n ,

S qu are o n M o n d a y J a n u a ry 1 5 th a t 5 p m t h e P re s id e n t M r H B
, , , . .
, ,
. . .

Wh e a tl e y in t h e C h a i r
, .

A fte r th e Min ut e s of th e p re vi ou s A n n ua l M e e ti n g h ad b e e n re a d a n d
c o n fi rm e d t h e C o un c il s A n n u a l R e p o rt wa s re a d by t h e A ssi s t a n t S e c re ta ry
’
,

a n d it s a d o p ti o n a n d th a t o f t h e B a l a n c e S h e e t m o v e d by t h e P re s id e nt , ,

a n d ca rri e d u na n im o u sly Wit h re ga rd t o t h e B al a n ce S h e e t t h e P re s id e n t

.
,

e xp l a i n e d th a t o w i n g t o t h e t h i r d M o n d a y in th a t J a n u a ry fa lli n g o n t h e

e a rli e s t p o ss ibl e d a t e it wa s n e c e s sa ry t o i s s u e t h e N ew s S ke e t b e fo re t h e
,
-

a n n u a l A udit Thi s h a d s i n ce t a k e n p l a c e an d t h e B a l an c e S h e e t duly

.
, ,

a udit e d by M r N e a l e wa s n o w o n t h e ta bl e
.
, .

O n t h e m o ti o n o f M r B o sa n qu e t se c o n d e d by M r T urb a yn e t h e fo ll o w
.
,
.
,

in g g e n tl e m e n w e re e l e c t e d a s M e mb e rs o f C o u n c il fo r t h e y e a r 1 9 1 2 Mr .

G A A itk e n Mr G F B a r w i c k M r S R C h ri s ti e Mill e r S ir E rn e s t C l a rke

. .
,
. . .
,
. . .
-
, ,

M r Li o n e l C u st M r S t e p h e n G a s e l
.
, . e e M r W W G re g M r A W K Mill e r ,
. . .
, . . . .
,

M r F rank S idgwi c k M r H R T e dd e r M r C h a rl e s W e l c h M r T J Wi se
.
, . . .
,
.
, . . . .

T h e P re sid e n t t h e n m o v e d th a t M r R B M c K e rro w b e e l e c t e d t o . . .

s e rv e j o i n tly wit h M r P o ll a rd a s H o n S e c re t a ry fo r t h e e n s ui n g y e a r
. In . .

s u pp o rt o f thi s m o ti o n whi c h wa s c arr i e d u n a n im o u s ly h e e x p l a i n e d th a t

, ,

M r P o ll a rd w h o h a d n o w b e e n H o n S e c re ta ry fo r e ight e e n y e a rs h a d
.
,
.
,

s ugg e s t e d th a t it w o uld b e a g re a t re li e f t o h im a n d a n e qu a lly g re a t

a dva n ta g e t o t h e S o c i e ty if t h e h e l p whi c h h e h a d b e e n re c e ivi n g fo r s o m e

,

tim e fro m M r M c K e rro w c o uld b e re n d e re d p e rm a n e n t by M r M c K e r o w

. . r

b e i n g e l e c te d a s h is c o ll e a gu e in th e S e c re ta ry sh i p M r M c K e rro w h a d . .

ki n dly c o n s e n t e d t o t h e p rop os e d a rra n ge m e n t whi c h a s givi n g it t wo ,

w o rk e rs i n ste a d o f o n e w o uld b e ve ry adva n ta ge o u s t o t h e S o ci e ty a n d was

,

warmly re co mm e n d e d by th e C o u n c il .

O n t h e m o ti o n o f M r R e dg ra ve s e c o n d e d by M r We l c h M r H B
.
, .
,
. . .

Wh e a tl e y was th e n re e l e c t e d by ac cla m a ti o n P re s id e n t o f th e S oc i e ty fo r
-

t h e e n s ui n g y ear .
 10 1 0 UR N / 1

A ft tu rn i n g th a n k s fo r h is re e l e c ti o n M r Wh e a tl e y a s h is
er re
-
, .
,

P re sid e n tia l a dd re ss re a d a p a p e r e n titl e d S even ty y ea r s of Ca ta loguing

, ,

p ri n t e d in full in t h e p re s e n t v o lum e .

F E B RUAR Y M EE TI N G .

On M o n da y ,
Fb e ru a ry 1 9th , at 5 p m . .
,
th e P id t
re s en ,
Mr . H B . .

Wh e a tl e y in t h e ,
W W G re g re a d a pa p e r e n titl e d W/za t is
C h a i r, M r . . .

Bib l iogr ap l zy t T h i s is p ri n t e d in full in t h e p re se n t vo lum e but a s a

”
,

S umm a ry w h i c h M r G re g ki n dly s upp li e d w h i c h t e m po ra rily s e p a ra t e d

.
,

fro m h is p a p e r c o n ta i n s s o m e di ff e re n t p o i n t s thi s a l s o is p ri n t e d
, ,
.

S U MM A R Y M r G re g b e ga n by dividi n g bibli o g ra p h y i n t o th re e
.
-
.

b ra nc h e s Th e re a re t h e El e m e n t s o f Bibli o gra p h y t h e re is S y s te m a ti c
.
,

Bibli o gra p h y a n d th e re is C riti ca l Bibli o grap hy T h e El e m e n t s o f

, .

Bibli o g rap hy i n clud e a ll t h e t e c h n i ca l kn o w l e dg e w h i c h is re q ui re d fo r

u n ra ve lli n g t h e h i st o ry o f B o o k s wh e th e r w ritt e n o r p ri n t e d It e mb ra c e s
,
.

e ve rythi n g c o n ce rn e d with t h e p re p a ra ti o n o f t h e m a t e ri a l o f w hi c h b o o k s

a re m a d e t h e p ro c e ss e s o f C o p yi n g a n d p ri n ti n g p a l ae o gra p h y a n d ty p o
, ,

gra p hy T h e El e m e n t s it wa s m a i n ta i n e d a re c o mm o n ly s tudi e d a n d
.
, ,

ta ugh t so fa r a s th e y a re t a ugh t fro m a w ro n g p o i n t o f vi e w Th e y a re

, , .

t rea t e d a s th o ugh th e y w e re o n ly s ign ifi ca n t for bibli o gra p h ica l d e scri p ti on .

T h i s t e nd s t o e xa gge ra t e t h e im p o rta n c e o f S ys t e m a ti c Bibli o grap hy a n d ,

furth e r l e a d s t o t h e n e gl e c t o f t h o s e p o i n t s whi c h a ffo rd n o di re c t h e l p to

d e sc ri p ti on A n e ffo rt s h o uld b e m a d e t o Vi e w t h e a rt o f b o o k m a ki n g a s
.
-

a wh o l e a n d t o s tudy e v e rythi n g t h a t ca n th ro w light u p on t h e hi s t o ri ca l

p uzzl e s th a t n e a rly e v e ry b o o k p re s e n t s .

S y s t e m a ti c Bibli o grap hy c o n s i s t s o f th e d e s c ri p ti o n a n d c l a s s ifi c a ti o n o f
b o ok s a cco rdi n g t o so m e guidi n g p ri n c ip l e It m a y d e scrib e i n dividu a l .

c o p i e s o f b o o k s a s in lib ra ry ca ta l o g ue s 3 o r in t h e ca se o f p ri n t e d b o o k s
, , ,

it m ay d e scrib e a so rt o f h y p o th e ti cal s ta n dard t o whi c h i n d ividu a l c op i e s

a re s up p o s e d t o a pp ro xim a t e a s in s ubj e c t bibli o g ra p h i e s
,
Bibli o gra p h i e s .

o f m a n u s c ri p t b o o k s n e c e ss a rily d e s c rib e i n dividu a l c o p i e s t h e re b e i n g n o ,

c o mm o n fo rm S y s t e m a ti c bibli o gra p h y is o ft e n re ga rd e d as Bibli o g ra p hy

.
 [0 UR N A L . 11

p ar l
excele n ce, but t h i s is a mi s t a k e ; it is o n ly a b r a n c h , a n d a ra th er

s e c o n d a ry b ran c h o f t h e sc i e n c e
, Fo r t h e c o n t e n t s o f a bo o k a re n o p ro p e r
.

c o n c e rn o f t h e bibli o gr a h e r S u bj e c t Bibli o g ra hi e s a r e s t ri c tly a m o n g re l

p .
p
b re e d in whi c h Bibli o gra p hy m e re ly su p pli e s th e form in whi c h e xt ran e o u s
,

i n fo rm a tio n is t o b e give n .

C riti ca l Bibli o grap hy h a s h a rdly b e e n re c o gni s e d hith e rto a s a b ran ch

o f t h e s ubj e c t a t a l l a n d it wa s t h e c hi e f a im o f t h e re a d e r o f t h e p a p e r t o
,

ca ll a tt e n ti o n t o it s im p o r ta n c e . C riti c a l Bibli o g ra p hy is v e ry n e a rly wh a t

is c o mm o n ly m e a n t by T e xtu a l C riti c i s m .I t is a p a rt fro m t h e s ubj e c t a n d
,

l an gu age o f h is a uth or alltha t a n e dit o r re qui re s fo r h is w o rk : a s ort o f

,

c a l c ulu s o f t h e t e xtu a l t ra diti o n .But t h e p ro bl e m s o f t e xtu a l t ran smi ssi o n

a ri s e di re c tly o ut o f t h e p e c uli ar c o n diti o n s o f c o yi n g a n d p ri n ti n g a n d o f
p ,

b ook m a ki n g in ge n e ra l Th e y are th e re fo re m o s t s t ri c tly bibli o grap hica l

-
.

'
a n d s h o uld b e re c o g n i se d a s s u c h It is thi s b ran ch o f t h e s c i e n c e C riti ca l
.
,

Bibli o gra p hy th a t b e s t d e s e rve s t h e n a m e o f th e G ra mm ar o f Lit e ra tu re

,
“
,
”

whi c h h as s o m e tim e s b e e n a p p li e d t o t h e wh o l e s ubj e c t It is o f c o u rs e

.
, ,

n o n e w s tudy fo r e dit o rs h a v e a l
, la l o n g b e e n fa c e d with t h e p ro bl e m s o f
t e xt a n d h a v e h ad t o s e e k t o so lve t h e m a s b e s t t h e y c o uld But th e y h a v e
.

o ft e n fa il e d , a n d s o m e tim e s fa il e d di sa s t ro u sly th ro ugh wa n t o f bibli o

,

gra p hi ca l k n o wl e dge H o w is a n e dit o r o f a p ri n t e d b o o k t o b a se h is t e xt

.

p pro e rly if t h e a pp e a ra n c e o f t wo w a t e rm a rk s in o n e s h e e t d oe s n o t s ugg e s t

a ca n c e l t o h is mi n d ? o r h o w is t h e e dit o r o f a v e llum m an u s c ri p t t o m a k e

s e n s e o f h is a uth o r if h a i r a n d fl e s h m a y j o s tl e o n e an o th e r with o ut a ro u s i n g

h is s u sp i c i o n ? S m a ll i n s ta n c e s lik e t h e se S h o w h o w n e c e ssa ry a fa milia rity

with t h e El e m e n t s o f Bibli o gra ph y is fo r a n y o n e fa c e d with t e xtu a l p ro bl e m s .

O f c o u rse th e s c i e n c e o f T e xtu a l C riti c i s m o r C riti c a l Bibli og ra p h y d o e s n o t

d e al with i n dividu a l di ffi culti e s but it giv e s g e n e ra l di re c ti o n s fo r d e a li n g
,

with t h e m an d ge n e ra l e x p la n a ti on s o f t h e p h e n o m e n a pre s e n t e d T h e
, .

s c i e n ce ca n o n ly b e built u p o ut o f t h e E l e m e n t s o f Bibli o grap h y a n d it ,

c a n o n ly b e fruit fully a
pp li e d in t h e lig h t o f t h o s e E l e m e n t s . It is o n ly
wh e n thi s is re a li s e d t h a t e diti n g a n d th e s t udy o f lit e ra tu re ge n e rally will
b e gi n t o m ak e sati sfa c to ry p ro gre ss I t is n o t t h a t bibli ograp h e rs m o re
.
,
 12 j o UR N A L .

d ari n g tha n a nge l s s h o uld ru sh t o t h e w ork o f e diti n g but tha t e dito rs

, ,

s h o uld m a k e th e m s e lv e s fa mili ar wit h t h e re s ult s o f bibli o g ra p h y I f th e y .

h a v e fa il e d t o d o s o in t h e pa s t th e y h a v e i n d e e d h a d e v e ry e x c u s e fo r t h e re ,

is p e rh a p s n o s ubj e c t in wh i c h it is s o di ffi c ult t o ge t a ss i s ta n c e fro m p ri n t e d

lit e ra tu re a s in Bibli og ra p hy Thi s is a sta t e o f a ffa i rs whi ch s h o uld b e
.

re m e di e d a n d w hi c h bibli o g ra p h e rs ca n re m e dy Th e y c an sy s t e ma ti s e th e
.

E l e m e n ts o f th e i r s ci e n c e a n d m ak e the m a cce ssibl e to th e stude n t T h i s .

s h o uld b e d o n e n o t fro m t h e p o i n t o f vi e w o f d e sc ripti o n but o f e n qui ry ; t h e

qu e s ti on sh o uld b e n o t : H o w s h o uld a c e rta i n p e c uli a rity b e d e sc rib e d ?

,

but Wh a t light d o e s it th ro w on t h e hi s t ory o f t h e b oo k ? T h e m o re

,

s p e c i a l s ubj e c t s s u c h a s pa l ae o g ra p hy a n d ty p o g ra p hy a re n o t w e ll s u it e d
, ,

t o t re a tm e n t in a g e n e ra l w o rk a n d th e re are m o re o v e r a t l e as t so m e g o o d
,

a rti c l e s th a t m a y b e c o n s ult e d Wh a t is wa n te d is a g e n e ra l a c c o u n t o f
.

b oo k p ro du c ti on whic h will la y s t re ss u p o n t h e o rigi n a nd s ignifi ca n c e o f

p a rti c u l a r fe a tu re s A f
. t e r tha t t h e E l e m e n t s s h o uld b e appli e d to t h e
e l a b o ra ti o n o f a m o re o r l e ss vig o ro u s s y s t e m o f T e xtu a l C riti c i s m O n thi s .

t h e re is n o w o rk o f a ge n e ra l n a tu re w orth m e n ti o n O f w h a t h a s b e e n s a id .

o n t h e s ubj e c t a l ,
lth a t was w o rth sa yi n g a n d s o m e o f it wa s ve ry w e ll w o rth
,

sa yi n g i n d e e d h a s b e e n sa id in c o n n e c ti o n with a rti c ul a r r bl m s a nd
, p p o e

p a rti c ul a r d o c um e n t s A ll thi s is t h e t a sk o f th e bibli o g ra p h e r But if t h e

. .

bibli o gra p h e r h a s go t t o re cogn i s e h is re sp o n s ibility for t h e p ro vi s i o n o f a n

a c c u ra t e a n d a d e qu a t e G ra mm ar o f Lit e ra tu re t h e e dit o r a n d s tud e n t o f
,

lite ra ture h a s h is duty lik e wi se I f h is w o rk is t o h a ve a n y p e rm a n e n t

.

va lu e h e ca n n o l on ge r a ffo rd t o d e sp i se bibli o gra p hi ca l d e t a il a s m e re

p e da n t ry o r to ign o re it a s i rre l e va n t
, H e will h a ve t o c o m e v e ry humbly
.

a n d a t o n e fo r p a s t n e gl e c t B e fo re h e ca n h op e t o win t h e fa vo u rs o f
.

h is mi s t re s s Lit e ra tu re h e will ha v e t o s e e k g o o d g ra c es o f h e r ha ndm a id

, , ,

Bibli o grap hy .

T h e P re s id e n t M r Fo rt e s c ue M r Bo u rd il
,
. l on a n d o th e r M e mb e rs t o o k
,
.
,

p a r t in t h e di sc u ss i o n o f M r G re g s a
p p .e r whi c h c l o se
’
d with a h,e arty v o t e

o f th a n k s .
 14 ]0 UR N A L .

A m ll but i t
s a n e re s ti n g Cl a ss c o n si st s of d e vi c e s whi c h app e a r t o h av e
b e e n c ut a s e mb e lli s h m e n t s for p a rti c ul a r b o ok s but whi c h a ft e rwa rd s ca m e
,

t o b e u se d by t h e p ri n t e r o r a l a t e r o w n e r a s h is re gul a r d e vi ce .

Fo r p ra c ti ca l pu rp o se s t h e im p o rt a n t p a rt o f t h e s ubj e c t is t h e d e ta il e d
hi st ory o f th e d e vi c e s t h e ch an ge s m a d e in th e m a t di ffe re n t d a t e s a n d
, ,

t h e i r va ri o u s o wn e rs S o m e w e re in use fo r a co n sid e ra bl e p e ri o d o n e a t
.
,

l e a st ca n b e t ra ce d fo r o n e hu n d re d a n d twe n ty five y e ars t h o ugh o f c o u rs e

-
, , ,

it was n ot u s e d c on tinu o u sly T h e a lt e ra ti on s m a d e in t h e bl o ck s w e re

.

ge ne ra lly with t h e O bj e c t o f re m o vi n g i n iti a l s or m a rk s whi ch id e n tifi e d

th e m with t h e o rigi n a l o wn e r b ut in o n e o r t wo case s t h e y w e re p e rh ap s
,

i n t e n d e d a s im p rove m e n t s in th e d e s ign T h e m ost n o t e wo rthy e xa m pl e

.

o f t h i s is t o b e fo un d in t wo o f t h e G o o d S h e p h e rd d e vi c e s th e b ord e r o f
”
,

whi c h o rigi n ally i n clud e d ce rta i n s o m e wha t gro t e squ e m ask s T h e s e we re .

re m o v e d by Middl e t o n a n d re p l a c e d by o rn a m e n t s o f l e a v e s I n one of .

C h ri s t o ph e r B a rk e r s d e vi ce s a n I ta lia n m o tt o wa s fou n d t o b e i n c o rre c t a n d

’

wa s alt e re d .

S e v e ra l d e vi c e s w e re re c ut a n d in a fe w ca se s it is n o t e a sy in a v e ra g e
-
,

p ri n t s t o di s ti n gui s h t h e bl o c k s fro m o n e a n o t h e r S o m e o f t h e s m a ll
.

fl e u r d e l
- -
is d e vi c e s with t h e m o tt o I n D omin o confi de a re e sp e c i a lly t ro ubl e
so m e in thi s re sp e c t th e re b e i n g a t l e as t fi ve di ffe re n t bl o c k s o f e a c h o f t wo
,

m a i n typ e s .

T h e m a t e ri a l o f whi c h d e vi c e s w e re m a d e wa s g e n e ra lly w o o d but a ,

c e rt a i n n u mb e r s e e m t o h a v e b e e n c ut in m e ta l a s e v e n a ft e r m a n y y e a rs
, ,

o f us e t h e y S h o w littl e S ig n o f w e a r a n d n o c ra ck s
, Th e re is h o w e v e r n o
.
, ,

e vid e n c e t h a t d e vi ce s w e re e v e r m a d e by ca s ti n g a s i n iti a l s a n d o rn a m e n t s
,

w e re Go o d pri n t s fro m di ffe re n t bl o ck s wh e n ca re fully e x a mi n e d se e m

.
, ,

a lw a y s t o di ffe r in d e t a il s o f t h e d e s ig n in a wa y whi c h w o u ld b e imp o s s ibl e

if t h e y h a d b e e n c a s t fro m a c o mm o n m a t rix .
 “
TH E D U P L I C I TY O F D U P L I C A T E S ”

AN D A N EW E X T E N S I O N
“

”
OF B I B L I O G RA P H Y .

BY F . MA D A N .

N ote s r ea d 1 8 t h D ece m b e r , 1 91 1 .

I .
— T /ze D up l
icity f
c D up l
ica tes .

HER E littl e O p p o rtu n ity t o b e o rigi n al o n t h e s ubj e c t

is
o f D u p li c a t e s o r t o b e p ro fo u n d
,
A t th e sa m e tim e
.

it w o uld app e a r th a t a wa rn in g is n e ce s sa ry a t t h e
p re s e n t tim e o n t h e s ubj e c t fro m t h e p,
o i n t o f vi e w
o f Bibli o gra p hy .

I n th e co u rs e o f my s tudy o f t h e O xfo rd Pa m p hl e t s o f th e C ivil Wa r ,

I h a ve o f c o u rse a lwa y s o rd e re d up a t t h e B o dl e i an e ve ry c o py o f t h e
p a m p h l e t i n qu e s ti o n a t t h e tim e — n o m e mb e r o f t h i s S o c i e ty w o uld d o

o t h e rwi se . A t fi rst I was su rp ri se d t o fin d th e se a pp are n t du pli ca te s

( du p li ca t e s so fa r a s t h e ca ta l o gu e wa s c on ce rn e d ) fallin g a p art i n t o d if
fe re n t i s s u e s o r e v e n di ff e re n t e diti on s
,
A t las t I was n o t su rp ri se d but
.
,

e xp ec t e d it an d my e xp e c t a ti o n s w e re v e ry g e n e ra lly fulfill e d
, .

My t wo th e s e s a re
( )
1 Th a t o ur p re s e n t m e t h o d s fo r d e t e c ti n g du li c a t e s a re
p
i n a d e qu a t e ;
( )
2 T h a t it is d a n g e ro us t o
p a r t wit h a n
y b oo k a s a du p li c at e ,

if p ri n t e d b e fo re 1 8 0 0 with o ut c l os e i n s p e c ti o n
,
.
 16
“
T H E D UP L I CI T Y 0F D UP L I CA TE S ”
AN D

I n fi rst p l ac e th er e is n o s uck tki g a s a d up lica te O f c o u rse n o t

th e ,
n . .

C a n y o u p rin t t wo co p i e s o n t h e sa m e p a p e r ? Th e n s o far a s th e p ap e r ,

it se l f a n d th e w a te rma rk s a re subj e c t s o f e n qui ry du p li ca t e s m a y b e ,

“ ”

a st o u n di n gly di ffe re n t But I d o n o t m e an t o ta k e up s o e xt re m e a

.

os iti o n a s th a t I w o uld ra th e r la y s t re s s o n t h e u n k n o w n an d un
p .

e x p e c t e d di ffe re n ce s b e tw e e n i ss u e s a n d o n t h e ina d e qu ac y o f o ur w a y s
,

o f d e t e c ti n g a n d re c o rdi n g t h e m I will illu stra t e sh o rtly my p os iti on

. .

Le t us s upp o se th a t we a re a l l P i e rp o n t M o rga n s an d p o ss e s s t wo ,

c o p i e s e a c h o f t h e F i rs t F o li o o f S h a k e s p ea re S up po s e th a t so m e d ay we .

a re s t ru c k with t h e va n ity o f h um a n d e s i re s a s J o h n s o n wa s a n d we d e c id e , ,

t o s e ll o n e o f o u r t wo v o l um e s a s a du p li ca t e We k e e p t h e b e tt e r an d .

t all e r an d c l e an e r a n d s e ll t h e o th e r It is d o n e T h e n e xt d ay c o m e s
, . .

a l e tt e r D e a r S ir I h e a r th a t y o u a re t h e fo rtu n a t e p o s se s s o r o f t wo
“
,

c o p i e s o f t h e F i rs t F o li o M a y I a sk y o u wh e th e r b ot/z h a v e t h e s ka ded
.

D ro e sh o ut p o rt ra it ? O r h a s o n e t h e e xtre m e ly rare e arly s t a t e with

h a rdly a n y s h a di n g b e hi n d t h e l e ft e a r ? Y o u a re s im p ly d o n e : yo u
”

did n t k n o w t h a t t h e o n e i ss u e is w o rth 5 0 0 m o re t h a n t h e o th e r I
’
.

b e li e ve o n ly t wo co p i e s a re a t p re s e n t k n o wn with t h e u n sh a d e d e a rly s ta t e
o f t h e p la t e o n e in A m e ri c a
, a n d o n e in O x fo rd I d o n o t re m e mb e r
,
.

s e e i n g t h e fa ct m e n ti o n e d in o rdi n a ry d e s c ri ti o ns o f S h a k e s e a re i s su e s
p p .

Wh e n yo u h av e fo u n d th a t t h e c op y y ou re ta i n e d is o rdi n a ry a n d th e o n e
p a rt e d wit h is e xt ra o rdi n a ry in t h i s re sp e c t y o u b e gi n t o b e li e v e in t h e ,

D u p li c ity o f D u p li ca t e s .

Am o n g O xfo rd B o o k s o f th e C ivil Wa r is o n e with thi s titl e : A “

Comp l ze H o us e
a in t to t l f Com mon s, a nd R esol
u tion t a k en b tb F
o
p y
u c r ee

P r otes ta n t S ubjects o f tb c Cities of L on d on a nd Wes tmin s ter ,

a nd tb c

Cou n ties j
a d a ce n t . O xf or d , p r in ted by L eon a r d L ic/zfi l d , p r in ter to tke
Y o u w o u ld ca ll th a t a fa i rly full c a t a l o g ue
”
Un iver s ior . 1 64 2 . $ 111 4 t o . .

en rt y It h app e n s to b e a ra th e r i nt e re sti n g t ra c t fo r M e rcu riu s A ulic us

.
,

re l a t e s th a t o n J a n u a ry th e re ca m e a b o o k fro m L on d o n b e i n g
“
4 t h ,

t h e C o m p l a i n t o f L o n d o n a n d W e s tmi n s t e r a n d t h e p art s a d jo yn in g w h i c h ,

t h e K i n g c a u s e d t o b e re a d u n t o him a s h e s a t e a t s u pp e r a t O x fo rd
”
 “
A NE W E XTE N S I ON OF BI BL I O GR A P H Y .
”
17

“
H is Maje stie i ing fro m t h e ta bl e till t h e wh o l e was fini sh e d
n ot r s It .
”

was a l s o k n o w n t o h a v e b e e n s ca tt e re d a b o ut in S t P a ul s C h u rc hyard
’
.
,

W e s tmins te r H a ll a n d W e stmin ster A bb e y an d was c o n d e m n e d to b e ,

bu rn t by t h e P a rlia m e nt .

N ow in it e o f t h e fairly full ca ta lo gu e e n t ry th e re a re fulfilling t h e

sp ,

c o n dition s a b o ve n o l e ss tha n s ix i ss u e s o f whi ch o nly t wo w e re re a lly

, ,

p ri n t e d a t O x fo rd an d o f whi c h o n e is a sa ti re o n th e g e n ui n e C o m p l a i n t 1
,

fi rs t di ffe rs fro m
The lt h e
al re s t in ha vi n g on ly th re e word s in th e

la st line o f t h e titl e .

The n t h e se c o nd di ffe rs fro m t h e thi rd ,

fo u rth and fi fth in havi n g
twe nty fo u r p age s
- .

Th e n th e thi rd di ffe rs fro m al

lth e re s t b e i n g u n pa ge d
, .

Th e n th e fo u rth di ff e rs fro m alle xc e p t th e fi fth in h avi n g e ight e e n

p a egs , an d it h as Citties with t wo t s
’
.

Th e n th e fi ft h di ffe rs fro m t h e fo u rth in h a vi n g Cit ies with o n e t .

Fi lly
na , th e s ixth ( th e S a ti re ) is a wh olly di ffe re n t wo rk ,
on th e

P li m t y id
ar a en ar s e .

Th is is a fa i r
x a m p l e o f t h e d e e p wa t e r o n e g e t s i n to w h e n d e a li n g
e

with s o ca ll e d dup li ca t e s T h i n k if I h a d o n ly o rd e re d up o n e o f th e se
- .

s ix C o p i e s re s ti n g c o n t e nt with t h e a p p a re n t s imil a ri t y o f titl

,
e .

Th e re a re o f c o u rs e s o m e bo o k s o f w h i ch with o u t s p e c i a l k n o wl e dge we
ca n n e v e r di s tingui s h i ss u e s S u c h fo r i n s ta n c e is t h e O xfo rd e diti o n in
.

1 6 3 6 o f t h e E c c l e s i a s ti ca l A rti c l e s o f 1 5 6 2 Th e re is n o t h i n g t o d ra w
.

a tt e n ti o n t o t h e t ra c t ; it p ro fe s se s t o b e j us t a u se ful re p ri n t o f t h e
a uth o ri se d A rti c l e s But t h e re a re th re e i s sue s o n e ( th e fi rs t ) in whi ch
.
,

in Arti c l e 2 0 t h e w h o l e o f t h e fi rs t c l a u s e is o mitt e d ( T h e C h urc h h a s “

t h e rig h t o f o rd e ri n g R it e s a n d C e re m o n i e s a n d h a s a u th o rity in c o n

t ro ve rsie s a b o u t t h e T h i s m a y b e ca ll e d t h e wi ck e d i ssue .

Th e n yo u fi n d t h e p e c ca n t pa ge e n ti re ly out o ut in t h e imp e rfe c t i ssu e .

 18
“
THE D UP LI CI T Y OF D UP L I CA T E S ”
AN D

And ne xt y o u fi n d a c o py with a c o rr e c t e d ca n c e l l e a f i n s e rt e d — t h e

co rre c t e d i ss u e Fo rtu na te ly th e re a re fo u r C op ie s in t h e B odl e ia n an d

.

a m o n g th e m a re a l l th re e i s s u e s .

O ne la st ve n s ubtl e r I n H awe s s P a s time of P lea sur e ( Lo n d

cas e is e .
’
.

1 5 5 5 ) y o u m a y co u n t t h e s ig na tu re s a l l t h rou gh t h e b o o k ( a n d th e re a re
so m e a m o n g u s wh o p ut al lth e i r fa ith in s ign a tu re s ) an d a l lwill b e rig h t
A R— But wh il e e v e ry otlzer sh e e t is fo ur l e a ve s Q a l on e o ugh t to b e
‘
.
,

e ight S o wh a t h a s h a p p e n e d is wh a t might b e e x p e c t e d
. T h e bi n d e r wh o .

h a s a h e a d o n h is sh o uld e rs re tu rn s yo u a p e rfe c t c op y but t h e bi n d e r wh o ,

h a s re ga rd e d t h e s ig n a tu re s a l o n e a n d a c t e d m e c h a ni ca lly find s t h e middl e ,

h a l f o f sh e e t Q s u p e rflu o u s an d d e st ro y s it Fo rtu n ate ly t h e B o dl e ian h as

b o th kind s t o S h o w t h e d ange r
,
.

I will e n d th i s p art o f my s ubj e ct by qu o ti n g fro m a l e tt e r o f

M r E dwa rd P e a c oc k t o m e d a t e d D e ce mbe r 1 4 th 1 8 8 7
.
,

I wa s n o t a wa re th a t th e re we re t wo e diti o n s o f thi s littl e thi n g but

“
,

o f m an y o f t h e Lilbu rn e pa m p h l e t s th e re a re t wo o r m o re i s s u e s My .

e xp e ri e n c e ta lli e s with y o u rs a s t o d up li ca t e s I h a ve e xa mi ne d se v e ra l
“
.

“
c o p i e s o f Lilbu rn e s T ri a l R y v e s M e rc
’
R u sti cu s a n d Wa lke r s H i s t o f
,
’
.
’
.

I n d e pe n d e n c y a n d h a v e n e v e r fo u n d two alik e a n d y e t s imp l e t on s k e e p

, ,

s a yi n g in P a rli a m e n t a n d e l s e wh e re th a t t h e gre a t lib ra ri e s s h o uld tu rn

“

o ut th e i r du p li c a t e s a n d giv e th e m t o t h e n e w lib ra ri e s in t h e p ro vi n ce s
“
.

“
I wish s o m e on e wh o u n d e rs ta n d s bibli o gra ph y wo uld re p ly t o thi s
n o n s e n s e a t l e n gth I h a v e o n c e o r twi c e se e n so m e thin g a b o ut it in
“
.

“ ‘
N Q
) N
.

go i n g e x am pl e s a n d co n sid e ra ti on s wh i c h c o uld e a sily b e

T h e fo re ,

m ulti pli e d a re p e rh ap s s u ffici e n t t o S h o w t h e d an ge rs with whi c h bibli o

,

g p
ra h e rs a n d lib ra ri a n s a re s u rro u n d e d I a m p as s i n g o v e r v e ry t e m p ti
. n g
fi e ld s su ch a s t h e Rix w B m Am y o f whi c h M r E dward A lm ack is a
,
’
u a
’

,
.

Pa st Gran d M as t e r P e rhap s h e will give us so m e o f h is e xpe ri e n ce s in

.

t ryi n g t o se pa ra t e e diti o n s o f th e m A n d I p ass o ve r m a n y e xa mpl e s fro m

.

O x ford bo o k s .
 “
A N E W E XTE N S I ON OF BI BL I O GR A P H Y .
”
19

But b e fo re I go on t o c on sid e r wh a t safe gu ard s th e re a re a ga i n s t th e se

p it fa ll s a n d t ra p s t h e re is o n e
, o t h e r c o n s id e ra ti o n I s h o u ld lik e t o re ca ll t o

yo u r mi n d s a n d t h a t is t h e fa c t s o f t h e pro c e ss o f p rin ti n g in o ld tim e s

,
.

S h e e t o r h a l f sh e e t B ( t h e fi rs t ) wh e n p ri n t e d o ff wa s u s u a lly hu n g
-
,

o v e r a s o rt o f c l o t h e s -li n e t o d ry ; t h e n t h e n e xt sh e e t wa s p ut ligh tly o v e r

it o r fu rt h e r a l o n g t h e li n e a n d s o o n A ft e r p ri n ti n g sa y t wo hu n d re d
, , .

c o p i e s o f a sh e e t an d d ryi n g t h e m yo u h ad s e v e ra l h ea p s in a llo f whi c h

,

t h e u ppe rm os t S h ee t was t h e l a tes t p ri n t e d o f e ach h e a p T h e n e xt p ro c e s s .

wa s t o t a k e th e s e h ea p s o r s e t s d o w n a n d p ut th e m wh e n d ry t o g e th e r , ,
.

D o y ou s u p po s e th a t th e y t o o k e a c h h ea p d o w n in a n y but a h ap h a z a rd
o rd e r ? O f c o u rs e n o t Th e n in th e c o u rse o f p ri n ting a c orre c ti o n w o uld
.

b e m a d e th e p re s s b e i n g s t opp e d
,
All p ri n te d a ft e r thi s sto p p age w o uld
.

b e di ffe re nt (c o rre c t e d ) s h e e t s but t h e y w o uld o c c u r a n yw h e re in t h e

,

fi na l h e ap o r h eap s T h e ge n e ra l e ffe c t w o uld b e tha t by t h e tim e t h e

.

m a n c a m e wh o t o m a k e up a c o p y fo r bind i n g t o o k t h e fi rs t sh e e t B
, ,

h e sa w a n d t h e fi rs t S h e e t C h e sa w a n d s o o n t h e c o p i e s o f S h e e t B
, , ,

a n d al lt h e re s t w e re s u re t o b e in i n a dv e rt e n t di s o rd e r It w o uld b e a .

hu n d re d t o o n e a ga i n s t t h e ea rli e s t s h e e t b e i n g a t t h e t o p ; a s a fa c t it wa s
m o re lik e ly t o b e a t th e b o tto m .

T o b e b ri e f t wo p o i n t s e m e rg e w h i c h c o n c e rn my th e m e t o -n ight
,

.1 Tha t if in o n e s h e e t in a b o o k we fi n d a n o bvi o u sly e a rly s t a t e a n d ,

thi n k we h a v e a n e a rly a n d v a lu a bl e vo l um e we ca n n o t c a rry o ur c o n ,

cl us io n t o a n y o th e r s h e e t mu c h l e ss t o t h e wh o l e b o o k with o u t fu rt h e r
, ,

e vid e n ce — whi c h is v e ry ba ffli n g

,
.

2
. A n d s e c on dly a n e a rly s t a t e o f a p ort ra it s e p a ra t e ly p re p a re d fo r a
, , ,

b o ok n ee d n ot a t allim p ly t h a t t h e S h e e t s with it as b o u n d up a re a lso e a rly

, , , .

We a refa r t o o p ro n e t o l o o k a t b o o k a s a s i n gl e i n di vidu a l
e ach

wh o l e ,
fo rg e tting h o w it l a y in m a n y s e p a ra t e p a rt s e ac h o f w h i c h h a d ,

it s h i s t o ry be fo re t h e y w e re pu t t o g e t h e r
,
S o t h a t fro m t h i s p o i n t o f vi e w
.

al s o we c o m e t o t h e s t ra ng e but i n e vit a bl e c o n c lu s i o n t h a t th e re a re n o

s u c h thi n g s a s du l i t !
p ca es

C 2
 20
“
TH E D UP L I CI T Y OF D UP L I CA TE S ”
AN D

We m ay n ow pa ss o n t o o ur qu e sti on o f sa fe gu a rd s .

I . I d o n ot h e s ita t e t o sa y th a t t h e b e s t wa y o f se para ti n g e diti o n s o f

a b o o k w h i c h a p p e a r a t fi rs t S ight t o b e t h e s a m e is t o n o t e tl ze p osition
,

of t b c s ign a tu r es F o r a co
. m p os it o r t o ld t o r e p ri n t a b o o k m a
y m o s t
d o gge dly imita t e t h e cop y b e fo re h im p agin a tim lin e a t im ve rba tim , , , .

But h e d o e s n o t ca re in t h e l ea s t n o r d o e s a n y on e e l se t o e n su re t h a t
, ,

t h e s ig n a tu re s S h o uld b e e x a ctly in t h e s a m e s p o t a s in t h e fi rs t i s s u e .

S o I s a y t ak e B 2 a n d C 2 a n d n o t e p re c i s e ly u n d e r wh a t l e tt e rs o f t h e
, ,

t e xt th e y o c c u r I d o n o t b e li e ve th a t a n y t wo e diti o n s co uld s ta n d t h e
.

tes t a n d n o t fa ll a p art T h i s p l an h a s t h e a dvan ta g e o f b e i n g u n iv e rsally

.

a p p li ca bl e t o a lm os t a llo l d b oo k s a n d t o a n y n umb e r o f e diti o n s .

II N e xt t o thi s p la n whi c h is e a sy to a pp ly a n d b e st o f a ll th e re is
.
, ,

t h e o bvi o u s d e vi c e o f c a t c hi n g a n imp e rfe c t ty p e a n d n o ti n g w h e th e r it

o c c u rs a ga i n im pe rfe c ti o n a n d a ll in y o u r s e c o n d c o p y I n o ld b oo k s
, , .

e v e ry p a g e will giv e y o u an im p e rfe c t ty p e a n d with a mi c ro s c op e y o u ca n

,

a lwa y s fi n d o n e Thi s p l an will v e ry o ft e n se para t e i s su e s a s we ll a s

.

e diti o n s .

II I I n th e ca s e o f Pro cla m a ti o n s a n d B ro a d sid e s M r Ro b e rt S t e e l e

.
, .

h a s fo u n d th a t it is s o c o mm o n fo r t h e s e t o h a v e a l a rg e e n g ra v e d i n iti a l
l e tt e r a t t h e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e t e xt th a t it is p o ss ibl e t o fo rm a t ri p l e t e s t
,

whi c h v e ry se ld o m fa il s S u ppo s e t h e i n iti a l m ak e s t h e fi rs t fo u r li n e s

.

S h o rt e r t h a n t h e r e s t by i n d e n t a ti o n h e ta k es t h e l as t w o rd o f t h e fi rs t li n e
, ,

t h e fi rs t w o rd o f t h e fo urth li n e a n d t h e la s t w o rd o f t h e l a s t c o m p l e t e
,

li n e Th e se th re e w o rd s a re a go o d t e s t o f a n o rigi n a l b ro a d s id e c om
.

p a re d with a re p ri n t fo r t h e l a tt e r will a lm os t i n e vit a bly di ffe r in o n e o r

,

m ore o f t h e th re e word s thu s se l e c t e d .

T h a t is allI c an s ugge s t fo r ge n e ral a pp li ca ti o n I d o . n ot a dvo ca t e

t h e c o ll e c ti o n o f du pli ca t e s ( t h a t wa y m a d n e s s li e s ) but I , do a dv o ca t e

n d thi s is my e m h a ti c p o i n t g re a t e s t ca re in g e ttin g rid o f th e m

( a p ) t h e ,

wh e n yo u thi n k yo u h a ve th e m .
 22
“
TH E D UP L I CI T Y 0F D UP L I CA T E S ”
AN D

w h e th e r it s tru c k p e op l e o r wa s n e gl e c t e d : we ga i n a kn owl e dge o f t h e

ran g e o f it s i n fl u e n ce a n d a l s o o f t h e ta s t e s
, lit e ra ry an d o th e r o f t h e , ,

a ge — wh a t wa s a c c e p t a bl e t o it o r n o t a c c e p t a bl e 8 0 I h a v e b e e n qui e tly ‘
.

a c qui ri n g du ri n g th e se y e a rs a l l v o l u m e s o f S a c h e v e re ll p a mphl e t s whi c h

h a v e b e e n in t h e m ark e t a n d thin k yo u ma y like to h a v e s o m e o f t h e
,

re s ult s p l a c e d b e fo re y o u It is s o v e ry se ld o m th a t bibli ogra p hy c a n b e

.

e xt e nd e d in thi s di re c ti o n My co ll e c ti o n a m o unts to a b o ut fi ft e e n fe e t
.

o f p a m p hl e t s a n d a s th e re a re a b o ut t e n p a m p hl e t s t o t h e i n c h I S u p p o se
,

I h a v e a b out c op i e s o f a b o ut 3 0 0 it e m s o r a n a v e ra g e o f s ix c o i e s
p ,

o f e v e ry p i e ce S o t h a t in t h e fo ll o wi n g n o t e s an y n umb e r o f co pi e s o v e r
.

s ix is a b o v e t h e a v e ra g e .

1 . T h e t wo s er m on s c i n e d th e t ri a l A ug a n d N ov
( a, b) whi c h oc as o ,
. .
,

e Com mu ica tion of S in : I h a v e 4 7 o f t h e o rigi n a l i s s u e ;

1 70 9
( )
a . T h n

n o n e o f th e p i ra t e d i ss u e ; n o n e o f t h e 1 7 1 0 e diti o n w h e n t h e t ri a l wa s ,

on ( )
b T h e P e r ils of Fa l s e Br e th r en : 5 3 o f t h e o rigi na l i s s u e o f o t h e r ,

e diti o n s o n e t wo o n e ; o f a 1 7 1 0 e diti o n n i n e
, , C l ea rly t h e s e c o nd ,
.
.

s e rm o n wa s re ga rd e d a s o f m o re im p o rta n c e th a n t h e fi rs t An d thi s .

a g e e s with t h e fa c t th a t o n ly a n s w e rs t o t h e secon d s e r m on w e re p op ul a r
r .

O f o n e whi c h o w e d s o m e t h i n g t o its titl e T h e C h e rubim with a fl a mi n g ,

“

s w o rd th a t a p p ea re d o n th e fi fth o f N o v e mb e r I h a ve eigh t o f .
,

a n o th e r an s w e r t h i rt e e n o f a n o th e r tw e lv e o f a n o th e r s ixt e e n
, ,
.

2 . Th e Th e re we re t wo c o m pl e te a c co u n t s o n e i ssue d in
T r ia l .
,

octa vo a n d o n e i s s u e d in t wo l diti a vo e diti o n T i

, f o i o e on s a n d o n e oc t h s .

ra i s e s a n d s e ttl e s a q u e ry A p r ior i wa s t h e a ge o f fo li o s g o n e by in
.
,

1 7 1 0 or not ?,
H o w w o uld th e s e s e ll t h e h e a vy fo li o o f 3 3 0 p ag e s a n d , ,

t h e dum p y o c t a v o o f 4 8 0 p a g e s ? W e ll t h e fi rs t a cc o u n t in o c ta vo fe ll ,

q uit e fla t : I h av e o n ly t wo c op i e s T h e fo li os s o ld quit e w e ll (eleven .

k h Ta e t e cas e , fo r a li ttl
m om e n t o f D o rn e
’
s e a cc o un t b k
oo gi t
o r re s e r of h is
d ily l f b k d b ll d O xf d i it i l i mp
,

a sa e o oo s an a a s at
5 or n I 20 s o f re a t
o r a n ce as a m e ans of

sh wi g h w f
o nh o ar t e p i i pl
r nc f h R f m ti
es o w t e e or a on e re a c c e p bl
ta e to hi b y
s wh
u e rs en we
fi d h im
n lli g ff se n o se ve n co pi f b k f L th
es o a oo o u er s
’
.
 “
A NE W E X T E N S I ON OF BI BLI O GR A P H Y .
”
23

i ) a n d th e
c op e s se c o n d
t v o e diti o n a l so ( ten ) a n d I re m e mb e r p a s
oc a ,

s i n g o ve r s o m e c o p i e s o f t h e F o li o s with o ut p u rc h a s i n g th e m
,
b e ca u se ,

o f t h e i r bulk . S o th a t t h e Fo li o s s till w e ll h e ld th e i r gro u n d in p op ul a r

e s tim a ti o n .

3 . S a ch ev er el
ls Sp eech
’
Thi s wa s th e c e n tre o f e v e ry
at t h e T r ia l .

thi n g I t wa s w ritt e n fo r t h e D o c t o r by A tt e rbu ry a n d is quite a fi n e

.
,

c o m p o s iti o n I k n o w o f s ixt e e n En gli s h e diti o n s o r i ss u e s (a n d o n e in

.

La ti n ) O f th e se t wo ca n b e p i c k e d o ut a t o n c e a s t h e fi rs t o r m o s t
.
,

o
p p ul a r o n e s — o f th e m I h a v e tw e n ty t wo a n d ni n e c o i e s re s e c tiv e ly
p p
-
.

O f t h e re s t 4 1 I 3 0 0 1 0 I 1 I 5 4 0
, , , , , , , , , , , , ,
.

4 .Col lection s o f p a ssages re fe rre d t o by D r S a c h e v e re ll Th e re a re . .

fo u r e diti o n s o f th re e o f whi c h I h av e re sp e c tiv e ly th re e th re e a n d o ne

, ,

co p y . But on e ca ll s its e l f t h e se c o n d e diti o n a n d o f th a t I h a ve twe n ty ,

fo u r c o p i e s T h a t can n o t b e c h a n ce I s upp os e a s s o o n a s a fe w c o p i e s
.

we re so ld o f t h e p op ul ar e diti o n 2 n d e d wa s p ut o n th e titl e
, ,
.
”
.

T he li s t ca n b e i n c re a s e d to an y e xt e n t . O f t h e h um o ro u s and

sa ti ri c a l p i e ce s o n ly t wo w e re o
p p ul a r o ut b o u t t h i rty ; th e y we re
of a

A min a d a b or th e Q u a ke r s
’
Vis ion , an d ( s t ra n g e ly e n o u gh
) an im p o rt a ti o n

fro m D ubli n ca ll e d A ch a r a cter f

o D on S a ch ever e l
lio, k n igh t f
o th e

fi r eb r a n d .

The re s ult s
thi s a bb re vi a t e d s u rv e y o f t h e lit e ra tu re o f th e S a c h e ve re ll
of

ca se m a y b e p ut in thi s wa y A n o rdi n a ry li s t o f b oo k s a n o rdi na ry

.
,

ca t a l o g ue l o o k s fl a t
, O n e b o o k d o e s n o t s t a n d o ut b e fo re a n o th e r a s a
.
,

rul e . Eac h b o o k s e e m s t o C l a im a n e q ual rig h t t o b e c o n s id e re d It is .

thu s with ma n y a bibli o gra p hy .

But it is po s sibl e in a fe w cas e s lik e t h e p re s e n t t o b ri n g t h e b o ok s

, ,

i n to p e rsp e c t ive so th a t th o s e whi c h w e re a c tu a lly b o ught a n d re a d sh o uld

,

s ta n d o ut an d s t rik e t h e e y e whil e t h e m e di o c re p ro du c ti o n s whi c h n e v e r

,

fo un d p u rc h a se rs a n d s o h a d littl e e ffe c t s h o uld s ta n d b a c k in a s o rt o f

o b sc u rity I f I e v e r re p ri n t e d my Bibli o gra p hy o f S ac h e v e re ll ( d a t e d
.

I s h o uld indica t e th e se di ffe re n c e s by ty p e .

 24
“
T H E D UP LI CI T Y 0F D UP LI CA T E S .
”

T h i s m e th o d m s t o m e to a dd a n e w d imen sion to bibli ogra phy I n

se e .

t h e ca se o f a fe w p a rti c ul ar b o o k s we h a v e a l re a dy a c e n s u s o f a l lkn o wn
co p i e s o f s i n gl e b oo k s ( a s M r S id n e y Le e s F ir s t F ol
’
. io of S h a k esp ea e o r r

M r D e R i cc i s C a xton s ) but I a m n o t a wa re o f an y p re vi o u s a tt e m p t t o
.
’
,

a p p ly t h i s t o a wh o l e s e t lik e th e s e S ac h e v e re ll pa m p hl e t s a rid t o b ri n g
,

o u t th e i r re l a tiv e im p o rt an c e Tha t is my o n ly e xcu se for b ri ngi n g th e s e

.

fe w n o te s b e fo re y o u .
 S E V EN T Y Y EA RS OF CA T A LO G U I N G .

BY H . B. WH EA T LEY .

Rea d 15 th j a n ua ry , 1 91 2 .

1 8 43 x c e ll e n t a rti c l e o n Lib ra ri e s a nd C a ta
an e
“

a pp e a re d in t h e Qu a r ter l y R eview ( vo l lx xii

”
logue s . .

.
p I ) . It w as w r itt e n by J o h n H o lm e s A s s i s t ant ,

K e e pe r o f t h e P ri n t e d B o o k s B riti s h Mu se um a n d , ,

fa th e r o f t h e l a t e S ir R i c h a rd H o lm e s I n thi s .

a rti c l e o c c u r th e s e w o rd s T h e re a re fe w thi n gs whi c h a t fi rs t s ight a pp e a r

m o re e a sy than t h e c o m p ila ti o n o f a Ca ta l o gu e o f P ri n t e d B o ok s Thi s
‘
.
”

s e nt e n ce w e ll e xp re s s e s t h e po p ul a r fe e l in g a t th a t d a t e but fo rtuna t e ly ,

t h e p ubli c h a v e n o w l e arn e d t o ta k e a m o re c o rre c t vi e w o f t h e s ubj e c t ,

a n d b e gin t o u n d e rs t a nd th a t a t l e a s t in thi s i n s ta n c e s u c h fi rs t th o ught s

a re i n v aria bly w ro n g .

I ta k e my titl e o f s e v e n ty y e a rs n o t e n ti re ly fro m my o wn e xp e ri e n ce
“ ”

but b e ca u se th e B riti s h Mu s e um R ule s w e re p ubli sh e d in 1 8 4 1 a n d fro m ,

t h i s d a t e we ca n ta k e c o unt o f t h e gro wth of s y s te ma ti c ca tal o gui n g .

T h e B riti s h Mu se um C at a l o gu e h a s gro wn up o n t h e b as i s o f th e s e
R ul e s with a grea t re sult but t h e rul e s the m se lve s ma y b e sa id to h a v e
,

h a d fo r a tim e a n u n fo rtun a t e i n flu e n c e o n th e m a ki n g o f m o re o rdi n a ry

, ,

ca ta l o gu e s fo r m an y c a t a l o gu e rs a d o p t e d t h e s e rul e s a s a wh o l e fo r t h e
,

p u rpo se o f d e sc ribi n g th e c o n t e n t s o f s m a ll lib rari e s fo r whi c h th e y w e re ,

n e ith e r s uit e d n o r i n t e n d e d I n co u rs e o f tim e th e rul e s w e re m o difi e d

.
 26 S E VE N T Y YE A RS OF CA TA L O G UI N G .

fo r spe c a i l case s m o re e sp e c i a lly in vi e w o f t h e p ri n ti n g o f th e c o m p l e t e

,

c a t a l o gu e
. Goo d c a ta l ogu e s e xi s te d b e fore rul e s w e re c o difi e d but rul e s ,

o f s o m e ki n d o r a t a l
,
le ve n t s p ri n c i p l e s mu s t h a v e b e e n in t h e mi n d s o f
,

al lgo od c a ta l o gu e rs .

Form e rly th e re wa s a grea t fa ncy for C las se d C ata l ogu e s but th e se ,

a re n o t n o w in g e n e ra l fa v o u r I ca ll t o mi n d a goo d i n s t a n c e o f t h e i r
.

p ra c ti c a l u s e l e ssn e ss A
. re a lly fi n e C a t a l o gu e o f t h e Lo n d o n I n s tituti o n

a rra n g e d in c l a s se s wa s p u bli s h e d in fo u r v o lum e s in 1 8 3 5 —5 2 with a n

I n de x o f Au th ors ; t h e re s ult b e i n g th a t th e I n d e x ( with p re s s m a rk s

a dd e d ) wa s t h e o n ly p o rti o n a c tu a lly u se d for y e a rs in t h e Lib ra ry for

fi n di n g a b o ok .

M r H olm e s w ro t e in th e a rti c l e ju s t a llud e d t o Th e re is n o s e ttl e d

.
“

c an o n o f c l a s s ifi ca ti o n T h e m o d e s whi c h h a v e b e e n p ro p o se d a re a s
.

n um e ro u s a s t h e p roj e c t o rs . We d o n o t h e sit a t e to a ffirm th a t n o t wo o f

th e m agre e e ve n in e s se n ti a l m a tt e rs ; a n d a s fo r d e ta il s it is ludi cro u s ,

t o o b s e rv e t h e a n o m a li e s i n t o whi c h t h e ra g e fo r s y s t e m a ti i n g h as p lu n g e d z

p e rs o n s wh o o th e rwi se di sp l a y di sc rimi na ti o n .A llu si on is m a de t o t h e

”

e vid e n c e o f D r O l . in th us G re g o ry b e fo re t h e 1 8 3 5 S e l e c t C o mmitte e o n
t h e B riti s h M us e um whi c h is full o f t h e m o s t ill c o n s id e re d o p i n i o n s
-

A lib ra ry in s ix divi s i o n s migh t b e thu s c o n s titut e d : fi rs t I n t e ll e c tu a l

“

S c i e n c e s in s ix se c ti o n s s e c o n dly N a tu ra l S c i e n c e s in s e v e ra l s e c ti o n s t e n ,

o r tw e lv e o r m o re ; thi rdly t h e E x a c t S c i e n c e s p u re mix e d a n d a li d

, , pp e , .

T h e fo u rth I th in k migh t b e d e v o t e d t o t h e F i n e A rt s a n d U se ful Art s

, , , ,

a n d M an u fac tu re s ,
in t wo s e c ti o n s a t l e as t a n d t h e fi fth I th in k s h o uld
,

b e d e v o t e d t o H i s t o ry Bi o g ra p hy a n d C h ro n o l o gy ; a n d th e re w oul
, d be
se v e ra l se c ti o n s w hi c h cou l d b e eas ily d e fi n e d T h e s ixt h t o G e n e ra l
.

Lite ra tu re La n gu age s Bibli o grap h y B e ll e s Le tt re s e tc o f c ours e

, , , , .
,

i n cludi n g gra mm a rs l e xi co n s c l a ss i c s p o e try e tc v oya g e s a n d t ra v e l s

, , , , .
, ,

p e ri o di ca l an d mi s ce ll a n e o u s lit e ra tu re o f v a ri o u s ki n d s a n d o f di ffe re n t
co unt ri e s th e se a l so could b e re a dily sp e c ifi e d fo r a rra n ge m e n t ”
.

M r H o lm e s p o i n t s o ut th a t c l a s sifi ca ti o n o f thi s ki n d a lwa y s e nd s in

.

a divi s i o n o f Mi sc e ll a n e o u s a m o d e o f p ro ce du re ju s t a s s c i e ntifi c a s
“ ”
,
 S E VE N T Y YE A R S OF CA T A L O G UI N G . 27

wo uld b e th a t o f a b o tan i s t wh o d o ubtful o f th e cla ss of a p arti c ul ar p l a n t

,

s h o uld p ut it a m o ng We e d s We a llk n o w h o w d e ludi n g a re t h e titl e

“
.
”

g f b oo k s a n d ca n fo rgiv e t h e c l a s s ifi e r w h o p l ac e d S win b urn e s

’

Un d e r th e Mi cro scop e with Opti cal I n strum e n ts o r t re a te d R u ski n sfi

p a e s o

“ ” ’
4
,

N o te s o n t h e C o n s t ru c ti on o f S h e e pfold s as a w o rk o n Ag ri c ultu ra l
“ ”

Applian c e s C e rta i n ly th e A uctio ne e r s e n t ry o f P V M aron i s Th e

.
’
. .
’

Op er a re qui re s m o re e x c u se A ca tal ogu e r t re a te d a s a b o tani ca l w ork

.

D r G a rn e t t s s e l e c ti o n fro m C o ve n t y P a t m o re s p o e m s e n titl e d F l or il
’
egiu m
’
.

A ma ut is a n d t h e gre a t bibli o gra p h e r H a ll e r i n c lud e d t h e titl e o f J a m e s

‘

H o we ll s D e n dro l ogi a o r D od on a s G rov e ( 1 6 4 0 ) in h is Biblioth eca

’ ’

Bota n ica .M ari a Edge wo rt h s E ssa y o n I ri s h Bull s with its e n gra vi n g o f

’

a b u ll o n t h e titl e h a s d e c e iv e d m a n y but t h e b e st in s ta n ce is th a t o f
,

th e E a s t L o t h i a n fa rm e r wh o a ft e r rea di n g it th ro ugh c o m p la i n e d th a t
, ,

Mi s s E dge wo rth wa s a s illy b o dy to w rit e a b o o k o n Bull s a n d n o a n e

.
,
“

w ord 0 h orn e d ca ttl e in it a fo rby th e bit b e a s ti e a t t h e b e gi n n ing

’ ’
, .
”

T h e g re a t o bj e c ti o n t o a C l a ss ifi e d C a ta l o gu e is th a t it s e e m s im p o s s ibl e
fo r t h e c o m p il e r a n d t h e co n sulte r t o s e e with t h e sa m e e y e s — h e n c e it is
u se l e s s fo r rea dy re fe re n ce .

It is ra th e r c u ri o u s th a t t h e U n it e d S ta t e s whi c h is n o w t o t h e fo re
in al l qu e s ti o n s o f bibli o gra p hy s h o uld in fo r m e r tim e s h a v e p ro du c e d
m a n y s i n gul arly b a d c a ta l ogu e s fo r i n st a nc e th e Ca ta l ogu e o f th e
,

Lib ra ry o f C o n gre ss in th e C a p ito l o f t h e U n it e d S t a t e s o f A m e ri ca ,

Wa sh i n gto n 1 8 4 0 is c l a ssifi e d with a n I n d e x o f Auth o rs whi c h is S o b a d

, , ,

th a t t o fo ll o w th e re fe re n c e s yo u h a ve t o t urn o v e r m an y p a ge s T h e .

t h i rd e n try in t h e I n d e x is A bdy with t h e re fe re n c e ( xxix 2 1 5 i ) xxix . .

a p p li e s t o t h e c l a s s whi c h is G eog ap hy t h e titl e is t o b e fo u n d in

r ,

S e c ti o n V A mer ica s o th a t a c t ually s e v e n ty pa g e s o f t h e ca t a l o gu e h a ve

,

t o b e gla n c e d th ro ugh b e fo re t h e w o rk o f A bdy ca n b e fo u n d Cl a s s ifi .

ca ti o n m a y b e u se ful in a Bibli o g ra p hy b e ca u s e t h i s m a y b e s tudi e d a t

l e i sure a n d is co n sult e d prim a rily for i n fo rma ti o n a n d n o t m e re ly fo r

re fe re n c e a s a c a ta l o gu e is
,
T h e D i c ti o na ry C a ta l o gu e m o s tly fl o u ri s h e s
.

in A m e rica but a v e ry sa ti s fa c t o ry spe c im e n o f t h e c l ass was p re p are d

,
 28 S E VE N T Y YE A RS OF CA TA L OG UI N G .

by Mr D . . O D o n o va n ,
’
P li m t y Lib i
ar a e n ar ra r an , Qu e e n sla n d in , 1 883 .

The b oo k s a re t
d u n d e r a uth o r a n d subj e c t with full c ro ss
e n e re

re fe re n ce s an d al l t h e e n t ri e s a re a rra n g e d in o n e a l p h a b e t
,
T h e re .

a re a b s t ra c t s o f t h e c o n t e n t s o f c e rta i n o f t h e b o o k s a n d re fe re n c e s ,

t o a rti c l e s in re vi e w s I n t h e p re fa c e M r O D o n o van w rit e s — I h a v e

’ “
. .

m a d e a ca t a l o gu e o f a uth ors a n d i n d e x o f titl e s a n d a n i n d e x o f subj e c ts

, , ,

a p a rti a l i n d e x o f fo rm s a n d h a vi n g th ro w n t h e wh o l e t o g e t h e r i n t o a n
,

a l p h a b e ti c a l s e ri e s t h e w o rk m a y b e re fe rre d t o as a n o rdi n a ry di c ti o n a ry
”
.
,

O f th e u se ful n e ss o f th e D i c ti o na ry C a ta l o gu e th e re ca n n o t b e t wo
O p i n i o n s but t h e c hi e f o bj e c ti o n is th a t it is a w a s t e o f l a b o ur t o d o fo r
,

m a n y libra ri e s wh a t if do ne o n c e in th e fo rm o f a bibli o gra p h y w o uld .

s e rv e fo r a l l O f a n a l p h a b e ti ca l c a t a l o gu e o f s ubj e c t s a n e xa m p l e m a y
.

b e fo u n d in th a t o f t h e Lib ra ry o f t h e B oa rd o f T ra d e whi c h wa s p u bli s h e d

in 1 8 6 6 H e re th e a utho rs are b a n i sh e d t o a n i n d e x a n d a llth e titl e s
.
,

a re a rra n g e d in a n a l p h a b e t u n d e r t h e m a i n s u bj e c t s T h i s may b e .

c o n v e n i e n t u n d e r s o m e c i rc um s t a n c e s but it is n o t s a ti s fac t o ry fo r g e n e ra l
,

u se . T h e id ea o f t h e s c h e m e wa s d u e t o M r W M B uc k n a ll th e n . . .
,

lib ra ri a n to th e B o ard o f Tra d e but t h e C a ta l o gu e it se l f wa s m a d e by m e

,
.

The y ste m a d o p te d wa s t o us e t h e s ubj e c t wo rd o f t h e titl e a s a

s

h e a di n g b ut a n e x c e p ti o n wa s m a d e in t h e ca se o f fo re ig n w o rd s w hi c h
, ,

we re tra n sl a t e d For i n s ta n c e u n d e r t h e h e a di n g o f Woolfi rs t c o m e a ll

.
,

t h e E n gli s h w o rk s t h e Fre n c h w o rk s fo ll o w un d e r s ub h e a di n g s o f L a i n e
,
-
,

La i n e s a n d La in iere ; a n d t h e G e rm a n u n d e r S ch a ffw o llha n d e l a n d

,

Wo llma rkt T h e re is th e re fo re n o m o re c l a ss ifi ca ti o n th a n is a b solut e ly

.

n e ce ss ary a n d it m a y b e s a id th a t if a l
, lt h e b o o k s h a d b e e n an o n ym o u s
t h e s ch e m e w o uld h a v e b e e n a dmi ra bl e .

I t is s ca rce ly n e c e ssa ry fo r m e t o e l a b o ra te t h e futility o f g e n e ra l cla ssifi

c a ti on b e ca u s e o ur l a t e P re s id e n t M r F o rt e s c ue did thi s s o th o ro ughly in
, .
,

h is i n t e re s ti n g p a p e r o n t h e p l an o f h is i n valu a bl e S ubj e c t I n d e x e s .

Of al
l ki n d s o f C l a ss ifi ca ti o n t h e m o s t m a dd e n i n g and co m p l e t e ly
u se l e ss to my mi n d is th a t o f so rtin g o ut t h e library i n t o a s e ri e s o f l a rg e
 30 S E VE N T Y YE A RS OF CA TA L O G UI N G .

The G l Ca ta l o gu e o f t h e B riti s h M u se um Lib rary p ubli sh e d in

e n e ra

1 8 1 3 — 1 9 in e ight v o lum e s t h e w o rk o f S ir H e n ry E lli s an d t h e

,

R e v H e n ry B a b e r is w o rthy o f h o n o u r a s a w o rk o f g re a t l a b o u r
.
,
It wa s .

s e v e re ly c riti c iz e d by P a n izzi but was s till fo u n d o f p rac ti ca l u s e e ve n

,

a ft e r t h e g re a t M a n u sc ri p t C a ta l o g u e wa s c o m p l e t e d Pa yn e a n d Fo ss s .
’

C a t a l ogu e o f t h e G re n vill e Lib ra ry a n d it s S u

pp l e m e n t 1 8 4 8 , ,

co m e withi n o u r p e ri o d but a re n o w s up e rse d e d by t h e i n c l us i o n o f t h e

,

Gre n vill e b ook s in th e g e n e ral p ri n t e d Cat al ogu e .

I rem e mb e r t h e tim e wh e n fe w e ve n e du ca t e d me n wo uld a ll o w th a t

, ,

th e re wa s a n y di ffic ulty in C a ta l o gui n g T h e pa rro t c ry wa s yo u h a ve t h e

.

b o o k b e fore you a n d ha v e o n ly t o p ut t h e titl e d o wn o n p a pe r T h e .

”

m an y p os sibl e wa y s o f go i n g w ro n g w e re e n ti re ly o ve rl o o k e d I p o sse ss .

some ol d C a t al ogu e s co m p il e d o n t h e m o s t g ro t e s qu e p ri n c i p l e s a n d
t e e mi n g with blu n d e rs so m e o f t h e m c o mpil e d by th o s e fro m wh o m o n e
,

wo uld n a tu ra lly e xp e c t b e tte r thi n gs .

Mr . H lm m ti
o es ve ral h o wl e rs t ak e n fro m a n o ld C a t a l o gu e
en on s s e
“ ”

o f Li n co ln s I n n Lib ra ry w h i c h was m a d e by t h e R e v J a m e s H u n t e r a
’
, .
,

g o o d S ha ke sp e a ria n s ch ol a r K i n g J a m e s I S Wo rk s a re u n d e r K i n g in
.
’
,

fa c t h e a pp e a rs a s J a m e s K i n g Elli s a n d B ab e r s C a ta l o gu e is e n t e re d a s ’
.

M useo Br ita n n ico Lib r or um I n t h e C a t a l o g u e o f t h e M S S t wo La ti n

. .

Bibl e s a re d e scrib e d o n e o f t h e fo u rt e e n th c e n tu ry a s p ro ba bly t h e

,
“

Vulga te th e o th e r o f l a t e r d a te a s J e ro m e s Ve rs i o n
,
” ’

I can n o t o mit t o m e n ti o n a m o s t re m a rk a bl e p e rve rs i on o f a titl e in

t h e C a ta l o gu e o f t h e Lib ra ry o f t h e l o n g d e fu n c t M a ryl e b o n e Lit e ra ry a n d

S c i e n tifi c I n s tituti o n It is t h iS I ES O p ia rum S P h o e d ri Fa b ul o ru m —b u t ’

.

we mu s t re m e mb e r thi s wa s t h e i n v e n ti o n o f an i n e x p e ri e n c e d h a n d .

“
Ad lu g G mm t i
e n , ra a sch -
Kriti s c h e s or G e rm a n D i c ti o n a ry ,
” “
A p p ian us ,
R o m a n arum H ist o ria rum L e xi co n wh i c h occ u r in a
”
an d
“
S c a p ul
u s,
”

C a ta l o gu e p ri n t e d by o rd e r o f t h e H o u s e o f C o mm o n s a re a lm o s t a s b a d .

O n e o f t h e wo rs t C a t a l o gu e s e v e r m a d e wa s thi s C a t a l o gu e o f B o o k s in “

t h e Lib ra ry o f t h e H o u s e o f C o mm o n s It a tt ra c t e d th e a tt e nti o n
,
 S E VE N T Y YE A R S OF CA TA L OG UI N G .
31

of th e S a tur day R eview , u mb e r for 1 7th O c to b e r 1 8 5 7 con

an d th e n , ,

ta in e d a c o m p l e t e e xp os u re o f t h e a m a zi n g blu n d e rs in it s co n st ru c ti o n

with t h e re sult tha t th e b o o k was withd rawn A fe w e x a m pl e s fro m th e .

C a t al o gu e m a y b e qu o t e d whi c h fully c o n fi rm t h e c on d e m n a ti o n Fo r .

i n st an ce T h e t ra n sla t e d work s o f a ut h ors a re e n t e re d a s if th e y w e re

“

t h e a uth o rs n ot ,
a w o rd b e i n g m e n ti o n e d o f t ra n sla ti o n in fa c t th e ,

w o rd s e dit e d o r t ra n sl a t e d a re a lm o s t ign o re d in t h e C a ta l o gu e ; a s ”

D rak e n b o rc h T Livii Pa t a vi n i H ist o riarum a n d M on tagu ( Ba sil )

, ,
”

B a c on s Work s I n o n e cas e t h e wo rd t ran sl a t e d is i n clud e d with

’
.
” “ ”

t h i s re s ult H o ra tiu s t ran sla te d ae n e i s ta buli s J P i n e

,
“
, Lo n gu s . .
” “
,

ium ; with X e n o p h o n t is Ep h e sia c o rum is go o d but is s u rpa s se d

”
P a st o ral ,

by X e n oph o n te s Ep h e siaco ru m Wo rk s
“
. .
”

Thi s C a ta l o gu e is so ri c h in blu n d e rs t h a t it w o uld b e po s sibl e t o ,

fin d in it sp e c im e n s o f a lm o s t e ve ry ki n d o f ig n o ra n t ca re l e ssn e s s “
In .

s o m e ca s e s we m e e t with a co n fu s i o n in t h e s ubj e c t s Thu s und e r S tu a rt .

a re e n t e re d H o gg s J a c o bit e R e li c s a n d Ba rrue l s M e m o i rs o f J a co bi n i s m
’ ’ ”
.

“
A h e a di n g is m ad e o f t h e wo rd G uer r e th o ugh in a n En gli sh Ca ta l o gu e
, ,

a nd th e Aid e M e m o i re o f t h e Milita ry S ci e n c e s is p lace d u n d e r it

‘ ’
.
”

D Est a m pe s a p p e a rs a s a n a u t h o r h e a di n g fo r H e in e c k e n s Id é e d u n e “
’ ’ ’

C o ll e c ti o n d Es ta m p e s a n d H e in e ck e n s na m e is l e ft o ut e n ti re ly Some
’ ” ’
, .

Fre n ch D ic ti o na ri e s a pp e a r u n d e r D iction n a ir e b ut a n I ri sh D i c ti o n ary is ,

o n ly t o b e fo u n d u n d e r t h e w o rd s Fo c a l a l
”
o ir G a o idh il ga sa x b h é a rl
- -

S ir An t o n i o P an izzi p re se n t e d a re m a rk a bl e i n s ta n ce o f a m a n o f
e n o rm o u s m e nt a l e n e rgy d e v o ti n g him se l f t o a v e ry s p e c i a li s e d b ra n c h o f

lit e rary e n d e a vo u r fa r re m o v e d fro m h is ac tiv e po liti ca l wo rk in e a rly li fe .

H e wa s a p po i n t e d a ss i s t a n t lib ra ri a n t o t h e B riti s h Mu se um in 1 8 3 1 a n d ,

th i s appo i n tm e n t wh i c h se ttl e d t h e m a i n e m p l o ym e n t o f h is life wa s o f

, ,

imm e n se b e ne fit to h is a d op t e d co u n t ry N o t o n ly o n acc ount o f t h e .

re s u lt s o f t h e re m a rk a bl e e n e rgy o f h is a dmi n i s t ra ti o n o f o ur gre a t N a t io na l

'

Lib ra ry but a l s o b e ca u se it is t o h is ge n iu s th a t t h e gre a t re viva l o f

,

Lib rari an ship an d Ca ta l o g ui n g whi c h is n o w a ppare n t t o allca n b e cl early

t rac e d .
 32 S E VE N T Y Y E A R S OF CA TA LO G UI N G .

I can m e x p e ri e n c e o f t h e R o ya l S o c i e ty C a ta l ogu e m a d e by
sp e a k fro
him w hi c h wa s m o st i rrita ti n g to m e b ut it is n o t fa i r t o ch arge P a n izzi ,

with t h e i n con v e n i e n ce o f a p la n whi c h was fo rc e d u p o n him A ugu s tu s .

D e M orga n w riti n g in 1 8 46 (D ubl

,
in R eview p say s
“
T h e b e st , .
,

sc i e n tifi c c a ta l o gu e o f which we k n o w is th a t o f t h e R o ya l S o c i e ty s ,
’

Lib ra ry ; a n d it is a c l as se d C a ta l ogu e We a lwa y s go t o it fi rs t fo r t h e .

,

a c c u ra c y o f t h e titl e s a n d it h a s o ft e n h e l p e d us wh e re o th e rs h a v e fa il e d .

O f c o u rse we d o n o t h o ld t h e cl as s ifica ti on t o b e a m e rit an d we ma y ,

a dd it h a s giv e n us mu c h t ro ubl e
”
.

T h e fa m o u s C o d e o f n i n e ty o n e R ul e s giv e n t o t h e w o rld in 1 8 4 1 h a d
-

fo r it s fo u n d a ti o n a s m a ll n umb e r o f rul e s o ri gi n a lly d e vi s e d by M r B a b e r . .

T h e C o mmitt e e re s po n s ibl e fo r t h e s e rul e s wa s a s t ro n g o n e a n d c o n s i s t e d ,

o f P a n izzi Th o mas Wa tts J Wi n t e r J o n e s E dward E dward s an d J o h n

, ,
.
,

H Pa rry (a fte rwa rds M r S e rj e an t P a rry )

. . .

T h e R e p ort o f e vid e nc e b e fo re t h e C o mmi s si o n o f 1 8 4 7—9 p ri n t e d with

t h e R e p o rt o f 1 8 5 0 is v e ry i ns t ructiv e a n d we fi n d in t h e di ffe re n ce o f ,

o p i n i o n e xhibit e d th a t P a n izzi an d h is a sso ci a t e s w e re t rium p h a n t a l la l o n g

t h e li n e . S o m e o f th o se e xa min e d o bj e c t e d t o t h e rul e s o n t h e p ri n c i p l e
th a t we d o n o t wa n t rul e s a t all T h e witn e ss wh o was m os t u n fo rtuna t e
.

in h is e vid e n c e was J o h n P a y n e C o lli e r wh o s ubmitte d s o m e titl e s whi c h ,

h e h a d p re p a re d in illu s t ra ti o n o f h is vi e w s H e h a d o cc u p i e d o n e h o ur .

in ca t al o gui n g th e se tw e n ty fi ve titl e s a n d wh e n M r Wi n t e r J o n e s re p o rt e d
-
,
.

u po n t h e m h e fo u n d a lmo s t e ve ry p o ssibl e e rro r whi c h can b e c o mmitt e d

“

in c a tal o gui n g b ook s .

”

P rof C C J e w e tt p ubli sh e d a t Wa shin gt o n in 1 8 5 1 t h e S mith son ian

. . .

R e p ort o n t h e C on structi on o f Ca t a l ogu e s o f Lib rari e s in whi ch a s ys te m ,

o f s t e re o ty p e d titl e s wa s p ro p ose d fo r us e in o t h e r Lib ra ri e s

’
.

O th e r a tte m p t s to c o nst ru c t R ule s m ore s uita bl e fo r l e ss e xt e nsive

lib ra ri e s th a n t h a t o f t h e B riti s h Mu se um w e re m a d e a n d th e di scu ss i on s ,

( I ) Th i s
p ro p o sa l a
p pe are d fi t b
at rs ypto e a ve r ii g
ro m s n b ut p ra c ti
l di ffi l ti cu
wh w t d th m l d d pi f h
one , ca es
i ch n ot fo re s e e n a nd t th e a t t e
d y
e re re se n e
p e s e ve s
p re v e n e o on o
st e m
pro po s e s .
 S E VE N T Y YE A RS OF CA T A L O G UI N G .
33

in t h e e ar ly y ea rs o f th e Lib ra ry Assoc i a ti on h e l p e d o n th e d e m an d fo r
goo d C a tal o gu e s M r C utt e r s R ul e s h a ve b e e n o f th e gre a te st va lu e
. .
’ “ ”
,

a lth o ug h th e y w e re a d o p t e d m o re e s p e c i a lly for t h e D i c ti o n a ry C a t a l o gu e .

T h e se R ul e s p ubli sh e d in t h e S p e c ia l R e po rt o n P ubli c Lib ra ri e s in t h e

,

Un ite d S tat e s 1 8 76 s tan d a l o n e in th e lit e ra tu re o f th e s ubj e ct N o t

, , .

o n ly a re t h e rul e s se t o ut but re a s on s fo r t h e m a re fully giv e n

, .

Littl e a tte n tio n h a s b e e n pa id t o t h e c orre c t a l p h a b e ti sa ti on of

h e a di n g s in C a t a l o gu e s a n d I n d e x e s a n d I wa s p l e a s e d t o n o ti c e l a t e ly
,

in th a t i n t e re s ti n g w o k F a scicul
— us I oa n n i Wil lis Cl a r k e d ica tu s
r
9 9
1 0 , ,

M r J e n ki n s on s c o n t ributi o n o f s o m e l e tt e rs o f H e n ry B ra d sh a w t o t h e
.
’

H o n a n d R e v S t e p h e n La wl e y w ritt e n b e tw e e n 1 8 8 0 a n d 1 8 8 2
. .
, In .

th e se l e tt e rs thi s p o i n t is di sc uss e d B ra d sh a w o bj e c t e d t o t h e o rd e r o f t h e
.

h e a din gs in M r La wl e y s i n d e x H e wro t e I n s t e a d o f La w La w divi n e

.
’
.
,
“
, ,

La w hum a n La w m o ra l La wd e r La w fo rd La wl e y La wt o n ; yo u h a v e
, , , , ,

La w La wd e r La w divi n e La w ford La w h um a n La wl e y La w m o ra l
, , , , , , ,

La wt on .
”
T h e p ro p e r o rd e r h e re i n di ca t e d h a d be e n di s c u s s e d a t t h e
Lib ra ry S y n di ca t e ( C a mb ridge ) an d M r H R Lua rd t h e R e gi s t ra ry o f
,
. . .
,

t h e U n iv e rsity h a d s t ro n gly a dv o c a t e d t h e o th e r p l an but wro t e “ ”

, t o day ,
-
,

B ra d sh a w so m e bo dy wa n t e d a n Ara bi c writ e r A li so me thi n g o r o t h e r

,
“
,

a n d we fo u n d in t h e C a ta l o gu e t h a t A li B a b a wa s s e p a ra t e d fro m A li Mu sa

by a lo t o f A lib e rt s A li e n us e tc g ro up s o f A li th e n n a m e s lik e Ali s o n

, , .
, , ,

th e n m o re Ali s a n d s o o n u n til it wa s quit e b e wild e rin g

’
.
”

I n 1 8 7 8 I h a d s e t o u t in my Wh a t is a n I n d ex t h e s a m e rul e a s t o t h e
corre c t p ri n c i p l e o f a rra ng e m e n t Alth ough it h a s b e e n p re vi o u sly sa id
.
“

t h a t w ord s a n d na m e s mu s t b e a rra n g e d in a l p h a b e t up t o the i r l a s t l e tte rs ,

it is n e c e s sa ry t o b ea r in mi n d t h a t e a c h w o rd is t o s ta n d by it s e l f fo r ,

i n s ta n ce fi rs t wi ll c o m e t h e va ri o u s p e rs on s b ea ri n g th e n a m e G ra v e ,

a rra n g e d acco rdi n g t o t h e a l p h a b e t o f th e i r c h ri s ti a n n a m e s ,

G ra ve G e o rge Grave J o h n , , , ,

th e n th e s ub sta n tive a n d a dj e c tiv e G r a ve a rran g e d a cc o rdi n g t o t h e

a l ph a b e t o f t h e w o rk s th a t fo ll o w G ra ve a t K h e rso n Gra ve o f H o pe , , ,

Gra ve T h oughts an d l a st G ra ve l o t Grav e se n d

, ,
 34 S E VE N T Y YE A RS OF C A T A L O G UI N G .

A lth ugh B d h w
o ra s a wa s an e xp e rt in t h e high e r b ra nc h e s o f Bibli o
grap hy s u c h as th o se re l a ti n g t o M a nu scri p ts a n d I n c u n a b ul a h is vi e ws o f ,

p ra c ti ca l qu e s ti o n s o f a rra n ge m e n t e t c w e re m o s t C l ea r a n d d e fin e d
, .
, I .

h a d t h e p rivil e g e o f h o ldi n g l o n g di s c u s s i o n s with him o n th e s e s ubj e c t s

in co n n e c ti on with t h e re vi s i o n o f t h e C a mb ridge rul e s wh e n I h ad t h e
h o no u r o f a cting a s I n sp e c t o r o f t h e Un ive rsity Lib ra ry N o thi n g was t oo .

m o d e m o r t o o minut e fo r h is ca re ful c o n sid e ra ti o n o f an y po int c on n e c t e d

with c are ful ca ta l o gui n g .

En dl es s di scu ss io n ma y b e s pe n t o n R ul e s but it is o n ly gen e ral ,

pri n cip l e s th a t n e e d b e a llud e d t o he re T h e o rigina l B riti sh Mu se um

.

R ule s have b e e n co nside rably a lte re d a t vari o u s tim e s an d d o ubtl e ss will

b e alt e re d s till m o re in t h e tim e to c o m e .

I f e ve ry boo k h a d it s a uth o r s na m e o n t h e titl e p a g e —t h e rul e s fo r

’

ca ta l o gui n g w o uld b e mu c h s implifi e d an d re du ce d in numb e r .

We mu s t b ea r in mind tha t it is t h e a bn o rm a liti e s th a t giv e m os t

t ro ubl e t o t h e C a ta l o gu e rs — t h e c hi e f o f th e se a re 1 A n o n ym o u s Wo rk s .

2. Wh a t we m a y ca ll di s re sp e c t fully O dd s a n d e n d s m o s tly p a m p hl e ts
“ -

rint e d o n n o s y s t e m a n d a lm o s t e v e ry o n e re qui ri n g a rul e o f it s o wn

p 3 .

A ca d e mi e s.

1
. I a ll o w tha t it is di ffic ult t o m a k e sa ti sfa ct o ry rul es fo r th e se an d ,

e ve ry Ca tal o gu e r mu st w i sh tha t h e c ould igno re th e m a n d fe e l s d is ,

a p p o int e d t h a t t h e p ro po s e d c l a u s e in a c o p yright bill whi c h e n a c t e d th a t

e v e ry a n o n ym o u s b o o k s h o uld h a ve th e a uth o r s n a m e o n t h e titl e p ag e

’
-

wa s n o t pa ss e d .

I c o n fe ss th a t I h a v e l o ng giv e n up an y a tte m p t t o fi n d an an on ym o u s
b o ok in th e B riti sh Mu se um Ca ta l o gu e I b e li e ve th a t B a rbi e r s rul e o f
.
’

arra n gi n g titl e s u n d e r t h e fi rs t w o rd n o t an a r ti c l e o r p re p o s iti o n wa s fi rs t ,

a p p ro v e d o f but aft e rw a rd s m o difi e d

,
.M r H o lm e s p ra i se s t h e use o f
.

B arbi e r s rul e fo r a ca talo gu e ( Qua r ter l

’
y R eview vo l lxxii p ,
.
,
.

“
T h e W o rk s o f P l a ccius a n d B arbi e r a re di c ti o nari e s o f a n onym o u s

a n d p s e ud o n ym o u s b o o k s th a t o f B a rbi er is a rra n e d o n a pla n whi c h a t

, g
 S E VE N T Y YE A R S OF CA TA L OG UI N G .
35

fi rs t s ight a pp ears t o o utrage c o mm on se n s e but whi c h h as n e v e rth e l e ss

,

d e se rv e dly obta in e d th e sa n cti o n o f re ce n t bibli o gra p h e rs m an y o f wh o m ,

ha ve a dop te d it a s th e m os t ge n e ra lly u s eful T h e c re dit o f o rigi na ti n g

.

t h i s sim p l e p l a n b e l o ngs to A ud iffre d i I will n ot re p e a t w h a t t h e p la n is

.
”
.

But s u re ly h e re yo u ha ve th e re sult o f a con fu si on o f t h e e ss e nti a l

di ffe re nc e be twe e n a Bibli o gra p hy an d a Ca ta lo gu e Y o u h a ve a n .

a n o n ym o u s b oo k in y o u r h a nd a n d w a nt to di sco v e r t h e a uth or an d y o u ,

l oo k in B a rbi e r or H a lk e tt a n d La i n g t o find t h e titl e a t o nc e — th e re fo re

thi s is t h e p e rfe cti o n o f arran ge m e n t fo r a Bibli o grap hy o f An o n ym o u s
B o ok s But wh e n y o u re fe r t o a Ca ta l ogu e yo u ha ve n o t th e b oo k a n d
.
,

o s se ss o nly t h e m e m o ry o f it s s h o rt na m e whi c h is re tty s u re t o o mit

p , p
t h e fi rs t w o rd s o f t h e titl e .

Fo r t h e sa m e rea so n t h e a rra n g e m e nt u n d e r i n iti a l s is u se l e s s b e ca u se ,

the y are s e ld o m n o t e d in t h e qu o t ed titl e yo u hav e in y ou r h e a d .

T h e Ca ta l o gu e r m ay b e re li e v e d by p l a c i n g a titl e in t h e a l p h a b e t
a c c o rdi n g t o s t ri c t rul e but if thi s b e a h ea di n g o f whi c h n o re a d e r w o uld
,

e ve r think t h e titl e is m e re ly go t rid o f an d is fo r e v e r u s e l e s s

, .

.2 Odds a n d E n ds a re n o t bo o k s but t h e re s iduum a n d s w e e p i n gs o f

,

th e lib ra ry th e re fore th e y ca n n o t w e ll b e m a d e t o fo ll o w t h e o rdin a ry ru l e s

,

o f C a ta l o gu ing . M o s t o f th e m h a v e n o titl e pa ge s an d th e re fo re s h ould

-

b e trea t e d with a c e rta i n a m o u n t o f fre e d o m an d e v e ry e n d ea vo u r s h o uld

,

b e m a d e t o ca tal o gue th e m u n d e r h e a di n gs by whi c h th e y m a y m o s t e as ily

b e fo u n d . S o m e o f th e se a re A c t s o f P a rli a m e n t t h e o ffi c ia l wo rdi n g o f
,

whi c h m ak e th e m littl e a m e n abl e t o o rdi n ary t e rm s o f i n t e lligibility Thi s .

c la s s larg e ly c o n s i s t s o f t h e pari a h s o f lit e ra tu re whi c h re qui re v e ry

,

“
h e ro ic t rea tm e n t a s th e y ca n n o t w e ll b e ma d e t o fo ll o w o rdi na ry rul e s
”
.

.
3 T h e l a rg e h ea di n g o f A ca de m ies in t h e B riti s h Mu s e um C a tal o gu e

is O p e n t o c o n s id e ra bl e a dv e rse c riti c i s m I n t h e firs t p l a c e it is a h ea d in g

'

whi ch wo uld n e ve r h a v e b e e n c h o se n by an E n gli shma n A lth o ugh it .

i n c lud e s t h e n um e ro u s Aca d e mi e s o f t h e C on ti n e n t it a l so con ta i n s a

re c ord o f t h e publi ca ti o n s o f a l arg e n umbe r o f S o c i e ti e s o r As soc i a ti o n s

D 2
 36 S E VE N T Y YE A RS OF CA TA L O G UI N G .

whi c h h a ve littl e in co mm on with Fo re ign A ca d e mi e s M r H o lm e s . .

c o n d e m n s thi s h ea di n g in h is a rti c l e o n Lib ra ri e s an d C a tal o gu e s

“ ”

a l re a dy a llud e d t o H e writ e s Wha t m o s t st rik e s u s a s o bj e cti o na bl e is

“
.
,

th e c o ll oca ti o n u n d e r o n e g e n e ra l h e a d viz A ca d e mi e s o f all a c t s

,
.
,
‘
,
’ ‘
,

m e m o i rs t ran sa c ti on s j o urn al s minut e s e t c o f aca d e mi e s i n stitut e s

, , , ,
.
, , ,

a sso c i a ti o n s u n ive rsiti e s o r s o c i e ti e s l e a rn e d sc i e n tifi c o r lit e rary by

, , , , ,

wh a t e v e r n a m e k n own o r d e signa t e d — a s w e ll a s w ork s by vari o u s h an d s

fo rmi n g p art o f a s e rie s o f v o lum e s e dit e d by a n y s u c h so c i e ty a rra n g e d
’
,

a l p h a b e tica lly u n d e r p l a ce s Thi s p ro d uce s s t ra n ge re sults

. The
o th e r l a rg e h e a ding o f P e ri odi ca l P ublica ti o n s is in e v e ry wa y e x c e ll e n t

a n d by re as o n o f a fu ll I n d e x is a lwa y s c o n s ult e d rea dily a n d with p l e a s u re .

C riti c i s m m a y b e x pe nd e d o n so m e o f t h e n a m e h ea di n gs an d t h e
e ,

qu e sti on m ay w e ll b e a s k e d — I n ca s e o f c h a n g e o f n a m e by individu a l s

sh o uld t h e fi rs t o r t h e l as t n a m e b e c h o s e n as a h e a din g ? I n t h e B riti s h

Mu se um C a t al o gue th e fi rs t n a m e is c h o se n wh i c h is o ft e n quit e u n k n own , .

T h e u s e o f th e l a s t n a m e is u s ua lly t h e m o s t c o n v e n i e n t as th a t whi c h is
b e st k n o wn t o t h e p ubli c T h e titl e s o f p e e rs a re t h e m o s t c on v e n i e n t
.

h e adin g s b e ca u se t h e o rigi n a l surn a m e is c o m p l e t e ly l o s t in t h e titl e a n d ,

s p e c i a l m e a n s h a v e u s u a lly t o b e ta k e n t o fi n d o ut t h e s u rna m e wh e n

co n s ulti n g t h e C a t a l ogu e G e n e rally th e o n ly safe rul e is t o c h oose as a

.

m an s na m e th a t by whi c h h e is u n iv e rsa lly k no wn T h e titl e s o f t h e

’
.

En gli sh n o bility b e ar n o co m pari son with th ose o f Fre nchm e n wh o se ldo m ,

wil fully hid e th e i r s u rn a m e s .

S om e o th e r of h e a di n gs in t h e B ritish Mu s e um Ca ta l o gu e a re O p e n
th e

t o di ffe re n c e o f o p in i o n but t h e titl e s th e m se lve s th ro ug h o ut t h e C a ta l o gu e

,

are t riumph ant s p e c im e n s o f i n t e llig e n t c o n t ra c ti on o f t h e titl e s a n a rt ,

n o t e a s y o f c o n s i s t e n t a tta inm e nt by a s taff o f ca t a l o gu e rs thro ugh m a ny

y e ars .

So gre a two rk is n e c e ssa rily o pe n to c riti c i sm but wh e n a llis sa id

a , ,

th at ca n b e said t h e C a ta l o gu e re m ains a re mark a bl e m o num e n t o f

,

we ll di re ct e d la b o ur a n d a s a wh o l e a Ca ta l o gu e of u n e q ua ll e d corre c tn e ss .
 W H AT I S BIB L I O G RA P H Y
0

BY W W . . G R EG .

Rea d 1
9t h Fe b r u a ry , 1 91 2 .

is a co mm o n p lac e a m o n g th o se wh o h a ve w ritt e n o n
t h e s ubj e c t th a t bibli o gra p hy h a s g ro wn fro m b e i n g a n
,

a rt i n t o b e i n g a sc i e nc e a n d if we a re c o n t e n t n o t t o
,

pre s s th e t e rm s too c l ose ly th e re m ark m ay b e a c c e p t e d

,

a s i n dica ti n g a c e rt a i n t ruth Th e re was a tim e n o t so

.

l o n g ago w h e n t h e typi ca l o c c upa ti on o f bibli o gra p h e rs was t h e writin g

o f e l e ga nt e ssa y s on individu a l p o i n t s o f a rc h aeo l ogi ca l o r a rti s ti c i n t e re s t ,

m o re o r l e ss cl o se ly a n d m ore o r l e ss acc id e n t ally c o n n e c t e d wit h b oo k s

,
'
, .

It is n o re proa c h t o a ge n e ra ti on o f bo ok -l o v e rs m a ny o f wh o m are ,

fo rtu n a t e ly s till a ctiv e in o ur mid s t th a t thi s S h o u ld h a v e b e e n so

,
If .

bibli ograp hy is t o -da y a sc i e n ce by whi ch we c o -ordina t e fac ts a n d t ra c e

t h e O pe ra ti o n o f c o n s ta n t ca u se s if we a re gra du a lly e v o lvi n g a rig o ro u s
, .

m e thod fo r t h e inve s tiga ti on an d i n t e rp re ta ti on of fre sh e vid e n ce if we ,

a re a bl e withi n t h e s ph e re o f o ur w o rk in an y wa y a d e qu a t e ly t o re c o n
, ,

s tru c t t h e p a s t o ut o f th e i n di ca ti o n s o f t h e p re s e n t it is in a l a rge ,

m eas u re d ue t o th e pa ti e n t a c c umul a ti o n a n d re co rdi n g o f fa c t s a chi e ve d

by t h o se bibli ogra phi ca l p i on ee rs A s h as h app e n e d o ve r an d o ve r a ga i n
.

in th e hi s t o ry o f sc i e n c e th e s e work e rs p u rs u e d t h e s ubj e c t fo r it s o wn
,

int e re s t an d th e i r i n dividu a l a mu s e m e n t an d in d o i n g so e v o lve d a,

p o w e rful i n s t rum e n t o f i n v e s tiga tio n o f t h e p ra c ti ca l a p p li c a ti o n s o f whi c h

th e y n e ve r d re a m e d A ll thi s we h a ve i n h e rit e d a n d our d e bt is g re a t

. .
 40 WH A T I S BI BLI O GR A P H Y ?

N e v e rth e l e s s th e di ffe re n c e is n o t m e re ly o n e o f kn o wl e dg e but of ,

o utl o o k a s w e ll . R e a din g th rough th a t re markabl e s e ri e s o f pa p e rs in

whi ch o ur fo u n d e rs s ought t o d e t e rmi n e t h e t ru e p ositi on o f bibli o
grap hy in it s v a ri o u s bran c h e s I ca n n o t h e l p thi n ki n g tha t a s e n s e o f
,

di s sa ti s fa c ti o n with th e a rti s ti c m e th o d a p e rc e p ti o n p e rh ap s dim a s

, ,

y e t , o f t h e s c i e n tifi c d e v e l o p m e n t s o f whi c h t h e s ubj e c t wa s c a pa bl e ,

p r e se n t i n t h e mi n d s of th ose
p i o n e e rs is
, a m o n g t h e c hi e f c a u s e s o f o u r

b e i n g a s se mbl e d h e re thi s e v e n i n g A nd a lth o ugh in thi s p a p e r I a m

.

n o t c o n c e rn e d with i n dividu a l bibli o g ra p h e rs o r b o o k s I ca n n o t re fra i n

,

fro m re m a rki n g o n t h e p ro mi n e n c e a c c o rd e d t o o n e n a m e th a t o f H e n ry ,

B ra d sh a w H e is m e n ti o n e d by M r Wh e a tl e y a s t h e o n e m a n in w h o se
. .

h an d s bibli o g ra p hy h a d b e c o m e a n e x a c t s c i e n c e a n d I was m o re
i

a rti c ul a rly s t ru c k by t h e i n s t a n ce o f h is w o rk c it e d in s u o t f thi s

p pp r o

O p i n i o n n a m e ly h is i n v e s tig a ti o n i n t o t h e o rd e r o f t h e C a n te r b u y T a l
, ,
r es .

I fa n c y tha t t h i s is h a rdly th e p o i n t whi c h m o s t c riti c s wo uld h a v e c h o s e n

a s a n i n s t an c e o f bibli o g ra p hi ca l re s e a rc h but it will b e t h e c hi e f o bj e c t
,

o f my p a p e r t o -n ight t o a rgu e th a t t h e qu e s ti on is n e v e rt h e l e ss o f t h e

ve ry e sse n c e o f t h e s ubj e c t .

But if bibli o grap hy is a s c i e n c e it ca n ha rdly a s y e t b e ca ll e d a

,

s a ti s fa c t o ry s c i e n c e . I a m i n c li n e d t o thin k th a t it s u ffe rs fro m its

name a n d I h a l f re g re t th a t bibli o l ogy is p as t p ra yi n g for Wh e n
“ ”
, .

“
bibli o g ra p hy d o e s n o t m e a n th e writin g o f bo o k s it mu s t m e an t h e
”
,

d e sc ri p ti on o f boo k s Thi s limita ti o n o f s e n se s e e m s t o m e u n fo rtu n a t e

.
,

fo r th o ugh t h e d e s c ri p ti o n o f b o o k s m a y fo rm an im p o rta n t b ra n c h o f
bibli o gra p hy it is c e rta i n ly n o t s y n o n ym o u s with it It will p e rh a p s b e .

c o n t e n d e d th a t bibli o g ra hy h as b b bly th t it mu t b
p e e n p r
,o a a s e ,a

d e sc ri p tiv e s c i e n c e I n a se n s e thi s is t rue I n a se n se e ve ry s ci e n c e

. .

is d e scri p tiv e . But in so fa r a s a sc i e n c e is m e re ly d e s cri p tive it is s t e ril e .

Y o u m a y di s s e c t a n d y o u m a y d e sc rib e but u n til y o u r a n a t o my b e c o m e s

,

co m p ara tiv e y o u will n e v e r a rriv e a t t h e p ri n c i p l e o f e vo luti o n Y o u m ay

.

n a m e a n d C l a ss i fy th e c o l o u rs o f y o u r s w e e t e a s a n d ro du c e n o th i n g
p p
but a flo rist s cat a l o gu e ; it is o n ly wh e n y ou b e gi n gro upi n g th e m
’
 WH A T I S BI BL I O GRA P H Y ? 41

a cc or di n g to th e i r ge n e ti c o rigin tha t yo u will a rriv e a t M e n d e l s fo rm ul a ’

.

It is th e sa m e e v e ry w h e re Fa c ts are o b se rve d a n d ca ta l ogu e d by t h e

.

s y s t e m a tiz e rs , a n d th e n s udd e nly a s if by c h a n c e

, a n id e a is b o rn th a t
,

i n t ro d uce s o rd e r a n d l ogi c i n to wh a t was a m e re c h aos a nd we are in ,

o ss s s i on o f a guidi ng p r i n ci l e
p o f a n i n s t rum e n t o f th o ught a n d
p e ,

i n ve stiga ti on th a t ma y t ran sfo rm t h e wh o l e of o ur re l a ti o n t o k n o wl e dge

,

o r a lt e r t h e fa ce o f t h e p hy s i ca l gl o b e P e rh a p s n o di s c o v e ri e s th a t we
.

m a k e in bibli o gra p hy a re lik e ly t o h a v e s u c h fa r rea c hi n g re s ult s as th e se

-
,

but th e y a re q uite cap a bl e o f re vo luti o nizi n g th e s ubj e c t itse l f a n d t h e

m e th od s by whi c h it is p u rs u e d Th a t is why a n y t e n de n cy t o c o n fi n e
.

t h e s c o p e o f bibli o gra p hy wit h i n d e sc ri p tiv e limit s s e e m s t o m e d e p l o ra bl e .

A n d it s n a m e e n co u rag e s — I b e li e v e h a s e n c o u ra g e d — th e be li e f th a t
bibli o gra p hy c o n si s t s in t h e co m p ila ti on o f bibli og rap hi e s Y o u might .

as w e ll s a y th a t g e o gra phy m e a n s m a p m a ki n g o r b a c t e ri o l o gy th e
-
,

bre e ding o f di s e a se M o re o v e r t h e o bj e c ti o n s t o re s t ra i n i n g t h e sc op e
.
,

o f bibli o g ra p hy a re n o t m e re ly t h e th e o re ti ca l o n e s I h a v e m e n ti o n e d .

Th e y a re o f se ri o u s p ra c ti ca l im p orta n c e as we ll Fo r t h e w id e r a pp li ca .

ti o n s o f bibli o gra p h y o f c riti ca l bibli og ra p hy a re n o m e re p l aything s

, , .

Th e y a re e sse n ti a l t o t h e a dva n ce o f k n o wl e dge Th e re fo re th e y will b e .

m a d e — th e y are b e i n g m a d e All th a t is d o n e by re s t ri c ti n g th e o ffic i a l

.

c o g n iza n ce s o t o s p e a k o f bibli o g ra p h e rs is t o e x clud e fro m t h e fi e ld o f

, , ,

th e se n e w d e v e l o p m e n t s t h e o nly m e n wh o by tra ining a re qu a lifi e d t o

c arry th e m t o a s u c c e ss ful i s s u e .

B e fo re I p ass t o a c on s id e ra ti o n o f t h e m e a n i n g an d m e th o d s o f
bibli o gra p h y a wo rd mu s t b e sa id as t o its scop e T h e vi e w h a s b e e n .
,

a n d I b e li e v e is m a i n t a i n e d by m a n y a bl e p ra c titi o n e rs th a t bibli o g ra hy
, p
is p ro pe rly c o n fi n e d t o th e s tudy o f p rint e d b o o k s M a n u scri p ts th e y
.
,

h o ld be l on g t o a n o th e r d e pa rtm e n t N o w I d o n o t wi sh t o wa s t e w o rd s
,
.
,

o ve r a m a tt e r o f v e rb a l d e fi n iti on But wh e n I re a d t h e a c co unt s o f

.

bibli o grap hica l d e scri p ti o n s give n by th e s e sa m e w rit e rs I o b se rv e th a t

a l arg e p a rt o f th e i r m e th o d is ju s t as a p p li ca bl e t o m a n u s c ri p t s as t o

ri n t e d bo o k s A n d as it h a p e n s t o b e in t h e m e th o d s o f t h e s c i e n c e
p .
p
 42 WH A T [S BI BL I O GRA P H Ye

th a t I am a t p re s e n t i n te re s te d I re ga rd th e di s ti n c tio n b e tw e e n writt e n
,

a n d p ri n t e d b o o k s a s i rre l e va n t W h a t I a m c o n ce rn e d with is a s y st e m o f
.

i n ve stiga ti o n a n d a m e t h o d o f d e sc ri p ti o n a n d if with mi n o r m o difi ca ti o ns

, , ,

it c an b e m a d e t o ap p ly t o cl a y c ylind e rs a n d ro ll s o f p a py ru s a s w e ll as
t o c o di c e s o f v e ll u m o r p a p e r s o m u c h t h e b e tt e r
,
It is t h e m e th o d it se l f
.
,

n o t t h e o bj e c t t o whi c h th a t m e th o d is a pp li e d th a t give s u n ity t o a

,

sc i e n ce . Y o u m a y s t a t e t h e l a w s o f m o ti o n in a fo r m m o re s uit a bl e t o th e
m o ve m e n t s o f t h e p l a n e t s a s did N e wto n o r in o n e m o re suit a bl e t o
, ,

th ose o f a n e l e c tron as is t h e m o d e rn t e n d e n c y ; but th a t d o e s n o t a ffe c t

,

t h e p ri nc i p l e s o f ra ti o n a l dy n a mi c s T h u s it m ay b e c a ll e d bibli ogra p hy “
.
,

o r it m a y b e c a ll e d by a n y o th e r n a m e y o u p l e a s e but wh a t I w an t
,

u n d e rst oo d is th a t t h e c h a ra c t e ri s tic s o f t h e sc i e n c e a b out whi ch I a m

s p e a ki n g out fa r d e e p e r th an t h e di s ti n c ti o n b e tw e e n w riti n g a n d p ri n ti n g

a n d a p p ly t o t h e t ra n s mi s s i o n o f a l ls ymb o li c re p re se n ta ti o n o f s p e e c h o r
o t h e r o rd e re d s o u n d o r e v e n o f l o gi ca l th o ught T h i s will I h op e o bvi a t e
.
, ,

u se l e ss di sc u s si on But I co n fe ss fo r my p a rt t h a t th e vi e w whi c h wo uld

.

c o n fi n e t h e t e rm bibli o gra p hy t o t h e s tudy o f p ri n t e d b ook s s e e m s t o

“ ”

m e a v e ry fo o li sh o n e .Wh e n I rea d in a G e rma n c y c l op ae di a tha t th e re

is o n e s c i e n c e o f Biich e rk un d e a n d a n o th e r o f H an d sc h rift sk un d e
“ ” “ ”
,

I b e gi n t o w o nd e r w h e th e r th e re is o n e s c i e n c e o f ge o m e t ry a n d an othe r
o f se l e n o m e t ry
. A n d if we a re t o pa y a n y re ga rd t o n a m e s a t a l l it s e e m s ,

p e rv e rs e t o co n fi n e t o p ri n t e d b oo k s a s c i e n c e o f whi c h t h e n a m e w a s in

use ,
a n d t h e p ri n c i p a l m e th o d s o f whi c h h a d be e n i n v e n t e d c e n tu ri e s ,

be fore p ri n te d b oo ks e xi st e d We sha ll n e xt b e t o ld th a t R i ch ard d e Bu ry

.

wa s n o bibli op hil e !

N ow l e t u s c o n s id e r fo r a m o m e n t wh a t bibli o g ra p hy re a lly is B e fore .

we c a n d e s c rib e o r c l ass i fy an y b o o k we mu s t b e a bl e t o fi n d o ut a b o ut it .

D e s c rip tiv e o r a s I S h all c a ll it s y s t e m a ti c bibli og ra p hy p re s u p p o s e s a n

, ,

a c qu a i n ta n c e wit h t h e e l e m e n t s o f t h e s c i e n c e I ca ll th e m e l e m e n t s
.

in t h e E uc lidi a n se n se Th e y a re e l e m e n t ary n o t in t h e se n se o f b e i n g
.

e a s y but b e ca u s e th e y a re t h e p re re qui s it e s o f a l
,
lfu rth e r s tudy But I .

d o n o t t h i n k th e s e e l e m e n t s h a v e a s a wh o l e re c e iv e d t h e a tt e n ti o n t h e y
 WH A T I S BI BL I OGRA P H Y? 43

d e se rv e T o o o ft e n th e y a re b ro ugh t in i n c id e n ta lly in th e cou rs e o f

.

i ns t ru c ti o n s fo r d e s c ribi n g b ook s a n d a s th o ugh t h e y h a d n o sign ifi ca n c e

,

in t h e m s e lv e s a n d n o a pp lica ti on o ut s id e t h e p a g e s o f a ca t al o gu e Ta k e a .

s i n gl e i n s t an c e T h e e l a b o ra t e a n d highly imp o rta n t rul e s fo r a s c e rta ini n g

.

t h e fo rm a t o f a bo o k a re c o mm on ly giv e n as th o ugh th e i r so l e o bj e c t was

t o guid e t h e d e sc rib e r in h is c h o ic e o f wh a t p a rti c ul ar o rn a m e n t t o p ut a t

t h e e n d o f a titl e I f th a t w e re s o I c o n fe s s it w o uld s e e m t o m e s im p l e r
.
,

t o t o s s up . I b e li e ve t h a t m an y p e opl e w o uld b e puzzl e d t o say e xa c tly

wh e re i n li e s t h e im p o rt an c e o f p utti n g s u ch o rn a m e n t s or symb o l s a t all .

It is re ga rd e d a s p a rt o f th e gam e j us t a s in arithm e ti c c hild re n a re t aught

,

t o p l a y c e rt a i n t ri c k s with a row o f figu re s a n d e xt ra c t s o m e t h i n g ca ll e d

a s qu ar e ro o t t h o ugh a s t o h o w t h e re s ult is o bt a in e d o r wh a t it re a lly

, ,

m e a n s n o th i n g is sa id I n reality o f c o urs e t h e rul e s of fo rm a t h av e

,
.
, ,

n o thi n g t o d o with d e s c ri p ti o n We re qui re th e m t o di s co ve r h ow a S h e e t

.

o f p a pe r h a s b e e n fo ld e d A n d we re qui re t o k n o w h ow t h e s h e e t h as
.

b e e n fold e d n o t in ord e r t o p ut a p arti c ul a r o rn a m e n t in a ca ta l o gu e

, ,

b ut b e ca u s e it is an imp o rta n t bibli o g ra p hi ca l fa c t I t s im p o rta n ce by t h e

.
,

wa y o n ly p artly a ri s e s fro m it s b e i n g a sal

,
i e n t fa c t o r in t h e hi s t ory o f t h e
b oo k It is m a i n ly d ue t o c on sid e ra ti on s lyi n g b e y on d th e fi e ld o f wh a t
.

is u s u a lly ca ll e d bibli o gra p hy Fo r it is o nly a k n o wl e dge o f t h e fo rm a t

.

th a t e n a bl e s us t o sa y in t h e ca s e o f a p ri n t e d b o o k (fo r a m an u scrip t h a s
n o t ru e fo rm a t ) t h a t if va ri an t s o c c u r o n s u c h a n d s u c h a p a g e th e y m a y

b e e x p e c t e d a l s o o n s u c h an d s u c h o th e r p a g e s Thu s a m a tt e r whi c h is
.

re ally o f v e ry s m a ll im po rta n c e t o t h e ca t a l o gu e r b e co m e s o f fi rs t ra t e ,

s ig n ifi ca n c e t o t h e t e xtu a l c riti c — t h o ugh i n d e e d h e is o n ly ju s t b e gi n ni n g

, ,

t o w a k e up t o t h e fa c t S o a ga i n with th e mu c h d e ba t e d qu e s ti o n o f
.

U a n d V Thi s is a lm ost a lwa y s di sc u sse d in t h e fo rm o f rul e s for

.

t ran sc ri p ti o n Y e t wh a t rul e s a ca ta l o gu e r foll o ws is re ally a m a tt e r o f

.

m e re a ca d e mi c i n t e re s t Wha t is im p o rta n t is t h e p ra c ti c e of t h e o ld
. _

ri n t e rs an d t h e g r a du a l a dv an ce o f p h il o l o gi ca l c a re whi c h it re v e a l s
p .

My c o m p l a i n t is th at th rough o ut bibli o gra ph y is s tudi e d a n d t a ught

, ,

so far a s it is ta ught — t o o mu c h fro m t h e p o i n t o f vi e w o f t h e c a t a l o gu e r

 44 WH A T 15 BI BL I O GR A P H Y 2
.

or d e scri p tive bibli ograp h e r n ot e n o ugh fo r t h e i n t e re s t o f th e p ri n c i pl e s

,

i n volve d a n d th a t a s a c on s e qu e n ce th o se wid e r a pp li ca ti on s of th e s ubj e c t

,

th a t lie b e y on d t h e c a ta l o gu e r s h o riz o n n e c e s sa rily su ffe r T h e p ri n t e d

’
.

b o o k o r t h e m an u s cri p t it se l f is a n o bj e c t o f e no rm o us i n t e re s t a n d th e
b o o kl o ve r mu s t wi s h to fi n d o ut e ve rythi n g h e c a n a b o u t it quit e
i rre sp e c tiv e o f an y a c tu a l d e sc ri p ti o n A nd it is th e e l e m e n t s o f bibli o
.

gra p hy tha t su p ply him with a m e th o d a n d a se t o f l ogi ca l t oo l s a s it

we re for t h e p ro s e c uti o n o f h is se arch Any d e s cri p ti on h e m a y fi n d it
.

co n v e n i e n t t o m a k e is m e re ly a m ea n s o f c o mmuni ca ti n g t o o th e rs o r o f ,

re co rdin g fo r h is o wn s ub s e qu e n t i n fo rm a ti o n t h e re s ults a t whi c h h e h a s

,

a rri v e d a n d h o w e v e r u s e fu l is o f p u re ly s e c o n d a ry c on c e rn
, , , .

Thu s t h e e l e m e n t s o f bibli o g ra p hy are wh a t e ve ry bibli o grap h e r w ill

ha ve m o re o r l e ss t o m as t e r H e will p ro ba bly n o t c o ve r t h e wh o l e fi e ld
.
,

fo r it is a l a rg e o n e but h e will re qui re a n i n tim a te k n o wl e dg e o f ce rt a i n

,

p a rt s a n d so m e fa mili a r ity with t h e p a t h s th a t l e a d fro m o n e p a r t t o

a n o th e r if h e is t o d o a n y g o o d in h is s ubj e c t
, T h e e x p e rt in ty p o gra p h y
.

is u n lik e ly t o b e a l so a s kill e d p a l ae o g ra p h e r but h e will re qui re s o m e

,

k n o wl e dge o f th e h a ndw riti n gs upo n whi c h vari o u s type s a re b a se d B o th .

a lik e will n e e d s o m e fa mili a rity w it h t h e hi s t o ry o f p ap e r m a ki n g t h o ug h -

,

th e y will p rob a bly l ea ve t h e C l o se r inve stiga ti on o f w a t e r m a rk s to a -

s p e c i a li s t Wh a t is im p o rta nt is tha t e ve ry s e ri o u s bibli o gra p h e r sh o uld

.

h a ve so m e ge n e ra l p la n o f t h e s ubj e c t in h is mi n d th a t will s o t o s p e a k , ,

e n a bl e him t o fi n d h is wa y a bo u t a n d t o u n d e rs ta n d t h e a dva n c e s m a d e
,

in o th e r fi e ld s a n d t h e po s s ibl e ligh t th e y m ay th ro w u p o n h is o wn
,

imm e di a t e s tudi e s .

Th o se wh o h a v e fo ll o w e d m e s o fa r will n ot b e s u rp ri se d th a t I ca ll t h e
fi e ld a wid e o n e It in clud e s t h e s tudy o f b o ok m aki n g a n d o f th e m a n u
.
-

fac tu re o f t h e m a t e ri a l s o f w hi c h b o o k s a re m a d e it in c lud e s a k n o wl e dg e
,

o f t h e c on diti o n s o f t ra n sc ri ti o n a n d re ro du c ti o n f t h m t h d of
p p o e, e o s

ri n ti n g a n d bi n ding f t h p a cti c e s o f p ubli ca ti o n a n d b o o k s e lli n g

p o ,e r

it i n c l ud e s t h e wh ol e o f typ o g raphy a n d t h e w h o l e o f pa l aeo grap hy .

N a tu rally e n o ugh t h e s ubj e ct t e nd s t o sh a d e o ff i n t o o th e rs th a t a re n o t

46 WH A T I S BI BLI O GR A P H Y ?

m os t e xp o se d to th e o n sl a ught s o f p re vi o u s w rite rs a n d I sh a ll n o t say ve ry,

mu c h a b o ut it A fe w re m a rk s will h o we ve r b e re l e van t a n d m a y
.
, , ,

c on ce iva bly b e u se ful It is so m e tim e s sa id th a t a bibli ogra p h e r s h o uld

.

di sti n gui sh t h e re l a tiv e m e rit a n d im p o rta n c e o f t h e b oo k s e n u m e ra t e d ,

a n d t h a t t h e id ea l bibli o g ra p h e r will re a d a n d judg e as w e ll a s re c ord a n d

d e sc rib e T h e id e al bibli o gra p h e r will n ot wa st e h is tim e o v e r wha t is

.

n o c o n c e rn o f h is H is s ubj e c t is b o o k s n o t u n iv e rsa l k n owl e dg e ; a n d

.
,

t h e re l e van t se n s e o f t h e w o rd b oo k is th a t in wh i c h t h e E ll e sm e re
“ ”

C a n ter b ury T a l es is a b oo k n o t th a t in w h i c h C h a u c e r s Book of

’
,
th e

D uch ess is a b o o k T o t h e bibli o g rap h e r t h e lit e ra ry co n t e n t s o f a b o o k

.

is i rre l e va nt . Thi s d oe s n o t m e a n th a t sp e c ia l bibli ogra p hi e s s h ould n o t

b e c o m p il e d o r t h a t t h e m e ri t s o f t h e wo rk s i n c lud e d o r s o m e b o dy s
’
, ,

o p i n i o n t h e re o n s h o uld n o t b e re c o rd e d
, It m e a n s th a t thi s is n o t t h e
.

t a sk o f th e bibli o g ra ph e r T h e c riti c i s m o f a wo rk o n hyd roca rb on s is

.

t h e bu s i n e s s o f a s c i e ntifi c c h e mi s t th a t o f a n o v e l is t h e bu s i n e ss s o it
, ,

se e m s ,
o f a ca s h c h e mi s t It is no t th a t o f a bibli o gra p h e r T h e o n ly
. .

b ib l iogra h y whi c h is rea lly t h e bu s i n e ss o f a bibli og ra p h e r is a bibli o gra p hy

o f bibli o g ra phy Th i s we m a y ca ll biblio gra p hy ra i se d t o t h e s e c o n d
.

p o w e r
, a ll o t h e r bibli o g ra p hi e s a re th e p ro du c t o f bibli o g ra hy a n d s o m e
p
o th e r s ubj e c t Thu s t h e co m p ila ti on o f biblio gra p hi es is in trut h but a
.

mixe d a n d sub sidiary art T h e m e re bibli ogra p h e r wh o c riti c i se s th e

.

w ork s h e ca ta l o gu e s is guilty o f impe rt i n e n ce : a t b e s t h e is o nly th e

s y s t e m a tiz e r o f t h e o th e r m e n s kn o wl e dg e
’
.

If yo ne thi n k s th a t I a m u n duly limiti n g th e func ti on s o f t h e

an .

bibli o gra ph e r in thi s di re c ti o n a n d d ep rivi n g him o f a p a rt o f h is h e re dita ry

d o m ai n I will e n d ea vo u r t o m a k e up fo r it by wha t I b e li e ve t o b e a
,

l o gica l a n d n e c e ssa ry e xt e n si o n o f h is a c tiviti e s e l se wh e re Fo r I h a v e .

a t l e n gt h c o m e t o t h e rea l s ubj e c t o f t h i s
p a p e r n a m e ly t o wh a t I s h a ll
, ,

c a ll c riti ca l bibli o gra hy

p .

Aft wh t I h v
er a id it sh o uld I thi n k b e c l e ar tha t I re gard bibli o
a e sa

g rap hy as an im p orta n t s ubj e c t It is o n e which ma y quit e l e gitim a t e ly

.
 WH A T I S BI BL I O GRA P H Y ? 47

b e p u rs ue d fo r it s o wn sa k e a n d it
by t h os e wh o s o p u rsu e it t h a t it
is
is lik e ly t o b e m o s t a dva n c e d P ossibly e ve ry s ubj e c t t h a t is wo rth
.

c ultiv a ti n g p os se ss e s so m e i n t ri n s i c va lu e a p a rt fro m p ra c ti ca l a pp lica ti o n s .

But I d o n o t t h i n k t h a t bibli o gra ph y is o n e o f t h e grea t s c i e n c e s o f whi c h ,

p u re m a th e m a ti cs is t h e ty p e w h
,
o s e int e re s t w o uld h a rdly b e dimi n i s h e d

by e n ti re di sso ci a ti o n fro m th e ac tu a l w o rld A t an y ra t e I fre e ly c o n fe s s

.

th a t my o wn i n t e re st in bibli o gra p hy is by n o m ea n s p u re ly bibli o gra p hi ca l .

It is lit e ra ry I s tumbl e d i n t o bibli ograp h y by a ccid e n t Findi n g it

. .

im p o ssibl e t o o bta i n t h e info rma ti on I re qui re d a bo ut a ce rta in c l as s o f

lit e ra tu re I s e t t o w o rk t o co ll e c t it It wa s th e re sult s o f bibli o grap h y
,
.

th a t I wa n t e d but my se arc h le d m e t o th e fa r grea t e r di sco ve ry o f t h e

,

im por ta n c e o f t h e s ubj e c t it se l f A n y valu e my lit e ra ry wo rk m ay ha v e

.

will b e c hi e fly o wi n g t o th a t di sc o ve ry Fo r if I ma y b e a ll o w e d a vi o l e n t
.
,

m e t ap h o r w hi c h is a lway s c o mi n g t o my mi n d it is o n ly by th e a p plica ti o n
,

o f a rig o ro u s bibli o g ra p hi c a l m e t h o d th a t t h e l as t d ro p o f i n fo rma ti o n

can b e s qu e e z e d o ut o f a lit e ra ry d o c um e n t Thu s in s p it e o f my i n t e re s t

.

in bibli o gra p hy it is as t h e h a ndm a id o f lit e ra tu re th a t I s till re ga rd it ,

an d it is thi s s id e o f my th e m e th a t I wi s h t o d e v e l o p t o n ight -
.

The re is a re m ark in D r C O pin ge r s ina ugu ra l a dd re ss b e fo re thi s S o c i e ty

.
’

t h a t re ce ntly ca ugh t my a tt e n ti o n Bibli o gra phy h e s a id h as b e e n ca ll e d

.
“ ” “

t h e gra mm a r o f lit e ra ry i n v e s tig a ti o n It is a n e xtra o rdina rily pe n e tra tin g

”
.

re m ark but o n e w hi c h s e e m s t o m e t o h a v e be e n s t ra n g e ly mi s u n d e rs t oo d
, .

Bibli o gra p hy h a s h ardly e ve r a tt e m p t e d to b e t h e gra mm ar o f lit e ra tu re ;

it h a s t ri e d t o b e a di c ti o n a ry It h a s c h ro n i c l e d a n d d e sc rib e d s o m e
.
,

tim e s it h a s e ve n c riti c i se d t h e boo k s n e e d e d for t h e s tudy o f lit e ra tu re

, ,

a n d it h a s re n d e re d va lu a bl e se rvi c e in this li n e but s e ld o m if e v e r h as it

c o n ce rn e d it s e l f w ith t h e m e th o d s o f th a t s tudy By t h i s o f c ou rse I d o
.
, ,

n o t m e a n e it h e r t h e c iti i m i e xi t n o r t h e m e th o d s o f
a n o s o
n f c r c s — f s u c h s —

lit e rary hi s t o ry b ut I d o m e a n wha t is a n t e ce d e n t t o b o th th e s e n am e ly

, ,

t h e i n v e s tiga ti o n o f t e xt s . S t ri c tly bibli o gra p hi c a l i n v e s tig a ti o n fo rm s

th re e fo u rth s o f t e xtu a l criti c i s m an d th e re fo re o f th e wo rk o f t h e s ci e n tifi c
-
,

e dit or . Fo r e diti n g s h o uld b e n o n e th e l e s s sc i e n tifi c b e c a u se it mu s t

 48 WH A T I S BI BL I O GR A P H Y ?

at th e sa m e tim e b e lit e ra ry N o e dit o r wh a t e v e r h is t a s t e e v e r did

.
, ,

va lu abl e wo rk with o ut a sc i e n tifi c p o w e r o f h a n dli n g t e xtu a l e vid e n c e ju s t

a s n o e dit o r h o w e v e r s c i e n tifi c is w o rth h is sa lt with o ut ta s t e
, , A n d a p a rt .

fro m t a s t e h e re qui re s mu c h k n o wl e dg e th a t h a s n o thi n g t o d o with

bibli ograph y H e re qui re s a th o rough k n o wl e dge o f lin gui s ti cs an d a
.

th orough k n o wl e dge o f a n tiquiti e s But th e s e a re p re s u pp o se d in th e

.

s ubj e c t a n d di ffe r with t h e a c c id e n t s o f t h e s ubj e c t Wh a t is c o n s ta n t a s a

.

re qui re m e n t ,
wh a t e ve ry e dit o r wh a t e v e ry t e xtu al i n ve s tiga t o r n e e d s
, ,

wh a t m a y t h e re fo re b e t ruly c a ll e d t h e gra mm a r o f lit e ra t ure is criti ca l ,

bibli o gra ph y C riti ca l bibli o graph y is t h e s ci e n c e o f t h e m a t e ri al t ra n s

.

mi ssi o n o f lit e rary t e xt s t h e i n v e s tiga ti on o f t h e t e xtu a l t ra diti on a s it is

,

ca ll e d in s o far a s t h a t i n v e s tig a ti o n is p os s ibl e wit h o ut e xt ra n e o u s a id s

,
.

It a im s a t t h e c o n st ructi o n o f a cal culu s fo r t h e d e t e rmin a ti on o f t e xtu a l

pro bl e m s .

Th i s o f co urs e is n o n e w s ci e n c e : e dit o rs h a v e b e e n forc e d t o s o lv e

, ,

t h e p ro bl e m s a s th e y w e n t a l on g a n d in d o i n g so th e y h a v e n e c e ssa rily
,

e v o lv e d a m e th o d o f th e i r o wn It is s t ran ge h o w e v e r w h e n o n e c o m e s
.
, ,

t o go i n t o t h e s ubj e c t h ow littl e a n d o ft e n h o w u n sa ti s fa c t o ry is t h e
,

writi n g o f a g e n e ra l na tu re t h e reo n I s a y thi s a dvi s e dly in sp it e o f full

.

k n o wl e dge of a n d s i n c e re st re s p ec t fo r t h e p ro fo un d o b s e rva ti on s fo r
, ,

i n stan ce o f W e s t c o tt a n d H o rt in c o n n e c ti on with t h e m a n us cri p t s o f t h e

Gre e k Te sta m e n t Eve rywh e re t h e e dito r su ffe rs fro m n o t be i n g a
.

bibli o grap h e r h e give s him se lf a lls o rt s o f u n n e c e ssa ry t ro ubl e a n d a r iv e s r

a t al ls o rt s o f im p o ss ibl e re s ult s I n t h e c u rre n t n u mb e r o f o n e o f t h e

.

c h i e f c riti c a l j o u rn a l s a w rit e r g o e s h o p e l e s s ly wr o n g o v e r t h e o rd e r o f

t wo i s s u e s o f a p ri n t e d bo ok s im p ly b e c a u s e h e d o e s n o t k n o w h o w t o
,

di sti n gui sh a n o rigi n al l e a f fro m a can c e l It is p a t h e ti c t o fi n d e dito rs

.

di sc u ss i n g th e o rd e r o f un d a t e d e diti o n s on a b a si s o f va gue p ro b abiliti e s ,

whe n o fte n t h e e rro n e o u s re t e n ti o n o f a ca t c h word o r s o m e simil ar

bibli o gra p hi cal t rifl e p ut s t h e m a tt e r a lt o ge th e r b e y o n d di sp ut e It is n o t .

th a t bi b li o grap h e rs o ught t o ru s h i n t o t h e t a s k o f e diti n g but th a t e dit o rs ,

o ught t o giv e th e m s e lv e s a th oro ugh bibli o gra p h i c a l t ra ini n g Fo r a la rg e

.
 WH A T I S BI BL I OGRA P H Y? 49

p a t
r of th e i r work is bibli o graphy c riti ca l bibli ograp hy an d thi s ca n on ly
, ,

b e p rop e rly e x e c ut e d wh e n t h e e l e m e n ts o f t h e s ubj e c t h a v e b e e n m as t e re d .

Fo r an y on e wit h o ut a c o mp e t e n t k n o wl e dge o f bibli o grap hy t o e nd e a v o ur

t o d e a l wit h t e xtu a l e vid e n c e is m e re im p e rti n e n ce It is th e t a sk o f
.

bibli o grap h e rs a t p re se n t t o sy s te m a tize th e k n o wl e dg e a cqui re d in thi s

d e pa rtm e n t a n d t o p e rfec t th e m e th o d t h a t it m ay b e a c qui re d with t h e
,

l e a s t p o ssibl e t ro ubl e an d a pp li e d wit h th e gre a t e s t p o ssibl e c e rtai n ty .

Th e re is much to b e d o n e in thi s li n e T o o o ft e n far re a ch i n g d e du c ti o n s

.
-

a re d ra w n fro m wh o lly i n a d e qu a t e p re mi s e s t a bl e s o f re l a ti o n s hi t o o ft
, p o en

i n vit e th e sn e e r th a t th e y re se mbl e figu re s o f E u c lid in whi c h a b o mb

h a s e x p l o d e d t o o o ft en so u rc e s o f e rro r a re o v e rl o o k e d t oo o ft e n co n
, ,

s e q u e n c e s ig n o re d A C la ssi cal sch ola r wh o e nj oy s th e re p uta ti o n o f b e i n g

.

o n e o f t h e a bl e s t t e xtu a l c riti c s in thi s co u n t ry is c o n t e n t t o s e a k o f a

p
si n gl e m a n u sc rip t p re se rvi n g th e o rigi n a l re adi n g in a c a s e wh e re t h e
va ri an t s a re o f t h e ty pe (a b e d ) a n d t h e ge n e ti c re la ti on o f t h e t e xt s o f
a

t h e 76 ( a b C d ) But I a m h e re i n v e n ti n g t e c hni ca l t e rm s fo r a sc i e n c e
.

whi c h h as n o t y e t b e e n re du ce d to rul e .

AS I ha ve sa id n o a tt e m p t h a s ye t b e e n m a d e t o s y s t e m a tiz e c riti ca l
,

bibli ograph y an d I c o n fe s s t h a t I a m by n o m ea n s c l e ar in my o wn mi n d
,

w ha t we S h a ll fi n a lly a gre e to i n cl ud e u n d e r t h e n a m e a lwa y s s u pp o si n g

,

th a t we re co gniz e s u c h a s ubj e c t a t a ll T o b e gi n with it will e mb rac e

‘
.

al lt h a t a n e dit o r re qui re s in t h e wa y o f k n o wl e dg e a n d m e t h o d a p a rt ,

fro m li n g ui s ti c s a n d r ea l
ien But h o w mu ch m o re it m a y b e e xp e di e n t
.

t o i nc lud e I will n o t v e n tu re t o gu e ss .

It will by n ow h a ve b e co m e e vid e nt why I sa id th a t I re ga rd e d t h e

d e t e rmin a ti o n o f th e o rd e r o f t h e Ca n ter b ury T a les as a typ i ca l
bibli o graph i ca l p ro bl e m It is o f co u rse t ru e th at in co n sid e ri n g it
.
, ,

we re qui re t o ta k e i n t o a c co u n t l oc a l a n d t e m p o ra l al lu s i on s in th e .

t e xt it se l f whi c h h a ve n o thi n g t o d o with bibli ograp hy

,
Y e t th e
.

p ro bl e m is e ss e n ti a lly o n e o f t e xtu a l t ra n s mi s s i o n Fo r if we ca n
.

a c co u n t fo r t h e ac tu a l o rd e r o f t h e t a l e s in t h e va ri o u s e xt an t m a n u
 50 WH A T I S BI BLI O GRA P H Y?

s cr i p t s we sh all h ave so lv e d t h e p rb b le m o f t h e o rigina l ord e r pro vid ed

,

tha t th e re e ve r was o n e And allqu e sti on s o f t e xtu a l tra ns mi ss i on a re

.

qu e st i on s of c ritic albibli o grap hy .

Bibli ograp hy is a wid e s ubj e c t an d t h e fi e ld of c ritical bibli ograp hy is

n o l e s s e xt e n s iv e . But it m ay n ot u n re as o na bly b e sugge s t e d th a t th e
m o re imm e di a t e c on ce rn o f thi s S oci e ty is with t h e bibli o graphy o f E n gli s h
lit e ra tu re And n ow with y ou r p e rmis s i o n I will sp e n d wh a t re m ain s o f
.
, ,

my a ll o tte d h o u r in d e sc ribi n g a d rea m o f my o wn I t is o f a c o u rse .

o f l e c tu re s o n E n gli s h bibli o g ra phy which m a y o n e da y b e d e liv e re d a t

o e
n o f o ur s o -ca ll e d s e a t s o f l ea rning n e ith e r thi s y e a r n o r n e xt y ea r
, ,

but p e rh ap s so m e d ay A n d I will t e ll you wha t as I d rea m th e l e ctu re r

.
, ,

will t e ll h is c l a ss H e will b e gi n with th e g e n e ra l p rin ci pl e s o f t e xtu al

.

tran s mi ssi o n which are for t h e m o st pa rt o b vi o u s e n o ugh h ow a n umb e r

, ,

o f s t e p s o ft e n i n t e rv e n e be tw e e n t h e w o rk a s it fo rm e d it s e l f in t h e a uth o r s
’

mi n d an d as it rea c h es m od e rn rea d e rs H e will p a s s on t o d e scrib e

.

t h e c o n diti o n s und e r whi c h m a nu script s we re writt e n a n d c o pi e d t h e ,

ki n d s o f mi s ta k e th a t sc ri b e s h a bitua lly m ad e a n d t h e m a nn e r in whi ch

,

bibli o graphi ca l i n ve s tiga ti o n m a y re ve al th e m t h e e xt e n t o f t h e c o rrup ti o n

,

t o b e e xp e c t e d an d t h e d e g re e t o wh i c h it is re a so na bl e t o re ly o n t h e

t e xtu a l t ra diti o n H e will co n sid e r t h e i n flu e n c e s t o which m a n u scri p t s

.

h a ve b e e n s ubj e c t e d t h e i nju ry th e y h ave s u ffe re d t h e d e gre e t o whi c h

, ,

thi s ca n b e re pa i re d t h e re ag e n t s th a t m ay b e u se d with sa fe ty t h e wa y
, ,

v e llum sh o uld b e t rea t e d a n d th e wa y it s h o uld n ot H e will th e n d e a l

, .

with t h e p ri n c i p l e s o f t e xtua l c riti c i s m t h e gro u p i n g o f m an u scri p t s

,

a cc o r ding t o th e i r ge n e ti c re l a ti o ns t h e m an n e r in which th o se re l a ti o n s
,

a re t o b e d e t e rmin e d an d t h e wa y in whi c h th e y affe ct t h e c h o i c e o f

,

re a di n gs : in wh a t ca s e s a re a di n g in t h e a rc h e typ e c an b e p ostul a t e d

with ce rta i n ty in wh a t cas e s it is o n ly a m a tt e r o f p ro ba bility : w h a t

,

e vid e n c e fo rc e s u s t o s up po se co n fla t io n wh a t l a tit ud e s h o uld b e a ll o w e d

,

for c o incid e n c e : wh e n co n fl a t io n is d ue t o t h e s c rib e wh e n t o a re vi s e r : ,

h o w a rch e typ al fo li a ti o n m a y b e in fe rre d a n d wh a t is it s im p orta n c e He .

will th e n p ro ce e d t o ta k e individ ua l m on um e n t s o f lit e ra tu re a nd d e scrib e

 WH A T I S BI BLI OGRA P H Y9 .
51

th e m a nu sc ript s in whic h th e y are p re se rve d a n d t h e re l a ti o n o f th o se

m anu sc ripts H e will al s o c o n s id e r th e c on te n t s o f va ri o u s m a nu scrip t s
.

a n d t h e light whi c h th e y ma y th ro w u po n t h e w o rk s co n t a in e d H e will .

n o t n e gl e c t e xt e rn a l e vid e n c e a s re ga rd s t h e a uth o rs a n d t h e i r w o rk s but ,

will di re ct a tt e n ti o n to t h e m ai n c o n t e mpo rary a uth oriti e s a n d re cord s t o

b e s tudi e d . Fu rth e r h e will con sid e r th e appe a l o f th e m an u sc ri p t s ; th e
,

l e a rn e d E n gli sh m a n u scri p ts o f An gl o S ax o n tim e s t h e p o p ula r m an u

-
,

s c ri p t s o f t h e c e n tu ri e s fol l o wi n g t h e C o n qu e s t P a ri p a ss u h e will
.

i n ve s tiga t e t h e ch an ge s in th e m e th od s o f boo k m a ki n g a n d t h e gra dua l

-

d e ve l o pm e n t o f ha ndwriti n g H e will i n di ca t e th e e vo luti on fro m t h e

.

ha l f-u n cia l o f t h e ea rli e s t c h art e rs to t h e fi n al di s so luti o n o f S axo n w riti n g

a b o ut 1 2 0 0 ,
an d fro m t h e a d op ti o n a n d a d a p ta ti o n o f t h e C a ro li n gi a n

mi n u sc ul e t o th e b o ok an d c u rre n t h an d s o f th e fi ft e e nth c e n tu ry : h e will

g

a l so t ra c e t h e e l a bo ra ti o n an d d e ca y o f t h e s y st e m o f c o n tra cti o n s
bo rrow e d fro m La ti n writi n g N a tu rally h e will n o t b e a bl e t o d e al fully
.

with a l lt h e e xta nt m a nu s c ript s o f a l ls u rvivi n g w o rk s but h e will co n s id e r

,

al lt h e m o re im po rta nt m o n um e n t s a n d will in pa rti c ular d e vo t e a tt e n ti o n

,

t o t h o s e th a t p re s e n t p ro bl e m s o f a ty p i ca l n a tu re H e will di s c u ss th e
.

s o c a ll e d t h re e t e xt s o f t h e Vis ion of P ie s P l
- ow ma n fo r if bibli o g ra hy
r
p ,

is no t c o nc e rn e d with t h e qu e s ti o n wh e th e r th e y a re t h e w o rk o f o n e a uth o r
o r o f th re e it is c on ce rn e d with t h e d e t e rmi na ti o n a n d di ffe re n ti a ti o n o f
,

t h e th re e typ e s a qu e sti o n t h e i n v e s tiga ti o n o f which h a s b e e n a s y e t o n ly

,

be gu n but whi c h wh e n an sw e re d will go fa r to w ard s a n s we ri n g th e o th e r

,
.

S imil a rly h e will di s cu ss t h e a l rea dy m e n ti o n e d p ro bl e m o f t h e o rd e r o f th e

C a n ter bu ry T a l es s o fa r as thi s d e pe n d s fo r it s s o luti o n o n t h e a rra ng e
,

m e nt in th e m a nu s c ri p t s .

H e will n e xt pa ss t o t h e i n t ro du c ti o n o f p rin ti n g a n d i n di cat e t h e ,

di ffe re nce s whic h th a t e ve n t m ad e in th e t ra n smi ssi o n o f t e xt s H e will .

di scu s s th e re l a ti o n o f e diti o n s a n d t h e i r gro up in g a n d a l so th e mi n o r,

di ffe re n ce s whi c h c op i e s o f t h e sa m e e d iti o n pre s e n t a n d h e will indi ca t e ,

h o w th e c h a n g e fro m m a n u sc ri p t s t o p rint e d b oo k s a fl e c t s th e p ro bl e m s o f
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t extua l c riti c i sm H e will ca ll a tt e n ti on to t h e pa rti c ul ar e rro rs whi ch are

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E 2
 52 WH A T I S BI BL I o oR A P H Y ?

lik e ly t o h ap pe n in co mpo s iti o n a n d imp ositi o n a s h e p re vi o u sly did to

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th o se p e c ulia r t o c o pyi n g H e will d e s crib e t h e di ffe re n c e s of type a n d

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whi c h e ac h is li a bl e H e will c on sid e r m e th o d s o f d e t ec ti n g fa l s e im p ri n t s

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p a g e . H e will ca ll a tt e n ti o n t o th e d ifl e re n c e b e t we e n v a ri o u s a g e s in t h e

e xt e n t t o whi c h we m a y p re s u m e a n a uth o r t o h a v e e x e rc i s e d c o nt ro l o v e r

t h e fi rs t e diti o n o f h is w o rk o r o v e r t h e fi rs t an d s ub s e q ue n t e diti on s a s
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w e ll H e will e num e ra t e t h e m an y sm a ll p o in t s t h e c o rre c ti o n s t h e

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bibli o grap h i ca l pe c uli a riti e s a n d h e will e xp l a i n t h e va ri an t s in t h e di ffe re n t

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i s su e s o f P a r a dis e Los t H e will a cco u n t fo r t h e dup li ca t e s e tti n g o f

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a n d will di sc u s s t h e m o s t sa ti s fa c t o ry wa y o f p ri n ti n g w o rk s writt e n in

t h e m Thi s is a n imp orta n t m a tt e r a n d h e will d e vo t e c on sid e ra bl e

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m e th o d whi ch is c orre ct t o t h e e xclu sio n o f o th e rs it is a qu e s ti o n whi c h

is b e s t a d a p t e d t o pe c uli a r n e e d s A n d it is l a rge ly t h e bu sin e ss o f t h e
.

bibli o gra ph e r t o se e tha t wh a t e ve r m e th od is a d o p t e d it is carri e d o ut

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co n s i s t e n tly an d m a d e t o yi e ld t h e v e ry be s t re s ult s o f whi c h it is c ap a bl e .

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m an y me n th e re a re t o d ay wh o would b e capabl e o f und e rta ki n g it with

 T HE BI BLI O G RA P HI C A L S O C I ET Y .

JO URN A L O F T HE T WEN T Y FI RS T S ES S I O N -
.

O ctober , 19 12, to A pr il , 19 13 .

OCT O B E R M EETI N G .

firs t M e e ting o f t h e S e ss i on wa s h e ld a t 2 0 H a n o ve r S qu are o n

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a p e r o n S o me S ixteen th Cen tu ry M a n uscr i t L et ter Books

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a t ribut e t o h im t o b e re a d within a m o n th o f h is d e a th T h e fo ll o wi n g .

is a s umm ary o f t h e p a pe r p re p a re d by M r P o llard . .

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 56 1 0 UR N A L .

th e Mu se um m a in ly t wo cl ass e s o f o ld b o ok s fo re ign b o o k s o f th e 1 5 th
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c e n t ury a n d E n gli s h b oo k s ri n t e d n o t l a t e r th a n 1 6 4 0 In f m l ti g
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c a ta l o gu e s o f t h e b o o k s o f t h e s e t wo c l a s s e s w e re c on t e m l a t e d The
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th a t in e a c h ca s e su mm a ry ca ta l o gu e s w e re in e xi s t e n c e whi c h gre a tly ,

fa c ilit a t e d p u rc h a s e s a n d th a t c o n s tan t s u rv e y o f t h e fi e ld with o u t whi c h

littl e p rog re ss ca n b e m a d e in filli n g ga p s Th a n k s t o th e se a id s h e wa s
.

a bl e du ri n g h is K e e e rshi
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but n o o th e r K e e p e r in t h e p a s t is lik e ly t o h ave a tta i n e d thi s d o ubl e

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Fully to p ro ve t h a t t h e q uality o f th e se a dditi on s is a s im p orta n t a s

th e i r qu an tity w ould n e c e s sita t e tu rn i ng thi s su mm a ry i n to a o n e li n e
ca ta l o gu e . O n ly a fe w b o o k s ca n b e m e n ti o n e d in e a c h c l a ss I n Ma in z .

b o ok s t h e Mu s e um wa s al re a dy ve ry ri c h b ut n o t in M a i n z Mi ssa l s a n d t h e
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s e c o n d o f S ch o e ff e r s e diti o n s fo r t h e us e o f B re sl a u was m a d e a l lth e m o re

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w e l co m e by c o mi n g fro m t h e C h a p t e r Lib ra ry I n t h e ca se o f B a mbe rg t h e

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Voca b ul r ius E x Quo c o m p l e t e d in Jun e 1 4 6 9 t h o ugh t h e c o p y wa s a

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s h a bby o n e wa s p l a ce d in it s n i c h e with mu c h re j o i c i n g
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G e rman y s pa rt in th e in v e n ti o n o f p ri n ti n g wa s l e ft i n co m p l e te T h e ga p s
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.

in th e re p re s e n t a ti on o f t h e p re s se s o f S t ra ssbu rg a n d C o l o g n e t h o ugh ,

n um e ro u s we re in th e l e s s im p o rta n t p re s s e s T h e c hi e f a dditi o n is a
, .

fi n e ly rub ri ca t e d v e llum c o p y o f t h e fo li o S t ras sbu rg B re via ry o f 1 4 7 8 (P a r s

a est iva l is ) in t h e ty p e o f t h e “
Bu rgu n di s c h e H ist o ric o f E rh a rd Tu sch ”
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mu ch m o re v e rn ac ul ar p ri n ti n g wa s fa r l e s s w e ll re pre se n t e d a n d s ix bo ok s
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a p i e c e h a v e b e e n a dd e d fro m t h e re s s e o f Z i e r a n d S o rg fo u r a p i e c e
p s a n ,

by Bamle r a nd Ra td olt a n d nin e by S c h On sp e rge r T o N ure mb e rg h ave

, .
 j O URN A L .
57

b e e n a dd e d a m o ng o th e rs t h e i n t e re sti ng b roa d s id e a dv e rti s e m e nt o f t h e

, ,

u s tin ia n p ri n t e d by S e n se n s ch m id t a n d Frisn e r in 1 4 7 5 h o n ly b o o k
f t e

fro m t h e p re s s o f t h e as t ro n o m e r p ri n t e r J o h a n n M iil
- le r n o t a l re a dy in t h e

Mu se um a n d t h e fi rs t b o o k p ri n t e d by P e t e r Wa gn e r
, .

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,

G e orge R e yse r h as b e e n i n c re as e d by a Mi ssa l o f 1 4 8 2 a n d a Wiirz b urg ,

A gend a b e a ri n g t h e a rm s o f t h e Bi s h o p e n gra ve d o n co pp e r H is .

ki n sm a n Mi ch e l wh o p ri n te d a t E i c h s tatt h avi ng yi e ld e d t o G e o rg a ll
,
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t h e b o o k s in t h e Mu se um ass ign e d h im by P ro c t o r h as b e e n c o m p e n sa t e d
,

by t h e p u rchas e o f a S ta tuta S y n oda lia u n d o ubt e dly h is T h e la s t

,
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,

t h e C i s t e rc i a n M o n a s t e ry a t Zi nn a a b o ut 1 4 9 3 t h e p re vi o u s a b s e n c e o f
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whi ch fro m th e Mu s e um c oll e c ti o n h a d b e e n a lm o s t a s s t ran ge a s sa d .

I n b oo k s p ri n t e d a t R o m e by S we yn h e ym a nd P a n n a rtz th e Mu se um is
l e ss ri c h th a n it s h o uld b e a n d fo u r h a ve b e e n a dd e d i n c ludi n g t h e
, ,

Ep is tol ae of S . J e ro m e b e gun by P an n a rt z a n d co m p l e t e d by La u e r H a n .

a n d C h a rd e l a a n d D e Lign a m in e h a v e a l s o be e n e n ri c h e d a n d o n e o r t wo
l ,

e a rly b o o k s a dd e d t o t h e p ro lifi c P l a nn ck T h e e a rli e s t V e ni c e p re ss e s

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w e re a l re a dy a bu n da n tly re p re se n te d a n d t h e fi rs t vo lum e o f V d e S p ira s

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’

Ma l e rm i Bibl e o f 1 4 7 1 a n d s o m e s m a ll b oo k s by J e n s o n a re t h e c hi e f

a dditi o n s t o th e m . O f t h e l a t e r4 V e nic e p ri n t e rs t h e re p re se n ta ti o n h a s
b e e n im p ro v e d a lla l o n g t h e li n e a n d o n e o r t wo n e w p re s se s e g th a t o f
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Ve n e tia n illu s tra te d b o ok s th e m o s t im p o rta n t a c q ui s iti o n s a re thre e o f

I 49
3 t h e Ma l
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Aquila A esop of 1 4 9 3 a fi n e co p y o f th e Ascoli S ta tut a
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 58 1 0 URN A L .

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by t h e p u rc ha se o f an Op us r es titution um o f 1 4 7 5 a n d t h e c e n tu ry o f ,

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 f O UR N A L .
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a n d t h e s e c o n d e diti o n o f
n

h is Unf or t un a te T r a vel S id n e y s A r ca dia ( 1 5 9 3 ) an d D ef en ce of P oesie

’
ler ,

esol ed G en tl a v e rs i o n o f t h e C h eva l
( 5
’
I 9 L e wk e n o r s T h e R v e ma n i er ,

an d t h e u n a u t h o i s e d e diti o n o f Bra yt o n s P ier s G a ves ton

’ ’ ’
D él ibe r e r ,

thi s las t with h al f a d o e n o th e r b o o k s b e i n g sc a n ty sa lva ge fro m t h e

,
z ,

R o wfa n t Lib ra ry o f M r L oc k e r La m p s o n .
-
.

With Be n J on so n s E very ma n out of h is H umour ( 1 6 0 0 ) m a y b e

’

m e nti on e d t h re e o th e r p l a y s o ut o f th e v e ry fe w o f t h i s p e ri o d n o t a l re a dy
in t h e Mu se um viz t h e 1 6 0 2 Sp a n ish T r age d ie ( t h e fi rs t th a t c o n ta i n s
, .
,

th e
“
P a i n te r s ’
t h e p s e ud o S h a k e s p e a ri a n C r omw el l a n d M as s i n g e r s
-
,
’

Bon d ma n I n re co rdi n g t h e a c q u i s iti o n o f a b oo k its e l f u n iqu e G ard y n e s

’
.
, ,

G a r de n of F l ow e r s ( E di n bu rgh we m a y n o t e th a t p u rch as e s o f
,

S c o tti s h b oo k s h a ve b e e n v e ry n um e ro u s i n cludi n g b e s id e s im po rta nt ,

 6o j o UR N AL .

E di bu gh b k
n r oove ra l p ri n t e d by Ra ba n a t A b e rd e e n an d th e fi rs t
s, se ,

b oo k p ri n te d a t Gl a sgo w .

O th e r gro u p s o f b oo k s w hi c h ma y b e m e n ti o n e d a re 1 1 1 e diti on s o f
1 6 th c e n tu ry Yea r Book s givi n g th e Mu s e um a to ta l o f 3 2 4 o ut o f 4 4 3
,

re gi s t e re d 1 1 e diti o n s o f E ikon Ba s il
,
ike d a t e d 1 6 4 8 i e i s s u e d withi n ,
. .
,

l e ss tha n t wo m o n th s o f C h arl e s I s e x e c uti o n t wo i ss u e s o f t h e fi rs t

’
,

e diti o n o f P a r a d is e L os t c o m p l e ti n g t h e Mu s e um s e t o f di sc o v e ra bl e
,

va ri a n t s a n d th e o nly o rigi n a l p ro se w o rk by him n o t a l re a dy in th e

,

Mu s e um B e sid e s th e se we ma y n a m e a fe w o utlyi ng p u rch as e s su c h a s

.
,

t h e fi rs t e diti o n o f K e n s M o n ing a n d E ven ing Hy m n G o ld s mith s

’ ’
r ,

P r osp ect f S ociety ( th e c h a o ti c h a rbing e r o f T h e T r a vel

o e ) a n d t h e Fi s t
l r ,
r

F r u its of A us t a l ia n P oe try
r whi c h w e re a l so t h e fi rs t fruit s o f t h e
,

A u stra lian pre ss I f fun ds h a d be e n a va il abl e M r Fo rte scue wo uld h a ve

. .

b e e n d e light e d t o fill up m o re o f t h e l a t e r ga p s a s w e ll as t h e e arli e r o n e s ,

but h e b e li e ve d th a t in a libra ry o f t h e s ize o f th a t o f t h e B riti s h M us e um

gap s c ould b e b e s t fill e d by ta ki n g o n e o r two se cti o n s a t a tim e a n d
s u rv e ying th e m s y s t e m a ti ca lly T h e re sult s whi c h h e a tta i n e d a re t h e
.

b e st ju stifi ca ti on o f h is th e o ry H e w o uld a s s ure dly h a v e d e s i re d it t o b e

.

n o te d th a t in a tt a i n i n g th e m e v e n in t h e fi e ld o f p urc h a s e h e was
, ,

ge n e ro u sly h e l p e d by m a ny M e mb e rs o f thi s S o c i e ty whil e t h e gre a t ,

b e ne fa c ti o n s whi c h m a rk e d h is t e n u re o f t h e K e e pe rshi p o f P ri n t e d B o ok s
m ay a l l di re c tly o r i n di re c tly b e c o n n e c t e d with t h e S o c i e ty o f whi c h h e
, ,

wa s p ro ud t o b e P re s id e n t .

DE C E MB E R M EETI N G .

On M ond a y D e ce e r 1 , mb e6 th t h
re s P id t M H B Wh tl y
en ,
r ea e
,
in . . .
,

t h e C h a i r D r E rn s t C ro us rea d a p a p e r on T h e G en er a l C a ta l
, . ogu e of
I n cu n a b ul Thi s is p ri n te d in full in th e p re s e n t v o lum e t o ge th e r with
a .
,

a S umm a ry o f a R e po rt by M r P olla rd a s t o th e h e l p t o b e give n

.

D r Gro u s in co ll e c ti n g i n fo rm a ti on a s t o i n c u n a bul a in En gl a n d
. .

P re vi ou s t o t h e An n ua l M e e ti n g th e fo llo wi n g Re p o rt a n d B a la nce
S h e e t w e re c i rc ul a t e d a m o n g M e mb e rs by m e a n s o f t h e N e w s S h e e t -
.
 62 1 0 UR N AL .

no at bl e a s b e ing th e large s t we h a ve p ri n t e d a n d th e fi rs t o f o ur b o ok s t o ,

b e c a se d A s far as c a n b e as c e rta i n e d t h e c a s i n g h as b e e n g e n e ra lly

.

a p pro v e d ; it is p ro p o se d t o a d op t it fo r a l lo ur futu re p ubli c a ti o n s a n d ,

a rra n g e m e n t s a re b e i n g m a d e t o e n a bl e m e mb e rs t o o bt a i n c a se s fo r th os e

o f o ur e xi s ti n g p ublic a ti o n s fo r whi c h th e y a re m o s t lik e ly t o b e in d e m an d .

Fo r 1 9 1 2 t h e re will be i s su e d
xt m o n th M r E sd a ile s L is t of E nglis h
ne .
’

Ta l es a n d P r ose R oma n ces an d Pa rt 4 c o m pl e ti n g th e H a n dlists of

, ,

E ngl ish P r in ter s 1 5 01 1 5 5 7 wit h a l p h a b e ti ca l a n d ch ro n o l o gi ca l t a bl e s o f

,
-
,

c o n t e n t s whi c h will p ro vid e a lt e rna tiv e di re c ti o n s fo r bi n di n g .

Mr . illu s t ra t e d m on o gra ph o n E ngli s h P ri n t e rs a n d

M c K e rro w s ’

P ubli she rs D e vi ce s in use b e fo re t h e c lo se o f 1 6 4 0 is n ow be in g p rinted

’
.

Thi s a l so will b e i ssu e d as for 1 9 1 2 a n d with it will b e s e n t o ut a n e igh t ,

p a g e s u pp l e m e nt t o M r B o u rd il
lon s M o n og ra ph o n t h e E a r y E dit io n s
.
l
’

a R os e fo r whi c h h e h as kindly
f
o t h e R om a n de l
p ro vid e d th e bl o c k s .

Fo r 1913 th e re will
m a t e ri a l s for a n i n t e re s ting v o lum e o f
be
T r a n s a ction s ( Vo l X I I ) a n A b s t ra ct o f t h e Will s o f C a mb ridge P ri n t e rs
.
,

a n d S t a ti o n e rs is in p re pa ra tio n by M r G J Gray a n d th e se b o ok s will . . .

,

b e a cc o m pan i ed by a n o th e r M o n o gra p h o r it s e quiva l e n t .

iv M mb— rs h a v e b e e n a l re a dy i n fo rm e d th a t t h e G e rm a n C o m
( ) . e e

mi ss i o n fo r a G e n e ra l Ca t al ogu e o f Inc una bul a is d e si ro u s o f o bt aini n g

i n fo rma ti o n a s t o t h e I n c u n abula (m o re e s p e cia lly th ose as ye t u n d e scrib e d)
in publi c o r p riva t e lib rari e s in t h e B riti s h I s l es a n d th a t D r E rn s t C ro us , .
,

a n a b s tra c t o f wh ose p ap e r o n t h e s ubj e c t is p rint e d in t h e sa m e JV ews S h eet -

a s thi s R e po rt is c o mi n g o v e r a ft e r E as t e r in c o nn ec ti o n with thi s o bj e c t

, .

T h e C o u n c il e arn e s tly h o pe tha t t h e S o ci e ty bo th co ll e c tive ly an d th ro ugh ,

its m e mb e rs m a y b e a bl e s ub st a nti a lly t o h e l p fo rw a rd t hi s e n t e rp ri se

, .

( ) —T h e S oc i e ty
lib ra ry h a s b e e n w e ll care d for du ri n g t h e pa s t y e a r
’
v . s

in its n e w qu arte rs at U n iv e rs ity C o ll e g e It is v e ry h e lp ful a t tim e s t o .

m e mbe rs wh o wa n t b ook s whi c h ca n n o t b e bo rro we d e l se wh e re an d ,

d o na ti o n s are alwa y s w e l co m e .
 j o URN A L . 63

BALANCE S HEET — 1st Ja nua ry, 1912, t o 31st Dece mb er, 1912, inc
. l i
us ve .

R E C E I PT S {I s. d P A Y M E N TS 6
l i ti g ,
. . .

By Ba a n ce , 3 xs t D e c
9 1 11 267 6 11 By P r n n and 2 40 I 6 6
I ll t t i
.
,

t
En ra n ce F e e s 18 18 0 us ra 84 1 8 7
S b ip i f 9 d
on s

u s cr t or 1 10 a n 19 1 1 8 8 0 In s uran ce of St k oc of Pu bli
B i i h S b ip i
on s
ti
ca
t s f u s cr t o n s or 2 12 2 o on s 2 7 3
U i d St t S b ipti C pyi g d R
r

n te a es u s cr on s fo r o an e s e a rc h e s 10 13 4
f L ib
n

9 1 12 74 18 1 V o te y or ra r 4 16 7
F ig S b i pti f u scr on s or 1 9 12 30 9 0 Re n t 25 0 0
S b i pti f 9 3
o re n
u s cr on s or 1 1 8 8 0 x
E pe nse s o f 6 15 0
S l f P bli t i H o n S e c re ar s E pe n s e s t y x
’
a e o u ca o ns 18 2 0 2 14 6
it t t y
.

I t
n e re s t o n I nve s t m e n s t 10 7 3 A ss s a n S e c re a r 5 0 0
H o n U S S e c re t a r s E pe n se s
. .
’
. y x 1 1 0
H o n T reas ure r s E pe ns e s
’
x 1 13 3
l b
.

Ba an c e , 3 ls t D e ce m e r, 1 9 1 2 2 63 3 3

15 64 8 I 9 3 £6 4 8 19 3

R O BE RT E . G RA VES , H on . T r e a s ur e r .

I h av e c o m p are d th e a b o ve with t h e P as s Boo k an d Vo uch e rs a nd fi nd it c o rre c t .

A L EX R N E A L E ,
n th f o u n d ry , 1 9 13 .

A S S ET S L I A BI L IT I E S
“

6 s d z d
l d i t d li bili ty 5 Li f
.
, . . . s. .

Con so s Bo n s 7 5;
,

{I 300 2 25 15 0 E st m a e a fo r 2
l b
e

£ 1 00 3 3% N e w S o uth Wa e s M e m e rs 2 62 10 0
d Bo n 90 0 0 Es m a eti t d t
cos of m p l ti g co
E tim t d l f St k b k y
e n
v a ue oc of t h e oo s fo r th e d f
P bli t i i ti g
s a e o ea r a n o

u 300 0 0 t
o h e r Pr n n 2 50 0
Bl
ca on s
fA tf 9 cc o un or 1 12 2 63 3 3
S b i pt i i
a an ce o
u sc r on s n a rre a r 12 12 o

A NN UA L M EE TI N G .

The A
l M ee ti n g o f t h e
n n ua S o c i e ty wa s h e ld at 2 0, Hnv a o er S qua re ,
o n M o n da y J a n uary 2 0 t h at 5 , , p m . .
, th e o utg o i n g P id t
re s en ,
Mr . H B . .

Wh e atl e y in t h e C ha i r ,
.

Aft er th e An u l R n a t h ad b e e n re ad
e por , it s a d o p ti o n was m ov e d by
Mr . Wh ea tl e y and ca rri e d u n an im o u sly .

O n th e m o ti on o f M r R e dgrav e M r Fa lc on e r M a dan M r A W
.
, .
, . . . K .

Mill e r , an d M r S ydn e y C h ri s ti e Mill e r w e re e l e c t e d V i c e P re sid e nt s

.
- -
.
 64 [0 UR N A L .

O n th e m oti o n o f M r Bo urdillo n t h e fo ll o win g we re e l e c t e d a s

.

M e mbe rs of C o u n c il : M r G A Aitk e n M r G F B a rwi ck S ir Ern e st

. . .
, . . .
,

C l a rk e M r Li o n e l C u st M r S t e p h e n G a s e l
, .
, ee M r W W G re g M r
.
,
. . .
, .

C W D y s on P e rri n s M r C h arl e s S a yl e M r Fran k S idg wi ck M r H R

. .
, .
, .
, . . .

T e dd e r Mr C h a rl e s We l c h Mr T J Wi se
,
.
, . . . .

O n t h e m o ti o n o f M r Wh e a tl e y P rofe s s o r S ir Willi a m O s l e r wa s
.
,

e l e c t e d P re s id e n t o f t h e S oc i e ty by a c c l a m a ti o n .

T h e n e w P re s id e n t t h e n t o o k t h e C h a i r a n d a ft e r th a nki n g t h e S o c i e ty ,

for h is e l e c ti o n p ro po s e d a v o t e o f t h a n k s t o M r Wh e a tl e y fo r h is s e rvi c e s
,
.

du ri n g t h e p a s t t wo y e a rs .

T h i s a l so wa s ca rr i e d by a cc l a m a ti o n .

J AN UAR Y FE B RUAR Y A N D M AR C H M EE T I N G S
,
.

T h e A n n u a l M e e ti n g wa s fo ll o w e d by t h e u s ua l M o n thly M e e ting o f
t h e S o c i e ty t h e P re s id e n t S ir Willi a m O s l e r in t h e C h a i r
, ,
Mr H R ,
. . . .

T e dd e r rea d a pa p e r o n A Bibliogr ap hy of M oder n Br itis h I I is toty f r om

On M o n da y Fe b ru a ry 1 7t h a t 5 p m
, , . .
,
at 2 0, H v e r S qua re
an o , th e

P re s id e n t S ir Willia m O sl e r in t h e C h a i r
, , , a p a pe r e n titl e d N ot es on th e

Bib l iogr ap hy of P op e wa s re a d by M r G A . . .A i tk M V O en, . . .

On M o n d a y A pril z r s t a t 5 p m M r
, ,
. .
,
. G R R dg v P t P id t
. . e ra e, as - re s en ,

in th e C h a i r P ro fe ss o r Fe rg uso n re a d a pa p e r o n
, S ome Books f
o S e cr e ts .

All th e se th re e pa p e rs are p r n e i t d in ful lin th e p re se n t v o l um e .

SOME S I X T E E N T H C E N T U RY MA N U S C R I PT
L E TT E R - B O O KS .

BY P . S . A L L EN .

Read 2 1 st Oct ob er , 1 91 2 .

HE N thi l s e a rn e d S oc i e ty
did m e t h e h o n o u r of i n viti n g
m e t o rea d a pa p e r b e fo re it it o c c u rre d t o m e th a t t h e
,

mos t s uita bl e s ubj e c t t o o ffe r w o uld b e an a cc o u n t o f

c e rta i n m a n us c ri p t c o ll e c ti o n s o f l e tt e rs with whi c h I

h a ve h a d to d e a l in t h e c o u rs e o f my re se a rch e s a fte r
t h e c o rre s p on d e n ce o f Eras mu s . T h e imp o rta n ce o f p e rs o n a l l e tt e rs fo r
t h e s tudy o f hi s t o ry is b e i n g m o re a n d m o re re c o g n i s e d e sp e ci a lly a b ro a d , ,

wh e re l e arn e d b o di e s i n t e re s te d in th e R e fo rma ti on a re e ngagi n g with

sch e m e s o f p ubli c a ti o n o n rea lly e n o rm o u s p ro p o rti o n s Alm o s t e ve ry .

big lib ra ry p o sse ss e s c o lle c ti on s of a ut o gra p h l e tt e rs e ith e r a dd re ss e d ,

u n i fo rmly t o o n e m an o r o n e gro u p a n d t h e re fo re p re s um a bly t h e

, ,

o rigi n a l a cc umul a ti on s k e pt t o g e th e r by t h e re c i p i e n t s o r e l s e g a th e ri n g s
,

fro m va ri o u s so u rce s an d a dd re s s e d t o di ff e re nt p e rso ns fo rm e d by c o n ,

t e mpo ra ry o r s ub se qu e n t c o ll e c t o rs O f t h e fo rm e r c l as s m ay b e i n s ta n ce d
.

t h e sp l e ndid A m o rba c h c oll e c ti on a t B a sl e t h e E ra s mu s l e tt e rs a t L e i p zig

, ,

th ose o f B e a tu s Rh e n an us a t S chl e tt s ta dt o f Z w i n gli a t Z uri ch o f Buce r

, ,

a n d H u mb e rt a t S t ra sbu rg o f A ldu s A l e an d e r B e mbo a n d S a d o l

, , , e t a t th e

Va ti ca n l e tt e rs fro m a llp a rt s o f E u ro p e a dd re s se d t o o n e in dividu a l o r

_

T h e s e co n d c l ass m ay b e re p re se nt e d by C a m e rarius co ll e c ti o n s a t
’
a fe w .

Mu n i ch O rt e liu s at t h e Au sti n Fri ars in t h e C ity o f Lon d on R h e d ige r s

,
’
,
’

F
 66 SI X TE E N TH CE N T UR Y M A N US CR I P T L E T T E R -BO OKS .

at B re sl au U ffe n b a ch s a t H a mbu rg : form e d by m e n i n t e re s t e d in th e

,
’

writ e rs o r in th e i r s ubj e c ts o r in th e t wo l a tt e r c a se s by t h e d e si re o f t h e
, , ,

a ut o gra p h hu n t e r But with th e se I d o n o t prop o se t o d e a l Wh e n o n c e

. .

o u h a v e in y o u r h a n d s t h e ac tu al l e tt e r s e n t an d re c e iv e d with it s w a fe r
y ,

a n d se a l it s fo ld s a n d c ut s an d a dd re s s yo u h a v e re a c h e d t h e re a l thi n g
, , ,

y o u k n o w wh a t t h e w rit e r s a id a n d wh a t t h e re ci p i e n t re a d But o f t h e .

s ta g e s in it s c o m p o s iti o n o f t h e p ro c e s s e s by whi c h it wa s p re p a re d fo r
,

di spa t ch o r o f t h e vi c i ssit ud e s th ro ugh whi ch it p a sse d o n it s way

,

the re is u su a lly littl e t rac e Fo r i n fo rm ati o n a b o ut th e se we mu s t l oo k

.

e l s e wh e re .

T h e l a s t po i n t m a y b e illu s t ra t e d by a fe w i n s ta n c e s b e fo re we p a s s o n .

T h e a ge n c i e s fo r t h e ca rryi n g o f l e tt e rs in t h e s ixt e e n th c e n tu ry we re
va ri e d P ubli c b o di e s h ad th e i r s taffs o f o ffi c ia l m e sse n ge rs an d so t oo
.
,

n o d o ubt did l a rg e c o mm e rc i a l fi rm s B ut p riva t e i n dividua l s wh o we re

.

n o t w ea lthy e n o ugh t o m a i n t a in sp e c i a l s e rva n t s o f t h e i r o wn fo r t h i s

p pu r o s e h a d t o re ly o n s u c h o p p o rtu n iti e s a s o ffe re d : t h e c a ra v an s o f

m e rc h a n t s go i n g t o t h e fa i rs— a s u re but n o t v e ry di re c t c h a n n e l ; t h e
c h a n c e vi s it s a n d j ou rn e y s of fri e nd s o r p e rso n s o f t ru s t ; o r h i re d
m e sse n ge rs wh o w e re e xp en siv e a n d c o uld n o t a lwa y s b e re li e d u p o n
,
.

O n e co n se qu e n ce o f th e s e c o nditi o n s was th a t l e tt e rs w e re u n c e rta i n in

t h e tim e o f t ra n s it .

O n thi s m a tt e r a goo d d ea l of e vide n ce is a va ilabl e I t is n ot u n co mm on .

fo r w rit e rs in re plyi n g t o a l e tt e r t o s pe c i fy it s d a t e or if a n y c o n s id e ra bl e
,

i n t e rva l h ad e l ap se d b e twe e n di sp a t c h an d a rriva l t o co mm e n t o n it A , .

ri c h qu a rry fo r t hi s qu e s ti o n is in t h e l e tt e rs writt e n t o A l
'

e a n d e r wh e re ,

o n th e b ac k h e h a s in m a n y ca s e s e n d o rs e d t h e d a t e o f a rriva l a n d t h e p l ac e

wh e re t h e l e tt e r fo u n d him M a n y o f th e m a re o f t h e p e ri o d o f th e D i e t
.

o f Ra ti s b o n whi c h h e a tt e n d e d a n d in s o m e c a s e s t h e j o u rn e y thit h e r wa s
,

qui ckly d o n e fro m I n n sbru ck to Ra ti sb o n in fo u r d ay s fro m Mu n i c h in ,

fi ve fro m S p i re s in ni n e fro m C ol og n e a n d M a i n z in t e n fro m D re s d e n in

, , ,

e l e ve n in o th e r cas e s m o re s l o wly fro m R o m e t o R a ti s b o n in tw e n ty fi ve

,
-

d ay s fro m T o urn e y in a m o nth fro m Ve n ic e in a m on th an d a hal f A

, ,
.
 SI XTE E N TH CE N T UR Y C
M A N US RI P T L E T T E R -BOOK S . 67

quick t ran sit wa s fro m R o m e t o Li e ge in twe n ty on e d a ys sl o w o n e s

‘
-

we re fro m Evo ra in P o rtuga l t o R o m e in S ix m o n th s o r two i n sta nc e s in ,

t h e c o rre s po n d e n c e o f E ras mu s o n e a l e tt e r s e n t o ff fro m A ld e n bu rg in

,

S a x o n y 1 3 th N o v e mbe r 1 5 1 7 whi c h re a c h e d h im a t Lo uva i n c I s t

, , .

Augu s t 1 5 1 9 t h e o th e r da te d 2 6 th May 1 5 2 8 at Ab e rd e e n whi ch fo u n d

, , ,

him a t Fre ibu rg c 1 5 th M a rch 1 5 3 0 A n o th e r ca u se o f d e l a y was tha t t h e

. .

re c i p i e n t wa s o ft e n a p e rs o n w h o s e bu s i n e ss c o m p e ll e d him t o m o v e

a b o ut ; an d s o t h e o rigina l m e s s e n g e r n o t fi n di n g him a t t h e d e s ti na ti o n
,

i n di ca t e d might b e o blige d to ca rry t h e l e tt e r o n till h e c o uld find wh ith e r

,

t o s e n d it a n d a s uita bl e a g e n t fo r it s t ran s mi ss i o n Thus a l e tte r writt e n

.

t o A l e a n d e r o n 7t h O c t o b e r fro m M a i n z w e n t o n t o R o m e a n d h a d t o

c o m e ha l fwa y b a c k a g a i n b e fo re it fo u n d him a t B o l o gn a o n 1 2 t h J a n u ary .

A l e tt e r writt e n to Era s mu s o n 1 2 t h Ap ril fro m Pa ri s mi sse d him in th e

N e th e rl a n d s a s h e h ad j u st s ta rt e d fo r B a sl e a n d s o wa s ca rri e d o n t o
, ,

G e n oa a n d did n ot re tu rn t o B as l e till I s t S e p te mb e r I n a ffa i rs o f s ta te

,
.

a n d c o mm e rc e l e tt e r b o o k s a re s till p re s e rv e d fo r o bvi o u s re a s o n s
-
, In t h e .

S ixt e e n th c e n tu ry p riva t e i n dividu a l s h a d thi s m o tive t o p re se rv e c o p i e s o f

wh at th e y h a d writt e n : th a t wh e n a n an s w e r wa s l o n g d e l ay e d in c o mi n g ,

th e y might e a s ily h a ve forgo tt e n n ot th e i r word s o nly but e v e n th e i r o wn ,

se n tim e n t s a n d p ro p o sa l s .

O th e r di ffic ulti e s w e re th e ca re l e ssne ss o f m e s se n ge rs a nd th e di stu rb e d

c on ditio n o f t h e tim e s O ffi cia l s we re a p t t o i n spe c t a n y l e tte rs tha t
.

p a ss e d th ro ugh th e i r t e rrit o ri e s ; a n d ro vi n g b an d s o f so ldi e rs e n ga g e d o n ,

o n e s id e o r a n o th e r in t h e m a n y s t ruggl e s th a t w e re th e n s ti rri n g m e n s
’

he art s wo uld tu rn o ut a m e ss e n ge r s l e tt e r b a g an d d e s t ro y a ny wh os e
,
’
-

c on t e n t s di sp l e a se d th e m o r th a t w e re g o i n g t o p e rs o n s o f w h o m th e y did

n ot a pp ro v e T o p ro t e c t th e m s e lve s m e n so m e tim e s wro t e fa l s e na m e s o n

.

t h e a dd re ss sh e e t s p f th e i r l e tt e rs ; t h e m e s s e n g e r o f c o urse h a vi n g t h e
-
, ,

C lu e. A n e xa m p l e o f th i s is a n a ut o gra p h l e tt e r n o w in t h e lib rary a t

B asl e o f C o n ra d G ocle n t h e La ti n p ro fe s sor in Busle ide n s co ll e gium
, ,
’

t rilin gu e a t Lo uva i n w ritt e n a 6 th Ju n e 1 5 2 2 Fro m t h e c on t e n t s it is

,
.

quit e c l e ar tha t th e pe rso n a dd re ss e d wa s E ra s mu s wh o wa s th e n a t ,

F 2
 68 SI X TE E N T H CE N T UR Y M A N US CRI P T LE T TE R -B OOK S .

B asl e : but t h e a dd re s s o n t h e o uts id e d e sign e d t o th ro w a ny u n fri e n dly

,

i n sp e c to r o ff t h e sc e n t is t o J o h n D e cim arius a t C on s ta n c e Aga in

, .
,

o n e o f E ra s mu s p ubli s h e d l e tt e rs is a dd re ss e d t o a c e rt a i n S igi s mu n d
’

Qu e s t e n b e rg a n a m e n o t o th e rwi se k n o wn By go o d fo rtu n e t h e ro ugh

, .

d ra ft o f th e l e tt e r e xi s t s in E ras m u s a ut og ra ph a n d th e re it is i n s cribe d
’
,

quite pl a i n ly t o J o h n Bo tz h e im wh o wa s a c an on o f C o n sta n ce o n e
, ,

o f h is m o s t i n tim a t e fri e n d s T h e l e tt e r is o f 1 5 3 1 a t whi c h d a t e t h e

.
,

c an on s h a d b e e n e xp e ll e d fro m C o n sta n c e by t h e s u pp ort e rs o f t h e

R e fo rm ati on a n d th e a ssum e d n am e h a d p ro b ably b e e n a dde d in c as e
,

t h e l e tt e r S h o uld fa ll int o t h e w ro n g h a n d s Wh e n it ca m e t o b e p ri n t e d
.
'
,

s o m e m o nth s l a t e r t h e e dit o rs o f t h e v o lum e p re s e rv e d t h e fal s e n a m e

, ,

p e rha p s by d e sign but m o re p ro b a bly in ign o ran ce .

O ffi i l i t f
c a m y b illu t t d by t h
n e r e re n c e a e s ra e ll o wing e p i sod e La t e
e fo .

in 1 25 7 E m
ra sh d f m
us t h F i
ea r ro e ra n c s ca n s a t B a s l e th a t a p a c k e t o f

l e tt e rs writt e n by him in t h e middl e o f N o ve mb e r a n d e n t ru s t e d t o a

c a s u a l a n d ca re l e s s m e s s e n g e r h a d b e e n fo u n d lyi n g a b o ut in a n in n a t
,

T h an n a m ongs t t h e Vo sge s o f Up p e r A l sa c e an d th a t t h e i n n k e e p e r h a d
, ,

h an d e d th e m o ve r to t h e t o w n co u n c il T h e F a n c i scan wa rd e n a t
. r

Ru ffa ch h e ar d o f it a n d se n t o n t h e n e w s t o B a sl e
, T h e l e tt e rs w e re .

impo rta n t so m e fo r t h e t h e o l ogia n s o f P a ri s with wh o m Erasmu s wa s

, ,

e n g a g e d in d e fe n di n g h is o rth o d o xy o n e fo r t h e Arc hbi s h o p o f Ca n t e rbu ry

a n d a b o o k t o go t o t h e Ar c hbi s h op o f S e vill e H e a t o n ce s e n t o ff a
.

m e sse n ge r o f h is o wn t o Th ann t o re t ri e v e th e m But t h e c o u ncil h a d .

c o mmitt e d th e m t o t h e P ro v o s t o f Th a n n a n d t h e P ro v os t a ft e r m a ki n g
, ,

a n e x a mi n a ti o n h a d s e n t th e m o n t o t h e t o w n c o u n c il o f E n s i s h e im wh e re
, ,

t h e go v e rn o r o f t h e A u s t ria n t e rrit o ri e s in A l sa c e h a d h is s e a t E ra s mu s ’
.

C h ri stm a s h o lid a y was di s tu rb e d by t h e i n c id e n t O n z 7t h D e c e mb e r h e

.

wro t e t o t h e Au st ri an go ve rno r t o a sk h im t o s e n d t h e l e tte rs b a c k a t

o n ce ; whil e B o n i fa ce A m e rba c h w ro t e t o t h e bu rg o m a s t e r o f E n s i s h e im .

“
T h e C o u n cil o f Th an n w rit e s A m e rb a c h h as se n t to y o u r w o rshi p s
,
” “
,

a p a c k e t o f l e tt e rs by E ra s mu s wh y I d o n o t k n o w fo r y o u r o rd e r a b o ut
, ,

t h e e x a mina ti o n o f di spa t c h e s o nly a ppli e s so far a s I und e rs ta nd t o t h o se

, ,
 70 SI XT E E N TH CE N T UR Y M A N US CRI P T L E T T E R-BO OK S .

m an n e r o f t h e fo rm a ti o n o f th e volum e It co n si s ts o f 2 2 8 l a rge squ a re

.

fo li o s m o s tly c o v e re d wit h writi n g o n b o th s id e s a n d it is writt e n by

, ,

fi v e o r s ix h a nd s a l , l c l early c o n t e m po ra ry with oc cas i o n a l c o rre c ti o n s

,

a n d a dditi o n s by E ra s mu s O f t h e l e tte rs it c on ta i n s— a b o ut 3 6 0 in a l
. l
n o n e a re d a t e d l a t e r th a n O c t o b e r 1 5 1 8 e x c e p t t wo a ut o gra p h l e tt e rs t o him
,

o f 1 5 2 4 a n d I 5 3 0 t h e s u rviv o rs o f a g ro u p o f a b o ut a d o z e n which w e re
, ,

a t o n e tim e in t h e bo o k but h a ve n o w di sa pp e a re d — p e rha p s a dd e d by ,

so m e l a t e r a ut o gra p h c o ll e ct o r a t a n y p e ri o d a ft e r E ra s mu s d e a th With’
.

t h e e x c e pti o n o f a fe w e a rly l e tt e rs fro m E n gla nd o f t h e da t e s 1 5 0 9— 1 2

, ,

t h e c o ll e c ti o n m a y b e s a id t o b e gi n in 1 5 1 4 an d thu s co v e rs ro ughly fi ve

y e a rs t h o ugh it o f c o u rse d o e s n o t c on ta in a llt h e l e tt e rs o f tha t p e ri od

,
.

But t h e d a t e o f t h e c o p yi n g ca n b e s till m o re c l ea rly d e fi n e d fro m

c o m p a ri s o n with t h e p ri n t e d v o lum e s o f E ra s mu s l e tt e rs Th re e of t h e s e
’
.

v olum e s w e re p i t e d
r n in t h e ye a rs 1
5 5
1 — 1 7 a n d t h re e m o re in 1 5 1 8 —2 1 .

T h e D e v e n t e r l e tt e r b o o k c o n t a in s o n ly th re e l e tt e rs whi c h a p p e ar in t h e
-

fi rs t gro u p a n d on e o f th e s e is o n ly a fra gm e n t aga i n s t whi ch th e c o p yi s t

, ,

h a s a dd e d in t h e m a rgi n im p re ssa e st e vid e n tly h a vi n g di scov e re d h is

“ ”
,

e rro r b e fo re h e h a d g o n e fa r : but o f t h e l e tt e rs p ri n t e d in t h e s e c o n d

gro u p o f vo lum e s t h e m an u sc ri p t c on ta i n s fi fty on e T h e i n fe re n c e fro m

-
.

thi s m ay fa i rly b e d ra wn th a t t h e e a rli e r l e tt e rs d o n o t a pp ea r in t h e

m anu sc rip t b e ca u se th e y we re a lrea dy p ri n t e d ; a n d th a t t h e re fo re t h e
m a n u sc ri p t did n o t b e gin t o c o m e i n to be i n g u n til so m e tim e b e tw e e n
Ap ril 1 5 1 7 t h e d ate o f th e l a st o f t h e ea rli e r gro up o f p ri n t e d vo lum e s
, ,

an d O c t o b e r 1 5 1 8 .

T h e p e ri o d o f it s co m p o s iti o n m a y b e fu rth er we d M a ny o f t h e
n arro .

l e tte rs in t h e m a n u sc ri p t a p p e a re d in p rin t in A ugu s t 1 5 1 8 in th e fi rs t ,

o f t h e l a t e r v o l um e s o f l e tt e rs T h e p ri n t e d
. t e xt sh o w s co n sid e ra bl e
a m p lifi ca ti o n a n d ju s t a fe w o f t h e p a s s a g e s a dd e d a re w ritt e n i n t o t h e
,

m an u s cri p t by Eras mu s h im se l f T h e o bvi o us sugge s ti on is th a t t h e

.

m a n u sc ri p t is a n t e ri o r t o t h e p ri n t e d t e xt T h e c o n t ra ry ca n o n ly b e
.

s u pp o s e d o n t h e vi e w th a t E ra s mu s wi s h e d t o p re s e rv e t h e o rigi n a l t e xt o f

t h e l e tt e rs u n a d o rn e d a n d th e re fo re se t h is se c re t ari e s t o c op y th e m a ft e r t h e
,
 SI XTE E N TH CE N T UR Y W
I AN US CRI P T L E T TE R -BOOKS .
71

l g d t e xt h a d b e e n p ri n t e d But in thi s case h e w o uld n o t him se l f h a ve

e n ar e .

a dd e d s o m e o f t h e n e w as s a g e s It m a t h e re fo re b e argu e d with o ut d o ubt

p .
y
th a t t h e gre a t e r pa rt o f th e m a n u scri p t was w ritt e n b e fo re Augu s t 1 5 1 8 a n d ,

p ro b a bly b e fo re E ras mu s d e p a rt ure t o B a s l e a t t h e e n d o f Ap ril The

’
.

m a n u sc ri p t h a d s e ve ra l s e ri e s o f fo li a ti o n It s e e m s t o h a ve b e e n m a d e
.

up o rigi n a lly in qui re s ; but m o s t o f t h e l e a v e s a re n o w s i n gl e Th e y a re .

gro u p e d fi rs t by s ign a tu re s a t th e fo o t A A A an d so on a s in p ri n t e d
, ,, 2, 3, ,

b o o k s A s th e c oll e c ti on g re w t h e thi rd or fo u rth co p yi s t ma d e a

.
,

n um e ra ti o n 1 2 0 1 -
an d t o thi s t h e fi fth c o p yi s t a dd e d t wo bl oc k s fo li a t e d

by t h e R o m a n a n d G re e k a lp h a b e t s T h e wo rk o f t h e s ixth c op yi s t
.

is n o t n u mb e re d a t a l l F ro m c o m p ari s o n o f d a te s it is p o ss ibl e t o
.

id e n ti fy fo u r o ut o f t h e s ix C op yi s t s with se rva n t p u p il s of E ras mu s -

,

bo y s wh o live d in h is h o u s e a n d re n d e re d him p e rson al se rvi ce s whi c h ,

va ri e d fro m t h e m aki n g o f sa la d s t o t h e c op yi n g fa i r o f h is lit e rary

w o rk or t h e ca rrying o f l e tt e rs an d p ap e rs alon g t h e se cu re r li n e s o f
Eu rop ea n t ra ve l .

T h e e arli e s t wa s a F rie sl a n d e r J oa n n e s P h ry s ius wh o a ppe a rs fi rs t in

, ,

E rasmu s s e rvi ce a t A ntwe rp in S e p t e mbe r 1 5 1 6 a n d wh o l e ft him a y ea r

’
,

l a te r t o se e k h is fortu n e in En gla n d : t h e l as t l e tt e rs th a t h e c op i e d in t h e
l e tt e r b o o k b e i n g h is i n t ro du c ti on s fro m E ra s mu s t o fri e n d s in E n glan d
-

a n d fri e n d s wh o w o uld h e l p him o n t h e wa y wh i c h t e s tifi e d th a t h e co uld

write a c l ear ha nd in bo th La ti n a n d G re e k a n d wa s a fa i rly ac c u ra te ,

co p yi s t . T h e se co n d a s lik e wi s e t h e fi fth I can n o t id e n ti fy ; but t h e thi rd

, ,

wa s J a c o bu s N e p o s wh o e n t e re d E ra s mu s s e rvi c e a t t h e s a m e tim e a s
’
,

P h ry s ius a n d m a d e s u c h p ro gre s s th a t E ra s mu s t oo k him t o B a s l e in 1 5 1 8

,

t o h e l p with t h e p ri n ti n g o f t h e s e co n d e diti o n o f t h e N e w T e s ta m e n t ;

an d fina lly h e s t a y e d b e hi n d th e re wo rki n g with Fro b e n an d t e a c hi n g

,

Gre e k T h e fo u rth h a n d was a n E n gli s h b oy J o hn S mith wh o m E ra s mu s

.
, ,

h a d p i ck e d up a t C a mb ridg e in I 5 1 2 o r 1 5 1 3 H e h a d a cc o m p a n i e d
.

Era smu s t o B a sl e in 1 5 1 5 a n d m a d e fri e n d s th e re a m o n g t h e F ro b e n

A m e rbach c irc l e ; an d h e re m a i ne d with h is m ast e r till April 1 5 1 8 w h e n ,

a t h is m o th e r s wi s h
’
h e re tu rn e d fro m s e rvi ce b e y o nd t h e s e a A .
 72 SI XT E E N TH CE N T UR Y M A N US CRI P T LE T TE R -B O OK S .

no ti c ea bl e i t in h is work whi ch t h ro w s ligh t o n t h e E n gli s h p ro

po n ,

n un c ia t ion o f La ti n a t t h i s p e ri o d is t h e fre qu e n c y with whi c h b e fo re t h e

,

vo we l s e an d i h e w rite s s for c ca ls em ( Ep 6 73 , S es e ( Ep 7 6 0
. . ar . .

s ed it in s id e r is
, ( p
E 7 6 2 3 0 .
p .
fi
r o ciss i
( p 7
,E 6 6 u s u a lly
. h o w e v e
. r , ,

c o rr e c ti n g him s e l f a t o n c e E x a m p l e s o f the c o nv e rs e a re p r ocen iu m a g o

.
,
n

( p 75 s a l so o c c urs v w l
E . 8 1 6 . L ib ens i
,
u
( p 75
E 8 1 7 ) an d . a o e .

c h a n g e is
p h a p s i n di ca t e d by t imul
e r tus whi c h is t w i c e fo u n d ( Epp 6 8 9 3
, . .
,

8 24 . T h e s ixth h a n d is th a t o f J oh n H o viu s w h o a p p ea rs t o h a v e ,

j o i n e d E ra smu s a t B a sl e in t h e s umm e r o f 1 5 1 8 Th e y re tu rn e d t oge th e r .

t o L o uv a i n in S e p t e mb e r a n d t h e re H o viu s t o o k a d e g re e
, but h e did n o t
re m a i n l on g in E ra s mu s se rvi c e a n d h is c o n t ributi o n t o th e m a n u s c rip t
’
,

wa s h ardly m o re th a n t o c o p y o ut in a b o ld a n d fl o wi n g h a n d t h e gro up
, ,

o f s ixt e e n l e tt e rs whi c h E ra s mu s wr o t e in O c t o b e r t o a n n o un c e t o fri e n d s

in B a sl e a nd E n gl an d t h e vi c i s s itud e s o f h is j o u rn e y a n d h is re c o v e ry fro m
wha t h a d b e e n c a ll e d t h e pl a gu e .

Thi s D e ve n t e r m an u scri p t p re s e n ts us th e re fo re with a n e xa m p l e o f a

l e tte r b o o k h o m o ge n e o u s in co m p o s iti o n a n d form e d with i n a quit e limit e d
-

p e ri o d by c o p yi s t s w h o s e id e n tity we ca n in m o s t c a s e s t ra c e T h e re is .

n ot , h o w e ve r a n y a tt e m p t a t ca re ful c h ro n ol ogi ca l a rran g e m e n t It is to

, .

b e n o ti c e d th a t E ra s m u s d oe s n o t a p p ea r t o h a ve s e t g rea t s t o re by t h e

p o ss e ss i o n o f thi s v o lum e fo r th o ug h in s o m e c a s e s h e m a k e s c o rre c ti o n s ,

t h e bulk o f t h e b o o k w as n e v e r re vi s e d by h im n o d o ubt b e ca u s e h e ,

wa s fa r t o o bu s y w ith o th e r w o rk t o b e w illi n g t o giv e t h e tim e In .

c o n s e qu e n c e t h e t e xt re m a i n s a s t h e s c rib e s l e ft it Th e i r t as k wa s n o t .

s u c h a s t o a tt ra c t t h e y o ut h fu l t a s t e a n d t h e y e x e c ut e d it p e rfu n c t o rily :
,

n o t m e re ly c o mmitti n g t h e c o n ti n u a l a b e rra ti o n s t o w hi c h t h e hum an p e n

is p ro n e but n o t i n fre qu e n tly p ro du c i n g ridi c ul o u s form s a n d i n e xtri ca bl e

,

c o n fu s i o n s T h e l e tt e rs c o p i e d a re divid e d a b o ut e v e n ly b e tw e e n E ras mu s
’
.

i
T h s m a y b e p a ra e e ll l d
fro m a n I n v e n t ory of t h e or n a m e n ts be l
o ngi ng t o t h e

ca t h ed r a lch u r ch o
f Gla sgow , 1 4 3 2 ( M a a n u , it l d C l b w
h e re on p 1 1 s is t a o ccur s
ti i il ly tti ti l
.

se ve n m e s fo r cis t a S m ar t t
in t h e s a t u e s o f t h e S c o s h na o n a t O r e a n s
d ig ixt i d
.

ur n th e fo urt e e n th t o s e e n t h c e n t ur e s in s ip ie n t iu m is fo un fo r in cipie n t iu m ; s e e
ti l by
a n ar c e . ik tik
J K r pa r c in [Miscella ny of t h e S cot tis h H istory S ociety , p 67 ii . .
 SI X TE E N TH CE N T UR Y M A N US CRI P T L E T TE R -BO OK S .
73

o wn and th o s e writt e n to him T h i s l a tt e r cl as s m ay aro u se so m e

.

s ymp a thy fo r t h e e rr i n g s c rib e s fo r s o m e o f th e m n o d o ubt w e re n o t ea s y

t o d e ci p he r . But it is n o t c l e ar why th e y w e re cop i e d N a tu ra lly t h e y .

w o uld ha v e co n ti n u e d in E ra s mu s ha n d s T h e in fe re n ce fro m th e i r
’
.

re p ro du c ti on s e e m s t o b e th a t h e c o n t e m p l a t e d p arti n g with th e m p e rh a p s ,

t o s e nd th e m t o b e p ri n t e d H e wa s in t h e h a bit o f c o mmitti n g h is p a p e rs
.

v e ry re a dily t o t h e fa ith ful B e a tu s R h e na n us a n d o n m o re th a n on e

o c ca s i o n h e se n t bu n dl e s o f h is l e tt ers t o B e a tu s a t B a s l e l e a vi n g him fre e ,

t o c h oo s e wh a t h e w o uld p ubli s h .

Thi s s ugge sti o n is b orn e o ut by th e fac t s fo r fo u rt e e n o f th e l e tt e rs

writte n t o Era s mu s w h i c h a pp e a r in t h e D e ve n t e r bo o k w e re a ft e rwa rd s
ri n t e d in di ffe re nt v o lum e s o f h is Ep is tol ae But it is n o t a l a g
p . r e p ro

p o rti on o ut o f 1 9 1 . T h e B as l e e dit o rs w e re e vid e n tly i n flu e n c e d by

va ri o u s c on s id e ra ti o n s O f th e i r o wn l e tt e rs whi c h a re in th e D e ve nte r
.

c o ll e c ti o n — a b o ut s ixt e e n — th e y p ri n t e d n o t o n e : a fa c t whi c h a ro u s e d

re gre t ful c o mm e n t fro m o n e o f B e a tu s a dmi re rs but whi c h n e e d s n o

’
,

e xp l a n a t i o n wh e n we re m e mb e r t h e sp i rit whi c h a nim a t e d th a t wh o l e c i rc l e

o f s c h o l a rs a n d p ri n t e rs M a n y o f t h e o th e r l e tte rs we re n o d o ubt
.

e x c lud e d o n g ro u n d s o f s ubj e c t a n d s tyl e T h e t ra diti o n o f e l e g an c e wa s

.

s till d o mi n a nt . Le tt e rs w e re p ubli sh e d fo r th e l ea rn e d wo rld t o re a d n o t ,

as co n t ributi o n s t o hi s t o ry o r bi o g ra p hy but a s m od e l s o f w h a t sc h ol a rs
s h o u ld di s c u s s a n d o f h o w s c h o l a rs s h o uld w rit e Ano th e r po int is tha t a
.

la rge p ro po rti o n o f t h e l e tt e rs t o E ras mu s in t h e D e ve n t e r m a n u sc rip t a re

c o n c e rn e d with bu s i n e s s s uch a s t h e s e n di n g o f h is p e n s i o n fro m E n gl an d
, ,

o r with p u re ly p e rs o na l m a tt e rs o r t e c h n i ca l p o i n t s o f t h e o l o gy a n d e x e g e s i s

m a tte rs w e a ri so m e t o the re a d e r in s e arc h o f e l e ga n ce o r t o o p riva t e fo r ,

ubli ti s tyl e t oo o f E ra s mu s c o rre sp o n d e n t s wa s i n fe ri o r t o h is

’
p c a o.n T h e , ,

o wn a n d in m an y ca se s wa s c ra bb e d a n d di ffi c ult : s o th a t c o n s id e ra ti o n
,

b o th fo r t h e rea d e r a n d t h e cre d it of th e writ e r a ffo rd e d su ffici e nt re as o n

fo r n o t p ubli s hi n g . T h e l a tt e r p o i n t i n d e e d is e x e m p lifi e d v e ry m a rk e dly
, ,

in t h e ca s e o f o n e o f t h e fe w l e tt e rs p ubli sh e d a n i n vi ta ti o n fro m t h e ,

Bi sh o p o f B asl e t o whi c h E ra s mu s grac e ful re p ly wa s a p p e n d e d in o n e

,
’
 74 SI XTE E N T H CE N T UR Y C
M A N US RI P T L E T T E R -BO OK S .

o f th e p ri t d v o lum e s T h e La tinity o f th e Bi s h o p o r ra th e r o f h is
n e .
,

se c re tary l e ft s o m e thing t o b e d e s i re d : a n d t h e blu n d e rs re v e a l e d by t h e

,

m an u scri p t a re s kil fully co ve re d up in t h e p rint e d t e xt th ough o n ly a ft e r ,

m a t e ri a l a lte ra ti o n .

Tha t th e D e v e n te r b o ok c o ntain s so m an y l e tt e rs o f E ras m us c o pi e d by

h is pu p il s is a n i n di ca ti o n tha t h e mu s t him se l f h a ve w ritt e n o ut t h e l e tt e rs
t o b e a c tu a lly di spa t c h e d a n d th e n h a ve h a n d e d th e m t o t h e p u p il s t o
,

co p y fo r p re s e rva ti o n . E xa m p le s of s u c h l e tte rs e xis t e l se wh e re th e ,

o rigi n a l s a c tu a lly s e n t a n d re c e iv e d in h is h a n dwriting a n d fo ld e d o ve r

,

with th e in k n ot ye t quit e d ry s o th a t it h as bl ott e d a c ro s s T h e c h ara c t e r

, .

o f t h e l e tt e rs in t h e m a n u scri p t ac c o rd s with thi s Th e y a re m o s tly sh ort

.

e rs o n a l c o mmu n i ca ti o ns ea s y gra p hi c a n d di re c t with n o e ffort a ft e r

p , , , ,

s tyl e ; s u c h a s h e wa s acc u s t o m e d t o da s h o ff t o h is fri e n d s in gre a t

n umb e rs ,
a n d fo r whi c h h e n a tu ra lly w o uld n o t t ro ubl e t o w rit e ro ugh

d rafts O f m ore s e ri o u s l e tt e rs th e re are n ot m a n y : but m o st o f th e se

.

we re s e l e c t e d fo r p ubli ca ti o n s h ortly aft e r th e y h a d b e e n c op i e d It is .

n o ti ce a bl e th a t in a lm o s t a l l o f th e se t h e p ri n t e d t e xt h as b e e n g re a tly
a m p lifi e d in t h e di re c ti o n o f e l e g a nc e : th o ugh th e re is n o re a s o n t o

s u pp o s e th a t s u c h a m p lifi ca ti o n s a ppe a re d in t h e l e tt e rs di sp a t c h e d In .

thi s m a tt e r o f p ri n ting l e tt e rs as th e y h a d n o t b e e n s e nt th e s ta n dard s o f ,

t h e age a ll o w e d mu c h fre e d o m Le tt e rs fro m s c h o l a rs t o th e i r p a t ron s

.
,

p ri n c e s an d bi s h o p s a n d s t a t e s m e n w e re u s u a lly w e ll s p re a d with butt e r

, .

I f in t h e p ri n ti n g t h e butt e r a pp ea re d a littl e thi c k e r th a n re a lity t ruth ,

wa s n o t m oc k e d a n d a littl e grea t e r h o n o u r was p a id t o t h e m a gn a t e

,

wh o m it wa s d e si re d t o fla tt e r .

T h e n e xt m a n u sc ri p t t o b e c o n s id e re d a l so c o n ta i n i n g l e tt e rs o f
,

E ra smu s is in th e R o ya l Lib ra ry o f C o p e n h a ge n t o whi c h it was pre se n t e d

, ,

by F re d e ri c k I I I o f D e n m a rk in t h e thi rd qu a rt e r o f th e s e ve n t e e n t h
c e n tu ry It is w ritt e n a lm os t e n ti re ly in Era s mu s a ut og raph but is n o t
’
.
,

a h o m o g e n e o u s l e tt e r b oo k lik e th e D e Y
-
e n t e r m a n u s cri p t ; fo r o ut o f it s

253 f o li o s o n ly 94
— littl e m o r e th a n a thi r d — a re fill e d with l e tt e rs The .

re m a ind e r c o nt a in ro ugh d ra fts o f h is n o t e s on S e n e ca a n d A ugu s ti n e t h e ,

 SI XTE E N T H CE N T UR Y M A N US CRI P T L E T T E R -BO OK S .
75

fo r m e r c e rta i n ly t h e la tt e r p ro ba bly u se d for h is e diti o n o f 1 5 2 9 a l so ro ugh

,

d ra ft s o f t h e fi rs t b oo k of h is t rea ti se o n p rea c hing th e E ccles ia stes o f , ,

s o m e a dditi o n s m a d e t o t h e A d agio a n d o f h is t re a ti se D e p r a ep a r a tione a d

,

mor tem al lo f whi c h w e re c o m p ose d in 1 5 3 2 3 a n d fi n a lly th e re is a c o p y

,
-

by a se cre ta ry o f Era s mu s l as t will da t e d r a th Fe b ru ary 1 5 3 6 T h e

’
, .

l e tt e rs h o we ve r whi c h n umb e r fifty t wo a re n ot so u n i form in th e i r d a te s

, ,
-
,
.

A qu arte r o f th e m a re p ri or to 1 5 2 9 t h e ea rli e s t da te as sign a bl e to an y ,

p a r t in t h e re s t o f t h e m a n u scri p t o n e g o i n g b a c k a s fa r a s 1 5 1 7 a n o th e r
, ,

to 1 5 1 9 S till m o re th an h a l f o f th e m ( thi rty t wo ) be l o ng t o th e y ea rs

.
,
-

1 2 9 - 3 3 in whi c h th e re s t o f t h e m a n u sc ri t wa s m a i n ly w ritt e n a n d th e re
5 , p ,

a re fo u r o f 1 5 3 6 t h e l as t t wo d a t e d 1 6 th M arc h within fo u r m o n th s o f
, ,

E rasmu s d e a th A s it is n o w b o u n d up th e man u scri p t sho w s ve ry littl e

’
.
,

a rra ng e m e nt T h e l e tt e rs it is t ru e a re p l a c e d t o g e t h e r a t t h e e n d
.
, , ,

a n d in s o m e re l a ti o n t o t h e p ri n t e d vo lum e s o f E p is tol a e ; th o ugh n o t

in c h ro n o l ogi ca l o rd e r But t h e p orti o n s o f t h e th re e t re a ti se s t h e

.
,

E ccl es ia stes an d t h e re s t c o m e in bl o c k s o f varyi n g l e n gth

, t h e o rd e r o f ,

whi c h is e n ti re ly c o n fu se d : s o tha t if we numb e r th e bl o ck s a s th e y ,

s h o uld c o m e t h e ac tu a l a rra n g e m e n t w o rk s out t o 1 3 5 4 2 6 8 7

, , , , , , , , ,

9, 10 .

It isp o s sibl e t o d e t e rmi n e h ow thi s vo lum e o f m an u sc ript p ap e rs

n ot

wa s o rigi n a lly c oll e c t e d T h e bi n di n g is a p p a re ntly s e v e n t e e n th c e n tu ry

.
,

a n d m a y v e ry lik e ly b e o f t h e d a t e wh e n t h e m a nu s c ri p t e n t e re d t h e

C op e n hage n Library ; an d in co n se qu e n ce t h e mi sarra nge m e n t m ay have

a ri s e n a t a n y p e ri o d p ri o r t o th a t But th e mi sc e ll an e o u s c h ara c t e r o f t h e
.

con t e n t s c o mbi n e d with thi s di s ord e re d ra ngi n g o f t h e l e a v e s

, s ugge s t s ,

th a t t h e volum e m a y h a ve b e e n fo rm e d a fte r E ras mu s d ea th by s o m e ’

,

fri e nd o f h is p o ssibly h is l a t e s t se rv a n t La m b e rt C o m a nn us h a s tily

, , ,

ga th e ri n g t oge th e r p ap e rs n e gl e c te d in t h e n e ce s sity o f rap id di sp o sa l o f

e ffe c t s whi c h o ft e n a c c o m pa n i e s d e a th a n d ha vi n g n o O ppo rtu n ity o r ,

i n cli n ati o n t o arra ng e th e m p ro p e rly .

But h o we ve r th e volum e wa s form e d t h e l e tt e rs whi c h it co n tai n s a re

, ,

o f c o n sid e ra bl e i n t e re s t Th e y a re a ll o f th e m ro ugh d ra fts w ritt e n

.
,
 76 SI X TE EN TH CE N T UR Y I II A N US CRI P T LE T T E R -BO OK S .

th rough o ut in E ra s mu s o wn h a n d a n d n o t o n e o f th e m wa s e ve r a c tu a lly
’

se n t o r e ve n p re p are d fo r s e n di n g . T h e i n fe re n c e is c l e a r th a t in ,

c o n t ra di s tin c ti o n t o h is p ra c ti c e in 1 5 1 6 1 8 - wh e n h e w ro t e t h e l e tt e rs
,

for di sp a t c h a n d h a d co p i e s ta k e n by h is s e c re t a ri e s h e wa s n o w in h is
,

la t e r y e a rs writi n g o ut o n ly t h e ro ugh d ra ft s an d h a vi n g th e s e cop i e d to

,

b e s e nt o ff . T wo o f th e s e c o p i e s se n t t o D uk e G e org e o f S a x on y a c tu a lly
, ,

e xi s t n o w a t D re s d e n a n d thu s v e ri fy t h e i n fe re n c e
, T h i s was i n d e e d
.

a l rea dy su flic ie n t l b ra t e d by t h e n umb e rs o f l e tt e rs o f E ras mu s whi c h

‘
y c o rr o o

s till a re p re se rv e d in d ifl e re n t lib ra ri e s w ritt e n by a s e c re tary a n d s ign e d by

'

him s e l f but t h e C op e n h a ge n m a n u s cri p t s up pli e s us with sp e c im e n s o f h is

ro ugh d ra ft s a n d p re c l u d e s t h e s ugg e s ti o n th a t h e m a y h a v e di c t a t e d m a n y
,

o f t h e l e tt e rs whi c h h is s e c re ta ri e s w ro t e th o ug h a s we s h a ll s e e h e wa s
, ,

so m e tim e s o blig e d in tim e s o f p re s s u re t o re so rt t o thi s m o d e m s e e mi n g -

m e th o d It s h o uld b e n o t e d th a t th e l e tt e rs c o m p o se d in rough d raft by

.

E ras mu s a re m os t o f th e m e ith e r t o p e rso n s o f im p o rtan ce o r a b o ut s ubj e ct s

o n whi c h h e w i s h e d t o e xp re s s him s e l f with ca re O n l e s s im p o rta n t
.

m a tte rs an d t o h is i n tim a t e fri e n d s s uch a s B o n i fa ce A m e rb a ch o r h is

ba n k e r S ch e t us p l e n ty o f h is l e tt e rs s till e xi s t in a ut ograp h ; but h e t e ll s us
,

him se l f th a t in t h e l a t e r y e a rs o f h is li fe h e h a d give n up h a vin g c o p i e s

t ak e n of s u c h l e tt e rs b e fo re th e y w e re se n t o ff .

S e v e ra l po i n ts o f i n t e re s t o c c u r in e x a mi n i n g t h e C o p e n h a g e n m a n u
sc ri p t
. I n t h e fi rs t p l a c e , t h e w o n d e rfu l flu e n c y a n d e a s e with w h i c h
E ras mu s w ro t e , e v e n w
h e n h e was w riti n g with care T h e li n e s flo w .

t dily a cro ss t h e p ag e k e e p i n g th e m a rgi n s tra ight a n d va ryi n g littl e fro m

s ea ,

t h e h o riz o n t a l an d y e t t h e s p e e d wa s s uc h t h a t w o rd s a re o ft e n di ffi c ult

,

t o d e c i p h e r— s o m e i n d e e d s till re m a i n u n so lv e d —a n d th e re is a s m all

p ro p o rti on o f m iswrit in gs whi ch t h e se cre ta ri e s u n d e rli n e d e vid e n tly w ith

, ,

t h e i n t e n ti on o f i n qui ri n g t h e i n t e rp re t a ti o n S e con dly we m a y n o ti c e t h e

.

re vi si o n a p a rt fro m t h e c o rre c ti o n s m a d e a t t h e o rigi n a l w riti n g

, By g o o d.

fo rtu n e o n e o f t h e t wo l e tt e rs o f whi c h t h e fa i r c o p i e s a re k n o wn is re v i se d
in t h e ro ugh d ra ft by E ra s mu s him se l f a m o n g s t a l on g b a t c h w h i c h c l e a rly
,

h e re vi se d a t s o m e i n t e rva l aft e r t h e firs t w riti n g : a n d t h e c o rre c ti o n s

 78 SI X TE E N T H CE N T UR Y M A N US CR I P T L E T T E R -BO OK S .

i t d by th e Fro b e n fi rm in 1 5 3 6 T h e l e tt e r is a l so i n t e re stin g t o
pr n e .

us fro m it s co nt e nt s fo r in it E ra s mu s giv e s a g e n e ra l a c co u n t o f t h e
,

p r e s e rv a ti o n o f h is p a p e rs a n d sp e cifi e s c e rt a i n w o rk s whi c h h a d b e e n
,

p i ra t e d ; a t t h e s a m e tim e w a rn i n g th e
p ubli c a g a i n s t lightly a c ce p ti n g
thi n gs pri n t e d in h is n a m e T h e v o lum e n o w p ubli sh e d h e d e s crib e s a s
.

m ad e up fo r t h e m o s t p a rt o f l e tt e rs writte n t o him by ki n gs a n d s t a t e s m e n ,

c a rdi n a l s a n d bi sh op s I h a ve p i ck e d o ut th o s e whi ch w e re n o t th e w o rk
.
“

o f se c re ta ri e s but w e re t h e a ut h o r s o wn c o m p os iti o n s a n d w ritt e n o ut by

’
,

th e i r o wn h a n d s Wh y th e re w e re so fe w o f h is o wn h e go e s on t o
.
”

e x p l a in Fo r s o m e y e a rs n o w I h a v e n o t t a k e n a n y pa i n s t o p re se rv e
“
.

c o p i e s o f my l e tt e rs ( m ea ru m n ullu m e x e m p l ar s e rua re c u ra ui)

p a rtly ,

b e ca u se I h ad n o t e n o ugh se cre tari e s to w rit e th e m allo ut p artly b e ca u se ,

th e re w e re so m an y l e tt e rs t o b e w ritt e n th a t I e ve n h ad t o di c ta t e so m e ,

o f th e m o ff h a nd
”
.

The xt l e tt e r b oo k b e fore us is o f a di ffe re n t o rd e r I t fo rm s a

ne - .

v olum e a n d a h a l f a m o n g th e m a nu scri p t c oll e cti on s o f t h e B a sl e

Un ive rs ity Lib ra ry ; but fo r th e study o f it I a m i n de bte d t o t h e ki n d n e ss
of Dr . B e rn oulli a n d t h e B a sl e o ffi c ia l s wh o w e re goo d e n o ugh t o se nd
,

t h e v o lum e s t o t h e B o dl e ia n fo r so m e m o n th s s o th a t I c o uld w o rk ,

th ro ugh th e m at l e i su re Th e i r c o nt e n t s a re t h e rough d ra ft s o f B on i fa c e
.

A m e rb a ch t h e p ri n t e r s y ounge st son E ras mu s d e vot e d c o n fid an t a n d

,
’
,
’

e x e c ut o r wh o s e p a ra t e d fro m h is m a s t e r by a g e n e ra ti o n re n d e re d t o him
, , ,

with a wh ol e h ea rt th o se s e rvi c e s a n d c o u rt e s i es whi c h y o uth in it s pi e ty

m a y o ffe r t o a ge B o n i fa c e h ad a k e e n hi sto ri ca l s e n s e a n d t h e re ca n b e
.
,

n o d o ub t th a t we o we t o him a n d t o th o s e th a t fo ll o w e d h is n a m e t h e
, ,

p re se rv a ti o n o f th a t w o nd e rful c o ll e c ti o n o f A m e rb a c h ia na a t B asl e whi c h

I h ope s o m e d ay t o se e p ubli s h e d T h e l e tt e rs t o t h e A m e rb ach s fa th e r

.
,

a n d son s an d gra n d s o n s fill thi rty o r fo rty v o lum e s a n d a re re p l e t e with

,

m a t e ri a l t o illu s t ra t e t h e live s o f p riva t e but im po rta nt p e o p l e in t h e , ,

fi ft e e n th a n d sixt e e n th c e n tu ri e s an d all t h e hi s to ry o f th e w riti n g a n d

,

pri n ti n g an d se lling o f b oo k s T h e i n sti n c t which le d B o ni face t o c oll e c t

.

th e m se t him a l so t o p re se rv e h is o wn e pi s t ol ary p a pe rs ; a n d a s we tu rn
,
 SI X TE E N T H CE N T UR Y C
M A N US RI P T L E T T E R -BOOKS .
79

o ve r g
th e pa e s o f thi s v o lum e a n d a h al f it re ally s e e m s a s th o ugh h e
,

c a n h a v e d e s t ro y e d n o thing th a t h e w ro t e s ca rc e ly e ve n t h e s m all e s t a n d
,

m o st t rivi a l n o t e .

T h e re a re b e twe e n five an d six hund re d S h e e t s o f m a nu script allin ,

B on i face s o wn ha n d m o s t o f th e m w ritt e n on bo th s id e s a n d a si n gl e s id e
’
, ,

so m e tim e s c o n ta i n i n g th re e se pa ra t e l e tt e rs o r p a rt s o f l e tt e rs A gre at .

m an y o f t h e l e tt e rs appe ar in t wo di ffe re n t d raft s t h e se co n d m o re a m p l e

,

o r m o re e l e g an t th a n t h e fi rs t a n d so m e tim e s t h e re a re e v e n th re e o r fo u r
,

d ra ft s o f t h e sa m e l e tt e r T h e t o ta l o f l e tt e rs is a b o u t 5 3 0 N o t a s in gle
. .

o n e o f th e m wa s e v e r di sp a tch e d but th e y vary fro m h a sty a n d ill e gibl e

s c ra t c h e s o n t h e b a ck s o f o l d p i e c e s o f p a pe r up t o l e tt e rs C o p i e d fa i r ,

fo ld e d a n d a dd re ss e d a n d l ac king n o thi n g but t h e s e a l but a ft e rwa rd s ,

co rr e c t e d by t h e e ras u re o f s e n t e n c e s o r t h e a dditi o n o f pa ssa g e s in t h e

m argi n u n til it b e ca m e n e c e ssa ry t o w rit e th e m o ut fa i r a ga i n

,
D u ri n g .

t h e y e a rs whi c h t h e s e l e tt e rs c o v e r 1 5 1 9—3 6 B on i face a p p e a rs t o h a v e

, ,

e m p l o y e d n o s e c re ta ry fo r e v e rythi n g is in h is o wn a ut o g ra p h
, a lth o ugh ,

by I 5 2 5 h e was P ro fe sso r o f La w a t B as l e a n d ri s in g t o imp o rta n c e H e .

co uld w rit e a re a lly be a uti ful h an d light g ra ce fu l a n d v e ry c l e a r : s o mu c h

, ,

s o t h a t o n e fe e l s it mu s t h a v e b e e n a lm os t p ai n ful t o him t o m a r o n e o f h is

o wn fa i r c o p i e s by s ub s e qu e n t c o rre c ti o n m o re v e x a ti o u s i n d e e d th a n t h e
,

n e c e ss ity o f C o p yi n g it o ut a fre s h But wh e n h e is writin g qui ckly in th e

.
,

m e re ro ugh d ra ft s fe w La ti n h an d s a re m o re di ffi c ult t o d e c iph e r ; t h e

,

c h a ra c t e r s till gra c e ful but t h e di s ti n c ti o n s o f l e tt e rs a lm o s t di sa p p e a ri n g

, .

T h e se a lm bst ill e gibl e d raft s fo rm by fa r t h e l arge r part o f t h e vo lum es :

t h o s e tha t are c l e a r b e i n g c o mpa ra tive ly sca nty Th a t B on i fa ce sh o uld
.

ha ve b e e n ca re ful t o pre se rve so mu c h sugg e s t s th a t h e ca n h ardly ha ve

d e s t ro y e d an ythi n g willi n gly : an d tha t th e re mu st h a v e b e e n valid re aso n s
t o e n fo rc e wha t wa s n o d o ubt a s t ro n g i n s tin c t o f p re s e rv a ti o n in h is

c h a ra c t e r .

S o m e p o i n t s m ay b e n o ti c e d whi c h illu st ra t e t h e c o mpo s iti o n o f l e tt e rs .

I t is quit e e x ce p tio n a l fo r h e adi n gs t o b e a dd e d ; th e id e n tifi ca ti o n o f t h e

c orre spo n d e nt is u sua lly give n by t h e inte rj e cti o n o f th e na m e cla rissim e ,
“
 80 S I X T E E N TI I CE N T UR Y flI A N US CRI P T L E T T E R -B O OK S .

H ie ron y m e , ” “
ch a ris s im e C p as ft th fi t fww d
a r,
”
Th
a erm e rs e or s . e sa e

fe a tu re we no C p h g m u ip t wh th h di g
ti c e d in t h e o e n a e n a n scr e re e ea n s a re

o ft e n i n s e rt e d by se c re ta ri e s S o t oo in t h e D e v e n t e r m a n u script t h e
.
, ,

h ea di n g s of E ra s mu s l e tt e rs a re o fte n mi ss in g ; t h e se cre ta ri e s h avin g h a d

’

n o c lu e . An o th e r i n t e re stin g fe a tu re is th e o cc urre n c e o f b a tc h e s o f l e tt e rs
a dd re ss e d t o gro up s o f c o rre s p o nd e n t s w ritt e n c on s e cutive ly a nd n o t
,

fo ll o wing t h e divi s i o n s o f p a g e s an d s h e e t s : e a c h b a t c h b e i n g cl ea rly

c o n t e mp o ra ry ,
c o n t a i n i n g t h e sa m e n e w s an d w ritt e n in a n ti c i p a ti o n o f
,

s o m e O p p or tu n ity fo r di sp a t c h a n d t h e da t e be ing s ub s e qu e n tly a dd e d t o

t h e fi rs t o n e o r t wo s o s o o n as a m e sse n g e r o ff e re d a n d t h e fa i r c o p i e s
,

c o uld ac tually b e se n t o ff S o m e tim e s t h e d a t e is c orre ct e d t o a l a t e r

.

da y e vid e n tly b e c a u se it h a d n o t b e e n p o ssibl e t o di sp a t c h th e l e tt e r a t

,

t h e tim e w h e n it was writt e n .

A no th e r fe a tu re o f n o te is t h e oc ca si o nal u se o f G re e k l e tt e rs in th e
middl e o f a La ti n wo rd : x fo r c h a n d t h e e l e ga n t co mbi n a ti o n fo r t r .

C l e arly th e se w e re e m p lo y e d fo r b re vity o r in t h e l a tte r cas e B on i fac e m a y

,

h av e lik e d th e fo rm a n d h a ve e nj oy e d w riti n g it— ju s t a s so m e p e op l e

t od a y use t h e l on g 3 as a fa n c y T h e p rac ti c e sugg e s t s a li n e o n whi c h
.

we m a y l o o k fo r t h e s o luti o n o f e n igm as in h a n dwriti n g Fo r e x a m p l e t h e.

,

u n int e lligibl e w ord G r axiloguus whic h is fo u n d in o n e o f E ra smu s l e tt e rs ’

( E p.
3 5
. in a li s t o f m e di e v a l b oo k s t o b e a v o id e d m a y q u it e lik e ly,
b e

i n t e rp re t e d a s Br a xilogu s I n an o th e r l e tt e r ( Ep 6 9 8
. whi c h co m e s
. .

fro m t h e D e v e nt e r m a nu scri p t E n xer id ion is with o ut d o ubt t o b e re a d

,

as E n xeir idion .

A l tt b k
e e r-
oo m ore p e rfe c t type is tha t o f N i ch o l as Elle nb og
of a

n o f th a t U l ri c h Ell b phy i i A g s bu rg w h o s e
( 1 4 8 1 a so e n o g s c a n o f u , ,

n a m e is d o ubtl e s s fa mili a r t o a llh e re fro m R o b e rt P ro c t o r s p a p e r o n o n e

’

o f h is b oo k s whi c h is n o w in t h e Un ive rs ity Lib rary a t Ca mb ridge .

N i ch o l as b e ca m e a m o n k a t O tt o be u re n in B a vari a ; a n d t h e re a ft e r h is li fe
wa s m o s tly sp e n t withi n t h e w all s o f h is o wn o r n e ighb o u ri n g m o na s t e ri e s .

H e wa s by n a tu re a s tud e nt an d s u c c e s s iv e a bb o t s w e re fri e n dly ; but h is

,

l e i su re wa s a t fi rs t c on sid e rably c u rta il e d by t h e o bliga ti o n t o s e rv e h is

 SI XT E EN T H CE N T UR Y C
M A N US R I P T L E T T E R BO OKS o
. 81

b re thre n Fo u r y e ars aft e r h is e n t ry h e wa s m a d e P ri o r a n d wa s o n ly

.
,

re l e a s e d a ft e r fo u r y e a rs o f o ffic e t o h a v e im p o se d on him t h e m o re
a rdu o u s duti e s o f S t e w a rd o r C e ll a re r— a p o s t whi c h h e fill e d fo r t e n y e ars

m ore S o th a t h e wa s p as t fo rty b e fore h e fo u n d him s e l f in e nj o ym e n t o f

.

t h e l e i s u re h e h a d s o ugh t in t h e C l o i s t e r t o s tudy H e b re w a n d a s t ro n o my
, ,

t o m a k e s un di a l s a n d w o rk wit h h is l a t h e Th ro ugh o ut h is li fe h e wa s a
.

l e tt e r writ e r c o rre sp o n di n g l a rge ly with t h e m e mb e rs o f h is o wn fa mily

-
,

o n e b ro th e r wa s in M a ximili a n s h o u s e h o ld a n o th e r wa s a p a ri sh ri e s t
’
, p
n e a r by a thi rd was a m e dic a l s tud e n t a t S i e n a a n d o f h is s i s t e rs o n e wa s
, ,

in a n e ighb o u ri n g c o n v e n t o f wh i c h sh e ro se t o b e A bb e ss a n o th e r wa s
, ,

m arri e d t o a m e rch a n t an d h a d child re n in wh o s e e du ca ti o n h e h a d

,

a n a ffe c ti o n a t e co n c e rn — an d a l s o wit h s c h o l a rs o f n o t e E ra sm us an d ,

R e u c hli n Eck a n d P e llica n Lo ch e r an d N achtiga ll an d P e ut in ge r H is

, , .

c o rre s p o n d e n c e is p re s e rv e d in n i n e b o o k s e ac h c o n t a i n i n g a h u n d re d
,

l e tt e rs e x c e pt t h e l a s t whi ch h a s o n ly n in e ty o n e a n d wa s p ro ba bly
,
~
,

t e rmi n a t e d a b ru p tly by h is d e a th t h e l a s t l e tt e r b e i n g i n c o m p l e t e T h e
, .

fi rs t t wo b o o k s a re in t h e S t uttga rt La n d e s bibli oth e k b o u n d t og e th e r ,

i n t o o n e v o l u m e ; t h e re m a i n d e r b o u n d in fo u r vo lum e s a re in t h e
, ,

Bibli o th equ e N a ti o na l e a t Pa ri s .

T h e l e tt e rs a re a l lcare fully C o p i e d by E l le n b o g in h is o wn h a n d a n d ,

b e gi n in 1 5 04 t h e y e a r aft e r h e e n t e re d O tt o be u re n But th o ugh t h e y a re

, .

a rra n g e d v e ry n ea rly in s t ri c t c h ro n o l o gi c a l ~o rd e r it is p ro b a bl e th a t h e
,

did n o t s ta rt thi s c o ll e c ti o n o f fa i r cop i e s u n til l at e r fo r t h e m a n us crip t ,

is h e ad e d by him E p i stol ae fra tris N i cola i Elle n b o g O te np urrh a

“
, ,

1517 —e u i n sc rip ti o n whi c h h e w o uld p e rh ap s n o t h a v e a dd e d a t a

s ub s e qu e nt d a t e if t h e c oll e c ti on h a d b e e n gra du ally c o m in g I n t o

,

e xi s t e n c e fo r so m e y e a rs M o re p rob a bly it m ark s t h e d a t e o f co mm e n c e

.

m e nt I f th i s I s s o it fo ll o w s th a t fo r a llt h e l e tt e rs b e fore 1 5 1 7 ab o ut
.
, ,

2 1 0 — ra th e r m o re th a n th e fi rs t t wo b oo k s — h e was u s i n g h is o wn ro ugh

d raft s ; wh e re a s a ft e r th a t da t e wh e n t h e l e tt e r b oo k was e s ta bli sh e d in

,
-

b e i n g h e v e ry like ly w o uld h a ve Cop i e d fro m h is a c t ua l l e tte rs b e fore h e

,

s e nt th e m o ff Thi s i n fe re nc e is c orrob o ra te d by t h e fa ct th at in t h e
.

G
 82 SI XTE E N T H CE N T UR Y C
M A N US R I P T L E T T E R -BO OK S .

first t wo b o ok s a goo d m a n y o f h is o wn l e tt e rs a re unda t e d with o ut m o n th ,

o r y e ar o r l a c — ju s t in t h e c o n diti on whi c h a s we h a v e s ee n was n orm a l

p e , ,

fo r ro ugh d raft s wh e reas a ft e r t h e p o i n t i n di ca t e d t h e d a t e s are ra re ly ,

if e v e r mi s si n g
,
We m a y w on d e r why Elle n b o g did n o t p re se rve t h e
.

o rigi n a l s o f t h e l e tt e rs h e re ce iv e d in s t ea d o f c o ying t h e m i n t o h is b oo k
p , .

A n a n swe r is n o t di fficult t o fi n d T o him th e y w e re m e re ly m o d e rn .

l e tt e rs in con n e xi o n with which t h e id e a of o rigina l s w o uld h ardly a ri se

, .

Th e y w e re p rob ably o f di ffe re nt s i z es a n d sha pe s n ot co nve n i e n t t o b e ,

k e p t t oge the r a n d w o uld thu s h av e m arre d t h e n e a tn e ss o f h is l e tt e r b o ok

,
-
.

T h e re is a t o u c h o f ro ma nc e a b o ut t h e c oll e cti o n whi c h e xpl a i n s why

o n e p art is a t S tuttg a rt t h e o th e r— fro m C o lb e rt s lib ra ry — a t P a ri s At ’
, .

t h e h e a d o f b oo k 3 t h e fi rs t o f th os e in P a ri s El e n b o g w rit e s :
“
,
l The ,

t wo fi rs t b oo k s w e re ca rri e d o ff by t h e P ea san t s in 1 5 2 5 wh e th e r th e y will

e v e r s e e t h e light a ga i n G o d k n o w s a n d t h e sa m e m e la n c h o ly s e n tim e n t
”
,

is fo u n d a t t h e e n d o f boo k 4 re a c h e d in 1 5 2 9 , T h e i n t e r m e di a t e s t o ry .

o f t h e m an u sc ri p t is n o t fully t rac ea bl e : but we m a y fa i rly i n fe r t h a t th e y

n e v e r re tu rn e d t o gla dd e n Elle nb o g s e ye s ’
.
l

Ano t h e r s m all p o in t of in te re st is th a t th e t e xt o f th e m a n u script ca n

b e c orro b ora t e d in a fe w di ffe re n t di re cti o n s El le n b og s l e tt e r t o Era s mu s
’
.

was C o p i e d by a se c re ta ry i n t o t h e D e v e n t e r l e tt e r b o o k we b e g a n by -

co n s id e ri n g ; a n d t h e t e xt ac tual ly se nt s h o ws so m e di ffe re n ce s fro m t h e

ro ugh d ra ft p re s e rv e d a n d s ub se qu e n tly c o p i e d by E l le n b og Aga i n fi fte e n .

l e tt e rs t h a t pas se d b e tw e e n Elle n b og an d W o l fga n g R ych ard a n U lm ,

y i i n a re t o b e fo u n d a l so in R y c h a rd s l e tt e r b oo k whi c h is n o w in
’

p h s c a ,
-
,

t h e T o wn Lib ra ry a t H a mbu rg ; a n d t h e l e tt e r b o o k o f Ga llu s K n Orin ge r -

,

P ri o r o f S t M a n g at Fiisse n c o n tai n s dup lica t e s o f h is c orre sp on d e n c e with

.
,

El le n b og I n b o th t h e s e ca s e s I h a ve n o t b e e n a bl e t o c o m p a re th e t e xt s
.

t o ge th e r T h e t wo l e tt e r bo o k s m e n ti on e d di ffe r fro m Elle n b o g s in

.
- ’

c o n t a i n i n g o th e r m a tt e r whi c h is n o t e p i s t o l ary ; thu s co n fo rming t o wh a t

(1) S i n ce th i p p
a e r was w ittr en , c om p e e n t t e dit ors h ave b
een fo rt h co m ig n fo r
l tt
s
l
Ele nb og s
’
e e rs , a n d t h e bli ti
pu ca on ( I h O pe ,
l t )h b
co mp e e as e e n un d k
e rt a en .
 SI XTE E N T H CEN T UR Y C
M A N US RI P T L E T TE R -BO OK S . 83

I c o nce ive t o b e th e m o re m e di e va l ty p e o f l e tt e r b oo k i n t o which th e -

,

writ e r ga th e re d wh a t e ve r p l e ase d him .

Fi n ally miser icor dia e ergo I ca nn o t re fra i n fro m m e n ti on i n g a l e tte r

, ,

boo k which I e xa mine d thi s sp ri n g a t M a drid in th e lib ra ry o f th e D uk e

o f B e rwick a n d A lva It c o nta i n s n in e tyt wo l e tt e rs by D i e go G re c ia n ’
.

o f A ld e re t e wh o s tudi e d fo r e ight y e a rs a t Pa ri s a n d Lo uv a i n a n d th e n
,

a ft e r s o m e y ea rs o f s e rvic e with D o n Ju a n E mm a nu e l o f S p a in an d ,

s ub s e qu e n tly with R o d rig o ac ti n g Bi s h o p o f Za m o ra e nt e re d t h e C h a nc e ry

, ,

o f C h a rl e s V a n d b e ca m e a n I m p e ri a l S e c re ta ry G re c i a n wa s a ma n o f .

lit e ra ry tas t e s a n d e mpl oy e d h is l e i s u re in t ra n s la ti n g b o th fro m G re e k

,

a n d La tin i n t o S p a ni s h A mon g h is corre spo nde n t s are Eras mu s th e

.
,

b roth e rs Va ld e s an d Fra n c i s Ve rga ra a n d h is l e tt e rs are o fte n full o f

, ,

vivid d e ta il T h e m a n u scri p t is n o t an o rigi n a l but a c op y m a d e in t h e

.
,

s e v e nt e e n th o r e ight e e n th c e n tu ry a rra n g e d m o re o r l e ss in c h ro n o l o gi c a l
,

o rd e r but with fe w y e ard a t e s

,
Wha t m o ve s o ur s ympa thy a lm o s t o ur
.
,

t e ars is its p re s e n t c o n diti o n Th e re h a s be e n m o re than on e fi re in th e

, .

D u ca l lib ra ry a n d o n o n e occas i o n thi s m a nu s c ript wa s n o t re sc u e d until

,

t h e fl a m e s h a d c o m e v e ry nigh T h e l ea v e s w e re no t c l o s e ly bo u n d up
.
,

lik e so m e o f t h e C o tton ia n vo lum e s whi c h ha ve s u ffe re d co mpa ra tive ly

littl e ha rm T h e a ir c o uld e n t e r e as ily a n d in c on se q ue n ce a l on g th e
.
, ,

b ott o m e dge fo r so m e di sta n c e in th e l ea v e s a re sco rc h e d a d e e p bro wn

, ,

o n whi c h t h e in k s ta n d s o ut with a dull blu e s hi n e T h e di s c o l o u ra ti o n .

w o uld m a tt e r littl e ; but t h e sc orc h e d po rti o n is n ow h op e l e ssly b rittl e a n d ,

h o we ve r c a re fully o n e tu rns o ve r t h e l ea v e s p i e c e s gre a t a n d s ma ll fl ak e ,

o ff a n d p e ri s h And not a t e n th pa rt of th e man u sc ri p t h as b e e n p ri n te d

. .
’

With pa ti e nc e it was p o ssibl e to m ak e o ut t h e writi n g e ve n wh e re t h e

p a pe r w as bu rnt n ea rly bl a c k but wh e re t h e e dge s h ad b ro k e n c o m l e t e ly
p
a wa y th e re wa s n o fu rth e r h o pe
,
Afte r my two o r th re e days work t h e
.
’
,

p pa e r w ra p pe r in whi c h t h e m a nu s cript liv e s wa s s t re wn with c hi s a n d

p

(I) Th e D uca l lib i ra r a n , D o n A n t o n o Paz i y M li e a, h as m a d e use of th e m a n us cr p it

il
fo r an a rt c e on D ig G
e o ra cia n , in R ev is t a di A r ch iv e s , 1 90 1 a nd gi t t
v e s e x ra c s fro m
s o me o f t h e l t
e t e rs .

6 2
 84 SI XT EEN T H CE N T UR Y C
M A N US RI P T L E T TE R -BO OK S .

fl ak e s of th e l e a ve s whi c h it
, see m e d h op e l e ss to p re s e rv e or a tt e mpt
to t
re s o re .

I h a ve l e ft littl e tim e fo r g e n e ra l c on s id e ra ti o n s My p u rp os e h a s b e e n
.

by s e tti n g out in d e t ail sp e c im e n s re p re se n ta tive o f di ffe re n t typ e s o f

l e tt e r b o ok s t o i n di ca t e so m e c h a rac t e ri stic s o f t h e m a nu scrip t sou rc e s
-
,

fro m w h i c h p ri n t e d v o lum e s o f l e tt e rs c a m e i n t o b e i n g E rasmus s o me .

tim e s c o ll e c t e d fro m h is c orre spo n d e n t s th e l e tt e rs h e h a d writt e n t o th e m

but n orma lly a n a uth o r in p ri n ti n g h is o wn l e tte rs w o uld h av e b e s id e him
o n ly h is o wn ro ugh d ra ft s l a c ki n g y e a r— ,
da t e s p ro ba bly in m an y case s a n d ,

o ft e n m o n t h —da t e s a s w e ll wit h th e h eadi n gs t o o u n c erta in p e rh ap s

, , , .

With s u c h m at e ri a l it is e a sy t o u n d e rs ta nd why E ras mu s wa s o fte n u n d e r

t h e n e c e ssity o f a ddi n g y ea r d a t e s wh e n h e b e ga n t o p ri n t co ll e c ti o n s o f
-
,

h is Ep is tol ae H e h a d littl e h ea d fo r figu re s h is c al c ul a ti o n s o f i n t e rva l s

.
,

o f y ea rs a re s o m e tim e s e g re gi o u sly i n a c c u ra t e It is n ot s u rp ri s i n g th e re fore

.

th a t in sup plyi n g y ea r da te s h e p ro du c e d q uite as m a n y w ro n g a s righ t

- .

T h e p ri n t e d l e tt e rs o f Viv e s a re a n e x c e ll e n t e x a m p l e o f t h e t wo di ff e re n t
typ e s o f so u rc e Th e re are two s e ri e s o n e co n si s ti n g o f l e tt e rs t o E ra smu s
.
,

wh i ch is a p p e n de d t o t h e c oll e c t e d e diti on of V iv e s work s p ubli sh e d a t ’

B a sl e in 1 5 5 5 t h e o th e r a s m a ll v o lum e p ri n t e d a t An twe rp in 1 5 5 6 ,

whi c h b e sid e s re p ri n ting t h e fi rs t se ri e s a l so co n ta i n s a c on sid e ra bl e

n umbe r o f n e w l e tt e rs T h e fi rs t s e ri e s c l ea rly was p ri n t e d fro m V iv e s
’
.

a c tu a l l e tt e rs t o E ras mu s wh i c h mu s t h a v e b e e n p re se rv e d a t B as l e ; t h e
,

s e co n d fro m p a pe rs o f V iv e s s u rvivi n g in t h e N e th e rl an d s w h e re h e di e d ,

a t B rug e s in 1 5 4 0 I n t h e fi rs t s e ri e s t h e d a t e s are al
. lc o m p l e t e a n d t h e ,

l e tt e rs are l o n g a n d fi n i sh e d : in t h e se co n d se ri e s as we sh o uld e xp e c t ,

with ro ugh d ra ft s t h e da t e s a re u su a lly mi ssi n g a n d t h e l e tte rs a re b ri e f

,

a n d ind e t e rmi na t e .

T h e c o rre sp o n d e n c e o f P e t e r M a rty r o f A n gh ie ra was fo r l o n g a p uzzl e

t o hi s t o ri a n s T h e m a t e ri al s e e m e d in its e l f quit e g e n ui n e an d imp o rt a n t
.
,

givin g a bu n da n ce o f vivid d e t a il a n d in n o se n se s ugge sti n g su spi c i on s o f

fo rge ry . But a wkward c o nt ra di c ti o n s o f d a t e w e re p o i n t e d o ut e v e n ts
s e p a ra t e d by co n s id e ra bl e i n t e rv a l s o f tim e w e re n a rra t e d in t h e sa m e
 TH E G E N E RA L
C A T A LO G U E OF I N C U N A B U LA .

BY E RN S T C RO US .

R ea d r 6t h D e cem be r , 12
1
9 .

I FT EEN T H tury b oo k s a re a c lass o f th e i r o wn

ce n .

Th e y a re n o l o n ge r m an u sc ri p ts but th e y a re n ot ye t ,

b oo ks in a m o d e rn se n se O n ly by d e gre e s did th e
.

p ri n t e rs l e a rn t o a pp ly a l
l t h e m e a n s o f th e i r t ra d e

an d t o re p l a ce t h e fo rm s s uita bl e t o a wr itt e n b o o k

by th ose s uita bl e to a p ri n t e d o n e S o we care for i n cun a bul a a s d oc u

.

m e nt s in t h e hi st o ry o f typ ograph y no t fo r t h e sa k e o f th e i r c on t e n t s
, ,

wh e th e r th e y a re o b sol e t e or fo u n d in la te r re p ri n t s Thi s p e c uli a rity o f .

e a rly p ri n t e d b o o k s a n d o f o ur i n t e re s t in th e m s e t s a s p e c i a l ta sk t o
‘

, ,

t h e bibli o gra ph e r .

I n 1 688 b o ok se ll e r o f E mm e ri c h o n t h e Ge rma n D utc h fro nti e r

a -
,

Cor n el ius va n Beugh em fi rs t s e p ara t e ly p ubli s h e d a li s t o f

,
“
I n cu na bula
t yp ogra ph iae ,m ore fre qu e ntly ask e d fo r as h e sa y s ; ye t h e re gi s t e rs
”
,

th e m lik e o th e r bo ok s i e ( with t h e a dditi on o f so m e typ ograp hi ca l

,
. .

re m a rk s m lit y i t vi w fi t h l ll wi ng
) fro a e rar po n o f e I n t h e rs . a f o f t h e fo o

c e n tu ry h is w o rk was fa r s u rp a ss e d by M a itta ir e s
“
An n al e s typ o graph ici
’
.
”

Th e s e e num e ra t e t h e wo rk s a cc ordin g t o t h e y e a rs o f publi ca ti o n ,

re p ro du c e in s o m e cas e s th e wh ol e in o th e rs th e s ub s ta n c e o f c o l o p h on s
, ,
 88 THE GE N E R A L CA TA L O G UE 0F I N C UN A B ULA .

e sp e c ia lly i n t e r s n a m e a n d t h e e xa c t d a t e o f i s su e a n d so m e tim e s
th e pr
’
.
,

gl an ce a t c h a ra c t e rs a n d typ e s a bb re vi a ti on s a n d p ri n t e rs d e vi ce s
,
’
.

M a it ta ire re gi s t e rs th e w o rk s in t h e a l p h a b e ti ca l o rd e r o f t h e i r a uth o rs
’

n a m e s a n d give s c h ro n o l o gi ca l a n d a l p h a b e ti ca l li s t s o f t h e t o w n s wh e re

p re s se s w e re e s ta bli s h e d a n d o f t h e p ri n t e rs A n im p o rt a n t s u
.
p p l e m e nt
fo ll o w e d h a l f a ce n tu ry l a t e r D en is its c om p il e r s e pa ra t e d hi s t ory a n d
.
, ,

bibli o grap h y wh i c h M a it ta ire h a d c o mbi n e d a n d o b se rv e d t h e limit o f

, ,

1 0 0 whi c h M a itt a ire h a d e x c e e d e d but h ltiv t d h is n a rro w e r fi e ld

5 ,
e c u a e

al lt h e m o re t h o ro ughly : in h is d e scri p ti o n s h e m a d e a p rac ti c e o f givi n g

t h e n umb e r o f l e a v e s a n d c o lum n s o ft e n t o o t h e s u bj e c t o f t h e w oo d c u t s
, ,

a n d o f s ta ti n g if th e re is a t a bl e o r re gi s t e r fo li a ti o n s ig n a tu re s o r c a t c h
, ,

w o rd s p ri n tin g in re d o r mi sp ri n t s A t th e v e ry e n d o f t h e e ight e e n th
, .

c e n tu ry P a n z er s um s up a l l t h e k n o wl e dg e of h is tim e Wh e re a s .

va n Be ugh e m k n e w t wo o r th re e th o u sa n d i n c u n a bul a a n d M a it ta ire

b e tw e e n fi ve a n d six th o u sa n d t o w h i c h D e n i s a dd e d t h e sa m e qu an tity
, ,

h e k n o w s m o re th a n fi ft e e n th o u sa n d H e c o rre c t s t h e mi sta k e s a n d fill s

.

up t h e g a p s o f h is p re d e c e s s o rs c o m p l e t e s t h e c o lla ti o n by n o t e s a s t o t h e
,

n umb e r o f li n e s a n d t h e c a p ita l s s p e c ifi e s wh e re h e is a bl e t h e fo li a ti o n
, , ,

a n d t h e s ig n a tu re s a n d m a k e s h is
,
A n n a l e s typ ogra ph ici m o re s uita bl e
“ ”

fo r u s e by a rra n gi n g t h e p l a c e s o f p ri n tin g a l p ha b e ti ca lly a n d t h e titl e s

c h ro n o l o gi ca lly u n d e r th e m .

H ai s n
’
R e p e rto rium b ib liograph ic um p ubli s h e d b e twe e n 1 8 2 6 a n d
“
,
”

1 838 ,
b e ca m e t h e c la ss ica l wo rk fo r th e n i n e t e e n th c e n t ury M o re th a n .

t h e o ld e r bibli o gra p h e rs h e i n s i s t e d u p on s e e i n g with h is o wn e y e s ; fi rs t

h e ga th e re d n o t e s in t h e lib rari e s o f We im ar L e i p s i c D re s d e n a n d V i e nn a
, , ,

th e n h e e xa min e d th e va s t s t o re o f Mu n i ch b o o k by bo o k b e a ttac h e d ,

s o h ig h a v a lu e t o thi s p o i n t th a t h e m a rk e d o u t a l lt h e e n t ri e s p ro cu r ed

in thi s wa y by a n a s t e ri sk . M o re th an th e fo rm e r bibli ograp hi e s h is

R e p e rto ri u m p ro vid e s a cc u ra te d e s crip ti on s it p a rti cula rly i ndi cat e s in its
t ra n scri p t s t h e divi sio n o f li n e s a n d m e n ti o n s m a rgi n a l n o t e s a n d h ea d
li n e s wh e re ve r th e y a re u s e d Wh e rea s P a n z e r h a d o nc e m ore go n e
, .

b e y on d t h e y ea r 1 5 0 0 H a i n d e c id e d in fa v o u r o f thi s limit
,
.
 TH E GE N E RA L CA TA L OG UE OF I N C UN A BULA . 89

N o twith s ta n di n g it s gre a t m e rit s H a i n s R e p e rtorium b ib liograph ic um

,
’ ”

c o uld n o t b e t h e fi na l w o rd in re g a rd t o thi s m a tt e r O n th e o n e h a nd
.

h e h a d se e n n o t quit e t h e h a l f t h e b o o k s w h i c h h e ca ta l o gu e s a n d th e s e ,

n o t a lw a y s in c o m p l e t e co pi e s a n d h e di e d b e fo re h a vi n g fi n i s h e d h is
,

m a nu scri p t S o we re gre t t o p e rce ive o mi ss i o n s— h e d oe s n o t re c ord

.

m an y m o re fi ft e e n th c e ntu ry b o o k s t h a n Pa n ze r mi s tak e s wa nt o f ,

u n i fo rmity a n d i n su ffici e n t i n d e x e s Fi na lly s o u rce s a n d a uth oriti e s are

.
,

s e ld o m qu o t e d O n t h e o th e r h an d s c i e n c e h a s p rogre s se d T h e
. .

p u bli c a ti o n o f m a n y ca t a l o gu e s o f t h e i n c u na bul a
p ro duc e d by o n e c o u n tr y ,

o n e t o w n o n e p re s s o r e x ta n t in a wh o l e c o u n t ry a s i n gl e t o w n a s ingl e
, , , ,

lib ra ry o r t o b e s old by a d e a l e r h as gre a tly i n c re a se d t h e numbe r o f

, ,

i n c u n a bula k n o wn to t h e sc i e n tifi c w orld T h e a rt o f c a ta l o gui n g h a s b e e n

.

re fin e d ,
an d i n fo rma ti on as t o fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry lit e ra tu re increas e d .

M o n o gra ph s h a ve c l e are d up th e hi s to ry o f ea rly p ri n ti n g A tt e n ti on h as .

b e e n di re c te d t o typ e s a n d ty p ograp hi ca l p e c uli a riti e s so i n t e re s ti n g in ,

th e m se lve s a n d s o u se ful for da ti n g u n d a te d p i e ce s o f p ri n ti n g A fte r

, .

Bl a d e s a n d B ra d sh a w in En gl a n d an d D z ia t z k o in Ge rm an y h a d le d t h e
,

way P ro c t or s I n d e x t o th e e a rly p ri n t e d bo ok s in t h e B riti s h Mu se um

’ “ ”
,

i n di ca t e d th e p ri n t e rs an d th e typ e s fo r t e n t h o u sa n d inc u n a bul a a n d ,

Haeb l T yp e nre pe rt o rium d e r Wi e g e n d ru c k e s u p p li e d a s im p l e m e a n s

’
er s

o f d e t e rmi n i n g t h e p ri n t e r by t h e ty p e s P ho tog rap h y fina lly h a s give n

.

gre a t h e l p : t h e m o d e rn fa cs imil e publi ca ti o n s su p p ly re p ro du c ti o n s o f

p i ec e s o f p ri n ti n g n o t a t h a nd an d e n a bl e u s t o c o m p ar e o rigi na l s
, t h e ,

p r int e rs o f whi c h a re n o t m e n ti on e d with fac simil e s o f k n o w n ty p es

,
.

U n d e r th e se c i rc um stan ce s we n e e d n o t b e a s to n i sh e d t o h e a r pe o p le
as k fo r a n e w H a i n B e fo re th e Bibli ographi ca l S o c i e ty ca m e into
.

e xi s t e n c e in h is p a pe r
,
O n th e n e ce ssity fo r th e fo rma ti on o f a Biblio
“

gra p hi c a l S o ci e ty o f th e U n it e d K i n gd o m a n d s ugge s ti o ns t o its O p e ra ti on s ,

”

re a d a t th e A n n u a l M e e ti n g o f t h e Lib ra ry A s s o c i a ti o n a t N o tti n gh a m in

1 8 9 1 y o u r fo u n d e r D r C o p in ge r c h a ra c t e ri se d a n e w e diti o n o f H a i n as a
, , .
,

wo rk whic h w o uld b e h ea rtily w e l co m e d by a llbibli ograp h e rs a n d whi c h ,

might b e t a k e n in h an d by t h e Bibli o gra p hi ca l S oci e ty In 1 8 9 2 in h is .

,
 90 TH E GE N E RA L CA TA L O G UE OF I N C UN A B UL A .

ina ugu ra l a dd re ss h e a ga in di sc u sse d thi s s ubj e ct H e p l ea d e d fo r a

, .

c o m p l e te bibli o grap hy o f fi fte e n th c e n tu ry bo o k s fo u n d e d o n a s tudy o f

t h e va ri o u s p re s se s a n d in a l lre spe cts s uita bl e t o t h e re qui re m e nt s o f t h e
,

day . N e xt H e rr Bu rg e r t ri e d t o inte re s t th e dire c tors o f t h e grea t G e rm an

,

lib ra ri e s in t h e wo rk o f re m o d e lling H a in With a gra nt fro m t h e S ta te .

o r a id fro m a s o c i e ty h e him s e l f h o p e d t o c o m l e t e t h e w o rk withi n fi ve o r

p
s ix y e a rs . F i na lly Pro fe sso r D z ia tz k o se ve ral time s a gita t e d for a n e w
,

R e pe rto rium b ib liogra ph icum in ord e r to a vo id t h e re pe titi on o f th e sa m e

,

i n ve s tiga ti o n s in a s u cc e ss i on o f lib ra ri e s a n d t o o bta in a g ro u n dwo rk fo r

t h e hi s t o ry o f fi ft e e n th ce n tu ry lit e ra tu re ; h e a s k e d fo r i n t e rn a ti o n a l

c o o p e ra ti o n a n d ma d e d e ta il e d p ro po sa l s as t o h o w t o p ro c e e d
-
h ow to ,

a rra n g e t h e ca ta l o gu e a n d h o w t o d ra w up t h e d e s c ri ti o n s
, p .

Fo r t h e m o m e nt th e o nly re s ult o f th es e p ro p o s al s wa s Cop inger s a n d ’

Burger s S u pp l e m e n t t o H a i n s R e p e rt o rium b ib l
’ “
iogra p h ic um
’
I n thi s .
”

th e re we re n e ar ly se ve n th o u sa n d c o rre c ti o n s o f an d a dditi o n s t o t h e
c o ll a ti o n o f w o rk s d e s c rib e d o r m e n ti o n e d by H a in th e re wa s a li s t with ,

n um e ro u s c o lla ti o n s a n d bibli og ra p hica l pa rti c ul ars o f a b o ut a s m a n y ,

v o lum e s p ri n te d in t h e fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry n o t re fe rre d t o by H a i n ; th e re
wa s a n i n d e x o f fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry p ri n t e rs a n d p ubli s h e rs with li s t s o f th e i r
w o rk s ; fina lly s o m e o f t h e la s t re fi n e m e n ts in i n c u na bul a s c i e nc e
,

re m ark s o n t h e s ign a tu re s o n t h e n umbe r o f l ea ve s in t h e s i n gl e qui re s

, ,

o n t h e p ara gra p h m a rk s an d t h e hy p h e n s— w e re
- in tro du c e d i n to thi s
g e n e ra l biblio graphy Thi s wo rk h as me t with mu c h c e n s ure a nd I mu s t
.
,

a dmit th a t a s a m e re s u p p l e m e n t t o a bo o k h a l f a c e n tu ry o l d it c o uld n o t
as a wh o l e a v o id ta ki n g up a s c i e ntifi c p o i n t o f vi e w n o w o ut o f d a t e th a t ,

it gives n o p e rsona l gu ara nt e e fo r t h e e ntri e s th a t it d oe s n o t m a k e ,

s uffi c i e n t use o f a va il a bl e so u rc e s th a t t h e v a lu e o f t h e a uth o riti e s qu o t e d

,

di ffe rs wid e ly an d tha t the re fo re it is with o ut a ny u n i formity an d oft e n

,

u n re li a bl e .H o we ve r— to d o ju sti ce t o m e n of D r C o p in ge r s a n d .
’

H e rr Bu rge r s m e rits — it did n o t c la im to b e a n ythin g but Co ll e c ti o n s

’ “

t o ward s a n e w e ditio n o f H a i n a b as i s fo r fu tu re work a n i n t rodu c ti o n t o

”
, ,

so m e thing be tt e r an d as s u c h it is v e ry u se ful t o t h e p re s e n t g e n e ra ti o n
, , , ,
 THE GENERA L CA TA L OG UE 0F I N C UN A BUL A .
91

i lly in th e p re pa ra ti o n o f th e ne w l arge r
e sp e c a , a nd m ore sc ei ntifi c wo rk
whi c h D r C o pinge r him se l f d e m a nd e d
. .

Wh e n thing s he d to thi s st age an d whil e it b e ca m e mo re

h ad rea c ,

a n d m o re e vid e nt th a t no s i n gl e p e rso n c o uld m ak e a m o d e rn R e p e rt o rium

b ib l iogra p h ic um h e l p c a m e fro m an un e x p e c t e d qu a rt e r
, Wh e n th e .

c e n tra l ca ta l o gu e o f t h e P ru s s i a n lib ra ri e s wa s pl a nn e d t h e qu e s ti o n was,

di scu sse d as t o wh e the r fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry bo o k s w e re t o b e re c o rd e d .

T h e a uth o riti e s d e c id e d o n d o i n g s o ye t o n ly in a n a bb re vi a t e d fo rm
,

re s e rvi n g full d e s c ri p ti o n s fo r a g e n e ra l c a ta l o gu e o f in c u na bul a .

N ow it turn e d o ut tha t b e s id e s t h e p ri n te d m a t e ri a l s mu c h p re pa rat ory

wo rk h ad b e e n d o n e al re a dy H e rr Bu rge r m Le i p si c h a d c ut Up two
.

c o p i e s o f H ain a n d o th e r in c un a bul a ca tal o gue s h a d pa s t e d ea c h n umb e r

,

re c o rd e d by th e m o n a s e ara t e s h e e t o f p a e h a d ugm nt e d thi

p p r a e ,s

c o ll e c ti o n by t h e a dditi o n o f n o t e s fro m M a it ta ire D e n i s P a n z e r e tc ,h ad , ,

.
,

ga th e re d n o t e s o f a llth e i n c u n abul a in t h e lib rari e s o f V i e n n a D re sd e n , ,

H all e e tc a n d h a d in thi s wa y o bta i n e d a rough g e ne ra l ca ta logu e

, .
, .

D r H ae b l
. e r in D re sd e n h a d m a d e a co m p l e t e i n v e n t o ry o f fi ft e e nth
c e n tu ry b oo k s in t h e K i n gd o m o f S a x o ny a n d p ro p os e d t o e xt e nd it t o th e

c o ll e c ti o n s in t h e n e ighb o u rh oo d D r Vo ul lié m e in B e rlin h ad d o n e t h e

. .

sa m e fo r th a t c ity .

S o, in y ea r 1 90 4 D r Vo ullié m e ha vi n g m a d e a re p o rt
th e ,
.
,

Mini s te ri a ldi re kt or A lth o ff as re p re se nt a tive o f th e M i n i s t ry o f E du ca tio n

, ,

invit e d th e se re n o wn e d i n cuna bul a s c h o l a rs t o a c on fe re nc e in B e rli n .

H e re t h e p ri n c ipl e s for e l abora tin g th e n e w R e p e rto rium b ib liogra ph icum

w e re fix e d a n d th e a b o ve m e n ti o n e d th re e g e n tl e m e n we re re qu e s t e d to j o i n
-

D r Fre y s o f Mu n i c h an d D r S c hmidt o f D a rm s ta dt ina

. . Ko mmi ssi on “

fur d e n G e sa mtk a ta l o g d e r Wi e g e n d ru c k e b e i d e r K on igl ich e n Bibli o th e k

z u B e rl in 3 D r H ae b le r wh o a l rea dy a t th e M e e tin g o f th e Ge rm an
”
.
,

libra ri a n s a t Marbu rg h a d se c o nd e d P ro fe s so r D z ia tz ko s m oti on fo r a

,
’

ge n e ra l ca ta l o gu e a n d wh ose Re p e rto rium o f typ e s b e ca m e a n im po rtant

,

basi s fo r t h e grea t e nt e rp ri se was a pp oi n te d c ha i rm a n S oo n afte r thi s

,
.
,
 92 TH E GENERA L CA TA L OGUE 0F I N C UN A B ULA .

co mmi ssi on m e t a t Le i p si c a n d m a d e a d e ta il e d sk e tc h o f the i r work

, .

An nu a l co n fe re nc e s follo we d in o rd e r to di sc u ss th e o re tica l qu e stion s a n d

,

t o m a k e t h e sp e c i a l ta bl e o f w o rk fo r t h e n e xt y e a r .

T h e fi rs t duty wa s a n inv e n t ory o f a l l fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry b oo k s n o w

e xt an t in G e rm an y Thi
. s w as ca rr i e d o ut — a s p l a n n e d — withi n s ix y ea rs ,

fro m 1 9 0 6 t o 1 9 1 1 with v e ry sa ti s fac t o ry re s ult s

, It h ad b e e n e xp e ct e d
.

th a t a b o ut c o p i es w o uld b e fo u n d wh e re a s a b o ut I so o o o — fi ft y
, ,

p e r c e n t
. m o re — w e re e n um e ra t e d one thi rd in
, P ru ss i a o n e t h i rd in,

B a va ri a o n e t h i rd in th e re s t o f G e rm a n y ; m a n y c h o ice c op i e s hith e rt o
,

u n kn o wn we re in thi s wa y di sco ve re d .

T h e C o mmi ssi o n t oo k o v e r t h e m a t e ri a l s c o ll e c t e d by it s o wn m e mb e rs ,

an d in a dditi o n m a t e ri a l s fo rm e rly g a th e re d by P ru s s i a n a n d S a x o n
,

a uth o riti e s .Th e y th e m se lve s s ta rt e d s e ndi n g a c i rc ul a r of qu e ri e s t o t h e

fo u r hu n d re d a n d fi ft y t wo lib ra ri es m e n ti on e d a s c o nta ini n g i n c u na bul a in
-

S c h we n k e s
’
A d re ssbu c h d e r d e utsch e n Bibli oth e k e n T h e Pru ssia n
“
.
”

Go ve rn m e n t se co nde d the m di p l o ma ti ca lly by re co mm e n di n g bo th thi s

c i rc ul ar a n d t h e wh o l e w ork t o t h e g o v e rn m e n t s o f t h e o th e r G e rm a n S t a t e s ,

a n d in B a va ri a va ri o u s re ligi o u s o rd e rs di s t ribut e d t h e c i rcul a r a m o ng a l l

th e i r co n ve n t s an d m o nas t e ri e s It wa s a sk e d h ow m a n y fi fte e n th c e n tu ry
.
,

b oo k s t h e re sp e c tive lib ra ri es c o n ta i n e d wh e th e r th e y w e re p lac e d se pa ra t e ly

o r might o th e rwi s e b e ea s ily fo u n d by t h e h e l p o f a g e n e ra l c a t a l ogu e

wh e th e r th e re was an i n cu n a bul a ca ta l o gu e a n d if so wh e n it wa s m a d e
, , ,

an d h o w it w as a rr a ng e d — a l p h a b e ti ca lly u n d e r a ut h o rs n a m e s o r u n d e r
’
,

p r i n ting t o wn s a n d p ri n t e rs na m e s o r c h ro n o l o gi ca lly
’ ’
, wh e th e r t h e c o p i e s

h a d b e e n id e n tifi e d with n umbe rs o f H a in C o p in ge r o r P ro c t o r ; wh e th e r t h e

,

c o ll e c ti o n in qu e s ti o n wa s d e riv e d fro m coll e c ti o n s o f th e fi fte e n th o r

s ixt e e n th c e n tu ry ; a n d wh e th e r th e re w e re o th e r i n c u n a bul a co ll e c ti o n s

in t h e n e ighbo u rh o od Wh e re a s twe nty fo u r o f th e lib ra ri e s i n qui re d fo r

.
-

we re no l o n ge r in e xi s t e n c e o r did n o t c o n ta i n a n y fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry b o ok s ,

t wo hu n d re d a n d forty e igh t a dditi o na l i n stit u ti o n s b e ca m e k n o wn a s

-

c on t a i n i n g i n c u na bula A mo n g th e se in s tituti o n s w e re s e ve ra l a rc h ive s

.
,

wh e re on e might e sp e cia lly e xp e ct t o fi n d broa d sid e s o f o nly l o ca l or

 94 TH E GENERA L CA T A L O G UE 0F I N C UN A B ULA .

The t ck ta ki n g it se l f was d o ne in di ffe re nt wa y s a ccordi n g t o

s o -
,

ci rc um s ta n ce s Wh e re th e re w e re t ru stworthy ge n e ra l o r sp e ci a l ca ta l o gu es
.
,

e xt rac t s w e re m a d e — at h o m e if po s s ibl e o th e rwi s e in t h e re s pe ctiv e

, ,

libra ri e s— an d wh e re th e re was an y d o ubt re co u rse was h ad t o t h e c o p i e s

,

th e m s e lve s Wh e re s uch ca ta l ogu e s did n o t e xi s t a n d in lib ra ri e s o f n ot

.
,

m ore th a n a fe w t h ou san d boo k s t h e v o lum e s th e m s e lve s we re e xa min e d

,

o n e aft er t h e o th e r I n t h e ca se o f co ll e cti o n s o f t e n i n c u n a bul a o r l e s s it

.

wa s re qu e s t e d th a t t h e b oo k s s h o uld b e tra ns mitt e d t o B e rli n .

The gov e rni n g b o di e s o f lib ra ri e s p ro ve d v e ry o bligi n g Th e y a lm o s t

.

a lw a y s a ll o w e d th e i n v e s tiga t o rs t o w o rk l o n g e r tha n t h e c u s t o m a ry h o u rs

o f o p e n i n g a n d pe rs o n a lly t o ge t t h e b oo k s fro m t h e s h e lv e s S o m e tim e s

. .

th e y e v e n ga ve th e m th e k e y o f t h e lib ra ry t o e nte r a t libe rty Th e y s e n t .

t o th e i r re s id e n ce s a ll t h e bo o k s t h e y w a n t e d .

The m e th o d o f w ork i n g was a s foll o ws I f th e p i e ce s o f p rinti n g t o b e

e xa mi n e d m e n ti o n e d t h e na m e o f t h e p ri n t e r o r w e re in w e ll k n o wn t pe s
-
y ,

t h e i r H ain a n d C o p in ge r n umb e rs w e re s ta t e d with t h e a id o f Bu rg e r s

’

i n de x ; o th e rwi se t h e d e sc ri p ti o n s o f H a in a n d C o pinge r th e m se lv e s h a d
t o b e u se d E ach co p y thu s id e n tifi ed was re gis t e re d in th e i n ve n t ory bo o k
.

o f t h e re sp e ctiv e m e m b e r o f t h e C o mmi ss i o n by putti n g t h e a bb re vi a t e d

n a m e o f t h e lib ra ry whi c h c o n ta i n e d it a ft e r t h e re s p e c tiv e n umb e r o f H a i n

o r C o p in ge r A g e n e ra l i n v e n t o ry b o o k b ri n gs t o g e th e r t h e c o n t e n t s o f
.

t h e s ingl e o n e s Fo r ea ch p i e c e o f p ri n ti n g n o t e nu m e ra t e d by H a i n o r
.

C o p in ge r a s h e e t lik e th o s e m a d e by H e rr Bu rg e r was writt e n re c o rdi n g

t h e titl e so m e parti c ul ars a n d t h e pl a c e w h e re it wa s fo u n d
, ,
All th e o ld
.

a n d n e w soc a ll e d Bu rg e r s h e e t s are arra n g e d a c c o rdi n g t o t h e n umb e rs

o f H a i n a n d C o p in ge r o r if t h e b o o k s w e re n o t e n um e ra t e d by th e s e in
, ,

t h e a l p ha be tica l o rd e r o f a uth o rs n a m e s
’
.

The s e co n d duty o f th e C o mmi s s i o n is m p ila ti o n o f th e g e n e ra l

th e c o

ca ta l o gu e . H o w is it t o b e d on e ? T h e C o mmi ss i on h a v e re s o lve d t o
a rra n g e t h e ca ta l o gu e it s e l f in t h e a l p h a be ti c a l o rd e r o f a uth o rs na m e s an d
’

t o a p pe nd th re e l arg e ind e x e s o n e o f t h e p rint e rs a n d t h e w ork s p ri n t e d

,
 THE GENERA L CA TA L OGUE OF INCUNA B UL A .
95

by th e m , on e va ri o u s s ubj e c t s an d th e o r s
of th e c w k w hi h t t
r ea o f th e m ,

o n e o f al lp e rso n s c o n n e c t e d with t h e w o rk s e dito rs c o rre c to rs t ra n sl a t o rs

, ,

a n d s o o n an d o f th o s e t o wh o m t h e b o o k s a re d e di ca t e d I n o rd e r t o .

di sp l a y t h e wh o l e lit e ra ry w ork o f e ac h auth or a lltran sl a ti on s e diti o n s, , ,

d e di ca to ry l e tte rs o r ve rs e s m a d e by him will b e re fe rre d t o u n d e r h is

na m e . I n ord e r to s h o w t h e vari o u s p hase s o f e ac h lite ra ry pro du c ti o n ,

t h e sa m e pa rt o f t h e b e gi n n ing a n d t h e e n d will b e re p ro duc e d in a l l

t h e d e sc ri p ti o n s .

I n st ructi on s t o thi s e n d a re give n in a su ppl e m e nt to th e I n strukti o n e n

“

fur d ie al p ha b e ti s ch e n K a ta l o g e d e r P re u ssi s c h e n Bibli o th e k e n

”
The .

bibli ogra phi ca l n o ti c e is t o s ta t e th e a uth o r titl e p la c e o f p ri n ti n g p rint e r

, , ,

a n d e dit o r ( p ubli s h e r) da t e a n d s iz e
,
T h e c o ll a ti o n is t o s ta t e t h e n umb e r
.

o f l ea v e s t h e qui re s an d s igna tu re s t h e fo li a ti o n t h e ca t c hw o rd s t h e
, , , ,

numb e rs o f colum n s a n d lin e s t h e typ e s cap ita l s pa ra grap h -m a rk s

, , , ,

w oo dc ut s p ri n tin g in re d h e a d li n e s a n d m a rgina l n o t e s typ e s a n d so o n

, ,

a c co rdi n g t o H a e b l e r s R e p e rt o rium o f type s T h e d e s c ri p ti o n in a m o re

’
.

re s t rict e d s e n s e is t o r e p ro duc e t h e titl e a n d t h e col o p h o n p re fac e s an d ,

d e di ca t o ry l e tt e rs o r v e rs e s t h e be gi n n i n g an d t h e e n d o f t h e t e xt a n d th e
, ,

firs t li n e o f th e se con d qui re T h e c h arac te rs a n d o th e r pe c uli a riti e s o f th e

.

pi e ce o f p ri n ti n g a re imita t e d in th e t ra n s crip t ; t h e divi s i o n o f li n e s is

m ark e d ; ta bl e s a n d re gi s t e rs a re sp e cifi e d A t t h e e n d re fe re n c e s t o
.
,

so u rce s a n d a uth o riti e s a re giv e n .

T h e C o mmi ss i on wi sh e d t o form a n id e a as t o t h e co s t o f p ro du c i n g
t h e ca ta l o gu e wh e n p ri n t e d an d t o s ubmit a spe c im e n o f th e i r w o rk t o
, ,

t h e c riti c i s m o f a l l p e o p l e wh o care fo r t h e m a tt e r S o th e y p ubli sh e d

.

“
N ach triige z u H a i n s R e pe rt o rium Bib l iogra p h icu m und s e i n e n
’
th e

Fo rt se tzu n ge n in whi c h sp e c im e n s sh o wi n g th e app e aran ce a n d a rra nge m e n t

,
”

o f t h e d e sc ripti on s m a y b e s e e n A s e co nd p ubli ca ti o n
. E i n blattd ru ck e ,
“

d e s 1 5 J a h rhu n d e rt s Ein bibli og ra phi s c h e s Ve rz e i ch n i s h rsg v o n d e r

. .
, .

Ko mmissi o n filt d e n Ge sa mtka ta l og d e r Wi e ge n d ru ck e is n o w b e i n g

.

”
,

p p
re a re d ,
re co rdi n g s o m e o n e t h o u sa nd fi ve hu n d re d b r o a d s id e s — m a ny

o f th e m uniqu e Th e y a re fo u n d partly in re cord s o f archive s partly in

.
,
 96 THE GENERA L CA TA L OGUE OF INCUNA B UL A .

co ve rs o f o th e r b oo k s Le tt e rs o f in dulge n ce an d c a l e n da rs p re d omi n a t e
.
,

im p o rt an t t e stim o n i e s fo r th e hi st ory o f printi n g a s we ca n u su ally da t e ,

th e m A publi ca ti o n n o t m a d e by t h e C o mmi ss i o n ye t co nn e c t e d with

.
,

the i r wo rk is t h e Ve rofle n t lich un ge n d e r G e se ll sc h a ft fiir Ty p e n ku n d e

“
'

d e s 1 5 J a h rh u n d e rt s Th e s e re p roducti o n s o f ty p e s whi c h a re t o
”
. .
,

c o m p ri se all th o s e u s e d in t h e fi ft e e n th c e n tu ry c o m p l e t e H a e b l
’
er s ,

R e p e rt o rium o f typ e s by m e an s o f ill ust ra ti on s a n d t h u s e na bl e u s s till

b e tte r t o id e n ti fy t h e p ri n t e r fro m th e typ e s I a m gl a d th a t t h e .

C o mmi ss i o n h a v e a ll o w e d m e t o s u p p ly y o u r lib rary with a c o p y o f t h e

an d t o di s t ribut e s o m e d o z e n s h e e t s a n d t abl e s o f t h e
“ ”
N a c h t réige
“
E i n bla ttd ru ck e a n d t h e Ve roffe n tlich un ge n a m o n g th o se wh o ca re
” “ ”

fo r th e se s p e c im e n s .

It is t h e C o mmi ss i o np rinc ipa l d e sign t o h a ve th e n e w ca t al o gu e a s

’
s

u n i fo rm an d up—t o—d a t e as p ossibl e I n c o n s e qu e n c e o f thi s a ce n t ra l offi c e

.

h as b e e n e s ta bli s h e d a t t h e R o y a l Lib ra ry o f B e rli n fo r t h e p u rp o s e o f

m a ki n g t h e d e sc ri p ti o n s u n d e r D r H a e b le r s s up e ri n te n d e n c e T h e
.
’
.

m a t e ri a l is d raw n fro m t h e i n ve n to ri e s a n d t h e Bu rg e r s h e e t s t h e l a tt e r ,

h a ving b e e n fu rth e r s u pp l e m e n t e d by t h o ro ugh re se arc h e s in t h e p ri n te d

lit e ra tu re o f t h e s ubj e c t I f t h e Ro ya lLib rary c o n ta i n s cop i e s t h e se a re
.
,

d e sc rib e d o th e rwi s e t h e c op i e s re q u i re d a re s e n t in fro m e l se wh e re ; in

,

ca se s wh e re thi s p ro ve s i n c on ve n i e n t s p e ci a l a rran ge m e n t s a re ma d e
, .

D o w n t o t h e r s t o f D e c e mb e r a b o ut s e v e n th o u sa n d d e s crip ti o n s h a d b e e n
writt e n ; e v e ry w e e k t h i s n u mb e r i n cre a s e s by a b o ut o n e hu n d re d T h e .

C o mmi ss i o n wi s h a n d h o pe t o ge t th e i r m an u sc ri p t re a dy fo r p ri n t in
a bo ut fi ve y e a rs .

A s th e G m n lib i
er a co n ta i n c op i e s o f a llfi ft e e n th c e n tu ry
ra r e s do n ot

b oo k s n o g e n e ra l ca ta l ogu e can b e c o m p il e d if t h e coll e c ti o n s o f t h e o t h e r

, ,

co u n t ri e s a re n o t lik e wi s e l a id und e r c o n t ributi o n S o th e C o mmi s si o n .

d e si re s inv e n t o ri e s o f th e se a l so .

D r C ol
lijn—
. as I ha ve m e n tio e d b e fo re — n is m a ki ng ca t al ogu e s o f t h e
incun a bul a co ll ec ti o n s in S w eden t h e ca a t l o gu e s o f V e s t e réis U pp s al a a n d
,
 98 TH E GENERA L CA TA L OGUE OF INCUNA B UL A .

A n d th e U nit d Kingd m ? H
e mu c h p re para t ory w o rk h as be e n
o e re

d on e by publi s hing valu a bl e ca t a l o gu e s o f si n gl e c o ll e c ti on s T h e .

C o mmi s s i o n a re i n d e bt e d t o E n gli sh lib e ra lity fo r C O p ie s o f s o m e o f th e m .

But n o t a llp ri n t e d m a t e ria l s a ns we r th e p u rp ose o f th e C o mmi s si o n a n d

n ot a l l s t o ck ta ki n g s a re d o n e
-
S o t h e C o mmi s si on h a v e wi sh e d m e t o
.

fill up th e gap s in o rd e r to ge t a n i n ve n t ory o f t h e wh o l e c ount ry Fo r

, .

t h i s pu rp ose I h a ve ma d e a li s t o f lib ra ri e s in G r ea t Brita in a n d I r ela n d

whi c h c on t ai n fi ft e e nth c e n tu ry b ook s ; it a t p re se n t e n um e ra t e s a b o ut
o n e hu n d re d a n d fi ft y I a m much o blige d t o y o u r H o n o rary S e cre ta ry
.

a n d t o y o u rse lv e s fo r t h e ki n d a id g ran t e d a l re a dy a n d re qu e s t y o u

t o d o lik e wi s e in futu re Th e n I t ru st h o w e ve r di ffic ult th e ta sk ma y

.
, ,

b e it will b e d o n e ; as t h e p ro v e rb s a y s :
,
Wh e re th e re is a will th e re “
,

”
is a way .

Aft er th e P id nt
re s e ll e d a tt e n ti o n t o th e imp ort an c e o f t h e
h ad ca

s ubj e c t a re p o rt wa s re a d whi c h M r P o ll a rd h a d d ra wn up a t t h e re qu e s t
, , .

o f t h e C o u n c il Thi s p oi n t e d o ut th a t t h e i n form a ti on fo r whi c h t h e

.

G e rm an C o mmi ss i o n is aski n g is m ai n ly a s t o th e i n cuna bul a o f whi ch

n o ac c u ra t e d e s c ri p ti o ns h a v e y e t b e e n ri n ted T h e m o s t im p o rt a n t
p .

c l a s se s o f und e s c rib e d i n c u n a bul a e xi s ti n g in En gl a nd a re th o se p ri n t e d

in E n gl a n d its e l f ( ii ) th o se p ri n t e d a b roa d fo r t h e E n gli s h m ark e t s
,
The .

wo rk o f Le tt on a n d M a ch lin ia a n d t h e ea rly b ook s o f D e Word e P yn so n ,

a n d N o ta ry h a v e o nl y b e e n d e sc rib e d as a cl a s s in th e vari ou s e diti o n s of

A m es T h e b oo k s pri n t e d a b roa d fo r En gli sh use a s a cla ss h ave n e ve r
.
, ,

b e e n d e sc rib e d in p ri n t a t a ll M r G ord on D u ff h a s d e v o t e d h is life

. .

t o t h e s tudy o f th e s e two c l as se s a n d it is o n ly by h is a id th a t a d e qu a t e
,

d e s crip ti o n s c an b e o bta in e d .

As ga rd s o th e r fo re ig n i n c u n a b ul a im p o rt e d i n t o E n gl a nd e ith e r fo r
re ,

u
p p r o s e s o f s tudy wh e n t h e y w e r e n e w o r du ri n g t h e la s t t wo c e n tu ri e s
,

a s typ o gra p hica l m o n um e n t s o r c u ri o s iti e s li s t s o f t h o se a t t h e B riti sh

,

Mu se um B o dl e i a n J o hn R yl an d s Libra ry La mb e th t h e c hi e f E di n bu rgh
, , , ,
 THE GENERA L CA TA L OGUE OF INCUNA B UL A .
99

libra ri e s a n d p rac tically allth e C o lle ge librari e s a t Ca mb ridge a re in p ri n t

, , ,

a n d i n fo rm a ti o n is a v a il a bl e as t o t h e C a mb ri d g e U n iv e rs ity Lib ra ry an d ,

so m e o f t h e O xfo rd C o lle ge librari e s A s re ga rd s t h e i n cu n a bul a in

.

C a th e d ra l lib ra ri e s an d t h e lib ra ri e s o f a fe w p a ri sh e s a n d an c i e n t s ch o o l s ,

littl e is a t p re s e n t k n o wn I n re sp o n se t o e n qui ri e s in th e M ws S /zeet

.
-

s o m e fi ft e e n m e mb e rs h a v e s e n t in n o t e s s o m e givi n g t h e n umb e rs o f
,

th o s e in th e i r o wn p o s se ssi on a n d o n e o r t wo s u pp lyi n g a ctu a l li s t s T wo

, .

m e mb e rs ha ve su p pli e d in fo rm ati on a s t o a ll t h e librari e s p ubli c a n d

,

riva t e in t h e i r n e ighb o u rh o o d an d it is e a rn e s tly t o b e h o e d th a t o th e rs

p , , p
will fo ll o w thi s goo d e xa mp l e .

M r R e dgrave M r Bo urd il
.
, . lo n M r B a rn a rd a n d o th e r m e mb e rs j o i n e d
, .
,

in t h e di sc u ssi o n a n d a vo t e o f t h a n k s wa s o ffe re d t o D r C ro us wh o
, .
,

b ri e fly re pli e d .

H 2
 1 02 A BIBL I OGRAPHY OF
re
p p a ra ti on the i r di s t ributio n th e i r ac qui s iti on an d th e i r d e s cri p ti o n
, , , .

Th e re a re p e rso n s wh o di sti n gui sh b e twe e n ma t e ri a l a n d i n t e ll e c tu a l “ ” “ ”

bibli og ra p hy a n d di scrimi n a te b e tw e e n th e o ut sid e an d th e i n side o f

,

b o o k s but in my judgm e n t n o b oo k ca n b e s a ti sfa c to rily d ea lt with in

,

it s p hy s i ca l a s p e c t wit h o ut i n ve s tiga ting it s lite ra ry o rigin Q u e s ti o n s .

o f a uth o rs hi p c l a s s ifi c a ti o n
, a n d a rra ng e m e n t fo rbid thi s e x c lu s iv e a n d
,

m e c h an i cal vi e w .

T h e bibli o gra p h e r wh o c o n fi n e s h is a tt e nti o n t o titl e p a ge s an d th e i r -

a cc u ra t e t ran s c ri p ti o n a n d s t o utly re fu s e s t o h a v e a n ythi n g t o d o with

,

c o n t e n t s o f b o o k s e v e n wh e n h e is ca ll e d u po n t o c l a ss i fy th e m l e ss e n s
, ,

h is s p h e re o f u se ful n e s s .

Th e re is o f c o u rse a rea s o n a bl e limit t o wha t is re qu i re d We d o n o t .

wan t a d e ta il e d a p p ra i s e m e n t o f a llb o ok s n o r ye t e l a b o ra t e cl a s s ifi ca ti on s
,

o f h um a n k n o wl e dg e but so m e thing m ore th a n a c c u ra t e t ra n sc ri p t s o f

,

titl e p ag e s is e xp e c t e d in m o d e rn bibli ograp hy whi c h is n o l o n ge r th e

-
,

e x c lu s iv e p ro vi n ce o f t h e c o ll e c t o r o f rariti e s I t s p ro p e r s tudy i n c lud e s

.

a n i n v e s tig a ti o n o f t h e n a tu re a n d c o n t e n t s o f b o o k s an d th e ir p l a c e in

t h e hi s t o ry o f hum a n th o ught .

T h e n e e d o f a Bibli o gra p hy o f B ritis h H i s t o ry h as l o ng b e e n re c o g n i s e d

by hi s to rica l stud e nt s Fo r G e rm a n y Fra n ce B e lgium an d t h e U n it e d
.
, , ,

S ta t e s t h e w e ll k n o wn w o rk s o f D a h l
,
- m a n n Wa itz La ngl o i s M o l in ie r-
, , ,

M o n o d P ire n n e a n d La rn e d s u pp ly wh a t is re qui re d Tw e lve y e a rs ago

, , ,
.

t h e l a t e P rofe s so r G ro s s o f H arva rd p ro du c e d h is a dmi ra bl e b o o k Tne ,

S ou r ces and L iter a t u r e f

o is /z H is tory
E ngl f ro m th e ea r l
ies t times to a bou t
1 4 85 but fo r th e las t fo u r c e n tu ri e s we h a v e n o thi n g suffi c i e n tly c o m p l e t e
a n d m e th o di ca l t o b e a d e q ua t e t o t h e re q u i re m e n t s o f m o d e rn hi s t o ri c a l

s tudy .It is b e li e v e d th a t a Bibli o gra p hy o f l a t e r B riti s h H i s to ry will b e

o f v a lu e n o t o n ly to B riti s h s tud e n t s but a l so in an e v e n gr e a t e r d e gre e
, , , ,

t o th o s e o f A m e ri ca an d C o n tin e n t a l E u ro p e .

I do not p w eary
ro p o s e to you with a n a cc o unt o f t h e e xt e n s iv e
lite ra tu re publi s h e d in va ri o u s c o u n t ri e s a n d at va ri ou s tim e s o n t h e
 M ODERN BRITISH HIS TOR Y SINCE 1 485 . 10 3

s ubj e c t o f hi sto ri ca l bibli ograp hy a s su c h a re t rosp e c t h as b e e n t h e th e m e

,

o f s e v e ra l p a p e rs rea d by m e t o t h e Lib ra ry A s soc i a ti on s o m e a s far ,

ba c k a s 1 8 8 5 wh e n I fi rs t submitt e d t o tha t b ody my P rop osa l s fo r

,
“

a Bibli o grap hy o f N a ti on a l H i s t ory si n c e ap p rov e d by M r Fre d e ric

,
”
.

H a rri son a nd D r G W Pro th e ro in p ap e rs b e fore t h e R oyal H i sto ri ca l

. . .

S oc i e ty .

Thre e re pre se n ta tive b o ok s h o we v e r d e se rv e so m e n o ti ce T h e fi rs t .

is D r C h a rl e s Gro ss s w o rk t o w h i c h t h e p ro p o s a l s I h a ve t o s ubmit a re
’
.

s u p p l e m e n t a ry t h e s e c o n d is t h e G u id e to t ire M S
, ma ter ia l s f or t il
. e

h is to y of t/ze Un ited S ta tes to 1 7 83 p ubli s h e d by t h e C arn e gi e I n s tit uti o n

’
s

a t W a s h i n gt o n in 1 9 0 8 t h e thi rd is t h e n e w e diti o n o f D a h l
, m a n n W a itz - .

T /ze D iction a ry of N a tion l Biogr ap /zy is a ri ch s t o re h o u s e o f h i s t o ri c a l

a

i n fo rm a ti o n a n d mu s t n o t b e forg o tt e n but it is on ly in a l ph a b e ti ca l o rd e r
,

o f p e rso n s a n d fo r thi s re a s o n p o s se s se s but re m o t e i n t e re s t fo r o ur

p pu r o se I
. h a v e s ugg e s t e d t o t h e p u bli s h e rs t h e d e s i ra bility o f a

c h ro n o l o gi ca l i n d e x c l a ss ifi e d u n d e r n a m e s a n d u n d e r s ubj e c t s whi c h ,

w o uld form a m o s t u s e ful hi s t o ri c a l c l ue t o a wo rk o f re fe re n c e o f whi c h

e v e ry E n gli s hm a n h a s re a s o n t o b e p ro ud .

P ro fe ss or C h arl e s Gro ss u n fortu na t e ly di e d b e fore h e was a bl e t o b ri n g

o ut h is se c o n d e diti o n n o w in c o u rs e o f p re p a ra ti o n In h is Pre fa ce h e
.

s t a te d : M r T e dd e r a n d M r H a rri so n b o th d e m an d th a t t h e p ro p os e d
“
. .

bibli ograp hy u n lik e th o s e o f D a h lman n Wa itz an d M on o d s h o uld give

,
-
,

so m e a c c o u n t o f t h e c o nt e n t s a n d a b ri e f e s tim a t e o f t h e va lu e o f t h e

b o o k s n a m e d ; a n d th e y a gre e in as s e rti n g th a t t h e l a b o u r o f p rep a rin g

s u ch a t re a ti s e c a n b e s u c c e s sfully u n d e rt a k e n o n ly by s o m e m e th o d

o f c o o p e ra ti o n o n t h e p art o f va ri o u s e x p e rt s H e a dd e d : but a
” “
- .

c o o p e ra tiv e s c h e m e o f thi s s o rt is di ffi c ult t o i n iti a t e an d c arry o ut ; a n d

-

a s n o s u c h s c h e m e h as a s y e t b e e n u n d e rt a k e n I h av e v e n tu re d t o p ut
,

fo rt h a bibli o gra p hy o f th a t pa rt o f t h e s ubj e c t whi c h e xt e n d s fro m t h e

e a rli e s t tim e s t o P rofe sso r Gro ss will a l ways d e se rve th e S in ce re
gra titud e o f s tud e n t s fo r t h e e n t e rp ri se an d s e l f d e n yi n g la b o u r with wh i ch
-

h e c o mm e n c e d h is l a b ori o u s ta sk a n d th e s kill a n d e n e rgy with wh i c h h e

 1 04 A BIBLIOGRAPHY 01"

ca rr ei d it o ut H is bo o k c on ta i n s a s y s te m a ti c s u rv e y o f th e p ri n t e d
.

m a t e ria l s re la tin g to t h e p olitica l c o n s tituti o nal l e gal s oci al a n d e c o n o mi c

, , , ,

hi s tory o f E n gl and Wa l e s a n d I re l a nd T h e m a n u scri p t m at e ri a ls are

, ,
.

d ea lt with o n ly inc id e n ta lly ; S co tl an d was o mitt e d e xc e p t s o fa r a s sh e

i n flu e n ce d E n gli sh H i st o ry .

H is wo rk m p ri se s se l e c t li s ts o f bo o k s ; wo rthl e ss an d o b so l e t e
“
co

t re a ti se s a re o mitt e d e xc e p t in th e ca se o f a fe w re ce n t work s whi ch are

m e n ti on e d m e re ly in o rd e r th a t th e s tud e n t ma y b e warn e d t o s hu n th e m .

Gre a te r ful n e ss h as b e e n sought in t h e se c ti on s c o n ce rni n g th e o rigi n al

s o u rce s a n d it is h o p e d th a t n o r i n t e d so u f m e I m o rta n c e h a s
p rce o p ri p
b e e n o v e rl oo k e d B e sid e s b oo k s a n d p a m p hl e t s t h e w ork i n clud e s a
.
,

s e l e c ti o n o f p a p e rs fo u n d in c o ll e c tiv e e s sa y s in j o u rn a l s a n d in t h e, ,

tra n sac ti o n s o f s oci e ti e s ; m a n y valu a bl e treas u re s lie bu ri e d in th e se

b y wa y s o f lit e ra tu re
-
A n e ffort h as b e e n m ad e t o i n clud e a llc o n tine n ta l
.

b o o k s pa m p hl e ts a n d pa p e rs t h a t a re o f a n y va lu e t o s tud e n t s o f E n gli s h
, ,

H i s to ry . M a n y o f t h e titl e s a re a cco m p an i e d by b ri e f n o t e s
“

e xp l ai n i n g t h e c o n t e n t s o f t h e b oo k s a n d e s tim a ti n g th e i r va lu e Th e se .

n o t e s a re S u p p l e m e n t e d by t h e p re limi n a ry re m a rk s whi c h will b e fo u n d

a t t h e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e s e c ti o n s a n d s ub se c ti o n s M r Fre d e ri c H arri so n
-
. .

rightly as s e rt s th a t ju s t a s a re a l hi sto ry is n ot a se ri e s o f a nna l s s o a

‘
,

rea l bibli o gra p hy is n o t a m e re ca t a l o gu e o f titl e s

’
.

All h o n o ur to D r . G w o rk whi c h h e ca rri e d o ut but th e pa rt

ro ss fo r t h e ,

h e c o m p l e t e d is re a lly t h e l eas t di ffi c ult o f a chi e ve m e n t by i n dividu a l

e ff ort . It is wh e n we a pproa c h th e e ight e e n th an d ni n e t e e n th c e ntu ri es
th a t c h o i c e a n d se l e c tio n i n c re as e in diffi culty a n d it is in t h e l a t e r ,

p e ri o d wh e n c h o i c e an d s e l e c ti o n b e c o m e m o re a n d m ore u rg e n t T h e .

p ro j e c t e d c o nti n u a ti o n will b e on a m o r e c o m p re h e n s iv e pl a n tha n th a t o f

D r G ro s s an d it is p ro p ose d t o d e a l with un p ri n te d m a t e ri al s in a way

.
,

n o t c o n t e m p l a t e d by him .

T/ze G uide to t/ze MS . m a ter ia l ze H is tory

s f or t l f
o fi le Un ited S ta tes to
I 7 83 was co m p il e d by P ro fe sso r C M A nd w
. . re s o f th e J ohn s H p kin
o s
 1 06 A BIBLIOGRAPH Y OF
O ur bibli ography will c om p ri se a se l e c t e d a n d cla s sifi e d li s t o f work s
in E n gli s h a s w e ll a s in fo re ign l a ngu a ge s It w ill b e a guid e t o t h e .

ri n c i pa l ma n u scri p t a uth o riti e s as w e ll a s p ri n t e d b o o k s p a m p hl e t s

p , ,

di sse rta ti on s arti cl e s in p e ri o di ca l s ( E n gli s h an d fore ign ) a n d a rti cl e s o f

, ,

o rigin a l va lu e in di c ti on ari e s e n c y c l o p ae di a s tra n s a c ti o n s o f s o c i e ti e s a n d

, , ,

c o ll e c tiv e w o rk s It is t o b e a na ti on a l bibli o graph y i n cludi n g En gl a n d

. , ,

Wale s S c o tlan d an d I re l an d a n d th e c o l o n i e s a n d d e p e nd e n c i e s o f Gre a t

, , ,

B rita in p ast a n d pre s e nt We sh a ll i n c lud e t h e A m e ri ca n C o l o n i e s d o wn

,
.

t o 1 7 7 6 I n di a s i n c e t h e C h a rt e r o f Qu e e n E liza b e th t o th e Ea s t I n di a
,

C o mp a n y in 1 6 0 0 Can a da sin ce 1 76 3 S outh Afri ca s i n ce 1 79 5 Au stra lia

, , ,

a n d t h e C o l on i e s s i n c e t h e b e gi n ni n g o f o ur o c c u p a ti o n .

T h e titl e s o f e n t ri e s will b e take n di re c t fro m t h e w o rk s th e m s e lv e s ,

re a so n a bly a bb re vi a t e d wh e re n e c e s sa ry Wh e n th e s c op e an d c on t e n t s
.

a re n o t c l ea rly i n dica t e d in t h e titl e s thi s in fo rma ti o n will b e b ri e fly

s u pp li e d with a n o ccas i o na l bibli o gra phi ca l n o t e S h ort e x p l a na t o ry a n d
,
.

c riti ca l n o t e s w ill b e a dd e d wh e n d e si ra bl e T h e wo rk will e xt e n d .

ultima t e ly fro m 1 4 8 5 (wh e re t h e l a te P ro fe sso r Gros s s w ork e nd s ) to 1 9 1 0 ’

n d o f t h e re ign o f E dw a rd V II )
( e .

T h e wh o l e w o rk will c on s i s t o f s ix p art s t o b e gro u p e d int o thre e

vo lum e s as fo ll o ws :
VO L . I .
—G E N ER A L .

P a rt I . i n t roducti on e xp la ini n g th e s co p e a n d a rra n ge m e n t of t h e

—A n

work ; with p re limi n a ry a n d ge n e ra l m a tt e rs s u c h as b ri e f a cco u n t s o f ,

importan t lib ra ri e s c o ll e c ti on s o f a rchive s a n d d o c um e n t s ( m an u s cri p t a n d

,

p ri n t e d ) p ubli
, ca ti o n s o f l e a rn e d soc i e ti e s c o ll e c ti o n s a n d s e ri e s o f p ri n t e d
,

w ork s p ri n t s fa csimil e s e t c indi ca ti on s o f bibli o gra p hi e s di c ti o nari e s

, , ,
.
, ,

e n cy c l o p ae di a s a n d p e ri o di ca l s o f a n hi s t o ric a l n a tu re ; h i s t o ri ca l a tl a se s ;
,

work s o n hi st ori ca l ge ogra p h y a n d t o p o gra p hy c h ron ol o gy e p igra p hy a n d , , ,

a uxili a ry s ubj e c t s s u c h a s h e ra ld ry a n d numi s m a ti cs .

P art I I . l t li st o f a uth oriti e s for th e wh ol e p e ri o d ( 1 4 8 5

- A se e c -
1 910 )
or th e gre at e r part o f it arra nge d in se c ti o ns a s m e nti on e d h e rea ft e r
, .
 M ODERN BRITISH HI S T OR Y SINCE 1 485 . 10 7

VO L I I — T H E . T U D O R A N D S T EWA R T P ER I O D S .

P a r t [I L — A li s t of th e a uth o riti e s for t h e Tud o r pe ri o d ( 1 4 8 5 —1 6 0 3 )

a rra n ge d in ti o n s
se c .

P a rt I V .
— A s imilar li s t fo r th e S t e wa rt pe ri o d ( 1 6 0 3 —1 r
7 4) .

VO L . H N ER I N P ER I D
I I I — T HE. A OV A O S .

P a r ts V a n d VL — S imil li t f th fi t H v i n p i d
ar s s or e rs ano er a er o ( 1 71 4
an d th e dH v i np i d( 8 5
se con a no er a er o 1 1

The t i will b e c l a ssifi e d so far a s p o s sibl e in th e fo ll o wi n g s e c tio n s

en r e s

1 ) G e n e ra l H i s t o ry i luding g l w i di l
( n c , e n e r a n e s a
p p e r s a n d p e r o c a s o f
t h e p e ri o d ; w o rk s p rim arily b e l o n gi n g t o a n d th e re fo re c l as s ifi e d und e r

o th e r h e a d s but b e ari n g a l s o o n g e n e ra l hi s t o ry t o b e i n di c a t e d u n d e r thi s

h e a d by c ro ss re fe re nc e s
-
.

2 ) L e g a l an d c o n s tituti o n a l hi t ry ; ju s ti c e li liti al
( s o a n d p o c e ; p o c

p hil o s o p hy .

(3 ) R e ligi o u s a n d e cc l e s i a s tic a l hi s t o ry .

( )
4 Lit e ra tu r e a r t a n d s c i e n c e ; e du ca ti o n .

(5 ) N a v a l a n d milit a r y hi s t o r y .

( )
6 Bi o g ra hy
p g e n ea l o gy a n d fa mily hi s t o ry .

( )
7 L o ca l hi s t o ry c o u n ti e s t o wn s e tc
, ,
.

( )
8 T r a d e indu
,
s t ry a n d c o mm e rc e
,
e c o n o mi c th e o ry so c i a l hi s t o ry ;

m a nn e rs a n d c u s to m s .

( 9) V o y a g e s an d t ra v e l s f o und a ti o n o f c o l o n i e s a n d d e p e nd e n c i e s .

In e a c h s e c ti o n e nt ri e s will b e a rra n ge d in t wo g u p r o s —
( )
a S o u rc e s :

( )
1 m a n u s c ri t
p ( ) p 2 ,
r i n t e d ( )
5 L a t e r w o rk s .

P i i n stru c ti on s fo r t h e ca ta l o gui n g
re c se of i t d b o o k s h a ve b e e n
pr n e
d ra wn up as we ll as a fo rm of card a rra nge d fo r full p arti c ul ars t o b e giv e n
 108 A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
in a u n i fo rm m a n n e r A s. t h e d e s c ri p ti o n o f M S a uth o r iti e s will fo r m a .

s p e c i a l fe a tu re so m e d e ta il m a y b e giv e n
,
A t th e h e a d o f e ac h se c ti o n o f
.

e ac h pa rt m e nti o n will b e m a d e o f ( a ) s i n gl e w o rk s o r re c o rd s in M S .

o f fi rs t ra t e im p o rt a n c e (if a n y ) whi c h a re s till un p rin t e d o r o n ly p a rtly

-

p ri n t e d
.
Wh e n th e M S o rigi n a l o f an y p a rti c ul ar p ri n t e d so u rc e o r o f a
.

o rti o n o f s u c h s o u rc e l e tt e rs o r ill us t ra tiv e d o cum e n t s ) is k n o w n t o

p
e xi s t it will b e m e n ti o n e d in a n o t e u n d e r t h e d e sc ri p ti o n o f t h a t so u rce
,

o r t h e l o ca lity wh e re it is p re s e rv e d eg . u n d e r Li fe of Co l H utc hin s on

.
,
“
.
”

re fe re n c e s h o uld b e m a d e t o E M A dd . . M S S 2 5 90 1 or.
un d e r .

Wa rb urt o n s ’
P rin
“
c e R u p e r t t o
”
E M. A dd. M S S 1 8 9 8 0 — 2 as t h e s o u rc e
. .
,

o f t h e t ra n sc ri p ti o n Thi s is o f sp e c i a l im po rt a n ce in c a se s wh e re t h e
.

t ra n scri p t is in c orre c t a s in Ca rdwe ll s D ocumen ta ry A n n a ls Aft e r thi s

’
.

will fo ll o w ( 5 ) p riva t e c o ll e c ti on s o f M S S b e ari n g wh o lly o r in p a rt o n t h e

.

s e c ti o n
,
.eg . t h e H a rl e i a n o r t h e H a tfi e ld M S S
,
wh e th e r th e se re m a i n .
,

u n pri n te d o r h a ve b e e n c al e n da re d o r wh olly o r pa rtly p ri n t e d i n fo rm a ti o n

will b e give n a s t o whi ch o f th e s e p ro ce ss e s (if a n y) h as ta k e n p la c e a n d
in wh a t fo rm Wh e re s u ch M S S o r c oll e c ti on s o f M S S h a ve a l re a dy b e e n
. . .

d e sc rib e d re fe re n c e will b e m ad e t o s u ch d e s cri p ti o n A thi rd se c ti o n (e) .

will d e scrib e s u c h p o rti o n s o f p ubli c c oll e c ti o n s o f S ta t e p ap e rs a n d o th e r

o ffi c i a l d oc um e n t s wh e th e r in G re a t B ri ta i n o r a b ro a d a s b e a r e sp e c i a lly o n

t h e s ec ti o n . T h e gre a t c o ll e c ti on s o f M S S S ta t e p a p e rs e tc will b e m o re
.
, ,
.
,

o r l e s s fully d e sc rib e d in Pa rt 1 ( p re limi na ry m a tt e r) in t h e ca s e o f a s ub

s e c ti on d e v o t e d t o s o m e p a rti c ul a r m a tt e r e g t h e A r m a d a M a ry S t e wa rt
, . .
, , ,

o r th e Lo n g P a rli a m e n t in fo rm a ti o n a b o ut M S S b e ari n g o n s u c h m a tt e r
, .

will b e pl ac e d a t t h e h ea d o f t h e s ub s e c ti o n n o t o f th e s e c ti on
-
, .

It is i n t e nd e d t o b e gi n by p ubli shing Vo l s I an d I I T h e e x e cuti on . .

o f th e w o rk h a s b e e n divid e d b e tw e e n w o rk e rs o n b o th s id e s o f t h e

Atla n tic ; t h e Am e rican C o mmitte e b e i n g p rim arily re sp on sibl e fo r th e

Tud or p e ri o d th e E ngli s h C o mmitt e e for t h e S t e wa rt p e ri o d T h e fo ll o wing
, .

ha ve i n dividu ally ta k e n c h a rg e o f t h e di ffe re n t S e c ti on s viz ,

.

T udor p er iod ( 1 ) P ro fe ss o r M e rrim an ; ( 2) P ro fe ss o r C ro ss ; (3 )

P ro fe ssor Willi sto n Wa lk e r ( 4) Pro fe sso r R icha rd son ( 5 ) Mr C o rb e tt ; .
 n o A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF
th e Th o m as o n T rac t s n o w d e s c ribe d in a n e x c e ll e n t s p e c i a l c a t a l o gu e .

M o re o ve r in l a te r tim e s t h e p ro digi o u s gro wth o f t op o gra phi ca l h i st ory

,
,

sc h o o l b ook s
- a n d s m a ll e p h e m e ra l tre a ti s e s o f n o r e a l hi s t o ri ca l v a lu e
, ,

w o uld h ave m ad e t h e work o f u n wi e ldy s ize D r P ro th e ro in h is a dd re ss

. .

b e fo re th e R o ya l H i st ori ca l S o c i e ty in 1 90 3 (p xxiii ) sa y s . O ur p rim a ry

,
“

rul e s h o uld b e p rac ti ca l c on v e n i e n e th e c o nv e n i e n c e n o t o f t h e b e gi n n e r

c —
,

o r o f t h e F or st ne r a n xi o u s t o e x h a u s t e v e ry p o s s ibl e s o u rc e o f i n fo rm a ti o n ,

but of th e gre a t m a ss o f hi s to ri ca l re a d e rs a n d s tud e n t s wh o c o m e b e twe e n

th ose e xt re m e s We s h all n ot c on fi n e o u rse lve s t o t h e e l e m e n t s but we
. ,

sh all no t a tt e m p t t o b e e xh a u s tiv e We s h a ll e nd e av o u r t o i n clud e a ll

b o o k s whi ch con t ai n va lu abl e i n fo rm a ti o n or fruit ful id e a s n ot t o b e fo u n d
e l s e w h e re e v e n t e xt b o o k s fit t o b e re c o mm e n d e d t o y o u n g s tud e n t s ;
-
,

a n d we s h a ll p re fe r o mitti n g b a d b oo k s t o i n se rti n g th e m ( a s M r La rn e d .

do e s) in o rd er t o p oi n t o ut th a t th e y a re b a d But in o ur se l e c ti o n fro m
.
,

t h e p o i n t o f vi e w o f qu a lity it is impo s sibl e t o d ra w t h e li n e o f c h o i c e

,

with m a th e m ati ca l p re ci si on o r t o sa y m o re tha n tha t we s h o uld i n clud e

,

b oo k s goo d e no ugh t o b e i n clud e d an d n o o th e r , .

”

I t is o bvi o u s tha t a work o f this n a ture ca n n o t b e ca rri e d o ut with o ut

a c o n sid e ra bl e a m o u n t o f fi n a nc i a l a ss i s t an c e T h e R o y a l H i s t o rica l S oci e t y
.

an d t h e A m e rica n H i s t o ri ca l A s s oc i a ti o n h a v e e a c h v o t e d a sum o f £ 5 0 a

y e ar fo r t h re e y e ars ; an d t h e B riti sh A ca d e my h as vo t e d 5 2 5 a y e a r fo r th e ,

sa m e p e ri o d . But th e se sub scri p ti on s m o s t w e l co m e as th e y a re will n o t go

, ,

ve ry far t o wa rd s d e fraying th e i n e vita bl e e xp e n se s i n cid e n t t o t h e co ll e c ti o n

o f m a t e ri a l s c o p yi n g s e cre ta ri a l duti e s e t c
, , , quit e a p art fro m t h e e xp e n se s
.
,

o f p ri n ti n g a n d p ubli ca ti o n wh e n t h e w o rk is co m p l e t e .

It b eca m e n e c e s sa ry to a sk fo r sub sc ripti on s fro m p e rso n s i n t e re st e d

in t h e c a u se o f hi s to ry o r lik e ly t o fi n d t h e b o o k o f u se t o th e m in t h e ir
re s ea rc h e s a n d o n e hu n d re d a n d tw e n ty i n dividu a l s a n d e ighty s ix lib ra ri e s
,
-

h ave e ith e r p romi se d o r h av e a l re a dy se n t sub sc i p ti on s Th e s e re s ult s r .

are g ra ti fyi n g but t h e a m o u n t o f m o n e y re qui re d by t h e C o mmitt e e is fa r

,

fro m h a vi n g b e e n a tta i n e d M o re s ub scri p ti o n s a re n e e d e d a n d as t h e

.
,

T re a su re r o f t h e Fu n d I sh all b e gla d t o re c e ive t h e m

, .
 M ODERN BRITISH HIS TOR Y SINCE I 485 . 111

We do n ot l a c e a limit to ge n e ro sity but a s ub scri p ti on of , 5 2 2 s

p , .

a n d o v e r will e n titl e t h e d o n o r t o a c o py o f t h e w o rk . Wh e n publi s h e d

it will b e sold a t £ 3 3 s n e tt I n e e d scarc e ly a d d tha t th e vari o u s
. .

m e mb e rs o f t h e C o mmitt e e give th e ir se rvrc e s gra tuito u sly T h e A m e rica n

.

C o mmitt e e a re a p p e a li n g t o t h e A m e ri ca n p ublic .

Th e re is e ve ry re aso n t o b e li e ve th a t t h e proj e c t e d Bibli o gra phy o f

“

B riti sh H i st o ry si n ce 1 4 8 5 will in a llre sp e ct s b e worthy o f An gl o S ax o n -

s ch o l a rs hi p ,
t h a t it will b e e xh au s tiv e in re s e arch judi c i o u s in se l e c ti on
, ,

a n d will p re s e n t an a mpl e a n d s y s t e m a ti c as s o rtm e n t o f a uth o riti e s o n t h e

su bj e ct. T h e sc h e m e h a s b e e n ca re fully co n s id e re d by a n umb e r o f

th o roughly c o m p e t e n t p e rson s an d in s ubmitti n g t h e p ro p osal s to t h e
,

Bibli o grap hi ca l S o c i e ty I am c o n fid e n t tha t th e y will b e re c e ive d with th a t

s ymp a th e tic a tt e n ti o n whi c h so impo rta nt an und e rt a ki n g d e s e rve s .
 1 14 NO TES ON THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF P OP E .

w e re re a d with much a p p ro va l by va ri o u s p o e t s a n d con n o i s se u rs H e .

so m e tim e s a n t e da t e d h is w o rk in o rd e r t o a d d t o t h e w o n d e r a t h is

re c o c i o u sn e ss but it is c e rta i n t h a t t h e P a s tor a l

s w e re in e xi s t e nc e by
p ,

1 7 0 6 wh e n T o n so n t h e b o o k se ll e r wr o t e t o P o pe :
,
I ha ve la t e ly se e n a
pas t ora l o f you rs in Mr Wal sh s a n d C on gre ve s h an d s whi c h is e xtre m e ly
.
’ ’
,

fin e an d is a pp ro v e d o f by th e b e s t judg e s in poe try I re m e mb e r I ha ve .

fo rm e rly s e e n you a t m y s h o p a n d a m so rry I did n o t im p ro v e my

,

a cqu a i n ta n ce with y o u I f y o u d e s ign yo u r po e m for th e p re s s n o p e rso n

.
,

s h a ll b e m o re care ful in t h e p rinti n g o f it n o r n o o n e can giv e grea t e r ,

e n co u ra g e m e n t t o it th a n S ir Y o u rs
”
,
e tc
, , .

Th e se w e re fla tt e ri n g wo rd s t o a y outh o f e ight e e n a n d whe n th e ,

M scel a n ies We re p ri n t e d th re e y ea rs l a t e r P o pe s p a s t o ra l s w e re give n a

’
l
'

co n s p i c u o u s p la c e a t t h e e n d o f t h e v o lum e with a s e pa ra t e titl e pa g e a l l -

,

t o th e m s e lv e s . T h e v o lum e O p e n e d with P as t o ral s by A mb ros e P hili p s ,

a n d c o m p ari s o n s b e tw e e n th e t wo s e t s o f P as t ora l s ca u s e d s o m e a n n o y a n c e

t o P op e a s we k n o w fro m p a p e rs o f h is in t h e Gu a r dia n fo u r y ea rs l a t e r
,
.

The fi rst po e m of P o pe
whi c h appea re d in se para t e fo rm was t h e
’
s

E ss ay on Cr iticism 1 7 1 1 whi c h was a dve rti s e d in t h e Sp ecta tor fo r Ma y

, ,

1 st h . P op e t old Caryll tha t a th o u san d Copi e s were printe d T h e p i e c e .

wa s publi sh e d by W Le wi s a n o l
. d sc h oo l fe ll o w o f t h e p o e t
, Th e re w ere .

t wo i ssu e s o f thi s qu arto pa m p hl e t o n e ( p ro ba bly t h e fi rs t ) wi t h a n im p rint

,

m e n ti on ing m e re ly Le wi s th e p ubli sh e r th e o th e r with an imprint giving ,

t h e n a m e s o f th re e b oo k se ll e rs by wh o m t h e p o e m was so ld I n th e .

Sp ecta tor for N o ve mb e r 2 8 th a s e c o nd e diti o n wa s a nn o unc e d in a n

, ,

a dv e rti s e m e n t whi c h ga v e P o p e s n a m e as a uth o r P o p e a ft e rw a rd s sa id

’
.

tha t th e pi e ce was w ritt e n in 1 70 7 i e wh e n h e was n in e t e e n ,

. .
,

A s ye t a ch ild , nor ye t a l
fo o to fa m e ,
I li d i
s pe n n um b e rs, fo r th e n um b e rs c a m e .
”

But fro m th e p o e m it se l f it wo uld a pp ea r th a t h e did n o t form t h e d e sign

till a fte r t h e dea th of h is fri e n d Wa l sh in Ma y 1 70 8 I t is h o we ve r , .

s u ffi c i e n tly re m a rk a bl e th a t a y o u n g m a n o f tw e nty co uld p ro du c e s o

 NO TES ON TH E BIBLIOGRAPHY OF P OP E . 1 15

inte re stin g a work a b o unding in p h ras e s t h a t h a ve be co m e h ou s e h old

,

w o rd s : fo r e xa mpl e A littl e l earni n g is a d an ge ro u s thi n g ; A n d t e n

,
“ ” “

lo w w o rd s o ft cre e p in o n e dull lin e H ill s p e e p o e r hill s an d a lp s o n

” “ ’

a lp s a ri s e
”
A n e e dl e ss a l e xan dri n e e n d s th e son g Th a t lik e a wo u n d e d
“
,

s n a k e d ra g s it s s l o w l e n gth a l o n g T ru e eas e in w riti n g c o m e s fro m

“ ”

a rt n o t c h a n c e A s th e y m o v e e a s i e s t wh o h a v e l e a rn e d t o d a nc e
”
, ,
Fo r
foo l s ru s h in wh e re a n g e l s fea r t o t rea d
”
.

T h e Sp ecta tor h a d b e e n s ta rt e d by A ddi son an d S t e e l e in M a rc h 1 7 1 1 , ,

a n d th e numb e r fo r M ay 1 4 th 1 71 2 was a lm o s t wh o lly o c c u p i e d by

, ,

P o p e s M essia lz A l a te r numb e r co n ta i n s a l e tte r by P ope o n th e

’
.

s ubj e ct o f t h e E mp e ro r H a d ri a n s d ea th b e d v e rs e s S t e e l e i n t ro du c e d
’
-
.

H e M ss ia l z in a s h o rt n o t e whi c h s ta t e d tha t t h e p o e m was writte n by “

a grea t g e niu s a fri e n d o f mi n e in t h e c o un t ry wh o is n o t a s h a m e d t o

, ,

e m p l o y h is wit in t h e p ra i s e o f h is M a k e r It is imp o rta n t t o re m e mb e r

”
.

th a t P o pe wa s c on sid e ra bly y o u n ge r th an m o st o f t h e m e n wh o a re
re gard e d as m o re o r l es s h is co n t e m p o ra ri e s S t e e l e a n d A ddi s o n w e re
.

h is s e n i o rs by s ixt e e n y ears C on gre ve by e ight e e n P a rn e ll by n i n e

, , ,

A mbro se P hilip s by thi rte e n P ri or by twe nty fou r S wi ft a n d Arbuthn o t

,
-
,

by tw e n ty —o n e D e foe by twe n ty se v e n Y o un g by fi ve a n d G a y by th re e
,
-
, ,

y ears . Th o ugh P o p e di e d a t fi ft y s ix al l th e se m e n pas s e d a w a y t e n o r

-
,

m o re y e ars be fo re him e x ce p t S wi ft P hili p s an d Yo u n g

, ,
.

A vo lum e ca ll e d Miscella neous P oems a nd T r a n sla tions By S evera l

. .

H a nds publi s h e d by B e rna rd Li n t o t T o n so n s c hi e f riva l o n M a y 2 0 th

’

, , , ,

is o f much i n t e re s t t o t h e s tud e n t o f P ope fo r b e s id e s se v e ra l ,

o th e r pi e c e s ,
it c o nta i n s at th e e n d t h e fi rs t v e rsi on in t wo ca nt o s o f , ,

e p o e m h a s a s e pa ra t e titl e p a g e i t d
27w R ap e of t l ze Lock e
[]s ic T h .
p r n e -

o n pa ge 3 5 3 sig A a 1 w hi c h fo ll o w s imm e di a t e ly a ft e r pa g e 3 2 0 s ig X 8
,
.
, , . .

Wh y th i s ga p o c c u rs is u n k n o wn : in t h e s e co n d e diti o n o f t h e b o ok ,

p ubli s h e d in 1 714 w h i,c h rea lly c o n s i s ts o f t h e s h e e ts in t h e fi rst e diti o n

with a n e w titl e a n d ha l f titl e l ea ve s w e re a dd e d t o fill th e gap a n d t h e

-
, ,
1 16 NO TES ON TH E BIBLIOGRAPHY OF POPE .

n ewm atte r includ e d five pie ce s by P o pe o n e be ing th e , Ode to M usich ,

which h a d b e e n publi sh e d se parat e ly in t h e pre vi ou s y ear .

P y tha t th e fi rst sk e tch o f th e R ap e of th e L och wa s writt e n in

op e sa s

l e ss th a n a fortnight Aft e rward s h e d e c id e d t o giv e it m ore im portan c e

.

by t h e a dditi o n o f supe rna tu ral m a chin e ry an d th e po e m a ppeare d as a ,

se p a ra t e w o rk in it s fi na l fo rm in fi ve ca nt o s on M a rc h 4 t h On ,

M arc h 1 2 th Po p e wro te t o Ca ryll th a t t h e p oe m h ad in fo u r d a y s tim e

,
’

s o ld t o t h e numb e r o f th re e th o u sa nd an d was a l rea dy re p rint e d A fe w , .

co p i e s w e re p rint e d on la rg e an d thick p a p e r p ro b a bly fo r t h e po e t s

’
,

p a t ro ns A .ft e rward s in May P o p e p ubli sh e d a n o nym o u sly a m o c k

, ,

c ritici s m ca ll e d A Key to t he Loch re p re se nting th a t t h e p i e c e wa s a ,

p oliti ca l all e gory d a n ge ro u s to go v e rnm e nt an d re ligi o n

,
.

The yea r 1 7 3
1 sa w th e p ublica ti o n
li po e m s th a t a re n o w of t wo fo o

s ca rc e I Vin dsor For es t a n d t h e Ode f or M n sich with a h a l f titl e M r P ope s

’
/ -
.
, , ,

Ode on S t Cecil ia s D ay
. Win dsor For es t was p ubli sh e d o n M arch 7t h
’
.
'

,
’

an d th e Od e f or M n s ich o n July 1 6 th Linto t b ro ught o ut bo th th e se ‘

.

p oe m s a n d a l so o n Fe b ru a ry r st
, ,
T h e Temp le o f F a me fo r t h e, ,

C op y right o f whi c h h e pa id , 6 3 2 5 s .

Th e I/Vife f
o Ba th h e r P r ol
ogu e, and two o th er
p i e c es by o pe , P
d in S t e e l e s P oetica l M l
scel Cons is t ing of O r igina l P oems
'

a n ies
’
a p pe a re .

a nd T r a nsl
a tions . By th e b es t H a n ds , 1714 . O f th i s
b oo k th e re a re t wo
editi o ns whi ch ca n b e di stingui sh e d by th e
,
fa c t th a t in t h e fi rs t th e da te
in th e imp rint is give n w ro ngly a s M D DC X I V .

Pp w to e ro e a P ro l o gu e fo r Addi so n s
’
trage dy , Ca to, in 1 713 but
vario u s cau se s soo n le d to c oolne ss be tw e e n t h e two write rs ,
a nd fa cilita t e d

(1 ) P os t Boy, M a rc h 2 n d t o th
4 , 7 3 4
1 1 —

J t bli d d
.

st Bo , Ma
“ ”
(2) us p u h ( P o 1 4th t o 1 7 th , T h e re was
diti J y
s e a se co n
y
e o n on un e I s t ( D a ilCy ou r a n t ) .

3 ) D a il
y C
ou r a n t . Th e re was a se co n d di tie on o n A pr il 9th .

( 4 ) Gu a r d ia n .

( 5 ) D a il
y C
ou r a n t .
 L O N D O N :

Prin t ed fo r BE R N A RD Lm r a r r . at t h e
'

[Re d df
uce ro m 2 84 X I 5 0 mm .
]
 NO TES ON BIBL IOGRAPH Y 0F POPE
THE . 1 19

n
t h e tra sfe r o f P o pe s r e s o ’
f i nd hip t S wift O x f d B li gb k
or o n ro e a n d o th e r , , ,

a dh e re n t s o f t h e T o ry p arty S wi ft e n co u ra g e d P op e in h is p la n o f
.

t ra n sl a ti n g th e wh o l e o f t h e I lia d an d o bt a in e d m a n y s ub sc ribe rs t o a
,

wo rk whi c h was to b rin g P o pe fa m e a n d a fo rtun e o f o v e r The

fi rs t vo lum e o f t h e tra n sl a tio n a p pe are d in Ju n e 1 7 1 5 a n d t h e s ixth a n d , ,

la s t vo lum e in 1 7 2 0 T h e bo ok was i ssu e d in foli o a n d a ls o in qua rt o

.
, ,

with ta ilp i e c e s i n itials e tc n o t fo u n d in th e fo li o e diti o n Th e re w ere

, , .
,
.

a l so la rg e pa pe r C o p i e s o f t h e fo li o It wo uld a p p e ar fro m an a dve rti se m e n t

.

in t h e S t j a mes s P os t fo r Jun e 3 rd t o 6 t h 1 7 1 5 tha t t h e qu art o was th e

’
.
, ,

s ub sc ri p ti o n e diti o n : Thi s day t h e fi rs t v o lum e o f M r P op e s P oe m s

“
, .
’

will b e d e live re d t o t h e subsc rib e rs in qui e rs It was a dd e d th a t Li n t o t .

”

w o uld p ubli sh n e xt w e e k a v e ry fi n e fo li o e diti o n in l arge pa pe r an d

“

a n o th e r o n s m a ll pa pe r T h e p ric e o f t h e fo li o was s tit c h e d o r 1 4s

”
.
.
,

b o u n d ; a s m a ll n umb e r o n l a rge p a p e r a t a gui n ea s titc h e d or 2 5 s , .

bo u n d It a p pe a rs fro m l e tte rs o f Li n to t to P o p e in Ju n e 1 7 1 5 th a t
.
‘
, ,

p ubli ca ti o n was d e la y e d b e ca u se p pe o l e w e re e n g ro ss e d in t h e imp e ac hm e n t

o f B o li n gb ro k e a n d o th e r p o liti ca l m a tt e rs T ick e l ls t ra n sl a ti on o f t h e
’
.

Fi rst B oo k o f th e I liad — which ca u se d Po pe much an n o yan c e — ap p e a re d

o n Jun e 8 t h ,imm e di a t e ly a fte r P op e s fi rst vo lum e
2 ’
.

The I l
ia d gro ss th e wh o l e o f P o pe s tim e : but t h e p ro
did not en
’

d uc tion s o f 1 7 1 6 a re o f mi n o r imp o rta n c e T h e fi rs t e diti o n o f Co ur t .

P oems is a s ca rc e p a m p hl e t it co n ta i n s P o p e s B as s e t Ta bl e an d T h e ’ ” “

D ra wing R oo m T h e T o il e t
”
by La dy M ary Wortl e y Mo n ta gu
“ ”
an d , ,

it was p ubli sh e d by J R o b e rt s in 1 7 1 6 (a p pa re n tly b e fo re M ay) but t h e

.
,

da t e was i n co rre ctly p rint e d a s 1 7 0 6 Th e re we re la te r e diti o n s i n cludi n g .

,

fu rth e r v e rse s in 1 7 1 6 ( D ubli n ) 1 7 1 7 1 7 1 9 an d 1 7 2 6

, T h e D ublin
, , , .

e ditio n o f 1 7 1 6 a dd e d t h e C o p y o f V e rs e s t o t h e ing e ni o u s M r Moo re

“ ”
.
,

a n d ga v e P o pe s n a m e a s a uth o r o f lfo u r pi e c e s
“ ”
al
’
.

, J ly
( 1 ) E ve n ing P os t u st h t o 7 th 1 7 1 5 The , . se c o n d l v o um e was re a dy on M a rch
2 2 n d , 1 7 1 6 ( L on d on Ga z e t t e M a rch lo t h t o 1 3 th
, ,

( 2 ) D a il
y C o ura n t.
 V I Z ;

I . T h e Bal m Tabl
- e An . Ec v s .

II . T he D R A WI N G -RO O M .

l T he T
Il . O I L E T.

Pn bl
z b d
j
’

f a it l
hful
y, as t h ey w ere fl mnd in a

P k
oc B k
et - oo
p Wt a ken u in e ftmin l - l
te r Hal ,

t he Lafl D ay of t h e Lord W in t o n s Try a l

’
.

L O N D O N :

Printed for J R 0 B a a . 1 s,
'
nmr th e Oxford
Arms in Warmt h-Lane . M DCC VI .

Price Six Pence

-
.

[e
R d df
uce ro m 16 2 X 6 5 mm .
]
 1 24 NO TES ON THE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF P OP E .

th a t t h e Cour t Ba l
la d is P
m o n g h is a dmi re rs
op e s, a n d
’
it wa s a fa vo u rit e a

o n a cco u n t o f it s a mu s i n g re fe re n ce s t o co u rti e rs an d l ad i e s o f t h e tim e .

In s o m e e diti o n s o f Pope it is p rin te d u n d e r th e titl e o f T h e C h alle nge “

.
”

T h e o n ly co p y o f t h e o rigina l p rint th a t is kn o wn b e s id es th a t whi c h I ,

h ave with m e is in th e lib rary o f t h e l a t e M r Wre n n of C hica go A

,
.
, .

co py o f a S e c o n d e diti o n c orre c t e d is in th e B riti sh Mu s e um ( w ro n gly

“ ”

date d in t h e ca ta l ogu e 1 7 6 1 ) thi s was printe d by A S mith in C o rn hill . .

La t er in th e y e ar th e re a p p e a re d a du o d e c im o T h e Pars on s D a ught e r
“
,
’
,

a Ta l e T o whi c h a re a dd e d E p ig ra m s an d T h e C o u rt B a ll a d by ,

M r P op e . Fro m corre c t co pi e s Lon do n P rin te d for J H a rri s ne ar

.
, . .

S t J a m e s s B a gni o
’
.
,

G y unh
a
’
pp y
s c o m e dya T h r ee H o ur s af t er M a rr ia ge,p ub li s h e d by ,

Li n t o t in 1 7 1 7 c o n ta i n e d a p ro l ogu e by P o pe an d o th e r t o uch e s by him

, ,
.

It was ridi cul e d by C o ll e y C ibb e r o n t h e s ta g e an d th i s i n c ide nt t o ge th e r , ,

with t h e p ro du c ti on o f C ib b e r s N on ju r or was t h e o rigi n o f t h e fe e li n g

’
-
,

whic h m an y y e a rs l at e r le d t o th e s e tti n g up o f C ibb e r a s h e ro o f t h e

D un cia d .

T h e p rin c ipa l e ve nt
y e a r 1 7 1 7 wa s th e p ubli ca ti o n on Jun e 3 rd
of th e ,
1

o f t h e fi rs t v o lum e o f t h e c o ll e c t e d Wor h s o f M r A le xa nd e r P p e Lik e

o . .

t h e t ra n sl a ti on o f t h e I l ia d th e b oo k a ppe a re d s imulta n e o u s ly in s e v e ra l
,

fo rm s T h e o rdi n a ry fo li o e diti on h as u s u a lly ra th e r p o or m a rgi n s

. It .

was p ri n t e d by M B o wy e r T h e im p ri n t in s o m e c o p i e s a dd s th a t it wa s
. .

p r i n t e d fo r B e rn a rd Li n t o t o r a c c o rdi n g t o t h e im , p ri n,t in o th e r c o pi e s fo r ,

Ton son an d Li n t o t Th e re wa s a la rge pa p e r i s su e o f t h e fo li o a ha n d so m e

.
,

b ook with t h e titl e p ri n te d in bl ac k an d re d an d vari o u s ta il pi e c e s initi al s , , ,

etc . whi ch are not fou n d in t h e o rdi n ary c opi e s Th e n th e re is a qu art o

, .

a ppa re n tly t h e s ub s c ri ti o n e diti on — a fi n e b oo k with e ngra v e d o rna m e nt s

p ,

a s in t h e l arg e p a p e r fo li o S o m e c op i e s b ear t h e na m e s o f b o th T o n s o n
.

a n d Li n t o t an d o th e rs th a t o f Li n t o t o n ly
, T e n p i e ce s fi rs t app e are d in .

p r i n t in thi s vo lum e i n cluding t h e E l o i sa t o Ab e lard

,
“
.
”

( 1 ) D a il
y C
ou r a n t . Vo l I I I
. of th e I l
ia d a p p e are d at th e sa m e ti m e .
 1 26 N O TE S ON TH E IBLIOGRAPHY
B OF POPE .

In 1 7 26 an d 1 7 7,
2 S wi ft p ai d vi sit s to P op e at Twi ck e n h a m .

G ul liver s T r a vel s a p p e a re d in 1 7 2 6 a n d t h e w e ll k n o wn M i cel lan ies in

’ -
,
s

Ver se a n d P r os e w e re p ubli sh e d by B e nj a mi n M o tt e in th re e v o lum e s

Vo l s 1 an d 2 in Jun e 1 7 2 7 a n d th e las t vo lum e o n M arch 8 th
.
, ,
“ ”
,

1 72 7 T h e fi rs t v o l u m e co n ta i n s p i e c e s by S wi ft o n ly : t h e s e co n d
vo lum e i n clud e s a re p rint o f P o p e s K ey to th e Lock wro n gly d a te d 1 7 1 3 ’
, ,

a n d th e M e m oi rs o f P P C l e rk o f thi s Pari s h : t h e La s t V o lum e

“
. .
,
” “ ”

b e gi n s with P op e s Tre a ti se o f t h e A rt o f S i n ki n g in P o e t ry in which

’ “
,
”

P hilip s a n d Th e o ba ld w e re a tta ck e d Thi s pi e ce is follo we d by a hal f .

titl e Mi scellan i e s in Ve rse

,
“
Th e s e Mi sc e lla ni e s are m os tly by S wi ft
.
”
,

but t h e colla ti o n o f th e b oo k is o f s o m e int e re s t t o us I n m o st C o p i e s .

thre e l ea ve s fo ll o wi n g t h e h al f titl e Mi sc e l la ni e s in Ve rse h a ve b e e n -

,
“
,
”

can ce ll e d an d t h e fi rs t p o e m C a d e n us a n d Va n e s sa b e gi n s o n s ig A 4
”
, , , . .

T h e ca n c e ll e d l ea v e s c o n ta i n e d a Ta bl e o f C o n t e n t s an d w e re e vid e n tly ,

re j e c t e d a s n e e dl e s s wh e n a c o m p l e t e ta bl e t o t h e v o lum e wa s p ri n t e d a t
,

th e e n d T h e b o o k s h o uld h a v e a l ea f o f E rra ta a ft e r t h e T a bl e o f
.
,

C on t e nt s a t t h e c l o s e Th e re is an inte re sti n g l e tt e r t o M o tt e o f Ju n e
.

3 o t h 1
, 7 7
2 o n t h e p ri
, n ting o f thi s b o o k in whi c h P o p e s a y s S e n d me , ,
“

n e xt a ft e r S h e e t R a n d thi s th e l a st s h e e t o f Ca d e n us a n d Va n e ssa We
,
.

will le t th e Ta bl e a l one a n d l ea ve roo m fo r so m e n e w a dditi o n s t o t h e

,

Ve rse s La te r le tt e rs sh o w tha t di ffe re n ce s a ros e be twe e n t h e p ubli sh e r

.
”
,

an d P o p e an d h is fri e n d s in t h e ca rrying o ut o f t h e b a rg a in whi c h h a d

,

b e e n ma de .

A furthe r volum e o f M iscella n ies ca lle d T h e Thi rd Vo lum e which ,

“
,
”

a p p ea re d on O c t o b e r 5 t h co nta in e d T h e N a rra tive o f D r R o b e rt

“
.
,

N o rri s C o n ce rn i n g t h e S t ran ge an d D e p l o ra bl e Fre n zy o f M r J o h n

, .

D enn is whi ch fi rs t ap p ea re d in pa m phl e t form in 1 7 1 3 an d s o m e o th e r

”
, ,

p ro se p i e c e s by P o p e S w i ft a n d A rbuthn o t , Th e s e w e re fo ll o we d by a .

n umb e r o f p o e m s m ostly by S wi ft with a fre s h s ig na tu re a n d n e w

, ,

p agina ti o n .

( 1 ) M on t h l
y h r on icl
e C .
( 2 ) Gr u b S t r eet j ou rn a l .
 NO TES ON THE B I BLI OGRAPHY OF POPE . 12 7

T he hi st ory of th e
“
Li n e s to M B
Last Vo lum e o f
M rs . . .
”
in th e “ ”

t h e M iscel la n ies ( 1 7 2 8 ) is o f so m e i n t e re s t
T h e l a dy in qu e s ti o n wa s .

P op e s fri e nd M artha Bl ount M r C o urth ope say s th a t th e v e rse s fi rs t

’
, . .

a p p e a re d in a M s cel l a ny p ubli sh e d by Li n t o t in 1 7 2 6 wh e n th e y e n d e d
'

with an allu si o n to t h e s ui c id e o f C ol on e l M o rda u n t in M ay 1 7 2 4 : it ,

fo ll o w s th e re fo re tha t th e y ca nn o t h a v e b e e n se nt t o M arth a Bl o unt o n

h e r thi rty thi rd bi rthd a y in 1 7 2 3
-
I n a l e tt e r t o Ga y P o p e s a y s th a t
.
,

so m e o f t h e lin e s w e re w ritt e n o n h is o wn bi rthd a y T h e p o e m in t h e .

.Miscel la n ies o f 1 7 2 8 is in its

p re s e n t fo rm e xc e p t th a t a ft e r t h e fo u rt h li n e , ,

th e re a re six ve rse s which we re aft e rwa rd s t ra n sfe rre d t o t h e M ora l E ssa y s ,

I I 2 4 3 8 A s a m a tt e r o f fa ct a s I p oi n t e d o ut in th e A ca demy in 1 8 9 3
,
- .
, ,

t h e p o e m was p rint e d as e a rly a s 1 7 2 4 wh e n it a p p eare d in t h e Bri tis h ,

j r na lo f N o v e mb e r 1 4 th o f th a t y e ar und e r t h e titl e T h e Wi sh T o a
“
o u ,

Yo u n g La dy o n h e r Bi rt h d a y By Mr P op e Thi s v e rsi o n d oe s n o t
. . .
”

c o n t a i n t h e s ix li n es whi c h P o e s a y s w e re w ritt e n o n h is o wn bi rt h d a y
p ,

an d th e c l os in g li n e s a s p ri n t e d in 1 7 2 4 w e re aft e rwa rd s e nti re ly re— writt e n .

Th e y ra n as fo ll o ws :
A d h I wh D th h ll th t f i f
n o en d t y ea s a a a r ace es ro

dd
,

D ie o f s o m e su e n e xt a c y o f joy
t d m m y th y mild l
,

I n so m e s o f re a a so u re m o v e ,

th y l t t g p igh f l ”
A nd b e a es as a s o ove .

I do not i n to th e qu e s ti o n o f th e bibli o gra phy o f t h e

p ro po s e t o go
D un cia d fi rs t p ubli sh e d in thre e bo o k s o n M a y 1 8 th n o t 2 8 th
, , , ,

T h e m a tte r h as be e n i n v e s tiga t e d v e ry fully in t h e n o t e s by M r Th o m s .

whi c h we re re p ri n t e d with a dditi on s by C o l o n e l G ran t in E lwin a n d

, ,

C o urt h o p e s e diti o n o f P o p e
’
O th e r p arti c ular s will b e fo u n d in a pa p e r
.

by M r S o lly in t h e A th en a um fo r O c to b e r 2 4t h 1 8 8 5 a n d in M e ssrs
.
, , .

D o dd M ea d an d C o s Ca ta l o gu e o f M r Le ffe rt s C o ll e c ti o n
’
an d
’
, . .

M r Lo u n s bu ry h as d e v e lo p e d t h e s ubj e c t in h is b o o k T h e F i rs t “
.

E ditors of S hak e sp e are (Pope an d Theo ba ld) in whi c h h e h as sh own th e ”

( 1 ) M on t h l
y Ch r on ic e . l
 1 28 NO TES ON THE BIBLI OGRAPH Y OF POPE .

inju s tic e tha t be fa lle n Th e o bald an d th e imp ossibility o f p rop erly

h as ,

u n d e rstan di n g t h e D un cia d with o ut e x a mi n i n g th e an n o t a t e d e diti o n s o f

1 72 9 . P ro fe s so r G ri ffi t h o f T e xa s h a s a dd e d c o n s id e ra bly t o o ur
, ,

k n o wl e dge in a pap e r ca ll e d S o m e N o t e s on t h e D un i a d in M oder n

“
c ,
”

P h il ol ogy for O c t o b e r 1 9 1 2 a n d h e is und e rs t o od t o b e p re p a ri n g a fu rth e r

, ,

s tudy o n th e s ubj e c t T h e s ub s tituti o n o f C ibbe r fo r Th eo b ald as h e ro

.

whe n t h e p oe m wa s p ubli sh e d in it s c o mp l e te fo rm m a d e it ne c e ssary t o

a l te r n o t o nly t h e p o e m but much o f t h e c o mm e n ta ry o n it o ft e n t o t h e
, ,

d e trim e n t o f t h e p i e ce as a work o f art I wo uld h e re o nly n o te tha t .

th e re was a S e co n d E diti o n in du od e cimo o n Ma y 2 5 th 1 7 2 8 so m e

“ ”
,
‘
,

co p i e s o f whi c h h a ve D ubli n in t h e im p rint a n d a

“ ” “ ”
D ud l in fo r ,

“
Thi rd E diti on in du od e cim o p ri c e ”
on Ju n e 8 t h in t h e sa m e y e ar
, ,
1
.

I n th e a dve rti s e m e n t in M is t s j ou r n a l it is a n n o u n c e d th a t th e re m ight

’
,

b e o bt a i n e d a t D o dd s t h e D u n cia d in o cta v o p ri ce r s 6 d O f th e
’
.
, .
,

“
thi rd e diti o n th e re a re two i ssu es ; a n d th e re was a D ubli n e diti on in
,
”

1 728 . O n A p ril r o th 1 7 2 9 was p ubli s h e d as a pp e a rs fro m t h e M on th l

, , y ,

t h e im p o rta n t quart o e diti on with a nn o ta ti o n s ca ll e d

“
Ch r on icl e ,
The , ,

D un c ia d Va ri o rum With th e P ro l ego m e n a o f S crib le ru s whi c h was

.
,
”

d e scrib e d a s p ri n t e d for A D o d with o n e d Thi s wa s fo ll o we d by

“
.
,
” “
.
”

a n o c ta v o p ri n t e d fo r A D o b a n d an o th e r p rint e d fo r La wt o n
.
,
”
,
“

Gillive r Lou n sbu ry s ugge st s tha t D o d an d D ob are im agi n a ry

.
” “ ” “ ”

na m e s an d tha t t h e va ri o u s 1 7 2 9 e diti o n s w e re rea lly allp ubli s h e d by

,

Gilliver o n P op e s be h a l f A s e co n d e dition o f Gillive r s boo k a pp eare d

,
’
.
’

in N o v e mb e r with a dditi o n a l n o t e s : s o m e c o p i e s h a v e a ca n c e l l e a f
,

P 3 in p lac e of t h e o rigi n a l l ea f A Fou rth B oo k o f t h e D u nc ia d wa s

.
,
.

p ubli s h e d in M a r c h 1 7 4 2 u n d e r t h e titl e T h e N ew D un cia d A s it w a s

, ,

found in t h e y ea r I 7 4 1 Th e re a re t wo i ssu e s (o r ra th e r e diti o n s) in

.

qu arto (b e sid e s o th e rs in o c ta vo) th e fi rst h avi n g t h e t e xt in thi rty n i n e ,

-

p ag e s th e s e c on d in fo rty fo u r pa g e s I n 1 7 4 3 t h e fo u r b o o k s w e re
-
, .
,

pri n t e d toge th er in on e qu a rto v o lum e with a fe w ch an ge s in th e t e xt , .

( 1 ) M ist
’
s
j ou rn a l .
 Addrefs d PR I E D
’
to a .

P A R T 1.

L O N D O N .

Print ed fOr Wil

ford , a t the ower-
Th ree Fl de-
luces , b e
h md t h e cr -
b oufe, 3. Paula. MDCCXXX I I I .

[Red uce df
ro m 1 73 X 6 1 mm .
]
 NO TES ON TH E BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PO P E . 13 1

l
a so p ubli s h e d in rea lity in 1 7 3 3
( N e w S tyl e ) an d n o t in 1 7 3 2 T h e fa c t .

is th a t t h e i ss u e o f t h e p i e c e h a d b e e n p o s t p o n e d fro m tim e t o tim e a s ,

a p p e a rs fro m P o p e s c o rre s po nd e n c e T h e a ctu a l da te o f publica ti o n was

’
.

J a nu ary 1 sth 1 73 2 ,

Th e E ss ay on M a n whi c h wa s o n t h e s t o c k s as ea rly a s 1 7 3 0 did n o t

, ,

s e e t h e light until 1 7 3 3 P a rt I wa s p ubli s h e d o n Fe b ru ary 2 0 t h o f th a t

.

ye ar o r 1 7 3 2 O ld S ty l e whi c h h as o ft e n le d t o t h e mi sl ea di n g s ta te m e n t
‘
, ,

tha t t h e p oe m a p pea re d in 1 73 2 T h e se co nd E p i stl e was p ubli sh e d o n .

Marc h 2 9th th e thi rd o n May 1 7 th an d t h e fo u rth on Ja nu a ry 2 4th 1 7

,
2 ”
, ,

The fi rs t i ssu e o f th e fi rs t E p i stl e wa s e ntitl e d A n E ssay o n Man “

.

A ddre sse d to a Fri e nd Part I A la t e r i ss u e o r ra th e r e diti o n was

. .
”
, ,

ca ll e d
“
A n E s sa y on Man I n Ep i stl e s to a Fri e n d E pi s tl e I Co rre cte d
. . .

by th e A uth o r C o pi es o f th e Part I i ssu e h o we ve r di ffe r c o n sid e ra bly

.
”
, , ,

x t
e c e p as re g a rd s t h e titl e -
p a g e I n t h e m aj o rity o f c o p i e s.t h e p o e m it s e l f
c o ll a t e s B—E in tw o s t h e t e xt e nd s o n p 1 9 a n d th e re w o uld s e e m t o .
,

b e o n ly 2 8 1 li n e s ( but thi s is d ue t o a n e rro r in n umb e ri n g ) : th e re a re

n o h e a d li n e s an d t h e numb e r o f t h e p a g e is in t h e middl e
-
, S o m e u n c ut .

co p i e s m ea s u re 1 4 % by 9 i n c h e s lik e t h e la t e r E p i stl e s whil e o th e rs

, ,

we re p ri n te d on s ma lle r p a p e r m eas u ring in u n c ut e x a m p l e s 1 2 % by 7 %

,

i n ch e s I n th e o th e r i ssu e o f Pa rt I t h e c o lla ti o n o f th e po e m itse l f is

.

B o n e l eaf fo ll o w e d by B D in tw os : t h e poe m e n d s o n pa ge 2 0 a n d
, ,
-
,

th e re a re 2 8 6 li n e s T h e h ea d l in e is E pi s tle s on th e fi rs t l eaf in
.
“ -
,
”

R o m an typ e an d in Ita lic type o n t h e o th e rs : page 6 is imm e di a t e ly

,

fo ll o w e d by p a ge 9 It is no t c e rta in wh i c h o f t h e t wo i ss u e s o f Part I
.

a ppe are d fi rs t but a s ugg e s ti o n whi c h I m a d e in 1 9 0 5 th a t t h e o n e with

,

t h e h ea d lin e -
E p i stl e s is th e tru e fi rs t e dition h as b e e n ge n e rally
“ ”

a cc e p t e d It might o f c o u rse b e a rgu e d th a t t h e C op i e s with th e h e a d lin e

.
-

“
E p i s tl e s w e re p ri n t e d l at e r th an th o se with o ut it wh e n P o p e h a d
”
,

d e c id e d to call th e vari o u s pa rt s o f t h e p oe m E pi stl e s : but th e Addre ss ,

“

( 1)
“
Y es t er a dy w as pbl i h d
u s e
”
( D a il
y j ou rn a l
, J an ua r y 1 6 th ,

( 2 ) D a il
y j ou r n al .

K 2
 1 32 NO TES ON TH E BIBLIOGRAPHY OF POPE .

t o th e R d
ea er i”
in al C
l op e s s
ea s o e s o ar a
p k o f t h E
r pi t l y
an dw y f w iting ,

I think tha t we m ay c o n clude fro m t h e c u ri o u s i rre gul aritie s in re gi st ra tio n

an d p agi n a ti o n t h a t t h e co pi e s with t h e h ea d li n e s ca m e fi rs t
-
.

Th e re was al so a n i ssu e of Pa rt I in qu art o o f which I ha v e s ee n o nly ,

S e co nd E diti o n P a rt I was a l so publi sh e d in o ct a v o with t h e

“ ” ‘
th e . ,

da te 1 73 3 and th e re fo re a fte r Ma rc h Typograp hica l d e tail s s h o w th a t

,
.

it was printe d fro m t h e se c o nd i ss u e o f t h e fo lio a n d n ot th e fi rst This ,

.
’

p a m p hl e t is mu c h s carc e r th a n t h e fo li o s an d t h e sa m e re m a rk a ppli e s ,

t o t h e o c ta vo e diti o n o f t h e la t e r E pi stl e s I t ap p ea rs th a t th ere a re t wo .

e diti on s o f t h e o ct avo P art I I n my c opy th e co lla tio n is A a n d B in

.

fo u rs 1 6 p a g e s : th e re is n o A dd re ss t o th e R ea d e r I n M r Le fle rt s '
’
. .
,

c o p y th e re a re 2 0 pa g e s ( A a n d B in fo u rs C 1 t h e se c o nd l e a f , ,

c o nta in i n g t h e
“
A ddre ss to th e R e ad e r Afte r allth e se e diti ons ca m e .
”

on May 2 3 rd — t h e Ep i s tl e I Co rre c te d by th e Auth o r a l rea dy

3 “
.
”

a llud e d t o O f thi s E pi s tl e I th e re was a S e co nd E diti on a n d fina lly

“ ”
.
,

E pi stl e I wa s i ssu e d s titch e d t o E pi stl es I I an d I I I with a gen e ra l Ta ble

o f C o nt e n t s a n d with t h e b ri e f E p i s tl e whi c h is fo u n d in t h e o rigi n a l
,

e diti o n o f E p i s tl e II pl a c e d a t t h e be ginning in s ubs t ituti o n fo r t h e o rigina l

a dd re ss T o t h e R ea d e r o f P a rt I y j our n a lfo r Ma y 2 3 rd
“ ”
T h e D a il .
,

1 73 3 a dve rti s e d
,
A n E s sa y o n M an in Th re e E pi s tl e s
“
T h e C o nt e nts
,
.

o f whi c h is p re fix e d t o th e n e w e diti o n in li ) F i which i

( fo o o f t h e rs t s ,

lik e wi se corre cte d by th e Auth or .

”

O f Ep i s tl e II th e re are t wo e diti o n s whi c h can b e m os t ea s ily d is ,

t in guish e d by t h e fa c t th a t in o n e t h e lin es a re numb e re d whil e in th e ,

o th e r th e y a re unnumb e re d with th e solita ry e xce pti on o f line 1 75 I t

, .

w ould se e m p roba bl e th a t t h e co p i e s with t h e lin e s numbe re d a ppe a re d

fi rs t but thi s is by n o m e a n s c e rta i n Th e re was a n o cta v o e diti o n of
, .

Ep i s tl e I I 1 7 3 3 but I h a v e n o t s e e n a n y q uart o e diti o n o f E pi s tl e I I

, , ,

III o r IV Th e re w e re Du bli n e diti o n s in o c ta vo o f allth e E pi stl e s T h e

.
.

( 1 ) S ee fa cs m i il e on
pa g e 1 30.

(2 ) Fo r e x m pl
a e, in li ne 58,
“
pl
’
ac d h im w r ong,
”
i t d
ns e a of pl
’
ae d h im w g
ron .
”

( 3 ) D a il
y j ou r n a l .
 1 34 N O TES ON TH E BIBLIOGRAPHY OF POPE .

Mr .
P ’
ope s H m o er a nd Wor k sF m.
”
dv ti m nt
ro an a er se e in th e sa me
a e
p p ,r it app ears tha t th e S ec o n d S a ti re was publi sh e d se para t e ly o n
“ ”

S e p t e mb e r 1 9t h 1 7 3 4 ,
O th e r vari a ti o ns a re n ot e d in M r H oe s C a tal o gu e
. .
’

of
“
B ook s l a te r than
O n e o f t h e rare s t o f P op e s p i e c e s is T h e I mp er tin en t or a Visit to th e
’
,

Cour t p ubli sh e d by J o h n Wil fo rd ( wh o s e n a m e is mi s p ri n t e d

,
Wile o rd ) “ ”

on N o v e mb e r 5 t h 1 73 3 Th e re w e re e diti on s in fo li o a n d qu a rto
,
.
l

s iz e e a c h h a vi n g a h al f titl e p ag e
,
I n e a c h i s su e t h e c o ll a ti o n is A t o D
- .

in tw o s t h e h al f titl e b e i n g p ri n t e d o n D 2 fo ld e d b ac k fo r t h e p u rp o s e
,
-
,
.

Thi s by th e way wa s a rath e r c o mm o n p ra c ti ce o f th e tim e a n d m a k e s

, , ,

it im p os sibl e t o sa y p os itive ly t h a t a pa m ph l e t h ad n o h al f titl e m e re ly -

b e ca u se t h e fi rs t s h e e t is c o mpl e t e with o ut it S e c o n d a n d thi rd e diti o n s .

o f T h e I mp e r tin en t— b y M r P Op e a p p e a re d in 1 7 3 7 It h ad be e n
“ ”
.
- .

i n clud e d in th e 1 7 3 5 vo lum e of P o e m s a m o n g t h e S a ti re s o f D r D o nn e
“
. .
”

Th e p o e m Of th e K n ow l edge a nd Ch a r a cter s f Me n
o . is da te d 1 73 3 ,
but re a lly it wa s p ubli s h e d o n J a nu a ry 1 7 th , 1 7 3 4
( N e w S tyl e ) as a p p ea rs ,

fro m a n a dve rti se m e n t in t h e G r ub S tr ee t jou rn a l a pa p e r o f whi c h P o pe ,

m ad e mu c h use in h is wa rfa re with Th e o ba ld a n d o th e r writ e rs In E lwi n .

8

an d C o urth O p e s e diti o n t h e da t e s o f e n t ry o f vari o u s m t ti

’ ’

p o e s a t S a o n e rs

Ha ll are give n but se e mi n gly th ose e n tri e s a re so m e tim e s re c orde d in O ld

,

S tyl e an d s o m e tim e s with t h e d o ubl e d a t e

, I n s p it e o f i n t e rn a l e vid e n c e
.
,

a n d in s it e o f t h e fa c t th a t se c o nd o r o cta v o e diti o n s a re o ft e n d a t e d a
p
y e a r la t e r tha n t h e original fo li o th o ugh th e y ge n e ra lly foll o we d a ft e r a
,

s h o rt i n t e rv a l n o o n e s e e m s t o h a v e re a li s e d t h a t t h e os t e n s ibl e da t e s
,

n e e d e d e xpl a n a ti o n ; a n d t h e re sult is th a t in s o m e cas e s t h e a c c e t e d

p
o rd e r o f P o p e s p o e m s mu s t n ow b e re vi s e d T h e re a l d a t e s o f p ubli ca ti o n
’
.

b e com e e vid e n t wh e n we e xa mi n e t h e a dve rti se m e nt s in t h e c ont e m po rary

n e w spa e rs ; but it is o n ly o f l a t e y ea rs th a t writ e rs h a ve b e gu n t o t a
p p
th i s so urce o f i n form ation .

( 1 ) D a il
y j ou r n a l .

( 2 ) S ee a l
so a d ti ve r se m e n ti n t h e Cr afl s m a n , J a n ua r y e 6th , 1 7 3 3- 4 .
 1 36 NO TES ON T HE BIBLIOGRAPH Y OF POPE .

m S ober A dvice f r om H or ace to th e Young Gen tleme n a bout

T h e p oe ,

Tow n wa s i s su e d by T Bo re h a m o n D e c e mb e r 2 8 t h 1 7
,
. with o ut da t e ,
.

It is u n d o ubt e dly by P op e th o ugh h e d e n i e d b e i n g th e a uth or C op i e s

, .

ha ve b e e n fo un d o f a la te r e diti o n — o n e is in Mr Wi se s lib ra ry — with a .

’

titl e page b e gi n ni n g : A S e rm o n aga i n s t A dult e ry : b e i n g S ob e r A dvi c e

-
“
,
”

e tc . From an a dve rti se m e n t in t h e L ond on D a il y P os t it w o uld a ppe a r

tha t thi s e diti on wa s n ot i ssu e d u n til M a y 2 7 t h 1 7 3 8 , .

O n J nu y 4th a ar 1 , 1 73 th e re
m os t inte re sti n g was p ubli sh e d on e o f t h e

of Pp w k A
o e s or s n Ep is tl
’
,
lr P op e to D r A r b uth not with t h e
e f r om I l . .
,

d a t e 1 7 3 4 o n th e titl e p age I n thi s ca se it h as b ee n re c ogni se d tha t

-
.

wa s O ld S tyl e b e ca u s e t h e p o e m ca m e o ut a ft e r A rb ut h n o t s
“ ” ’
1 73 4 ,

d ea th a nd b e ca use it was re gi s t e re d a t S ta ti o ne rs H a ll on J anu ary z ud

,
’
,

—
1 73 4 5 A D ubli n re pri n t is dat e d 1 7 3 5
. .

P h er ap sm o st fa m o u s p assa ge in thi s E p i stl e is t h e charac t e r o f

th e

Addi so n Th e se li n e s w e re in e xi s te nce ea rly in 1 7 2 2 for in Fe b ru ary

.
, ,

Atte rbu ry ask e d P ope for a c opy an d u rge d public ati o n C u rll d e fe ndin g ,
.
,

him se l f fro m t h e charge in th e n o t e s t o t h e D uncia d tha t th e C h a ra cte r ”

n e v e r m a d e p ubli c u n til a ft e r th e i r o wn j o u rnal s a n d C u rll h a d

“
wa s

p r i n t e d t h e sa m e p o i n t e d o,
u t
”
th a t t h e lib e l was fi rs t p ubli she d in a
p a mphl e t ca ll e d C y th e r eia in 1 7 3
2 A ft e rw a r d s t h e li n e s w
. e re p rint e d ,

with alt e ra ti on s an d additi o n s in P op e an d S wi ft s M iscella n ies of 1 7 2 7

,
’
.

S o m e y e ars ago I fo u n d a v e rsi o n ea rli e r th a n tha t in Cy th e r eia in a

p e r i o di ca l ca ll e d T h e S t j a mes s j ou r na l. fo r D e c e mb ’
e r 1 5 th 1 7 2 2 ,
A ny , .

d o ubt tha t thi s was t h e ea rli e s t v e rsio n was re m o ve d by t h e di sco ve ry of

a n a dv e rti se m e n t s h o wi n g th a t Cy th e r eia a pp e are d — n o t a t t h e e n d o f
’

1 7 2 2 as h a d b e e n s ugg e s t e d — but in A ril 1 2 I n t h li t v i n

, p 7 3 e e a r es e r
,s o .

t h e li n e s e n d
Wh b t m u t g i if
o h u m th b ?
s r e ve s uc a an e re e

Wh o w ldou not w e ep if A d n w e re he .
”

( I ) cr af t sma n y j ou r n a l
( 2 ) D a il .

( 3 ) I n W for il d ’
s M on t h l
y Ch r on ic e . l
 1 38 NO TES ON TH E BIBL IO GRAPH Y OF POPE .

Wh o e ve r willi ng t o pa rt with th e i r fi rs t v o lum e s in large fo li o or quart o

is
m ay re ce iv e fi ft e e n s hilli n gs fo r t h e sa m e O cta vo e ditio ns of Vol I I
.
”
.

o f t h e Wo rk s with e xp lan a tory no te an d of t h e D un cia d app e are d o n

— s —
,

N o v e mb e r 1 3 th 1 7 3 5 ,
.

T h e 1 7 3 5 qu art os an d fo li o s a re lia bl e t o b e inc o m p l e t e b e ca u se m a ny ,

o f t h e p i e c e s b e gin wit h a fre s h s ign a tu re A a n d t h e p a gin a ti o n is e rra ti c

, .

T h e qu a rt o c o n t a i n s an e p ita p h o n S ir I saa c N e wt o n n o t t o b e fo u n d in
t h e fo li o s a n d my c o py h as t wo e xt ra l ea v e s ( C 1 o ne c o n ta ini n g t wo
,

p o e m s o n C ra gg s and t e o t e
,
h h r— un p a g e d — c o n ta i n ing t h e O d e on
“

S o litud e T h e D yi n g C h ri s ti a n t o h is S o ul Th e se fo ll o w aft e r
” “ ”
an d .

sig B3
. . A fri e n d o f mine h a s an e xce pti o na l cop y o f th e fo lio e diti o n
co n ta i n i n g t h e se sa m e pi e ce s o n t wo l ea v e s T h e O p i n i o n th a t “
. Th e
D yi n g C hri s tia n t o h is S o ul fi rs t a ppe are d in it s fina l fo rm in an octa vo
”

ed iti o n of th e W o rk s p ubli s h e d in 1 73 6 mu s t — in vi e w o f t h e l ea v e s in

th e se Cop i e s o f t h e 1 7 3 5 c oll e cti o n— b e a ba ndo n e d A ppare n tly th e l eaf .

B4 of th e E p ita p h s in t h e qu art o e diti o n was can c e ll ed

, , T h e B riti s h .

Mu se um h as a l ea f ( d e s cri b e d by M r S h e rb orn in t h e A th e na um fo r
.

Ap ril 1 3 th 1 90 7) co n taini n g a n e pitap h on At te rbu ry Thi s m ay b e th e

, .

ca n c e ll e d l ea f o r th e p ro o f o f a l e a f a ft e rw a rd s p ri n te d but rej e ct e d
, , .

The t y o f th e p ublica ti o n o f P o p e s C o rre spond e nce in 1 7 3 5 h as

s or
’

b e e n to ld a t l e n gth in D ilk e s P ap er s of a Critic an d in E lwi n a n d

’
,

C o urth op e s e diti on o f P o pe
’
It is n o w w e ll kn o wn tha t P op e m ade use
.

o f d e vi o u s m e th o d s t o b ring a b o ut t h e ubli ca ti o n o f h is l e tt e rs with o ut

p
it a pp ea ring tha t it wa s d o n e by h is a uth ority an d t h a t h e did n o t h e sita t e
,

t o c orre c t fre e ly an d t o a lt e r d a t e s a n d e v e n t o s ub s titut e t h e n a m e s o f

,

imp orta nt p e rso n s fo r th ose o f t h e l e s s di s tingui sh e d m e n t o w h o m t h e ,

l e tt e rs h ad in rea lity b e e n se n t It is a n ugly s tory an d n o t l eas t so t h e

.
,

po rti o n re la ti n g t o t h e i n t rigu e s t o o bta i n fro m S wift th e n in a c o n d iti on ,

o f m e nt a l d e ca y t h e l e tt e rs which P o e h a d s e n t t o h is ol d fri e n d
, p .

The thi rd volum e of coll e ct e d e diti o n

th e of P p o e s
’
Work s— th e fi rs t
volume of th e p ros e writings— app ea re d on M ay 1 9 th , 1 73 7 . It was
 NO TES ON T HE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF POPE . 1 39

d e scrib e d a s t h e a uth e n ti c e diti on o f t h e Le tte rs a n d it was i s su e d in ,

quart o la rge fo li o a n d s m a ll fo lio a s u s u al T h e a dve rti s e m e n t in t h e

, , , .

y P os t c o nta i n e d t h e fo ll o wi n g i n fo rm a ti o n : N o n e o f t h e e diti on s in “
D a il
qu art o will b e to b e so ld t h e wh o l e n umb e r b e i n g sub scrib e d fo r S o m e
, .

o f t h e la rg e fo li o m a y b e h a d a t a gui n ea t h e s m a ll a t h a l f a gui n e a ,
.

Form e r volum e s may b e h a d wit h s om e n e w poe m s w h ic h will b e sold , ,

s e p a ra t e ly in t h e sa m e s iz e a n d c h a ra ct e r
, P ric e 4 5 a n d 2 5 6 d I n . . . .
”

s e n di n g c o p i e s fo r I re l a n d t o L o rd O rre ry P o e sa id th a t h e th o ught t h e
p ,

la rge p a pe r fo li o th e b e s t im pre ssi o n .

I n m e y ea r 1 7 3 7 P o p e p ubli s h e d t h e H or ace I I is Ode to Ven us

th e sa , , ,

Lit I V Ode I ( M arc h

. . t h e S econ d Ep is tl e of th e S econ d Book o f
H or a ce (Ap ril a n d t h e F ir s t Ep is tl
e of t h e S e con d Bo o k M
( ya 2

S o m e c o p i e s o f t h e S e co n d E p i stl e ha v e 1
5 a t th e bo tt o m o f pa g e 1 2

o th e rs ha v e

Th e S ixth Ep is tl
e of th e Fir s t Book an d th e F ir s t Ep is tl
e f
o th e Fir s t

Book b e a r t h e d a t e 1 7 3 7 but I h a ve fo und th a t th e y we re re ally p ubli sh e d

,

in 1 7 3 8 ( N e w S tyl e ) t h e fo rm e r o n J an u a ry 2 6 t h t h e l a tt e r o n M a rc h 7t h
’I ‘
.
, ,

O c tavo e diti on s o f b o th p i e ce s a re da te d 1 7 3 8 a n d t h e foli o e diti o ns mu st ,

n o w b e i n clud e d a m o n g t h e p ubli ca ti o n s o f th a t y ea r .

The y e ar 1 73 8 s a w a so l ubli ca ti o n o f A n I mita tion of th e S ixth

th e p

Book of H or a ce pa rtly by S wi ft ( M a rc h I s t )
’
S a tir e o f th e S econ d ,
o f On e

T h ousa n d S even H u n d r ed a nd T h ir ty E igh t - . A D ia l

ogue M
( ya 1 6 th
5
)
( t wo vari e ti e s ,
o ne with ,
th e o t h e r with o ut a d at e ) ; of D ia l
ogue I I

( July )
’
1 8 th and of T h e Un iver s a l P r ay er .

A m wh t so e a s c a rc e co ll e cti on d at e d
,
1 73 8 , wa s p ubli s h e d in qu a rt o o n
J a n u ary 8 th , by K n ap tp n a nd o th e rs . It is ca ll e d P oems a n d

( 1 ) D a il
y P ost .
( 2 ) D a il
y Ga z ett ee r .

3 ) L on d on D a il
y P ost .
(4 ) D a il
y Ga z ett ee r .

5 ) L ondon D a il
y P ost .
( 6 ) D a il
y P ost ,
 T H E
'

C HA RA
0 F

L A T E

D ue h e fs of

a nd

at e Mr P 0 P E
By t h e l . .

[Re d df
uce ro m 20 1 X 1 18 m m .
)
 Upon t he . Larc

D is of M

By Mr P .

[e
R d df
uce ro m 2 5 8 X 1 40 m m .
]
 NO TES ON TH E BIBLIOGRAPHY OF POPE . 1 43

a ha lf titl e an d with s e para te re gi ste r an d pa gina tio n

,
. The ch arac t e r of

A to ssa b e gins with line 1 1 5 of E pi stl e II

F m l l y th t
ro p t d ag
o ve ess ou o u n re s e c e e,

N p i g ti fi d x p t h g
o a ss on ra e e ce e r ra e

Wh b k wi th h p k g f ll
,

o rea s e r, ro vo e s re v e n e ro m he
b ld d w ll
,
”
But h e
’
s a o er man wh o a re s be e .

Aft er P ope d ea th th e re a pp ea re d t wo p i e ce s whic h have a b ea ring

’
s

upo n th e A t ossa s tory : on e was Th e Ch a r a cter of K a th er ine la te D uch ess ,

of B u ck ing h a m s h ir e a nd I V or m a n by By t h e la te M n P op pe
. rint e d fo r ,

M C oo pe r 1 74 6 ; th e o th e r was Ver ses up on th e la te D (uche ) ss of

.
,

M (a r l b or ough ) By M r P (ope) 1 74 6 with a n o t e re fe rri n g t o th e s t o ry

.
, ,

th a t t h e v e rs es h ad be e n int e nd e d t o fo rm pa rt o f t h e C h a r a cter s of Wome n ,

but h ad be e n s uppre sse d o n th e D u c h e ss givi n g P o pe

H e re we mu s t c on clud e Wh e n P op e di e d in 1 744 h e wa s a v e te ran
.
,

h e ld in high regard by t h e c o min g write rs Tho m so n h ad give n e vid e n ce .

o f t h e m o re dire c t s tudy o f n a tu re in h is S ea sons p ubli s h e d so m e y ea rs ,

ea rli e r a n d C o lli ns an d G ra y w e re s h o rtly t o p ro du c e th e i r be s t w o rk

, but
nea rly ha l f a c e ntu ry was t o pass b e fore P o pe s su p re mac y was sha k e n by ’

th e a p pe a ra nc e o f Bu rn s W o rd sw o rth C o l e ridg e an d o th e rs wh os e mind s

, , ,

w ere i n flu e nc e d by o r w e re re p re se n ta tive of t h e n e w sp i rit whi c h h ad its

, ,

c hi e f m a ni fes ta ti o n in t h e Fre n c h Re v o luti o n .

 1 46 BO OK S OF SEGRE TS .

wi sh e d t o a cqui re th e se se cre t s h a d t o s e rve an app re ntic e shi p t o t h e

“ ”

m a st e r a n d b e i n iti at e d by him Tha t it was p e rso n al o n e can co m

,
.

re h e n d fo r wh e n t h e p ro du c ti o n s o f d iffe re n t m en with t h e sa m e
p , ,

m a t e ria l a nd with th e sa m e p ro ce sse s for t h e sa m e e n d s are c o m pare d t h e ,

di ffe re n c e in t h e re sults is s u ffic i e n tly m ark e d T h e w ork o f P e t e r Vi sch e r

.
,

fo r e x a m p l e o r o f B e n ve n ut o C e lli n i o r o f B e rnard P a li s sy s t a n d s o ut
, , ,

c o n s p i c u o u s ly a m o n g tha t of th e ir c o nte m p ora ri e s t o go n o fart h e r , ,

t h ro ugh t h e i r se cre t o r pe rs onal skill an d k no wl e dge

,
”
.

Ev en t th e p roc e sse s h ad b e e n publi sh e d an d th e s e cre t s

af er
“

divulge d it did n o t foll o w by a n y m ea n s th a t a n yo n e s till l e ss e v e ry o n e

, , ,

c o uld ca rry o ut t h e di re c ti on s acc u ra t e ly n o t t o s pe a k o f t h e re s ult s

,

a c hi e v e d by th e i r a ut h o rs S o m e thi n g m o re is w a nt e d th a n t h e w ritt e n
.

o r s p o k e n w o rd fo r a s O pi e s h o w e d l o n g a go t h e b ra i ns an d c o n s c i e n ce
,

o f t h e a rti s t a re n o t n e gli gibl e c o m po n e n t s o f s u cc e ss .

By d e g re e s pre sum ably t h e s e c re ts o o ze d o ut a n d w e re di sse mi na t e d

, ,
“ ”

a m o n g th e c ra ft s m e n a n d w e re fina lly c o ll e c t e d an d publi sh e d Th e y .

re t a i n e d t h e i r di s ti n c tiv e n a m e h o we ve r for th o ugh n o w di s pl ay e d t o

, ,

c o m m on v ie w th e y h a d be e n s e c re t s o nc e a n d might bea r th a t titl e s till

”
, .

My a cqu ain ta n c e with th e se b oo k s be gan wh e n I was e n gage d with a

di ffe re n t subj e c t an d I wa s di spo se d a t fi rs t t o re s e nt th e i r intru si o n but
, ,

a s th e i r n umb e rs i n cre a s e d a n d t h e us e m a d e o f th e m in t h e pa s t be ca m e

m ore o bvi o u s by th e va ri e ty o f top i cs d ea lt with an d t h e n umb e r o f

e diti o n s th e y a cqui re d a prac tica l impo rt a n ce an d a bibli ogra p hi ca l
,

i n te re st n ot t o s ay signifi ca n ce a n d I d rift e d i n to t h e e x a mina ti o n o f

, ,

th e m wit h o ut an ti c ipa ti n g in wh a t it might ultim a t e ly invo lve m e Tha t

, .
,

ho we v e r is th e u su a l co u rs e of re searc h an d on e o f it s c ha rm s a n d I ha ve
, ,

yi e lde d t o it 8 0 s ta rting with a s core or two o f tre a ti s e s a n d e diti o n s

.
,

I hav e b e e n le d on t o an e xa mina tio n an d re c o rdin g o f b ook s o f whi c h

p re vi o u sly I h a d n o k n o wl e dg e an d whi c h s o f
,a r a s I k n o w h a v e n,
e ve r ,

b e e n b rought t o ge th e r an d c a tal o gu e d b e fore A fte r all t h e n umb e r o f .

,

th e m which ha ve p a sse d th ro ugh my h and s is but a s m all o n e a cou p l e ,

 B OOK S OF SECRE TS . 1 47

of tho u san d at th e o ut sid e a n d e ve n tha t numb e r w o uld h a ve b e e n

,

re du c ed h ad I a d h e re d t o my o rigina l i n t e ntio n
,
I c e rta i n ly b e gan t h e .

s u rve y o v e r t h i rty y e a rs a go with an a tt e m p t e d re s t ri c ti o n o f t h e li s t s t o

, ,

b ook s sp e c ifi cally la be ll e d s e cre t s

“
But it wa s a lm o st imm e di at e ly
.
”

a ppa re n t t h a t t h e limita ti o n wa s a rtifi c i a l an d imp o s s ibl e t o e n fo rc e th a t ,

c o n sid e ra ti on o f t h e m e re titl e mu s t b e di sca rd e d a n d t h e i n qui ry b a se d

o n t h e b ro ad e r fo u n d a t i o n o f t h e th e m e S o fro m t h e v e ry fi rs t w e re .

in c lud e d bo o k s o f rec e ipt s in ge n e ral e ve n th o ugh n o t d e sign a t e d ,

s e c re t s
”
.

Fro m th e se h o we ve r ha ve be e n d e lib era t e ly o mitt e d b ook s o n

, ,

gard e n i n g c o ok e ry o c c ult s ci e nc e an d o ld c h e mi s try Th e se t ruly are

, , , .
’

al lboo k s o f re c e i p t s a n d a re re pl e t e with s e cre ts but th e y h a v e b e e n o ft e n ,

d e alt with a n d I h av e h a d n o d e si re t o co m pe t e with t h e li st s a l re a dy

p ubli s h e d wh e n th e re a re e xt e n s iv e s ubj e c t s fo r i n v e s tiga ti o n t o which n o
,

a tt e n ti on h as be e n pa id .

Aga i n whil e th e re a re m an y books o f re ce ipts whi ch a re n ot s ty l e d

,

s e cre t s th e re a re a l so b o ok s of se c re ts whi c h co n ta in n o re c e i p t s
“ ” “ ”
, .

Th e se h ave be e n in clud e d in vi rtu e o f th e i r n a m e ra th e r th an o f th e i r

c o n t e n t s it m ay b e th o ught u n duly
, Th e y p rofe ss t o re ve a l so m e o b sc u re
.

o r u n kn o wn m a tt e r w h i c h d oe s n ot n e c e ssarily e nta il an y p ra c ti ca l
a pp li ca ti o n o r re s ult T h e t e rm is e sp e c i a lly a p p li e d t o n a tu ra l p h e n o m e n a
.
,

N a t ura l H i st o ry a s it might b e ca lle d n o w but th e n t h e s e cre t s w o n d e rs , , ,

o r m a rv e l s o f N a tu re T h e c o n t e m p la ti o n o f th e se m a rv e l s wa s v e ry lik e
.

wh a t it is with t h e o rdi n a ry m an n ow T h e d a ily routi n e o f Na tu re p as se s

.

wit h o ut re m a rk n o o n e fo r i n s tan ce is c o n sc i o u s o f wh a t Fa th e r B e cc a ria

, ,

c a ll e d t h e mild a n d s l o w e l e c t ri c ity whi c h p re va il s in t h e a tm o sp h e re

“

du ri n g se re n e we a th e r but wh e n a nythi n g o ut o f th e c o mmo n h ap p e n s

,
”
,

a t e m pe s t a fl o od , a s n o w s t o rm
, an earthqu a k e thun d e r an d lightni n g
, , ,

i
( 1 ) N e ve rth e h lgi b gf m
e ss c rcum s t a n ce s a a n t oo s t ro n or an d h a ve c o m
d m i t m b k th t pi b
av e een
th y w i
e,

p l ld m
e e e to a oo s on cs , e ca use e e re th e c o m pa n y
of
th wh i h f ll wi th i my p ib d
so e es e o
w w i tt by th
n
o e rs c n re scr e a rea , o r en au o rs o f w h o se w k
it w bj t f m i m k mpl t
r

ti ibl
e e re or s
as a n o ec o m ne p to a e as co e e an enu e ra on as o ss e .

L 2
 1 48 B OOKS OF SECRE TS .

t h at .
is ta lk e d ab o ut S O in th e ea rli e r tim e s th e unu su a l e ve n t s
at o n c e .

we re n o ti ce d but d e fe c tive o b s e rva ti o n a n d p arti a l ign ora n c e o f th e i r

,

ca use s co u p l e d with su p e rstiti o u s fe a rs le d t o th e ir b e i n g cre dit e d with ,

s ini s t e r s ig n ifi ca n ce an d b e i n g a s sign e d t o m a lig n a ge n c i e s

,
.

B oo k s o f S e cre t s th e re fore a re o f dive rse s ort s an d I h a ve n ot

, , ,

h e s ita te d a b o ut i n cludi n g a ll t h e va ri e ti e s a tta i n a bl e But ju st o n th a t .

a c co u n t t h e t h e m e is s o e xt e n s iv e a n d c a n b e c o n t e m p l a t e d fro m so m an y

p o i n t s o f vi e w th a t it is im p o s s ibl e t o i n c l u d e th e m a l l withi n a s i n gl e

p pa e r . A tt e n ti o n c o n s e qu e n tly m a y b e re s t ri c t e d t o o n e o r t wo a s p e c t s
, , .

O n e for e xa m p l e which c o n c e rn s t h e S o ci e ty m o re p a rti c ul arly d e a l s with

, , ,

t h e ch ara c t e ri s ti c s o f t h e b o o k s th e m s e lv e s ; a n o th e r wit h t h e i r c o n t e n t s ,

but I s hall n o t a tt e m p t t o k e e p th e se se pa rat e A s b ook s t h e y are in a ll .

l an gu age s th e y a re o f alld a te s s ize s an d qu a liti e s o f pa p e r p ri n ti n g a n d

, , , ,

bi n di n g a n d th e y a re in e v e ry ki n d o f co n diti on goo d b a d an d i n di ffe re n t

, , , .

Th e re a re th e bo ok s whi ch w e re in e v e ry b o dy s h an d s a n d th o s e whi c h ’
,

c an n e v e r h a v e b e e n u s e d a t a l l In s u c h ca s e s it is n o t a l w a y s e a s y t o
.

s e e wh a t wa s t h e m e rit whi c h ca rri e d a bo o k th ro ugh m a ny e diti o n s wh e n ,

o th e rs s e e mi n gly a s g oo d if n o t b e tt e r w e re quit e u n s ucc e ss ful

, , , Th a t .
,

h owe ve r is n o t n ow a t op i c fo r di sc u ss i on
,
.

Pri or to th e sixte e n th c e n tu ry th e re is littl e in pri n te d fo rm th a t ca n

b e b ro ught i n t o t h e ca t e g o ry o f B o ok s o f S e c re t s T h e e n c y c l op aedi a s .

whi ch re m ai n n o t a bly th o s e o f I sidorus o f B a rth ol o m ae u s d e Glan villa

, ,

an d V i n ce n tiu s Be l lo va c e n s is e v e n t h o ugh th e y gl a n c e a t p rac ti ca l m a tt e rs

, ,

are t oo co m p re h e n s iv e t o b e i n c lud e d u n d e r s uch a limit e d d e sig n a ti o n .

But th a t co ll e cti on s o f t e c h n ica l re ce i p t s we re in use is sh o wn by th e wo rk

o f T h e o p hilu s whi c h wa s k n o wn o n ly in m a nu s c ri p t till it wa s i t e d
, p r n

in Fre n c h in 1 8 4 3 an d a ft e rwa rd s in E n gli s h in 1 8 4 7

, Thi s work c o n t ai n s .

re c e ipt s fo r co l o u rs gl a s s e n a m e l an d m e t a l w o rk
, , O th e r m anu scri p ts on .

c o l o u rs p a i n ti n g gl as s an d o th e r art s o f t h e Middl e A g e s w e re ubli h d

, , p s e

by Mrs Me rrifield in 1 8 4 9 an d t h e work on c ol o u rs by H e ra cliu s was e dit e d

.
,

in 1 8 73 by Alb e rt I lg wh o a l so b e ga n a n e diti o n o f Th e o philu s t h e n e xt

,

y e ar .
 1 50 B OOK S OF SEGRE TS .

“
P raep o sitas h is P ti
ra c ce
”
by Le on a rd Ma s ca ll an d o th e rs Th e re was ,
.

no l ack of guid e s to h e a lth if it c ould b e a tta ine d or pre s e rv e d by s e cre t s

,

an d ip t s
re ce .

M a sca ll w ro te o th e r bo o k s o n p rac ti ca l a ffa i rs s u c h as t h e p l an ti n g a n d

g rafti n g o f t re e s T h e B o ok e o f Ca tte ll co n c e rni n g th e m a nag e m e n t
,
“ ”

o f live s t oc k ho rse s ox e n sh e ep goa t s h og s T h e G ove rn m e n t e of “

, , , , , ,

P o ul trie p r o,
b a
”
bly t h e e a rli e s t t re a ti s e o n t h e su bj e c t in E n gli sh A ,
“

ro fit a bl e B o k e t o t a ke o ut s p o tt e s an d s t a i n e s whi c h is o n e o f a s e t o f
”
p ,

b o ok s t o w h i ch re fe re n ce is m a d e b e l o w T o th e se m a y b e a dd e d t h e .

w o rks o n ga rd e n i n g by Th o m as H ill h is P a rfite o rd e ringe o f B e e s ,

“
,
”

h is P hy s i ogn o my a n d o th e r w o rk s
,
”
A n o th e r littl e t rac t simila r to so m e
.

o f t h e s e is T h e B o o k e o f Th ri ft c o n ta in i n g a p e rfit e o rd e r
“
,
t o p ro fi t e ,

la n ds a n d o th e r thi n g s b e l o n gi n g t o H u sb a n d ry pri n t e d a t Lo n do n by
, ,
”

J oh n Wolfe in 1 5 8 9 , .

I n v t th c e n tu ry t h e o utp ut o f th e se b o o k s wa s g re a t e r th a n
th e s e e n e e n

e ve r . O cca sio n a lly th e y w e re re sp e c ta bl e s m all qu arto vo lume s whil e ,

t h o se in s m a ll o c ta vo we re fo r t h e m o s t pa rt c h ap b o ok s But th o ugh -
.

c h e a p ly go t up th e y w e re s o m e tim e s d ec o ra t e d if o n e m a y sa y s o with , ,

a w oo d c ut p o rt ra it o r titl e p a g e o r fro n ti s p i e c e A m o n g t h e quarto s m a y

-
, .

b e m e n ti o n e d t h e l a t e re p rint s o f H ill s a n d M a s ca l
ls b o ok s o n ga rd e n i n g
’ ’
,

on c a ttl e an d a rb o ri c ultu re a n d G e rva s e M a rk h a m s w o rk s o n fa rmi n g a n d

’
, ,

h o u se h o ld e co n o my In thi s c e n tu ry t o o a p p ea re d H ill s Le ge rd e m ai n
.
’ “
,
”

wh i ch ra n through so m a n y e diti o n s t h a t o n e might sup po se t h e a rt of

con ju ri n g wa s a mu c h c u ltiva t e d p ro fe s s i o n W o rk s on th e s e c re t s o f .

m e di ci n e w e re n o t w an ti n g ; Brugis M a rro w o f P h ys i c Le v e n s Pa th ’
,
” ’

wa y t o H e a lth B o n h a m s C h yrurgian s C l o s e t t h e D i sp e n sat o ry o f

” ’ “ ’ ” “ ”
, ,

t h e t wo q ua c k s S a lva t o r Wint e r a n d F ran c i s co D ickin s on a n d re p ri n t s

, ,

o f e a rli e r t re a ti s e s m a y s e rv e a s e x a m p l e s .

O f th e littl e oc ta vo s a n d du o d e c im os whi c h fl o w e d fro m t h e p re ss in a

c op i o u s s t re a m m e n ti o n ca n b e m a d e o f o nly a fe w th a t a re m o re o r l e ss
,

typi ca l Th e re we re th e wo rk s o f J o hn Whit e
. l ov e r o f a rtificia l ,
“
 B OOK S OF SECRE TS . 15 1

con clu si o n s a s h e s tyl e d him se l f Art s M ast e rpi e ce

,
”
, A rts Tre as ury
“
,
” “

o f R ar iti e s a n d c u ri o u s I n v e n ti o n s w h i c h we nt th ro ugh s ix e diti o ns a t

”
,

l e a s t A ri c h C a bi n e t with va ri e ty o f I n ve nti on s whi c h wa s in vogu e

,
“
,
”

fro m 1 6 5 1 t o 1 6 8 9 a n d H o cu s P o c u s an o th e r b oo k o f tri ck s The re

,
“ -
,
”
.

w e re : A c h o i ce M a n u a l o f ra re a n d se l e ct S e cre t s in P hy si ck a n d
“

C h yrurge ry by E liza b e th Ta lbo t C o u n t e ss o f Ke nt whi ch b e twe e n

”
, , ,

1 6 5 3 a n d 1 7 0 8 w e n t t h ro ugh tw e n ty o n e e diti o n s ; t h e p a ra ll e l c o ll e c ti o n
-

o f Qu e e n H e n ri e tta M a ri a e ntitl e d T h e Qu e e n s C l o s e t o p e n e d with

“ ’ ”
, ,

a b o ut s ixt e e n e diti o n s b e tw e e n 1 6 5 5 a n d 1 7 1 3 a n d a c e rt a i n T P wh o ,
. .

c o m p il e d T h e A c c o m p li sh e d La dy s D e light in P re se rvi n g P hy s ick

“ ’
, ,

B ea uti fyi n g a n d Co o k e ry whi ch ra n fro m 1 6 7 2 o r 1 6 73 to 1 7 1 9 a n d h a d

”
,

t e n e diti o n s S a lm o n s a co ll e c ti o n o f rec e i p t s fo r a
“ ”
P ol
’
.
ygra p h ic e ,

numb e r o f Art s was i ss u e d e igh t tim e s b e twe e n 1 6 7 2 a n d 1 7 0 1 B e s id e s

, .

th e se re fe re nc e m ay b e m a d e t o M rs H a n n a h Wo ll e y o r W o oll e y
,
.
, ,

a n e n t e rtaining p e rs o n a n d a n a d e p t in a l
, l fe mi n i n e a c c o m p li s h m e n ts ,

wh o wa s t h e a uth o re s s o f T h e C o o k s G uid e “
T h e G e n tl e w o m an s
” “
,

C o mp an i o n T h e La di e s D e light o r a R i c h C l o se t o f C h o i ce Exp e ri
” “
, ,

m e n t s a n d C u ri o siti e s T h e La di e s D i re c t o ry
,
” “
T h e Q u e e n lik e ,
” “ -

C lo se t o f whi c h th e re w e re c e rt a i n ly fi ve e diti on s l th e s e b o o k s
”
,
al ,

a p pe a ri n g b e tw e e n 1 6 6 4 a n d 1 6 8 4 N o r s h o uld S ir K e n e lm D igby b e
.

fo rg o tt e n a n d h is o p e ra t o r G e o rg e H a rtm an wh o b e tw e e n th e m p ubli sh e d
, ,

C h y m ica l S e c re t s T h e C l o s e t o pe n e d C h o i ce a n d e xp e rim e n t e d
“ ” “ ” “
, ,

R e ce i p t s in P hysi ck a nd C h yrurge ry Th e re was a l so t h e re ve l a ti on o f .

”

a th o ro ugh g o i n g s e c re t in h is fa m o u s
-
D i sco u rs e o n t h e P o wd e r o f “

S ym pa thy d e live re d a t M o n tp elli e r an d fi rs t p rint e d in E n gli s h in 1 6 5 8

,
”
,

a b o o k sa id t o b e o f t h e grea t e s t ra rity T h e s e c o n d e diti o n a p p e a re d in

.

t h e sa m e y e a r o th e rs c a m e l a t e r a n d with o th e r b o o k s o f D igby s it wa s
’
, , ,

tra n sl a t e d i n t o D ut ch Fre nc h a nd G e rm a n H artm an c o mp il e d A

, .
“

C h o i c e C o ll e c ti o n o f ra re S e c re t s a n d E xp e rim e n t s T h e t ru e P re se rv e r
” “
,

a n d R e s t o re r o f H e a lt h T h e Fa mily P h y sitian c o nta i n i ng so m e

” “
, ,

h u n d re d s o f c o n s id e ra bl e R e c e i p t s a n d S e c re t s o f grea t Va lu e whi c h wa s ”

p ri n t e d by H e n ry H ill s in 1 6 9 6 a n d fro m which we g a th e r th a t t h e a uth o r

,
 152 B OOKS OF SECRE TS .

live d at R th hith
o Th e re wa s Ow e n W o od s A n Al p h a b e ti ca l B o o k
er e .
’
.
“

lS e c re t s o f whi c h fi ve e diti o n s a p p e are d b e tw e e n 1 6 3 2 a n d

”
o f P h ys ica l ,

1 6 5 6 wh e n it was i s s u e d u n d e r th e na m e o f t h e D u c h e s s o f Le n o x
,
Th is .

b oo k h a s cau se d me t ro ubl e for O we n Wo o d h as n e ve r go t cre dit fo r h is

,

l a b ou r s u ch as it wa s
,
.

A t tive b o ok o f S e c re t s is th a t by Th o m a s Lu p t o n A
re p re se n a ,
“

th o u san d n o ta bl e thi n gs o f s u n d ry so rt s whi c h wa s p ubli sh e d in Lo n d o n ,

”

in 1 5 9 6 an d wa s o ft e n re p ri n t e d t h e l as t i s s u e I k n o w o f b e i n g d a t e d
,

18 15 ! Wh a t was t h e s e cre t o r re c e ipt t o whi c h thi s b oo k o w e d it s

, ,

l on ge vity d o e s no t ap p e a r but on e wo uld lik e to kno w it It c a n n o t

, , .

b e o wi n g t o it s int rin s i c m e rit fo r t h e b o o k is a ri fa c im e n t o o f t h e

,

e xt ra va ga n c i e s o f t h e o l
d m arve l m o n g e rs -
.

T o wa rd s t h e c l o s e o f th e c e n tu ry a goo d m an y o f th e b o o k s o f S e cre t s
we re p ubli sh e d by G C on y e rs a t th e R ing in Little B rita in but with t h e
.
,

un pard o n a bl e o mi s si on o f th e d a t e O th e r p ubli sh e rs w e re J oh n S ta rk e y .
,

E dward B re wst e r N B o ddin gto n T S alusb ury T S o wl e An d re w S o w le

, .
, .
, .
, ,

T Pa ss e n ge r W Whitwood N C ro u ch G a rt rud e D awson E T rac y

.
,
.
,
.
, , .
,

C h arl e s Tyu s J Bl are a n d m an y o th e rs

, .
, A mo n g th e c h ap b o ok s we re .
-

T h e wa y t o sa ve We a lth a tt ribut e d t o Th o m as T ry o n t h e a uth o r o f

“ ”
, ,

s e v e ra l c u ri o u s e ssa y s wh o in so m e o f h is id eas wa s fa r a h ea d o f h is tim e

, ,

T h e C o m p l e t e H u sb an dm a n A N e w B o ok o f K n o wl e dge full o f
“ ” “ ”
,

c u ri o u s i n fo rm a ti o n a n d a c tu a lly with a d a t e 1 697 Th e re w e re a l so m ore , .

re c e i p t b o o k s fo r l a di e s s u c h a s J o hn S hi rl e y s
, Ac c o mp li sh e d La di e s ’ “

Ri ch C lo se t o f Rariti e s whic h e nj oy e d s o m e pop u la rity T h e La di e s

,
”
,
“

C o m pa ni o n o r M o d e rn S e c re t s an d C u ri o s iti e s n e ve r b e fo re m a d e
, ,

P ubli ck co nce rn e d m a inly with t o il e t s e cre t s T h e Acc o mpli sh e d

”
,

Fe m a l e I n stru c to r dat e d 1 70 4 an d Arts C o mp l ea t M as te r-P i e c e

,
”
,
“
,
”

ls o rt s o f p u rp o s e s a n d so ld by J a m e s H o dg e s
co n t a i n i n g re c e i p t s fo r a l ,

a t t h e L o o ki n g gl a ss o n Lo n d o n B ridg e
-
.

O n p a ssi n g i n t o t h e e ight e e n th c e n tu ry o n e e n c o u n t e rs b o o k s di ffe re n t

in s tyl e an d t o s o m e e xt e nt di ffe re nt in th e m e o ll e c ti o n s o f . C m e dica l
 : 54 B OOKS OF SECRE TS .

a n d a re di sa gre ea bl e e xa m pl e s o f ty po gra p hy T h e re are m ore o f th e sa m e .

kind “ T h e Fo untai n of Kn o wl e dg e o r C o mp l e t e Fa mily G uid e whi c h

. ,
”

b e gi ns with th e Indi a n wa y of m arki n g s ilk li n e n or woo ll e n t e ll s h o w t o , ,

b re e d gam e coc k s a n d si ngi n g bi rd s t o re st ore a n a ppa re n tly d ro wn e d

-
,

e rs o n t o li fe giv e s rul es fo r nu rs ing a cu re fo r t h e s m a ll p o x a n d a re c e i p t

p , ,

t o re m o v e fre c kl e s Thi s p a mphl e t is by S a ra h S a u n d e rs M o th e r o f “

.
,

s e ve n t e e n C h ild re n a n d b ro ught th e m th ro ugh a l

,
l D i s e a s e s i n c id e n t t o
C hildre n a n e xce lle n t m o the r but we a k in s ynta x I h a ve s e e n th e fi rs t .

e diti o n b e s id e s t h e s ixth whi c h is in t h e B riti s h Mu se um

, ,
A m on gst o th e r .

th i n gs it c onta i n s a d e sc ri p ti on o f th e e xpe diti o u s o r fo unta i n p e n whi ch

“
,
”

is th e re fore an o l
,
d i n v e nti o n
,
.

Th e re we re a l so T h e N e w H a ndm a id t o t h e Arts
“
T h e S ch o o l o f ,
” “

Arts an d T h e La bo ra tory o r S ch oo l o f A rts thi s la s t ada p t e d fro m th e

,
”
,
”

Ge rm a n .

I n th e fi rs t qu a rt e r o r s o o f t h e l as t c e ntu ry b o o k s a ft e r t h e o l
d fas hi o n
s till a p p e a re d a s fo r e x a m p l e T h e P a i n t e rs an d Va rni s h e rs G uid e
“ ”
, , ,
1 8 04 , ,

fro m th e Fre n c h ; t h e se v e n th e diti o n in 1 8 1 0 of T h e La b o ra t o ry ju s t

“ ”
,

m e n ti o ne d T h e F e m a l e I n st ru c t o r o n m a n n e rs m e di c i n e c o o k e ry a n d
”
, , ,

d o m e sti c e c on o my T h e Fa mily R e c e ipt boo k u n da t e d a qu a rt o o f s ix -

”
, ,

hu n dre d p age s in d o uble c olumn s with a n a pp alli n g titl e p a ge ; 5 0 0

,
-

U se ful a n d a mu si n g E xp e rim e n ts in t h e Ar t s an d M a n u fa ctu re s by ,

”

Ge o rge G Ca ry B o ok s on fi re wo rk s o n conju ri n g o n th e t o il e t a re
. .
, , ,

a m o ng t h e re c e i p t b oo k s o f t h e tim e .

All th e s e a n d ma ny m o re a re o f s u c h a quality th a t i n t e re s t in th e m fa lls

t o a mi n imum wh e th e r a s re g a rd s th e i r c o n t e n t s o r th e i r e x e cuti o n
, .

Wh e n l ea ving c h ron o l o gy we e xa mine th e co nte n t s of th e b ook s th e y

, , ,

a p ea r t o b e a b o ut a s va ri e d a s h u ma n w a n t s a n d d e s i re s th e m s e lv e s an d t o
p ,

b e rea dy to p ro vid e e ffi c i e n t p ra c ti c a l guida n c e fo r m o s t o f t h e c o nt inge n c i e s

o f e v e ry d a y li fe A b ri e f n o ti ce o f a fe w o f t h e s ubj e ct s ma y b e give n
. .

The sec ti on of th elite ra tu re whi c h d e a l s with t h e S e cre ts o f N a tu re is a

re mark abl e on e , fo r in it we se e t h e m e th o d o f d e sc ri p tiv e N a tu ra l H i s t ory
 B OOKS OF SECRE TS . 15 5

in its wid e st asp e c t p re vi o u s t o t h e intro du c ti o n o f t h e m ore re ce nt sy s te m

,

o f o b se rva ti o n an d e x p e rim e n t T o t h e o rdi na ry m a n t h e w o rld is full o f

.

m arv e l s a n d s e c re t s which h e d oe s n o t und e rstan d an d o f fo rc e s whi c h h e

ca n no t a lwa y s c o n t ro l Th e se ph e n o m e na in t h e c o u rs e o f tim e we re
.

o b s e rv e d s o m e tim e s ac cu ra t e ly an d int e rp re t e d in m a n y wa y s n o t a lwa y s

, , ,

c o n c lu s iv e ly T h e fa mili a r a uth o riti es fro m c l as s i ca l tim e s are o f c o u rs e

.
, ,

Aristo tl e Th e op h rastu s D io scorid e s P li n y S e n e ca a n d o the rs For th e

, , , ,
.

m e di e va l w rite rs P li n y wa s th e c hi e f guid e but a llsou rce s w e re d ra wn u p on

, ,

by th ose wh o c o mp il e d fo r po p ular d e l e c ta tio n na rra tive s o f s trange a pp e ar

, ,

a n ce s an d e v e n t s S u c h was t h e Lib e r A ggre ga t ion is O f A lbe rtu s M a gn u s

.
“
,

a l rea dy a llud e d t o a n d in t h e s ixt e e n th c e n tu ry t h e

, Pro digi e s of “ ”

P ol y d o re V e rgil a n d o f Juliu s O b s e q ue n s ; t h e H i s t o i re s P ro digi e u s e s o f

Boa ist ua u t h e O c c ulta N a turae Mi ra cula o f Le vin us Le mn ius o f
,
“

Zi e rikze e J oh n so n s Corn u co p i ae a n d th e S e cre t s an d Wo nd e rs o f

,
’ “
,
” “

t h e W o rld a b st ra c t e d o ut o f P li n y in E n gli s h in 1 5 8 7 ”
.

At m e tim e A rthu r Go ldi n g t ran s la t e d S olin us a n d P o mpo n ius

t h e sa

M e l a b o th o f wh ose hi s to ri e s are s t ore h o u se s o f m a rv e l s Th e re was th e

,
.

“
C on te m p l a ti o n o f Myst e ri e s com pil e d by Th o m as H ill a nd p ri n t e d by
”

D e n h a m a b o ut 1 5 7 1 a n d t h e n a tu ra l hi s t o ry o f J o h n M a p l
, e t o f C a mb ridg e ,

ca ll e d A gre e n e Fo re s t p ubli sh e d in 1 5 6 7 A s e a rly a s 1 5 6 3

“
,
”
.
,

D r Will ia m F ulk e t h e c on t ro ve rs i a li s t a n d divi n e w ro t e a b oo k a b o ut

.
, ,

m e t e o rs Wh a t is ca ll e d t h e se con d e diti o n a ppe a re d a t L o nd o n l o ng a ft e r

.

in 1 6 3 4 in a littl e bl a c k l e tte r v o lum e e n titl e d A m o s t p l e a sa nt Prospe c t

i n t o t h e Ga rd e n o f N a t urall C o nt e m pl a ti o n It is divid e d into fi ve .
”

s e c ti o n s a n d d e sc rib e s m e t e o rs fi e ry m e t e o rs a yry im pre ss i o n s wa try

, , ,

im p re s si o n s su ch a s c l o ud s ra in s n o w s p ri n gs l a k e s rive rs t h e s ea an d
, , , , , , , ,

e a rthly m e t e o rs s u c h a s m e t a l s a n d s t o n e s
, H ill s b o o k re se mbl e s Fulke s .
’ ’

s u ffi c i e n tly t o m a k e it w o rth whil e c o m pa ri n g th e m .

A c tu y l t
en b o ut 1 6 70
r a e r, a , ca m e t h e p o p ul ar m anu a l s with t h e i n itial s
R B o r t h e n a m e R Bu rt o n
. .
, .
, p ubli s h e d by N a th C ro uch an d ind e e d .

a s s ign e d t o C ro u c h him se l f a s t h e a uth o r .

 156 B OOKS OF SECRE TS .

The l f a ssigne d ta sk o f a llt h e writ e rs was t o re c o rd a sto n i shi n g a n d

se -

u n u su a l e ve nts s ig n s a n d wo nd e rs in th e h e av e n s ab o v e a n d in t h e e arth
,

an d s e a b e l o w p ort e n t s t h e bi rth a n d p ro p h e s ying s o f m o n s t e rs a n d s u c h

, , ,

lik e T h e writ e rs did n o t s e e k t o v e ri fy th e i r re port s o r if th e y ra n

. , ,

c o u n t e r t o o rdi na ry e x p e ri e n ce a n d o b s e rv a ti o n t o c riti c iz e th e m but s e t , ,

th e m d o wn fo r wh a t t h e y w e re worth t o b e a c c e p t e d or rej e c t e d S u c h
,
.

c o ll e c ti o n s if we m a y judg e by th e i r n umb e r a n d va ri e t y w e re p o p ul a r a n d
, ,

mu st ha ve su pp li e d wha t wa s re qui re d s t ra n g e a n d s tartli n g n a rra tiv e s tru e

, ,

o r no t did n ot m a tt e r ju s t as o n e a cce pt s an im p o s s ibl e ro m an c e n o w fo r

,

t h e p a s sive e x cit e m e n t it a ffo rd s .

O n e o f t h e m o s t s i n gul a r o f th e se c oll e c ti o n s is in Fre n c h a n d it

a p p e are d in 1 5 0 4 e n titl e d Le liv re d e s M e rv e ill e s d u M o n d e th e bo ok
”
, ,

o f t h e w o n d e rs o f t h e w o rld It we nt th ro ugh so m e s ix o r s e v e n e diti o n s

.

whi ch se arc h fo r m an y y e a rs h as s h o wn m e a re o f rare o cc u rre n ce It is .

di vid e d i n t o t wo pa rts ; th e fi rst is arra nge d by t h e c o u n t ri e s o f t h e o ld

wo rld a n d t h e w o n d e rs o f ea c h a re e n um e ra t e d t h e s e co n d d e a l s with
, ,

t h e wo n d e rs o f b e as t s bi rd s p l an t s s t o n e s a n d m a n a n d is a rra n g e d by
, , , , ,

s ubj e c t . T h e co mp il e r h as withh e ld h is n a m e un fo rtun a t e ly s o h e ca n n o t ,

g e t c r e dit a n d c o mm e n d a ti on fo r h is p r o du c ti on but h e h a s b e e n wi s
,
e

a n d co n s id e ra t e e n o ugh t o m e n ti o n h is a uth o riti e s fo r t h e m a rv e l s h e h a s

a m a ss e d so th a t we c an judg e o f th e i r p ro b a bility a n d a uth e n ti c ity a n d

,

c on fi rm th e m if s o di s p o s e d S ol in us s P o lyhi s to r is o n e o f h is ma i n
.
’ “ ”

so u rc e s but o n t h e wh o l e t h e m o s t a tt ra c tiv e s t o ri e s a re d e riv e d fro m t h e

, , ,

c o ll e c ti o n whi c h G e rv a s iu s ca ll e d o f Tilb ury m a d e fo r t h e re cre a ti o n a n d

, ,

e d ifi ca t io n o f t h e E m pe ror O tt o IV a b o o k o f whi c h th e re is n o p ro p e r
,

e diti on . O n e c a n im a gin e h o w t h e E m p e ro r wh e n h e wa s o ff duty ( th e ,

wo rk is e n titl e d O tia I mp e rialia

“
a n E m e ro r s h a l f h o lid a y ) w o uld
p ,
” “ ’ ”

re c li n e luxu ri o u sly a n d u whil G i ti kl d t h im i l with

p rr e e rv as u s c e e p e r a e a rs

h is a m a zi n g n a rra tiv e s It is n o e xa gge ra ti o n t o ca ll th e m s o fo r e ve n

.
,

t h e c o m p il e r is fo rc e d t o sa y a b o ut s o m e o f th e m th a t th e y a re h a rd for
“

a m an lik e my s e l f o f u n c ultiva t e d u n d e rs t a ndi n g t o b e li e v e for in truth ,

with out t h e h o no u r o f t h e d e e p ly l e a rn e d d o c t or Ge rvas ius t h e m arve l s

 158 B OOKS OF SECRE TS .

m a rve ll o u s a p pe ara nce s in th e h ea v e n s co m e ts drago n s fl a m e s blazi n g , , , ,

s ta rs t o rc h e s fi re fo rk s p il
, ,
lo urs l a n c e s buckl e rs t wo s u n s an d t wo m o o n s
, , , ,

a t o n e i n s ta n t a n d m a n y m o re whi c h wh o so e ve r w o uld re co m p t e by
“
, ,

o rd e r ,
th o se whi c h on e ly h av e a pp ea re d sith e n s t h e n ativitie of J e s u s
C h ri s t t o g e th e r s e a rc hi n g th e ca u se s o f th e i r b e gi n n i n gs a n d bi rth s t h e
, , ,

li fe o f a m a n wo uld n o t p e rfo rm e th e sam e a n d t h e n th e a uth o r giv e s ,

”

d e tail s o f so m e o f th e s e po rt e n t s with th e i r da t e s a nd th e i r sign ifi ca t io n s .

S o m e o f t h e m mu s t ha ve b e e n fright so m e e n o ugh if t h e y a t a l lc o rre s ,

p o n d e d t o t h e i r d e s c ri p ti on a n d p i c tu re T h e s e c re t s a n d w o n d e rs o f .

N a tu re in t h e s ixt e e n th c e n tu ry w e re c a l c ul a t e d t o i n sp i re fa r m o re wid e
s pre a d i n t e re s t an d a l arm th a n th e y d o no w fo r by fo ll o wi n g t h e ,

re s cri p ti o n o f Alb e rtu s M a g n u s we h a v e l o s t t h e c a pa city fo r w o n d e r

p , .

M iz al
d us in t h e ixt ee n th c e n tu ry was a su c c e ssful co ll e cto r o f n a tu ra l
,
s ,

s e c re t s H e rea d e xt e n s iv e ly a n d n o t e d t h e w o nd e rful thi n g s h e m e t with

.

a b o ut t h e w o rld a b o ut b ea s t s bird s fi s h e s a n d re p til e s a b o ut m e n an d

, , , ,

wo m e n child re n b o rn a n d u n b orn a b o ut t h e vi rtu e s o f p l an t s a n d

, ,

mi n e ra l s a n d t h e c u re o f di s e a se s H is c o ll e c ti o n s h e a rra n ge d in n i n e
.

ce n tu ri e s with a ro ugh so rt o f c l a s s ifi ca ti o n
, H is b o o k is n o t c o mm on .

a n d t h e C o l og n e e diti o n s o f 1 5 7 2 1 5 73 1 5 74 a re o f ra rity A m ore

, , , .

c u ri o u s a n d un co mm o n b oo k by him is e n titl e d S e cre t s d e l

a Lu n e
“ ”
in ,

which h e po i n t s o ut its c on n e c ti o n with an d i n flu e n ce u p on th e s un ,

wo m e n ce rt a in b east s bird s fi sh e s s t o n e s t re e s p la nt s di sea se s s i ck

, , , , , , , ,

pe op l e e tc e t c
, .
, .

Fo unde d up o n Miza ld us s b o ok an d tak e n in pa rt fro m it is Lu p to n s

’
,
’

boo k a l rea dy a llud e d t o A Tho u san d n o ta ble thi n gs o f S u n d ry S o rt s .

”

B odi n and C ard a n ma d e c o n t ributi on s t o thi s lit e ra tu re ,

an d th e re ma y
be qu o te d t wo mu ch l e ss k n o wn w ork s th a n th e i rs .

O n e is “
Id e a d el G i di
ar no de l M on do
Th o m a i o f ”
by T h o ma s o
Ra ve nn a It was p ubli sh e d a t Ve n i ce in 1 5 9 3 a n d o fte n a fte rwa rd s
.
.

N o twith s ta ndin g it s sm a ll bulk it is c o m p re h e n sive b e gi n s with t h e e a rth ,

d ea l s with all its pro du c ts a n im al ve ge ta bl e a n d mi n e ral ; with m e n

, , ,
 B O OKS OF SECRE TS . 159

wo m e n m on st e rs ; with t h e p re se rva ti o n of h e alth with th e a ir th e wi n ds

, , ,

a n d a e ria l d e m o n s c o m e t s a n d o th e r al a rmi n g s ign s in t h e h e a ve n s

, ,

thund e r a n d lightn i n g th e ra inb o w ; with fi re a nim al s tha t live in it an d

, , ,

fi e ry d e m o n s th e s e ve n p l a n e t s t h e sign s of t h e z odia c a n d t h e cry s tallin e

, ,

sk y . H is a uth o riti e s are c las s i ca l fo r t h e m o s t pa rt but h e h as got ,

i n t e re sti n g m a t e ri a l fro m so m e la t e r write rs m ostly I ta lia n ,

.

Th e th e r is e n titl e d J ardin d e Fl o re s C u ri osas by An to n i o d e

o
“
,
”

T o rqu e m a d a T h e ea rli e st e diti o n se e m s to b e th a t p ubli sh e d at

.

S a l a m anca in 1 5 70 an d it was p ri n t e d s e ve ra l tim e s th e re a ft e r

, It wa s .

tu rn e d into Fre n ch by t h e w e ll kno w n Ga b ri e l d e C h a ppuys und e r th e

titl e H ar a me r on at Pa ri s 1 5 8 2 i n to Ita lia n by Ce li o Ma le sp in a Gia r din o
, , ,

d i Fior i Cu r ios i Vin e gia 1 5 9 1

, i n t o E n gli sh u n d e r th e cu ri o u s titl e
,

Th e Sp a n ish M a nd evil e of I l
lir a cl
es Lo n d o n 1 6 0 0 a n d a ga i n in 1 6 1 8
, , , ,

a n d i n t o G e rm an I I exa me r on ode r S ech s T age Zeiten C as se l 1 6 5 2

, ,
-
, , .

It ge t s t h e n a m e H e xa m e ron fro m its be ing t h e re po rt o f a six da y s ’

c o n v e rs a ti o n o n t h e w o n d e rs a n d s e c re t s o f N a t ure a n d t h e t o pic s di sc u s se d

a re re c on dit e a n d a lm o s t i n cre dibl e .

On fi rst da y th e di sco u rse s are ap pro pri a te ly i n a ugu ra t e d by s t ori e s

th e

a bo ut s t ra ng e an d a b n orm a l birth s m on st e rs sa ty rs p igmi e s gian ts

, , , , ,

a m a z on s t a il e d m e n d og h e ad e d m e n t all m e n s tro n g me n m e rm aid s

-
, , , , , ,

m e rm e n l on g live rs p e op l e wh o h ave re n e wed th e i r yo uth o th e rs wh o

, , ,

h a ve c han ge d th e i r se x c e nta u rs an d s uch lik e

,
.

The co n d c o nve rsa ti on tu rn s upo n rive rs fo untains an d l ak e s a n d

se , ,

t h e u n e xpe c t e d p ro p e rt i e s whi c h so m e o f th e s e di s pla y a n d t h e d is ,

c us sio n n a tu ra lly i n c lud e s th e fo u r riv e rs o f P a ra di s e an d its l o ca lity ,

t h e fl oo d an d wi n d s up with s o m e a c c o unt o f id ola t ry an d h e re s i e s o f

,

vari o u s so rt s .

The thi rd di sc ou rse is a b o ut visi o n s e n cha nte rs witc h craft an d

, , ,

c o n t a i n s m a tt e r whi c h t h e a uth o r him se l

f ca l l
s d e light ful an d n e c e s sa ry

t o b e kn o wn It is quit e
.
,
.
 l6o BO OKS OF SECRE TS .

T h e fo u rth co nve rsa ti o n is s o m e wha t di s cu rs ive t re a ts o f goo d an d ,

b ad fo rtu n e , of t h e i n flu e n c e s o f t h e h e a v e nly bo di e s a n d o f m a n y s i n gul a r

O CC U U CHC CS .

The fi fth co n ve rsa ti o n is a b o ut t h e l a nd s n ear an d aro u n d th e N orth

P o l e t h e va ri a ti o n in t h e l e n gth o f t h e d a y an d n ight t h e i n ha bita n t s t h e
, , ,

clima t e a n d simil ar d e ta il s
,
.

T h e l a s t di sc u ssi on is a b o ut t h e a n im a l s th a t liv e in t h e N orth e rn

re gi on s wo lve s h a re s whi c h b e c o m e whit e wh e n s n o w b e gins
, ,
tree s tha t ,

re m a in gre e n a l lt h e y e ar a n d o th e r cu ri o siti e s .

The wh ol e b o ok is an e x ce ll e n t s um ma ry . I hope he re be t ruth s .

While th e se writ e rs a re m e re c o m p il e rs o f s t ra n g e st o ri e s a b o ut N a tu re ,

o th e rs e n d e av o u re d t o t re a t N a tu ra l H i s t o ry fro m a co mm o n se n s e p o i n t

o f vi e w . Th e y c ould n ot fre e th e m se lve s a lt oge th e r fro m t h e m a rve ll o u s ,

but th e y t ri e d t o k e e p th a t e l e m e n t withi n bo u n d s an d t o give rati on al

d e s c ri p ti on s .

O n e o f th e m was J oan n es Jo n sto n us wh o w ro t e a re vi e w o f t h e s ubj e ct

,

u n d e r th e se h ea d s t h e h ea ve n s t h e fo u r e l e m e n ts m e t e ors fo s sil s
, , ,

( mi n e ra l s ub s ta n c e s ) p l a nt s bi rd s qu a d ru p e d s bl o o dl e ss a n im a l s ( i n s e c t s )
, , ,
’

, ,

fi sh e s man T h e c l assifica ti on is a cross on e l iza rd s for i n sta n ce a re

,
.
, , ,

p u t a m o n g qu a d ru p e d s but t h e a tt e mpt a t a cl a ss ifi ca ti o n a t a l
,
l b a se d ,

u po n o b se rva tio n o f ch ara ct e rs re pre se nt s a m a rk e d a dva nc e a n d indi ca t e s

, ,

th at t h e o ld ki n d o f N a tu ra l H i s to ry was pa ssing a w ay .

O th b k th t m
er oo s a ay be no ti c e d in thi s co n n e cti on are R b tLvlo er o e
’
s

t re a ti se o n fo rm e r
” ”
P an b otan o l
ogia , an d P a n z oo ry ct ol
ogia , th e a

B riti sh p la n t s t h e l a tt e r o n a n im a l s an d mi n e ra l s Th e y c o n ta i n mu c h
, .

in forma ti o n no t ve ry c riti ca lly si ft e d with a vi e w sp e c i a lly t o p h a rm a c y

, ,

a n d th e ra p e uti c s Th o ugh o f littl e s e rvi ce in tha t way n o w th e y are n ot

.
,

t o b e d e s pi s e d in c o n n e c ti on with t h e hi s t ory o f m e di c i n e a n d m ore

p ar ti c ul a rly o f m e di ca l fo lk l o re a b ra n c h o f t h e s ubj e c t o f whi c h t h e

-
,

s ig n ifican c e an d va lu e are n o w fully re c o gni s e d by hi s t ori an s in G e rm a n y .

 16 2 B OOKS OF SECRE TS .

The l ad i e s
h o u se wiv e s h a d n o t o n ly t h e n u rs i n g t o d o but th e y
and ,

h a d t o p re pa re th e m e dici n e s a l so a n d a s by t ra diti o n th e s e w e re a lm o s t
,

e x c lu s iv e ly v e g e t a bl e it fo ll o we d th a t in e ve ry ga rde n w e re c ultiva t e d '

fa mili a r m e di c ina l h e rb s which w e re s u p p l e m e n t e d by o th e rs th a t g re w

,

n a tu ra lly in th e w oo d s an d fi e ld s by t h e ro a d s id e s an d dit c h e s
, .

T h i s gave ri se n o th e r b ra n c h o f m e di c a l lit e ra tu re t h e p ha rm a
to a ,

c e ut ic a l a n d o n e o f it s ea rli e s t fo rm s wa s t h e h e rba l o f whi c h th e re “ ”

, ,

we re m an y va rie ti e s an d wh i c h in re c e n t y e a rs h a ve a ffo rd e d muc h sp o rt

,

t o c o ll e c t o rs an d e sp e c i a lly t o b oo k s e ll e rs
,
.

As a c o n sequ e n c e p art o f t h e e qui p m e nt o f a h o u se o f a n y s iz e wa s a

,

s till roo m in which w e re p re pa re d t h e sp i rit s o il s e xt ra c t s c o rdi a l s

”
, , , , ,

p e r fum e s e s s e n c es a n d m e di c i n e s in c o mm o n u s e
,
T h e p ro duct s w e re .

m o re o r l e ss s e cre t a n d w e re k e p t in a sp e c i a l ro o m t h e C l o se t a s it ,
”

s e e m s t o ha v e b e e n ca ll e d a cce ss t o whi c h t h e l a dy re s e rv e d t o h e rs e l f
, ,

p e r h a p s b e ca u s e s o m e o f h e r p p
re a ra ti o n s w e re t oo a c tiv e — s h a ll we

s ay —t o fa ll i n t o e it h e r ign o ra n t o r t oo s kil ful h a n d s o r b e ca u s e so m e

,

o f t h e p re p ara ti o n s w e re s carc e o r c o s tly o r o f h e r o wn i n v e n ti o n a n d

, , ,

s h e h a d n o mi n d t o di sc l o se th e m Th e y w e re h e r S e c re t s in fac t ”
. .
,

Th e se d e v e l o pm e nt s w e re n ot wit h o ut th e i r i n flu e n c e upo n t h e lit e ra

tu re n ot m e re ly o f m e di c i n e but o f c o n n e c t e d s ubj e ct s A s illu s t ra ti o n s
, , .

o f t h e h e rb al for p o p u la r u s e m a y b e c it e d th a t as c rib e d t o A e m il
ius M a c e r ,

th o ugh it is n o t th e work o f V i rgil s p re d e c e ssor o r e ld e r c o nt e m p ora ry but

’
,

is o f a l a t e r p e ri o d I t was t ra n s la t e d int o E ngli sh a n d publi sh e d by Ba n ck e s

.

in 1 5 2 5 th e n in 1 5 2 6 a n d by s e v e ra l o th e rs imm e di a t e ly a ft e rw ard s
, , Th e re .

w e re J e ro m e B ru n swi c k s Ve rt uo s e bo k e o f D is tylla cyo n o f th e wa t e rs o f a ll

“ ’

m a n e r o f H e rb e s p ri n te d by La wre n c e A n d re we a t Lo n d o n in 1 5 2 7 ; th e
,
”

“
Trea su re o f E vo n ymu s p u bli s h ed in 1 5 5 2 in La ti n tran sl a t e d i n t o En g
, ,

li sh a n d p ubli sh e d by D a y a b o ut 1 5 5 9 with p l a t e s o f t h e plan t s an d di s til

,

lin g a p para tu s It wa s on e o f t h e m o s t p o p ul a r o f t h e b ook s a n d a pp e a re d

.

in v a ri o u s e diti on s in La ti n an d in tran s la ti on s in Fre n c h G e rm a n an d ,

Ita lian T h e bibli ograp hy which I h a ve i n v e stiga t e d is int e re sti n g

. .
 B OOKS OF SECRE TS . 16 3

Aft er h e rba l s c a m e b o ok s o n gard e n i n g a n d in a t l e a s t so m e o f

th e , ,

th e m a tt e n ti on is b e s to w e d o n t h e c ultiva ti o n o f m e di c i n al pl an t s Th e re
,
.

is sp a c e fo r o n ly o n e e xa m pl e Th o m as H ill Lo nd o n e r o f wh ose li fe
.
, ,

n o thin g d e fi n it e is k n o w n n o t e v e n t h e d a t e s o f h is bi rth a n d d ea t h
,
in ,

a dditi o n t o a n umb e r o f o th e r w o rk s a l re a dy re fe rre d t o w ro t e o n e e n titl e d ,

“
T h e P ro fita bl e Art e o f G ard e n i n g 1 5 68 I n it h e n o t o n ly l a y s d o wn
,
”
.

rul e s fo r l an ti n g a d t di g t h fl w v g t bl d h e b e s b u t t o
p n e n n e o e rs e e a e s a n r , ,

e ac h a p e n d s a pa ra g ra ph h e a d e d th t ”
p T h e h
p y s ic k e h e l
p e s a is it s u s e i n , ,

m ed i ci n e I n T h e Ga rd e n e rs La by ri n th by D idymu s M o u n ta i n
.
“ ”
,

c o mm o n ly id e n tifi e d with Th o m a s H ill th o ugh t h e a cc u rac y o f so d o i n g

,

m a y b e d o u bt e d th e re a re s imil a r s e c ti o n s in t h e se c o n d p a rt o f t h e b o o k
,

wh e re th e i n dividu a l p la n t s a re d e scrib e d T h e po i n t t o b e n oti ce d .

,

h o we ve r is tha t in th e s e a n d s imil a r b oo k s th e re is a n o v e rl appi n g o f t h e

,

s ubj ec t s o f g a rd e n ing h a r m ac y a n d m e di c i n e
p , .

Th e re till a n o th e r c o n n e c ti o n whi ch di sp l a y e d it se l f in a m a rk e d
is s

wa y in t h e m an u a l s writt e n by l a di e s o r u n d e r th e i r n a m e ,
I n th e m a s in .
,

t h e C o u n t e ss o f Ke n t s M a n ua l o r in T h e Qu e e n s C l o s e t op e n e d or
’
,
” “ ’
,
”

“
T h e Qu e e n lik e C l os e t o f M rs W o ll e y
”
in -
P h y s ick e a n d C h y ru rge rie
.
,

c a m e t o b e a s s o c i a t e d wit h C o n s e rvi n g a n d P re s e rvi n g a n d ultim a t e ly with ,

C o o k e ry . S u ch c o ll e c ti o n s a p p e a re d fre qu e n tly a n d th e i r p o p ul a rity is ,

e xhibit e d by th o s e ju s t m e n ti o n e d h a vi n g pa s s e d th ro ugh m a n y e diti o n s a s ,

h a s be e n m e nti o n e d a b o v e .

Of m o re i n t e re s t p e rh ap s th a n so m e o f th e se b o o k s m ay b e th o s e
, , ,

a bo ut t h e my s t e ri e s o f re p ro du c ti o n H e re agai n we m e e t with wo rk s
.

whi c h h ave b e e n l o n g cu rre n t su c h a s t h e S ecr eta M ulier u m o f Alb e rtu s

, ,

a n d t h e P hy s ion omia o f Mi c h a e l S c o tu s But a b oo k mu c h b e tt e r k n o wn

.

n o w th a n e ith e r o f th e s e p a s se s u n d e r t h e n a m e o f T h e Comp lte M a s terp iece e

an d is a s c rib e d t o Ari s t o tl e S u c h bo o k s w e re t h e i n s t ru c t ors o f p e o p l e in

.

al l th a t p e rta i n e d t o t h e s ubj e c t th e ore ti c a l a n d p rac ti ca l a n d o ne h a s

, ,

h eard o c casi o n a lly vi e ws e x pre ss e d th e s ou rce o f whi c h co uld b e fo u n d in

th e m Th a t is n o t s u rp ri si n g fo r t h e M a st e rpi e c e h as b e e n P ri n t e d
.
“
,
”

M 2
 1 64 B OOKS OF SECRE TS .

fo r t h e B ook se ll e rs an d in po p ul a r c i rc ul ati o n for o ve r t wo hund re d

”

y e a rs I n fa c t th e b ook a l o n g with o th e r t ra c t s o f s imil a r t e n o u r ca n b e

.
,

p u rc h a s e d in t h e y e a r o f gra c e 1 9 1 3 in s h o p s w h i c h d e a l in a c e rt a i n c l a s s

o f lit e ra tu re O n e o f t h e o th e r t ra c ts a l so as crib e d t o A ri s t o tl e is k n o w n
.
, ,

a s th e
“
P ro b le mata It was p ri n t e d a s e a rly a s 1 4 7 1 w e n t t h ro ugh
.
”
,

s e v e ra l e diti on s b e fo re 1 5 0 0 a n d e v e r s o m a n y a ft e r It is a so rt o f .

c a t e ch i s m o f t h e se cre t s o f th e h um a n bo dy a n d q u e s ti o n s a re a s k e d t o

w h i c h n o re a so n a bl e an s w e r c o uld b e giv e n n o r w o uld it m a tt e r wh e th e r

,

t h e y c o uld b e a n swe re d o r n o t A su p p l e m e n t o r so rt o f c o mm e n t ary u p o n

.
,

it wa s writt e n by A l e x an d e r A p h rod isie n s is a n d an o t h e r by Zim a ra a n d a s

, ,

a ffo rdi n g i n s ig h t i n t o t h e m o s t re c o n dit e s e c re t s o f n a tu re secr et a secr e tor u m

, ,

al lth e se w o rk s mu s t h a v e b e e n mu c h e s t e e m e d .

La t e r writ e rs se e m t o h a ve a d op t e d it s m e th o d a n d co pi e d it s m a tt e r fo r ,

s imil a r p ro du c ti o n s o f e qu a l imb e c ility a p p e a re d in t h e s e v e n t e e n th c e n tu ry ,

s uch a s th a t by S c i p i o n D u p l e ix a n d h is t ra n s la t o r R o b e rt B a ss e tt .

H t h e n is t h e n atura l h i s to ry o f a t l e a s t fo u r hu n d re d an d fi fty y e ars

e re

a go— b u t it mu s t b e fa r m o re s i n c e t h e c o m p il a ti o n wa s m a d e — c u rre n t in

t h e y e a r 1 9 1 3 wit h h ardly a c h a n g e o f w o rd o r n o ti o n a s if o ur k n o wl e dg e
, ,

o f t h e U n iv e rs e h a d b e e n s ta gn a n t a llt h a t tim e ; an d t h e re s t o f t h e bo o k ,

th ough it h a s u n d e rgo n e con sid e ra bl e alt e ra ti o n is e qu ally u n sa ti sfa c t o ry , .

T h e ra mifi c a ti on s o f t h e bibli o g ra p hy o f t h i s b o o k a re n o t with o ut i n t e re s t ,

but thi s is n ot t h e tim e fo r suc h diva ga ti o n s .

It di ffic ult t o ge t a wa y fro m b oo k s o f m ed i ca l se c re t s an d it mu s t

is
s u ffi c e t o m e n ti on t h ose o f Fa ll o i t h di v f t h rg a n s whi c h
pp o e s c o e re,
r o e o

b ea r h is n a m e Vale s cus of Ta ran ta Va rign an a a uth o r o f th e P hil o n ium

, , , ,
”

Fiora van t i a qu a ck it m ay b e but a m an o f st ron g i n dividuality se ve ra l o f

, , ,

wh o se w ork s w e re t ra n sl a t e d int o E n gli sh by J o h n H e s t e r R ive rius , ,

Z apa ta B ai ro V e n tu ri n i Aud a an d e ve r so m an y m o re T h e re a re t wo
, , , , .

a uth o rs h o w e v e r th a t m a y b e n o ti c e d in pa s s i n g
, , .

O n e is a n u n di s c o v e ra bl e pe rs o n ca ll e d Rao ul d u M o n t Ve rd wh ose ,

n am e is a tt a ch e d t o a littl e bo o k c a ll e d Le s Fl eu rs e t S e c re t s d e
“
 1 66 B OOKS OF SECRE TS .

The hi s t ory of t h i s b oo k is c u rio u s fo r it ap p e a re d in t wo di sti nc t ,

fo rm s a n d with di ffe re nt titl e p a ge s E xa min a ti o n o f th e two ra i se s d o ubts

- .

a b o ut Th o m a s M o ult o n o f w h o m n o t h i n g is re c o rd e d
,
s o fa r as I h a v e ,

a s ce rt a in e d e x c e p t th a t h e wa s a D o mi n i ca n fri a r
,
a n d was u rg e d t o ,

c o mp os e thi s t ra c t I n th e o th e r i ss u e p ar t o f M o ult o n s w ork is o mitt e d

.
’

a n d so m e o f t h e re m a i n d e r is c l a im e d by o n e wh o s p e a k s o f h a vi n g b e e n

in m e di c a l p rac ti ce fo r m a n y y e a rs Thi s s ubj e c t h o we v e r mu s t b e .

, ,

di scu s se d e l s e wh e re a l o n g with t h e o th e r c o n t e m p o rary m e di ca l w ork s

,

qu o t e d a b o ve s u c h a s th e Trea su re o f P o re M e n a n d t h e Tre asu ry o f

,
“ ” “

H e alth .
”

T h e b oo k s o f re c e ip t s fo r a rt s an d m a nu fa c tu re rs a re in g re a t numb e rs .

S o m e o f t h e m a re ge n era l a n d c on ta in di re c ti o n s for a l lkind s o f p rac ti ca l

p u rp o se s whil e o th e rs ta k e up o n e t o pi c o n ly but with full e r d e ta il
, .

A m g t th g
on s l c o ll e cti o n s th e re is o n e o f th e s ixt e e n th c e n tu ry
e e n e ra ,

whi ch is t o o c o n sp i c u o u s to b e p ass e d o ve r It is th a t whi c h go e s by th e .

n a m e o f A l e xi s o r A l e ss i o o f P i e dm on t It p re se n ts p ro bl e m s a s t o it s ‘
.
, ,

o rigi n a n d h i s t o ry it w e n t th ro ugh quit e a n umbe r o f e diti o n s a n d t ra n s

,

l a t io n s a n d in it s fi n a l fo rm c o n t a i n e d a gre a t d e a l o f m a tt e r It wa s t h e .

m o d e l whi c h s ub se qu e n t c o m p il e rs fo llo w e d a n d wa s a re se rvo i r o f

i n fo rma ti o n whi c h c o uld b e d ra wn o n if re quire d so th a t in a wa y th e ,

b oo k is on e o f t h e c la ssi c s o f th e s ubj e c t It is a re m ark abl e ga th e ri n g .

,

fo r th o ugh it is n o t d e v o id o f m a n y s i n gul a r n o ti o n s di sa gre e a bl e re m e di e s , ,

s u p e rs titi o u s b e li e fs l th e m ore d o e s it th ro w light o n t h e s t a t e o f

al ,

kn o wl e dge a n d s kill a t t h e tim e t h e d e m an d th e re wa s fo r i n fo rm a ti on a n d

,

guida n ce an d t h e p ra c ti ca l m e th o d s whi c h mu s t h a ve b e e n c u rre nt a n d o f

, ,

whic h it is lik e ly o n ly sa mp l e s fo u n d a p l ac e in th e b oo k
, , .

It fi rs t a p p e are d in 1 5 5 5 , in Ita lia n a n d c on s i s t e d on ly o f th e fi rs t

,

p art o r divi s i o n in s ix b o o k s . A se c on d divi si o n fo ll o we d p o ssibly by th e ,

( 1 ) S om e y g I di
e a rs a d h
o s c uss e t au th andbibli g ph y f h b k i
th e t
d h S i ty f A t i q i
e

h p i i g f it
o e
d
or o ra oo n a

p a pe r re a to t e oc e o n ua r e s , b ut as t t
r nt n d h w as as

b i d I m bl h li t I th d w p
os one an
e p p o
neve r e e n c arr e o ut , a una e to re fe r t o t e s s en re u .
 B O OKS OF SECRE T S . 1 67

sa m e a uth o r an d th e n divi s io n s th re e a n d fo u r which a lm o st c e rta inly

, , ,

a re n o t by Al e xis Th e y w e re t ran sla t e d int o E n gli s h a t di ffe re n t tim e s

.

and
p ubli s h e d, t h e e a rli e r o n e s se a ra t e ly
p a n d l a tt e
,
r ly all fo u r t o g e th e r .

T h e E n gli s h v e rs i o n o f t h e fi rs t p art a p p e a re d in 1 5 5 8 a n d is ra re The ,

.

l as t co ll e ct e d e diti o n in E n gli sh is o f 1 6 1 5 T h e a uth o rshi p is u su a lly

.

as s ign e d with grea t c o n fid e n c e t o G i ro l a m o R u s c e lli a n d t h e na m e D on ,

A l e ssi o is c o n sid e re d a p se ud o n ym Thi s vi e w h o we ve r mu c h it m a y

.
,

s e e m t o b e co n fi rm e d by R u sc e lli him se l f S a n s o vi n o a n d Muzi o ,

i n t ro ,

du c e s s o mu c h c o n t ra di c ti o n an d c on fu s io n tha t on e c an arrive a t n o
sa ti s fa c t ory re s ult It is a n o b sc u re s ubj e c t a n d would t ak e t oo mu c h
.

tim e t o di sc u ss n o w but thi s qu e s ti o n o f a uth ors hip d oe s n o t a ffe c t t h e

,

b o ok an d its co n t e nt s .

T h e Fi rs t divi s i o n c o n ta i n s a vari e ty o f re ce i p t s T h e fi rs t b oo k .

fu rn i sh e s p re p a ra ti o n s fo r c u re o f di s e a se s a n d h e a ling o f so re s ; t h e
s e c o n d h o w t o m a k e fra g ra n t a n d e s s e n ti a l o il s p e rfum e s p o wd e rs s oa p s
, , ,

n e xt a fe w re c e i p t s fo r to il e t p u rp ose s b e a uti fyi n g th e ski n dy e i n g th e

, ,

h a i r p re s e rvi n g t h e t e e th e tc e tc ; t h e fi fth b oo k s h o w s h ow t o m a k e
, ,
.
, .

i n k s a n d c o l o u rs a n d t h e s ixth b o o k d ea l s with s alt s m e ta l s gilding

, , , ,

re c i o u s s t o n e s t u e a d fa l se T h S c o d divi s i o n c o nt a in s s u ch a
p ,
r n e . e n

mi s ce ll an e o u s a ccumul a ti o n o f re c e i p t s th a t it is imp o ss ibl e t o c la s si fy

,

th e m T o th e Th i rd divi s i o n a re a ssign e d m e di ca l s a n it a ry a n d c o s m e ti c
.
, ,

s e c re t s but a t t h e e n d th e re is t h e c o ll e c ti o n o f re c e i p t s fro m t h e G e rm a n
,

t o whi c h re fe re n c e is m a d e l a t e r o n T h e Fo u rth divi s i o n is o c c u p i e d

.

e n ti re ly with m e di ca l re c e i p t s a n d p re p a ra ti o n s .

A s ca n b e e a s ily u n d e rs t o o d it is di ffi c ult e ith e r t o d e s c rib e o r to ,

c riti c iz e o r t o a p p ra i se t h e va lu e o f t h e hu n dre d s o f s e c re t s s o ca ll e d in
, , ,

s u c h a n a ggre g a ti o n as thi s fa m o u s bo o k is O n l o o ki n g o v e r it o n e c a n
.

s e e th a t s o m e di re cti o n s are e m p i ri ca lly s o u n d th a t d rug s e m pl o y e d fo r

,

c e rta i n di s eas e s t h e n a re or c o uld b e e m p l o y e d s till a n d th a t m e th od s o f

, ,

p r e p a ra ti o n th e n a tta i n e d t h e sa m e e n d s a s n o w but with a n e x e n ditu re

, p ,

o f tim e a n d l a b o u r whi c h h as b e e n re duc e d t o s m a ll e r c o m pa s s by a full e r

u n d e rs ta n din g b o th of th e ma t e ri a l s a n d o f t h e n e c e ssary p roc e sse s .

 1 68 B OOKS OF SECRE TS .

A noti ce a bl e fea tu re o f t h e s e b oo k s is t h e c ons tan c y with whi c h t h e

re c e i p t s b o th fo r m e di c i n e an d fo r e v e ryd a y w a n t s a re re p ea t e d with o ut

a lt e ra ti o n in o n e e diti o n a ft e r a n o th e r A ppa re n tly th e se cre t s ga i n e d in .

,

a uth o rity by re p e titi o n a n d if t h e y h a d s t oo d th e t e s t o f tim e a n d h a d

,

yi e ld e d th e e xp e ct e d re s ult th e re was n o rea so n wh y th e y sh o uld b e

,

c h a n ge d o r s u p e rs e d e d .

As i n sta n c e s o f re ce i p t b oo k s co nc e rn e d with one to p i c on ly e xa m p l e s

,

ma y b e se l e c t e d a g a i n fro m th e Ita li a n .

O n e is u p o n dy e i n g a n d is e n titl e d : P lic th o o r t h e a rt o f t h e dy e r
,
“
, ,

h o w t o d ye w o o l s ilk li n n e n ,
It wa s w ritt e n by G ioa n ve n tura R o se tti
,
.
’

a n d p ubli s h e d a t V e n i ce in 1 5 4 0 It fo rm s a thi n s m all qu arto o f fo rty

.

fo u r l e a v e s a n d c o n ta i n s o n e o r t wo w o o d c ut s d e p i c ti n g p a rt s o f t h e
,

p roc e s s .T h i s is a c o ll e c ti on o f dy e rs re c e i p t s a n d m e th o d s ; it d e s c rib e s
’

th e qu a n tity o f t h e s ub s t a n c e s re qui re d th e l e n gth o f tim e t h e fa b ri c is t o ,

b e imm e rse d in t h e c o l o u r b a th a n d t h e wh o l e t re a tm e n t T h e a rt o f .

dye i n g is o f gre a t an tiquity a nd t h e us e o f m o rd a n t s t o m ak e c ol o u rs fa s t ,

fo r e x a m p l e m u s t h a v e b e e n k n o w n a t a n e a rly p e ri o d
,
O f thi s b o o k .

th e re w e re a t l e a s t five e diti o n s t h e fi rs t o f 1 5 4 0 a l rea dy m e n ti o n e d t h e

, ,

fo u rth a t Ve n i c e in 1 6 1 1 a n d t h e fi fth in 1 6 7 2 w ith so m e c h a n g e s a n d

, ,

a dditi on s but e v e n with th e se o n e hu n d re d a n d thi rty y e a rs is a g oo d li fe

, ,

fo r s u c h a b o ok M o d e rn t e c h n i ca l b o o k s a re mu c h m o re sh o rt live d
.
-
.

Wh e n gage d with dy e i n g o n e mu s t n o t o ve rl oo k re ce ip t s fo r m a ki n g
en

i n k s a n d c o l o u rs fo r ta ki n g o ut sp o t s an d s t a i n s an d fo r c o l o u ri n g wo o d
, ,

b on e a n d fe a th e rs Th e se a re c h e mi ca l a p p li ca ti o n s a n d as s u ch I ha v e
, .

d e scrib e d th e m in a s e ri e s o f p ap e rs s till in p rogre ss T h e e a rli e s t .

1

c o ll e c ti o ns o f th e s e re c e i t s whi c h I h a v e s e e n a re in G e rm a n a n d o f d a t e
p
5
1 31 , in fo ll owi n g y e a rs t ra c t s o f s imil ar c h a ra c t e r w e re as so c i a t e d w ith
th e m an d t ra n sl a ti on s o f th e m w e re m ad e I h a v e se e n s o m e fi fty e diti o n s .

o f t h e s e b o o k s but fro m i n t e rn a l e vid e n c e it is o b a bl e th a t th a t numb e r

, p r

( 1 ) P roce e di g
n s of th e Ro y l Ph il
a os o
ph i l S i ty
ca oc e of G l gwas o , fro m 1 8 88 to 19 1 3 .
 1 7o B OOKS OF SECRE TS .

d Hol
b ac h , wa s
’
p ubli h d t P i
s in 7 5e d fi lly
a t h E ngli
ar s h v i n1 2 , an na e s e rs o

wa s p r i n t e d p ri va te ly a t t h e Middl e h ill pre ss in a ridic ul o u s fo li o in 1 8 26 .

T h e re a re m o de rn wo rks o n gl as s by S a uza y P e ligo t an d o th e rs ,

.

A m g th ld w it
on e o er r e rs, B a bi n gt on N ye H an z e le t J on e s h a ve give n
, , , ,

ip ts
re c e fo r fi re wo rk s , an d th e re a re t wo o r t h re e o n t h e sa m e s ubj e c t in
D utc h .

On t o ta lly di ffe re n t subj e ct fro m dy e i n g G io an v e n t ura R o s e tti th e

a , ,

a ut h o r o f Pl ic t h o a b o v e m e n ti o n e d p ubli sh e d a littl e b oo k in 1 5 5 5 a n d
,

a ga i n in 1 5 6 0 It is e n titl e d N o ta n d is sim i S e c re ti d e l a rt e p ro fum a t orio ’ ”

.
,

a n d in it h e giv e s re ce i p t s fo r p re p a ri n g o il s w a t e rs p a s t e s mu s ca rdin e s , , , ,

a n d wh a t n o t a n d a l , lfor t h e use o f l a di e s .

T h i s a rt wa s a fa v o u rite o n e a n d it w o uld b e e as y to cit e e x a m p l e s o f

it s lit e ra tu re fro m t h e d a y s of M e rc u ri a li s Lié b a ut Le Fo urn i e r t o , , ,

H ugh P la t a n d h is D e ligh ts fo r La di e s T h e Fre n ch P e rfum e r

“
,
” “
,
”

E rre sa l de (D e l a S e rre ) M a ri n e ll o Jea m so n a n d h is

, , A rtifi c ia l E mb e lli sh “

m e n t s a n d o th e rs d ow n t o Lo l a M o n t e z a n d t h e p re s e n t tim e It is but
,
”
.

a fe w y e a rs s i n c e I p i c k e d up a t t h e b oo k s ta ll a t D o v e r S t a ti o n a n e w

p a m p hl e t o n t h e S e c re t s o f t h e T o ile t fo r o n e p e n ny s t e rli n g Th e re h a v e .

b e e n o th e rs s i n ce th e n .

Whil e s o m e o f th e t op i cs to u ch e d u po n h ave b e e n se c re t e n o ug h ,

th e m o s t so mb re qu art e r is o c c u p i e d by b o o k s o n m a gi c a n d e sp e c i a lly ,

bl ack m agi c Lu ridly c o n sp i cu o u s a m on g th e s e is t h e po p ula r Fre n c h

.

“
D ra g o n R o uge a n d t h e s e c re t s o f A lb e rtu s P a rvu s Le pe tit A lb e rt
”
, , ,

w h e re o ne ca n find h o w to fa b rica t e th e h a n d o f gl o ry whi ch e nd ows

its p o s s e s s o r with s t ra n g e p o w e rs T h e re a re t h e e x tra o rdi n a ry re ve la ti on s
.

co n t a i n e d in t h e M a gick o f K ira n us K i n g o f P e rs i a a nd,

th e ,
”

T ri n um M a gicum o f Lo n gi n u s T h e v o lum e on O cc ult P h il o so phy by

.

C o rn e liu s Ag ri p p a whi c h is full o f my s t e ri e s is l e ss a t rea ti s e o n m agic

, ,

t h an a n e a rly a tt e m p t t o c o n s t ru c t a sp e cula tiv e N a tu ra l P hil o so phy a n d ,

s imil ar e ffo rt s w e re m a d e by C a rd a n B a ti s ta P o rt a A th a n a s iu s K i rc h e r
p , , ,

H e rna n d o C a strillo Zim ara a n d o th e rs wh o s tyl e d th e i r subj e c t Ma gi a

, ,
 B OOKS OF SECRE TS . 17 1

N a tu ra li s C p S ch tt dv n d t p f th
. as ar o a wh e n h e ca ll e d h is
a ce a s e ar e r,

bo o k s “
aM gi U niv li
a d P hy ic C u i
e rs a s an s a
”
r o sa in th e s e h e g e t s rid t o
“ ”

a g re a t e xt e nt o f t h e s e c re t e l e m e nt a n d d e a l s with p hy s i ca l p h e n o m e na
“ ”
,

p u r e a n d s im p l e T h e s ubj
. e c t th e re a ft e r d e v e l o p e,
d a l o ng t wo li n es o ne , ,

t h e sc i e n tifi c t h e o th e r t h e s e cre t o r o cc ult e n ding p ra c ti c a lly in l e g e r

, ,

d e m a i n a n d c onju ri n g A n i n s ta n c e o f t ran s iti on o f an o th e r so rt wa s

.

di sp la y e d in t h e ca se o f t h e gra du a ti o n th e si s of M a rtiu s D e M agia ,

N a t ur a l l p ri n t e d in 1 7 0 0 which p ass e d th ro ugh a n umb e r of e diti o n s a n d

, ,

t o o k t h e fo rm m o re o r l e ss o f a co nju ri n g bo o k Th e n it w o rk e d gra du a lly .

i n t o a b oo k o f e x p e rim e n ta l P hy sic s a fte r whi c h a vo lum e c o n ta i n i n g a n ,

a cco u n t o f a l l th e n e w e s t di s c ov e ri e s a pp e a re d a n n u a lly fo r nin e t e e n

y e a rs .

Le ge rd e m a i n lik e o th e r di sp l ay s o f m a n u a l d e xt e rity m e rit s re sp e c t

, , .

I t s s e c re t is t h e c ultiva ti on a ss idu o u s ly o f c e rta in e n d o wm e n t s p hy s i ca l ,

a n d m e n tal C o n ju ri n g i n v o lvi n g a s it d o e s c e rta i n a p p li a n c e s u n kn o w n

.
,

t o t h e s pe c ta t o r is o n e o f t h e o ld e s t o f a rt s fo r it is s a id th a t in t h e
, ,

E gyp tia n te mp l e s t ra c e s o f th e a rra n ge m e n ts re qui re d to p ro du ce myste ri o u s

e ff e c t s a re s till t o b e fo u n d .

M o d e rn co n ju ri n g lit e ra tu re s o fa r a s it is k n o wn t o m e b e gan a b out

, ,

1 630 ,
o r p e rh a p s a littl e e a rli e r a n d h a s c o n ti n u e d a t i n t e rv a l s to t h e
,

e s n t tim e T h e ea rli e r b oo k s a s was s a id a b o v e b o re t h e n a m e o f

p r e .
, ,

Th o m a s H ill l a t e r o n e s in th e e ight e e n th c e n tu ry tha t o f H D ea n Th e re

,
l
. .

wa s a n o th e r c ro p e a rly l a s t c e n tu ry a n d J o h n A n d e rso n t h e fa m o u s , ,

“
Wiza rd o f t h e N o rth p ubli sh e d a ha n db o o k o f M a gi c a b o ut 1 8 5 0
,
”
.

Q uit e re ce n tly c a m e a s e t o f b o o k s ca ll e d T h e S e c re t o ut S e ri e s
’
“ ”
,

re vivi n g th e re by t h e o l d n a m e a n d a t t h e p re s e n t m o m e n t h a n d b o o k s o f
,
-

Pa rl o u r M a gi c ca n b e re a dily pro c u re d whi c h p ro fe ss to i n stru c t t h e ,

a s p i ra nt in a l lt h e s e c re t s o f p re s tidigita ti on .

( 1 ) P e rh a ps li t p im gh t b k d h t l i
a s one of t h e ea r e s s ec e ns ou to t ra n s a t on
wh i h T h m H ill p bl i h d i 5 6 7 d h m f N t l d A ifi i l
e re c on e e
“
c o as u s e n 1 un er t rt
C l i t i k mp il d i t i id by dy h l f h , e na e o a ura an c a
f t
”
f h
o n c us o n s o t e a uo us r c

U i ity f P d m h th i di dit
s co e , s sa , s un r sc o a rs o t e
n v e rs o a ua , uc to e r sc re .
 1 72 B OOK S OF SECRE TS .

The b oo k s e num e ra t e d a b o ve h a ve b e e n fo r th e m o s t part in E n gli sh ,

but th e y fo rm o n ly o n e se c ti o n o f th os e whi c h e xi s t Th e y w e re p ro du ce d .
i

in a bu n d an c e in E u rop e g e n e ra lly in La ti n Fre n c h G e rm a n Ita li a n

, , , , ,

D ut c h a n d o th e r l a n gua g e s a n d t ra n s l a ti o n s fro m o n e l a n gu a g e t o a n o th e r
,

we re co mm on e n o ugh T h e s a m e d e s i re fo r k n o wl e dg e se e m s t o ha v e
.

e v a il e d in o th e r c o unt ri e s a s in E n gl a n d a n d t h e sa m e m e th o d s w e re
p r ,

a d o p t e d t o s a ti s fy it Th e re was n o o th e r s o u rce fre e t o p e o pl e a n xi o u s fo r

.

ac ti ca l i ns t ru c ti o n a n d i n fo rm a ti o n th e re was n o t e ch n i c a l e du c a ti o n a n d
p r , ,

o n ly in s uch re c e i p t s an d di re c ti on s as c o uld b e o bt a i n e d fro m t h e b o o k s

s e c re t s c o uld p e o p l e b e co m e a c qu a i n t e d with t h e p ro p e rti e s a n d u se s

”
of

o f di ffe re n t s ub s t a n c e s .

T h e b o o k s a re p re tty mu c h o f t h e s a m e c h arac t e r e v e rywh e re th o ugh ,

th e y d o n o t c o v e r e xa ctly t h e sa m e g ro u n d Th us in En gli s h m e di ca l .

s e cre t s p re d o mi n a t e w hil e in o th e r la nguag e s th e c o ll e c ti o n s a re m o re

,

g e n e ra l Ita ly e sp e c i a lly wa s p rolifi c in b o o k s o f t h e ki n d a n d e x c e ll e d in

.
, ,

t h e i s s u e o f s m a ll p a m p hl e t s o f fro m fo u r o r e ight t o t w e lv e o r s ixt e e n

p a g e s , with fl o rid titl e s an d a littl e k e rn e l o f s e cre t s o f v a ri e d c o n t e n t O f .

th e se e va n e sc e n t pro du c ti o n s I h a v e s e e n a b o ut thi rty but th a t mu s t b e a ,

fra c ti o n o f th o s e w hi c h h a v e b e e n in c i rc ul a ti o n It is n o t e wo rthy th a t t h e
.

d e te ri ora ti on in th e e xt e rn a l s o f t h e v o lum e s is as p at e n t in t h e b o o k s
p r o du c e d o n t h e C o n ti n e n t a s h e re s h o w i n g th,
a t g e n e ra l ca u se s w e re a t

work w hil e in t h e m a tt e r o f l o n g wi n d e d titl e —p a ge s a n d c rud e o rna m e n t

,
-

t h e b o o k s o f t h e e ight e e n th c e n tu ry w e re t h e s a m e e v e rywh e re .

I n a re vi e w o f th e se b o o k s du ri n g fo u r c e n t uri e s a n d a h a l f s u c ce s s i v e ,

s tyl e s o f b o o k p ro du c ti o n ca n n o t e s ca p e n o ti c e Th o se o f t h e s ixte e n th
.

c e n tu ry are in bl ac k l e tt e r a n d a re g e n e ra lly l as i n g a n d s o m e tim e s e v e n

p e

h a n d so m e th o ugh so m e by Wy e r a n d o th e rs are n o t c re dita bl e t o t h e

,

p ri n t e r . Fo r t h e m aj o rity o f th o s e p ro du c e d in t h e s e ve n t e e nt h c e n tu ry
littl e tha t is fa vo u ra bl e c a n b e sa id ; t h e e x e cu ti on o f t h e b o ok s gra du a lly
d e t e ri o ra t e d u n til t o w a rd s t h e e n d o f th a t p e ri o d p ri n ti n g h a d fa ll e n t o
, ,

t h e l o we s t e b b T h e b oo k s e v e n t h e b e s t o f t h e m a re o f i n fe ri o r qu a lity
.
, , .

T h e p a p e r is c o a rse t h e p ri n ting rud e an d t h e co v e r is a bit o f b ro wn

, ,
 1 74 B OOKS OF SECRE TS .

to thi n k o f th a t wh e n a no th e r co py is fo u n d whi c h sa ti sfi e s o ur fas tidio u s

ta s t e B e sid e s a n o th e r cop y m a y n e v e r ap pe ar an d th a t whi c h wa s
.
, ,

s e c u re d m a y b e t h e s o l e s u rvivo r o f t h e e diti o n M o re o v e r supp o si n g

.
,

th e re b e a n oth e r cop y i n st e a d o f b e i n g in b e tt e r s ta t e th an th a t whi c h

,

wa s d e sp i s e d a n d a ll o w e d t o s li p it m a y b e in w o rs e ; t h e l e s s on w h e re o f
,

is l
, e t n o o p p o rtu n ity p a ss .

Whe n s u c h ra riti e s oc cu r a co p y in u n u su a lly fi n e c o nditi o n a h it h e rt o

, ,

un k n o wn t re a ti s e o r e diti o n it is c u s to m a ry t o accl aim it a s u n iq ue b ut

, ,

tha t is a n e p ith e t wh i c h sh o uld b e ta k e n with a l o t o f salt fo r wh e n o n c e ,

t h e hu n t is up it is s u rp ri s i n g h o w o th e r c o p i e s c o m e t o ligh t a n d i n fri n g e

t h e m o n op o ly S till a m o n g t h e b o o k s o f S e c re t s th e re a re a fe w wh i c h
.
,

a re p ro vi s i on a lly u n iqu e T h e p u rsuit a n d a c qui s iti o n o f s u ch s p e c im e n s

.

a ffo rd s o m e t e m p o ra ry a mu se m e nt a n d gra tifi ca ti o n t o t h e c o ll e c t o r .

R e se arc h
thi s s ubj e c t se e m e d a t fi rs t s im p l e fo r a llth a t h ad t o b e
on ,

do n e wa s t o fin d t h e b oo k s a n d d e s c ribe th e m But a s h a s b e e n sh own

.
,

a b o v e a n d a s an y o n e c an p ro v e wh o t ri e s t h e fi n di n g o f t h e b o o k s i n v o lv e s
,

a t e di o u s wa iti n g o n p ro t ra c t e d tim e T h e re is b e s id e s t h e qu e s ti o n o f
.

c os t whi c h is o n e o f t h e m o s t s ign ifi ca n t c h a n g e s o f t h e s e l a tt e r d a y s
,
.

Th e re h a s b e e n a s t e a dy a dva n c e in th e p ri c e o f t h e b o o k s a s a wh ol e ,

a n d a p re p o s t e ro u s ri s e in th e ca s e o f s o m e s u c h a s gard e n i ng a n d
,

c oo k e ry A ra w c u ri o s ity is p u rs ui n g t h e o ld b o ok s a n d as th e i r n umb e r
.
,

is s m a ll a n d th a t o f th e i r h u n t e rs is gro wi n g t h e va lu e o f a va ila bl e c o p i e s
h a s b e e n c o rre sp o n di n gly e n h a n c e d S o it h a p p e n s n o w th a t b o o k s
.

whi c h w e re pl e n ti ful e n o ugh a ge n e ra ti on o r t wo a go wh e n n o b o dy ca re d

fo r th e m h a v e di sa p p ea re d fro m t h e m a rk e t a n d ca n n o t b e go t a t al l .

The d e scri p ti on o f th e m t o o is a t fi rs t e a s y a n d th e n a s u su a l up
,

s p ring hyd ra -h e a d e d di ffi c ulti e s whi c h a re n o t d e s a t c h e d a t o n e s t ro k e

p .

Th e re a re d o ubt s a b o ut a uth ors d o ubt s a b ou t fi rs t an d o th e r e diti o n s

, .

Th e re are di ffe re n t e diti on s in th e s a m e y ea r n ot im po ss ibl e wit h a sp e e dy

,

sa l e ; th e re is t h e s a m e e diti o n in di ff e re n t y e a rs o r in di ffe re n t s iz e a n d
,

fo rm in t h e s a m e y e ar Th e re a re d o ubt s ab out re a din gs d oubt s a b o ut

.
,
 B OOKS OF SECRE TS . 1 75

m e an ings d o ubt s gra ve d o ubt s a b out th e v e ra c ity a n d tru stworthi n e s s

, , ,

o f e dit o rs d o ubt s a bo ut a lm o s t e v e rythi n g e xc e p t th e b a re fa c t s o f p a p e r

, ,

p r i n ti n g a n d bi n di n g .Th e s e t ro ubl e s a re i n h e re n t in t h e b o o k s th e m se lv e s

a n d in t h e m o tiv e s o f t h e p u bli s h e rs Th e i r aim wa s t o p u sh th e i r ware s

. .

It wa s n o t lik e ly tha t t h e bibli o grap h i ca l mi n uti ae whi c h give th e b oo k s

a fi c titi o u s o r a dv e n titi o u s va lu e in o ur e y e s e v e r e n t e re d t h e h ea d o f
, , ,

l e t us sa y — N i c h o l a s B o ddi n gt o n o r o f h is c h a p m e n
,
s till l e s s o f t h e
,

go odwiv e s with wh o m th e y c h a ffe re d o r th a t th e y b o th e re d a bo ut wh e th e r

,

t h e e diti o n s w e re n umb e re d o r d a t e d o r n o t whi c h w o uld h a v e b e e n s o

,

u se ful t o us no w .

Thu s t h e p ro bl e m s i n st e a d o f b e i n g di re c t a n d o bvi o u s a re oft e n

c ro o k e d a n d re fra c t o ry a n d fro m s h e e r w a n t o f d a t a t h e s o luti o n mu s t b e

re l e g a t e d t o a b e tt e r i n fo rm e d tim e Pe rh a ps t h e so luti o n co uld b e fo u n d

.

a t o n c e if it w e re o n ly s e e n t h a t t h e d a t a a re lyi n g u n re co gni se d a n d

u n h e e d e d a t o ur h a n d . All diffi culti e s a re but e asy wh e n th e y a re

k n o wn .
”

T h e s ubj e ct is n o t fi n i s h e d but it is tim e t o s t o p

, From the se ra n do m
.

se l e c ti o n s it c a n b e s e e n th a t it is a big o n e e v e n wh e n limit e d
, I n one .

a s pe c t it is o f n o im po rt a n c e a n d y e t it a tt ra c t s a tt e n ti o n S e c re t s o f“ ”
, .

c o u rs e a re a lwa y s a llu ri n g a n d t h e p ro mi se o f a re v e l a ti o n o f t h e hidd e n

,

m ea ni n g will d ra w m any t o li st e n But t h e s e cre t s th e se bo o k s di s cl o se

.

a re al ld o n e with l o n g a go a n d a re n o t u se d fo r t h e i r p u rpo se a n y m o re
, .

T h e y ca n h o w e ve r s e rve a n o th e r p u rpo se I n s h ort th e b o o k s a re

, , .
,

hi s to ri ca l d o c um e n t s an d give i n s ight i n t o t h e k n owl e dge a n d skill o f th e

tim e s wh e n th e y w e re co m po se d Th e y th ro w light o n th e p rac ti ca l li fe
.
,

a s t h e lit e ra tu re illumi n a t e s t h e m e n ta l li fe o f th o s e d a y s Fro m th e m we

.

ca n a c qui re n o ti o n s o f t h e be li e fs a n d p ra c ti c e o f t h e tim e s a n d ca n

c o m a re wh a t t h e b o o k s t e ll u s with wh a t re m a i n s o f t h e p ro du c t s F
p o r .

t h e s tudy o f th e hi s t o ry o f a rt s a n d m a nu fa c tu re s th e s e b o o k s a re in

di s pe n sa bl e for h o we v e r i n a c c u ra t e o r mi sta k e n fro m o ur po in t o f vi e w

’

t h e a uth o rs m a y h a v e b e e n a t l e a s t t h e sub s ta n ce s th e y e m p l o y e d w e re
,

t h e sa m e as o u rs an d it is p o ss ibl e th e re by t o ch e ck th e i r s ta t e m e n t s a n d
,
 1 76 B O OK S OF SECRE TS .

d e t e c t wh e re th e i r kno wl e dge wa s l e s s e xt e n sive th an o u rs an d th e i r

th e ori e s p ro porti o na lly d e fe ctive T h e s e a re t h e s imulta n e o u s s ta ge s o f
.

e rro r a n d a m e n di n g p ro g re ss in h um a n co m p re h e n s i o n o f th e o ut e r w o rld

a n d it s multitudi n o u s p o ss ibiliti e s
. S uch t o o e xi s t in o ur o wn e p o c h a n d
,

it may b e tha t our su c c e ss ors a c o up l e o f hu n d re d y e a rs h e n ce o r p e rh a p s

,

in l e ss tim e will re c o g n i se m o re c l e arly tha n we wh o a re a m o n g t h e

, ,

e ddi e s ca n d o w h a t a t ra ns it o ry s t a g e it was
, ,
if e v e r th e y thi n k a b o ut it
,

Le t tim e s h a p e a n d th e re a n e n d
“ ”
a t al l
.
, .
 1 78 TH E IN VENTOR Y 0F INCUNA B UL A IN

w o rk a t th e d e si re d p ap e r in wh i ch a ft e r a gla n c e a t t h e pa s t hi sto ry o f
, ,

t h e bibli o g rap h y o f i n c u n a bul a I d e s c rib e d t h e fo rm a ti o n a n d p u rp o s e

,

o f t h e K o mmi s s i o n f iir d e n G e sa mtka t a l o g d e r Wi e g e n d ru c k e a n d it s

ro c e e ding s a n d re s ult s t o d a t e
p .

To ward s t h e e n d o f t h e y ea r I sp e n t a fe w days in Lo n d o n wh e re I ,

e nj oy e d t h e h o sp it a lity o f M r P o ll a rd a n d D r H e n ry B Wh e a tl e y th e n
. . .
,

Pre s id e n t of th e S o c i e ty M r P o ll a rd di sc u sse d with m e th e pl an o f my

. .

j ourn e y an d a ss i st e d m e t o a m pli fy a n d im p ro ve t h e ma te ria l tha t I h ad

c o ll e c t e d
. I was gl ad t o l e arn th a t a re qu e s t for i n fo rm a ti on as t o B riti sh
c oll e c ti o n s o f i n c u n a bul a whi c h h e h a d b ro ught forw a rd a t a m e e ting o f

t h e C o u n c il in N o v e mb e r a n d i n s e rt e d in t h e D e c e mb e r N ew s S h e et -

h a d n o t b e e n with o ut re s ult . My pa p e r was rea d a t a m e e ting o f t h e

S o c i e ty o n D e ce mb e r 1 6 th ; in illu s t ra ti o n p roo fs o f th e l a t e s t w ork o f
,

t h e K o mmi ss i o n t h e Li s t o f B roa d s id e s a n d fro m t h e p ubli ca ti o n s o f

, ,

t h e G e s e ll s ch a ft fl i r Ty p e n ku n d e d e s 1 5 J ah rhu n d e rts we re di st rib u t e d

.
, .

T h e p a p e r wa s fo ll o w e d by a m e m ora ndum dra wn up by Mr P o ll a rd a t

, .

th e re qu e s t o f t h e C o u n c il o n t h e s ta t e o f a ffa i rs in t h e U n it e d K i n gd o m
,

h e l a id e sp e c i a l s t re ss o n t h e va lu e o f t h e m a t e ri a l in th e h an d s o f
M r D u ff c o n c e rn i n g b o o k s p rint e d in E ngl a nd o r fo r t h e E n gli s h m ark e t
. .

In th e c o urse o f t h e s ub se qu e n t di sc u ssi o n Mr Ga se le e d e sc rib e d wh a t

.

wa s b e ing d o n e a t C a mb ridg e wh e re du ri n g t h e las t fe w y ea rs m o s t o f

'

th e C o ll e g e s h a d p ri n t e d li s t s o f th e i r i n c una bul a a n d D r P H e n d e rso n

, . .

Aitke n wh o h a d b e e n sp e cia lly invit e d t o th e m e e ting spok e o f O xford

, , ,

wh e re h e is c o m pili n g a li s t o f fi ft e e n th a n d s ixt e e n th c e n tu ry bo o ks whic h

a re t o b e fo u n d in t h e lib ra ri e s o f c e rta i n c o ll e g e s but n o t in t h e B od l e i a n
, .

T h e m e e ti n g ga v e m e t h e o ppo rtu n ity o f m a ki n g t h e a cq ua i n ta n c e o f

s e v e ra l p e rson s wh o s e h e l p wa s m o s t va lu a bl e t o m e .

T h e ea rl y m o n th s o f 1 9 1 3 we re d e v o t e d t o t h e c o m p l e ti on o f my li s t
o f B riti s h c o ll e c ti o n s o f in c u n a bul a a n d t o m a ki n g t h e n e c e ss a ry e xt ra ct s
,

fro m a va il a bl e c a t a l o gu e s o f s u c h c o ll e c ti o n s B e sid e s t h e i n form a ti o n

.

wh i ch M r P o ll ard h a d ha n d e d o v e r t o m e I o bta in e d a dd re s s es fro m t h e

.

vo lum e s o f th e Lib a ry a n d t h e w riti n g s o f C l a rk e Bo t fi e l

r d P hili p
, , ,
 GREA T BRITAIN AND IRELAND 79 . 1

Ry e an d de Ri i cc .
1
Rb tP t o er ro c o r s
’ “
I d x t th E ly P i t d B k
n e o e ar r n e oo s

in t h e B riti sh M u se um th o se in t h e B o dl e ia n Library with N ote s of

”

( L o n don 1 898 ,
T K A bb ot s C a ta l o gu e o f F i ft e e n th C e n tu ry
. .
’ “ -

B oo k s in t h e Libra ry o f T ri n ity C oll e ge D ubli n ( D ubli n 1 9 0 5 ) an d , ,

t h e c a t a l o gu e s o f s o m e s m a ll e r c o ll e cti o n s h a d a l re a dy b e e n i n c o rp o ra t e d

in t h e inve n t o ry by H e rr D i re kt o r H ae b l er T h e ca tal ogu e s o f t h e .

gre a t c oll e c ti o n o f t h e E arl o f C ra wford at H a igh H a ll o f th e D uk e ,

of D e vo n shi re a t C h a t sw o rth a n d o f t h e J ohn R yl a nd s Lib ra ry a t ,

M a n c h e s t e r w e re go n e th ro ugh p artly by H e rr D i re kt o r H a e b le r pa rtly

2
,

by H e rr D r von Ra th a n d partly by my se l f A l a rge n umb er o f m an u sc ri p t

. .

a n d p ri n t e d li s t s o f i n c u na bul a in t h e C a mb ridg e c o ll e g e s e ith e r d ra wn ,

up by M r G a s e l e e o r p re se nt e d a t h is re qu e s t by t h e res p e c tiv e a uth o riti e s

.
,

an d o th e r m a t e ri a l I d e a lt with a l o n e .

I n t h e middl e o f A p ril I se t out on my t ra v e l s My p l an s w e re a s fo l .

l o w s : I was t o b e in Lo n d o n partly duri n g t h e s e a so n an d p a rtly in t h e fina l

we e k s a n d was t o vi sit O x fo rd C a mbridg e an d t h e S co tti sh U nive rs iti e s
, ,

du ring t h e sum me r t e rm whil e t h e J oh n R yl and s Lib rary whi c h wo uld ta k e , ,

mu c h tim e but was alwa y s a cc e ssibl e was l e ft fo r th e o th e rwi se in co nve n i e n t ,

h o lid a y m on th o f A ugu st I n Lo n d o n I b e ga n by i n creas i n g t h e c i rcl e of .

my a c qu a intan c e s a t a se c ond m e e tin g o f t h e Bibli ogra phi ca l S oc i e ty .

W h iam C
( 1) [ l k ] R p i m Bib li g ph i m ar m e t f h m e e rt o r u o ra cu 01 So e accoun o t e o st

l b d B i i h lib i L d 8 9 B i h B fi ld N t h C th d l
,
”
ce e ra t e r t s ra r es , on on , 1 1 ; er a ot e o es o n t e a e ra
Li b i f E gl d L d 849 A l ex d J P h ili p T h Lib i M m
,
”
ra r e s o n an on on , 1 an er e ra r e s , use u
G ll i B k 9 L d R gi ld A th
, .
, s
“
an d A rt Y a er es 9 ea r Ry Th
oo 1 10 on on , 1 10 ; e na r ur e,

L ib i fL d L d S ym d Ri i
, e
A C
” “
ra r es o d d 9 on on , zu f e on on , 1 10 ; e o ur e cc e n s us

( I ll t g ph i d by h Bibli g ph i l S i y N O xf d
.
, , o

d M
”
C a xt o n s us ra t e on o ra s ss ue t e o ra ca oc e t o. or
Ctlg i é d p m ié i m p i d M y , ,
“ ”
1 0
9 9 d an a a o ue ( 44 5 46 7 )
ra so n n es re res ress o ns e a e n ce 1 -1

( V Off
er li h
‘
,

ent
g d G cb g G ll
un h ft8 Mien 9 er ut e n er - e se sc a a nz , 1 11 .

( ) 2 Bibli th Li d i C t l g o f h p i db k p
e ca d H igh H ll
n e s an a , a a o ue o t e r n te oo s re s e rv e at a a
Wig t V l 4 Ab d [J P L i ] C t l g
,
” “
C an ,P l L o a 9 a n eas f o 1- er een, 1 10 ; a ca ta a a o ue
h L ib y Ch w th V l 4 L d 8 79 C t lg f h p i t d b k
. . . .
, . . o
”
t e ra r at ats or o 1- on on, 1 a a o ue o t e r n e oo s
i pt i h J h Ryl d Lib y M h
, . ,

3 M h t
”
an d m a n usc r s n tV l e o n an s ra r anc e s t e r, o 1- a nc e s e r,

i wi th T h m F g llD ib d i Bibli h S p i
.
, ,
”
1 899 i j n c o n un c t on V l o as ro na n, ot e ca e n cer ana ,

4 L d A d L d
, o .

1 —2 ,
”
1- 8 4 5
on on , A lh p i 1 V l1 -
1 8 d A e es t or an a e , o on on , 1 2 2, an
“

d i p ti l g f h b k p i t d i h fi ft th y f h Lib y f
.
, ,

e sc r ve ca t a o ue o t e oo s r n e n t e een c e n t ur o t e ra r

h D k di C with g l i d x L d
o

t e u e S as sa n o 8 3e rra a e n e ra n e on on , 1 2 .

N 2
 1 80 T HE IN VENTOR Y 0F INCUNA B ULA I N

My i n v e n to ry I b e gan u n d e r t h e m o s t fa vo u ra bl e c i rc um s ta n ce s a t
C a mb ridge wh e re for a w e e k I was t h e gu e s t o f M r G a s e l ee I n th e
. .

Un ive rsity Library I was a bl e to m ak e use of a n a lm o st c o m pl e te d

m a n u scri p t i n d e x t o t h e i n cu na bula (o n th e m o d e l o f P roc t or s ) an d t h a n k s ’
,

t o t h e co u rt e s y o f t h e o ffi c i a l s t o w o rk a ft e r c l o s i n g h o u rs a n d s o t o d e a l
, ,

ve ry rap idly with on e o f t h e large s t c o ll e c ti on s For th e re m ai n i n g .

libra ri e s Mr Ga se le e m ad e th e n e e d ful a ppo intm e nt s H e co n du ct e d me

. .

e v e rywh e re a n d him s e l f a ss i s t e d m e in my w o rk
,
o bt ain i n g fo r m e by
,

thi s m e a n s th e co o p e ra ti o n o f th e vari o u s librari an s with wh o m it was

-

n e c e s sa ry t o d e a l s o th a t I h e re qui c kly a cc o m p li s h e d my O bj e ct .

A t th e e nd of m o n th I re tu rn e d t o Lo nd o n a s t h e s ta rtin g po i n t fo r
th e -

fu rth e r o pe ra ti on s an d h e re I fi rs t m a d e my m a t e ri a l c o m p l e t e ly s e rv i c ea bl e
,

by t h e h e l p o f th e re fe re n ce b oo k s in th e B riti sh Mu s e um It was a l so
-
.

n e c e ssary fo r m e t o a c qu a i n t my se l f with t h e p re p a ra ti o n s m e a nwhil e m a d e

fo r my w o rk in th e U n it e d K ingd o m an d i n c o rp o ra t e it s res ult s in my

,

m a te ri al .

The J an u y ar o f t h e Bibli o gra hica l S o ci e ty h a d i n c lud e d a

N ew s -S h eet p
s umm a ry o f my pa p e r a n d o f th e p ro ce e di n g s o f t h e D e c e mb e r m e e ti n g

a n d in t h e An n u a l R e p ort t h e as s i s t a n c e o f m e mb e rs wa s o n c e m o re i n vit e d .

M r P o ll a rd a s S e c re ta ry of t h e S oc i e ty h a d a l so a p p e a l e d t o wid e r c i rc l e s
.
, ,

with a l e tt e r whi ch was p ri n t e d in t h e Lit e ra ry S up p l e m e n t of th e Times

( J an u a ry 1 6 th ) t h e G
,
ua r d ia n a n d t h e Ch u r ch Times
( J a nu a ry 1 7 th
) t h e ,

Sp ecta tor a n d t h e N a tion (J a n u a ry 1 8 th ) an d t h e A th en a um ( J a n u a ry

,

2 5 th ) . H e h a d fu rth e r p ut t o g e th e r an a c co u n t o f t h e s te p s ta k e n in t h e
m a tt e r in t h e J a n u a ry n umb e r o f t h e L ib r a ry in whi c h h e ca ll e d for t h e
,

c o O p e ra ti o n o f a l
- llib ra ri a n s a n d b o o k l o ve rs M r W R B P rid ea ux
-
. . . . .
,

Lib rari an o f th e R e form C lub wh o l a t e r a l so u n d e rt o o k a vi sit t o a

,

s o m e wh a t o ut o f t h e wa y Lib ra ry h a d by m e a n s o f p riva t e l e tt e rs e x e rt e d
, , ,

h im se l f t o win fo r t h e s c h e m e t h e co o p e ra ti o n o f b o o k o w n e rs a n d
- -

lib rari an s I n a l e a di n g a rti cl e on t h e 3 0 0 t h a n n iv e rsary o f t h e d e a th o f

.

S ir T h o m a s B o dl e y ( J a n u a ry 2 8 t h ) t h e se c o n d fo u n d e r o f t h e O x fo rd
,
 1 82 TH E INVENTOR Y OF INCUNA B UL A IN

it wa s n e c e ss a ry t o c l e ar o ff s u c h m a tte rs a t o n ce Fo r t h e re s t I d e v o t e d
.
,

my tim e to a n umb e r o f Lon d on c o ll e c ti on s e sp e c i ally t o s u ch a s might b e

,

l e ss a cc e ssibl e out o f t h e se a so n a n d t o t h e C a th e d ra l Lib ra ry a t C an t e rbu ry

,
.

A s soo n a s S ir Willi a m O s l e r R e giu s P ro fe sso r o f M e di c i n e a t

,

Oxfo rd an d Pre sid e n t for thi s y e ar o f t h e Bibli o gra p hi ca l S oc i e ty wh o

, ,

h a d p ro mi s e d m e h is e sp e ci a l a s s i s t a n c e h ad re tu rn e d fro m a vi s it
,

t o A m e ri ca I w e nt at th e e n d o f M ay t o O x ford S ir Willia m
, , , .

re ce iv e d m e o n t h e e v e n i n g o f my a rr iv a l a n d o n t h e fo ll o wi n g da y
,

i n t ro du c e d m e t o M r M a da n a n d in o n e o f t h e C o ll e ge s a n d p ro vide d
.
,

m e wit h h is vi siti n g ca rd s t o s e rv e a s i n t ro du c ti on e l s e wh e re O xfo rd .

p ro v e d t o b e t h e h a rd e s t pa r t o f my j o u rn e y I n s t ea d o f t h e thi rt e e n
.

c o ll e c ti on s fo r which I wa s p re p a re d I foun d th e re t h i rty o n e T h e

,
-
.

grea t e r pa rt o f t h e B odl e ia n c o ll e c ti o n c o uld ind e e d co unt a s a l rea dy

di spo se d of a n d fo r s o m e c o ll e g e s th e re e xi st e d se para t e ca t al o gu es o f
,

i n cun abula ge n e ra lly th e w ork o f P roc t o r whi c h w e re e as ily d e a lt with :

, ,

a ga i n so m e o f t h e co ll e c ti o n s w e re s m a ll o r n o vi sit t o th e m wa s n e c e s sa ry
, , ,

a s t h e o w n e rs o r cu s t o di a n s se n t m e li s t s o f th e i r c o nt e nt s But th e re c e n t
.

a c qui s iti on s o f t h e B od l e i a n co s t m e n o s m a ll t ro ubl e a n d in t h e C o ll e g e s

I o ft e n fo u n d t h e w orki n g h o u rs s om e wh a t limit e d whil e o n th e o th e r ,

h a n d t h e g e n e ra l ca t al o gu e wa s v e ry c o m p re h e n s ive : thu s in Que e n s ’

C o ll e g e a l on e I h a d t o w o rk th ro ugh s e v e n ty s e v e n fo li o s with n umb e rl e s s

-

cro ss re fe re n c e s
-
. O f e sp e c i a l im po rta n c e t o m e was t h e c a ta l o gu e in
c o u rs e o f co m p il a ti o n by D r . Aitk e n C o m p l e t e n e ss in regard t o su c h
.

b ook s a s are al so in t h e B odl e ia n was o f littl e m o m e n t f o m D r Aitk e n s r .

’

Han dli st s e xtrac ts co uld b e m a de far m ore ra p idly tha n fro m t h e

c a t al og ue s th e m s e lv e s ; a n d by th e i r m e a n s I w a s a bl e t o e m p l o y my

e v e n i n g s a t t h e w o rk . I th e re fore gl a dly a c c e p te d D r A itk e n s o ffe r th a t

.
’

I sh o uld e xa mi n e th e m a t e ria l in h is h a n d s for th o se C o ll e ge s tha t he

h a d a l re a dy d o n e . I n d o ubt ful ca se s w h e re p ossibl e I c o m p a re d t h e
, ,

ca t a l o g ue s o r t h e b o o k s t h e m s e lv e s
.

F ro m O xford w h i c h h a d d e ta i n e d m e for thre e we e k s I h a s te n e d t o

S c o tl a n d . At t h e U n ive rs ity Lib rary o f S t And re w s I e xa min e d all
.
 GREA T BRITA IN AN D IREL AND . 18 3

vo lum e s be li e ve d t o c on t ain i n c un a bul a ; a n d th e re e ve n du ri n g t h e

lu n ch e o n i n t e rva l I was a ll o we d t o c o n tinu e my w ork shut in th e library ,
.

A t A b e rd e e n I h a d a n intro du c ti on fro m S ir Willia m O sl e r t o P ro fe ssor

M a tth e w H a y an d thi s sa v e d m e mu c h tim e for h e a t o n c e m a d e
, ,

a pp o i n tm e nt s fo r m e by t e l e p h o n e a n d p e rs on a lly i n t ro du c e d m e in s e v e ra l
,

lib rari e s I n G lasgo w t h e grea t c oll e c ti ons a t t h e U n iv e rs ity e spe c ia lly

.

oc c u p i e d mu c h tim e A co m fo rta ble roo m was the re se t a pa rt for my use

.

a n d e v e n wh e n t h e vaca ti o n b e g a n I was p rmitt e d t o w o rk th e re t h e

e
who l e da y Fo r t h e H u n t e ri a n Mu se um a se l f c on ta in e d wh o l e a n d t h e
.
,
-

m o s t imp o rtan t o f th e se co ll e c ti o n s I h a d t h e use o f a m an u scri p t

,

ca t a l o gu e o f t h e ea rly p ri n t e d b oo k s t h e o ffi cia l s w e re u n ti ri n g in b ri n gi n g

to me a l lt h e vo lum e s o ft e n h ea vy whi c h I a sk e d t o s e e
, , .

At t h e be gi nn i n g of July I re turn e d t o En gla n d Th e re I fi rst visit e d .

s e v e ra l s c h oo l a n d chu rc h lib ra ri e s in t h e N o rth -W e s t m o s t o f whi c h b e i n g ,

a mil e o r t wo fro m t h e n e a re s t ra ilw a y s ta ti o n g a v e m e t h e o pp o rtu n ity

of littl e e xcu rs i o n s o n foo t : App l e by Gra mm a r S ch o o l th e ( c l o s e d ) ,

H awk sh e a d G ra mm ar S ch oo l C artm e l P ri o ry C hu rc h an d S ton yh urst

,

C oll e ge I th e n too k up my a bo de a t Le e d s wh e re a n e n qui ry m o re o r l e ss

.
,

a t ra n d o m l e d t o t h e di sc o v e ry o f a fe w i n c u n a bul a in t h e P ubli c Lib ra ry ,

a n d M r Th o m as W H a n d t h e c ity lib ra ri a n as si s t e d m e by i n fo rm a ti o n s
. .
, , .

Fro m th e re I vi site d two o f th e m o s t im po rta n t ca the dral lib ra ri es York ,

a n d R i p on : h e re a n u n u su a l i n t e re s t wa s t a k e n in my w o rk but th e re in ,

S p it e o f s o m e fa c iliti e s t h a t w e re a ffo rd e d m e I h a d t o d e a l v e ry b ri e fly
, .

G ra n th am wh e re a vi sit a t ra n d o m t o t h e c ha i n e d library pro ve d n ot

,

u n fruitful was a s ta rti n g po i n t fo r B e lvoi r Ca stl e a n d Li n co ln Ca th e d ra l :

,
-

a t t h e fo r m e r I wa s o n ly a bl e t o fi n d t h e bo o k s a l re a dy kn o w n t o b e th e re

a n d a t t h e l a tt e r I fo u n d a ra th e r l a rg e c o ll e c ti o n th o ugh a numb e r o f

b o o k s s e e m t o h av e di s a p p e a re d In Bi rmi n gha m whi c h offe re d s e ve ral

.
,

co ll e c ti o n s M r H e rb e rt M a u ri c e C as hm o re D e p uty Lib rari an o f t h e

,
.
,

P ubli c Librari e s h e l pe d m e t o orga n i se my wo rk ; t o O sco tt C oll e ge I

,

o w e d my a c qua i n t a n c e with t h e R e v J o h n H P o ll e n S J in Lo n d o n
. .
, . .
, ,

t o w h o m I a m i n d e bt e d fo r a n umb e r o f u s e ful a dd re s se s A fa mily vi sit .

 1 84 THE IN VENTOR Y OF INCUNA B ULA IN

at Rugby l a so a dd e d to my li st o f i n cu n a bula a n d p ro cu re d fo r m e n e w
i n t rodu c ti ons A c h an ce se e n b o o k titl e o f th e Bi rmi n gh a m Ca ta l o gu e
.
- -

e d m e to t h e littl e Mi n i s t e r s Lib ra ry a t T o n g By way o f S h re wsbu ry

’
l .
,

wh e re t h e s ch o o l m agazi n e T h e S al op i an re fe rre d t o t h e vi s it o f th e
“ ”

P ru ssia n co mmi ssi o n e r a n d Mr J B a s il O ldh a m t h e S ch o ol Libra ri an

,
. .
, ,

o ffe re d m e h osp it a lity , m aki n g e n quiri e s a l so for m e by t e l e gra m an d

l e tte r an d by wa y o f C h e s t e r wh e re my e xp e c t a ti on s w e re di sappo i n t e d
, , ,

I arrive d a t las t at t h e e n d o f t h e m o n th at M a nch e s t e r .

H e re I sta ye d duri n g th e wh o l e of A ugu s t : it was a re s ti n g p l ac e .

So e m l ar g e r o r s m a ll e r c o ll e c ti o n s w e re li s t e d — in t h e U n ive rs ity t h e
.

m a t e ri al for t h e ca t al ogu e o f t h e C h ri sti e Libra ry ga ve n o s ma ll a s si s tan ce

fo r se v e ra l c o ll e c ti o n s my a cqu a i n t a n c e with M r T D B a rl o w was o f . . .

a dva n t age . A flyin g vi sit to C h at swo rth wa s c hi e fly c on ce rn e d with th e n e w

a c qui s iti o n s s i n c e t h e p ri n ting o f t h e C a ta l o gu e . A ll thi s h o we ve r was littl e
, ,

in c o mp a ri so n with t h e J o h n R yl a n d s Lib rary . T h e p ri n t e d g e n e ra l C a ta

l ogu e whi c h h a d be e n p re vi o u sly g on e th ro ugh by H e rr D i re c t o r H a e b le r
,

an d my s e l f o ft e n did n o t su ffic e t o id e n ti fy t h e e diti o n s o f t h e w o rk s in

qu e s ti on ; a n d num e ro u s v o lum e s h a d si n ce b e e n a dd e d I wa s t h e re fo re .

o blig e d t o e x a mi n e m o re o r l e s s mi n ut e ly so m e b oo k s I wa s give n
.

o n e o f t h e c h a p e l lik e divi s i on s o f t h e c h u rch lik e buildi n g an d an a tt e n d a n t

- -
,

l o n g fa mil iar with th e S p e n c e ria na was a ll o tte d alm o s t t o my s ol e us e S o .

z e al ou s did h e sh o w him se l f in t h e m a tt e r th a t of h is o wn a c co rd h e p ost

p o n e d an a l re a dy g ra nt e d h o lid a y in o rd e r t o as s i s t m e t o t h e l a s t
, .

T h e n umb e r o f c o ll e c ti o n s o f i n c u n a bula k n o w n t o m e h a d du ri n g my
j o u rn e y grea tly inc re as e d n ot o nly th rough t h e i n form a ti on give n m e e ith e r
,

p e r s o n a lly o r by l e tt e r — a m o n g c o rre s o n d e n t s I m a y furth e r m e nti on

p
Mr . C o s m o G o rd o n in Lo n d o n — but a l so a s I m e n ti o n e d in m an y
, ,

c a s e s t o so m e e xt e n t by c h a n c e . But c h a n ce whi c h to d ay wi sh e d m e
w e ll might t o m o rro w b e my e n e my a n d th e re might b e — a p a rt fro m p riva t e
-
,

ll
co e c ti o ns t h e n umb e r o f whi c h c an n e v e r be e e d t r mi n e d — a n umb e r o f

s m a ll c o ll e c ti o n s in t h e lib ra ri e s o f c hu rc h e s a n d s c h o o l s a n d e v e n in P ubli c
,

Lib ra ri e s o f whi ch I k n e w n o thi n g I n t h e Ch ur ch Times Mr P o lla rd

, . .
 1 86 TH E I N VE N T OR Y OF I N C UNA B ULA IN

fro m h e re to D ow n side A bb e y I th e n c o n tin u e d my j o u rne y th ro ugh

.

G lo u c e ste r with its Ca the dra l an d Ma d re s fie ld Co u rt wh e re t h e Ea rl o f ,

B e a u c ha m p him se l f s h owe d m e h is t reas u re s Mi s s Ma ud e E Bull S ub

. .
,

Lib raria n o f t h e C a th e d ra l Library a t H e re fo rd lighte n e d my h ea vy l a bo u r

,

in t h e c h a in e d lib ra ry by u n c h a i n ing a l lt h e fo li o s th a t it was n e ce ssa ry t o

e x a mi n e : s h e t oo k m e a l s o t o t h e v a ri o u s A n glica n lib ra ri e s o f t h e city

a n d a l s o t o t h e R o m an C a th o li c B e lm o n t P ri o ry o ut s id e ; h e re a n d th e re

a numb e r o f boo k s w e re a dd e d t o my li s t s .

Fro m W olve rh a mp to n wh e re I saw S ir R ich a rd Page t s b oo k s in O ld

,
’

Falli ngs H all an d s e arch e d in va i n in t h e Fre e Lib ra ry I tu rn e d fina lly ,

s o u thw a rd . Wi n c h e s te r C o ll e ge t h an k s t o fa mily re l a ti o n shi p s was e as y t o

, ,

de a l with Bi sh op s H ou se at P o rt s m o uth fu rn i s h e d u n e xpe c te dly mu ch

.
’
.

At t h e te rmin al po i n t o f my m a i n j o u rn e y C h i ch e st e r t h e Re v P re be n dary
, ,
.

C e cil D e e d e s t h e S ub Lib raria n o f th e C a th e d ra l Lib ra ry o bta i n e d acc es s

,
-
,

fo r m e n ot o n ly t o thi s but a l so t o h is o wn fa r m o re im po rt a n t c o ll ec ti o n
a n d s o m e o th e r i n c un a bul a in p riva t e h a n d s .

A t t h e e n d o f S e pt e mb e r I re t urn e d t o Lo n d o n Fi rs t I h ad t o vi sit
.

s e v e ra l lib ra ri e s whi c h fo r o n e reas o n o r a n o th e r h a d b e e n l e ft u n vis it e d in

t h e S p ri n g : b o th a t t h e G u ild h a ll Lib ra ry a n d t h e O ra t o ry m a n u s c ri p t li s t s o f

i n c u n a bula a fford e d mu ch h e l p : in o th e r cas e s a li s t h ad be e n s e n t m e a n d

it wa s on ly n e c e ssa ry t o e xa min e o n e o r t wo bo o k s I th e n we n t th ro ugh
.

ca ta l o gu e s a n d o th e r li s t s o f a n um b e r o f th o se lib ra ri e s a t w h i c h I h a d b e e n

u na bl e pe rs onally t o vi s it or t o whi ch a vi sit h a d se e m e d unn e ce ssa ry ; s o m e

o f th e s e I fo u n d in t h e B riti s h Mu s e um e s pe c i a lly t h e li s t o f E di n bu rg h
(
i nc unabula p ubli sh e d by t h e E di n bu rgh Bibli o graphica l S oci e ty ) o th e rs ,

w e re se n t to m e a t my re qu e s t ( Mr D u ff s ca ta l o gu e s o f Liv e rp oo l a c ard
.
’
,

c a ta l o gu e fro m U s ha w C o ll e g e t l gu lib ri e s o f t h e
) t h e ca a o e s o f t h e ra

M a rqu e ss o f B ut e I was a bl e t o s e e a t h is Lo n d o n offi c e V i s it s w e re paid to .

t h e c o ll e c ti on o f Lo rd P e c k o ve r a t Wi s b e c h M r S id n e y R C h r is t ie M il
,
. ler .
~
,

B ritwe ll Co u rt n e a r Bu rn h a m a n d th o s e a t Wind so r Ca stl e S e p ara te li s ts

, , .

o r s e p a ra t e a rran ge m e n t light e n e d e ve ryw h e re my t as k ; t h e R o y a l Lib rary

a s t on i s h e d m e by t h e richn e s s o f it s c o n t e n ts . O n t h e tw e n ty fi rs t bi rthd a y -
 GREA T BRITAIN AN D IREL AND . 187

of th e Bibli o gra p hi ca l S o c ie ty in whi ch I wa s e na bl e d t o ta k e pa rt m e n tio n

, ,

wa s a ga i n m a d e o f t h e G e n e ra l C a t a l o gu e a n d o f t h e B riti s h i n v e n t o ry .

O n biddi n g fa re w e ll a t a so c ia l g a th e ri n g I was a bl e t o an s w e r S ir Willi a m

O sl e r s fri e n dly word s in re fe re n ce to t h e Ge rm a n bibli o graphy by h e art fe lt
’

tha n k s fo r so mu c h h e l p giv e n thro ugh t h e S oc i e ty a n d in t h e wh o l e

c o u n t ry . Aft e r I h a d c o mp l e t e d wha t wa s n e ce ssa ry to d o o n t h e sp o t I ,

l e ft th e U n it e d K i n gd o m a t t h e e n d o f O ct o b e r so m e wh a t l a t e r— owi n g to
,

t h e u n l o o k e d fo r e xt e n t o f t h e w o rk — th a n I h a d o rigi n a lly e xpe c t e d

-
.

C o n s id e re d in d e ta il my i n v e n t o ry w o rk wa s as a rul e ca rri e d o ut as
fo ll o w s . I w t e s g e n e rally re fe rring t o a l e tte r o f in t ro du c ti on giv e n
ro fi r t —

m e by S ir Willi a m O s l e r— t o t h e lib ra ry in qu e s ti on g e n e ra lly re qu e s ti n g

,

a s h o rt li s t o f t h e i n c u n a bul a co n t a in e d in it o r t h e p e rmi s s i o n t o d ra w
,

o n e up fo r my s e l f .O n ly e x ce p ti o n a lly n o an swe r wa s re ce ive d o r o n e

m o re o r l e ss re fu si n g my re qu e s t A s a rul e th e re wa s a p ro m p t re p ly
.
,

o ft e n a c c o m p a n i e d by t h e d e s i re d li s t Wh e n vi siti n g th e lib ra ri e s wh e re
.

I w a s a c c u st o m e d t o ta k e with m e th e i n cun a bula bibli o grap hi e s o f Ha i n

a n d C o p in ge r my a tt e n ti o n wa s di re c t e d a c c o rdi n g t o t h e c i rc um s ta n c e s
, ,

e it h e r t o a l lb oo k s o r a l
, li n c u n a bul a o r o n ly s o m e d o ubt ful o n e s o r t o t h e
, ,

ge n e ra l o r t h e s p e ci a l ca ta l o gu e s Alm o s t a l wa y s I fo u n d t h e gre a t e s t ki n d
.

n e ss o ft e n a l so e ffe c tiv e h e l p ; c o p i e s o f H a in a n d C o p in ge r w e re o ft e n a t
,

h a n d By wa ivin g t h e u sua l fo rm a liti e s tim e wa s sav e d t o m e a n d in t h e

.
, ,

c o u rs e o f co n v e rsa ti o n I fre qu e n tly re c e ive d t h e m o s t fri e n dly a n d va lu a bl e

i n forma ti o n N o t i n fre qu e n tly a l on g c o rre spo n d e n ce fo llo w e d th e fi rs t e x

.

c h an g e o f l e tt e rs o r vi s it ; so m e tim e s a wi sh wa s e x p re s s e d fo r a c o p y o f my

li s t an d in su c h cas e s o f c o u rse fulfill e d T o n a m e allt o wh o s e ki n dne ss I

.

a m i n d e bt e d is u n fo rtu n a t e ly im p o s s ibl e for m e ; th e re a re t o o m a ny .

I n t h e U n it e d K i n gd o m I h a v e t ra v e ll e d m o re t h a n mil e s o n th e
ra ilwa y , p a s s e d t h e night a t 2 5 di ffe re n t p l a ce s my s e l f s e e n o ve r 1 0 0
,

c o ll e c ti o n s ,
g on e th ro ugh s e v e ra l d o ze n ge n e ra l c a ta l o gu e s so m e tim e s
,

e xa mi n e d a l lt h e b o o k s in a lib rar y a n d n e arly

, i n c una bu la h a ve

p a s s e d th ro ugh my h a n d s . I h a v e re c e iv e d s o m e thi n g lik e 4 0 0 l e tt e rs

an d h a v e s e n t a b o u t 5 7 5 .
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 THE I N VE N T OR Y OF I N C UN A B ULA . 207

The t o ta l re s ult s a re as fo ll o w s
P l
a ce s . C ol
le c t io ns. ( o f w h ich p riv a t e .
) I ncuna b ula .

p ri e
wl
gf h g
ggf;
i
s
I 44 3 18 ( 1 36 )
Wa l e s 9 12 8) 1 16 ) 17
S co tl an d 14
32 12 ) 2 17)
I l d
re a n 8 12 4) 6 46 15)
P l a c e s un k w
no n 2 2) 4o 40 )

I 7S 3 76 ( 1 62 )

Of th e se th e co e c ll ti o n s ( i n c ludi n g p riva t e o ne s ) with i n c un a bul a a re :

1 e ach . 2-9 10—19 100—199

gl d
. . .

En an

W l a es I(
S tl d
co an
4( 7( 3) 2 H I (
I l d
re an 1( r

) 1(

Pl k w
a ce s un no n 1( 1) 1( 1)

The ni n e l arge s t c o ll e c ti on s are

Gl a sgo w H u n t e ri an Mu se um
, 5 0 6
H a igh H a ll E arl o f C ra wfo rd
, 5 10

D u bli n T ri n ity C o ll e ge
, 5 23

C a mb ridg e T ri n ity C o ll e g e
, 5 69
C h a t s wo rt h D uk e o f D e vo n sh i re
, 653
M an ch e s t e r T h e J o h n R yl a n d s Lib ra ry
, a b o ut
C a mb ridge U n ive rs ity Lib ra ry
,

O x fo rd B o dl e i an
,

Lo n d o n B riti sh Mu se um
,

I ite o f thi s ap pare nt pre c i si on t h e figu re s give n fo r t h e i n cu n abula

n sp

a re o f co u rs e o n ly a pp ro xim a t e Fra gm e n t s we re d e alt with so m e wh a t

.

a rbit ra rily ; mu c h d o ubtl e s s b e l on gs t o t h e 1 6 th ce n tu ry S o m e .

e a s ily m a y h a ve be e n u n re co rd e d ( e s p e c i a lly th o s e in p riva t e po ss e s s i o n ) ,

so th a t M r P o lla rd s o rigin a l e stim at e o f

.
’
i n c u n a bul a is h a rdly
o v e r t h e m a rk .
 208 TH E I N VE N T OR Y 0F I N C UN A B UL A I N

O nly mp tiv ly f w
co ara e th e s e b o o k s ca n ha ve b e e n in th e i r p re se n t
e of

p l a c e i n t h e 1 5 t h c e ntu ry o r e a rly in t h e 1 6 t h I m a y m e nti o n t h e

.

c o ll e c ti o n in t h e C a th e d ra l Lib ra ry a t H e re fo rd o f wh i ch m an y ha ve ,

a pp a re n tly b e e n b o u n d a n d c h a i n e d a t th a t p e ri o d by t h e sa m e h a n d .

T h e m aj o rity h a v e b e e n c o ll e c t e d a n d p re se rv e d by p riv a t e c o ll e c ti n g z ea l -
.

M a n y o f t h e m a re s till in p ri va t e p o sse ss i o n : m o re a re a t p re s e n t in p ubli c

o r se mi p
-u bli c lib ra r i e s s o m e s
,
ca tt e re d — I re mi n d
y o u o n ly o f t h e b oo k s

o f A rc hbi s h o p Willi a m S ch e ve z 1 497

) o f S t A n d re w s whi c h n
. o w ,

b e l on g t o th e U n ive rs ity Lib rari e s o f S t A n d re ws a nd o f Edi n bu rgh .

s o m e c o m p le te o r a lm os t co m p l e t e
,
s u c h a s a n umb e r o f c o ll e c ti o n s in
,

t h e B riti sh Mu s e um a n d t h e U n iv e rs ity o f G l as g o w t h e S p e n c e ri a n in ,

t h e J o hn R yl and s Lib ra ry a n d Ca rdi n al N e wma n s b e qu e s t in t h e ’

Bi rmi n gh a m O ra t o ry t h e C l as si c a l c o ll e c ti o n o f C h ri sti e ( U n ive rs ity

,

Lib ra ry Ma n ch e st e r) t h e p h iI O S O ph ic o n e o f C ha n dl e r ( P e mb rok e
, ,

C o ll e g e O x fo rd ) t h e ca n o n l
, ,
a w c o ll e c ti o n o f L e wi s ( L o n d o n O ra t o ry
) ,

e tc . T h e m o s t v a ri e d i n t e re s t s o f s ubj e c t a s w e ll a s o f typ o g ra p hi ca l
,

e x c e ll e n c e h a v e be e n t h e m o tiv e o f a c qui s iti on a n d e v e n a t p re se n t giv e

, ,

t o a lm o s t e v e ry co ll e c ti o n a di s ti n c tiv e c ha rac t e r A lth o ugh n a tu ra lly.

t h e N u re mb e rg C h ro n i c l e ( H a i n 1 4 5 0 8 ) a n d t h e m o s t fa m o u s V e n e ti a n
*

e x a m p l e s a re of c o n s ta n t o cc u rre n c e — I h a ve m e t wit h m o re t h a n
-
9 0 co p i e s o f t h e C h ro ni c l e — b e s id e s t h e s e t h e m aj o rity o f b e tt e r kn o w n -

i n c un a bul a a re fo r thi s re aso n re p re se n t e d by a t l ea st o n e e xa mp l e A .

c on s id e ra bl e p a rt o f t h e e xi s ti n g n umb e r co m e fro m G e rm a n y e sp e c i a lly ,

fro m t h e S o uth G e rm a n m o n as t e ri e s s o m e fro m t h e sa l e ( 1 8 3 5 ) o f t h e

-
,

c o ll e c ti o n o f K l oss wh o s e s c h o o l b o o k lik e bi n di n g a n d ca re ful co ll a ti o n

,
- -

with G W P a n ze r s A nn a l e s t ypogra p h ic i ( N iirn b e rg 1 793 —1 8 0 3 ) are

. .
’ “ ”
,

m e t with e v e ry wh e re o th e rs fro m t h e s a l e s o f du p li ca t e s o f S ta t e lib ra ri e s

o r s m a ll e r s a l e s o f o th e r ki n d s B oo k pl a te s m a rk s o f o wn e rs hi p a n d
.
-
,

o t h e r e n t ri e s a re n ot w an ti n g It wa s t o u ch i n g t o fi n d in di s ta n t
.

S t An d re w s a G e rm a n P s alt e r ( H a i n
.
*
13 1
5 3) t o w h i c h a B ro th e r H a n s

o f t h e Wiirz b urg C a r t h u s i a n s h a d e n t ru s t e d a m o n g o t h e r t h i n g s a i o u s
p
e j a c ul a ti o n co n c e rn i n g t h e u n h ea rd o f g re a t p l a gu e o f t h e y e a r 1 4 9 7 Ve ry .
N OT E S O N B I B L I O G RA P H I CA L E VI D E N C E

FO R L I T E R A RY ST U D E N TS AN D
E D I TO RS OF E NGLISH WO R K S
OF THE S IX TE ENTH AN D
S E VE N T E E N T H CENTU RI ES .

By RO N A LD B. M C K ERRO W
.
 P REFA TO RY N OTE .

T h e fo llo wi n g p age s we re re a d in m a nu sc rip t by M r A W

. . .

P O LLA RD D r W W G RE G a n d Mr F R A N K S I DGWI C K to who m

, . . .
, .
,

I a m i n d e bt e d fo r a n umbe r o f va lu a bl e sugge sti on s I ha ve

.

a l so t o th a n k M r H G U PP Y Lib ra ri an o f t h e J oh n R yla nd s
. .
,

Lib ra ry fo r h is ki n d n e ss in se n di n g m e a p h o togra p h o f th e
,

w oo d cut o f a pri n tin g-p re s s in t h e O d in m y f or a ll

- r

which is h e re re p rodu ce d on p 2 3 1
. .

R B
. . Me K .
 2 18 NO TES ON BI BL I O GRA P H I CA L E VIDENCE FOR
I n ly d a y s o f e dit ori a l wo rk u p on w rit e rs o f t h e S ha k e sp e a ri a n
th e e a r

a ge wh e n a n e dit o r wa s c o n t e n t s im p ly t o m a k e h is a ut h o r s a y wh a t it
,

s e e m e d t o him th a t h e o ught t o s ay bibli ogra ph i ca l k n o wl e dge wa s n ot

,

n e e d e d 3 a n d e v e n a t a l a t e r d a t e w h e n o ut o f a l d r e a di n gs a n e dit o r h a d
lo l ,

but t o s e l e c t t h e on e wh i ch se e m e d to him b e st n o m o re wa s re qui re d ,

than a li s t o f th e e diti o n s fro m w h i c h su c h a s e l e c ti on o f re a di n gs c o uld b e

m a d e But bo th t h e se m e th o d s o f w o rk ha ve l on g s i n c e p a ss e d a wa y
. .

N e a re r t o o ur tim e we h ave h a d e diti on s in whi c h wh a t s e e m e d

o wn

t o t h e e dit o r t h e b e s t t e xt h a s b e e n c h o se n a s th e bas i s o f t h e re p ri n t
“ ”
,

e v e ry o th e r e xta nt t e xt b e i n g c o ll a t e d a n d t h e re s ult o f t h e c o ll a ti o n b e i n g

p r i n t e d in a m as s o f fo o t n o t e s t h e id ea
, b e i n g to
p u t t h e re a d e r in t h e

p o s iti o n o f o n e w h o h a s a l
l t h e earli e r e diti o n s b e fo re him T h e e dit o rs o.f
th i s typ e did a dmi rabl e wo rk in th e ir i n s i ste nce u pon minute a cc u ra c y a n d ,

we h a v e mu c h rea so n t o b e gra t e ful to th e m but we s e e n o w th a t th e i r a im

,

was im p o ssibl e o f rea liza ti o n an d e v e n if it c o uld h a v e b e e n re a liz e d w o uld

,

b e futile Th e i r m e th o d t o o is pa s s i n g o r h as p asse d a wa y a n d thi s is

.
, ,

we ll for by it s in t o l e ra bl e w ear i so m e n e s s by it s buryi n g o f allth a t wa s o f

, ,

t e xtu a l i n t e re s t in a m a ss o f i rre l e va n c i e s it was in d an ge r o f stifling th e

,

s e ri o u s s tudy o f o ur e a rly lit e ra tu re .

We tha t go o d e diti n g d o e s n o t lie in th e multitude o f va ri a n t

s ee n o w

re a di n g s but in t h e v alu e o f th ose t h a t are give n

, We n o l o n g e r d e m a n d
.

o f an e dit o r t h e full c o ll a ti o n o f e ve ry e vi o u s t e xt o r t h e c o rdi g o f

p r re n ,

e v e ry e rror o f a c o m p o s it o r o r gu e s s o f a p ri n t e r s rea d e r ; w e d o n o t
’

e v e n e x pe c t him t o a c q ua i n t us wit h t h e re a di n g p re fe rre d b y e v e ry e dit o r

b e fo re h im O n t h e o th e r h an d we e xp e c t th a t h e sh all him se l f h a v e
.
,

i n v e s tiga t e d t h e e xt a n t t e xts a n d sh a ll b e a bl e t o give us c l e ar a n d c oge n t

,

reas o n s n o t b as e d o n a m e re e l fe f t h h oi c e o f t h e
, p rso na p re re n ce o r e c ,

t e xt wh i c h h e fo ll o ws A n d n o t o n ly mu st h e con vi n c e us th a t t h i s t e xt
.

d o e s i n d e e d re p re s e n t t h e n e are s t a tta i n abl e t o th a t whi c h h is a uth o r

wro t e but wh e n h e d o e s n o t fo ll o w it h is d e p a rt u re fro m it mu s t b e as
,

w e ll ju stifi e d a s h is a dh e re n ce t o it e l se wh e re We e xp e c t him t o b e .
 LITERA R Y S TUDENTS AN D EDITORS .

a bl e di s ti ngui sh b e twe e n rea di n gs th a t mus t b e e rrors an d th os e whi c h

to

may b e c orre c t a n d fu rth e r wh e n p o ss ibl e t o e xpla in t o u s h o w t h e e rro rs

, , ,

ca m e a bo ut in o rd e r th a t we m a y b e a bl e t o a p p ro v e h is e m e n d a ti o n s
, .

I n s h o rt m o d e rn w ork d e m a n d s c riti c a l s i fti n g ra th e r th a n acc umul a ti o n

, .

S u ch
m e th o d s will n ot on ly give us t e xt s whi c h a re fa r cl o se r t o t h e
a uth o r s o rigi n a l m a nu s cri p t but th e y a re in th e m se lv e s far m o re i n t e re sti n g
’
,

b o th to a n e dit or a n d t o h is re a d e rs an d it is e v e n p o ssibl e th a t e ve n tu a lly

,

th e re m ay gro w fro m th e m a sci e n ce o f t e xtu a l c riti c i s m wh ich in t h e futu re

will su p p ly a n e l e m e n t o f e du ca ti o na l va lu e a t pre se n t l acki n g in m o s t
c u rricul a o f E n gli s h s tudi e s O n t h e o th e r h a n d th e y d e m a nd fro m a n
.

e dit o r mu c h m o re th an a t fi rs t s ight th e y s e e m t o d o a n d in i n co m p e t e n t
,

ha n d s ma y give fa r wo rse re s ults th a n th o s e th a t th e y h a ve re pl a ce d T h e .

k n o wl e dge a n d lit e rary tra i n i n g o f a sch o lar lik e D yc e co uld a n d o fte n did
e n a bl e him b e tt e r t o re p re s e n t h is a uth o r s i n t e n ti o n th a n m o re sc i e n tifi c
’ “ ”
,

m e th o d s in t h e ha nd s o f m e n unskill e d t o use th e m .

I f we are dit a c cordi n g t o m o de rn m e th o ds ; if we are to giv e n o

to e

re i n a t a l lt o o ur fan c y a n d n o c o n s e n t t o o ur lit e ra ry judgm e n t 3 if o ur a im

mu t b e to e p oduc e a e x ac tly as p oss ibl e in h is own w ord s with h is
s r r s —
,

o wn p u nc tua ti o n a n d if we ca n h is o wn s e lli n g— w h a t o ur a ut h o r w ro t e
, , p
a n d n o thi n g e l se th a n th a t it is n e c e ssa ry th a t we s h ould c on sid e r ve ry
,

ca re fully wh a t re la ti o n t h e p rint e d o rigi n a l be fo re us is lik e ly t o h a v e

”

t o t h e a uth or s m an u scri p t
’
We h a ve n o t t o d o with a thi n g p ro du c e d a ll
.

in a m o m e nt by s o m e m e ch a nica lly e x a c t m e th o d o f re p ro du c ti o n n o r e v e n ,

with o n e th a t ca m e i n t o b e i n g by a s imp l e th o ugh l on g c on ti n u e d p ro ce s s ,

as is t h e c ase with a h a n d writt e n c o p y wh e re we h a v e a s a rul e t o d e al

-
,

o n ly with o n e s e t o f ca u s e s o f e rror a n d with on e m an s p e c uli a riti e s

’
.

B e tw e e n t h e a uth o r an d t h e p ri n t e d b o o k th e re is a wh o l e t ra d e a ve ry ,

h um a n an d n ot a lwa y s a v e ry i n t e llig e n t o n e a n d o ft e n th e re a re t h e
,

c o p yi s t s b e s id e E ve ry wo rd of o ur a ut h o r h a s pass e d th rough th e mi n d
.

an d th ro ugh t h e fing e rs o f a m o re o r l e s s s kil ful m o re o r l e ss a tt e n tiv e

,

c o m po s it o r a s in e arli e r tim e s it p a s se d th ro ugh t h e m i n d an d p e n o f a

,

Q 2
 2 20 NO TES ON BI BL I O GRA P H I CA L E VIDENCE FOR
s cr i b e an d fo r s e v e ra l re as o n s a c o m po sit or n e ve r fo ll owe d h is co p y so
,

c l o se ly a s did t h e b e tt e r c las s o f s c ribe s ; a n d n o t o n ly c o m p o s iti o n but ,

a lm o s t e v e ry o n e o f t h e v a ri e d p ro c e ss e s th ro ugh w h i c h t h e bo o k mu s t

ass m a y o p e n t h e d oo r t o a fre s h ki n d o f e rro r o r a t l ea s t o f d e p artu re

p
fro m t h e o rigi n a l Y e t we h a v e l o n g h a d a s c i e n ce o f s c rib al e r o rs ; we
. r

ha v e n o n e o f t h e e rrors o f print e rs o r a t m ost but t h e fa int e s t

,

a dumb ra ti on s o f o n e .

It would I t h i n k b e a n e x ce ll e nt thi n g if allwh o propo se t o e dit a n

, ,

E lizab e th an w ork fro m c on t e mpo rary p rin t e d t e xts c o uld b e se t t o c o mpo se

a s h e e t o r t wo in as e x a c t fa cs imil e as p o ss ibl e o f s o m e E liza b e tha n o c ta v o

o r qu a rt o a n d t o p rint it o n a p re ss c o n s t ru c t e d on t h e E liza b e th a n m o d e l
, .

E le m e n t a ry ins truc ti on in t h e m e c ha nica l d e ta il s o f bo ok pro d uc ti o n n e ed

-

o c c up y but a v e ry fe w h o u rs o f a U n iv e rs ity c o u rse o f lit e ra tu re a n d it ,

would I b e li e v e if t h e c ou rs e w e re i n t e n d e d t o tu rn o ut sc h o l ars c ap a bl e
, ,

o f se ri o u s w o rk b e tim e w e ll s p e n t
, It w o uld t ea ch s tud e n t s n o t t o re ga rd
.

a b oo k as a c oll e c ti on o f s e p a ra t e l ea v e s o f pa p e r a tta c h e d in so m e
myst e ri o u s m an n e r to a l e a the r back n or t o think tha t t h e p age s a re p ri n t ed
,

o n e a ft er a no th e r b e gi n n i n g a t t h e fi rs t an d p ro c e e di n g re gul a rly t o t h e l a s t .

Th e y wo uld ha v e c on s ta n tly an d c l e arly be fore th e i r mi n d s a llth e p roce ss e s

thro ugh whi c h t h e m a tte r o f t h e wo rk b e fo re th e m h as p as se d fro m ,

its fi rs t b e i n g writt e n d o w n by t h e p e n o f its a uth o r t o it s a ppe ara n ce

in th e fi n i s h e d v o lum e a n d w o uld k n o w wh e n a n d h o w mi s ta k e s a re lik e ly
,

t o ari s e 3 whil e th e y w o uld b e c o n s ta ntly on t h e wa tc h fo r th o s e littl e p i e c e s

o f e vid e n ce whi c h a re s upp li e d by t h e a c tu a l fo rm a n d m a k e up o f a

“ - ”

b o ok an d whi c h a re o ft e n o f th e high e s t va lu e in tha t th e y can h ardly e ve r

,

fa k e d
“ ”
be .

“
Bibli ogra p hi ca l e vid e n c e o f this ki n d will o ft e n h e l p us to se ttl e s u c h
”

qu e s tio n s a s tha t o f th e o rd e r a n d re l a tive va lu e o f di ffe re n t e diti on s o f a

b o ok wh e t h e r c e rta i n s e cti o n s o f a bo o k w e re o rigi n a lly i n t e n d e d t o fo rm
a rt o f it o r w e re a dd e d a ft e rw a rd s 3 wh e t h e r a l a t e r e diti o n was i t d
p p r n e

fro m a n e a rli e r o n e a n d fro m whi c h 3 w h e th e r it wa s p rint e d fro m a c o p y

,

t h a t h a d b e e n co rre c t e d in m a nu sc rip t o r wh e th e r s u ch co rre c ti o n s a s it

,
 222 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

k n o wl e dge th a t m ay b e d e rive d fro m bibli ograp hi ca l s tudy o f th e t e xts .

But it mu s t b e re m e mb e re d th a t t h e m os t th a t ca n b e d o ne is t o sugge s t
s o m e p os s ibl e lin e s o f re s ea rc h It is for th e s tud e n t him se l f by h is
.
,

o wn s tudy a n d by h is o wn i n g e n uity t o m a k e th e s e sugg e s ti o n s o f use

,

t o him .

— Tko ma kin
2 .
g of a p r in ted b ook . Comp osition , I mp os ition ,

S u c h k n o wl e dge o f t h e m e c h a n i ca l s id e o f b oo k p ro du c ti o n a s is -

o e s d by t h e m a j o rity o f s tud e n t s o f E n gli s h Lit e ra tu re h a s a s a rul e

p ss s e

b e e n p i ck e d up bit by bit a s c h a n c e d e c re e d an d thi s m a k e s it di ffi cult,

t o kn o w wh e re t o s ta rt in a tt e m p ti n g a c u rs o ry a c c o unt o f t h e s ubj ec t

a s a wh ol e I t is d an ge ro u s t o as s um e tha t an y o n e fa c t will b e kn o w n
.

t o al lp oss ibl e re a d e rs a n d t o pa ss it o v e r in s il e n c e an d e v e n a t th e ri sk ,

o f o ffe n di n g s o m e by t e lli n g th e m thi n g s with whi c h th e y h a v e b e e n

fa mili ar e v e r s i n c e with a t o y p rinti n g -p re ss th e y p ri n t e d hym n s o n t h e

n u rse ry fl oo r it s e e m s s a fe s t t o b e gi n a t t h e v e ry be ginning— a n d fo r thi s
,

I sh a ll m ak e n o furth e r a po l ogy .

We will b e gin th e n by p a s si n g v e ry b ri e fly in re vi e w t h e wh ol e se ri e s
o f p ro ce s se s w h i c h go t o m a k e th e c o m p l e t e d b o o k Th e n a ft e r c o n sid e r
.
,

in g c e rt a i n fe a tu re s o f t h e b oo k it se l f we will re tu rn t o d e a l s o m e wh a t
,

m o re in d e ta i l with c e rt a i n po i n t s in th e se p ro ce ss e s pa yi n g sp e ci a l ,

a tt e n ti on t o t h e ki n d s o f e rr o r tha t m a y aris e in c o n n e cti on with t h e m .

La stly we will c o n s ide r s o m e m o re ge n e ra l p robl e m s wh ich a re lik e ly t o

o ffe r th e m s e lv e s t o a n e dit o r in t h e c o u rs e o f h is w o rk T o a v o id c on fu si on
.

we m a y a t fi rs t c o n fi n e o ur a tt e n ti o n t o t h e o rdi nary fo rm o f qu art o “

b o ok a s thi s is th e s ize whi c h is m o s t c o mm o n in th a t c l a ss o f b oo k s with

,

whi ch a n e dit o r o f E liz a b e t h a n t e xt s ge n e ra lly h as t o d e a l .

Le t u pp o s e th a t a p ri n t e r h a s a m a n u scri p t t o p ri n t a n d th a t a ll
us s ,

s uch d e ta il s a s t h e size o f ty p e l e n gth of li n e s a n d numb e r o f li n e s t o t h e

,

( 1) The bibli g i l
o ra p h ca a cce p a t ti on 0 f th e t e rm will b di
e sc usse dl ta er .
 LITERA R Y S TUDENTS AND EDITORS . 2 23

p a e a re sge ttl e d , and th a t h e is a b out b e gin t h e a c tua l c o mpo siti o n

to of

th e m a tte r ; an d l
et us fo ll o w t h e c o m p o s it o r in h is w o rk .

t k e s in He l e ft h an d a c o m p o sing ti ck whi c h is so adju st e d

a h is -s 1

tha t it will e x a ctly h o ld li n e s o f ty p e o f t h e l e n gth re qui re d H e t h e n .

p i ck s up with h is right h and o n e by o n e t h e ty p e s re qui re d t o fo rm

t h e fi rs t w o rd fro m t h e cas e in whi c h th e y l ie a n d a s h e d o e s s o i n s e rt s , ,

th e m in th e s ti c k b e gi n n i n g fro m t h e l e ft sid e a n d h oldi n g th e m in p la ce

,

with h is l e ft thumb a s s h o wn in fig T h e typ e s a re o f c o u rs e p ut in

, .

th e ti c k with t h e fa ce re ve rs e d s o t h a t wh e n p rin t e d th e l e tt e rs will

s ,

b e in th e i r p ro p e r o rd e r Aft e r e ac h w o rd t h e c o m p o s it or p ut s a sp ac e
.
,

whi c h is m e re ly a sh ort typ e with o ut an y l e tt e r o n it .

Wh e n h e co m e s t o t h e e n d o f h is fi rs t lin e h e may fi n d th a t h e
h a s a l so c o m e t o t h e e n d o f a w o rd I f so w e ll a n d g o od ; h e p ro ce e d s .
,

t o s e t t h e n e xt li n e T h e c h a n c e s are h o w e ve r th a t h e fi n d s th a t th e re
.
, ,

is n o t in t h e s ti c k e xa c tly roo m fo r a c o m p l e t e w o rd H e m ay fi n d tha t .

h e h as roo m for t h e fi rs t s yll a bl e o f a w o rd with a hy p h e n I f so h e , .

,

(I)
S o fa r a s i t th w
ca n b e ju e dg d by
ti l di ff b tw t h e p c ure s e re as n o e ss e n e re n ce e ee n a
ig t k t y d
a

c o m po s n -s ic f h p t d y Wh h
o f th e 1 6 t h y hi g
ce n ur on e o t re s e n a et er an t
p di g d ti g l w
an e
dI t y b wi th th i d
. n
c o rr e s on n to t h e m o e rn se t n -r u e as use ca nn o ut s an
i lp i t w d l
sa ,

o th e r n on -e sse n t a o n s e nee n o t c on c e rn o u rs e v e s .

( ) T h fig 2 i b d by ki d p m i i f h p bli h
ur e i J S th w d ss o n o t e u e rs , o n o n e n ou ar
’

M d m P i i g R i th by L w
s a se

L d 8 98 p i p
s
I t k
e , n er . s

r nt n C 64 h 1 t 1 a e t e
di g i w k i d wi
o e , a , a re n ce o. , on on , , .
, . .

i f m m
rt un tht h f w h m h f t o t e n o t ce o
f ll
0 y er o a s

; k wl dg f p i ti g m th d I pi t f h i m bl di ff
re c o en n or re a
f d
or a
y
il
) o s an
p y
u t nnu e ra e e re n ce s o e ta
b w md
e o
d E li
n s
h g
o
l p i i pl m i f
no e r n n e o s. e e
et een th p za be h t r nc e s re a n o co urs e t e
i d th t h b k i i f p t ( i d p t ly ) d h t
o e rn an an roc e s s e s , e e n e ra
sa m I m y b m t e e n t on e t oo o ur ss ue se ara e an t a

h fi
e
t i l m t ll h t li t y t d t will d k w f h
. a a e s n ar s

t f th rs t c on a ns t s u en n ee to no o t e
bj t
e o e se a os a a a e ra r
su ec .
 2 24 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE FOR
i n se rt s thi s ; if n ot h e mu s t e x ac tly fill t h e li n e in so m e o th e r wa y I f
,
.

h is lin e is a l e tt e r o r t wo s h o rt h e mu s t fill it o ut with sp a c e s Th e se ,

.

ca n n o t o f c o u rs e ,
b e a dd e d a t t h e e n d o f t h e li n e as a l
,
lt h e li n e s o f ,

ty pe mu st e n d e ve n ly so th e a dditi o na l sp a c e mu s t b e di st ribute d o ve r
1
.

t h e sp a c e s a l rea dy s t an ding b e t we e n t h e w o rd s in t h e li n e T o d o th i s h e .

will t a ke o ut t h e space s a l re a dy i n se rt e d o r s o m e o f th e m a n d re pla c e , ,

t h e m by thi c k e r o n e s O r if h e ca n n e a rly ge t a n o th e r w o rd o r s yll a ble

.

in h e m ay ta ke o ut t h e e xi s ti n g s p a c e s a n d i ns e rt t h i n n e r o n e s
,
By t h i s .

p ro ce s s whi ch is c a ll e d
,
ju s ti fyi n g h e will e v e n tu ally ge t h is li n e o f
“
,
”

e x a c tly t h e rig h t l e n gth .

Am d int e r g e n e ra lly h as th re e spa c e s o f varyi n g thi ck n e ss whi ch

o e rn p r

can b e u s e d with o ut t h e s pa ce b e tw e e n t h e w o rd s l oo ki n g e x c e ss iv e o r t oo

s m all but it se e m s d oubtful wh e th e r t h e E l iza b e tha n p ri n t e rs u se d m o re

,
’

th an t wo in o rdinary wo rk T h e y h ad h o we ve r a m e a ns o f ju sti fyi n g .

’

t h e li n e s o f typ e whi c h is d e n i e d t o m o d e rn c o m p o s i t o rs n a m e ly by ,

varyi n g t h e sp e lli n g o f w ord s I f wh e n n e ari n g t h e e n d o f a li n e t h e .

w o rkm an saw th a t h e wa s going t o ha ve S pa c e t o fill up h e c o uld a d d an ,

e t o t h e e n d o f so m e o f t h e w o rd s o r co uld s pe ll s u c h t e rmi n a ti o n s a s n e s ,
-

a n d -l es as -n e s se a n d l e ss e o r c o uld give d an ce a s d a un ce o r
“ -
,
” “ ”

re ty n t h e o th e r h a nd h e wis h e d t o sa v e s a c e h e
”
p as p re t t ie I f o .
p
c o uld o mit fi n a l e s o r u s e a v ow e l with a li n e o v e r it t o i n di ca t e a foll o wi n g
’

n o r in s o m e fo u n t s c o uld u se t h e
, y c o n t ra c ti on s fo r t h e and
“
th a t “ ” ”

a n d o th e r s imil a r o n e s
4
.

ig b k
( 1) A ss um n o f co urse th a t th e oo is p ro s e
, , .

y ik d b w w p igh t l t
( 2 ) A v e r th c s p a c e c a n b e u s e e t ee n i h w d t o u r e t e rs , t
ll h y hi b tw dl t with t i h
as n e or s
“
ta o us e or a ver i m t n on e e e e n ro un e t e rs , as ou t e
h w d l ki g
n
l t g th p or e o en n
on e cas e t f e p i
or h th
s oo n to o ar a a rt o r n t e o er t oo c os e o e e r.

( 3 ) I i i m p ibl t b t i f hi t fh i gl to t i g f h ty p
e ce r a n o t t t
f wh i h w
o ss e
l h b dy
s s o n a cco un o e rre u a r cas n o e e,
th f e a ce o ft c as o e n n o t c e n t ra on t e o .

( 4) I i p ibl t y x t ly
s not wh t xt t h p i t li d
o ss e to i ti i
sa e ac to t
p lli g f j t ifi t i m h w
a
lik ly h i w th i h i f
e en e r n e rs re e o n va r a on n
s e m as a i e an s o us ca on t see e v e r , n o t un t at t
p di t
n

py f
s, o
i h b md i
e as e r c e
ex e Wh i en h t fi d h t
en n on e co o a s ee we t a a co rre c t o n
i l li w mm ly fi d th t h p lli g f th w d i h li h b
. n as e en a e n a

p a rt c u ar ne , e co on n a t e s t e
id t f it d f h
e

g t diff lli g
n o o er or s n ne as e en
var e mp t o co h e n sa e i or
( p f m; an urt e r, t e a rt
m d i ti ) f f d i p i t i m t t lly th df
re a e r e n ce e n
p n s a ro
o e rn sa on o te n o un n a re r n s os n a ura us a c co un t e or .
 2 26 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

Wh e n m e s ix or e ight li n e s o f typ e in h is c o m p osi n g

h e h a d go t so

s ti ck t h e c o m p o s it o r w o uld t ra n sfe r t h e m a ss t o s o m e t h i n g co rre s p o n di n g

,

t o w h a t is n o w t e rm e d a ga ll e y i e a s ort o f s h a ll o w t ra y with e dg e s o n , . .
,

th re e sid e s so m e wh a t l o we r th an t h e h e ight o f t h e typ e H e wo uld th e n .

fill h is s ti ck a ga i n in t h e sa m e wa y an d a ga i n t ra n sfe r th e c on te n t s t o th e
ga ll e y a n d so o n u n til h e h a d a s uffi c i e n t n umb e r o f lin e s o f t ype t o form
, ,

a pa ge A m od e rn p ri n te r u se s l o ng ga ll e ys ge n e rally con t ai n i ng t wo o r
.
,

th re e p age s o f typ e a n d d o e s n o t as a rul e divide up t h e m a tt e r i n t o p age s

,

u n til proo fs h av e b e e n t ak e n a n d a t a n y ra t e t h e fi rs t c orre c ti o n s m a d e .

T h e re as on o f t h i s is th a t t h e ty p e c a n m o re ea s ily b e li ft e d fo r t h e p u rpo se
o f c o rre c ti o n wh e n in a ga ll e y t h a n wh e n in t h e c h a s e in whi c h t h e pa g e s

ar e s ub s e qu e n tly a rra n g e d fu rth e r if l a rg e c o rre c ti o n s i n v o lvi n g a dditi o n s

t o o r s ubt ra c ti on s fro m t h e m a tt e r a re m a d e a ft er t h e m a tt e r h a s b e e n

divid e d i n t o p a ge s t h e wo rk o f m e a s u ri n g t h e m up an d dividi n g th e m h a s
,

t o b e d o n e al lo ve r a ga i n .

T h e re is h o w e ve r s o far a s I a m a ware n o e vid e n ce o f th e p ra c ti ce o f

, ,

p r o vi n g t h e m a tt e r in g a ll e y s in t h e E liz a b e th a n p e r i o d whil e o n t h e o th e r ,

h a n d th e re is e vid e n c e o f w o rk b e ing a rran ge d di re c tly in pa ge s t h e ,

s ign a tu re a n y a t t h e fo o t o f t h e p a g e a n d t h e ca t c h w o rd b e i n g a dd e d
‘
( if ) ,
-
,

di re c tly t h e pa ge wa s c o mp l e t e d .
’

Each p a g e o f ty p e a s c o m pl e t e d w o uld p ro b a bly b e ti e d ro u n d with

s t ri n g a n d p ut a sid e t o w a it u n til t h e re s t o f t h e p ag e s re qui re d t o fo rm a

g blw
( 1 ) S e e pa e 2 3 8 , e o

id h p g d l t wi h p t ly m y b f d i h f t th t
.

( 2 ) E v e n ce th a t w as t e o un n t e ac

g d m yi f h l li h l w d f pg big
ea c a e ea se ara e a a

th e re a re a oo f n s ta n ce s o t as t or t ast ew s o on e a
d h b gi i g f h x ( S m g h T l M i ll y d
an e ne e or e e n
’
re
p e a te at t e nn n t t ot ott e s sce

A b B G g E lg
e

d A b
o e ne . ee, a on e rs , an , e .

r p 89
e r, 7 f
oo t S i G il G p d ue s , e 12 o o -n o t e : es ooseca
B g
:

k ll i i ily l i
r

d by p it
e, c o e
. .
p . r e r, .
, .

an B S h
ro t a n e t x h m uc t t e co
h i g f g t wh h t d h xt p g x tly wh h h d l ft ff I f h
p re e o n s are e as e a ne os or
p , .

av n or ot en , s ta r e t e a e o t e
w k h d ll b
en

p i g ll y id l p ti i w ld
e e ne a e, e ac e re .

or a a een se t u pp h enta t ou n ot a ea r at t e
b gi i g f f h p g m f q tly h l w h l th t ig
n a e , a cc re e on s
e nn n o a I m ue n t a n e se t se e n a t ures
w ft if
re s

lw y dd d i m m di ly h m pl ti f h p g f m h
a e o re re e re . s c ea r a s
e re o en , not a a te t on o t e a e, ro t e
f t h t th y t ly f ll w h y p f h l t f w d f h p g wh h i
a s, a e e on e co e
ac t a f q e so re ue n t t t ew s o t e a e, en t
b i i t li l g f h wi di ff t f m th t g lly d
o o e e o e as or s
h pp
a e ns tof e n a ce , o r o t e n e ra use
xt f h b k H d h ig lb dd d h m im ft
a cs o r o a ar er er se e re n ro a
i
n ht e te o t e l oo t n a t ure s at t e sa e t e, a
di i i f h m t i p g i t w ld h b t lf h pi t
. a e s a e en a e er
v s on o t at er nt o h t t o use t
y p f h m h gh t
e a e s, ou a ve e e n n a ura or e r n er e
sa m e t e or t e t ro u ou .
 LITERAR Y S TUDENTS AN D EDITORS . 227

s h e e t o f th e b o o k w e re c omp o se d Thi s in t h e ca se o f a n ordi nary qu art o

1
.

b o ok w o uld b e e ight .

T h e re qui s it e n umb e r o f p a g e s h a vi n g b e e n co m p l e t e d t h e p rint e r ,

w o uld n e xt a rra g e th e m o a flat t a bl e o r s t o n e in su c h a m a nn e r tha t

n n ‘

whe n an im p re ssi o n wa s t a k e n fro m t h e m o n a flat sh e e t a n d t h e p a p e r

a ft e rwa rd s fo ld e d t o fo rm p a rt o f a b o o k t h e p a g e s w o uld b e in t h e p rop e r ,

o rd e r A m o d e rn p ri n t e r wh o w ork s with l a rge r p re s se s a n d l a rge r sh e e t s

.
,

o f p a p e r th a n t h e E liz a b e th an s will g e n e ra lly l a y d o w n t h e wh o l e n u mb e r ,

o f pa g e s l us s up p o s e e ight — fo r a qu a rt o ) a t o n e tim e a n d p ri n t th e m
( e t

o n o n e s id e o f a s h e e t o f p a p e r o f twi c e t h e s iz e o f t h e s h e e t s fo rmi n g

th e b ook T h e E liz ab e t h a n w o uld h o w e ve r arran g e h is e ight pa g e s o f

.
, ,

typ e in t wo s e pa ra t e g ro u p s t aki n g fi rs t t h e p a ge s wh i ch a re re qui re d t o ,

ri n t o n e s id e o f h is s h e e t n a m e ly t h e I s t 4 t h st h a n d 8 t h p a g e o r in
p , , , ,

t h e u s u a l bibli o grap hica l n o ta ti on p a g e s r 3 4 o f t h e s h e e t T h e se

2
, ,
"
.

h e w o uld a rra n ge o n t h e s t o n e a s in figu re 2 t h e t wo u pp e r o n e s b e i n g ,

u p sid e d o wn H e w o uld th e n p l a c e ro u n d th e m a fra m e ca ll e d a c h a s e

.

i( n di ca t e d by t h e thi c k o ut e r li n e in t h e fi gure ) a n d p roc e e d t o fill up

3
,

t h e i n t e rv e n i n g sp a c e s b e tw e e n t h e p a g e s a n d b e tw e e n th e m an d t h e

c h a se with p i e c e s o f w o o d o r m e ta l b e l o w ty p e h e ight ca ll e d fu rn itu re -

“ ”
.

It is t o b e n o t e d th a t s u pp o si n g A B C D t o b e li n e s c ro ss in g th e c e n t re ,

o f t h e c h a se t h e di s t an ce fro m A B t o t h e t o p o f t h e p a ge s will giv e t h e

,

(I) lly g th i g will p p l t ( p

Re a
”
F m li
p f li h se e o r e xa e n a o o t e

mp i will g lly h tw l p g f y p b f
a er

bl p d
a a er n as a ear .

o s t or a v e t o se t p es o t e e o re i t i s ossi e to ro ce e

wi h h p i i g I q t h w
e ve a

g th i g lly gl h t
co e n e ra
t t e r nt n . h n a uar o , o e v e r, t e a er n i s usua a S in e s ee .

( ) i t i g by l i d f h fi t p g b i g
ns t e a ll d t es, t e rs a e e n ca e I re c o ,
”

gi d
p a
i m p ly d I
2 e , c o un n ea ve s o
t th
. .

“ ”
h
”
t h h f ”
t t 2 re c o or 2 , t e o ur 2 v e rso

t i m g l i d li g with y ly b k
or s I e s e co n v e rs o , e r

th
,

d A er n o at on , f ve r e ar oo s , us e s I
a
or

Th i i ti i b tt
no o re e n e ra n ea n

t f h fi tl f f h
an so on .

d " or t e n ce r a n r e s e c ts s e e r,
h t e p s

h di d g th t m w i
so on
t ti lm f
t e re c o o rs ea , 1 v e rs o , a n .

b h t e v a n ta h m f t e rs us e t e no a on to re e r t o co u ns o

ly
sa

bibl
e
ut
g l w k ld
sa e a so e r

i w
as
t h h m t h I p p h h m u re io ra i ca or t e re I S se o

g i li
n

y w k ly
as ore an on e

p
r n g en a a e
p .
.

o r ne v e r a n f f ( an b i er o h
c on us o n , m y ut n t e ra r or t is a e as i oc c ur.
y

( 3) M d h i d d f b k w k h n te n b i h p i ti f li - ave c ro s s a rs n t e os on o nes

w i g
or

ly ili g g
o e rn c as e s e or oo

A B C D ( i h f t ) h h f t t h m t f t h p re a t ac a e t e a rra n e en o e a es

l i g y b bl l b
c a se s or u a r os c
q n ,

d h
,

k f h t I -um t t h t h E h th h d a e a t e iz a et an c as e s a at

l t h p i t i im p
ro
t p
i
e. se e s
an e p oc p n o e

b b
o n e cro s s - a r , f ut t i
e h p o n t s o d w
no o r ta n c e n t e re s e n c o n n e ct on , a n e

d di it
ea s
th f
e re o re n ee not sc u ss .
22 8 NO TES ON BI BLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

h e ight o f t h e t o p m a rg in o f th e pa ge wh e n th e sh e e t is fold e d ; a n d t h a t
t h e di s ta nc e fro m C D t o t h e s id e s o f t h e p a g e s will s imil a rly giv e t h e

b re a dth o f t h e i nn e r m a rgi n
.

T h e fo ur pag e s thu s a rra nge d in th e c h as e are ca ll e d a fo rm e an d

,

b e ca u se t h i s fo rm e co n ta in s t h e pa ge s whi ch wh e n t h e s h e e t is fold e d
, ,

will b e o n t h e o ut sid e o f t h e fo ld n am e ly t h e fi rs t fo u rth fi fth an d e ighth

, , ,
 2 30 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE FOR
The di sta n c e of th e t o a n s e s o e a e s ro p d id f
an t h p g f m A B d C D mu t s

o f c o u rs e b e t h e s a m e a s in t h e o t h e r fo rm e Thi s fo rm e c on ta in s . th e

p a g e s w h i c h in a fo ld e d s h e e t a re wit h i n t h e fo ld n a m e ly 2
3 6 7 , , , , , , 2,

a n d h e n c e is ca ll e d t h e i nn e r fo rm e
“ ”
.

ma k e a llc l e a r le t th e re a d e r ta k e a s h e e t o f pa p e r a n d m a rk o n
To ,
1

it fo ur o bl o n g s o n e a ch s id e t o re p re se n t th e p a ge s o f typ e Le t him th e n .

n umb e r t h o s e o n o n e s id e I 4 5 8 a s if th e y h a d b e e n p rint e d o n t o t h i s
, , , ,

s h e e t fro m figu re 2 i e 8 t o t h e l e ft an d I t o t h e rig h t in t h e l o w e r h a l f o f

,
. .
,

t h e p a p e r 5 ( re v e rs e d ) t o t h e l e ft a n d 4 (re v e rs e d ) t o t h e right in t h e u p p e r
,

p a r t o f t h e p p
a e r H a vi n g d o n e thi s l
. e t him tu rn t h e p p
a e r o v e
, r s id e w a y s

k
( p e e i n g t h e s a m e e dg e t o t h e t o p) a n d m a rk o n t h e o th e r s id e t h e n umb e rs

2 3 6 7 c o rre sp o n di n g in a s imil a r
, , , , l o o ki n g gl as s way t o t h e n umb e rs -

in figu re 3 .

I f hefold s t h e p a p e r int o fo u r by
now firs t b ri nging p ag e s 2 a n d 3
a n d 6 an d 7 t o g e th e r, a n d th e n by b ringi n g 4 an d 5 t o g e th e r h e will h a v e ,

a sh e e t fo ld e d a s a s h e e t o f a qu art o b oo k a n d will fi n d th a t t h e g
p e s a re
a

in t h e c o rre c t o rd e r fro m I t o 8 It is th e re fo re e vid e nt th a t if ha vi n g

.

a rran g e d t h e p a g e s o f typ e in t h e t wo fo rm e s in t h e m a nn e r i n di ca t e d t h e ,

p ri n t e r ta k e s an im re s s i o n fro m on e fo r m e o n o n e s id e o f t h e
p a
p p e r a n d
fro m t h e o th e r fo rm e o n t h e o th e r s id e o f t h e pa p e r t h e s h e e t wh e n fo ld e d ,

will h a ve a llt h e p a ge s in t h e c o rrec t o rd e r .

H vi g thu imp d
a n s o se h is p ag e s
l o c k e d th e m up in t h e
c o rre c tly and

t wo c h a se s t h e p rint e r ca n p ro c e e d t o t h e a c tu a l p rin ting

, O n e o f th e .

c h as e s p ro b a bly t h a t c o n t a i n i n g t h e o u t e r fo rm e fi rs t is p l ac e d o n t h e b e d
, ,

o f t h e p re s s a n d fix e d th e re with w e dg e s T h e b e d is s o c o n s t ru c t e d th a t
.

it will slid e u n d e r t h e pl a t e n a n i ro n p l a t e w h i ch wh e n b ro ugh t d o wn

“
,
”
, ,

u p on th e ty p e by m e an s o f a scre w p re sse s t h e p ap e r u p o n t h e typ e a n d so

,

give s t h e impre ssi on .

(I ) Th e ra ti o of th e le n th to t h e b dth h ld b pp xi m t ly
re a ou e a 4 to 3 , in d
wh g m yb f lp p i
s ro a e as or er
th t
a , en th e p a p e r is fo l e d , t h e p a es a e o usua ro o rt o ns .
 LI TERAR Y S TUDENTS AND EDITORS . 23 I

—F ro m Tk e Or d ina r
4 y f or a llf ay t kf n lCk r irt ia n r
i t d by A
.
,

pr n e . S col
ok e r 1 5 48 ( s ig D
, .

5 — F ro m S Ba t ’
e m an s D aam e w a rn ing a l
lm en t o th e j udgem en t e
i t d by R wb y
.
. ,

p r n e . N e er , 1 58 1 (p .
 2 32 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

ge ne ra l form o f th e sixt e e nth c e n tu ry p re ss c an b e s e e n in t h e

The
t wo w oo d c ut s h e re re p ro du c e d w h i c h a re s o fa r a s I c a n a s ce rta i n t h e
-
, ,

o n ly d e ta il e d re p re se n ta ti o n s o f p re ss e s oc c u rri n g in E n gli s h b oo k s b e fo re

1 6 00 S e ve ra l fo re ig n cut s a re t o b e fo u n d in v o l i o f Bib l
. iogr ap k iea . .

an d th e se a gre e c l o s e ly in a l le s s e n ti a l s with t h e fig ure s h e re give n With .

re fe re n c e t o t h e c ut fro m T ke Or d in a ry f or a l lf ay t/zf ulCk r is tia ns it m a y ,

b e re m a rk e d th a t t h e m a n in t h e e xtre m e right o f t h e p i c tu re is e n ga g e d in
ca s ti n g typ e a n d th a t t h e s ign b o a rd lik e o bj e c t a b o v e t h e ca s e o n t h e
1 - -
,

l e ft hand is p re sum ably a m a n u sc ri p t fixe d in a h old e r a s m ay b e s e e n in ,

figu re 5 T h e cut fro m B a t e m an s D aame is mu c h s upe ri or in de ta il a n d I

.
’
,

sh a ll h a v e o c ca si o n t o re fe r t o s e v e ra l p o i n t s in it l a t e r It m ay h o we ve r .
, ,

b e h e re n o te d th a t th e out h as e vid e n tly be e n re v e rs e d ; e ith e r b e ca u s e t h e

’

draugh ts m a n did n o t a ll o w fo r t h e proc e ss u se d in c utti n g it o r b e ca u se it ,

is a co p y It mu s t a l so b e s a id th a t th o ugh th e se c ut s ap p ea r in bo ok s
.

p r int e d in E n gl a n d it w o uld b e h a za rd o u s t o re g a rd th e m a s c e rta i n ly

,

re re se n ti n g E n gli s h p res s e s ; we ca n n o t exclud e t h e p o s s ibility o f th e ir

p
ha vi n g fo re ign o rigi na l s o r b e i n g ac tu a lly fo re ign bl ock s 3
.

T o th e i ge whi c h form s th e b e d o f th e p re s s was

end of th e ca rr a

a tta c h e d a n i ro n fra m e co v e re d with a s h e e t o f p arc hm e n t o r thi c k p a p e r

‘
.

T h i s s h e e t was ( a n d is) ca ll e d t h e tym pa n T h e fra m e was hing ed t o t h e .

ca rria g e s o th a t it co uld b e tu rn e d ba c k a n d t h e s h e e t o f p a p e r t o b e

p ri n t e d l a id o n it It w as th e n tu rn e d o v e r a n d b ro ught d o w n upo n t h e
.

( 1 ) S e e T B Re ed Old E gli k L F d i 88 7 p 5 wh h ’
s i n s e tte r ou n es , 1 10 e re t cu t

p d df m id tifi d f gm t i h B gf d C ll t
. . r , .
, e s
re ro uce ro a n un en e ra en n t e a or o e c io n .

w h ld f f b l f h d d T h p i t w ld t d h l f
.

( ) Th2 e scre s ou o co u se , e e t- an e e r n er ou s an to t e t
d p ll h l t w d h im wi th h i ig h t h d
, . e
of h p
t e re s s a n u t e e ve r o ar s s r an .

( 3) N 5 i i m i l
o i g l d ig hs si S h pp H ar h i 5 68 n e n e ra es n to t e c ut n c o er s
’
a v orr a, 1
wh i h i i t i b d Z i h f 5 48 ( Bib li g p k i i 36
.
,

c , n ts urn , s as e on a ur c cut o 1 o ra ea , . 2 ,

( 4) I l t t i m n h ty m p
a er i d f h t f hm t
t th m t i l a n con s s t e o two en or o er a er a
h t t h d
e
fi tt d wi th h th d b tw
es s ee s o a rc
p ,

ea c s re c f m O f th f m h t e o er, a n e t
h t p ki g i ti g g lly f h t f f l t pl d i d
e on a ra e. ne o e se ra es e in e en e
tw o s ee s f e n e ra w as n or er to so t e n
d q li
n cons s
f h pl t
n o a s ee
g m t p b bly h m
ac , o e , ace
an e h p ua ze t Th re s su re o t a en. w as ro t e sa e , or a t
l t y imil i Eli b th tim b I m w f y id
e a rra n a

h p i
e e e en
e as ve r s a r, n za e an e s, ut a not a a re o an ev e n ce o n t e o n t.
 2 34 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE FOR
The u se o f t h e f i k t in E liz b th n p i ti g h
r s e b qu ti
a e a r n n as een es on e d;
b ut it is I thin k c e rtai n tha t it wa s u se d at l ea s t by so m e pri n t e rs A
, , , , .

fri sk e t is sh o w n in th o se o f t h e ea rly cut s o f p ri n ti n g p re ss e s whi c h s h o w -

t e ch n i ca l e xac t n e s s in o th e r re spe cts It is tru e th a t m os t of th e se c ut s .

‘

are fo re ig n a n d a s I h a v e sa id e v e n t h e E n gli s h o n e s m a y b e fo re ign in

, , ,

o rigi n but th e re se e m s t o h a v e b e e n a g o o d d ea l o f i n t e rc o u rs e b e tw e e n
,

E n gli s h an d fo re ign p ri n ti n g h o u se s an d it is h ardly lik e ly t h a t a n im p o r ,

ta n t im p ro ve m e n t s u ch as thi s wo uld n ot b e co pi e d O n e p ri n t e r a t a n y .

ra t e u se d fri s k ets T h o m a s Va ut ro l lie r in wh os e will d a t e d 1 5 8 7 th e y a re

, , , ,

e sp e ci a lly m e n ti o n e d a m o n g t h e p rint in g m a t e ri a l A nd i n d e e d with t h e .

’

s o ft p ac ki n g c o mm o n ly u s e d whi c h was s o so ft as fre qu e n tly t o d riv e t h e

,

pap e r d o wn to th e sh o uld e r o f t h e type a t t h e h ea d a n d fo o t o f a pa ge it is ,

di fficult t o se e h o w a c l ea n im p re ss i o n c o uld b e o bta i n e d with out a fri sk e t

o f so m e s o rt La s tly in Eliza b e th a n b o ok s we o cca s i o na lly find th a t a
.
,

l e tt e r o r t wo a t t h e b e ginn ing o r e n d o f s e v e ra l li n e s t o ge th e r h as fa ile d t o

p ri nt . Thi s n /zt o f c o u rs e b e d ue t o t h e l e tt e r n o t h a vi n g b e e n i n k e d
;
but thi s is u n lik e ly as t h e re wo uld ge n e ra lly b e t ra c e s o f in k fro m a fo rm e r
,

i n ki n g whil e in t h e cas e s t o whi c h I re fe r th e re is n o s ign o f ink at a ll

,
.

T h i s wo uld b e a n at uralre sult o f t h e h o l e in t h e fri sk e t n ot be i n g out quit e

i

l arge e n o ugh o r ha vi n g got sligh tly o ut o f re gi s t e r s o t h a t t h e e dge o f t h e

, ,

p pa e r w a s ca ught b e tw e e n t h e ty p e a n d t h e s h e e t whi c h was b e i n g p ri n t e d ,

a n d it is n o t e a s y t o se e h o w it c o uld c o m e a bo ut in a n y o th e r wa y S uch .

case s are h o w e v e r n o t c o m m o n
, a n d we m a y p e rh ap s sa y t h a t th e re is
, ,

d o ubt wh e th e r a fri sk e t was in ge n e ral o r o n ly in o c c asi o n al use .

T o re c u r t o t h e p ro c e s s whi c h we w e re di sc u ss i n g O ur p ri n t e r h a s .

n o w a sh e e t p ri n t e d o n o n e s id e o n ly an d b e a ri n g t h e p a g e s o f t h e o ut e r

fo rm e p p 1 4 5 8
,
.T o co mpl e t e it t h e fo u r p a g e s o f th e o th e r fo rm e
, , , .
,

( 1) Th e t
cu s o f 1 5 48 and 1 5 6 8 in Bib l
iogr ap /z iea , i 50 1, 2 36 : a s a s o l fig ure 5 b
wh b th h tym p i k t w ll w w
, a o ve ,

e re o t an a n d t h e fr e sh o T h e t h re e c ut s c a n n o t ho
g dd di g i d p d t id
e s a re e n .
, e v e r,
b e re ar e a s a ffo r n n e en en ev e n c e , s ee p . 2 32 , n o e t 3 .

( ) Pl m Will f E g/i ] P t
“ ”
2 r in t e rs , 27 The u of a

wh i h h b q
o e r,
h d
n s ;

itd g
r e n a n ce s
p
ig w
s o a
. .
p p p re ss
c e uea t hito M so n an ase s cons s e am on o th e r h n s,t of
“
fo e r
i d th
e
l
e s

Ch a ss s, a n re e F risk e t t s , t wo t im pa n e s and a C o
pp e r p a te .
”
 LITERAR Y S TUDENTS AN D EDITORS . 2 35

mu s t b e p ri n t e d o n th e o th e r sid e o f t h e pap e r N o w if h e h a s t wo .

p re sse s h e m a y h av e p l a c e d t h e o th e r form e o n th e s e con d p re ss but h e

,

can n o t a t o n c e p ro c e e d t o p e rfe c t t h e s h e e t by l a yi n g it p ri n t e d s id e
”
,

d o w n wa rd s o n t h e tym p a n o f th a t p re ss an d pri n ti n g it o n t h e b a ck ; fo r
,

if h e d oe s so t h e re sult will b e th a t t h e s till we t in k o f t h e fi rs t s id e p ri n t e d

will se t o ff on t h e tym p an o f th e s e co nd p re ss a n d th e n ce will b e
“ - ”

t ra n sfe rre d t o t h e n e xt sh e e t p ri n te d a n d will sp o il it H e m us t le t t h e

, .

in k o f t h e fi rs t p ri n ti n g d ry b e fo re h e a tt e m p t s t o p ri n t t h e s h e e t o n t h e
o th e r s id e Thi s n e c e ssary i n t e rva l b e twe e n t h e p ri n ti n g o f t h e t wo sid e s
‘
.

o f a s h e e t is a s we s h a ll se e l a t e r o f g rea t im o rta n c e in c o n n e c ti o n wit h

, p ,

vari ati on s b e twe e n c o pi e s o f t h e sa m e e diti o n o f a b o o k .

A s a m a tt e r o f fa c t it is c l e ar fro m t h e fre qu e n t o c cu rre n ce o f t h e sa m e

c ut ,
o rn a m e n t o r i n itia l l e tt e r o n b o th s id e s o f a s h e e t
, th a t t h e p rin t e r ,

o ft e n p ri n t e d t h e wh o l e n umb e r o f im p re s s i o n s o n o n e s id e b e fo re e f t
p r e c

in g fo r it is u n re a s o n a bl e t o s u pp o s e t h a t h e w o uld fi rs t p ri n t sa y 1 0 0
im p re ssi o n s o n o n e s id e th e n t ran sfe r t h e i n iti a l t o t h e o th e r fo rm e a n d
, ,

a ft e r w a iti n g fo r t h e in k o f t h e fi rs t p ri n ti n g t o d ry p roc e e d t o p e rfe c t t h e ,

1 0 0 im p re ss i o n s ; th e n re t ra n sfe r h is i n iti a l t o t h e fi rs t fo rm e a n d s o o n
-
, .

S u ch a p ro c e ss w o uld in a l l o rdi n ary c i rc um s ta n c e s b e a n a b surd a n d

p u rp o s e l e ss w a s t e o f tim e .

We mu st p a u se t o di sc u ss a qu e s ti o n whi ch will p ro ba bly a l re a dy h a ve

o c c u rr e d t o t h e re a d e r n a m e ly by wh a t m e a n s it was a rra n g e d th a t t h e
,

p a g e s o n o n e s id e o f t h e s h e e t sh o uld c o rre s p on d in p o s iti o n with t h o s e o n

t h e o th e r o r in o th e r w o rd s h o w th e y w e re m a d e t o
,
re gi s t e r E vid e n tly “
.
”

if a l l t h e sh e e t s o f pa p e r u se d w e re e xa c tly o f t h e sa m e s iz e a n d h a d ,

s tra ight e dg e s it w o u ld b e p o s s ibl e t o m ark t h e tym p a n s h e e t fo r t h e t wo

-
,

p ri n ti n g s in s u c h a wa y t h a t if t h e p a p e r wa s l a id t o t h e m a rk s t h e re gi s t e r

wo uld b e c o rre c t E v e n if t h e p ap e r va ri e d s o m e wh a t in s iz e th i s w o uld

.

b e p o s s ibl e ( p ro vid e d t h a t t h e m ark s w e re o n th e o pp o s it e s id e s of t h e

w y f idi g th i t bl by h
( 1 ) T h e re n ro u e t e use of se tti n g
ff s h e e s , b ut
-o
ist ”
it
lik ly h t h ixt th t y p i w ft
s

fi i tly d k
a re a s o a vo

un t a t e s een c e n ur r n t e rs e re o e n s uf c e n p re s s e fo r t i m e t o m a e
h x p di
e

s uc e w h wh il
e e nts o rt e .

R 2
 2 36 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE FOR
tym pan in t h e t wo case s ). H d m
a e d an h
a er
p p
-
w v — d f
o e er u an o co rs e a l l
E lizab e th an p ap e r wa s m a d e by ha n d— h a s u n e ve n e dge s a n d su ch a ,

m e th o d wo uld t h e re fore p ro ve a t b e s t u n sa ti s fa c t o ry
, , .

T h e m e th o d a c tua lly e m p l o y e d s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n a s fo ll o w s
‘
T wo .

p i n s p ro b a bly s o m e w h a t lik e o rdi n a ry d ra wi n g p i n s w e re

p a sse d th ro ug h
t h e tym p a n s h e e t ( o r o t h e rwi s e a tt a c h e d t o it ) s o t h a t w h e n t h e tym p a n
-

was fo ld e d d o wn t h e p o i n t s w o uld fa ll o n t h e li n e e qu a lly di s t a n t fro m

,

t h e t o p o f t h e p ag e s ( li n e A B in fig Wh e n t h e sh e e t o f p ap e r wa s
.

p l a ce d o n t h e t ym p a n th e se p i n s w o uld p i e rc e h o l e s in it ; a n d o bvi o u s ly

if p i n s w e re s imil a rly p l a c e d w h e n t h e sh e e t s c a m e t o b e p e rfe c t e d a n d ,

t h e p a p e r was s o l ai d o n t h e tym p a n th a t t h e p in —h o l e s m a d e w h e n p ri n ti n g

t h e fi rs t s id e fitt e d t h e p i n s p e rfe c t re gi s t e r co u ld b e o bta i n e d

, If a .

l o o se ly b o u n d fo li o b o o k b e e x a mi n e d th e p in h o l e s ca n u s ua lly b e fo u n d
-
,
-

in t h e fo ld n e a r t h e t o p a n d b o tt o m o f t h e l ea ve s
, I n a qu art o th e y .

wo uld b e in th e t op e dge o f t h e fo ld ed sh e e t a n d t h u s wo uld ge n e ra lly

hav e b e e n cut o ff in bi n di n g I n a n o c ta vo t h e y w o uld b e in t h e o ut e r
.

e dg e a n d a re g e n e ra lly a b s e n t fo r t h e sa m e rea s o n .

Some of ly c ut s o f p ri n ti n g p re sse s s e e m to sh o w th a t a s a
t h e e ar -

guid e for t h e c orre c t p l a c i n g o f t h e sh e e t o n t h e p i n s o f t h e fi rst p re ss ,

t h e sh e e t s b e fo re p ri n ti n g was b e gu n w e re a l
, l fo ld e d s o a s t o fo rm a
,

c re a se a c ro ss t h e s h ort e r di a m e t e r Wh a t app e a rs to b e s u ch a c re a se
.

ca n b e c l e a rly s e e n in t h e p il e o f fla t s h e e t s a b o ut t o b e p ri n t e d
’
I f th e .

s h e e t wa s s o p l a ce d o n t h e tym pa n th a t t h e p i n s p i e rc e d t h e c re a s e it

wo uld b e re c ta ngul a r t o t h e p a g e s .

T h e d ryi n g o f t h e sh e e t s b e t w e e n t h e p ri n ti n g o f t h e fi rs t a n d s e co n d
s id e a n d a ft e r t h e se co n d wa s d o n e by h a n gi n g t h e m o n s t ri n g s a c ro s s t h e
, ,

ro o m a p ro c e s s th a t wa s p ro b a bly re n d e re d e a s i e r by t h e c re a s e a l re a dy
,

m e n ti o n e d W h e n d ry th e y w e re re a dy t o b e fo ld e d a n d s e wn t o fo rm
.

th e b o ok .

( 1 ) Es se n t a i lly
th e sa me a s th ta emp o lyd e at
p re s e n t on h an dp re s s e s .

(2 ) S ee fig
ure 5 .

i
 2 38 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

se wn b o o k t o ca ll t h e m ga th e ri n gs I n c e rt a i n s ize s a n d e ve n s o m e
“
.
’J
,

tim e s in qu art o bo o k s a ga th e ri n g m a y c on si s t o f t wo o r m o re s h e e ts
,
“ ”

o r o f h al f a sh e e t .

A t th e fo o t o f th e fi rs t l ea f o f ea c h ga th e ri n g will b e fo un d a l e tte r
o r o t h e r m a rk ca ll e d t h e s igna tu re whi c h is i n t e n d e d a s a guid e t o
“ ”
, ,

t h e bi n d e r in p l a c i n g t h e s h e e t s in th e i r c o rre c t o rd e r O n th e se con d .

l e a f will b e fo un d t h e sa me l e tt e r o r m ark with ij o r t h e thi rd

“ ”

l ea f ge n e ra lly a n d t h e fo urt h o c ca si o n a lly b e i n g a l s o s imil arly s ign e d “ ”

with 3 an d 4 in ro m an o r a ra bi c n um e ra l s We sh a ll re cu r l a t e r t o .

se v e ra l p o i n t s o f i n t e re s t in c o n n e c ti o n with s ign a tu re s It m a y h o w e v e r .
, ,

b e n o t e d h e re t h a t t h e p re limi n a ry m a tt e r o f a b o o k c on s i s ti n g o f t h e titl e , ,

d e di ca ti o n p re fa c e a n d if th e re is o n e li s t o f co n t e n t s is o ft e n s ign e d
, , , , ,

by a n a s t e ri sk o r o th e r a rbitra ry m a rk th e sign a tu re A b e i n g u se d fo r ,
“ ”

t h e c o mm e n c e m e n t o f t h e b o o k it s e l f .

A t th e fo o t o f e a c h p age b e l o w th e e n d o f th e l as t li n e we g e n e ra lly
, ,

fi n d th e fi rs t w o rd — o r p a r t o f a wo rd — o f t h e fo ll o wi n g p a ge T h i s is .

c a ll e d t h e ca t ch I t s p u rp o se wa s p ro b a bly t o a id t h e p ri n t e r
“

in im p o si n g t h e p a g e s c o rre c tly .

T h e l o w e r pa rt o f t h e titl e -p ag e wh e n it giv es t h e p l ac e o f p ri n ti n g , ,

d a t e an d info rm a ti o n a s t o by o r fo r wh o m th e bo o k wa s p ri n t e d o r wh e re it
, ,

wa s t o b e s o ld o r an y o f th e se is ca ll e d t h e im p ri n t S imil a r i n fo rm a ti o n “ ”
, , .

giv e n a t th e e n d of th e b o o k is g e n e ra lly ca ll e d th e c ol op h on .
” 2

La rge ca p it a l l e tt e rs w o o d cut o r ca s t in m e ta l occ u rri n g a t t h e

,
-
,

b e gi n n i n g o f a p a ra g ra p h a re g e n e ra lly ca ll e d o rn a m e n ta l i n itia l s o r “
,
”

s im p ly i n iti a l s A n o rn a m e n ta l bl o c k h a vi n g a sp ac e in t h e c e n tre fo r
“ ”
.

t h e i n s e rti o n o f a ca p ita l l e tt e r o f a n o rdi na ry fo u n t o f ty p e is ca ll e d a

fa c t o tum i n iti a l o r m o re p ro p e rly a

”
fac t o tum
”
.
,

( )
I Cthw d
a c - or s se e m to h av e b e en i d d i t E gli h p i ti g b 5
n t ro uce n s r n n o ut 1 20 ;
b t p 6 7 I m di l M S S th y w
n o a

cf A mes Ty p ogr ap /z iea lA n t iq u it ies , e d Her 2

tid i g id h bi d
.
, . er , . . n e ae va . e e re
som e m e s us e a t t h e e n d o f e a c h s e ct o n a s a u e to t e n e r.

( ) Thi
2 l s a so is an im p i t b
r n ut it m m tm y k p h w d f cus o to t e
g t i tl p g ti i h w if m
, se e s o re ar ee or or
f m t
in o r a ion i ve n o n th e e- a e . T h e p ra c ce s, o e v e r, n ot un or .
 LITERA R Y S TUDENTS AN D EDITORS . 2 39

An me n to rn a i lly d e s ign e d fo r t h e to p o f a pa ge is ca ll e d a
e spe c a
“
h e a d o rn a m e n t
-
”
or h d p i e c e a n d o n e fo r th e foo t o f th e p a ge
ea - “
,
”

th e of th e m a tt e r o cc u rri n g o n it is c a ll e d a ta il orna m e n t “ ”
or end -

or
“
ta il—p i e c e .
”

A lin typ e a t th e t op o f a page a bo ve th e te xt is ca ll e d a h e a d

e of , ,
“

li n e ; o r if it c o n s i s t s o f t h e titl e o f th e b o o k (o r o f th e s e c ti o n o f
”
,

t h e bo o k ) o n e v e ry pa g e o r e v e ry op e n in g t wo p a ge s fac i n g o n e
“ ”

a n o th e r) s o m e tim e s a ru n ni n g titl e ru n n i n g h e a d
“ -
” “ -
”
, or .

The whit e m a rgi n s o f a p ag e are ca ll e d re sp e ctive ly t h e h e a d ta il , ,

o ut e r a nd i n n e r m a rgi n s t h e i n n e r b e i n g o f co u rs e th a t n e a re s t t o t h e fo ld
,

o f th e pa pe r ( o r t h e b a ck o f th e bo ok lm t l ly ri n t e d b o o k s
) I n a o s a l e a r p .
-

t h e i n n e r m a rgi n is t h e s m a ll e s t th e n t h e h e a d a n d th e n t h e o ut e r ; t h e
, ,

ta il ma rgin b e i n g t h e l arge s t ; T h e e xa c t p rop o rti o n s s e e m h o we v e r t o

-

ha ve va ri e d c on s id e ra bly a n d i n d e e d e xa c t i n fo rma ti on o n t h e p o in t is n o t
,

e as y t o o bta i n a s n ea rly a l le xt a n t cop i e s o f e arly b oo k s h a ve b e e n a t on e

,

tim e o r a no th e r c ut d o wn by a bind e r .

I f we h old
l e a f o f th e b ook up to t h e light we sh all se e s o m e
a

fi ve o r s ix li n e s c ro s si n g t h e p a ge h o riz o n t a lly wh e re t h e p ap e r ap p e a rs t o ,

b e thi nn e r th an e l s e w h e re th e se li n e s b e i n g c ro s s e d by o th e rs mu c h
,

c l o s e r t o g e th e r whi c h ru n v e rti c a lly T h e fo rm e r t h o se wid e ly s p a c e d .

, ,

a re c a ll e d c h a i n li n e s t h e l a tt e r th o s e c l ose t o g e th e r t h e wi re lin e s
“ -
” 1 “ -
”
, , , ,

Th e y are ca u se d by th e b e d o f t h e m o uld in w hi c h t h e pa p e r is m ad e .

O n s o m e l e a v e s o n t h e i n n e r m a rgi n o f t h e p age a b o ut midwa y b e tw e e n

, ,

th e t op a n d b o tt o m p a rt o f a d e s ig n in s imil a r se mi t ran sp a re n t li n e s will

,
-

b e n o ti ce d Thi s is t h e wa t e rma rk We s hall ha ve a go od d ea l to sa y

. .

a b o ut thi s a n d t h e c h ai n an d wi re lin e s l a t e r -
.

Ab k oo of whi ch t h e ga th e ri n gs c o n s i s t e ac h o f fo u r l ea v e s is sa id
“ ”

be “
in fo u rs,
”
if o f e ight l e a v e s in e ight s a n d so o n
“
A qu art o b ook ,
”
.

( ) Bo h
1 t th e wid ly s pa c e d and t h e n a rro w lin e s a re s o m e ti m ll d wi li
e s ca e
“
re - nes
”

wi k
e

or
“
re - mar s,
”
b ut it i s m u ch m o re c on v e n e n t i k
to eep th e d t t b tw th
is i n c io n e e en em

as a bov e .
 2 40 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

s uch as ve b e e n d e s cribi n g will th e re fo re b e a qu a rto in fo u rs

we h a
“
.
“

I f h o w e v e r t h e ga th e ri n g h a d co n s i s t e d o f e ight l e a v e s t wo o f t h e o rigi n a l
, , ,

s h e e t s b e i n g s e w n t o g e th e r it w o uld b e d e sc rib e d a s a qu a rt o in e ight s

“ ”
.
,

A ll th e se ma tte rs will h a ve t o b e d ea lt with m ore pa rti cul arly wh e n we

c o m e t o di sc u ss t h e s iz e s o f b o o k s .

— S o me r econ s id ered E r r or s a r is ing in con n ect ion

4 .
p r oces s es .

w itl
z t ke m . C omp ositor s m isr ea d ings
’
. F oulca se . M or e
“ ”
a b ou t imp os ition . E r r or s in p f
er ecting .

E r r or s in f ol
ding .

H vi g
a n ge n e ra l id e a o f t h e p ro ce sse s by whi c h a b oo k c o m e s
n ow go t a

i n t o b e i n g a n d o f th e m ore im p o rt a n t t e rm s w hi c h we s h a ll h a ve t o use
, ,

we m a y tu rn b a c k t o c o n sid e r so m e o f th e s e p ro c e ss e s in a littl e m o re

d e t ail pa yi n g e sp e c i a l a tt e n ti on t o t h e e rrors whi c h are lik e ly t o a ri se in

,

c on n e cti on with ea c h o f th e m .

I n t o t h e qu e sti o n o f e rrors ca u se d by mi sre a di n g t h e a uth o r s ’

m an u sc ri p t e ith e r o n t h e p art o f t h e co mp o sito r o r o f a n i n te rm e di a t e

,

c o p yi s t I ca n n o t e n t e r
,
A full di scu ssi o n o f t h e m a tte r w o uld i n vo lve us
.

in a n e n qui ry i n t o E liza b e th an h a n dwriti n g a n d it s m an y va ri e ti e s a n d ,

w o uld re quire a n a c qu a i n ta n c e with t h e re a ding o f M S S w h i c h is n o t pa rt .

o f t h e u s u a l e q u i p m e n t o f a n e dit o r o f p ri n t e d b oo k s A ge n e ra l warn i n g .

m a y h o w e v e r b e giv e n a ga i n s t fo rg e tti n g t h e di ffe re n c e b e tw e e n t h e fo rm s

o f t h e c u rre n t E liza b e th a n s c ri p t a n d t h e m o d e rn a n d t h a t t wo di s ti n c t ,

ki n d s o f scri p t w e re u se d G e ne ra lly sp e a ki n g t h e bulk o f a n E liza b e tha n

.
,

M S i n t e n d e d fo r t h e p re ss w o uld b e in t h e so c a ll e d E n gli sh h a n d
.
2 -
“ ”
,

wh il e p rop e r n a m e s a n d c ita ti o n s in La ti n o r in m o d e rn fo re ign l an gu a ge s

w o uld b e in Ita li a n ha n d T h e l a tt e r is p ra c ti ca lly th e sa m e a s c o py
”
.

(1) I n s uch c as e s , ho w e ve r, so m e bibli g ph m i t h w d t

“
in fo urs ,
”
on l y
b l g h i g wh h l tt d
o ra
d
e rs o e or s
“

s p e ci f i n th e n um of in at t e n ot
wi tl y g er e ave s a er n en a er oe s co rre s p o n
l a sh e e t .

( 2) N ot a l g l MSe a .
, a nd p e rh a p s n o t a co
p y by p f i l ib a ro e ss o n a scr e.
 2 42 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

ul e s ca n b e l a id d o wn fo r t h e g uida n c e o f a s tud e n t in i n t e rp re tin g

No r

e rro rs d ue t o mi s re a di n g o f E liz a b e th a n M S S H e s h o uld fa mili a riz e .

h im se l f with t h e m o re u s u a l fo rm s o f E liz a b e th a n w riti n g an d th e n t ru s t

t o h is c o mm o n s e n se - .

Erro rs o f a n o th e r c la ss a ri se du ring th e c o mp o siti on it se l f fro m th e

c o m p o s it o r p i c ki n g up a n d i n s e rti n g in t h e c o m p o s i n g s ti c k a di ffe re n t
-

l e tte r fro m t h e o n e i n t e nd e d N o re a so n a bly skill e d w o rkm a n is lik e ly t o

.

m ak e a mi s ta k e in t h e divi si o n o f t h e ca s e fro m whi ch h e ta k e s a typ e an d ,

ra c ti c a lly a l l s u c h e rro rs a ri s e fro m t h e p re s e n c e in t h e divi s i o n s o f t h e

p ,

c a se o f l e tt e rs w h i c h s h o uld n o t rightly b e th e re w h a t is c o mm o nly t e rm e d

, ,

fo ul ca s e T h e p re se n c e o f t h e s e w ro n g l e tt e rs is g e n e ra lly d ue t o
“ ”
.

c are l e ssn e ss in di s tributi n g ty p e u s e d fo r p re vi o u s w o rk but it m a y ,

s o m e tim e s b e c a u s e d by t h e divi s i o n s b e i n g t o o full s o th a t l e tt e rs e a s ily ,

s li p fro m o n e divi s i o n t o a no th e r Th e re is a di sc u ssi o n o f thi s p o ss ibl e

.

o f e rro r in Willi a m Bl
’
ca u s e a d e s s S ka k sp er e d T yp og ap ky 1 8 72 an r
, ,

— 8 in whi c h h e a rgu e s t h a t l e tt e rs w o uld b e m o s t lik e ly t o s li i t

pp .
7 3 , p n o

t h e divi si o n whi c h is n e xt b e l o w th a t in w h i c h th e y o ught t o b e Thu s a n ‘

.

0 o ut o f
p l a c e w o uld p ro b a bly b e a m o n g t h e a s a d might b e a m o ng t h e
’
,

s an e a m o n g th e k s Thi s is a n i n t e re s ti n g sugg e sti o n but it m us t n o t

’ ’
n ,
.
,

b e p re s se d t oo far fo r we m u s t re m e mb e r th a t if t h e p ri n t e r p ick e d up a
,

l e tt e r mu c h thi ck e r o r thi nn e r th a n t h e o n e i n t e n d e d h e w o uld i n s ta n tly ,

re c o gn iz e t h e e rro r t h u s a lt h o ugh t h e m b ox is b e l o w t h e c s a c o c c u rring ’

-
,

in t h e m b o x w o uld h a rdly b e p l a c e d in t h e s ti c k in mi s ta k e fo r th a t l e tt e r
-
.

S imil a rly t h e i s a re a b o v e th e but t h e th i n n e ss o f an i wo uld p re ve n t it

’

fro m b e i n g mi s ta k e n fo r a n o .

I n c o n n e c ti o n with e rro rs d ue t o fo ul ca se Bl a d e s d ra w s a tt e n ti on t o
t h e im p o rt an ce o f re m e mb e ri n g t h e e xi s t e n c e o f liga tu re s 2
Thu s t h e .

w ord light ca nn o t b e an e rror fo r fight d ue s im ply t o th e p re s e n c e

“ ” “ ”

(I ) A di g a ra m of th e a rra ngm t
e en or
“
l ”
o f th e it b bly wa s in
k ti m gi by Bl d di i d
ay ca se as p ro a
Sha e s pe a re s
’
e is ve n a es. It ffe rs in c e r a n t res p e c t s fro m th ta us e
at p re se n t .

( 2 ) S ee p 308 , . blw
e o .
 LITERA R Y S TUDENTS AN D EDITORS . 2 43

o f an 1 in t h e f b o x, fo r in se tti n g
ght th e co m p o s ito r up th e w d or
“
fi
”

wo uld h a v e u se d th e fi liga tu re n o t th e s im pl e I S imila rly if we fi n d s u c h

, .

a n o bvi o u s ly e rro n e o u s c o mbina ti o n o f l e tt e rs a s w e m us t n o t

“ ”
ift ,

s up p ose th a t we h a v e m e re ly a t ra n s o s iti o n o f i a n d f a n d e m e n d it t o
p ,

“
fit fo r in th a t w o rd th e s e p ara t e l e tt e rs f a n d i wo uld n o t h a ve b e e n
”

u se d a t a ll T h e p oi n t h a s n ot i n fre qu e n tly b e e n o ve rl o ok e d by e dito rs

.

u n a c qu a i n t e d with typ og rap hy .

An o th e r ki n d of e rro r m ay a ri se fro m ca re l e ss c orre cti o n o f a n e vid e nt

e rro r . A n illu s t ra ti o n m a y m a k e m a tt e rs c l e a re r ih t h e I n ter l u de of -

I mp a tien t P over ty 1 5 6 0 l 7 9 4 we h a v e t h e w o rd w h e re t h e “ ”
, ,
. o b se rue d ,

s e n s e e vid e n tly re qui re d o b s c ure d a n d in t h e o rigi n a l ri n t t h e c ro s s

”
p ,

b a r o f t h e fi rs t e o f t h e w o rd is b ro k e n s o t h a t t h e l e tt e r re s e mbl e s a c
”
.

N o w t h e e rro r m ay o f c o u rse b e a s im p l e mi sre a di n g ; but o n t h e o th e r

ha n d it m a y h a v e a ri s e n t h u s : in di s t ributi o n o f e a rli e r m att e r t h e e “
,
”

l o o ki n g lik e a c m a y h a v e b e e n p l a c e d in t h e c b ox a n d s o h a v e b e e n
,
”
,

u se d fo r c in p ri n ti n g t h e li n e in qu e sti o n T h e p ro o f re a d e r fi n d s t h e .
-

w o rd o b s e ure d With o ut p a u s i n g t o re fl e c t o n t h e m e a n i n g o f t h e
“
.
”

a ssa g e h e a s s um e s t h a t h e h as t h e v e ry c o mm o n mi s ta k e o f t h e t ra n s
p ,

p o s iti o n o f t wo a dj a c e n t l e tt e rs a n d t h a t t h e u r s h o uld b e ru H e
“ ” “
.
”

a lt e rs t h e m a n d t h e w o rd b e co m e s
,
O f c o u rs e n o rul e s c a n
b e l a id d o w n but it is w e ll t o re m e mb e r t h e p o ss ibility o f thi s fo rm o f
,

e rro r a s it will so m e tim e s s e rv e t o ju s ti fy o r a t l e a s t re n d e r p l a u s ibl e a n

, , ,

e m e n d a ti o n w h i c h a t fi rs t s ig h t s e e m s v e ry d a ri n g .

I t h a s fre qu e n tly b e e n st a te d a n d s e e m s to b e ge n e rally b e li e ve d th a t

, ,

in t h e S h ak e sp ea ri a n tim e co m p o s it o rs h a d th e i r c op y re a d a l o ud t o th e m .

I h av e n e ve r b e e n a bl e t o di s co ve r o n wh a t thi s id e a is b a se d u n l e s s it is ,

m e re ly th a t we fin d e rro rs whi c h may b e e xp l a i n e d a s d ue t o mi sh e ari n g .

It is h o w e v e r di ffi c ult t o se e wh a t co uld b e ga i n e d by su c h a m e th o d
, ,

o f wo rk whi c h w o uld m ea n t h e e m p l o ym e n t o f a n e xt ra m an o r b o y fo r
,

( ) I fo un d m y l f g il y f i m il m i k f d y g wh
t s ta e a ew a s a o, e n co m n ig a cro s s th
e
w d fi di g f p f I lt d h w d g
1 se u o a s ar
’
t ure n e s i rs t rea ro o a e re t e or at a ue s s to s ure n e s

i g i wi th h igi l I f d th t i h ld h b
or n a n o a ,
.

On c o m p ar n t t e or na o un a t s ou ave e en t rue n e s .
 2 44 NO TES ON BIB LIOGRAPHI CA L E VIDENCE F OR

eac h c o m p o s ito r ; n o r d o t h e p i c tu re s o f c o m p o s ito rs a t wo rk give a n y

i n di ca ti o n o f th e p ra c ti c e T h e tr u e e x p l a n a ti o n o f s u c h e rro rs is p e rh a p s
.
‘

t h a t giv e n by Bla d e s in t h e wo rk m e n ti o n e d a b o v e th a t a c o m p o s it o r ,

n a t ura lly re a d s s e v e ra l w o rd s o f h is c o p y a t a tim e a n d re t a i n s th e m in

“
,

h is mi n d u n til h is fi n ge rs h a v e p i c k e d u p t h e v a ri o u s ty p e s b e l o n gi n g
t o th e m W h il e t h e m e m o ry is thu s re p e a ti n g t o it se l f a p hra s e it is by
.
,

n o m e a n s u n na tu ra l n o r in p ra c ti c e is it u n c o mm o n fo r s o m e w o r d o r
, ,

wo rd s t o b e co m e u n witti n gly su pp l an t e d in t h e mi n d by o th e rs whi ch a re

s imil a r in so u n d
” 2
.

Fo r my o wn p a rt I b e li e v e th a t n o t o n ly thi s e rro r but t h e o p p o s ite

,

o n e o f s ub s tituti n g a n o th e r w o rd o f t h e s a m e m e a n i n g can q u it e e a s ily ,

b e e xp l a i n e d by t h i s p ra c ti c e o f re a di n g a fe w w o rd s a t a tim e a n d t ru s ti n g
t o t h e m e m o ry ; a n d t h a t t h i s is t h e ca us e o f t h e o c ca s i o n a l fa ilu re s in

rim e th a t we m e e t wit h in v e rs e I h a ve i n d e e d in p ro o fs fro m p re se n t

.

d a y p ri n t e rs m o re t h a n o n c e m e t wit h t h e s ub s tituti o n o f t o ta lly di ffe re n t

w ord s o f th e sa m e m e a n i n g fo r wh a t wa s quit e c l ea rly writt e n in th e c o p y .

I i g it m a y b e i n t e re s ti n g t o n o t e o n e c u ri o u s ca se o f a n e rro r
n p a ss n ,

which may b e e x p la i n e d as d ue t o mi sh e a ri n g I n M arsto n s M a lcon ten t .

’
,

I iii 2 8 3 0 th e re a re di ffe re n ce s in t h e re a din g o f c op i e s o f th e s e c o n d

. .
,

qu arto ( sig C . O n e o f t h e c o p i e s in t h e B riti s h Mu se um re a d s ,

e vid e n tly c o rre c tly : a s yo u r k n igh t c o u rt e s y o u r C itty wid o w with

“

ji n gli n g o f h is guilt sp urre s a d ua un cin g h is bu sh c o l o re d b e a rd a n d

, ,

t a ki ng Ta b a c co t h e o th e r c o p y h o w e ve r h a s i n s t e a d : a s y o u r k n ight
,
”
, ,
“

c o u rt e s y o ur C itt y w id o w wit h so m e t h i n g o f h is guilt : so m e a d ua un c in g

h is high c ol ure d b e a rd N o w n e gl e c ti n g t h e o th e r e rro rs we h a ve

”
e tc ,
.
, ,

h e re t h e w o rd so m e t h i n g wh e re t h e re s h o uld b e ji n gli n g
“
It s e e m s .
”

quit e im p o s s ibl e t h a t thi s sh o uld b e in t h e o rdi n a ry s e n s e a mi sre a di n g ,

fo r th e t wo w o rd s h a v e n o re se mbl a n c e in an y sc ri p t I s it n o t h o we v e r .
, ,

( 1 ) S om e o f th e m id d
n ee as F ig ure 5 b o ve , sh o w th e y s up po r e t d s ta n di
it , a co p on a n
fro n t of t h e co m p o s or.

( 2 ) S k a ksp er e a n d Ty p g o ra p hy , p 7 2
i q ti fi tq t
. .

( 3) T h e s cen e n ue s on is not in t h e rs ua r o a t a l
l .
 2 46 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE .

fo li o in s ixe s . The a pp ea ra n ce fro m a b o ve of a ga t h e ri n g s e t u p right with

th e l e ave s pa rtly o p e n e d will be as figu re 7 th e p a g e s b e i n g indi c a t e d by

th e s m a ll numb e rs .

7 .

It will b e a t o n ce c l ea r tha t in o rd e r t o p ri n t a b oo k in thi s m a nne r

t h e p ri n t e r mu s t se t up a t l ea s t tw e lv e pa g e s o f ty p e t o b e gi n wit h
‘
as ,

h e will re qui re p a g e s 1 2 a n d 1 1 t o p ri n t a t t h e sa m e tim e a s p a g e s

1 an d 2 . H is six fo rm e s will b e imp ose d a s in figu re 8 .

8 .

Th e im p o s iti on o f a sh e e t in oc ta vo i e a sh e e t , . .
,
to b e fo ld e d th re e
tim e s so a s t o fo rm e ight l e a v e s will b e a s in figu re
, 9 :

( 1 ) Un l e ss th e b ki
oo s a p g
a e fo r p a g it
e re p r n .
 2 48 NO TES ON BI BL I O GR A P H I C/ I L E VIDENCE F OR

Fo u r th e r s ize s o f b o o k s w e re in o c cas i o na l use du ri n g t h e E liza

o

b e than p e ri o d th ose in wh i c h t h e sh e e t was fo ld e d re sp e c tive ly i n t o twe lve

, ,

s ixt e e n tw e n ty fo u r a n d t i rty t wo l e a v e s ( r a m o 1 6 m o 2 4 m o a n d 3 2 m o
h 1
,
-
,
-
) , , , .

T h e im p o s iti o n sc h e m e o f 1 6 m o a n d 3 2 m o ca n eas ily b e i n fe rre d fro m tha t

A sk e e t in 1 2 7220 O n t e r f or me .

10 .

t v
o f o c a o, b e tt e r b y fo ldi n g a sh e e t o f p a pe r fo r 1 6 m o fo u r tim e s o r
or
,

fo r 3 2 m o fi v e tim e s m a rki n g t h e p a g e s o n it a n d th e n o p e n i n g it o ut ;
,

a n d we n e e d th e re fo re s a n o t h i n g furt h e r a b o ut th e s e s iz e s T h e 1 2 mo
y .

a n d 2 4 m o s iz e s h o w e ve r e s e t so m e di ffic ulty as t h e re a re se ve ra l wa y s
,p r n , ,

in w h i c h t h e p ag e s c a n b e im p o se d fo r th e s e s iz e s a n d it is g e n e ra lly ,

( ) i
1 d d im xt d i m ig i m q t d t ig im
e uo ec o, se o ec o, v d b t ft
ua r o , a n o -sec un
ll d t w l m ixt m t w ty f th i t y t w m
. .
, es o r es o, u o en
” ” ” ”
ca e e ve o, s een o, d en - o
urrn o , an r - o o .
 250 NO TES ON BI BL I O GR A P I I I CA L E VIDENCE F OR

a bl e to d e scrib e b ri e fly wh a t h a s g o n e w ron g a n d it is in a n y ca se o f ,

i n t e re s t t o s e e h o w s imp ly wh a t app e ar a t fi rs t s igh t t o b e e xtra ordi na ry

c o n fu s i on s in t h e a rra n g e m e n t o f p a g e s in a bo o k m a y o c cu r .

We I th i n k sa y th a t t h e w rong a rra n ge m e n t o f pa g e s o f ty p e
m a y, ,

in a fo rm e is in o rdi n a ry w o rk e xtre m e ly ra re
,
T h e co rre c t im p o siti o n fo r .

t h e va ri o u s s iz e s o f b o o k s is so e l e m e n t a ry a p a rt o f a p ri n t e r s t ra i n i n g
’

th a t s u ch a n e rro r c ould h a rdly o c c u r sa ve by m o st e xt ra o rd inary

c a re l e ssn e s s or mi su n d e rst a n di n g ; an d if it did it w o uld a lm o st c e rta i n ly ,

b e c o rre c t e d in p roo f I n wo rk h o w e ve r whi c h fo r an y reas o n is

.
, ,

so m e wh a t o ut o f t h e c o mm o n w ro n g im p o s iti o n m a y o c ca s i o n a lly b e m e t
,

wit h For e xa mp l e in h is re p ri n t o f J asp e r H e yw o o d s t ran sl a ti o n o f

.
,
’

I I er cn l es F ur en s (B a n g s M a ter ia l ien xli ) p xlvi d e V o c h t h a s p o i n t e d o ut

’
.
, , ,

th a t in t h e e diti o n p rint e d by S utto n in 1 5 6 1 in o c ta v o t h e re c to p ag e s , ,

o f D 4 a n d D 6 h a v e b e e n i n t e rc h an g e d T h e im p o s iti o n wa s in thi s ca s e
.

so m e w h a t c o m p li c a t e d by t h e fa c t th a t t h e La ti n t e xt o f t h e p la y is o n t h e

ve rs o pag e s th rough o ut fac e d by t h e t ran sla ti o n o n th e re c to s an d t h e

, ,

c a t c h w o rd s o f t h e t wo t e xt s ru n i n d e p e n d e ntly i e t h e ca t c hw o rd o f a ,
. .
,

La ti n p a ge re fe rs t o t h e n e xt La tin pa ge n o t t o t h e E n gli sh p a ge ,

imm e dia t e ly foll o w i n g It m a y b e n o t e d th a t t h e p age s int e rchan ge d

.

b e l on g t o th e sa m e form e A fe w o th e r e xa m ple s ca n I t h i n k b e fo u n d
.
, ,

in b oo k s o f a s imil a r c l as s but I ca n n o t re c a ll an y in quit e s t ra ight fo rwa rd

,

wo rk a t a n y ra t e o f th e E liza b e tha n pe ri o d
,
.

The re is h o we ve r a fa ult s o m e tim e s fo und in t h e a rra n ge m e nt of

, ,

p a g e s w h i c h s h o uld b e m e n ti o n e d h e re as it m a
y a t fi rs t s ight s e e m t o b e,

d ue t o a n e rro r in im p os iti o n th o u gh a littl e re fl e cti o n will sh o w th a t t h e

,

t ru e ca u se is quit e di ffe re n t T h i s is t h e fa ult by wh i ch t h e p age s i n st ea d

.

o f ru nn i n g 1 2 3 4 e t c a s t h e y s h o uld run in a qu a rt o 1 6 7 4 5
, , , , .
, , , , , , , , ,

8 r in an o c t a v o I 6 8
2 ,3 ,
o , 7 4 5 2 , 3 9, 1 4 1 5 ,1 2 1,3 10 1 1 16
, , , , , , , , , , , , .

Thi s m a y se e m a s tra n ge muddl e b ut it is d ue t o a v e ry s im p l e ,

c a u se n a m e ly t o t h e s h e e t s a ft e r b e i n g i t e d o n o n e s id h ving b
, p r n e a een ,

tu rn e d th e w ron g wa y ro u n d wh e n b e i n g p e rfe c te d ; o r a lt e rn a tive ly t o , ,

 LITERAR Y S TUDENTS AN D EDITORS . 25 1

t h e se c o n d m h a vi n g b e e n p l a c e d t h e w ron g wa y rou n d
fo r me p r n e i t d fro
o n t h e b e d o f t h e p re s s Ex p e rim e n t with a p i e c e o f fo ld e d p a p e r as
.
,

b e fo re sugge s t e d will s h o w c l e a rly h o w thi s e rro r o c cu rs Le t th e ty pe

, .

p a g e s b e n u mb e re d a s b e fo re but t h e a
p p e r b e tu rn e d ro un d b e fo re ,

n umb e ri n g th o se a t th e b a ck s o t h a t t h e b a c k o f p 1 is n umb e re d , .

An v e n gre a t e r c on fus i on th a n t h i s ca n o cc ur Th e re is in t h e
e .

B riti sh Mu s e u m a c o p y o f t h e Cos mogr ap k ia o f A e th icus p ri n t e d by Gu a ri n

a t B as l e in 1 5 7 5 It is a pp a re n tly a 1 6 m o s e wn in e igh t s a n d h as n o
2
.
, ,

s p e c i a l i n t e re s t sa v e fo r a p e c uli a r e rro r whi c h a pp e a rs in s h e e t s f a n d g

o f t h e i n d e x w h e re t h e fi rs t s yll a bl e s o f t h e fi rs t a n d l a s t w o rd o f th e p a g e s
,

run (fro m t h e b e gi n i g o
“
n n f f) o p 0 t se g s e r s e r—sid p a r—p e i p e lp e r
—
, ,
—
, , ,
—
,

a n d s o o n whil e th o s e fro m t h e b e gi n n i n g o f g run

” “
s p i—s u f , , sca r—se g ,

—
o t t pa n p a,
n —
p a r s id — s is s it s p i, p e r—
p h oe e t c , t h e s t ra n g
-
e co n fu s
,
i o n ,
”
.
,

rs i s ti n g t h ro ugh o u t t h e t wo g a th e ri n g s A s t h e e rro r is in a n i n d e x it is
p e .

ea s y t o di s c o v e r w h a t t h e o rd e r o f t h e p a g e s s h o uld b e an d i n v e s tig a ti on

s h o w s th a t t h e p a g e s a re re a lly t h e fo ll o wing :

Ga th e ri n g f f 1 g g 2 f f 3 g g 4 f 4 : , , , ,
"
.

Ga t h e ri n g g : g 1 f f 2 g g 3 f 3 f 4 g , , ,
"
, ,

It is thu s e vid e n t tha t we h a v e n o thi n g m o re t h a n a s im p l e int e r

c h an g e o f t h e t wo i n n e r fo rm e s t h e out e r fo rm e o f f b e i n g b a c k e d by t h e ,

i n n e r fo rm e o f g a n d th e o ut e r fo rm e o f g by th e i n n e r fo rm e o f f Po ss ibly
,
.

i n d e e d t h e e xp l a n a ti o n is e v e n m o re sim p l e th an thi s n a m e ly t h a t t h o ugh ,

t h e b o o k is s e w n in e ight s it wa s p ri n te d in s ixt e e n s a n d th a t t h e o u t e r
, ,

fo rm e s o f t wo c o n se c u tive s h e e t s w e re l a id in t h e b e d t o ge th e r th e s h e e t s ,

(1) M D ff i h i We s t m ins t e r a n d Lo n do n P r in t e r s 1 906 5 0 m en t ons a n i

p
ib wi
u s
b k i d by
r n , , .
.

tt
.
,

e rror in a nte M a ch lin ia , T b e R e ve l

a t io n
qf S t N i k l h h h ut e s
big
c o as c e a r

i p
g ll wi g d
oo r .
,

t o t h s ca use T h e pa e s c o m e in th e fo o or er : 1 14 16 4 ( 14 e n o n th e

t h w
n
h t th i ibly h
. , , ,

f 1 , and th e v e rs o o f I e v e r , se e t a p s ca n o ss

w h il 4 b l g
ca n n o o ave

b 4
g
v e rs o o on ,
”
come a o ut m a n n e r, fo r
in s u ch a 1 a e o t e o ute r o r e, 6 i f h f m e 1 e on s

i y ld d i m d h m id
s a p
to th e n n e r T h e co u t h e re fo re un e r n o c rcu st a n c e s e ri n t e b p on t e sa e s e

g g
.

t t
o f a sh e e if t h e a rra n e m e n o f pa e s in t h e fo r m e s was c o rre c t .

( ) Th e
2 wt a e rm a r k is n ot q i t wh
u e e re we e xp t ec t o fi nd it i n a 1 6m o , b ut it m y a

b
h a v e e e n in a n un usua l p i ti
os on in th e s h ee t .
 25 2 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

b e i n g a ft e rwa rd s p e rfe c te d fro m t h e two i n n e r fo rm e s T h e wh ol e o f t h e .

a s t o n i s h i n g c o n fusi o n wit h whi c h we a re d e a li n g might a ri se e ith e r fro m

t h e a cc id e n t a l t urn i n g o f t h e p a p e r o r fro m t h e mi s p l a c ing o f t h e t wo

i n n e r fo rm e s t h e re sult b e i n g in e ith e r cas e t h a t t h e i n n e r fo rm e o f g

,

p ri n t e d o n t h e b ac k o f t h e f p a g e s i n s t e a d o f o n t h e b a c k o f t h e g s a n d
-
’
,

O th er e x a m p l e s o f th e sa m e ki n d co uld e a s ily b e giv e n but on ce t h e ,

ge n e ra l p ri n c i p l e s o f im po siti o n are u n d e rs t o o d it is e a sy t o d e a l with a n y

,

ca s e s t h a t a ri se T h e s im p l e s t wa y is i n d e e d t o fo ld a s h e e t o f p a p e r a s it
.

is in th e b oo k m a rk t h e p a g e s o n it a s th e y th e re oc c u r a n d t h e n o p e n
, ,

t h e sh e e t o ut fl a t R e m e mbe ri n g th e l ooki n g glas s c orre sp o n d en c e

.
“ - ”

b e tw e e n t h e p ri n t e d sh e e t s an d th e fo rm e we s ha ll a t o n c e se e h o w th e
,

p a g e s w e re a rran g e d in t h e l a tt e r whe n th e ca u se o f th e e rro r will

,

ge n e rally b e ap p a re nt .

T h e fa ults th at
u r du ri n g th e a c tu al p ri n ti n g a re s o fa r as th e y
oc c ,

a fl e c t t h e t e xt o f a b o o k limite d t o t h e shi fti n g o f l e tt e rs d ue t o th e

'

li n e s n o t b e i n g p rop e rly ju s tifi e d o r t h e fu rnitu re n o t b e i n g s u ffi c i e n tly

tightly l oc k e d up ; o r t o t h e l o ss o f l e tte rs a lt o ge th e r by th e i r b e i n g
dra wn o ut by t h e in k b a ll du ri n g i n ki n g Thi s las t is s o m e tim e s a ca u se
-
.

o f v a ri a n t rea d ing s in d ifl e re n t c o pi e s o f a bo o k a n d I s ha ll h a v e m o re
,

t o s a y a b o ut it l a t e r .

The o nly fa ult th a t ca n o cc u r in t h e fo ldi n g o f t h e p ri n t e d s h e e t s is

th a t of fo ldi n g th e m w ro n g wa y ro u n d s o tha t t h e p a g e s o f a qu a rt o run

5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 or 3 4 1 2 7 8 5 6 or 7 8 5 6 3 4 1 2 .

As a m a tt e r o f fa c t h o w e ve r in t h e t e xt o f a bo o k p ro vid e d w ith
, ,

s ig n a t u re s in t h e u s u a l wa y s u c h a n e rro r w o uld b e p rac tic a lly im p o ss ibl e

, ,

a s t h e p re se n ce o f a w ro n g s ign a t ure o n t h e fro n t l ea f o r t h e a b se nc e o f a,

s ig n a tu re a lt o g e th e r w o uld a t o n c e re v ea l t h e mi s t a k e
,
It m a y h o w e ve r .
, ,

an d d o e s o c c u r in b o o k s co n s i s ti n g o f illu s t ra ti o n s a n d m o re fre q u e n tly in

,

p a i rs o f
p g e s i n s e rt e d a s a ca n c e l o r t o c on ta in s o m e thi n g whi c h it wa s
a ,
 2 54 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

At p t o wi n g t o t h e gre a t va ri e ty o f size s a n d s h a p e s o f pap e r th e

re s e n , ,

m e re d e s cri p ti o n o f a b o o k a s a fo li o o r a n o c ta v o t e ll s us littl e a b o u t it s
sh a e
p o r s iz e I n . g e n e ra l a qu a rt o b oo k m a
y b e e x p e c t e d t o h a v e a

s qu a re r p a g e t h a n a n o c t a v o o r a fo li o a n d a b oo k c a ll e d a fo li o is u s u a lly

v e ry l arge but t h a t is a b o ut allth e i n form a ti on th a t t h e s e t e rm s give us .

I f we wi s h t o s t a t e t h e s iz e o f a b o o k we c a ll it fo r e x a m p l e c ro w n 8 vo
“ ”
,

whi c h t e ll s us th a t t h e l ea ve s a re ) 6 o f t h e s iz e o f a sh e e t o f c ro wn p a pe r ,

o rigi n a lly a a rti c ul a r m a k e o f p a e r be a ri n g t h e w a t e rm a rk o f a c ro w n

p p
-
,

but n o w a n y m a k e o f pa p e r m e a suri n g 2 0 x 1 5 i nch e s A c ro wn 8 vo .

t h e re fo re m e a s u re s a bout 7 % x 5 i n c h e s (l e ss if th e e dge s a re c ut ) t h e , ,

u s u a l s iz e fo r n o v e l s .

We m ay p e rh ap s s u ppo s e th a t o rigi n ally t h e s iz e o f s h e e t s o f p a p e r

wa s m o re u n i fo rm a n d th a t w h e n th e s e d e s i gn a ti o n s we re fi rs t i n tro d u ce d

t h e y s e rv e d t o indi ca t e t h e e x ac t siz e a n d sh ap e o f th e b o ok t o wh i c h
t h e y w e re a pp li e d Fro m quit e e a rly tim e s in t h e h i s t o ry o f p ri n ti n g
.
,

h o w e ve r th e s iz e of p a p e r va ri e d a n d fro m tlzis po i n t o f vi e w th e
,

t e rm s are o f littl e va lu e Th e y a re h o we ve r so u s e ful in o th e r re sp e c ts

.
, , ,

a s i n di ca ti n g t h e m ak e up o f t h e b ook tha t th e y a re s till u n ive rsa lly

-
,

e m p l o y e d a n d a d e s c ri p ti o n o f a b o o k t h a t did n o t s a y w h e t h e r it wa s
.

in fo li o qu art o o r wh a t n o t w o uld b e re ga rd e d a s sa dly la cki n g fro m a

, , ,

bibli o gra p hi ca l p o i n t o f vi e w It is n e c e ssa ry th e n t o k n ow h ow th e se

.

t e rm s a re t o b e u s e d .

A t vari o u s time s th e re h as be e n s o m e u n c e rta i n ty in t h e m e a ni n g

whi c h h a s be e n giv e n t o t h e t e rm s Apa rt fro m th e t e n d e n cy t o call a n y
.

s qu a ri s h b o o k a qu a rt o s o m e h a v e d e s crib e d a q u a rt o a s o n e in w h i c h fo u r
,

l e a ve s fo rm a ga t h e ri n g A m o n g bibli o grap h e rs a t l e a st t h e p ra c ti c e is
.

n o w h o w e v e r quit e fix e d a n d t h e t e rm fo li o qu a rt o o c t a v o e t c
, , , ,
a re u s e d
, , .
,

s o l e ly wit h re fe re n c e t o t h e n u mb e r o f tim e s t h e o rigi n a l s h e e t o f p a p e r h a s

b e e n fo ld e d t o form th e l e a v e s o f th e b oo k T h u s in a b o o k in fo li o th e
.

s h e e t s h a v e b e e n fo ld e d On ce in a qu a rt o twi c e in a n o c t a v o th re e tim e s
, , ,

t h e s iz e o f t h e l e a v e s b e i n g c o n s e qu e n tly X and
y a t h a t o f t h e o rigi na l
,

sh e e t .
 LITERAR Y S TUDENTS AND EDITORS . 255

In Engl an d t o wa rd s t h e c l ose of t h e s ixt e e n th c e n tu ry two siz e s o f

, ,

p a p e r s e e m t o h a v e b e e n c o mm o n e s t t h e l a rg e r m ea s u ri n g a b o ut 1 9 x 1 5
,

a n d c o n s e qu e n tly givin g a fo li o m e a s uri n g 1 X qu t m u i g

5 9 a a r o e a s r n

9 % x 7 % an d a n o c t a v o 7 % x 4 % t h e s m a ll e r m ea s u ri n g a b o u t 1 6 x 1 2 ,

givi n g a fo li o r a x 8 a qu art o 8 x 6 a n d a n o c t a vo 6 X 4 T h e s e are

, .
,

h o w e ve r o n ly t o b e ta k e n a s v e ry ro ugh a p p ro xim a ti o n s a n d th e re w e re
,

c e rta i n ly o th e r s iz e s in u s e I n a n y c a se a s I h a v e s a id th e siz e a l o n e
.
, ,

will n ot te ll us t h e fo rm a t .

N o r c a n we go by t h e n umb e r o f l e a ve s in a ga th e ring fo r a s h as b e e n , ,

s t a t e d a b o v e we m a y h a v e a n y n umb e r fro m 2 t o 1 2 o r e v e n m o re in a
,

ga th e ri n g o f a fo li o 4 o r 8 in th a t o f a qu a rto 8 o r 4 in tha t o f a n oc t av o
, ,
.

H o w t h e n s ha ll we judg e w h a t t h e b oo k is ? T h e c rit e ri o n n ow u n ive rs a lly

a d o p t e d is th a t o f t h e p o s iti on o f t h e w a t e rm a rk i e t h e o rn a m e n ta l
, . .
,

d e sig n wh i c h n e arly e v e ry s h e e t o f p ap e r b e ars t ak e n in c o n ju n c ti o n with

,

t h e di re c ti o n o f t h e so ca ll e d c h a i n lin e s a n d wi re li n e s
- -
U n fortun a t e ly
-
.

e v e n t h i s c rit e ri o n s o m e tim e s fa il s us fo r t h e p o s iti o n o f t h e w a t e rm a rk is

,

n o t a b s o lut e ly c o n s ta n t a n d it is a q u e s ti on w h e th e r in s o m e m a k e s o f
,

p pa e r t h e c h a i n-
li n e s did n o t ru n l e n gt hwi se i n s t ea d o f a s u su a l a c ro ss , ,

t h e s h e e t : but w h e n t h e wa t e rm a rk fa il s t o d e c id e t h e qu e s ti o n we m us t ,

c o n fe ss t h a t t h e fo rm a t is u n c e rta i n .

I h av e a l re a dy re fe rre d t o t h e wa t e rm a rk a n d ch a i n line s but it will ,

b e n e c e s sary t o go i n t o t h e m a tt e r a littl e m o re fully .

I f h e e t o f o ld pa p e r b e e xa mi n e d by h oldi n g i t up t o th e light it
a s

will b e fo u n d th a t it h a s a la rg e n umb e r o f fi n e se mi tra n spa re n t li n e s -

ru n n i n g l e n gt h w a y s o f t h e shee t and li n e s at mu ch wid e r i n t e rva l s

, ,

ge n e ra lly a n i n c h o r a littl e l e ss cro ssi n g th e m a t right a n gl e s T h e fo rm e r

,
.

are t e r m e d t h e w i re li n e s t h e l a tt e r t h e c h a i n li n e s Fu rt h e r in th e
-
,
- .
,

middl e o f o n e h a l f o f t h e sh e e t will g e n e rally b e found a d e vi ce o f so m e

s o rt in s imil ar s e mi tra n sp a re n t li n e s
-
T h is is ca ll e d t h e wa t e rm a rk
. .

W h e n a s h e e t is p ri n te d in s u c h a way th a t it is t o b e re a d wit h o ut
fo ldi n g a s p o s t e rs o r p ro c l
,
a m a ti o n s a re p ri n t e d it is ca ll e d a b ro a d s id e o r
,
 2 56 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR
b ro a d sh e e t S u c h a s e e o
.
‘
h t w uld f u
o c o rse h v th w t m k
a e e a er ar in t h e
t
c e n re o f o n e h l
a f If t h e .
w a t e r m a rk w e re fo u n d t o b e in t h e middl e o f

t h e p a p e r it w o uld p ro ba bly b e re ga rd e d a s h a l f a sh e e t in fo li o .

I f th e s ee h t o f p a p e r b e f o ld e d o n ce a l on g t h e s h o rt e r di a m e t e r ,

th e w t
a e rm a rk will n o w b e in t h e middl e o f a l e a f a n d t h e
,
c h a i n li n es -

will run up an d d o wn t h e p ag e A b oo k in whi c h we fi n d th i s is ca ll e d

.

a fo li o ( figu re

11 . T wo l
ea v es

I f th e sh e e t is fo ld e d g i t h e wa t e rm ark will b e o n it s side

a a n,

in t
t h e c e n re o f t h e i n n e r m argi n s o f t h e l e a v e s an d th e c ha i n li n e s will
,
-

run h orizo nt ally . A b oo k in whi c h thi s is th e case is a qu arto (figu re

If it is fo ld e d y e t o n ce m ore , th e wa t e rm a rk will b e fo u n d upright
at th e t o p of th e i n n e r m argi n and t h e c ha i n li n e s will a ga i n b e v e rti ca l
-

( fig ure

( ) i d
T h i ly di y g t t
t m i it b d usa e h a t h e pr n r un s t h e ro a way o f t h e
kd t t di ti i d fi b d id b d
n or na r
1 s o e s n o p
m b m h h r oa s h e e t
sh I t o a es e n e a ro a s e or

big itd id
c
ly t i k w
t t e r e ar e a e n r
e e a
y
tt
.

e o f t h e p a p e r on I d o n o t h n , h o e v e r, t h a h is
i i b d ti
r n e on on e s
as e n p .

r e s t r c t o n i s o s erv e t
in p ra c c e , a n d in a n y ca se h e re a p pe a rs t o b e n o n a m e for a
t i l ly i t d
sh e e s m i a r p b id
r n e , b ut o n o th s es .
 25 8 NO TES ON BI BL I O GR A P H I C /I L E VIDENCE FOR
on e t h e se s iz e s A t p re s e n t h owe v e r t h e t e rm s e e m s o n ly t o b e u se d
of .
, ,

fo r bo ok s th a t are b o u n d in ga th e ri n gs o f 6 o r 1 2 o r 2 4 l e a ve s 1
.

It b e e n re ma rk e d th a t t h e n u mb e r o f l e a v e s in a ga th e ri n g d o
h as
n o t n e ce s sa rily c o rre sp o n d t o t h e n umb e r i n t o whi c h a s h e e t is fo ld e d .

I n a fo li o t h e ga th e ri n g g e n e ra lly co n s i s t s o f s ix l e a v e s : it m a y ,

h o w e v e r c o n s i s t o f a n y e v e n n umb e r fro m t wo t o tw e lv e o r e v e n m o re
, .

A qu a rt o ge n e ra lly h a s fo u r l e a v e s t o t h e ga t h e ri n g s o m e tim e s e ight .

An o c ta vo ge n e ra lly e ight 3 so m e tim e s fo u r .

A I 6 m o s ixte e n o r e ight
, .

A 3 2 m o ge n e ra lly s ixt e e n
,
.

A I 2 m o a n d 2 4 m o s ix e ight t w e lve o r (m o re rare ly ) tw e n ty fo ur

, , ,
-
.

It m a y b e c o n v e n i e n t to m e n ti o n h e re th e n o t a ti on th at is e m p l o y e d
in bibli o gra p hica l d e s c ri p ti o n s fo r i n di ca ti n g t h e n umb e r o f l e a v e s in a
ga th e ri n g T h i s is u s u a lly a s m a ll s up e ri or figure T h u s a b o o k
.
“
.

d e sc rib e d a s 8 vo A —D wo uld b e in o cta v o c on si s ti n g o f fo u r sh e e t s

“
,
S ”
, ,

s ig n e d A B C an d D e a c h ga th e ri n g c o n ta i n i n g e igh t l ea ve s O n e
, , , ,
.

d e scrib e d a s 8 vo A —D “
w o uld b e t h e s a m e e x c e p t fo r h a vi n g a n
,
S
,

a dditi on a l h a l f s h e e t fo ld e d in fo u r a t t h e e n d
-
s ig n e d E Wh e n t h e ,
.

s ign a t ure s a re n o t giv e n t h i s s u p e ri o r l e tt e r is n o t g e n e ra lly u s e d th u s a n

, ,

o c t a v o in fo u rs is ca ll e d 8 v o in fo u rs A s l e a v e s a re
“ ”
n ot ,

n e c e s sa rily a lw a y s in p a i rs it is c u s t o m a ry wh e n in a n y g a th e ri n g we fi n d
‘

( 1) t i l it
A n o h e r s z e , n o w v e r c o m m on in F ra n c e , is t h e 1 8 mo y S o fa r a s I ca n e a rn
d gl d wit w i d li g g it d
.

wa s n o t u se in E n a n a t a l la t th e t im e h h ch w e a r e e a n t h ou h is h a r t o
‘

wit
s e e wh , a s h t
a sh e e o l di i i t w ld gi w ll
f t h u u m i d g u - ro o rt o n e

i li w ld
e
ti l
s
y
wt k l id d p p
a e ns o n s o v e a e pa e .

T h e ch a n ne s ou b e v e r ca a n d t h e a e rm a r c e n tra o n th e P ro v e
g ld i i t w ld id tly i i
a ge .

t
th a 42 p a e s c ou b e s e t up a t on e t m e , ou h e p o ss l e so t o m p o se
g t y w ld g i g tw l l b k ig t ily
ev en
th e pa e s h a t t h e ou fo rm a t h e r n s o f e v e e a v e s , a n d s uch a m h e as
i k
oo

b e m s t a e n fo r a 1 2 m o .

( ) F g th i g
2 or f igh t l i m i i t w ld id tly b
s o yf I z

p i t
a er n

p 8 p g
e ea v e s
ti m f wi th h fi g h i g h w ld h
n a o s ze ou ev en e n e c e s sa r or
a r n er t o se t u 2 a es at a e, t rs t at e ou to
p i t f l ( p f bly h i d I i h d wh t ld
or e er n a ve

r n o ur e a ve s f ) f h re e ra t o ur t e s e con t to see co u
b g i d by gm t b
e

th l if m y t t h p iti f h
nn e r o . s ar a

e a ne h s uc a n a rra n ut n e v e r we rus to t e os t e
w m k m i igh t m m t im
e en

t w d h d f h ixt h
, e es s a on o
a te r ar 12 o n e to o cc ur t t e en t

t y t i b k p i t d h C ti t
, s se e s so e es o ar s e en o e s
c e n ur a t an ra e s t e
y , n oo r n e on on nen .
 LITERAR Y S TUDENTS AN D EDITORS . 2 59

an u n e v e n n umb e r t o c o n sid e r o n e l e a f a s mi s s i n g e v e n t h ough it m a y b e

, ,

a bl a n k o n e a n d h a v e b e e n re m o v e d by t h e o rigi n a l bind e r Thu s if t h e .

b oo k m e n ti o n e d a b ov e h a d e n d e d o n E 3 we s h o uld s till d e sc rib e it a s

,

A D E but a d d a n o t e th a t t h e l a s t l e a f was wa n ti n g in t h e c o p y u s e d
— S “
, , .

S imil arly a b o ok o f whi c h t h e p re limi n a ri e s c on s i s t e d o f on ly th re e l e a ve s

wo uld b e d e sc rib e d a s o f fo u r with o n e w an ti n g It is u s u ally but n ot .
,

a l w a y s p o ss ibl e t o m a k e o ut w h i c h is w a n ti n g b y c o n s id e ri n g t h e s ig na tu re s
,

wh i c h re m a i n ; e g if th e l e af imm e dia t e ly a fte r t h e titl e is s ign e d A 3

. .
, ,

it is o bvi o u s tha t t h e o n e wa n ti n g is A I p rob a bly on ly a bla n k l ea f ,

s e rvi n g a s a co ve r o r fl y l ea f wh e n t h e b oo k wa s s o ld u n b o u n d
-
.

We m ay t h e re tha t o c ca si o n a lly in qu a rt o b oo k s s u ch a s p l a y s
no e ,

in t e n d e d t o b e s o ld u n b o u n d if t h e b o o k h a pp e n e d t o e n d wit h t wo
,

bla n k l e av e s t h e la s t o n e wa s fold e d ro u n d in fron t o f t h e titl e p a ge

,
-

t o s e rv e a s a c ov e r I f a b o o k wa s b o un d up w ith t h e l e av e s k e p t
.

i n t h i s p o s iti o n t h e fi rs t ga th e ri n g mig h t s ee m t o c o n s i s t o f fiv e l e a v e s
, ,

t h e la s t o f t h re e .

It may a sol m a rk e d th a t wh e n th e re is a di ffic ulty in d e t e rmi n i n g

be re

w hi c h pa ir o f l e a ve s in a qu arto b e l on g t o o n e an o th e r th e p oi n t may ,

o ft e n b e s e ttl e d by o b se rvi n g t h e c h a i n li n e s o f t h e p ap e r
- A s th e se .

a re h o rizo n ta l w e can g e n e ra lly s e e with whi c h o f t h e o th e r l e av e s th e

,

c h a i n lin e s o n t h e l e a f in qu e s ti o n c o rre sp o n d
- I n a fo li o o r o c ta v o
.
,

wh e re th e s e m ark s run v e rti c al ly t h e t e st is o f l e s s use but e ve n in t h e se

,

t h e di s ta n c e b e tw e e n t h e c h a i n line s will s o m e tim e s h e l p us

- .

Th e re a re a n umb e r o f p uzzl e s c o n n e c t e d with fo rm a t but m os t o f ,

th e m a re t o o c o mp li ca t e d t o b e di scus se d h e re O n e o f th e p uzzl e s is
\ .

c onn e c t e d with c e rta in b o o k s o f qu a rt o s h a p e in whi c h t h e c h a i n m a rk s

-

run v e rti c a lly a s in a n oc t a v o T h e re is fo r e xa m p l e an e diti on o f

.
, ,

H a rd yn g s C/z om cl e p ri n t e d by G a ft o n wit h t h e d a t e 1 5 4 3 in w h i c h t h e
'
’
r ,
r ,

fi rs t twe lve sh e e t s o f t h e t e xt a re a pp a re n tly o n 8 vo p ap e r i a t h e ,

. .
,

ga th e ri n gs c on s i s t o f e igh t l e a ve s t h e c a i m a rk s run v e rti ca lly an d t h e

h n —
,
 2 60 NO TES ON BI BL I O GR A P H I CA I . E VIDENCE F OR

wa te rm a rk is a t t h e t o p o f t h e i n n e r m a rgi n s T h e s h a p e o f t h e p age
‘
.

is h o w e v e r t h a t o f an o rdi n a ry s m all qu a rt o a n d th e re s t o f th e b oo k
, ,

re lim s n o rdi n a ry qu a rt o p a p e r t h e g a th e ri n gs b e i n g s till

( a n d t h e p ) is o .
,

o f e ight l ea v e s b ut th e re b e i n g t wo wa t e rm a rk s in e a c h an d t h e c h a i n
,

li n e s ru nn i n g h orizon tally It is n o t c l ea r w h e th e r in s u c h c as e s t h e 8 vo
.

a e r wa s a s h e e t o f t h e s iz e o f t wo o rdin a ry s h e e t s o r wh e th e r in t h e
p p ,

m o uld u s e d t h e c h a i n m a rk s fo r so m e rea son o r o th e r ra n th e o p po site

-

wa y fro m th a t whi c h wa s u s u a l
3
.

“
tl
” “ ”
6 .
- On ze m e a n ing of issue a nd edit ion .

N o p re c i s e
d e fi n iti o n o f i ss ue or e diti o n is p oss ibl e but th e re is
“ ”
,

a m o n g bibli o gra p h e rs a w e ll -re co g n iz e d di ffe re n c e in t h e u s e o f th e s e t wo

w o rd s G e n e ra lly s p ea ki n g wh e n we ta lk o f a n e w e diti o n o f a b oo k
.
“ ”

we m e a n th a t t h e ty p e o f t h e wh o l e b o ok o r a t a n y ra t e th e t e xt a s ,

di s tin gui sh e d fro m t h e p re limi n a ry m a tt e r h a s b e e n se t up a fre sh ; whil e ,

wh e n we s p e a k o f a n e w i s su e we m e a n t h a t wh a t w e re l e ft o f t h e o ld ,

s h e e t s o f t h e t e xt h a v e b e e n b o u n d u p with a n e w titl e p a g e o r with -

,

n e w p re limi n a ry m a tt e r .

Th e re a re of co u rs e i n t e rm e di a t e p o ss ibiliti e s an d it is in t h e d e s e ri o ,

ti on o f th e se tha t di ffi c ulti e s a ri s e For e xa m p l e so m e tim e s a ft e r t h e .

,

o rigi n a l p ubli ca ti o n o f a b o o k a n a dditi on o r co n ti n u a ti o n is p ri n t e d

,

a n d thi s is i ss u e d b o u n d wit h w h a t re m a i n s o f t h e o rigi n a l s h e e t s I s thi s .

a n e w e diti o n o r a t e i s s u e ? It is I thi n k b e s t t o ca ll it a n e w i ss u e
- “

w ith a dditi on a l matte r fo r it is c l e ar t h a t th e re is n o n e w e diti on o f wh a t

”

was o rigi n a lly p ri n t e d s i n c e we h a v e m e re ly t h e re m a i n d e r o f t h e o rigi n a l

,

(I) The wt m k y Th m b
s a re m th i
n o t e as to to e n ot n

y g th i g b
a er ar

m g th i g I
se e
ld fi d
e re se e
lly
ore a n on e
ly
. s
an a i
er n ut I f th i a d c ou
h g th i g
n so e
m igh p h p
er n s

g h t h h t h db pi td
, n n on e . e re s re a one a n on

one i n eac a er n we t er a ue t t
f d bl l i b t h i m m t lik ly h d t , s ar a e s ee s a e en r n e on a

pre s s o h ou e t e u s ua s ze, ut s see s os un e at t e a e .

( ) M D ff i h i P i
2 r u
f W mi n d L d s
p 5 m ti py f
n te r : o es t n s t er 2,
f li C/ m l f wh i h l
on s a c o
b k wh i h i
. r an on on , . en o a
'

c e d h t wo ua r t o a not

p t ly q t d p tly t
o o z ro o c eav e s a re on e r, an er oo c s
q p p a
ar ua r o an ar o c avo .
 26 2 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

p ro p e r p l a c e a n d w a s a dd e d a t t h e e n d u n d e r t h e h e a di n g M o re fo r t h e ,

By sh o p T h i s wa s ap pa re n tly fo u n d u n sa ti sfa c t o ry a n d t h e fo rm e s w e re
.
”
,

u n l o ck e d a n d t h e typ e re im p o se d wit h t h e a dditi on a l p o rti o n c orre c tly

-

p l ac e d S.u c
l
h a t h in g a s t h i s c o uld o n ly h a
p p e n in t h e ca s e o f a n o ffi c i a l
p ubli c a ti o n o f t h e c l as s o f t h e A r ticl es o f w h i c h l arg e n u mb e rs w o uld b e
,

p r i n t e d a n d whi c h o n ly c on s i s t s o f s ix l e a v e s a s h e e t a n d a h a l f in qu a rt o
( ) .

I n p ri n ti n g a n o rdi n a ry b o o k t h e p ri n t e r s e e m s g e n e ra lly t o h a v e di s t ribut e d

t h e ty p e as h e w e n t a l on g in o rd e r th a t it might b e u se d a ga i n
, I n la te r .

tim e s h o we v e r p e rh ap s p ri n t e rs h a d m ore ty p e fo r th e re is a t l e as t o n e
, , ,

s imil a r c a s e in a p la y n a m e ly J as e r M a y n e s C ig I l la tel w i h ’
p , z h c wa s z
,

p ri n t e d in 1 6 5 8 a s a q ua rt o an d th e typ e t h e n re a rran ged t o a sh o rt e r p a ge -

fo r an 8 vo ( G re g L is t of E ngl
. is/z P l
,
a s a n d M a s u es c xxvi a n d xii
y q ) , .

In th e cas e o f s u c h e xt e n siv e a lt e ra ti o n s a s t h e se we s h o uld I thi n k , , ,

b e ju s tifi e d in d e s cribi n g t h e c op i e s a s b e l o n gi n g t o d i ffe re n t e diti o n s 3

o r we might if we wi s h e d t o b e p re c i s e ca ll th e m di ff e re n t imp re s si o n s “ ”
.

7 .
— On s ign a t u r es a n d wl
ea t m ay b e l
ea r n t f r om t /z em .

We ha ve se e n th a t th e s ign a tu re
th e r m a rk t o b e ”
is th e l e tt e r or o

fo u n d a t th e fo o t o f t h e fi rs t l e a f (a n d g e n e ra lly o f o n e o r m o re fo ll o wi n g
l e a ve s) o f a ga th e ring a n d th a t it s p u rp o s e is m a i n ly t o guid e th e bin d e r
,

in th e a rra nge m e n t o f th e ga th e ri n g s a n d fu rth e r in c e rta i n c a s e s t o t e ll,

him h o w t h e s h e e t is t o b e fo ld e d a n d wh a t s h e e t s o r p orti o n s o f sh e e t s
a re t o fo rm a s i n gl e g a th e ri n g w h e n t h e n u mb e r o f th e s e is n o t t h e sa m e a s

t h e n umb e r o f s h e e t s e g in a fo lio o r in a qu a rto in e ight s

,
. .
, , .

It might b e o bj e c t e d th a t signa tu res a re u n n e c e ss ary if t h e p ag e s o f a

b ook a re n umb e re d a s t h e n umb e rs w o uld t e ll t h e bi n d e r a llth a t h e n e e d
,

k n o w Thi s is tru e but t h e i n fo rm a ti o n w o uld n o t b e n e a rly s o e a sy t o

.
,

o bta i n I n t h e fi rs t p l a ce s o far as t h e fo ldi n g is c o n c e rn e d t h e numb e r

.
, ,

a t t h e u pp e r co rn e r o f a p a g e is in c on v e n i e ntly s itu a t e d It is n o t n early .

( 1 ) We ca n s ee th t i t is t h e igi l tti g
or na se of th e ty p by th e b k l t
ro en e t e rs a n d
li iti
a n e
o th er p e cu ar es .
 LI TERAR Y S TUDENTS AN D EDITORS . 2 63

so e a s ily s e e n a s t h e l e tt e r a t t h e fo ot S e c o ndly t h e bi n d e r wo uld fi n d it

.

m u ch m o re di ffi c ult t o a s ce rta i n wh e th e r h is b oo k wa s c o m p l e t e a n d t h e
s h e e ts a l
lin th e righ t o rd e r if h e h a d t o n o t e th a t t h e fi rs t p a ge s o f e a c h
ga th e ri n g w e re n u mb ere d I 9 I 7 2 5 e t c in a qu art o o r I 1 7 3 3 e tc
, , , , .
, , , , ,
.
,

in an o c tav o t h a n if h e h a d s im p ly t o s e e th a t th e y ra n A B c D e t c ;
, , , , ,
.

w hil e if a s o ft e n ha pp en s p a ge I was n o t th e fi rst page o f a sh e e t th e

, , ,

di ffi c ulty wo uld b e s till fu rth e r i n cre a se d .

But s e e i n g tha t s igna t ure s h a ve b e e n fo u n d s o n e ce ssa ry in pri n t e d

b o o k s tha t th e y a re s till u se d a t t h e p re se nt d a y it is h a rdly n e c essary ,

t o i n s i s t o n th e i r u s e ful n e s s I t m ay h o w e v e r b e re m a rk e d t h a t th e i r
.
, ,

ra c ti ca l im p o rt an c e re s ult e d in E liza b e th a n tim e s a t l e a s t in th e i r b e i n g

p , ,

a s a rul e fa r m o re a c c u ra t e th an t h e p a gi n a ti on I n t h e l a tt e r we v e ry .

c o mm o n ly fi n d t h e g ro sse s t ca re l e s sn e s s n umb e rs re p e a t e d o r o mitt e d

, ,

p a g e s wit h n o numb e r a t a l l p a r t s o f a
, b o o k in w h i c h l e a v e s a l o n e a re

n um b e re d whil e e l s e wh e re t h e n um e ra ti o n is by p a g e s ; but in t h e
es sen tia l p a rt o f t h e s ig n a tu re s t h e l e tt e r o r o th e r m a rk o n t h e fi rs t
,

p a g e , a n d t h e numb e r o n t h e o th e rs mi s t a k e s a re v e ry ra re
,
1
e v e n in ,

t h e w o rk o f t h e i n fe ri o r p ri n ti n g h o u s e s It is fo r t h i s re a so n th a t m an y
.

bibli o grap h e rs in re fe rri n g t o a p arti c ul a r l ea f o r pa ge o f a b o o k d o so ,

in a l l cas e s by t h e s ig n a tu re a n d n ot by t h e pa gin a ti o n e v e n wh e n thi s ,

h a pp e n s t o b e c o rre c t .

S ign a t ure s a re fo u n d fro m

quit e e a rly d ays in th e h i s t ory o f p ri n ti n g .

Th e i r fi rs t re c o rd e d a pp ea ran c e in a d a t e d b o o k is in o r a t a n y ra t e

n o t much l a t e r a n d th e y w e re u s e d in E n gla n d fro m

,

( ) I t i t y m m t fi d itk m lt i l t h e t e r o n fo s 2 , 3 , a

g ig i i t i ki d ld ly
n e
bl b d
I s n o v e r u n co o n o a s a e n .

B D m f h e t o th e
ath e r n ( , I D 2 3 t ) n o t s n co u o n ca use tr u
o i n er

b kw li w ld dly w g
, , e c . a s p r

if t h e o o t
e r e a fo o ; in o h e r c a s e s it ou h ar b e o rth c o rre c t i n S om e t i m e s ,
ll w l t w ig it d id
.

as I s h a sh o a e r , t h e s e e rro rs h e n oc c urr n in a r e p r n a ffo r e v e n ce as t o t h e

e di i wi
t o n fro m it
h c h t h e re p r n w a s m a e d .

( )
2 D uff, E a r l
y P r in t e d B k p 5
oo s , T h i m .d b t w0h . e re s so e ou e th er th e d a te is
c o rrec t .

3 ) D u f
f , P r i n t e r s of Wes t m in s t e r a nd Lon do n , p . 11 .
 2 64 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VID ENCE F OR

Afwg e l p oi n t s m a y b e n o t e d T h e l e tte rs i a n d j an d u an d v
e n e ra .
, ,

n o t b e i n g di ffe re n ti a t e d in e a rly tim e s a re n o t s e p a ra t e ly u s e d as s ign a tu re s , ,

i e th e re is o n e ga th e ri n g s ig n e d e ith e r i o r j a n d o n e s ign e d u o r v
. .
,
.

T h e l e tt e r w is a l s o g e n e ra lly o mitt e d fro m s igna tu re s .

‘

S o m e tim e s but rare ly z is o mitt e d an d we o c ca s i o n a lly e sp e c i a lly in

”
, , , ,

e a rly b o o k s fi n d s t ra n g e fo rm s o f s ig n a tu re s ; fo r e xa m p l e t h e c on t rac t e d
,

fo rm s o f e t a n d ca n a re so m e tim e s u se d a t th e e n d o f t h e a l p h a b e t a s in a ,

h o rn b oo k - .
3

A s t o th e n n moe r o f l ea v e s s ign e d it m a y b e sa id th a t th o ugh th e re , ,

wa s n o d e finit e rul e t h e m o s t c o mm o n p ra c tic e du ri n g t h e E liza b e th a n

,

p e ri o d se e m s t o h a v e b e e n t o s ign o n e m o re th a n h al f t h e l ea v e s in a
ga th e rin g ; thu s a b o o k in fo u rs will u su a lly ha ve s ign a tu re s on th re e l e a ve s
o f ea c h g a th e ri n g o n e in e ight s o n fi v e l e a v e s , O c cas i o na lly h o we ve r a ll .
, ,

t h e l e a v e s o f a ga t h e ring are s ign e d e spe c i a lly in qu a rt o b o o k s In , .

di s ti n gui s hi n g e diti o n s o f b oo k s whi c h co rre s po nd p a ge fo r p age w ith on e

a n o th e r it is o ft e n u se ful t o n o t e th e n umb e r o f l e a ve s whi c h be a r a
,

s igna tu re .

S ig n a tu re s a re o f grea t im p o rta n c e to th e bibli o g ra p h e r a n d e dito r n o t ,

o n ly o n a c c o unt o f t h e h e l p th e y giv e us in a s c e rta i n i n g wh e th e r a b o o k is

co m p l e t e o r n o t but b e ca u se by th e ir a id we m a y o ft e n l earn mu c h a s t o
,

t h e o rd e r o f t h e v ari o u s e diti o n s Th e y m a y e v e n in s o m e c as e s give us

.

e vid e nc e o f th e e xis t e n c e o f e diti o n s o f whi c h n o c o p y is n o w k n o wn .

Wh e n a b o o k is s e t up fro m M S it is in m o s t ca s e s co n ve n i e n t to .
,

b e gi n co mpo siti o n n o t with t h e titl e pa ge o r p re limina ry ma tte r but with -

,

t h e c o mm e n ce m e n t o f t h e w o rk it se l f T h e re a re se ve ra l re a s o n s fo r thi s . .

It is so m e tim e s re qui re d th a t t h e p re limin a ry l ea ve s s h all c o n ta in a li s t o f

c o nt e n t s wit h p age re fe re n c e s an d th e s e p a g e re fe re n c es ca n n o t o f c o u rs e -
,

( ) P e rh a ps e ca use b
w a s n o t re ar e it g dd lly as rea a se t
ar a e l tt th gh i t i f d
e e r, ou
gli ti g li t i d ig t i t d
1 s o un

in En sh p ri n n from t h e ea r e s t m e s I n o n e case is use as a s n a u re

T b
. ns ea

of Y (A mes, y p og A n t iq , e d H e r e rt , p . . . .

( 2 ) Op . cit .
, p p 69 3
.
, 7 3 2 , 10 97 c f l b l w p
. a so e o , . 2 99 .

( 3 ) Op . cit .
, p . 25 5 .
 2 66 NO TES ON BIBLIO GRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

H e n ce th e p r in te r h ad t h e wh o l e of h is m a tt e r in h an d b e fo re b e gi n n i ng
co mp o siti o n . H e n ce th e re is a c o n s id e ra bl e c h an c e th a t t h e b oo k is
a re p ri n t .

l if we find v e ry l on g p re limina ri e s s ign e d A B o r A B C

So a so , , , , ,

a n d t h e t e xt b e gi n s o n C o r D it is lik e ly th o ugh n o t c e rt a i n t h a t t h e , , ,

b oo k is a re pri n t .

S u ppo se th a t t h e p re limi n a ri e s c o n s i s t o f t wo s h e e t s sig n e d

A a n d a a n d t h e t e xt t h e n b e gi n s o n B We sh o uld a t on ce gu e ss t h a t
,
.

t h e p ri n t e r b e gan with t h e t e xt a n d t h a t wh e n t h e p re limi n ar y m a tt e r ,

c a m e in h e fo u n d it u n e x p e c t e dly l o n g H a vi n g o n ly l e ft o n e signa tu re .

fo r it h e fo u n d t wo w e re re qui re d a n d h a d t o a d d I f h e h ad b e e n
“ ”
,
a .

re p ri n ti n g b e ginni n g fro m A
,
h e w o uld n a tu ra lly h a v e s ig ne d t h e s e co n d
,

sh e e t B an d so o n
,
H e n ce in thi s ca se th e b oo k was p ro b a bly prin te d
.

s t ra ight fro m M S a n d is lik e ly t o b e a fir s t e diti o n

‘
. .

Fro m th e se c on sid e ra ti o n s we ca n d e du ce t h e ge n e ra l rul e that a n ,

e diti o n in whi c h t h e s ig n a tu re s a re a l
,
lo f o n e a l p h a b e t b e gi n ni n g with A ,

a n d p ro ce e di n g re gula rly is lik e ly t o b e l a t e r th a n a n e diti o n in whi c h t h e

,

p re limi na r y l e a v e s h a v e a s e p a ra t e s ig n a tu re .
2

In t h e a b o v e cas e s we are o nly d e alin g with p ro b a biliti e s T h e .

s ign a t u re s giv e us a hin t w hic h we mu s t if we ca n turn i n to c e rta i n ty

, , ,

by o th e r e vid e n c e But s o m e tim e s we can a t l ea s t b e c e rta in t h a t a b oo k

.

is a re p ri n t .

Fo r e xa m p l e s u p p ose th a t t h e p re limin a ri e s c o nta i n re ma rk s by t h e

,

a uth o r a b o u t th e p ri n t e r s h as t e o r s l o w n e s s s kill o r ca re l e ss n e s s ; o r
’
,

c orre cti on s o r a dditi o n s ; o r a li st o f co n t e n ts in whi c h p a ge n umb e rs a re -

give n ; it is e vid e n t t h a t t h e p re limi n a ry m a tt e r da t e s fro m a ft e r t h e b oo k

wa s o rigi n a lly p u t in ty p e .

id d th t h t
( I ) P ro v f r un s ro m A I f n ot, th e d sh e e tm be lt
dditi i Ri h d H
e a s ee a
y L mb
on s e co n ay

w i i tl
a
ly
. a er

a c
’
a
f
o God , h e re sh e e t t Ep
d i f w pi
on , as n ar a rv e s a con a ns a n s e on
foun n a e co es .

( ) Ex ll t
2 f th i p i t w
ce en us e o s o n as m d by M i
a e ss H enr i tt
e a C Ba rt e l tt
in h e r
Q t E di ti f J li i Tl Lib A p il
.

p p a e r on Cua r o o ns o u us ae sa r n ie r a ry , r , 1 9 1 3, p 1 2 8 . .
 LI TERAR Y S TUDENTS AN D EDITORS . 267

N ow upp o se a l so tha t th e signa tu re s a re re gular b e gin n i n g with A

s , ,

but th e t e xt d o e s n ot b e gin a t t h e b e gi n n i n g o f a s h e e t but sa y o n A 4 o r , , ,

o n B2 we se e a t o n c e th a t t h e p ri n ti n g mu s t h a v e b e gun with t h e titl e

,

p a g e a n d g o n e s t ra ight fo rwa rd a n d h e n c e o ur b o o k c a n n o t b e a fi rs t
,

e diti o n but mu s t b e a re p ri n t
, M ore t h an t h i s if in t h e p re lims th e re a re
.
, .

re fe re n c e s t o p ag e s o f t h e b oo k it mu s t b e a g e f p g i t f m
p a o r a e r
,e p r n r o a n

e a rli e r e diti o n
‘
.

O n e o r t wo e xa mpl e s m a y m ak e thi n g s c l e a re r T o t h e s e con d .

e diti o n o f Th o m a s N as h e s P ier ce P e n n il ess e is p re fix e d a l e tt e r fro m t h e

’

a uth o r t o t h e p ri n t e r in whi c h N a s h e s a y s t h a t h e h e ars th a t t h e b o o k is

,

b a s t ing t o t h e s e co n d im p re ss i o n a n d t h a t if t h e p ri n t e r h a d n o t b e e n
so fo rw a rd in t h e re p ubli s hi n g o f it h e w o uld h a ve a dd e d so m e t h i n g
”
.

H e a l so a sk s h im t o s h o rt e n t h e titl e whi c h in t h e fi rs t e diti o n h a d b e e n ,

t oo l o n g Thi s t h e p ri n t e r did H e h a d e vid e n tly b e gu n p ri n ti n g w ith

. .

t h e t e xt whi c h is s ign e d A ; t h e titl e a n d t h e a b o v e m e n ti o n e d E p i s tl e

,
-
,

whi c h we m a y as sum e n o t t o ha ve b e e n w ritte n u n til t h e b ook wa s a t ,

l e a s t p a rtly in typ e b e i n g sig n e d by a p a ra g ra p h m ark

, ,
-
.

I n t h e thi rd e diti o n t h e a rra n g e m e n t o f s ign a tu re s is s imil a r ; but in t h e

fo u rth t h e titl e s h e e t is A t h e e p i s tl e b e i n g o n A 2 a n d t h e t e xt b e gi n n i n g o n
,
‘

A3 . H e re th e n t h e E p i stl e wa s e vid e ntly se t up bef or e t h e t e xt H e n c e e ve n .

,

if t h e s e c o n d an d thi rd e diti on h ad c o m p l e t e ly di sap p e a re d we c o uld h a ve ,

i n fe rre d t h e e xi s te n ce o f on e o f th e m in which th i s l e tte r wa s p rin te d .

A s till b e tt e r e xa m p l e o f wha t m a y b e lea rn t fro m sign a ture s is t o b e

found in t h e t wo un da t e d e diti o n s o f G e o rg e C h a p m an s M emor a b l e M as q ue
’

of t b c T w o H on o u r a bl e H ous es or I n n s of Cou t
[a T h e a rr a ng e r

m e n t o f t h e t wo e diti o n s is as fo llo w s :
1 P rint e d by G E ld fo r G e o rg e N o rto n
. . .

SI ) T i t l bl k fil2 D d i t i A I 2 T h M k f th G t l "
e
w ti i l t
1 e , v e rso an e ca on a as e o e en e

( g l
. .

m en
”
a t f th p f m )
e ne ra a cc o un 3o 3 T e e r or an c e . a
"
o a ns e r cer a n e n so e n

( ) I t is pe rh a p s c e s sa ry t o sa y th t th i w s ou ld b e t h e cas e in m o e rn oo
not d b k s,

w
I
w l ig t b t di g i ty p
a

h e re th e ho e m h e s an n n t e a on ce — b ut s uch wa s n o t th e c us o m t wi th
li b t i
E z a e h a n p r n t e rs .

T 2
 268 NO TES ON
BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR
m d g i t h l gth f m y p h p li bl gm 9’ “
bi i e ct o n s ( 4) T h
t e o s eec es, a e a ca e ar u ent

f h M k (i w h i h d by h ig
o a e a a ns en
t d E f rr ata f h t x ) e rro rs a re r e e rre to t e s n a t u res o t e e t
bl k B I P i T h N m f h S p k f ll w d by h xt f h M q
o e as e an n c

v e rs o an .
— "
e a es o t e ea e rs , o o e t e te o t e as ue .

P int d by F K f G g N t
2 . r e . . or e or e or on .

w t i g b bly bl k i t l b k 3 3 D di t i
( A I ) ( A ) T l A — a an 2 e, v e rso an
"
ca on
w i
n e
k l
p an , ro . . .

A
( 4) C T h M
- 1f "
h G “
t m C — T t
”
2 2 "
c e rt a n e
C 3 T h ppli bl g m t
o e en e en
bl k ( C 4 ) G 3
e as e o ans er
i l t bi i
.

” "
n so e n e c t on s e a ca e ar u en v e rs o an

f h Sp k f ll w d by h t xt f h M q
o .
, .

Th N m e a es o t e ea e rs , o o e t e e o t e as ue .

hi d i ti ly f th m d th
”
I n t h s e d on b t e w e rra ta h o n o t occ ur , ut o n on e o r t o o e an ose t e
m t b i b td
,

os o h v o us , a ve e e n c o rre c e .

N ow e ve n
m t h e m ak e -up a l o n e we might gu e ss th a t Ed 1 is th e
fro .

e a rli e r fo r t h e w o rk it s e l f b e gin s o n B r an d thi s is p rec e d e d by A an d a

, ,

t h e l a tt e r s ign a tu re s t ro n gly s ugg e s ti n g th a t t h e p re limi n ary m a tt e r was

m o re tha n t h e p ri n t e r h a d e xp e ct e d a n d a ll o w e d for But we h a v e .

wha t a m o u n t s t o a b solut e p ro of fo r o n a r in th e middl e o f th e d e s crip ,

v

ti on o f th e m asqu e we find t h e fo ll o wi n g pa s sage : ,

Th f ll wi g t i d i ptio f th n tti g d t i f th m q ] ce r a n es cr on s o e se n an ac

ld i d ty h h d th i p p p l
e se o

y fi tt d p
on o e as ue
h ou u a ue ft a h f th A t
e r b t er a c es , a e r e ue r e s e ec o
b i g p t d by th P i t wh i h h lt m k w
s n ro e c o rs u
e n re ue n e p t d h t f th e vn e x ec e as e o e r n e r, c e n e ue r
di g m p f till h h d p t th p h ; I h d
e e no ,

an d n e ue r se n e a t
ro o e , e a as ose s eec es a no
i m gi h ld h b f w d
n re aso n o
”
a ne e e cou a ue e e n so or ar .

N ow it
u rse e vid e n t th a t thi s co uld n o t ha ve b e e n w ritte n
is of co

u n til m os t o f th e p l ay was in typ e ; a n d th e re fore t h e p re limi n ary ma tt e r

mu st h a v e b e e n se t up af ter th e t e xt I n E d 1 thi s a s we ha ve se e n is . .
, ,

p os s ibl e ; t h e a rra ng e m e n t e ve n s t ron gly s ugg e s ts it Bu t c o n s id e r t h e .

a rra n g e m e n t o f E d 2 H e re t h e pa s sage ju st qu o te d is o n sigs B4 an d

. . .
"

C 1 a n d t h e m as qu e it s e l f b e gi n s o n t h e las t l e a f o f s h e e t C
, It is .

t h e re fo re im po ssibl e tha t t h e t e xt s h o uld h a ve b e e n se t up b e fo re t h e

re limi n a ri e s an d thi s e diti o n m us t b e a re ri n t
p p .

H ence t we ca nn o re a s o n a bly d o ubt t h a t th e e diti on p r n e i t d by

G . d p re c e d e d t h a t by
El F K . .

O i
lly o f c o u rse a n a uth o r might d e liv e r a ll t h e p re fa t o ry
c ca s on a .

ma tte r t o th e pri n t e r with t h e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e w ork a n d h e migh t t h e n ,

b e gi n c o m p ositi o n with t h e titl e p a ge We ge t an i n st an c e of th i s in -

.
 2 70 NO TES ON BIBLIO GRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

8 . S ome I zin ts
- on deter min ing w /zet/ze r two i
p es
co of a b ook b el
ong

to tb e s a me e dition .

Wh e n it is po s sibl e t o c o m p a re t h e c opi e s s id e by s id e th e re ca n o f
co u rs e s e ld o m b e a n y di ffi c ulty in d e c iding wh e th e r th e y b e l o n g t o t h e

sa m e e diti o n o r n o t O ft e n h o we ve r thi s is imposs ibl e a n d on e is force d

.
, ,

t o d e pe n d o n n o te s A fe w hi n ts as t o t h e m ost u se ful thin gs t o n o tic e

.

m ay b e w e l c o m e .

Fi rst o f co u rse we may no t e th e colla ti on of t h e b ook I f o n e

“ ”
.

c o p y ru n s t o ,
s ay F 4 an d t h e o th e r t o G 4 ( b o th b e i n g p e rfe c t c opi e s)
, , ,

th e y e vid e n tly b e l o n g t o di ffe re n t e diti o n s a n d t h e o n ly thi n g l e ft t o m ak e

s u re a b ou t is th a t s h ee t G is n ot s im p ly a n e xt ra s h e e t c o n t a i n i n g a n

a p p e n dix o r o th e r a dditi o n a l m a tt e r .

A ss umi n g tha t t h e co lla ti o n o f th e C op i e s is t h e sa m e n o t e s of t h e ,

fo ll o wi n g p o i n t s o r o f s o m e o f th e m will ge n e ra lly s e ttl e wh e t h e r th e y

, ,

b e l o n g t o t h e sa m e e diti o n o r n ot .

The ca ct h wo rd s o n ce rt a i n p age s It is we ll t o n o t e th e fi rs t
- .

c a t c h w o rd o n e a c h s h e e t a n d
-
e h a s o t w o th e s h e re a n d th e re
p r p n e o r o r ,

p re fe ra bly t o wa rd s t h e middl e o f t h e s h e e t s T h e re is h o we ve r littl e o r ,

,
.

n o u s e in n o ti n g t h e fin a l ca t c h w o rd s o f t h e s h e e t a s in t h e v e ry co mm o n
-
,

c as e o f a re ri n t b e i n g divid e d a m o n g t wo o r m o re co m o s it o rs t o s e t up
p p
th e y will b e b o u n d t o w o rk s o tha t t h e sh e e t s s h all e ac h e n d with t h e
s a m e w o rd a s t h e o rigi n a l whi c h th e y a re fo ll o wi n g fo r o th erwi s e o f c o u rs e
,

t h e s h e e t s o f t h e re p rint w o uld n o t fo ll o w o n e a n o th e r p ro p e rly .

The l as t word s o f so m e d o z e n li n e s o n o n e o r two pa ge s ta k e n

a t ra n d o m in di ffe re n t
p a r t s o f
'

t h e b o ok E v e n w h e n a b o o k is s e t up
.

“
li n e fo r li n e fro m a n o th e r it o fte n h a p pe n s tha t t h e li n e s d o n o t e xa c tly
c o rre s o n d th ro u g h o u t S lig h t di ff i t h f u t s u se d s e c i a lly
p . e r e n c e s n e o n e p ,

t h e p re s e n c e o r a b s e n c e o f a bb re via ti o n s m ay ca u se a co m p o s it o r s o m e
,

tim e s t o tu rn o ve r a wo rd into t h e n e xt l in e It is sa fe r to ta k e su ch li n e
.
 LITERAR Y S TUDENTS AND EDITORS . 27 !

en di n gs fro m n e a r t h e middl e of a pa g e wh e re th e c o m p os ito r ge n e rally

,

a ll o w e d him s e l f ra t h e r m o re fre e d o m in thi s re sp e c t tha n e l s e w h e re .

T h e p os iti o n o f t h e signa tu re s i e h o w th e y s ta n d w ith re sp e c t

, . .
,

t o th e w o rd s in t h e l a s t li n e o f p ri n t m a
y b e n o t e d o
, n a c e r t a i n n umb er

of p a ge s .
‘

The s ize and d e sign o f a ny l a rge o rn a m e n t al initia l s u se d at th e

head of c ha p te rs or s e c ti o n s m a y b e n o t e d .

M o st
u n t s o f ita li c typ e s h a d t wo fo rm s o f ca p it a l l e tt e rs a
fo ,

p l a i n fo rm a n d o n e w ith fl o u ri s h e d p roj e c ti o n s ( t h e l a tt e r fo rm b ei n g c a ll e d
s was h T h e s e w e re ge n e ra lly u se d i n di scrimi na t e ly an d c o n
“
,

s e qu e n tly t h e us e o f th e o n e fo rm o r t h e o th e r in p a rti c ul ar w o rd s is o ft e n
'

a m o s t va lu a bl e t e s t a s t o t h e e diti o n t o whi c h a a ticul a r co py o f a

p r

b ook b e l o n gs .

B ro k e n l e tt e rs m a y b e l o o k e d for in t h e t e xt a n d th e p lac e in ,

whi c h t h e y o cc u r n o te d B ro k e n l e tt e rs a re h o w e v e r n ot a ve ry sa ti s
i

.
, ,

fa c t o ry m e an s o f id e n ti fyi n g e diti o n s I n t h e fi rs t p l a c e th e y m a y ge t
.

b ro k e n du ri n g t h e a c tua l p ri n ti n g a n d m ay t h e re fo re o nly p rint a s b ro k e n

in c e rta i n C op i e s S e co n dly it is n o t a lwa y s e as y t o di s ti ngui sh b e tw e e n
.

a b ro k e n l e tt e r a n d o n e tha t fo r s o m e reas o n o r o t h e r h as fa il e d t o p ri n t
, ,

p pro e rly A n
. e x a m p l e will illu s t ra t e t h e d a n g e r o f re lyi n g t o o muc h o n

t h e i r e vid e nc e S o m e y ea rs ago wi sh i n g t o d e c id e whe th e r t wo cop i e s o f

.
,

a boo k o n e a t O x fo rd a n d t h e o th e r a t Lo n d o n b e l o ng e d t o t h e s a m e
, ,

e diti o n ,
I n o t e d d own ce rta in p e culi a riti e s i n c ludi n g t h e fa c t tha t in a ,

c e rta i n w o rd c o nta ini n g d o ubl e n t h e se c o n d limb o f t h e fi rs t 11 fa il e d t o

,

p ri n t a n d s e e m e d t o b e im p e rfe c t I h a d I m a y s a y m a d e s u re th a t o t h e r
.
, ,

n s o n t h e pa g e p rint e d c o rre c tly T h e s e co n d c o p y sh o w e d e xa ctly t h e

’
.

s a m e im p e rfe c ti o n but wh e n I c a m e t o e x a mi n e t h e o th e r p o i n t s n o t e d I
, ,

s a w th a t t h e e diti o n s w e re c l e a rly di ffe re n t Thi n ki n g th a t thi s wa s o dd I .

,

l oo k e d fu rth e r an d fo u n d tha t t h ough s i n gl e n s p ri n t e d co rre ctly in

,
.
’
,

(I ) Fo r an e x a m p e of l th e us e o f th i s t
me h o d se e Bo n d ’
s v ol . i , p p 8 9 , 94 , 96
. .
 2 72 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

nea r l
y eve ry ca s e o f t womi n g t o ge th e r t h e se co n d limb o f th e fi rs t
’
n s co

o n e fa il e d t o ta k e t h e in k Wha t h a d h app e n e d wa s e vide n t T h e m a trix

. .

fro m whi c h t h e l e tt e r wa s ca s t h a d n o t b e e n s tru c k p e rfe c tly t rue ‘ an d ,

c o n se qu e n tly o n e limb o f a l lt h e n s o f t h e fo u n t wa s s lightly high e r th a n

’

t h e o th e r I n o rdi n a ry case s t h e di ffe re n c e o f h e ight wa s n o t e n o ugh t o

.

re v e n t t h e l o w e r o n e fro m b e i n g i n k e d a n d inting ly but wh

p p r p p
r o e r e n ,

t wo n s ca m e t o ge th e r t h e u n u s ua lly high fi rs t limb o f t h e s e c o n d n ca m e

’

a ga i n s t t h e u n u s u a lly l o w s e c o n d limb o f t h e fi rs t 11 a n d s o p re v e nt e d it ,

fro m p ri n ti n g We mu s t th e re fo re re m e mb e r t h a t t h e a pp a re n t fa ult s o f
.

p ri n ti n g m a y s o m e tim e s b e fa ult s o f t h e wh o l e fo u n t o f ty p e u se d a n d ,

b e o n o ur gua rd a ga i ns t ta ki n g t h e s e a s fa ult s o f a p a rti cu l a r im p re s s i on .

I f th e se t e s t s fa il t o sa ti s fy us th e re is o n e o th e r th a t we m a y try
, .

I h ave u se d it s e ve ra l tim e s an d have n e ve r kn o wn it fail t o give a cl e a r

an s w e r o n e wa y o r t h e o th e r It is thi s Ta k e a n y p a ge o f t h e b o o k a n d
.

fi n d in it t wo full s t o p s a t a di s ta n c e o f s o m e t e n o r a d o e n li n e s a p art ( if z

p o s s ibl e t h e li n e s s h o uld b e t o w a rd s t h e c e n t re o f t h e p a g e ) N o t e o f .

c o u rse t h e p a g e a n d t h e w o rd s b e fo re t h e s t o s s o as t o id e n ti fy th e m
p .

N ow l a y a rul e r o n t h e a g e fro m o n e o f th e s e s t o s t o t h e o th e r a n d n o t e
p p
t h e l e tt e rs o r pa rt s o f l e tt e rs th a t it c ut s I f a rul e r p l a c e d in a s imil ar
.

p o s iti o n in t h e o t h e r c o p y c ut s t h e s a m e l e tt e rs t h e c h a n c e s a re m an y
h u n d re d s t o o n e th a t t h e t wo pa g e s w e re p ri n t e d fro m t h e sa m e se tti n g up -

o f ty p e ,
fo r h o w e v e r ca re fully a c o m p o s it o r fo ll o w e d h is o rigi n a l t h e
i rre gul arity in t h e ca s ti n g o f typ e a n d s pa ce s wo uld a lm o st i n e vita bly
p re v e n t t h e t wo p ri n t s c o rre s po n di n g in thi s re s pe c t .

— On b ib l
iogr ap b ica levid e n ce to t b c or der ed ition s
9 .
of as .

We m a y as sum e a s a g e n e ra l rul e th a t t h e h a n d s o m e s t e diti on o f a

b o o k is t h e fi rs t T h e t e n d e n c y o f re p ri n ts h a s a t a lltim e s b e e n t o wa rd
.

t h e sa vi n g o f e x p e n se in p ro du c ti o n fo r w h e n t h e re p uta ti o n o f a b o o k is
,

y
(I) di g h typ
I n t p e -fo un t w as fi t c ut o n th e t
en d of a s ee lp h un c Fro m t h i s a

ix d by t iki g i t i pi ti w fix d
n , e e rs .

m atr wa s m a e nto a e ce o f c o ppe r . T h e ma r x as th en e in a

yp m ld
s r n
t e- ou .
 2 74 NO TES ON B I BLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE FOR

an a uth o r m a ki n g im pro ve m e n t s fro m tim e t o tim e in h is o wn c op y o f h is

w o rk (pre s um a bly a co p y o f t h e o rigi n a l e diti o n ) an d se n di n g li st s of th e se
t o t h e p ri n t e r t o b e i n s e rt e d in re p ri n t s o r e v e n in s e rting th e m in p ro o fs ,

him s e l f a n d if th e s e re p ri n t s w e re in o th e r re sp e c t s n ot m ore ca re fully

,

s u p e rvi se d th a n t h e g e n e ra l ru n o f th e m we might h a v e a s e ri e s o f e diti o n s ,

s t e a dily d e g e n e ra ti n g in c o rre c tn e s s o f p ri n ti n g a n d a t t h e sa m e tim e

s t e a dily im p ro vi n g in rea ding s It wa s i n s u ffi c i e n t a tt e n ti on t o thi s

“ ”
.

p o i n t th a t in t h e e a rly d a y s o f e diti n g le d t o t h e g e n e ra l a ss um p ti o n th a t

t h e fi rs t e diti o n o f a w o rk wa s n ec e ssa rily t h e b e s t t o t a k e as t h e b as i s

o f a m o d e rn e diti o n whi c h we n o w s e e t o b e n ot by a n y m e an s a l wa y s
,

t h e ca se We ca n i n d e e d o n ly a s sum e it t o b e t h e cas e wh e n we ca n b e
.

re a so n a bly c e r ta i n th a t t h e a ut h o r h ad n o thi n g t o d o with t h e l a t e r e diti o n s .

I n u si n g co rre ct n e s s as e vid e n ce o f p ri o rity o f i ss u e we mu s t th e re fo re

“ ”

b e c a re ful to c o n fi n e o ur a tt e n ti o n t o mecb a n ica l c o rre c t n e s s i e t h e ,

. .
,

a b se n c e o f mi sp ri n t s a l on e , .

T o tu rn n o w t o th e m o re s pe ci a l ki n d s o f e vid e n c e a s t o p ri o rity
which m ay b e d e du c e d fro m t h e c o m p a ri so n o f e diti on s o f a b o ok I h a ve .

a l re a dy s h o wn h o w t h e S i gn a tu re s m ay so m e tim e s th ro w light o n t h e o rd e r

in whi c h th e va ri o u s e diti o n s w e re p ri n t e d but o th e r c o n s id e ra ti o n s o f a ,

bibli ogra p hi ca l n a tu re will o ft e n h e lp us in t h i s re sp e c t T h e m o s t .

c on c lu s iv e e vid e n ce a s t o t h e o rd e r a n d a s t o whi c h e diti on wa s p ri n t e d

fro m whi c h e a rli e r o n e is i n d e e d g e n e rally t o b e o bta i n e d by a c o m p a ri s o n
o f re a di n g s ; b u t t h i s is a l e n gthy bu s i n e s s a n d it is o ft e n c o n v e n i e n t t o

a rriv e a t a p r oba b l e o rd e r b e fo re we
p ro c e e d t o a c tu a l co ll a ti o n o f t e xt s .

It s e e m s c l e ar th a t in t h e gre a t m aj o rity o f cas e s a n e w e diti o n o f a

b oo k was p ri n t e d fro m a n e a rli e r o n e an d n o t fro m t h e o rigi n al M S or , .
‘

(I ) I t k w
h as e e n h e b ld
w h t g d th t h M S f b k w h
I no not on ro un t e o a oo
g lly d t y d T h i m lik ly i t w ld i m t
, a s, a . en

o n ce r in t e d fro m w as e n e ra un ou
ig t f h li
e s ro

d it w ld th f b i m p t p
se e s as
it
e . s e , n os
h ar t e s n a ure o t e ce n s e r a n ou e re o r e e o r ta n to
i w d h b k h i g b d ly p d by h
c as e s re s e rv e
i cas e q t
an f u es on a te r to t een u a ss e t
h i ti ly p i f id b i g h m tt th t i k w m i i
n y ar s a ro se as e oo av n e
a ut Th es t to
p i l i Vi
or e on e ce o e n ce e ar n on e no

d
a er a s
w
n
i
. ev e s n

J gg d
’
s e Di y f E
st e n f
n ce n t s 8 4
’
h h t t o on 2 t e
t t h t h igi l M S f h w k g i t wh i h Vi
ar o

w i ti g
a scov e r r r o r s , re e rre e re
p p .
, r n er

s a es t a t e or na o xt t
t e n ce n t was r n w as
d i t w ld th h p i t d b k w
. or a a ns c e an
f
ou b th t h i
e re o re e seen d h t e e rro rs t oo e re n o t ue to t
p i t l
an a n e r n e e
’
r n e r s ca re e ssn e ss .
 LITERAR Y S TUDENTS AN D EDITORS . 2 75

fro m a cop y of it
fi rs t p l ace it is e a si e r for th e c o m p osito r to rea d
. I n th e ,

a n d h e n c e h e co uld p re s um a bly w o rk qui ck e r E v e n a t pre se n t th e .

,

c o m p o s iti o n ra t e s a re 8 t o 1 0 p e r c e n t l e s s fo r e x a c t re ri n ti n g fro m a w o rk
p .

a l re a dy in typ e th an fo r c o m p os iti o n fro m a M S I n t h e s e c on d p l ac e if .

it wa s i n t e n d e d t o re p ri n t p age for p a ge a s wa s u su a lly d on e u n l e ss t h e re ,

wa s s o m e s p e c i a l re as on a ga i n s t it t h e b o o k c o uld c on v e n i e n tly b e divid e d

,

a m o n g t wo o r m o re c o mp os it o rs wh o c o uld w o rk s imult a n e o u sly

‘
, .

It m ay th e n g e n e ra lly b e a ss umed th a t a l a te r e diti on is p ri n t e d fro m

a n e a rli e r o n e u n l e s s t h e re i s c l e ar e vid e n c e t o t h e c on t ra ry but o n e can
o ft e n ge t di re c t e vid e n c e o f t h e fa c t Fo r e x a m p l e if two e diti on s o f a .
,

work in pro se c orre sp on d lin e for lin e th e y mu s t b e o f t h e sa m e s e ri e s

t h e l at e r o n e mu s t h a v e b e e n p ri n t e d fro m t h e e a rli e r o r fro m o n e

whi c h it se lf was d e riv e d fro m t h e e a rli e r) N o t wo c o m po sito rs worki n g .

i n d e pe n d e n tly fro m a M S w o uld se t li n e fo r li n e t h e sa m e e ve n if th e y

.
,

fo ll o w e d t h e s p e lli n g o f t h e M S whi c h th e y p rob a bly s e ld o m o r n e ve r .

,

t ro ubl e d t o d o u n le s s in t h e c ase of a fe w a uth ors wh o m a d e a sp e ci a l

,

p o i n t o f s p e lling s uch a s C h u rchy ard S t a n y h urs t o r Be n J o n s o n T h e , .

p ro of is as go o d if as we s o m e tim e s fin d t h e t e xts d o n ot a g re e line for

, ,

li n e t h ro ugh o ut but a re b rough t t o agre e m e n t a t t h e e n d o f e ach page so

,

t h a t t h e c a t c h w ord is t h e s a m e fo r thi s c o uld o n ly b e d o n e by a

-
,

c o m p o s it o r wh o h a d a p ri n t e d p a g e t o w o rk fro m .

I n t h e ca s e o f v e rs e t h e li n e s o f whi c h d o n o t a s a rul e o cc up y t h e
,

full b re a dt h o f t h e p a g e th e li n e fo r l i n e t e s t is o f co u rs e u s e l e ss but th e
, ,

id e n tity o f ca t ch w ord s is u su a lly e vid e n c e e n o ugh t h a t o n e p ri n t e d t e xt

-

was s e t up fro m a n o t h e r ; fo r e v e n if by c h a n c e t h e se co n d p ri n t e r h a d
d e t e rmi n e d t o use t h e sa m e n umb e r of li n e s t o th e pa ge a s th e fi rs t h e ,

w o uld b e alm o s t s u re t o m a ke s o m e vari a ti on in th e spa ce b e t w e e n s tan za s ,

(I) i w d i h
If h t f MS h b k ld f t b m d p t e oo co u no t o c o urse e a e u

it pg il h p i gi i m p it
s e re on e n e ca s e o a .

jm d p
.

un t th d h o ut to t v a r o us os o rs o e u an e n ce

l h y llh d q l m t d w k d
co

d l y m gh t b
n o a es e e ce s ven e ,

u n e ss t h m to se t e at t e sa e ra t e , e a i e

d Id m
an or

di id d l
e a a an e ua a o un

th t
o n ot M S p m
to g m p o t w as u a on se ve ra co s i ors ,

I d y it d wh h i
v

l
e

w ld ly
ea n sa a a n e ve r
c a u se .
y .

f wa s p h ten b b t e re w a s s e c a a st e ; ut i t ou c e rt ai n e

g th i w h tly p i i g b k l dy i typ
as a re sa o one en

i
ea s er to a rran e s e n e xa c re r nt n a oo a re a n e.
 2 76 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

or in t um -o ve rs or at th e head of s e c ti o n s o r e l se wh e re ,
an d th i s t
af e r a

pa ge or t wo wo uld th ro w th e c o rre sp o n d e n c e o ut .

It n ee d ha rdly b e said tha t t h e m o re u n thi n ki n gly a n d m e c ha ni ca lly

a c o mp o s it o r re p ro d u c e s wh a t is b e fo re him t h e e as i e r it is t o s h o w t h a t
,

h e wa s fo ll o w i n g it Fo r e x a m p l e in p l a y s we s o m e tim e s fi n d light t h ro w n
.

u p on t h e re la ti o n o f e diti o n s by a c u ri o u sly s t up id t ri c k o f c o m p o s it ors ,

wh o wh e n a p i e ce o f p ro s e is fo u n d a m o n g v e rs e will so m e tim e s wh e n
re ri n ti n g it t rea t e a c h li n e as if it w e re a li n e o f v e rse n o t b e i n g c a re ful
p ,

t o fill t h e li n e s o u t by s pa c i n g o r wh e n n e c e ssa ry b ri n gi n g up p a rt o f t h e
, ,

n e xt li n e but a ll o wi n g th e m t o re m a i n s h o rt wh e n diffe re n c e s in t h e fo u n t
,

o f typ e u s e d c h an c e d t o m a k e th e m s o S imil a rly in a re p ri n t we

.

s o m e tim e s fi n d w o rd s c a rr i e d o v e r t o a n o t h e r li n e o r s t a g e di re c ti on s m is
,
-

p l a c e d b,e c a u s e in t h e o rigi n a l e diti o n th e re was n o ro o m fo r th e m wh e re

t h e y b e l o n ge d e v e n th o ugh t h e re pri n t e r might e a sily h a ve fo u n d s pa ce fo r

,

t h e m P o i n t s lik e th e s e h o we ve r will ea s ily b e n o ti ce d It is s u ffi ci e n t

.
, ,
.

t o w arn an e dit o r th a t wh e n e v e r h e c o m e s a cro ss a n ythi n g a b n o rm a l in

t h e ty po gra p hica l a rra ng e m e n t o f a t e xt it w ill g e n e ral ly pa y him t o

c o n s id e r wh e th e r thi s m a y b e d ue t o t h e bli n d fo ll o wi n g o f a n ea rli e r

e diti on in whi c h p e rha p s th e arran ge m e n t wa s fo r so m e re ason o r o th e r

,

quit e ju s tifia bl e .

O th er s m all po n s i t tha t it is w e ll to be on th e w atc h fo r a re th e

fo ll o wi n g
D i ffe re n c e s in p a ra gra p h di v i s i o n I f th es e ar e o n ly o c c as i o n a l a n d
.

d o n o t s e e m t o h a v e b e e n di c t a t e d by a n y p u rp o s e o f l e n gth e n i n g o r
s h o rt e n i n g t h e m a tt e r it is w o rth n o ti n g wh e th e r in cas e s o f ru n n i n g o n
‘ -
,

in o n e e diti o n ( A ) it h a p p e n s t h a t t h e l as t li n e o f t h e p re c e di n g pa ra gra p h
,

(1) iD ff m m m tit b d u t h s ca uti

se e g in t h e ca s e o f N as h e s
’

diti
e
w i di id bly g ig
e re n ce s s e e s o e es o e o , , . .

Unf or t u na t e T r a v e l l
e r , th e t w o e ons of h ch ffe r c o n s e ra in p a ra ra p h n
w ti d w di ti ii it
.

H e re h o e v e r , as I h a v e r e t o sh o in m y e o n o f N as h e ( 189 t h e re p r n
di id d b tw it it b i g d i d it i t ll b
.

wa s e e n t wo r n e rs , a n d , e n es t o ge t n o a s m a e r n um e r

g g t k t
re

dt it
v e e p
o f sh e e ts , t h e p a e a rra n e m e n was n ot e p I t h a p pe n e t
h a o n e p r n e r h a d ra h e r t
it tly dd
.

t
m o re t h a n t h e o h e r t o ge t n o th e s a m e s p a ce , a n d c on s e q ue n o n e te n e t o ru n h is
g tg t k w
pa ra ra p h s o e t h e r , t h e o h e r t o m a e n e w on es h e re v e r h e c o u ld.
 2 78 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

m a tt e r h e re O n e ra the r c u ri o u s i n s ta n c e o f a di ffe re n c e in e diti on s

.

s u s c e p tibl e o f wh a t m a y b e c a ll e d a bibli o gra p hi ca l e xp l a n a ti o n m ay

“ ”
, ,

h o w e ve r b e giv e n a s it th ro ws so m e light on th e ca s u al m e th od s o f t h e
, ,

E liza b e than p ri n te r .

It urs in a t ran sla ti on fro m a Fre nch s umm ary by P i e rre d e

occ ,

Ch an gi o f n o ta bl e fac t s o ut o f P li n y s f I istor ia N a tur a lis Thi s wa s firs t

,
’
.

publi s h e d in En gli sh a s A S umma r ic of tb c A n tiq uities a n d won ders of th e

w or l de [ c I a n d a g a in in 1 5 8 5 as 27w S ecr e ts a n d w on d er s of t b c w or l
. d .

T h e fi rs t e diti o n is in 8 vo ru nn i n g t o H , t h e s e c o n d in q ua rt o ru n ni n g ,

to I 1 V
N o w th e t wo e diti o n s a re with t h e e xc e p ti o n o f c e rta i n c h a n g e s in
.
,

t h e p re limin a ry m a tt e r p ra c ti c a lly t h e s a m e sa v e fo r t h e e n di n g w h i c h is
, ,

a lt o ge th e r di ffe re nt T h e ea rli e r e diti o n h a s b e gin n i n g a t t h e fo o t o f t h e

.
,

l as t l ea f but o n e ( H 7 a p a ssa g e a b o ut a c e rt a i n t re e a s fo ll o w s :
V

“
T h e Czper t re e is s l o w e in gro wi n g with H
[ ] 8 o u t fruit h a uin
g bitt e r ,

ea ue s vi o l e n t s m e ll a n d na ughty s h a d o w Thi s is fo ll o w e d by a pa ge
”
l , ,
.

a n d a h a l f m o re a bo ut vari o u s ki n d s o f t re e s an d t h e b oo k th e n e n d s , .

In th e e diti on o f 1 5 8 5 h o we ve r th e re is a re m a rk a bl e di ffe re n c e in
, ,

t h e i n form a ti o n th a t is giv e n a bo ut t h e Czp er t re e Th e re we re a d ”

.

[ I “
T h e Czp er t re e is s l o w e in gro wi n g with o ut t h e gro u n d b e fa t a n d

fe rtil e th e n it sp re a d e th v e ry l a rg e a n d l o ng T h e re is n o thi n g m o re ”
.
,

a b o ut t re e s T h e p a ge p ro c e e d s
. And thu s to c on c lud e I fini s h thi s
,
“
,

a b s t rac t an d e n d s with a fe w w o rd s o f p ra i s e t o G o d fo r th e se h is
” “
,

b e n e fit e s an d gi ft e s g e n e n fo r t h e v s e o f m a n k in d e
”
.

I t is of u rse o bvi o u s wh a t h as h a p p e n e d T h e p rint e r was w orking

co .

fro m a co p y o f t h e ea rli e r e diti o n whi c h l a c k e d t h e l as t l e af H e ca m e to .

t h e w o rd s T h e C zpcr t re e is s l o w e in g ro wi n g wit h o ut —a n d th e re it
“

e nd e d . D id h e t ro ubl e t o fi n d a n o th e r c o p y o r t o ge t so m e o n e t o l oo k up
,

in P li n y wh a t wa s sa id a bo ut t h e Cip er tre e ? N o t h e h e simp ly se t

“ ”
:

h is b ra i n s t o w ork an d gu es se d t h e mi ss i n g w o rd s !

( I ) C a tch w d
- or ou t .
”
 LITERAR Y S TUDENTS AN D EDITORS . 2 79

—O n d a tin u n d a ted ed ition s, a n d on

ro .
g fa l
se d a tes .

C o rre c tly t o d a t e a n un da t e d e diti o n o f a n e a rly po p ula r b ook is “ ”

a s a g e n e ra l rul e a n e x ce e di n gly di ffi c ult t as k It is i n d e e d probably th e

.

m o s t di ffi c ult th a t a n e xp e rt bibli o grap h e r c a n u n d e rta k e an d t h e m ore ,

c a re l e s sly t h e b o o k is p ri n t e d t h e l e ss c h a n ce is t h e re o f s u cc e ss Eve n .

w h e n th e p rinte r is k n o wn t h e da t e can ge n e ra lly b e infe rre d on ly by t h e

,

i n ve stiga ti o n o f a la rge n umb e r o f e xa m p l e s o f h is w ork ; whil e if h e is

u n k n o wn t h e ta s k is a lm o s t h o p e l e ss It m ay h owe ve r b e w e ll t o ca uti o n
.
, ,

y o u n g st ud e nt s aga i n s t bli n dly a cce p ti n g th e co n j e ctu ral d a t e s give n in t h e

ca t a l o gu e s o f lib ra ri e s .S o m e tim e s t h e y a re p ro b a bly right but o ft e n th e y ,

a re w ro n g o r a t l e a s t v e ry d o ubtful Lib ra ri an s h a ve b e tt e r o pp o rtu niti e s

.

tha n m os t p e op l e o f se ttli n g s uch p oi n ts c o rre ctly but th e y are n o t ,

i n fa llibl e a n d b e s id e s we s e ld o m k n o w in u si n g t h e i r ca ta l ogu e s mb o it
,

w a s th at gu e s se d t h e da t e o r u p o n wh a t e vid e n c e h e re li e d
, I n some .

c a s e s c o n j e c tu ra l d a t e s h a v e s im p ly b e e n ta k e n o v e r fro m a uth o riti e s s u c h

a s C o lli e r wh o s e k n o wl e dg e o f e arly p ri n ti n g wa s by n o m e a n s e xt e n siv e

,
.

Ap art fro m s u c h e xte rn al e vid e n ce as e n tri e s in th e S ta ti on e rs ’

R e gi s t e r wh i c h o f c o u rse se ld o m t e ll us m ore th an tha t on e e dition whi c h

, ,

m a y o r m ay n o t b e t h e o n e in qu e s ti o n was p ubli s h e d o r m a y h a ve b e e n
,

p ubli s h e d a t o r a b o ut a c e rta i n d a t e w e h a v e t h e fo ll o wi n g p o int s t o

,

guid e u s :
1. We ma y b e a bl e t o pl a c e th e boo k be twe e n two o th e r da t e d
e diti o n s
‘
.

2. We m a y b e a bl e o n th e e vid e n ce o f t h e sig n atu re s to i n fe r th a t th e

p a rti c ul a r e diti o n was p ro ba bly t h e fi rs t o r wa s n o t t h e fi rs t
,
.
’

N e ith e r o f th e s e c o n s ide ra ti o n s h o w e v e r w ill giv e us a n e xa c t d a t e

, , ,

an d t e h o nly w a y in w h i c h w e c a n o bt a i n thi s is by c o m p a ri n g t h e b o o k
w ith da te d b oo k s p ri n te d by th e sa m e p rin te r a t ab out t h e tim e wh e n it
se e m s lik e ly th a t t h e b o o k in qu e s ti o n a pp e a re d C h ro n o l o gic
. a l li s t s o f

( I ) S ee §9 an d p . 2 69 , a b
o ve . ( )
2 S ee pp . 26 5-2 68 , a o v e b .
 2 80 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

b ook s i ssu e d fro m 1 5 0 0 t o 1 5 5 7 a rra n ge d u n d e r th e ir p ri n t e rs t o g e th e r

, ,

with i nform a ti o n a s to t h e lib ra ri e s in w h i c h c o p i e s a re to b e fo u n d a re ,

give n in t h e Bibli o gra p hi ca l S o c i e ty s H a n d lis ts of E nglisb P r in ter s Fo r

’
-
.

b oo k s a ft e r 1 5 5 7 t h e re a re n o li st s a pproac hi n g th e s am e co m pl e t e n e ss
, ,

but parti a l o n e s ca n b e co n st ru c te d fro m H e rb e rt s e diti o n o f A m e s ’ ’

y
Tp g p
o r a b ica l A n ti uities
q ( t o 1 6 0 0 o n ly ) M r S a yl e s Ca,
t a l
o g ue.
of E
’
n l
g is b
Boob s a t Ca mb r idge a n d M r G ra y s I n d e x t o H az l it t s H a n d book a n d
’ ’
.
,

Col le ction s . T h e i n d e x t o th e 3 v ol C a ta l o gu e o f E n gli s h b oo k s t o 1 6 4 0

-
.

in t h e B riti sh Mu s e um is a l s o u se ful but in o rd e r t o fin d t h e b oo k s

,

p ubli s h e d in t h e n e ighb o u rh o od o f t h e d a t e re qui re d it is n e c e ss ar y ,

t o l o o k up a l l t h e re fe re n ce s u n d e r t h e p rint e r as th e se are n o t in ,

c h ro n o l o gi ca l o rd e r .

H vi g b
a n e fo re m e b oo k s in t h e n e igh bo u rh oo d o f th e p ro ba bl e
us so

d at e o f th e b oo k in qu e sti o n we mu s t p roc e e d t o d e rive fro m th e m s u c h

,

e vid e n c e as we ca n — o ft e n th e re is v e ry littl e I f t h e w o rk u n d e r
.

i n v e stiga ti o n c o n ta i n s a wo o d c ut bo rd e r a n d if we ca n fin d thi s in o th e r
b o o k s it is o ft e n v e ry h e l p ful a s it is g e n e ra lly po ssibl e t o di sco v e r t h e
, ,

o rd e r in whi c h t h e b ook s w e re p ri n t e d fro m thi s a l on e T h e thi n g s t o b e .

l ook e d for a re o f co u rs e e vid e n ce s o f wea r o r da m a ge in t h e bl oc k s : ( 1 )

wo rm h ol e s ( 2 ) brea k s
-
, .

Of th e s e worm h o l e s give by far th e be st e vid e n ce Th e re is a ki n d

,
-
.

o f sh a ll o w b rea k d ue t o t h e s u rfa c e o f t h e li n e h a vi n g b e e n w o rn o r kn o c k e d

d o w n w hi c h is o ft e n d e ce p tive as t h e li n e pri n t s m o re o r l e ss pe rfe ctly a c co rd

,

ing t o t h e a m o un t o f in k a n d th e p re ssu re e m p l oy e d It is th e re fore sa fe st .

t o p a y a tt e n ti o n c h i e fly t o b re a k s whi c h o c c u r s qu a re ly a n d s udd e n ly .

The g e n e ra l ap p ea ra n c e o f th e p ri n t is va lu e l e s s a s an i n di ca ti on o f t h e
a ge o f a p ri n t a
, s it is so much influ e n ce d by t h e care ta k e n in p rinting .

C ra c k s
in a bl o ck a re o ft e n d e c e p tive a s th e se c l o se or o pe n a c c ordi n g
,

t o t h e tightn e s s with w hi c h t h e bl o ck is l oc k e d in t h e c h as e a n d wh e t h e r

it h app e n s t o b e d a m p o r d ry a t t h e m o m e n t o f printi n g .
 282 NO TES ON BIBLI OGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR
'

p re s um a bly p i ra ti ca lly p ri n t e d by so m e o n e wh o h a d n o right t o p ri n t

th e m a n d s old t o b o o k s e ll e rs m o re or l e s s s u rre p titi o u sly It was
, .

p r o b a bly fo r s o m e s u c h r e a s o n a s t h i s t h a t t h e q ua rt o s o f S h a k e s e a re s
p
’

p l a y s n o w b e li e v e d t o h a v e b e e n p ri n t e d in 1 6 1
9 b e a r t h e d a t e s o f th e

e a rli e r e diti on s .

3 It
. h a s b e e n s ugg e s t e d th a t du ri n g t h e
p e ri o d o f t h e c l o s i n g o f th e

th ea tre s whe n e ve n t h e p rin ti n g o f p la y s was p ro ba bly re gard e d wit h d is

,

fa vo u r by th e a uth o riti e s a c e r ta in n umb e r o f p l a y s w e re re p ri n t e d with t h e

,

ol d d a t e s in o rd e r t o e s ca p e n o ti c e Thi s w o uld e x pl ai n for e xa m p l e t h e

.
, ,

e xi s t e n c e o f t wo e diti o n s o f Th o m a s H e yw o o d s L ove s b l is tr ess b o th

’ ’

c all e d t h e S e c o nd Imp re s si o n a n d da te d 1 6 40
“ ”
.

4 . m e tim es We
fi n d a
so colop l
zon c o n ta i n i n g a d a t e re p ri n t e d fro m an

ea rli e r e diti o n with o ut c h a n g e Thi s is p e rha p s d ue t o simp l e ca re l e ss

.

n e ss . Fo r thi s reas on da t e s in c o l o p h o n s s h o uld b e re ga rd e d as o f littl e

w e igh t if o th e r e vid e n ce t e n d s t o s h o w t h a t th e y a re i n c o rre ct
, .

1 1 —
Ou va r ia tion s in dzf er e n t co p ies of th e s a me ed ition .

It h a s l o ng be e n re c o gn i s e d tha t di ffe re n t c o p i e s o f t h e sa m e e diti o n ‘

o f s ixt e e n th a n d se v e n t e e n th c e n tu ry b o o k s o ft e n p re s e n t di ffe re n c e s o f

re a di n g a fa c t whi c h h as b e e n t h e ca u s e o f m u ch t ro ubl e a n d a c e rta i n

,

a m o u n t o f p e rp l e xity t o m a n y e dit o rs T h e wh o l e m a tt e r is h o w e v e r .
, ,

e rfe c tly s im p l e wh e n re g a rd e d fro m t h e p o i n t o f vi e w o f E liz a b e th an

p
m e th o d s o f p ri n ti n g b u t it s im p o rta n ce in t e xtu a l c riti c i sm n e c e ssita t e s t h a t
,

we s h o uld di sc u s s it w ith so m e ca re .

T h e re are t wo ki n d s o f vari a ti o n A c c id e n ta l va ri a ti o n s u c h a s I h a v e
.

re fe rre d t o a l rea dy in c o nn e c ti o n with t h e p ro c e s s o f p ri n ti n g o ff an d ,

i n t e n ti o n a l v a ri a ti o n d ue t o t h e typ e b e i n g co rre c t e d d uri n g th e p ro c e s s o f

rin ti n g
p .

( ) i p i t d wh l f m th m tti g p f typ -u
1 . e .
, r n e as a o e ro e sa e se n o e.
 LI TERAR Y S TUDENTS EDITORS AND 83 . 2

A s re ga rd s t h e fo rm e r it n e e d o n ly b e sa id th a t th e m e th o d o f i n ki n g
by da bbi n g th e typ e with ink ba ll s was e sp e c i ally lik e ly t o d ra w o ut l oo se
-

ty p e Wh e n a p ri n t e r n o ti c e d th a t a typ e wa s t h u s d ra wn out h e w o uld

.
,

n o d o ubt a s a rul e re l a c e it
p Un fo rtu n ate ly h e s e e m s n ot alway s t o h a ve
.

t ro u bl e d t o re pl a c e th e right l e tt e r but t o h a ve put in a n y typ e h e co uld fi n d

, .

We m ay s u pp o se tha t wh e n d ra wn o ut o f t h e form e t h e ty p e wa s s o m e tim e s

j e rk e d by t h e in k b a ll o n to th e fl o or wh e re o th e r ty p e m a y h ave b e e n lying
-
, ,

a n d a ca re l e ss w o rkm a n might e as ily

p i c k up t h e w ro ng o n e C e rtai n ly we .

c an fi n d e rro rs in s o m e c o i e s o f b o o k s whi c h we ca n v t t h v
p p r o e n o o a e

b e e n in t h e fo rm e a s o rigina lly p l a ce d o n t h e b e d of th e p re ss .

Acc id e n ta l vari ati on s suc h as th e se are h owe ve r fo r th e m os t part , ,

m a tt e rs o f a s i ngl e l e tt e r a n d on c e t h e p o ss ibility o f th e i r o c cu rre n ce is

, ,

re c o gn iz e d re s e n t littl e di ffi c ulty t o a n e dit o r F r m o re imp o rt a n t is t h e

p , a .

c o rre c ti on o f t h e typ e d urin g t h e f i ti g

p r o ce s s o p r n n .

O f al lm a tt e rs c o n n e c t e d with t h e b o o k t ra d e in th e Eliza b e th a n tim e s -

t h e o n e o f whi c h we kn o w l ea s t is p ro b a bly t h e re l a ti o n o f t h e a ut h o r t o t h e

p ubli s h e r o r p ri n t e r W e h
. a v e i n d e e d o n e s c e n e in a
p l a y b e t w e e n an

a uth o r a n d J o h n D a n t e r t h e i t r b o o k s e ll e r a s ce n e t o whi c h D a n t e r s
’
n e -
p r ,

d e c la ra ti on th a t h e h a d l o st m o n e y by th e a uth o r s l a st b oo k give s th e ’

s ta m p o f rea li s m but whi c h o th e rwi s e t ell s us littl e ; an d we ha ve o n e

,

di al o gu e b e t w e e n a n a uth o r a n d t h e p rint e r Willi a m H oski n s but thi s ,

b e i n g c on c e rn e d e n ti re ly with t h e d oi n gs o f D a m e Fo rtu n e is o f e ve n l e ss ,

rac ti ca l va l u e O ne thing w e m ay h o we v e r i n fe r f ro m i n c id e nta l

p .
, ,

re fe re nc e s a s w e ll as fro m t h e e vid e n ce o f t h e t e xt s th e m se lv e s is th a t it ,

wa s u su a l o r a t a n y ra t e n o t u n co mm o n fo r a n a uth o r t o a tt e nd in p e rs o n
, ,

a t t h e p ri n ti n g h o u s e in o rd e r t o re vi s e p roo fs
-
N a sh e fo r e x a m p l e in t h e
.
,

E p i stl e b e fo re Len ten S tufl, 1 5 99 sp e ak s o f t h e fa ults of th e pre sse th a t

,
“
,

e s ca p e d in my a b se n c e fro m t h e P ri n ting -h o u s e an d in a l e tt e r o f t h e ,
‘

( ) fC t h P f t J H yw d t l t i ’
f T b y
ra n s at 1 5 6
on o 0 ( d d V h
t es es , e e oc

w y d fi d
er e oo s
1 e re a c e p o as .
,

t t t
O

h h h h h t t h f f t h f 1 e rs e i i on o 1 15
5) t
t roo s o
t p
c o rre c e e

w g
e
i w d i bl
10 e re e au o r sa s a
p .

b h h h t h
“
t p
”
m re s u a
T t w t t p e
ye r n

i d d di i d l fi d
one e r n er re n e
r oas , u en e as p ,

t t ) d “
t ll ; t h ”

s
t ta so f N h e r e i io n o as e s

d di i l
r n e a se co n e on an p c o rru e a
p
Uf T r a ve l
n o rt u n a t e le r ( s ig A 3 ) . t h e se c o n e t on of M a rs t on s P a r a sz t a st e r ( ti t e ) ,

a n d R T urn e r s N as ce T e , 1 60 7 ( sig F 4 )
’
. .
.

U 2
 2 84 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR
pr i n t e r Willi a m Jagga r d p fix d t
, Aug ti Vi t D i
re e o us ne n ce n
’
s s cove ry of
E r r or s in tb e fi rst E d ition
of o f tile C a ta l
ogue N ob il
ity p ub l
is ke d by
R op k e Br ooke we fi n d a p assa g e whi c h fo r t h e light whi c h it th ro w s o n
,

t h e m e th o d s o f t h e tim e d e s e rv e s qu o ta ti o n in full .

It m ust b e e xp la i n e d th a t R a l p h B rook e Yo rk h e ra ld p ubli s h e d in , ,

C a ta l ucces s ion of tb c R i gs of
'

1619 a o ue a n d
g S P r in ce s D u ke s e t c n , , ,
.
,

E ngl a n d s in ce tb c N o ma n Con q ues t T h i s wo rk p ro ve d t o c o n ta in

r .

n um e ro u s e rro rs a n d in 162 2 Augu sti n e Vi n ce n t p ubli sh e d t h e a b o ve

,

m e n ti o n e d c riti c i s m o f it I n t h e m ea n tim e h o we ve r B ro o k e h e a ri n g o f
.
, ,

Vi n ce n t s w ork rush e d o ut a s e co n d c o rre c t e d e diti on o f h is o wn in

’
, , , ,

t h e p re fa c e o f whi c h h e a ttribut e d t h e fa ult s o f t h e ea rli e r e diti o n t o

t h e p ri n t e r Willi a m Ja gga rd wh o h a d fo i s t e d th e m in whil e h e B roo k e

, , , ,

wa s a w a y ill A s Ja gga rd wa s a l s o p ri n ti n g V i n c e n t s c riti c i s m h e t o o k t h e

’
.
,

o p p o rt u n ity o f re lyi n g t o B ro o k e in a l e tt e r fix d V i n t s w o rk
’
p p r e e t o nc e .

H e t e ll s us i n c id e n t a lly th a t o f B ro o k e s e a rli e r e diti o n 5 0 0 c op i e s w e re

’

p r i n t e d o f whi , c h a lm o s t 2 0 0 s till re m a i n e d r o tti n g by t h e w a ll s ( g ii

s i “ ”
.

a n d t h a t in o rd e r t o ge t o ut h is re vi se d e diti o n b e fo re V i n ce n t s c riti c i s m
’
,

B ro o k e h a d m a d e h is p ri n t e rs wo rk d a y a n d n ight (sig 1f The .

m o st i mp o rta n t pas sa ge o f Jaggard s l e tte r is a s fo ll o w s : ’

S i g th w h
ee n wi th m h i q i i i ft d t wh t t x th y w wh i h
en e a ue uc u r e s ou a es e e re ,
P i t w d i M t Y k b k t m i th t w t k t i f t h t i m
n e , a c
th or e s oo a n es , a e no ce e

p i kt
e r n e r so e n as e r
wh i h i p i t f p i ll
re e
q
e, 1 a o e
c t tou w th f so e se a re s , A d t c on s e ue n ce n o

t th wh t ti m ld it p ibly b b t i M t Y k b
o c s a o n o es ec a sa
y .

ru cou f m th P u or e : s e n ce ro e resse ,
i d by h i f t t i k
a e o ss ee ,

Wh llt h t im b f
n as e r a

o ccas o n e
,

s v n o r un a e wh il h t d e ore , e ee s oo
k p t h t i t d dilig t g d th
e
l tt ld t
s c n e ss e o a e
sen ti l l t th P
ne re s se , s uc uar e re , as a e e r co u
k i ly k d d i d
a e e s r c an en no
t ouf h i d o b t w ue t t h t d u t ; b ut h i uc e n o or er

fi i g h im t h i h m b
p a ss e s ra n e, as ns an c ec an re s
i k
s c n e sse , co n n n d b t i g I im f m th P th w an ro e r es s e , en

tim th t t h P i t t k t b i g i th t T i I
o s c a e r, a s en n z as

th e f B b i m d n zor s e o ar a r s es , an

wh i h wh l l m f hi C t l gu N ith m k
e, a e r n er oo e, o r n a r o a ne

l it ll
e ra e rro u rs , th c o ue r -ru n n e vo u e e er
it t t h p p th t i th ti m f th i h i h ppy i k th ugh h
e o e e o s a a o . a es
e ur m t i e e ca e no

d ly d d
o os e , a n e e o s s vn a s c n e sse ,
o n
e rs on t ol k t h P
o ue r - o o t t h P
f d R i w t t h i m d eu e u a en e an

d th m ( i w ll t b i tify d ) th m h did b f F lt th t
e e r es se , e r oo e , es
p y e an ,

h p e ruse us e o re or e

i w d i w d di t d t d l y t wh t i
e e as s e o e e in e ane r e . a

b t e ru e ,
y b sa re u e wh t a s oe u e r e s, e

lth i t t h p ld H ld t P th t w lik ly t bl
e v e e , e , re c e , c o rre c e , or a s
a l s o e f e re e o

di g
re se n c e

d p i t it ( f
an o

d ) i t h f h d f B k th t
o e e ra u a a re s s e , one a az e

ou t y m
an o re - e a a oo e,

ld m m it t h l t lit ll f l t ? N I m t f th t th igh t l f
an s s ra c e , an r n or a nee e n e o a

s h ou co au us e s a on e

P i ti g h lik t g w ld d
e ea s e ra o, c o n e ss e , a o

s uc h a d m
r e u e re n i l d F S - o use on a a e, ou o
g d f k p i g th p
an n r n n
d th t h i w d i w f t w t i
a p , e an o e n ce r v
m ore oo i re u e o en

by h im lf wi th ll h i L ti
or ee n
th l i g h b i g i t h m
e re s se n or e r, en e v e , an e

p f
ro o e s se d e n n e e an e
ti m p lly b t f m th P
e a s a ne , an o er e a rn n , e
”
e e rs o n a a se n ( ig i] ro e re s se . s .
 28 6 NO TES ON BI BL I OGRA P H I CA L E VIDENCE F OR

U iv ity Lib y
n e rs ra r , t wo h a e o n v
B 4 a c o u pl e o f li n e s whi c h a re a b s e n t
s ig
.

fro m t h e o th e r th re e A s t h o s e c o p i e s with t h e a dditi o na l li n e s h a v e o n

.

p a g e s B 3
"
a n d B 4 o n e li n e m o re o f p i n t th a n o n o t h e r p a g e s a n d n o
r ,

c a t c h w o rd s it is c l e a r t h a t t h e s e re re s e n t t h e co rre c t e d s t a t e o f t h e fo rm e
, p ,

a n d t h a t t h e li n e s h a d b e e n o mitt e d by a c c id e n t .

B e s id e s th e se a dd e d li n e s T /ze D evils Ck a r ter e xhibit s a v e ry l a rge

’

n umb e r o f s t riki n v i t i di ff t o i e m b i g m cti n

g a r a n s n e re n c p s s o e e
,
n e re c o rr e o s

o f lit e ra l e rro rs o th e rs im o rt a n t a lt e ra ti o n s in w o rdi n g T h f ll wi g

, p e o. o n

a re a fe w e x a m l e s I a h c a s t h li e e di g i giv fi t It
p n . e c e e e a r r r a n s e n r s .

m ay b e n o t e d th a t in t h e s e c o nd a n d la s t cas e s t h e c o rre c ti on is it s e l f ”

i n corre c t .

s u sp e c t .s u spe c t vs . re wa rd e re wa rd e o f s in n e
. .

b a n d e s an d b e a s tly Ba r des an d Wo u n d s b o th o f Wo un d s of
,

s h e e re : s we e t e fa lc e li e rs : fa mili e rs
o f h o m e : h om e sl ep e : steps

Pl e gm a t is t : s tigm a ti s t h a g s : d ark e n ss e
O n e o r t wo o f t h e s e va ri a n t s might b e c o n j e c tu re s o f a n u n u s u a lly
i n t e llige n t p re ss rea d e r but o th e rs se e m h ardly lik e ly t o b e d ue t o an y on e
-
,

sa v e t h e a uth o r .

S o m e id e a o f t h e fre qu e n c y o f thi s h a bit o f c orre c ti n g whil e a t p re ss

m a y b e o bta i n e d fro m t h e fa c t th a t of twe n ty p l a y s p ubli s h e d by t h e
M a l o n e S oc i e ty up t o t h e e n d o f 1 9 1 2 in th e p re p ara ti o n o f whi ch t wo o r
,

m o re c o p i e s o f th e sa m e e diti o n w e re c oll a t e d v aria n t re a din g s w e re fo u n d

,

in n o l e ss th a n fi ft e e n I n al lbut th re e o r fo u r o f th e s e fi ft e e n t h e va ri a n t s
.

a re s u c h a s a n e dit o r w o uld b e b o u n d t o n o ti ce I n fa c t we m a y s a y th a t
.

in a n y E liza be th a n b oo k t h e p ro b a bility o f fi n di n g s u c h v ari an t s is v e ry

gre a t a n d ca n n o t b e n e gl e c t e d by an y ca re ful e dit or .

N o w t h e re a re s e v e ra l thi n g s t o sa y a b o ut th o s e va ri a ti o n s I n th e .

fi rs t p l a c e it ca n n o t b e su pp o s e d t h a t t h e bi n d e r wh e n ga th e ri n g t h e ,

sh e e t s fo r bi n di n g w o uld t ro ubl e him s e l f a s t o wh e t h e r th e y re p re s e n t e d

,

t h e fi na l c o rre c ti o n s o r n o t ; h e w o uld t ak e th e m a s t h e y h a p p e n e d t o
 LITERAR Y S TUDENTS AND EDITORS .
2 87

co me .
It is th e re fo re quit e u n sc i e n tifi c t o spe a k o f a m o re o r l e ss
c o rre c t e d copy o f a b oo k — u n l e ss i n d e e d it o n ly c o n s i s t s o f a s i n gl e s h
eet .

I d o n o t d e n y th a t it is p o ss ibl e th a t a fe w sh e e t s in t h e m o s t c orre c t
s t a t e might b e s e l e c t e d t o b e m a d e u int t ti i
p o p r e se n a o n c o p e s fo r th e
a u t h o r s fr i e n d s fo r t h e M S c o rre cti o n s o c c a s i o n a lly m e t with in re s e n
’

p
.

t a t io n c o p i e s s h o w th a t t ro ubl e wa s s o m e tim e s ta k e n t o re n d e r t h e m a s

c o rre c t a s p o s s ibl e ; but I h a v e c e rta i n ly n e v e r c o m e a c ro s s a n e vid e n ce

y
o f s u c h a p ra c ti c e no r d o e s it s e e m a t a l
, llik e ly . Th e re are o f co urs e
c o p i e s o f b o o k s a llt h e s h e e t s o f wh i c h a re in t h e m os t c orre c t e d sta t e but ,

in a l ls u c h ca s e s k n o wn t o m e t h e n umb e r o f s h e e t s e xi sti n g in t wo s ta t e s
b e a rs a s ma ll p rop o rti o n t o th e wh o l e n umb e r in th e b o ok a n d t h e re sult ,

migh t t h e re fo re e a s ily c o m e a b o ut by c han ce .

Bu t we m u s t go fu rth e r . Th o ugh t o a bi n d e r t h e sh e e t is t h e u n it ,

y e t it is n o t t h e u n it fo r o u r p pu r o s e a t p r e s e n.t W h e n w e co n s id er th e

p ro c e s s o f
p ri n ti n g
, thi s is s u ffi c i e n tly o bvi o u s fo r t h e t w o s id e s o f a s h e e t
a re p ri n t e d a t di ff e re n t tim e s a n d th e re m a y b e a c on s id e ra bl e i n t e rva l

b e twe e n th e two p rin ti n g s Le t us se e wh a t t h e re sult o f t h i s will b e Le t

. .

us s u p p o s e th a t a p ri n t e r is e n g a g e d in p ri n ti n g t h e o ut e r fo rm e o f a c e rt a i n

s h e e t a n d th a t thi s o ut e r fo rm e is t h e fi rs t t o b e p ri n t e d . Wh e n h e h a s
p ri n t e d a c e r ta i n n umb e r o f co p i e s, t h e a uth o r c o m e s in p i c k s up a s h e e t
,

an
d fi n d s s o m e e rro rs . H e p o i n t s th e m o ut t o t h e p ri n t e r wh o s t o p s t h e
,

p r e s s a n d c o r re c t s th e m. T h e r e s t o f t h e s h e e t s a re th e n p ri n t e d o n on e

s id e with t h e c o rre c ti o n s i n s e rt e d . A s t h e y a re p ri n t e d th e y a re h u n g
up t o d ry ,a p ro c e ss t h e du ra ti o n o f whi c h d e p e n d s on t h e in k us e d ,

t h e s ta t e o f t h e a tm o s p h e re a n d o th e r c o n s id e ra ti o n s but w h i c h will ,

a l w a y s ta k e a n a p re c i a bl e tim e I f t h e p ri n t e r is o n ly u s i n g o n e p re s s
p .

h e will n o t b e gi n t o p e rfe c t t h e s h e e t s by p ri n ti n g t h e o th e r s id e u n til

t h e w h o l e n umb e r ar e w o rk e d o ff . I f h o w e v e r h e is u si n g t wo h e
, , ,

m a y b e gi n t o pe rfe c t a s so o n a s t h e e a rli e r sh e e t s p ri n t e d on on e s id e
a re d r : o r p e rh a p s h e m a y b e gi n w o rki n g o ff t h e t wo fo rm e s s imul
y
ta n e o u s l y p
,
r i n ti n g h a l f h is s h e e t s fro m o n e a n d h a l f fro m t h e o th e r . The

e x a c t a rra n g e m e n t s a re a m a tt e r o f t h e c o n v e n i e n c e of t h e m o m e n t . It
 2 88 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

re s ult s fro m thi s th a t t h e o rd e r in whi c h th e s h e e t s a re p e rfe ct e d is

u n d e t e rmi n e d an d tha t if du ri n g p ri n ti n g c orre c ti on s a re m a d e in th e in n er
, ,

fo rm e a s th e y w e re in t h e ou ter th e re is n o rea s o n fo r a ss umi n g t h a t t h e

, ,

s h e e t s whi c h w e re p ri n t e d fro m t h e u n co rre c t e d o ut e r fo rm e will b e

p e rf e c t e d fro m t h e i n n e r fo r m e whil e th a t a l s o is in it s i n co rre c t s ta t e .

Th i s m a y b e se e n m o re c l e a rly by t aki n g figu re s Le t us s u p p o se a .

s h e e t o f whi c h c o p i e s in a l
lare t o b e p ri n t e d S u pp o se o n e p re ss .

t o b e u s e d a n d c o rre c ti o n s t o b e m a d e in t h e o ut e r fo rm e wh e n 2 0 c o p i e s
,
0

h a v e b e e n p ri n t e d Th e re will th e n b e 2 0 0 in corre c t
. 8 0 0 co rre c t .

S u p p os e t h e p ri n t e r b e gin s t o p e rfe c t in p re c i se ly t h e sa m e o rd e r i n whi c h

t h e s h e e ts w e re o rigi n a lly p ri n t e d but t h a t t h e a ut h o r c o m e s in ra t h e r
,

ea rli e r du ri n g t h e o p e ra ti o n — s a y w h e n 1 00 s h e e t s a re p ri n t e d — s t o ps

t h e p re ss a n d h a s co rre c ti o n s m a d e t h i s tim e in t h e i n n e r fo rm e ,
T h e re .

will th e n o f th e p e rfe c t e d sh e e t s b e 1 0 0 i nco rre c t o n b o th s id e s 1 0 0 ,

i n co rre c t o n t h e o ut e r fo rm e but c orre c t o n t h e in n e r a n d 8 0 0 c o rre c t o n ,

b o th S u p p os e h o we ve r th a t th e p rint e r h ad b e g un t o p e rfe c t fro m t h e

.
, ,

l a s t s h e e t p rint e d on t h e o n e s id e we s h o uld th e n h a v e 2 0 0 i n c o rre c t o n

,

t h e o ut e r but co rre c t o n t h e in n e r 1 0 0 i n co rr e c t o n t h e i n n e r but c o rr e c t

,

o n t h e o ut e r a n d 7 0 0 c o rre c t o n b o t h
,
I f l as tly h e h a d co ll e c t e d t h e .
, ,

dri e d s h e e t s for p e rfe c ti n g m ore o r l e ss a t h ap h az ard a s is i n d e e d m o s t ,

p ro b a bl e t h e
,
re s ult w o uld b e a m e re m a tt e r o f c h a n c e .

It is thu s quit e c l ea r th a t we ca n n o t a ssum e th at b e ca u s e we fi n d

c o rre c ti o n s in a p ag e b e l o n gi n g t o t h e o ut e r fo r m e (pp 1 4 5 8 of a .
, , ,

s h e e t ) th e pa g e s b e l o n g i n g t o t h e i n n e r fo rm e ( p p 2 3 6 7 ) will a l s o b e
,
.
, , ,

c o rre c t e d ; but it d o e s f o ll o w — a n d t h i s is m o s t im p o rta n t fo r t e xtu a l

c riti c i s m — tha t if o n t wo p a g e s o f o n e fo rm e ( s u p p o s e o n p p 1 and 4 .

o f a s h e e t ) we fi n d v a ri a n t s a n d if it is c l e a r t h a t in a ce rta i n c o p y t h e
,

va ri a n t s o n p 1 a re c orre c ti o n s t h e n th o se o n p 4 in t h e sa m e c o p y
.
,
.

mu s t a l so b e c o rre c ti o n s a n d if we fo ll o w t h e re a di n gs o f t h a t c opy o n
,
‘

( ) C ti on s ,
”
n ot n e c e s sa r ily c o r re c t
fo r
”
it so m e ti m es h a p pe n e d th a t in
yi g i i d w bl d
I o rre c ,

th e ma fr e sh — a n d e v e n —
ca r r n o ut c o rre ct on s a pr nte r e o rse un e rs .
 2 90 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

we re p ri n t e d T o th e c o n fo u n di n g o f bibli o grap h e rs h o w e ve r t h e p ri n t e r
.
, ,

did n ot by a n y m ea n s a lwa ys d o t h i s I f b e p ri n t e d t h e o ute r form e fro m .

s e tti n g A h e mig h t p ri n t t h e i nn e r e ith e r fro m s e tti n g A o r fro m s e tti n g B

a s c h an c e di re c t e d him a n d thu s o f e a c h s h e e t h e w o uld m a k e fo u r

,

va ri e ti e s t h e o ut e r a n d i n n e r fo rm e s b e i n g re spe ctive ly A A A B B A
, , , ,

B B M an y e xa m p l e s o f thi s ki n d of c o n fu si o n a re fo u n d in b oo k s p ri n t e d
.

by R i ch ard G raft o n .

A till m
s t ro ubl e so m e va ri e ty is wh e re e v e n t h e p a ge s o f t h e form e
o re

a re n o t k e p t t o g e t h e r We m ay sup p o s e th a t aft e r p inti n g a c e rta i n

. r

n umb e r o f co p i e s o f t h e b oo k t h e p ri n t e r p e rh a p s n e e d in g t h e c h a s e s o r ,

t h e fu rn itu re w o u ld u n l o c k t h e p a g e s o f typ e t ie th e m ro u n d wit h s t ri n g

, ,

an d p ut t h e m as id e fo r fu tu re u s e ;
1
th e re b e i n g t wo ( o r p o s sibly in so m e
ca se s m o re ) o f e ac h Wh e n h e wi s h e d t o p ri n t fu rth e r c op i e s o f t h e b oo k
.

h e w o uld ta k e o n e p a g e 1 o n e p a g e 4 a n d s o o n fo r t h e o ut e r fo rm e a n d
, ,

o n e p a ge 2 a n d o n e p a ge 3 e t c fo r t h e i n n e r but it w o uld b e a m a tt e r
,
.
, ,

o f c o mpl e t e i n di ffe re n c e t o him wh e th e r th o s e p a g e s 4 a n d 3 h a d o rigi n ally

b e e n u s e d with t h e sa m e p a ge s 1 a n d 2 o r n o t E xa m p l e s o f thi s re im p o .
~

s iti o u a n d mixi n g o f t h e o rigi n a l p a g e s will b e fo u n d in th e S ta tut e s o f

3 a n d 4 E d w a rd V I
p ri n t e d by
,
G ra ft o n with t h e da t e 1 5 9
4 a n d t h e R e t u r n ,

of P a s u il
q p ri n
, t e d by C h a rle wo od in
O i
lly a l so we fin d thi s du p li ca t e s e tti n g in p a rt o f a b oo k
cc a s o n a

a l on e a n d fo r a di ffe re n t rea s o n
,
It s o m e tim e s ch a n c e s t h a t a b oo k e n d s
.

in s u ch a wa y tha t th e re is a s i n gl e l ea f o r t wo o f p ri n t b e y o n d a ce rt a i n
n umb e r o f s h e e t s Un de r su c h c i rcum sta nc e s a pri n t e r wh o h a d t o p ri n t
.
,

sa y , c op i e s o f t h e b oo k might fi n d it c h ea p e r t o s e t up t h e la st l e af
o r s o t wice a n d p ri n t 5 00 c op i e s o f t h i s aft e r w ard s o f co u rse c utti n g t h e
, ,

s h e e t s in h a l f ra th e r th a n t o s e t it u o c a n d p ri n t h a l f-s h e e t s
, p n e .

(I) g t t t t i t di t wh t I h
I t m ay b e t h o u h ha h s id l wh b t h c o n ra ou t e
g l t big it di t ib t h i yp h w t l g T h i i
c s a a ve sa e se e re a
e n e ra c us o m fo r a p r n e r t o u e s t t ru e ,
w k d li
e n
ld
s r
ly b f d i y l g fi m
e as a on

y
e en . s s

b ut s uch in up ca t e w o u
y in an c as e o un ar
ll b k
or on e n ver e r s o r ve r
sm a oo s .

( ) S
2 Tb L ib y N m b 9 3
ee e rar , ov e e r, 1 0 .
 LITERAR Y S TUDENTS AND EDITORS . 29 1

Thi s p ro b bly x p l i
a e th f t th t R i h d H v y
a ns A t e ac a c ar ar e
’
s
g l
s r o o ica l
D iscour se f 5 8 3 ( 8 ) i f u d with t w
o 1 vo tti g f h t F (f u
s o n o se n s o s ee o r g )
pa e s ,

th o ugh lt h e
al re s t of th e b oo k wa s a
pp a re n tly on ly s e t up o n ce .

“ ”
1 3 .
-
Ou s ur r e p titious edition s .

We som e tim e s s e e c e rta i n e diti o n s o f E liz ab e t h a n b o ok s re fe rre d t o

as
“
s u rr e p titi o u s
”
or p ir a t e d
“
in t h e s e n, se
”
t h a t t h e y w e re p u bli s h e d or

p r i n t e d by s o m e o n e wh o h a d n o rig h t t o d o t h i s N o w wit h re ga rd t o .

m an y o f th e se we m ay I thi n k fe e l a ce rt ai n a m oun t o f s c e p ti c i sm fo r
, , ,

a t a tim e wh e n it was s till co n s id e re d n o t qu it e t h e c o rre c t t h i n g fo r a

ge n tl e m a n t o p ubli sh im agi n a tive lit e ra t ure — m o ra l re fl e cti on s or work s o f

s ch o l a rs hi p w e re a n o t h e r m a tt e r— a u s e fu l c o m p ro mi s e s e e m s t o h a ve

b e e n fo u n d in surre p titi o us p ubli ca ti o n by fri e n d s o f t h e a ut h or

“ ” “
.
”

Ha vi n g thu s b e e n u nawa re s b e t ra y e d t o i n fa my th e auth or would in

“
,
”

t h e n e xt e diti o n s ubj e c t t h e guilty fri e n d s t o a littl e p o lit e a bu s e fo r t h e i r

i n di scre ti on a n d th e ic e b e i n g o n c e brok e n co n ti n u e th e rea ft e r t o p ubli sh

, ,

h is w o rk o pe n ly . I n c a s e s w h e re thi s wa s m e re ly a d e vi ce t o s a ve t h e
a ut h o r s fa c e s u rr e p titi o u s n e s s will n o t c o n ce rn a n e dit o r a t a l l; fo r th e re
’
,

is n o re as o n t o s u p p o s e t h a t a w o rse M S w o uld b e u se d o r l e s s care .

t a k e n in co rre c ti o n th an if t h e a ut h or him se l f h a d a ssum e d re sp on sibility

fo r t h e p ubli ca ti o n Wh e n h o w e ve r w ork s a re p ubli sh e d by fri e nd s
.
, , ,

re a lly w ith o ut t h e a ut h or s k n o w l e dg e a s fo r e x a m p l e du ri n g h is a b s e n ce
’
,

a b ro a d ,a n e dit o r will h a v e ca re fully t o c o n s id e r w h a t a ut h o rity t h e t e xt

is lik e ly t o h a ve .

Apart h o we ve r fro m ca se s o f p ubli ca ti o n by frie nd s we ha ve

, , ,

i n s ta n c e s o f g e n ui n e s u rre p titi o u s p ubli ca ti on a n d h e re it s e e m s ,

n e c e s s ar y to di s ting u i s h b e t w e e n t w o ki n d s o f s u r r e p titi o u s n e s s whi c h h a v e

fre qu en tly b ee n c o n f u s e d o r ra th e r
,
b e tw e e n t h e i n fr i n g e m e n t s o f t w o

di ffe re n t right s c o n n e c t e d w ith p u bli c a ti on Th e se a re ( 1 ) th e right s o f .

an a u th o r a g a i n s t a n y c o p yi s t w h e t h e r s c
,
riv e n e r p ri n t e r o r p u bli
,
s h e r , ,

w h o co p i e s o r
p ubli s h e s h i s w o rk wit h o u t h is c o n se n t i e t h e right t o , . .
,
 2 92 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

t i p ubli ca ti on ; a n d (2 ) th e right o f o n e p ri n t e r o r p ubli sh e r a ga i n s t

re s ra n

a n o th e r t o p re v e n t h is re p ri n ti n g w ork a l re a dy in p ri n t N o w th e se t wo .

right s w e re a b s o lut e ly di s ti n c t T h e fi rs t wa s in Eliza b e th a n tim e s

.

e x c e e di n gly v a gu e t h e se c o n d p e rfe c tly d e fi n it e

,
T h e o n e c o uld n o t in .

p rac ti ce b e m a i n t a i n e d sa v e by se c u ri n g t h e i n t e rv e n ti o n o f t h e P rivy

C o u n c il o r o f o n e o f it s m e mb e rs ; t h e o th e r wa s t h e bu si n e s s o f th e
,

C o urt o f A s s i s t a n t s o f t h e S ta ti o n e rs C o m p a n y
’
.

We mu s t re m e mb e r th a t p ri o r t o t h e C o p y righ t A ct o f 1 70 9 a uth o r s ,
’

C o p y righ t a s s u c h did n o t e xi s t We re co g n iz e n o w th a t t h e re e xi s t e d
.

t h e C o mm o n La w right o f a n a uth o r ju s t as o f an y o th e r m an t o t h e , ,

e n j o ym e n t o f h is o wn p ro p e rty a n d t h e fruit s o f h is o wn l a b o u r ; but

thi s wa s o b s c u re d a t t h e tim e by t h e c l a im o f t h e C ro wn t o a b s olut e

a n d c o m p l e t e c o n t ro l o v e r t h e e n ti re b oo k t ra d e s o th a t p ro t e c ti o n was ,

s o ught ,
n o t fro m t h e o rdi nary c o u rt s o f l a w b u t fro m t h e so v e re ig n as
,

re p re s e n t e d by t h e P rivy C o u n c il o r m o re p a rti c u la rly by t h e li c e n s i n g

a uth o riti e s . P re sum a bly if an a uth o r c o uld p ro ve i nfrin ge m e n t o f h is

rig h t s by a p ubli s h e r h e w o u ld h a v e b e e n e n titl e d t o re c o v e r da m a g e s .

I n p ra c ti c e h o w e v e r th e re d o e s n o t s e e m t o b e a s i n gl e re co rd e d i n s ta n c e
, ,

o f a n a c ti o n o f t h e ki n d .

It is o bvi ou s th a t u n til lit e ra ry w ork gre w t o b e a re c o gn ize d m ea n s o f

live li h o o d an d it b e c a m e c u st o m ary fo r a n a uth o r t o re c e iv e p a y fo r h is
writi n g s th e re wo uld b e a go o d d e a l o f diffi c ulty in p ro vi n g tha t h e h a d
,

s u ff e re d l o s s by t h e s u rre titi o u s u bli ca ti o o f h is w o rk a n d h e n c e h e

p p n ,

c o uld h a rdly e x p e c t t o b e a w a rd e d d a m a g e s w hi c h w o uld re p a y him fo r t h e

t ro ubl e an d e xp e n s e o f t a ki n g a c ti o n ; a n d it is p ro ba bly fo r thi s re as on

th a t we fi n d so littl e a tt e m p t o n t h e pa rt o f lite ra ry m e n t o Up h o ld th e i r
righ t s a s a ga i n s t
p rint e rs a n d p ubli s h e rs in t h e l a w c o u rt s I n th e fe w .

i n s t an c e s tha t we h a v e o f p ubli ca ti on b e i n g s to p p e d by t h e a ut h o r o f a
b o o k o r h is re p re se n ta tiv e s th i s s e e m s t o h a ve be e n d o n e by m e an s o f a n
,

a p p li c a ti o n t o t h e li c e n s i n g a uth o riti e s a s in t h e w e ll k n o w n c a s e o f
,
-

S id n e y s A r ca d ia
’ ‘
.

( ) S t h l tt f F lk G ill p i t d i A b E gl i lG i 488 9 ’
1 ee e e er o u e re v e r n e n r er s n s z a r ne r , .
- .
 2 94 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

a re w orthy th e y m a y ta k e as mu c h ca re th a t t h e b o ok sh o uld b e c orre c t

,

a s t h e a uth o r him se l f . O n th e o t h e r h a n d t h e s u rre p titi o u s p ubli c a ti o n

o f a b o o k s e ll e r wh o h as go t h o ld o f a m a n u s cri p t with o ut t h e a uth o r s
’

k n owl e dge m a y b e a goo d p i e c e o f w ork so fa r a s th e p ri n ti n g is c on c e rn e d

, ,

a n d fre e fro m o rdi n a ry mi s p ri n t s ; but it c a n b e o f littl e a uth o rity fo r t h e

t e xt s e e ing th a t t h e M S u se d is lik e ly a s Na sh e p ut it t o h av e
,
.
, ,

“
p r o g re s s e d fro m o n e s c riv e n e r s s h o p t o a n o t h e r
’
u n til
,
by”
c o p yi n g and

re c o p yi n g i n n um e ra bl e e rro rs h a v e a c c umul a t e d
- La s tly a s u rre p titi ously
.

p r in te d b o o k is lik e ly t o b e v e r y ca re l e s s in w o rkm an s hi p an d full o f

mi sp ri n t s for it was c hi e fly t h e in fe ri o r p ri n ti n g h o u se s which und e rt oo k

,
-

w o rk o f thi s kind It m a y n ot h o we ve r p re se n t a p a rticul arly b ad t e xt

.
, , ,

th o ugh und e r o rdin ary c i rc um s t an c e s thi s is h ardly lik e ly t o b e su p e ri o r

t o th a t o f t h e e diti o n fro m whi c h t h e re p rint wa s m a d e .

T h e s ubj e c t o f s u rre p titi o u s e diti o n s o f p l a y s is o n e th a t h a s a tt ra c t e d

mu c h a tt e nti o n but it is t oo full o f p ro bl e m s t o b e d ea lt with h e re I t is
, .

we ll k n o wn th a t t h e bas i s o f so m e a t l eas t o f the m a re sh ortha nd n o t e s

ta k e n d o wn du ri n g p e rfo rm a n c e whil e o th e rs w e re p ro ba bly b a se d o n a
,

c op y s up pli e d by a n a c to r I n D r G re g s v e ry va lua bl e i n tro du c ti on t o

. .
’

h is re p ri n t o f t h e fi rs t qu art o o f I k e M e r ry Wi ves of I Vin ds or h e sh o w s /

,

goo d reas o n fo r s up p o si n g th a t t h e t e xt was fu rn i s h e d by t h e a c t o r wh o

p la y e d t h e p a r t o f t h e H o s t. T h e a rgum e n t is b a s e d o n t h e fa c t tha t

wh e ne v e r th e H o s t is o n t h e s ta ge t h e te xt is gre a tly s up e ri o r— a n d
e sp e c a i lly in t h e H os t ’
s o w n s p e e c h e s — t o wh a t it is in t h e re s t o f t h e p l a y .

I d o n o t k n o w wh e th e r a n y on e h a s n o ti ce d th a t s imil a r rea son s c o uld b e

give n fo r re ga rdin g t h e fi rs t qu a rt o o f H a mlet o r a t a n y ra te t h e fi rs t fe w
,

s c e n e s t h e re o f a s s u pp li e d by t h e a c t o r wh o t o o k t h e pa rt o f M a rc e llu s
, .

— Ou cor r ected co a nd cor r ections ma d e in p r oof

14 .
py
I hi n t e d s o m e tim e ba ck tha t it wa s o c cas i onally po s sibl e t o say w h e th e r
a t e xt h a d b e e n re p ri n t e d fro m a n a lt e re d c op y o f a n ea rli e r e diti o n o r wh e th e r

s u c h a lt e ra ti o n s as it e xhibit s h a d b e e n m a d e in p ro o f T h e po i n t m a y b e
.

o f impo rta n ce in d e c idin g o n whi c h e diti o n t o ba s e a re p ri n t .

 LITERAR Y S TUDENTS AND EDITORS . 295

M o s t e dit ors will I thin k a g re e tha t t h e t e xt whi c h e mb o di e s th e

, ,

a ut h o r s l a t e s t c o rre c ti o n s s h o u ld as a g e n e ra l rul e b e give n d e c i s ive

’
, ,

w e igh t in qu e s ti o n s o f re a di n g a n d it is c o mm o nly p a rt o f a n e dit o r s

‘ ’

ta sk t o d e t e rmi n e whi c h thi s is lik e ly t o b e It s o m e tim e s h app e ns t h a t .

t h e t e xt w h i c h a pp e a rs t o giv e t h e b e s t re a di n g s is on e th a t a pp e a re d a ft e r

t h e a uth o r s d e a t h whe n it is o bvi ou s t h a t h e c o uld n ot h ave m a d e

’
,

c orr e c ti o n s in p roo f I n s u c h a c a se it is s o m e sa ti sfa c ti o n t o an e dito r if

.

h e c a n s h o w th a t t h e c o rre c ti on s w e re p ro ba bly in t h e c op y fro m whi c h t h e

ri n t e r w o rk e d a s thi s will u n d o ubt e dly inc re a s e t h e lik e li h o o d o f t h e i r
p ,

b e i n g t h e a uth o r s ’
.

N0 I h op e wh o h a s foll o we d m e thu s fa r will n e e d o r e xp e c t to

on e, ,

b e giv e n p re c i se i n s t ru c ti o n s h ow thi s m a y b e d e t e rmi n e d O bvi ou sly th e .

p o i n t c a n n o t a l
w ay s b e d e c id e d but it is a t l ea s t w o rth whil e t o l o o k
,

fo r s u c h e vid e n c e as th e re m a y b e a n d t h i s will b e fo u n d in t h e sp a c ing

,

o f t h e li n e s in whi c h t h e c o rre c ti o n s o c c u r .

I b o o k p rint e d with
n a m ore th a n t h e u su a l a mount of ca re we
n ot

s h a llg e n e ral ly fi n d th a t wh e n a c o rre c ti o n in p roo f i n vo lve s t h e s ub s tituti o n

o f a l o ng e r o r s h o rt e r p h ra s e th a n th a t o rgin a lly in typ e a c e rt a i n a m o u n t ,

o f i rre gul arity will b e ca u s e d in t h e s p a c i n g o f t h e li n e in whi c h it o cc u rs .

I f t h e i n se rt e d p h ra s e is l o n g e r we m a y fi n d t h e li n e an d p e rh a p s o n e
, ,

o r t wo o th e rs b e fo re a n d a ft e r it u n u su a lly cro w d e d or we m ay fi n d a n
, ,

u n u s u a l n u mb e r o f c on t ra c t e d form s o r sh o rt sp e llings ne s y a e tc -
, , , .
,

fo r n e s se ie a u
-
,
o r fi n a lly
, ,
if t h e a dditi on is a l o n g o n e a n e xt ra
, ,

li n e o r t wo o n t h e p ag e T h e re ve rse will o f co u rs e b e th e ca se if t h e
.

s ub s titut e d p h ras e is s h o rt e r t h a n t h e o rigi na l N e e dl e ss t o sa y s u ch .

,

i rre gul ariti e s a re m o s t lik e ly t o o cc ur in care l e ss w orkm an sh i p but th e n ,

re p ri n t s o f p o pul a r lit e ra tu re w e re se ld o m a m o n g t h e b e s t e x a m p l e s o f

th e p ri n t e r s a rt
’
.

( ) I dom n ot t h a a m o e rn e t t d diti
o n sh ou ld n e c e ssa r ily b e s e t up fro m th e
l t d by d y dg d b
1 e a n o sa y
t t
t h e a u h o r, fo r t h e t e n e n c t o e e n e ra t i o n re fe rre to a o ve m a y

i i i tly ll i
as o n e c o rre c e
t t
o f e n ca us e h s t o b e n c o n v e n e n fu o f m nor e rro rs .
 2 96 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

1 5 .
— On ca n cel
s .

A ca n c e l is pan y ar t b o o k
of a s u b s titut e d fo r wh a t wa s o rigi n a lly

p ri n t e d .It m a y b e o f a n y s iz e fro m a ti n y sc ra p o f a e r b e a ri n g o n e
p p
o r t wo l e tt e rs p a s t
,
e d o n o v e r th o s e fi r s t p ri n t e d t o s e v e ra l s h e e t s ,

re p l a c i n g t h e o rigi n a l o n e s T h e m o s t c o mm o n fo rm o f ca n c e l is p e rh a p s
.

a s i n gl e l e a f i n s e rt e d in pl a ce o f t h e o rigi na l l ea f
‘
.

I n t o t h e p urpo s e o f th e s e ca n c e l s we n e e d n o t e n t e r Th e re m a y .

h a v e b e e n in t h e o rigi n a l p ri n t s o m e thi n g s o g ro s sly i n c o rre c t th a t it wa s

t o o mu c h fo r e v e n t h e ea s y g o i n g p ri n t e r o f t h e tim e — o r fo r t h e a uth o r ;
-

o r a s s e e m s m ore c o mm o n th e re m a y h a v e b e e n s o m e thi n g th a t th e
,

a uth o riti es fo u n d o bj e c ti o n a bl e T h e p o int a t p re se n t is t h e a id th a t

.

bibli o grap hy giv es us in d e t e c ti n g t h e m .

O f c o u rse if t h e b oo k with whi c h we are d ea li n g h app e n s t o b e

u n b o u n d o r but l o o s e ly c a s e d an d if we a re p e rmitt e d t o p ull it a b o ut a
,

littl e ( with di scre ti o n ) th e re is ge n e ra lly n o di ffi c ulty in di sc o ve ri n g

,

wh e th e r a l ea f is a ca n ce l ; fo r if it is we ca n se e w h e re it is s tu ck o n , .

I f h o w e v e r a s is m o re co mm o n ly t h e ca s e t h e b o o k is s ub s ta n ti a lly
, , ,

b o u n d it is o ft e n im po ss ibl e t o se e wh e th e r t h e l ea f is p a rt o f a s h e e t o r is
,

i n s e rt e d an d we h a v e t o re ly o n o th e r i n di ca ti o n s
, .

A ca n c e l sh ould a lwa ys b e s u spe c t e d if :

1 ) T h e ty pe o r m a n n e r o f s e tti n g e ith e r o f t h e h ea dlin e s ign a tu re (if, ,

the re is on e ) o r o f t h e t e xt is di ffe re n t fro m th a t o f t h e re s t o f t h e b oo k

, .

( )
2 Th e r e i s a l a rg e r o r s m a ll e r n umb e r o f li n e s t o t h e p a g e th an

e l s e wh e re o r if t h e li n e s a re l o n g e r o r s h o rt e r
, .

( )
3 I f t h e l e a f is s ig n e d wh e n o th e r l ea v e s in s imil a r
p o s i t i o n s in a

ga th e ri n g a re n o t sign e d T h u s s u pp o s i n g in a n o c ta vo bo o k in whi c h a s
.

a rul e t h e fi rs t fi ve l e a v e s w e re s ign e d we fo u n d o n e s ig n e d F 7 w e might , ,

a t o n c e gu e s s t h a t it wa s a ca n ce l .

( 1) I t m a y b e re m a r e k d t h t th a ll w
e se ca n c e e ave s e re s o m e tim es itd
p r n e as p ar t of th e
p re li i y
m n ar sh e e , e nt i t b i g l ft h bi d
e to t i t th to m i th i l Th i
di
e n er n se r e r
e n p ro pe r p a c e . s
th e ca s e in t h e s e c on
’
w as fN h
s s ue o Ck i T as e s r st s
’
ea r s .
 2 98 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

E x mia ne th e u rfa ce s o f t h e pap e r

s . If onel e a f h as t h e s m o o th
s u rfa ce on th e i n n e r sid e an d th e o th e r o n th e o ut e r s id e o n e is a ca n c e l
,
.
‘

If n on e of th e se m e th o d s give s a sa ti sfa cto ry a nsw e r it will ,

be
n e c e s sa r y to re fe r t o o th e r c o p i e s o f t h e b o o k .

C an c e s l
i ti n g o f a who l e s h e e t o r o f s e ve ra l s h e e t s c an n o t o f
cons s

c o u rse b e d e t e c t e d in thi s ma n n e r Fo rtu n a t e ly h o we ve r it s e ld o m .

, ,

h ap p e n s tha t t h e s ub s titut e d m a tt e r is o f e x ac tly t h e sa m e l e n gt h a s t h e

o rigi n a l a n d t h e i rre gul a rity o f t h e n umb e r o f l e a v e s in t h e ga th e ri n g s
,

co m e s t o o ur a s s i s ta n c e .

A s a rul e a b oo k m a y b e e x p e ct e d t o ha v e a n e q ua l n umb e r o f l e a v e s
in e a c h ga th e ri n g ( n o t co u n ting p re limi na ri e s o r fi n a l l e a v e s ) a n d a n y ,

i rre gul a rity sh o uld l ea d us to su spe ct a ca n c e l o r so m e thi n g a dd e d Fo r .

e x a m p l e if in a qu a rt o o n e ga th e ri n g c o n s i s t s o f s ix l e a v e s o r o f t wo whil e
, ,

t h e o th e rs h a v e fo u r e a c h th e re h as alm o st c e rta inly b e e n so m e thi n g

,

a dd e d o r o mitt e d .

Thu s a t ra ct o f G a b ri e l H arv e y s t h e G r a tula tiones Va ldin en ses 1 5 7 8

’
, , ,

ru n s A —C D E—L ‘
,
6
,
o n e l ea f o f e rra t a
‘
S ig s D 5 an d D 6 c o n t a i n a . .

p o e m e vid e ntly a dd e d a ft e r t h e re s t was in typ e .

S o m e tim e s u c h i rre gu l aritie s m e re ly i n di ca t e so m e a cc id e n t o f t h e

s

p ri n ti n g Fo.r e xa m p l e s h ee t C o f N as h
,
e s S u m mer s L a s t I/Vil l h as o n ly
’ ’

t wo l ea v e s C 1 a n d C 2 t h e o th e r ga t h e ri n g s h a vi n g fo u r e ac h
, ,
As C 1 .

a n d C 2 d o n o t b e l o n g t o g e th e r (a re s e p a ra t e l e a v e s ) it is e vid e n t t h a t C 3 ,

a n d C 4 w e re p ri n t e d a n d fo r so m e rea so n c an c e ll e d A s h o w e ve r D 1 .
, ,

fo ll o w s c o rre c tly fro m C 2 we m ay i n fe r th a t t h e e rro r wh a t e ve r it m a y

"
,

h av e b e e n w h i c h l ,
e d t o t h e ca n c e ll a ti o n o f th e s e l e a v e s wa s di sco v e re d

b e fo re t h e n e xt s h e e t was p ri n t e d .

i n t e re s ti n g e xa m p l e o f a l a rge ca n c e l is t o b e fo u n d in T C o o p e r s
An .
’

A d mon ition to Me P eop l e of E ngl a n d whi c h a e a re d in 1 5 8 9 s h o rtly a ft e r

pp ,

( 1) I t h e cas e of m uch s ixt th

een c e n urt yp
a p e r, it is, h o w e v e r, a lm o st i m p ibl
o ss e

dt t di b tw id
n

to e ec an f
f e re n c e e een t h e t wo s es
y .
 LITERAR Y S TUDENTS AND EDITORS . 2 99

th e b ginni g f th f m u M p l t C nt v y It
e n o e a o s a r re a e o ro e rs . t i
co n a n s a re
p
ly
to M arp re la t e s Ep is tle a n d h a s b e e n re ga rd e d a s h avin g b e e n w ritt e n a s
’

t h e o ffic i a l a n s w e r t o h im T h e b o o k is a qu a rt o a n d ru n s A — I
. — ” l
K L ( e ss ‘
,

L 8 wa n ti n g ) M Y , A a Kk - ‘
,
- ‘
,

T h e p re s e n c e t o f e ight l e ave s in a qua rto is v e ry

of t wo sh e e s

s u spici o u s a n d wh e n o n e x a mi n ing t h e a gi a ti o w fi d t h t th e l
, p n n e n a e ves a

a l o n e o f th e se t wo s h e e t s a re numb e re d wh e re a s t h e re s t is n umb e re d by
”

a ge s a n e vid e n t d e vi c e t o c a u se t h e
p , p a gi n a ti o n t o run o n c o rre c tly t o w h a t
fo ll o w s it b e c o m e s c l e a r th a t t h e t wo s h e e t s a re a c an ce l
, T h e i n t e re s ti n g .

p o i n t is th a t we a re a bl e t o i n fe r fro m thi s th a t t h e re ly t o t h e M a rti n i s t s

p
whi ch t h e b oo k c on ta i n s was n ot p art o f t h e wo rk a s origi n ally pri n t e d but ,

was a dd e d a t t h e l as t m o m e nt .

A th i tno ti n g ca n ce l o c c u rs in a b ook by H e n ry H oward E arl

er n e re s
,

o f N o rth a m t o n A D efe n s a tive aga in s t t/ze P oison S P

p , of pp u os ed op /zes ies r ,

1 5 83 . O n t h e p ublica ti o n o f thi s b o o k c h a rge s o f t re a son w e re b ro ugh t ,

a ga i n s t t h e a uth o r a n d h e wa s i m p ri s o n e d N o o n e I b e li e v e h a s e v e r .
, ,

be e n abl e t o di sco v e r a nythi n g tre a son a bl e in th e b ook a s it stan d s an d ,

t h e re a s o n o f t h e c h a rg e s is a my s t e ry T h e fa ct is h o w e v e r th a t t h e .
, ,

t re ason a bl e p assa ge was su ppre sse d I n allc op i e s that I h av e b e e n a bl e .

t o s e e — so m e h a l f d o z e n — o n e l e a f s ig E 4 h a s b e e n ca n c e ll e d
- I n on e , .
,
.

cas e t h e l ea f h as b e e n simply c ut o ut but in allth e o th e rs it is re pl ace d ,

by a ca nc e l l e a f We m ay a ss um e t h a t it wa s o n t h e o rigi n al E 4 t h a t
-
.

t h e p as sa g e o cc u rre d t o w h i c h o bj e c ti o n wa s t a k e n a n d it w o uld b e i n t e re s t

in g if a c o p y o f t h e boo k c o uld b e fo u n d in whi c h t h i s l ea f re m a i n e d .

A th c no er cu rs in th e fi rs t e diti on o f R ob e rt G re e n e s
as e o f c a n c e l oc
’

r t Cou r tier by whi c h in a l l b bility h e a tt ack u p o n

Q pf
u i o r a n Up s t a p ro a t ,

t h e H a rv e y s whi c h l e d in pa rt t o t h e fa m o u s H a rv y N a sh e q ua rre l wa s
e -

( ) S ig M ll w f m L 7 ig fo "
L 8, wh i h i b t id tly h i g b
s a se n ev en av n een

bl k T h m i i f Z f m h ig
s c
ig ifi 64 b
1 . 1 o s on ro , . ,

an . e o ss o n o ro t e s n a t u re s is f o p
no s n ca n ce se e . 2 a ove .

( )2E x p t L 7 w h
ce i h i m b d b c s nu e re on o th s id es .
 300 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

su p p re s se d but I h a ve d e alt with thi s e l se wh e re a n d n e e d n o t di sc u ss it ‘

n ow . E n o ugh h a s I h o p e b e e n s a id t o s h o w tha t th e re is o ft e n a g o o d
, ,

d e a l o f i n t e re s t a tta ch i n g t o c a n ce l s a n d t h a t th e y are wo rt h a tt e n ti o n o n
,

a c co u n t o f t h e lig h t th e y m a y t h ro w o n o b sc u re po i n t s o f lit e ra ry hi s t o ry .

16 — . Ou a dd ition s m a d e to S ke ets al
r ea dy
p r in ted .

A t o f s ub divi si on o f ca n c e l s s e e m s t o re qui re a word o r t wo

s or -
,

ca s e s ,
n a m e ly in whi c h s o m e t h i n g is a dd e d t o a p ri n t e d p a g e a ft e r
,

p u bli ca ti o n b e i n
,
g s o m e tim e s p h a p s s ta m p e d o n by h a n d a n d so m e tim e s
e r

ri n t e d by as s i n g t h e s h e e t s a g a i n t h ro ugh t h e p re s s Th f
p p e s e a re o c o u rse .

n o t p ro p e rly ca n ce l s a s a c an c e l impli e s t h e o mi ss i on o f s o m e thi n g

, ,

wh e rea s in t h e p re s e n t ca s e th e re is m e re ly so m e thi n g a dd e d .

M o s t o f s u ch a dditi o n s a re quit e h o n e s tly m a d e ; fo r e x a m p l e t h e ,

e a rli e s t k n o w n u s e o f C a xt on s d e vi ce whi c h wa s a lm o s t c e rta i n ly c ut in

’
,

En gl a n d is in a b oo k p ri n t e d fo r him in Fra n c e
,
T h e d e vi ce wa s m o s t .

p ro b a bly s t a m p e d in a ft e r r e ce i t o f t h e b o o k s fro m a b roa d

p One of .

P yn so n s d e vi c e s m a y h a v e b e e n a dd e d t o ce rta i n b o o k s in a s imil a r wa y
’
.

Additio n s o f th i s ki n d ca n so m e tim e s b e d e te c t e d by di ffe re n ce s in t h e

c o l o u r o f t h e in k fro m th a t o f t h e re s t o f t h e b o o k but t h e m o s t ,

sa ti s fa c t o ry p roo f w o uld b e t h e co m p a ri so n o f s e v e ra l co p i e s o f t h e b o o k .

I f t h e d e vic e o r w h a t e v e r e l s e t h e a dditi o n m a y b e is fo u n d t o di ffe r

, ,

m ark e dly in th e va ri o us c o p i e s in it s p o s iti o n with re gard t o t h e re s t o f t h e

ty p e it is a lm os t c e rt a i n ly s ta mpe d in by h an d
,
.

I n a fe w we ve r s u c h a dditi o n s w e re m a d e wit h m o re o r l e ss
c a se s , ho ,

fra u d ul e n t i n t e n t Fo r e x a m p l e c e rta i n c o p i es o f t h e 1 5 9 9 q u art o o f

.
,

im a n a n d P e sed a h a v e N e wly c o rre c t e d an d a m e n d e d s ta m p e d

“
S ol r

o n t h e titl e p a g e -
T h e sh e e t s a re id e n ti ca l with t h o s e o f t h e 1 5 9 9 e diti o n
.

w it h o ut th e se wo rd s a n d it se e m s m o s t lik e ly th a t th e y w e re a dd e d in o rd e r
,

t o e n c o u ra g e t h e sa l e It m a y b e re m a rk e d t h a t in t h e c o p y a t t h e B iti sh
. r

( 1 ) Ge n t l
em a n
’
s M aga z in e Fe
, b r ua r y , 1 906 .
 3 02 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

Fk a es m a n y ki n d s Th e re a re in th e fi rst p l ac e c o m pl e t e
a re of .

r e ri n t s o f e a rly b o o k s whi c h a e a t b rigi a l e diti o s Th e re mu s t

p pp r o e o n n .

s u re ly b e v e ry fe w o f th e s e for it is di ff i c ult t o s e e h o w it can h a v e pa id

,

a n y o n e t o a tt e m p t s u c h a d e c e p ti o n ; but th e re is o n e n o t o ri o u s e x a m p l e ,

n a m e ly a n e diti o n o f th e p l a y S ol im a n a n d P e s eda p u rp o rti n g t o h a v e r ,

b e e n p ri n t e d by E A lld e fo r E Whit e in 1 5 99 b u t a c tu a lly p ri n t e d a b o ut

. .
,

1815 . I b e li e v e th a t n o thi n g is k n o wn o f th e ci rc um s ta n ce s u n d e r whi c h

it was p ri n t e d w h e th e r it wa s i n t e n d e d t o b e p as s e d o ff a s an o rigi n a l
,

e diti o n o r wh e th e r it was m e re ly an h o n e s t facs imil e re p ri n t Wh e n “ ”

.
,

o n c e it is s u sp e c t e d it is e as y t o s e e th a t it is n o t a ge n ui n e s ixt e e n th
,

c e n tu ry p ri n t ; t h e ty p e is t o o re g u la r a n d t h e pa p e r is e vid e n tly o f mu c h

l a t e r d a t e ; but it h a s d e c e iv e d v e ry co m pe t e n t s ch o la rs in th e p as t a n d
will in allp ro b ability de c e iv e o th e rs wh e n e ve r it turn s up in c i rc um sta n ce s
whi c h p re v e n t it fro m b e i n g p la c e d sid e by s id e with a ge n u i n e old e diti o n .

I k n o w o f n o o th e r E n gli s h b oo k th a t h a s b e e n c o m p l e t e ly re p rint e d
in s u c h a wa y th a t it c o uld b e ta k e n fo r an o rigi n a l by a n y o n e with a n
e l e m e n t a ry k n o wl e dg e o f e a rly w o rk but it is quit e po s sibl e th a t t h e
”
,

ima n a d P er sed a d oe s n o t s ta nd a l o n e a n d a n y o rigi n a l

“ ”
S ol n of ,

s u sp i c i o u s ly m o d e rn a p p ea ran c e e ith e r in ty p e o rn a m e n t s o r w o rkm a n s hi p

, , , ,

s h o uld b e ca re fully s c rutini se d with thi s e x a m p l e in mi n d .

The m o s t n um e ro u s c l ass o f fak e d co p i e s c o n s i s t s o f th o se whi c h ,

h a vi n g be e n a t o n e tim e imp e rfe c t h a v e b e e n p e rfe c t e d by t h e i n s e rti

, o n

o f l e a v e s o r o f p art s o f l ea v e s e ith e r in fa c s imil e o r fro m an o th e r g e n ui n e

,

c op y — so m e tim e s u n fo rtu n a t e ly fro m a n o th e r e diti on

, ,
.

(I ) O n th e acb k of th e t i tl
e so m e i i it
c o p es h a v e a n t d
mp r n ( P s am p e in )
“
J d t it ti
S m e e o n , P r n e r, S t M a r n s La n e
’ ”
t t i i t b
I n o h e rs h is m p r n h a s p e rh a ps een
b k g it g i t dtd
. . .

e ras e Th e oo is a a ge fo r
p a e re p r n o f th e e n u n e q ua r o 1 5 99 , th e
t w i w t g ly d d big d
. a e
o rn a m e n s o f h ch h a v e e e n s o m e h a ro u h re p ro uc e ( on e e n re v e rs e ) .

(2 ) W l e f m S i S id y L
e ar n ro it d i r h Cl d P f im il f
ne
’
uct o n to t on re ss a cs

i t F li f S h k p
ee s n ro

p i t h
a re n
l
e e o
th e F rs o o o h t p a f h
es 8 7 i
t t e 1 0
mi t k it f igi l i p i f h m d i m p i t h b k f h itl d
ea re a o ss e sso rs o re r n ave n s e v e ra ca s e s
s a en or a n o r na te t e r n s at t t t
d f h d h w t m k f h p p dl t
, n s o o e rn e ac o e e an
at h
t e d
en an o 8 6 i
t e ate 1 0Th f t t ra u u en
di ti ly f ig b k h h L tt f C l mb
n e a er ar o e a er . e re a re
e on s o f f w
a e ea r o re n oo s s uc as t e e e rs o o u us .
 LITERAR Y S TUDENTS AN D EDITORS .
30 3

Wh e n s u c h i n s e rti o n t ake s t h e fo rm o f a n h o n e s t a n d u n co n ce a l e d
fa cs imil e fro m a n o th e r cop y o f t h e sa m e e ditio n it is a c l ea r ga i n fo r n o n e , ,

but th e m o s t unco m p ro mi si n g o f bibli ograp hi ca l p u ri s t s w ould p re fe r an

im p e rfe c t c o py o f a b oo k t o on e so ma d e up W h e n s u ch fa c simil e s a re -
.

p h o t o gra p hi c th e y m ay o ft e n s e rve a n e dit o r a s w e ll as o rigi n a l s p ro vid e d

, ,

o f c o u rs e t h a t h e is c e rta i n th a t th e y a e t a k e n fro m t h e co rre c t e diti o n r .

It is i n d e e d o n ly wh e n th e re is a qu e s ti o n o f va ri a n t rea di n g in di ffe re n t
c o i e s tha t di ffi c ulti e s will a ri se
p A ge n ui n e l e a f fro m a n o th e r co p y o f
.

t h e s a m e e diti o n is o f c o u rs e in a l lsa ve thi s m a tt e r o f va ri a n t s as g oo d

, ,

fo r e dit o ri a l p u rp os e s a s t h e o rigina l o n e .

It h o we v e r quit e a di ffe re n t a ffa i r wh e n a l e a f h a s b e e n i n s e rte d

is , ,

fro m a n o th e r e diti o n a n d it is t h e p oss ibility o f thi s w hi c h m a k e s it s o

,

im p orta n t t o e xa mi n e a lli n se rte d l e a v e s with t h e utm o st ca re I n e e d .

h ardly sa y tha t I a m n o t re fe rri n g t o t h e c rud e r s o rt o f m a d e up c o p i e s -

t h a t o n e o ft e n fin d s in t h e s e c on d h a n d ma rk e t M a n y o f th e se a re m ad e
-
.
‘

up o f e diti o n s w h i c h th o ug h o f c o u rse c o rre s p on di n g p a g e fo r p ag e a re so

, ,

o bvi o u s ly di ffe re n t th a t th e y w o uld n o t d e c e iv e a c hild Th e re we re .

,

h o we v e r a n umb e r o f b oo k s whi c h p a ss e d th ro ugh t wo o r m ore e diti o n s

,

id e n ti ca l in g e n e ra l a p p ea ran ce an d in sign a tu re s a n d th e i n se rti o n o f a ,

l ea f o r t wo fro m o n e o f th e se i n t o an o th e r m a y b e e xc e e di n gly di ffic ult

t o d e te c t
”
.

T h e b e s t guid e in di sco ve ri n g i n se rt e d l e a ve s wh e th e r in fa c s i m il e o r ,

ge n ui n e old o n e s fro m o th e r cop i e s is ge n e ra lly th e p a p e r I n a fa csimile

,
.

t h e p a pe r s e ld o m co rre sp o n d s e xa c tly w ith th a t o f t h e o th e r l ea v e s s a v e in ,

t h e ra re ca s e s in whi c h a bl a n k l e af fro m t h e b o o k it se l f h as b e e n u se d In .

a g e nui n e o l d l e a f th e p ap e r ma y b e id e n ti ca l in qu ality a n d so far as th i s ,

( ) T h e re se e ms g dd l
t o h a ve y l y ki gf f pi I i h
b of ver c um s ma n -u
p o co es n t e

ly t l t y j dg l t f m h p p
ea
d t b d g d bt
1 ee n a oo .

a s t c e n ur — t o t a re n t
p ar o f e at ro e a a e o in in s ou

it d ll w ll d ly
ear u e as .

if is m uch p t C
one at t p h
re s e np f
o m b
e c o rs a re er a s too e i n or e to e s o e as i

tk
.

a e n in .

( ) T h w h wi h m id f h to xt t f hi p
e t so t i f
ea o m ki t
g p e e en o t s ra c ce o a n -u
”

di fi l y d li g wi i fi bly gl y
2 os e g o s e ,

d
an ht f
e t f cu th o t m y p
ea t n F ,
F a D p ro f a a nce a t ra n cis r
’
s escr i t i on o

t b c Gr ea t Bibl
e, 1 86 5 .
 304 NO TES ON BI BL I O GRA P H I CA L E VIDENCE F OR

is con c e rn e d o ur o n ly guid e m a y b e th a t wan t o f p ro p e r c o rre sp o n d e n c e in

c h a i n li n e s w a t e rm a rk s e t c
-
,
whi c h a s we h a v e a l re a dy se e n m a y a id us in
,
.
, , ,

t h e d e t e c ti o n o f c a n c e l s .

I n t h e c a s e o f fa k e s we h a v e h o w e v e r a s a rul e fa r b e tt e r m e a n s o f
, , ,

d e te c ti o n t h an we h a d in t h e ca se o f ca n c e l s C a n ce l s h a v e a s a rul e .
, ,

b e e n in th e i r p la c e in t h e b oo k fro m th e da t e o f t h e o rigi n a l bi n di n g but ,

fa c simil e s o r l e a v e s fro m o th e r c o p i e s h a v e b e e n i n se rt e d in m o d e rn tim e s ,

s i n ce t h e b o o k ca m e t o p o s s e ss a c e rt a i n va lu e N o w a b o o k th a t re qui re s
.

t o b e p e rfe c t e d h a s o f n e c e ss ity b e e n s ubj e ct a t so m e tim e o r o th e r t o n e gl e c t

o r ill u s a g e
- I n n i n e c a se s o ut o f t e n it h a s s u ffe re d fro m d a m p o r fro m
.

t h e ra va g e s o f i n se c t s an d it is lik e ly t o h a v e s u ffe re d m o s t in th os e p a rt s
,

wh i c h ha v e t o b e m a d e goo d A n y re as o na bly co m pe t e n t fa k e r wh o
.

i n s e rt s a l e a f i n t o a b o o k will of co u rs e ta k e ca re th a t if th e re h a pp e n to
b e w o rm h o l e s in t h e a dj a c e n t l e a v e s th e re s h a ll b e h o l e s t o c o rre s p o n d in
-

t h e i n se rt e d l ea f fo r thi s is a s im p l e m a tt e r
, but if t h e i n se rt e d l ea f is o n e
fro m an o t h e r o l d c op y o r a fa cs imil e o n o l
, d p a pe r th e re m a y b e w o rm ,

h o l e s in t/z a t I n s u c h cas e s a n a tt e m p t is g e n e ra lly m a d e t o fill th e m u p

.
,

but it is v e ry di ffi c ult to d o thi s w e ll a n d th e y m a y u s u a lly b e d e t e c t e d o n

care ful e xa mi n a ti o n e s p e c i a lly if t h e l ea f b e h e ld up t o t h e light
,
.

B e s t o f a ll h o we ve r is t h e e vid e n c e t o b e d e rive d fro m wa t e r sta i n s

, ,
-
,

ru s t s o t s
-
a n d di rt ma rk s -
W a t e s ta in s g e e ra lly go th ro u gh a n umb e r
-
p , r . n

o f l ea v e s o r th ro ugh t h e e n ti re b o o k o ft e n i n c rea s i n g s o re gul a rly in s i e

, ,
z

a n d i n t e n s ity t o a m a ximum a t th e po i n t wh e re t h e d a m p h a s e n t e re d ,

th a t if th e l e a ve s o f th e b o o k w e re l oo s e th e y co uld b e rea rra n ge d in

a lm o s t p e rfe c t s e qu en c e by t h e s ta i n a l o n e I f th e n in a p a rt o f t h e
.
,

b oo k wh i c h is wa t e r s t a i n e d we co m e a c ro ss a l e af in which t h e s ta i n s
-
,

rre sp o n d with t h o s e o n t h e a dj a c e n t l e a v e s we m a
( if a n
y ) d o n o t c o y eb ,

qu it e sure t h a t tha t l e a f is in s o m e wa y o r o th e r a fa k e T h e co rre c t .

imita ti o n o f a st ai n is fo rtu na t e ly a t ask th a t s e e m s t o p uzzl e e v e n t h e

m o s t e xp e rt fa k e rs th ough n o d o ubt it c an b e do n e R us t o r grea s e
, .

s p o t s a n d di rt m a rk s o f va ri o u s ki n d s will o ft e n run t h ro ugh se v e ra l l ea ve s

a n d m a y a ffo rd u s u s e ful e vid e n c e o f a s imil ar ki n d .

 3 06 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

b oo k s wa n ti n g titl e p a ge s whi c h h a ve b e e n p ro vid e d with a titl e pa ge

- -

“
in fa c s imil e A t fi rs t sigh t o n e is o f c o u rse te m p te d t o su p po se th a t
.
”

t h e re a re o th e r c o p i e s in e xi st e n ce th o ugh a t p re s e n t un k n o w n a n d t h a t
, ,

th e fa c s imil e
“
h a s b e e n m a d e fro m o n e o f t h e s e b ut in so m e c a s e s it
”
,

s e e m s th a t t h i s is n o t t h e ca s e We mu s t re m e mb e r t h a t t h e i n v e n ti o n
.

o f a titl e p a g e fro m t h e h a l f titl e h e a d li n e a n d c o l o h o n if th e re is o n e

- - -
p , , , ,

t o ge t h e r p e rh a p s with t h e e n t ry in t h e S ta ti o n e rs R e gi s te r o r a n e a rly ’

m e n ti o n o f t h e b o o k is by n o m e an s a di ffi c ult t a sk .

S u ch k e fa csimil e o cc u rs in a c o p y a t t h e B riti s h Mu se um ( C 5 7
a fa - . .

b 4 3 ) o f a n e n t e rta i n m e n t t o Q u e e n E liza be th a t W oo d s t o ck in 1 5 7 5
.
,
.

T o t h i s is p re fix e d a titl e p a g e T h e Que e n e s M a ie s t ie s En t e rt a in e m e n t
-
,
“

a t W o o d s t o c k o rn a m e n t
[ ] A t L o n d o n P ri n t e d fo r T/zo rn s C a d m a n ,
a ,

T h e titl e a t fi rs t sight a pp ea rs t o b e in fa c s imil e but it s a rra n g e m e n t a n d ,

ge n e ra l a ppea ra n c e a re s u sp ic i o u s a n d w h e n we fi n d th a t t h e wo rdi n g ,

is m a d e u p fro m t h e h e a d li n e a n d t h e c o l o p h o n ( th e im p ri n t e v e n t o
-
,

t h e full s t o p a ft e r t h e p ri n t e r s n a m e b e i n g ta k e n fro m t h e l a tt e r fro m

’
, ,

w h i c h a l so th e o rn a m e n t is c op i e d ) it b e c o m e s p ra c ti ca lly c e rta i n th a t ,

it is fa l se .

A n e v e n m o re d a nge ro u s s p e c i e s o f fa k e c o n si s t s in t h e i n s e rti o n i n t o
a d e fe c tiv e c o y f t ntly i f c imil but ea lly m a d e by
p o p a r, s a pp ar e n a s e r

t ran scribi n g th e t e xt o f a n o t h e r e diti o n in t h e typ e a n d s tyl e o f t h e o n e

t o b e co m p l e t e d T h u s in a n a c c o u n t o f t h e lith o gra p h e r J o h n H a rri s
.
,

o n e o f t h e m o s t s kill e d o f h t imili t in M
( ) f R C m r ies
’
o n e s a c s s s o w t a n s e o , .

f tb c Br itis k M useum p 3 3 5 th e a uth o r t e ll s us o n H a rri s own a u t h o rity

’
o , .
, , ,

t h a t h e s u p p li e d o n o n e o ccas i on t h e 9 7th fo li o o f a ra re e diti o n o f th e

“

S pa n i sh C h ro n i c l e o f D o n R in a l wh e re h e h a d n o p e rfe c t c op y ’ ’
du s
‘
,

t o m a k e it fro m but p a rc e ll e d o ut t h e w o rd s fro m a la t e r e diti on o f

,

t h e w o rk H e wa s pa id it a p p e a rs 1 2 fo r t h e l e a f Thi s is i n d e e d a
”
.
, .
,

m o st i n sidi ou s ki n d o f fa k e a n d it is fo rtu n a t e th a t th e re h av e p ro ba bly

,

b e e n fe w m e n s u ffi c i e n tly skill e d to e n gag e in s u c h wo rk .

( 1 ) I m ust c o n fe s s my i na bility id ti fy to en th e b k
oo re fe rr e d to .
 LITERAR Y S TUDENTS AND E D ITORS .
30 7

1 8 — O u Typ ogr ap /zy

. . N otes on t/ze u se o f ce r ta in l
e t te r s

a n d cb a r a cters .

D u ri n g t h e E liza b e th a n p e ri o d th e use o f bl a ck -l e tt e r ty p e was

gra du a lly givin g p la ce t o th a t o f R o ma n I n t h e middl e o f t h e s ixte e n th .

c e n t ury bl a c k l e tt e r wa s g e n e ra lly e m l o y e d fo r a l
-
l ki d f i ti g i
p n s o p r n n n

En gli sh but by 1 5 8 0 it s us e in th e high e r ki n ds o f ve rse a n d in p lay s h a d

,

a lm o s t c e a s e d a n d t h e re s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n a t e n d e n c y t o a b a n d o n it in

s c i e n tifi c a n d th e o l o gi c a l lit e ra tu re P op ul a r p ro se a n d ball ad s h o we ve r

.
, ,

c o nti n u e d m o s t fre qu e ntly t o b e p ri n t e d in bl a c k l e tt e r u n til w e ll o n in t h e -

se v e n t e e n th c e n tu ry I n a l arg e p ro p o rti o n o f bl ac k l e tt e r b o o k s t h e
.
-

limi y m tt d di a ti on s a n d e p i s tl e s t o t h e re a d e r) a re h o w e v e r in
p r e n ar a e r ( e c , ,

ro m a n o r ita li c T h e l a t e r p ri n t e rs s e e m a l s o s e ld o m t o h a v e p o sse ss e d
.

a n y bl a c k l e tt e r ty p e o f a l a rg e r s iz e t h a n t h a t u s e d fo r t h e t e xt o f t h e i r
-

bo o k s an d c o mm on ly u se d ro m an o r ita li c for t itle pa ge s h e adi n gs e tc

,
~
, ,
.

Th e re a re h o w e ve r m a n y e xce p ti o ns t o thi s ge n e ra l rul e

, ,
.

I bl ac k l e tt e r t e xt p rop e r n a m e s
n a -
,
a re t
of e n in ro ma n qu o ta ti on s
,

fro m fo re ign l an gu a g e s g e n e ra lly in ita li c .

I n a ro m a n t e xt b o th , p ro p e r na mes an d qu o ta ti on s a re ge n e ra lly
in ita li c .

T h e typ e co mm on ly u s e d in b o ok w o rk was o f th re e s iz e s En gli sh -

, ,

pi ca a n d l o n g p rim e r B re vi e r wa s o c ca si on a lly u se d fo r n o t e s e tc
,
. ,
.
‘

S am ll pic a s u c h a u s u a
,
l s iz e o f ty p e a t p re se n t w a s n o t i n t r o d uce d u n til ,

t o wa rd s th e e n d o f th e s e v e n t e e n th c e n tu ry It is to b e n ot e d th a t t h e .

E liza b e th an bl ack l e tte r o ccu p i e d a s a rul e a mu ch s m all e r spac e o n t h e

-

b o dy th a n in m o s t m o d e rn fou n t s Thu s a m od e rn sma ll p i ca bl ack l e tt e r .

lm
is a o s t id en ti c a l in fa c e wit h t h e e a rly pi ca an d m o d e rn p i c a with e a rly
,

( ) T h b di w typ fa r fro m un fo rm i G e ne ra lly te n li ne s o f typ e m ea s ure

i l gp
- es e re
1 e
i ly gli
e o .

x t rim e r 33 m m
.
.

m i E h 45 n n s —
47 m m in p ca 40 4 2 m m in on 31 .

i b i b t 7 mm
a ro a e
p p
.
.

n re v e r a ou 2 .
 308 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

En gli s h — a fac t whi c h giv e s ri s e t o mu c h t ro ubl e wh e n o n e a tt e m p t s a

fa c s imil e re p ri n t in m o d e rn ty p e o f a n o l d b o o k c o n ta i n i n g b o th bl a c k
l e tt e r a n d ro m an .

A fe w n o t e s o n v a ri o u s c h ara c te rs m ay b e u se ful .

L iga tur es — Wh e n a l e tt e r p art o f w h i c h o v e rh a n g s t h e b o dy o f

.
,

t h e ty p e s uch a s f o r f h a p p e n s t o b e fo ll o w e d by a n u p right l e tte r

, ,

s uch as l or b t h e o v e rh a n gi n g p a rt o r k e rn o f t h e fi rs t l e tte r c o m e s “ ”
,

i n t o c on ta c t with t h e t o p o f t h e se co n d l e tt e r a n d e ith e r t h e t wo d o n o t fit
t o ge th e r p rope rly o r t h e k e rn o f t h e fi rs t l e tt e r ge t s bro k e n o ff T o a v o id
, .

thi s m o s t fo u n t s e v e n a t p re s e n t h a v e co mbi n a ti o n s o f f with l i a nd

, , , , ,

a n o t h e r f a n d If with l a n d i c as t o n a s i n gl e b o dy th e s e d o ubl e o r t ri p l e
, , ,

l e tte rs b e i n g ca ll e d liga tu re s 1
I n e arly fo u n t s lig a tu re s w e re mu c h m o re
.
”

n um e ro u s a s t h e y w e re n o t by an m e an s limit d t o t h s t i c tly n e c e ss a ry
, y e e r ,

but m a n y liga tu re d fo rm s w e re u se d th ro ugh t h e i n flu e n c e o f t h e w ritte n

h a n d s u p o n w h i c h t h e fo rm s o f ty p e w e re ultim a t e ly b a s e d B e s id e s .

t h e f liga tu re s th e re wa s a wh o l e s e ri e s o f f liga t u re s fl f fl fb fl fk fl
"
”
, ,
1, , ,
i, ,
.

S o m e fo u n ts h a d n o l b an d l k a s th e s e c o mbi n a ti o n s w e re ra re r a n d it wa s
,

p r o b a bly n o t a lw a y s th o ught w o rth w h il e t o c a s t th e m I n s u c h fo u n t s t h e .

s h o rt 5 wa s g e n e ra lly u s e d in th e s e c o mbi n a ti o n s o r oc ca s i o n a lly a hy p h e n ,

wa s i n s e rt e d a ft e r t h e f .

I n bl a c k l e tt e r fo u n t s liga tu re s w e re e sp e c i a lly n um e ro u s in a dditi o n

-

t o t h e f a n d f o n e s a l re a dy m e n ti o n e d we fi n d é e 3
00 ch ph pp , , , , , ,

wh a n d o th e rs
, R o ma n fo u n t s o ft e n h a d 00 an d c t liga tu re s a n d
.
,

s o m e tim e s o th e rs .

It m a y b e re m ark e d th a t in th e fe w w o rd s in whi c h 5 a n d f co m e
t o ge th e r s u c h a s sa ti sfy t h e re be i n g o f c o u rs e n o f f liga tu re it wa s
,
“
,
”
,

c o mm o n t o p ri n t e ith e r fa t is fi e o r fa t if fi e - .

i
( 1 ) O n t h e m po rta n ce o f lig t i t xt l m d ti
a ure s n e ua e en a o n , see
p . 2 42 a b ov e .

i
( 2 ) I t is c ur o us th a t t h e re d m h b not to di g f lig t t
gh th i bi ti l yf q t
oes se e a ve e en a c o rre s po n n a u re ,

th ou s co m na on w as a so v e r re ue n .

( 3) T h e re as o n of th e a cce n t h fi t f h
on t lig t
e t e e a ure ha s , I b li
b di d
rs e o e e e ve , n e ve r
e en sc o v e re .
 3 10 NO TES ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDEN CE F OR

co n tin e nt a l or igi n ) ,
an d in din a ry fo u n t s wh e n th e re h a pp e n e d
or to be a

run o n th e w a n d th e c o m p o s it o r h a d n o t e n o ugh .

quit e e a rly fo u n t s thi s s ign is u se d

P un ctua tion -m a r ks . I n

fo r t h e co mm a A form in whi ch th e lin e s l op e s in th e o pp o site dire ctio n

.

is o c ca s i o n a lly fo u n d ( A m e s T p g p b ica l A n tiq uities e d H e rb e rt

’
y o r a
, . .

T h e c o mm a s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n i n t ro du c e d i n t o E n gl an d
p 49 . 1

a b o ut 1 5 2 1 ( in ro m a n typ e ) a n d 1 5 3 5 (in bl ack l e tt e r) ( Typ A n tiq . .

pp 2 68, 3 48 )

The qu e ry m ark ap pe ars t o have b e e n u se d fro m a b o ut 1521

( yp
Y .

A n tiq .
,
p .

In bl a ck l e tt e r b o o k s p ri n t e d a b-
o ut 1 5 8 0 —
9 0 but n o t s o far a s I , ,

a m a w a re m u c h e a rli e r o r la t e r we s o m e tim e s fi n d a c u ri o u s qu e ry m a rk
, ,
-

re se mbli n g a n a cut e a c c e n t fo ll o w e d by a c o l o n T h e o rigin o f thi s m a rk .

d oe s n ot s e e m t o b e k n o wn .

The se mi co l on se e m s t o ha ve b e e n fi rs t u se d in E n gla n d a bo ut
1 5 69 ( I yp A n tiq . .
, p . but wa s n o t c o mm on u n til 1 5 8 0 o r th e re ab o ut s
n tiq
( yp
T A . .
, p .

T h e full s t o p - was c o mm o n ly u se d bef or e as w e ll a s af ter ro ma n

n um e ra l s Thu s . It was a l so u se d b e fore a n d a ft e r i e st )
an d l I

an d we re u s e d indi ffe re n tly in s uch a bb re vi a ti on s as th

’
or th
‘
fo r
H n l
th e o

w e re t
of e n u se d wh e re we n o w use qu o ta ti o n m a rk s e g , . .
,

T o win w o rs hi p I w o uld b e right gl a d ,

Th e re fo re (wi lli n g t o win w o rsh i p ) is my n a m e .

”

( 1) I t m a y b e n o e t h a th e td t bb i t i on t is
’ ”
or
“
t is
‘ ”
i t d
( ns ea of
’
t is fo r “
it
t t it ld p h p b
a re v a

is w a s so c o m m o n h a s h ou er a s e re g ddar e a s n or m l a .
 LITERAR Y S TUDENTS AND EDITORS .
31 1

I
h o w th e e wh a t lu ck we h a ue h ad
fa yt h t o s
,
BY ( Wi ll in g t o win W o rsh i p) th a t lu s ty l
o

ad

t a k e (h ad I wi st ) for a n e x cu se
“

“
I n o n e p l a c e o f t h e b o o k e t h e m e a n e s o f sa luat io n wa s a ttribute d
t o t h e w o rd e p re a c h e d a n d wh a t did h e t h in k e o u ? h bl tt d o ut t h e
y e o e
w o rd (p re a c h e d ) a n d wo uld n ot h a u e th a t word pri n t e d .
”

T h e y a l so se e m so m e tim e s t o be u se d m e re ly fo r e m ph asi s ,
eg . .
,

li os (s e ip sum ) d o ce t
Q ui a , .
” 4

Wh t y t d y
a
.t
e s e r a w as ( G e e) h o w s sea m a n d d ry
r e n 5 ’
.
”

S q ua re b ra c k e t s a re co mm on in s o m e E liz a b e t h a n fo u n t s b e i n g ,

u s e d a s we n ow use ro und o n e s T h e y we re al so s om e tim e s u se d i n ste a d .

o f ro u n d o n e s fo r t h e
p u rp o s e s m e n ti o n e d a b o v e e g . .
,

whi h as much a s [o f old e ]or [in tim e s

c is 6

19 .
— Il l
[iscela n eou s N otes .

I ha ve b ro ught t o ge th e r in t h i s se c ti o n a fe w mi sce lla n e ou s no est

an d wa rn i n g s o n va ri o u s s ubj e c t s whi ch e l e m e n ta ry as t h e y a re , ,
may

p e rh a p s a t tim e s b e fo u n d o f use .

—
of Tin siz e ed ition s umb e r o f co
.
p i e s We k n o w littl e as t o th e n

o f a b oo k whi c h u s u a lly w e n t t o fo rm a n e diti o n A s h a s a l e a dy b e e n . r

s t ate d in o rd e r t o divid e t h e w ork fa i rly b e tw e e n co m p o sit o rs a n d p re ss

,

m e n a rul e was m a d e by t h e S t a ti o n e rs C o m p a n y fo rbiddi n g m o re t h a n

’
,

or c o p i e s o f a b o o k t o b e p ri n t e d fro m o n e s e tti n g u p o f -

( )
I T
T b e T id e a r r i e t /z N M o re in S b j a b r b u c z , vo / l xliii ll , 59
6 —
7, 1002 —3 I n

d q t ti ld y q t k
o . .
, .

th e s e co n uo a on we sh o u n o w ra t h e r us e h ph e n s h a n t uo a t i on m a r s .

( 2 ) G re e n e , e d G ro s a rt , . iii . 1 86 .

l
( 3 ) M a rp re a t e s Ep ist le
’
ed . Ar b e r, p 31 . .

ti t l
,

(4) W ilki M i i of E f d M i g
ns, ser e s n or ce a rr a e, 1607, e .

(5 ) C k G 6 4 ig A I am i d bt d f th e l t t wo
’
T Q q u uo ue, 1 1 s n e e or as

x m pl G g
oo e, r ee n e s ,
.

e a D
es to r. re .

6
( ) P l t h M l
u a rc6 3 p 6 7 , or a s , 1 0 , . 2 .
 3 12 N O TE S ON BI BL I O GR A P H I CA L E VIDENCE F OR

type . Thi s th e re fo re wo uld b e th e m aximum numb e r b ut o f l a rge a n d

‘
,

e xp e n s iv e w o rk s mu c h fe w e r c o p i e s w o uld we m a y s u p po s e u s u a lly b e , ,

p ri n t e d W e .h a v e s e e n th a t o f A ugu s ti n e B ro o k e s C ogu e of t b e
a ta l
’

N obil ity 5 0 0 w e re p ri n t e d a n d 3 0 0 s o ld in th re e y e a rs a ft e r i s su e
,
S ir .

S id n e y L e e h as c o n j e c tu re d th a t 6 0 0 C op i e s w e re p ri n t e d o f t h e fi rs t
Fo lio o f S h a ke sp ea re s W ork s ; M r P oll a rd t h i n k s 5 0 0 m ore like ly ;
’
.

but the s e a re a dmitt e dly o n ly gu e s se s ”

O f o n e b oo k J o h n D e e s .
,
’

G en er a l a n d R a r e M e m o ia l s of tire A t of N a viga tion 1 5 77 we r r , ,

k n o w fro m a s ta t e m e n t in th e d e dicati o n th a t t h e n umb e r p rint e d was ,

o n ly 1 0 0 .

— T b c dece t ive n ess

p of b e e n fre qu e n tly p o i n t e d
w ood -cu ts . It h as
o ut t h a t m o s t o f t h e s m a ll w o o d c u t figu re s fo u n d in t h e c h e a e r b o o k s -
p
o f t h e E liz a b e t h a n p e ri o d are s im p ly o l d bl oc k s u s e d by t h e p ri n t e r
a s o rn a m e n t s a n d a re e n ti re ly with o ut s ignific a n c e
, Fo r e xa m p l e t h e .
,

littl e c ut s o f m e n an d wo m e n th a t ap pe a r in H or es tes E very ma n You t/z , , ,

a ck f uggl a n d e l se wh e re a n d th a t h a v e b e e n cl a im e d a s o f g rea t
j er ,

im p orta n c e fo r t h e light th e y t h ro w o n t h e c o stum e o f th e e a rly pl a y e rs ,

a re n o w k n o w n t o b e l o n g t o a se t o f whi c h t h e o rigi n a l s a p p ea re d in

t h e I 7ze r en ce e f a n coy s p ri n t e d a t P a ri s by A n t o i n e V e ra rd a b o ut 1 5 0 0
n r ,

a n d whi ch ca m e t o E n gl a n d th ro ugh t h e m e dium o f t h e K a l en d a of r

S /zep /z r ds 3
e T h e c u s t o m o f u s i n g w o o d c ut s a ga i n a n d a ga i n o ft e n with
.
-
,

littl e o r n o re l e va n c e t o t h e t e xt whi ch th e y illu stra t e wa s s o co mm o n ,

a m on g E n gli s h p ri n t e rs th a t it is w e ll t o b e v e ry c h a ry o f c l a imi n g t h e m

a s e vid e n c e fo r t h e p o p ul a r c o n c e p ti o n o f t h e c h a ra c t e rs th e y p u rp o rt

t o re p re se n t un l e s s o n e c a n b e q uit e c e rt a i n th a t th e y w e re o rigi n a lly c ut

,

fo r t h e w o rk u n d e r di sc u s si o n .

( ) 1 S ee p . 2 89 a b o ve . C ti l
e r a n c a ss e s o f b k w
oo s e re e x l d df
c u e ro m th e ru e l .

( 2 ) S h a kesp ea r e F ol
ios and Q
u a r t os , 1 909 , pp . 1 40 —1 .

( 3) S e e A W Po ll d i Bibl S T r a n sa ct ion s , v i 3 8 , a n d You t /z , e d Ba n g

iii
n

l
. . ar . oc . . .

M c K e rro w i x S m f
xv — vh o e o t e c ut s s e e m a s o t o o c c u r in L e Verg re r d l
’ '

i b dt
z on n e u r

by 0 i t G l i p i t d by J T
pp . .
,

de S a e a s, r n e re
pp e re l a t P a r s a t a o ut t h e s a m e a e a s t h e
Tb
. n .

er e n ce .
 3 14 N O TE S ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

a uth o r but ra th e r a s a n e xp l a n a t o ry l a b e l a ffi x e d t o it by t h e p ri n t e r o r
,

p ubli s h e r T .h e h e a di n g o f t h e fi rs t p a g e o f t h e w o rk it s e l f a n d t h e

ru n n i n g titl e o ft e n di ffe r fro m t h e titl e p a g e

- a n d in s u c h ca s e s e h -
a
p r p s ,

pre se rve t h e n a m e th a t t h e a ut h o r i n t e n d e d Thu s N a sh e s wo rk fi rs t .

‘ ’

ubli s h e d a s S t a nge N ew s of t b c I n ter cep ting cer ta in Le t ter s a n d a ft e rwa rd s

p r

a s T b e A p ol o y of P ier ce P e n n i/ess e h a s as h e a d titl e o n t h e fi rs t p a g e o f -

g ,

t h e t e xt a n d a s r u n n i n g titl e th ro ugh o ut T b c F our L etter s Co f u ted

-
It
,
n .

s e e m s quit e p os s ibl e th a t t h i s wa s t h e n a m e c h o s e n by t h e a uth or fo r it ,

is a s my Fou r e Le tter s Conf u ted th a t h e re fe rs to th e b o o k in a l a te r

“ ”

w o rk I h a ve t ri e d t o sh o w e l s e wh e re tha t titl e p age s w e re ac tu ally

.
” -

p o s t e d u p a s a dv e rti s e m e n t s a n d tha t it was p ro b a bly with a vi e w t o thi s

us e o f th e m th a t th e y w e re so m e tim e s k e p t st a n di n g in ty p e a ft e r t h e re s t

o f t h e b o o k h a d b e e n di s t ribut e d I f thi s is c o rre c t a n d t h e w o rdi n g

.

wa s th a t o f t h e p ubli s h e r we m ay m ore rea d ily pa rd o n t h e l a ud a t o ry

,

t e rm s in whi c h th e w o rk is o ft e n d e scrib e d a n d w e mu s t fu rth e rm o re ,

e x e rc i s e a ce rta i n a m o u n t o f di sc re ti o n in a c ce p ti n g s ta t e m e n t s m a d e

o n titl e p a g e s-
T h u s wh e n we find a p l a y d e sc rib e d as h a vi n g b e e n
.

e rf o rm e d b e fo re t h e Q u e en w e are n o m o re b o u n d to a c c e p t th e
p ,

s ta t e m e n t— if we h a v e e vid e n c e a g a i n s t it— th a n we ar e fo r e xa m p l e t o , ,

b e li e v e th a t c e rta i n c op i e s o f t h e 1 5 99 e diti o n o f S olima n a n d P er seda

we re N e wly c o rre c t e d a n d a m e n d e d
“
D e finit e re p udi a ti o n s o n t h e
.
”3

p art o f a uth o rs o f s t a t e m e n t s m a d e o n th e titl e pa ge s o f th e i r wo rk s a re

,
-

n a tu ra lly s o m e wh a t ra re — a n d we m a y s u pp o s e th a t a s a rul e t h e a uth o r

wa s c o n s ult e d in t h e m a tte r a t l ea s t in th e ca s e o f t h e o rigi n a l e diti o n

, .

We h a ve h ow e v e r N a sh e s re fe re n c e s t o t h e titl e pa g e s o f P ier ce P e n n ilesse

, ,
’
-

e w s c o m p la i n i n g th a t t h e fi rs t b o re a t e di o u s M o u n t e b a n k s “
an d S t a nge I V r

O ra tion t o th e R e a d e r an d th at in b o th th e p ri n t e r h a d a dd e d th e wo rd
”

“
ge n tl e m a n t o h is n a m e ”
.

( 1 ) As id dn ee th e run n n i g ti t l d
- e oe s in t h e cas e o f s o m e mo d l
e rn n o v e s .

( 2 ) P r in ter s
’
a nd P ub l
’
is h ers D ev ices , 19 1 3, xliii .

3 ) S ee p 300 . a b ove .
 LITERAR Y S TUDENTS AND EDITORS .
3 15
— T r a ns cr i ts
p u rre n c e o f a n y o f th e foll o w i ng in a t ra n
. The occ

s c ri p t fro m a s ixt e e n th o r ea rly se v e nt e e nth

c e ntu ry i t d b k ‘
p r n e oo
( ot
n
fro m a m a n u s crip t ) s h o uld c a u s e a n e dit o r t o s u s e c t it o f i n c o rr t
p e c n e ss .

1 . Lo w e r ca se u u se d initially
-
.
”

2 .
L w o e r-ca s e v u se d m e di a lly e x c e p t in w o rd s o f w hi ch
,
”
th e s e c on d
p or ti on is a sol an i n d e p e n d e n t w o rd su c h a s th e re u po n
,
“
,
”
t
o f en s p e lt
”
t h e re vp o n .

3 . T he sp e lli n g of th e t e rmin a ti on s in e ss a n d -l e ss as at
p re se n
t .

Th y w e e re e ith e r -n e s a n d -le s o r -n e s se an d l
- e sse .

4 . The us e o f
“
ye
”
fo r “
th e .
”
The e was a lwa y s a bo ve th e y .

— A
20 . . N ote on f olding in 1 2 mo a n d 2 4 m .

It d o e s n o t s e e m p o s sibl e t o p a ss o ve r th e se co mm on s ize s a lt oge th e r

in s il e n c e but o n t h e o th e r h a n d it is v e ry di ffi c ult t o m a k e an y g e n e ra l
,

s ta t e m e n t s a b o ut th e m whi c h a re lik e ly t o b e o f mu c h us e t o rea d e rs .

I th e re fo re th o ugh t it b e st t o a d d a b ri e f n o te o n t h e subj e c t h e re i n s tea d ,

o f a tt e m p ti n g t o d ea l with it in it s p l a c e in s e c ti o n 5 .

Thet ro ubl e is th a t th e re a re s e ve ra l p o ssibl e wa ys o f foldin g a 1 2 m o ,

a n d s till m o re o f fo ldi n g a 2 4 m o M o st o f the se will o f c o u rs e gi ve .

, ,

di ffe re n t sh a p e s o f pa ge an d wh e th e r o r n o t th e y a re p ra cti ca l wa ys will

,

d e p e nd in e ve ry ca se o n t h e sh ap e o f t h e sh e e t o f p ap e r w hi c h is t o b e
fo ld e d a n d thi s se e m s t o h a ve di ffe re d c on s id e ra bly in d iffe re n t m a k e s
,
.

Fu rth e r a p ri n t e r wi shi n g fo r a n y re aso n t o turn o ut a bo ok o f a pa rti c ular

,

s iz e mig h t b e willi n g t o sa c rifi ce a s m a ll p a rt o f t h e p a p e r by c uttin g it

o ff a ft e r t h e b o o k wa s fi n i s h e d T h e re sult is t h a t it m a y o ft e n b e .

( 1 )E x ly
ce t h
p tt h y m y
s o ra re bly b pp d ab ti e a re a s o n a e su os e to e e rro rs n th e o ri gi l
na .

( ) A d b
s n ote th x t i th l b th y on s to e s e ru e s , ut e a re ver y rare

lm t ll h l gi l l d w k lik ly b
0 e re a re e ce
3 9 p
bd lt
2 p a ov e , .
,
,
a nd t or s un e to e t ra n sc ri e P u a rch s

d Tb S b lq
e a rn e

g x pi
a os a a re eo o ca or .

IV
I or a l 6 3
s, 1 0 , an l y 6 5 me h
c oof ov en r , 1 0 , a re a on t e e w e ce t o n s .
 3 16 N O TE S ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE F OR

ex c e e di ngly di ffi cult in th e s e fo rma t s t o i n fe r fro m th e b o u n d vo l um e w h a t

was th e s iz e o f th e o rigi n a l s h e e t o r h o w it wa s fo ld e d .

Fo r t h e k e o f s im p li c ity le t u s ta k e a sh e e t 2 0 x 1 5 i n c h e s as thi s
sa ,

will re p re se n t s u ffi ci e n tly c l o s e ly wh a t s e e m t o h av e b e e n th e usua l p ro

o r ti o n s o f a s h e e t o f Eliza b e t h a n i ti g p d e wh t h
p p r n n
p a e r a n s e a a pp e n s ,

wh e n we fo ld it .

Le t u s b e gin by c o n sid e ri n g a s h e e t fo ld e d i n t o six th o ug h t h e s iz e ,

is o n e th a t w o uld s e ld o m if e v e r b e u se d fo r bo o k -wo rk Th e re a re .

o bvi o u s ly t wo p o ss ibl e w a y s o f fo ld in g it : we m a y e ith e r fo ld it in th re e

l e n gthwa ys a fte rward s d o u b li n g it o r i n t o th re e s h o rtways a ft e rwa rd s

, , ,

d o ubli n g it T h e im p ort a nt thi n g t o n o ti c e is th a t in a l

. l c a se s o f
fo ldi n g th e fi n a l fo ld mu s t b e a d o ubli n g a s o th e rw i s e t h e s h e e t c a n n o t
, ,

b e se wn .

With o ur s h e e t 2 0 x 1 5 we sha ll a c co rdi n g t o whi c h o f t h e wa y s o f ,

fo ldi n g we c h o o s e ge t a p a g e x 7% o r 5 x 1 0
, I n b o th c a se s t h e .

b re a dth is m o re tha n t h e h e igh t a n d t h e fo rm a t th e re fo re co uld n o t b e

u se d fo r o rdi n a ry b oo k -wo rk th o ugh it might fo r a b oo k con ta i n i n g m a p s
,

o r p i c tu re s o r fo r m u s ic .

T o p as s n o w t o 1 2 m o We h a ve e vid e ntly t o fo ld t h e sh e e t o n ce i n t o
.

3 a n d twi ce i n t o 2 a n d s o l o ng as t h e l
,
as t fo ld i s i n t o 2 t h e di re c ti o n o r ,

o rd e r o f t h e o th e r fo ld s d o e s n o t m a tt e r e x c e p t s o fa r as it w ill giv e us ,

di ffe re n tly s ha pe d p age s Le t us ta k e o ur fi rs t ki n d o f se xt o fo ldi n g We

. .

m a y fo ld a ga i n in e ith e r di re c ti on I n o n e c as e ( a ) w e h a v e a b o o k
.

X in t h e o th e r (b ) w e ha v e o n e 6 % X T h e se c o n d is e vid e n tly
a b e tt e r p ro p o rti o n e d p a g e t h an t h e fi rs t a n d t h i s wa y o f fo ldi n g ma
y ,

ind e e d b e re ck o n e d a s t h e n o rm a l o n e fo r a 1 2 m o 1
O ur o th e r s e xt o will .
,

( 1 ) I t may i d th t if h t f p p
b e po n te i t d fm
o ut a o ur s ee a ns ea ig 20 x 1 5 ,
d by y m i m p ibl d p t f m h lp
o e r, o eas u r n
m ea s ure x n ot e a n s an a r ure t e n o rm a
ti l t f f ldi g by m th d
an

d b w ld b i t
o ss e
gd t h t w ld
e ro o r~
ro
p
h
on s, t e re s u h s a an ou e
gi p g 63 3 % wh il b gi
n o

wkw dly h p d 7 ;
s o o e n e rc an e , so a a ou
n ow v e us a h X v e s us t X I t i th
t h t m p ti ly m ll di ff
a e e e a ar
i fh tm ym k
s a e s us
a a re n t a a co i h p p
a ra ve s a e re n ce n t o rt o ns o t e sh e e
m th d f f ldi g th p t i bl i mp ibl
pp e ro a a e
no w one e d o o o n , an now a no e r, ra c ca e or o ss e.
 3 18 N O TE S ON BIBLIOGRAPHICA L E VIDENCE .

th re e ) o r wh e th e r we bring o n e t o o n e sid e an d th e o th e r t o t h e o th e r
,

-w a y s w th wh l h t m nt ld d i
( Z ) o n h e e r t h e o e s e e is e a t o b e fo e in a p e c,e

o r a s is n o w so m e tim e s d o n e a thi rd is m e a n t t o b e c ut o ff a n d fo ld e d
, ,

a s a qu art o ,
t o b e p l a c e d withi n t h e re s t fo ld e d a s a n o c ta v o las tly o n
,

wh e t h e r t h e b o o k is i n t e n d e d to b e sew n a s a 1 2 m o o r 2 4 m o o r a s a n 8 vo
o r 1 6 m o whi ch is a l s o a p o s s ibl e wa y o f p ro c e e di n g
,
. O n ce th e m an n e r
o f fo ldi n g is d e t e rmi n e d , h o we ve r th e arra n ge m e n t o f t h e p age s in t h e
,

fo rm e s e a s ily b e a rriv e d a t by e xp e rim e n t .

322 INDEX .

Ba rn a r d S ir F A h is Ctlg ue of l k gi b k
B a c ma c , oo s on , 1 70 , 1 7 1
g
lib y 9
a a o
ld w k it ty
, . .
, .

G e or I I ls B a es , W h is or o n p r n e rs an d pe s,
’
e 2
b Tb D il Ck
ra r

l
. .
,

B a rn e s ,B
’
a r te r , 8 9 ; S /za ksp e r e a n d Ty p ogr ap by , on fou
i t i 85 6
a rn a e, e ev s
var an s n, 2 -
cas e , 2 4 2 a n d n ot e .
B l tt H it C Q l t
.

a rt e di i
en r e f ta ua r t o e t on s o B o un , M ar h a , P o pe s v e rse s t o , 1 2 7 t ’

i
, .
, .

j li C
u us 66 ( a es a r , 2 n ot e Boa is t ua u, P e rre , h is H istoir es P r od igie us es ,
B l U i ity Lib y l b k f
2
ase n v e rs e tt e r I S5 3 I 5 7 35
B if A m b h 6 5 78 8
ra r oo o

d
d ib y l g
o ‘

'
,

on — 0 Boa r o f T ra e L rar ca t a o ue , 2 8
t R b t t l t f S D p l ix
a ce e r ac

di J ll t t l
.
, , .

B a ss e t, Bo e a n , a c o e c o r o f n a ura t
B k fS g
o .
, ran s a or o . u e , , s e c re s ,
oo 64 o e cre ts , 1 15
dl i ib y t q i iti
.

Bt m
a e S D m w
an , i g l lm oo e a rn n to Bo e an L rar , r ec e n a c u s on s o f
ill t ti f p
a

i bl 8
.
, en

b j dg
t e u e r ne n t e , us ra on o r e ss , n cuna u a, 1 2 .

Biil
lin g, h is I n dex l
ib r or u m s aecu l
B th lib i i b l i 88
o
a n cuna u a 1 97
B th P bli L ib y
ra r e s ,

tlg
n,

ly li gb k d P p
.

a u f ca a o ue s Bo n e , 1 2 9, 1 4 1
b k 85
c ra r o e ar ro e an o
,

d W wi k h i ti ig
.

oo s, 1 Bon , t e p o s on o f s n a
y J b hi w k P t M y
ar c on

i ti l t t
.
,

B e rn a s, a rt
’
t ures as a cr 271
l tt 8 5
a co , s or on e er r s ca es , .

e e rs , Bon h a m , Th omas , b ’
r u rgia n s Cl
ose t ,
B th l t T m y h d l d 5
.

er e e a a ve use ea s, 22 1 50
k dy b t db h f
.
, , .

n ot e Boo -pl a es, s u o f, a t t ra n c

i fi t p i t d b k b gh t ly bibl
g
as ar o
B e san
g on , ts ou i o ra p h , 4 5
B it h M
rs r n e oo
k d t ig
y
i l
.

r m 58
is use u Boo -p ro uc ion , n oran ce f m h
id
d t im t l dit i l w k 7
ec a n ca

li fi t p bli h f , . o
B gh m C
eu us v an u s to 21
li t f I
e o rn e

b l 87
rs er o e en a
i t
e r
ti i f l f
or a or

i ity
, , s e ,

s o n c un a u a, n s ruc on n, use u un v e rs
Bibli g ph wh t h h ld k w 44
a
ty l f h w i B k
. or
o ra a s ou no co urs e , 2 20 s es o n n s

li t y t t f b k i l t
e r, e , , as s o oo

45 co n e n s o rre e van fS o t 7 3 ec re s , 1 2-
h im 4 6 h i t k 4 9
e ra r oo s
B k t d t ll d by C w 9
.

to as - ra e c o n ro 2 2
Bibli g ph i l S i y A
s
l M ti g
oo e n

f gm t f L
, ; , . ro , .

o ra ca oc et n n ua B d il
o ur l F W on ,
g ph
e
l M ti g , ee n . .
, on a ra en o

9 A 63 n n ua n R m d l R
o an 3 m e a os e , 1 on o on

lR p ( 9 6 A lR p ; ee ; ; ra
A n n ua o rt 1 1 nn u a o rt E l y E di i h R m d l R t t
i df 9
ons o

hi i bl
e ar os e
Bl
; e e o an e a

6 Sh t 1 8 a an ce ss ue or 1 12, 2 ; n cun a u a , 2 00
Bl 63 J l( 9 B wy M p i t
s
ll t d
; ee ; .

Sh t
’
a an c e o u rn a 1 11 o f P p
J l( 9 w k 4 4
ee e r, r n er e s co ec e
L ib y
.
, o o

1 ; 55 o urn a 1 12 or s, 12 1 1
d U i ity C ll g L d ;
B k t f i E li b th p i d
rar , .

f m to use
3
, ov e n v e rs o e e, on on , ra c e s, o , n za e an er o ,

Bibli g ph i l S i ty h l with C t
o ra a a B d h w H
ra s y a l ph b t i t i f enr e on
l g fI
ca
b l 77
oc e e s
h di g
on
m d bibli g ph y
, , ,
a a sa o
—
ue o n cuna u a, 1 ea 3 3 34 n s,
Bibli g ph y di ff
o

i 4 hi w k h C b y
a e o ra a
f f m C ro a ta s c e n ce , 0; on t a n t er u r

lg i g 3 5 li m i t t i
o e re n ce o
w k p i t d typ
ra , , s or e

o u n f 45 m i g on s o e an n T l 4 a es , 0 ; or on r n e rs a n es ,
ly m p ilti
, a ,

oft m m 1 0 1 —1 0 2 n ot on 89
f bibli g p h i B i t l Lib i i b l i 89
er

i f 45
, e re co a .

o 4 1 ro v n c e r s o ra r e s , n c una u a n, 1
th b h f B i ti h A d m y t m y f Bibli
o ra o

f l
p es, , ; .

re e 4 53 10 -
12, 2— ; us e u on e
lit y di t
r

g ph y f B i t i h H i t y I
ra n c es o , s ca e vo es or o

to 7 o rs , 2 1 2 20 o s or 10
Bibli l gy b tt bibli g ph y
e ra r e , . ra r s , .

m th B i / Hi y f m 485 A Bib l
'

o ra r tts stori g p /y 1

by R T dd 64
o o , e er na e an , z ro , o ra z

4 0 f M d o e rn e r, 10 1
Bi di g f bibli g ph y 4 5 m th d f w k
. o , . e ,

n i 111 S p f 6 10 o
m th d
n a
i t h t 86 7
o ra co
l t
e s o
mpl t
ro v n ce o ; e o or
p , , ,

f — 6
10 - 1 1 1 b to n ot
e 37 o s, 2 2 se ec co e e,
i hi Pi / i
o v ar an s ee s , . e ,

Bi i g i V
u cc o , r at e c z n a , 10
9
by P p i 7
r n an n uc c o , s .

69 Bm i / f l
'

1 t ou r n a e n, 12
Bi m i gh m lib i i b l i 89 Bi i h M lg
v e rs e s

tlg 3
. s z , o .

r n n cun a n, 1 t m us e u ue s , ca ta o u e
t t l g 34
u a s ;
Bl k l t typ gi i g
a ra r es , . r ca a o
-
et er R m i wa to f 8 3 9 3 1 1 -1 0 ; ue ,
l g i g
r es e n

l
ac ca a o
E li b th p i d 3 7
e v n o an n o
y p ,

za e an er o , 0 .
37 t ; ca a o th f 3 u n ru es , au o rs o , 2 ;
 INDEX .

323
b i f y t m ti t l g i g 5
as s o s s e c ca a o u n n ot C t b y i b l i C th d l
i t d d f m ll lib i 5
a 2 ; an er ur
L ib y 9
, , n c una u a n a e ra
n en e or s a ra r e s , 2
lg O f E gli / b k
ue 64 f dtd to 1
ra r

C t b y T l H yB dh w w k
, 1 1 .

b k 8
o n s z oo s 0 o r un a e a n er u r
’
a es , en r ra s a s or
oo s, 2 0 0
4 ; 49 S
on : "
C d Gi l m ll t f t l
.

9
B i / M
'

r tt s Re ddi i b
es eu r n, ece n t a t on s to t
by
c a r an o , ro a o, a co ec o r o na ura
D p m f P i d B k
e a rt i
en t o r n te oo s a t t t 58 7
A W P ll d 5 5 6
re , s e c re s , 1 1 0
C di ff Lib i i bl i 9 , .

o ar - 0
by G K
ar ra r e s , n c una
C yll d P p p d
u a n 1 1
. .
, .
.
,
B iik M
r t s m bj I d us e u Su ect n ex , ar an 6 o e , c o rre s on en ce , 1 1 11
4
F t
f by H B
. .

C t lg i g S ty y , .

5
o r e s cu e , 2
B d id C t l g f p bli h d by G
a a o u n

Wh tl y
.
, ev en ea r s I , . .

roa s ue o
C m m i i 9 5 h w d t t di ff
e s, a a o u s e er 10 , 2 -
5 37 ea e

C t h w d 38 d t h lp t
, , .

m an to - or s

ti
o ss on ,
t m xp l i d 5 5 6
o e ec e a c 2
d t m i diti 7 id tity f 75, an no e I e o
re n f ss ue s o 20 ; —
B k l tt i f t y id tify
er e a ne 2 e er ne e ons , 2 o
C th d l lib i i b l i 99 83
, , .
en o , 2 .

ro en e rs n o t sa t s a c o r to
diti
e en a e ra

C xt W b k p i t d by dd d t
ra r e s , n cun a u a n, , 1 .

e 7 on s , 2 1
O t y ipt li t f
a on ,

it i h M d
.
oo s r n e a e o
B m pt
.
, ,
ro mon an us cr th e Br 5 8 h is e vice , 300 us e um ,
i b l 86 97
ra o r s o

i li
s

l
, .

Ch a n - n e s , 2 39 2 5 5 —2 60 p uz z es in ,
n cun a u a, 1 1
B k di i l
.
,

roo R lh h i
f
e, t f C
a lg s e on s o a t a o ue 2 5 9- 2 60 a e s fo r can ce s , 2
9 7 a id in t t
mb i d t ti g d i
,

f Ki g [ i
o 84 5 2 m a e -up cop e s , 304 ; in 1 2 ‘n o
di ti 3
n s, r n ces nu er n e ec n
e on , 12 an d 2 4m , 3 1 7

i d lib y
. .

Brugis , T h o m as , M a Ch a n e a t G ran t h a m , 1 83 ; at
i b
ra r
Brun e , t
C , h is Ta b l m W m o rn e , 1 8 5 ; a t H e re fo r , 1 86 d
d with S bj t I d x 4
e .
.

pa r e u ec Ch ange o f n a m e , h o w t o e n e r in ca a t t
wi k J m h i V
n e , .

B runs c b k f e ro e, s er t u ose a e o logues , 3 6

,

g
.

Di yl ly st 6 1 2 C h a p man , G e or e , M e mor a bl e Al
M ti l tt
on ,
b g 65 d t d diti
ac as ue
.
q
B uce r, St e rs a t ur t w o un a e e ons o f, 2 6 7- 8
Willi m h i D m i M di i
ar n, e ras s

b i l l d q
.
, .

B h
uc an , s es t c e c n e, t t
C h a pp u s , G a r e d e , ra ns a e T o r ue
m d b k i t F h 59
y
a ,
o
6 1 1 a a 5 oo n o 1
B ki gh m h i im il f titl
. re nc , .

uc D h f d P p uc es s o an Ch f K h i
a r a ct e r o f at

p g p bli h d f d th
n a s re , ,
o e, a r n e, a cs e o e
’
431 4a e, 1 P p 0 ; u a t er
B g p p li L ib i
. s e o e s ea ,

K G m to 1
43
gm t f
ur e r , a es an ra r e s

h lp i m d lli g H i
.
, er .

f 9 n hi o a n, 0 s Ch f Wm
a ra ct e r s o o en , a rran e en o

w k Hi 9 w k I
or e e n
bl
re ,

37 43
I I
C h i gt J h h i bl 4
1 s on n c un a u a
C mmi i
or on a n,

9 3 d th f 6
or :

n, ncuna u a , 20
Ch p i t
1, 1 a rr n on , o is
9
B l igh R p bli h d Tb C
o s s on , ea o , . .

B l
’
ld ou r t 7 qq r n e r s, 2 2
Ch m i t y t d f i B k f S t
ur e u e a a ase , s

wi th t th i ti , .
, s e .

ou 121 e s r t rea e o n oo s o e cre s ,

B li gt E l f P p
au o r sa on ,
.

Ep i l 69
’
st e t o, 1 2
C h i h t Lib
1
9
i i bl i 9
ur n on ,

th f b k f m l
ar o , o e s . .

B t R n cun a u a n 1 2
Ch i ti Lib y i M h t U i i y
ur o n , . au or o a oo o a r ve s , c es e r ra r e s , , .
,
n v e rs t
55 6
1 - r s e ra r n an c e s er

M q f hi i bl 9
. ,

B t 84
Ch h Lib i h f i bl i
u e, ar ue s s o s n c un a u a, 1 1, 1 .
,

96 n cuna u a
1 200 urc rar e s , s e a rc or n,

Byw t I g m hi i b l 96
.
,

8
C ib b g C ll y d hi q l wi h P p
a e r, n ra s n c un a u a, 1 . 1
,
r, o e an s uarre t o e,

C m b idg i b l i lib i of
,

n c un a u a n rar es

L ib y S y di t i d
a r e,
t
,

9 1 9 0- 1 1 ca e , ts is C ip e r in S u rn r na r ie of t h e A n t iq u it ies
re e ,

l ph b t i ti f h d g
ra r n
of t h e w or lde , 2 78
.

i
Cl C t l g di ti ti b tw
o ea in s,

b will i
c uss on on a a e sa on .

t t d e en i t
a nd
f f P
d g
A a a o ue , s n c on e

b t dx
s trac r n e rs an ass
33
S ti b i g p p d by G G y
; o s o
Su j I 3
-
4 m h o o f c o m il
p in , t
b t
ta ra e c n e ; e

U i ity L ib y m
a re

ipt i d x
o n e rs , e n re .
, ,

o j e c ions t o , 2 6 , 2 7
6
C l ifi ti
4 ;
ibl g y
2 an uscr n e

fi
n v e rs
bl 8
ra r .
,
t ca o n , o f e n ri e s in B i o ra h
p of

B i ti it y ttl d
o as s

J h i m l tt f M h
o n cun a u a, i .

sh H s or , 10 7 ; n o se c n on
e
a
C m i at
l
a e rar us , oac e e rs o un ic r
, , ,
f 2 6 ; p ro p e r us e o f, 2 9 ; use fu in a
Bibli g y tlg
6s o ,

6— o ra ph , n o t in a ca a o ue , 2 7
Ca n c e l 2 52 2 69 ; 2 9 300
.
s, .
3 24 INDEX
Cl ifi d C l g
as s e bj ti 6 a ta o ue s , o ec on s to, 2 d d t p i t d by A S m ith i
s e con i ion

C h ill 4
, e r n e . n

7
2 o rn 12
C d x A m i i w k f S ib t i w k fP p
. .
,

o a t n us , or cr e s on , 2 C P m
ou r t oe
9 s c on a n s

C ll ti f Bibl M S S m h d f im i l f t i tl
e o . or o o e, 11
o on o f et 2 ; o f acs e , 1 2 0.
t xt i di t i l w k 8
a e o s o e o
f b k b d id f d i 96
.
, ,

s n e 21 C o v e rs o

C lli J h P y
e or
id b f R y l f m d f l t l f 59
or a , . oo s, roa s es o un n,
o n e, ev e o re or e 2
C mmi i
e r, o n a e n ce o a o as ea , .

f 847 9 3 hi — C w R M m i h B iih
s s on 1 2 ; s o ta n , of t t
ld
o o co n e

t f f i m il 3 6
, . or es e r s

j e c tura 79 a te s , 2 a cco un 0
lib i Up l w k w d t d pti
o a cs

id
. e, .

C l lij D L at C g i
g
o n, rar an sa a , ra s cu s
i
r.
b l 93 96 q
.
, or n oo e ce ve ev e n ce ,
n c un a u a, 2
C l ph
on
xp l i d 3 8 igi l d t
s

w k 34 36 4
.
, ,

o ns 2 na a e C ft m
ra d P p
s a n an
’
1 1
ti di 8
o o e a ne or o 1 1
C wf d E l f h i i
e s
b l 94
, or , , , .

re a n e n, 2 2 ra n cuna
C l m b L tt f d l t diti
. or , ar o , s u a, 1 .

o u us f e e rs , ra u u en e ons o ,
C r o us , E
“
p a p e r o n T h e Ge n e r a l a t a l
. ogu e C
3 02 n ot e g I u b u l 60 8 -
7 99 a n d on T h e
C m m i i y S i by D S h ll
n c n a a , ,

f ncu n a b u l a in Gr ea t Br it a in
"
o u n ca t on r ac e v e re I n ven tory o I
i
n, r.

d
,

f
ss ue s o , 22 . a nd I r el a n d , 1 7 7 - 2 09 h is m e h o s o f t
C mp li h a ntH f C mm to t ou se o o on s , s ea rch , 1 7 8- 9 , 1 8
7
O xf d di ff t i
o e

C ll d d
.

64 f 6 7 1 2, ss ues o 1 —1 ur , E m un , an d P o e , 1 2 1 , 1 6
3
dm d b b t 7
or e re n
, , p
l i ti y
.

c on ne to e urn 1 C tt C
u e r, A , h is Ru e s fo r a D c o na r
C m p i g ti k ill t ti f 3
e
Ctlg
. . .
,

-s us r a 22 a a o ue , 33
C m p i ti b g wi th ti tl p g i l t
o os n c ,
on o , . .

o on un e- a e n a er

d ti
e
m th d f Eli b h it
os

e 68 o ns , 2 o za et an D ah l
ma n n - Wa z Qu e l
len k u n a e
’
der de ut s
p i t
i ; e s o ,

r n e rs , 2 2 2 —
7 ch e n Ge sch ich t e , 1 0 2 , 10 3 , 1 05
C m p it d ib m p d w k 6 9
. .

o 2 20 D a il
y C
ou r a n t a n d P o e s
’
11
C j ig b k
e s co a re

g B k f
os or a n s cr , .
p or , , 11 ,

o n ur n m oo on oo s o 12 1, 12 4 5 12
w k 39
, s on , a , .

S t 5 53 7
e c re s , 1 0, 1 1 1 D il
a y G d P p
a z e t t eer a n o e s
’
1
C y G p bli h f B k f S t w k 3 3
, . or , .

on e rs , .
, u s er o oo s o ecr e s , D il j
a y l d P p ou rn a an o e s
’
or , 1 1, 1 2,

5
1 2 1 34 36 37 1 1
C k y b k t d with B k f w k 33 39
.
. .

D l d P p
’
oo er oo s c onn ec e oo s o ai y P os t a n o e s 1 1
Jh i
or

S e cre t 163 D an t e r, t b k ll n, r n e r - oo
, ,

p ly
o a
s, .
p se er in a
C p T A d m on ition t o t h e p eop l e of a 83 2
dd d t tl ft p i ti g 3
oo e r,
l
.
, . .

E gl d a n , 1 5 8 9 , c a n c e in , 2 9 8—9 D t
a es a to
f l
e i

Cp hg y l ib y
n . e a er r n n , 01 ;
G rea t Ro a L ra r , its a se , f 8
rea s o ns i E m or, 2 1 -
2
’

l tt yi t 8 i S t ti
o e n a en ,
ll ti l tt ; n ras us
c o e c o n o f E ras m us e e rs , 74 7 8
— to e e rs v e r n a c c ura e ,
’

R gi t f p bli ti
4
bi gtgt i bl k
n a o n e rs
o e h e r n cun a u a in D e n m a r , e th s e r n ot

D ti g f d t d d i ti
o se o
r n 3 3 u ca on , 1 .

97 a n o 79 8
un a e e ons , 2 -2

l f lg d
1
ti m t f H B d h w
.

C pi g W A
’
D ea n , H th f m au

m i
a e o ra a or o a n ua s

h i lw k 4
o n e r, . . es . s s .
, o e er e
b ib l
i g hi p l 0 a n53 7 1 1 1
Jh G l dR Mm il
; s ro sa

b m i f Bib li g p i l
o ra ca or
i , , , .

f h t f a t on o a o ra ca D ee , o n, e ne r a an

S i ty 89
or e r a re

ly
e or a s
o
f h A t f N ig i rt a t on ,

p i t d 3
e o av

C py igh t p p d l ym
oc e , . on 1 00
c a us e a n on o us r n e 12
xi t t C hi i bl 9
ro os e on

b k i bill 3 f h
o r , , .

4 a ut o r n o n -e s en D d
ee R es , ev. n cun a u a, 1 2
till 7 9 9
n o

D i Mi h l
s

m p il d l
oo s ,
.
, .

1 0 f T h T mp l f F m 2 2 e e o a e, en s, c m t ae co e su to
i
o e
, pp , e en
f 6 11 M i i a 88t ta re ,

C ti m L ib y l tt b k
p r ce o , . .

8 3 9 i f at 2 -
n D t A th
e v e n e r, e naeu e r- o o
ibl f w bl d
on , p ress , roo ra r
o rre c p , , e
fE m i 69 74 —
94 5
2 o rse un e rs , o ras us n
f E gli h p i t i l
re s on s e or
p , .

43
2 88 2 n ot e D i
e v ces o n s r n e rs , va r o us c as s e s ,
C t y li f d pi t d i B k f S t y i
.
,

e cr e s , 1 3 l th f en f m t us e 1
g 33
o un r e e c e n oo s o ;
g 4 o o , ; no s c

53
1 m e a n in s in 1
C B lld p bli h d f P p by R hi D k f hi i bl 9
.
. ,

ou r t u D e vo n s u e o n cun a

B l igh im il f titl 3
a s e or o e re , s u a, 1 1
D i ki
a , , .

f 12 1 o e, 12 c F
n son , i j i t th f Di ran c s co , o n -a u

m im ll d Th Ch ll g 4
ur e ,
a cs e or o s
so et es ca e e a en e, 12 ; p ens a t ory , 1 50 .
3 26

Facs m l i i
es in s e r e t o p e rfe c a co p , 303 t d t y lk
Fu e , D r Wm au th of b k
ly d d i
. .
, or a oo on
m o re eas i et e c e fro m s a n s , e t c , t t m e e o rs , t 155
lt it xp l i d
. .

t
h an fro m e t e rp ress , 3 0 5 s h a m , 3 06 Furn ure , t e rm e 227
d diti
a ne , .

ma e u p fro m o h e r e t ons , 306

ll y id i E li b th
.

t
Fa c o t ums , 2 3 8 Ga f
kd i b k
e n ce o us e
d b k
. e , n o ev n za e an
Fa e co p es o f o o s , 30 1 - 306 ai s in oo
d t ti g
s,
e e c n , 3 0 4—3 06 G d i g
ar ly b k t t f m di oo
ll i bil t b k i l p l t 63
. en n , ear s on , rea o e
Fa o p o , G a r e , a u h o r o f a oo of c na 1
d l t tt R w k
a n s,

B i ti h M
p .

m e i ca s e cre s , 1 6 4 G m
dw d t l t
a rn e on
tlg 3
.
, .
, or r s use u
t
Fe n on , E ar , ra ns a o r o f Boa is t ua u, ca a o u e ,
w k i bl d
.

57
1 G l n cun a on e a t
i k T F hi i bl 9
ase e e , on on u a
C mb i
or

i bl 9
.

F en w c s n cun a u a, 1 1 78 h i e, 1 s o w n n cuna u a, 1 0
F g P f hi i b l 93 p
a

by g
, . .
, . r ; .

e r us o n , ro s n c una u a, 1 ; a er G q t A b
as ue
p p Th P o t, er
i i f h V lg t
.
, , a , on e ro ress
S m B k S 64 45 7 ecr e ts , 1 —1 f h t t e 1 —2
Fi ft
on o

th t y k
e oo s 0
bl
e re v s o n o u
G th i g
, o a e, .

I 38 58 6 2 2 0
-
e en c e n ur n c un a u a s, 2
Fi ti L h i m di l
oo s , se e a er n

G y J h ibl th f G d R g
. .

ora v an t t s e se c re s a n e au
’

l t d by J h H t 64 , .
, ca ra ns , p o , os s or o o s eve n e
a e n e s e r, 1 g i
a Ra n st i g h i Th H un n n 12 1 ou r s

Fi w k b k g B k f p l g by P p
o .
, s r ee

re or s , m oo s on , a on oo s o f a M te r i g h ue
l tt f m P p 7
a rr a e as ro o o e,
S t 5 4 69 7
e c re s , 1 1 1 0 12
4 12
dd d ;
, , . e er ro o e, .

Fi r st F i f A ru l
i P
ts us t r a an oet r a e qf I b l p p n cu n a u a,
B i ti h M
o

m Lib y6 by E C 6 8 7 9 9 7 7 9
y , a e rs
to use u rar 0 ro us , 0, - 1 — 20

Fl
r s
i d i
on ,

ti tdi B k f
, . .
, .

d l
e ur - e - s 4 e v ces , 1 G f t o n , s e c re ts o

F ld i g
. e n e ra , rea e n oo s o
f p i t
’
o n a s o urc e 5 r n e rs 2 2 S e c re t s ,
49 63 4 1 1 -

t xp l i d 3
o e rro rs ,
g D k f S x y l tt f E m , .

f q ua r o s e f h t a ne 2 0 G u
g id f gi t i g
o , o s e e s as e or e, e o a on , e e rs o ras us
u 76
to ,
F li t m x pl i d 5 4 6
e o r re s er n

f T ilb y h i ll ti f
. .

2 —
G i
e rv a s u s ur
k l
o, er

m di l f
e a ne

d i B k f
s co
l m d f Emp O tt I V
o ,
. o , ec on o

F l
o - o re , e ca , o un n oo s o m a rv e s a e or e ro r o ,

S 6
e c re t s , 1 0 1 5 6—7
f b k l f hy
. .

F m t Gesa m t ka ta l og a e r Wiegen d r u cke , 1 7 7 - 2 0

’
or 53 2 ru e s w 9
im p t 43
a o oo s, o
, ,

l w fi t i t d b k dd d
.

o rt an G as o , to
t m x li d 8
n e
p r

i
rs

ib y
oo ,
g
lib i
,
. a e
F m t f m a ne 22 ou e r Bri t s h M use um L ra r , 60 ;
i bl
or es ,
it h g
or

p
er e , e, ra r es ,

22 9 i 3
nne r o rrn e , 2 0 ; an n c un a u a in , 1 9 3— 4

i p i ti g
n e rc

l t b k
; e .

a so u rc e o f 5 e rr o r n r n n 2 1 G m an u f ur e o s n 1 69 7
— 0

b k dd d B iti h , . ass a c , o o , .

G K
’
F o rt e sc ue , oo s a to s God s R ev enge aga ins t Ru n n in g, p e rh a p s
m Lib y by 5 5 6 d th f by i il
. .
, e r

M us e u -
0 ; ea P o pe , 1 2 1 fa cs m e fro m , 1 2 2
pi i ll ifi ti ldi g t t l t
ra r , o , .

55 6 1 e n c ra c ass on , Go n , A r h ur, ra n s a o r, I 5 5
ld i t
o n on o n ca
,

dd d
.

2 8 T B i i h t G o s m h , P r osp ect of S ocie ty , a e to

iti ib y
er on
th y f p
; r s
p p a

S bj u I d e ct 5 n ex , 2— e or or ur Br sh M use um L ra r 60
h i g b k 6 d d d i lt d
.
,

0 Go o S h e h e r e v ce s a e re , 1 4

J E d th f 6
oo
g ld t l tt b k
as n s,
c .

p .

F t 1 G rac ia n , D i e o , o f A e re e , e e r- oo
F l p d d by 4 3 id
o s e r, ea o

d t
. . .
, ,

ou uc e 2 2- at M ad r , 8 3—4 of
ti p ti d i igh t th l t d g d by
cas e , e rro rs ro ,
. c orre s p o n e n

F o un a n m ens , en on e n e e en E ras m us , 8 3 e t e rs am a e fi re ,
t y B k f S t 54 1 83
diti f H dy g Ch i
ce n u r e cre s ,

g th i g i 39
oo o . .

’
F n, 2 G f R to n , ’

l f h i m k 59
on o ar n s

F i d pt i t i
o urs , a er n s . ra . e r on c . e ,

f h A th d t u s urre o us 5 43 p
1 uz z e o c a n - 2
diti f A i l h w gm t
an ar s,

di ti
r en s o e or ,

9 2 1 r t c es s

diti f S
o s r ea r ra n

f typ
on o

F i k t t m xp l i d 33 d by
e on s , e e en
6 1 —2
2 us e e, 2 f 3 on o t a t u t es
d VI h w m ix i g
e

Eli b th
r s e , er e a ne , ; o o

p i t 34 r n e rs , 2 d 4 Ed f wa r s o s

F b g
za e an . an n o
d E m 7 78 1, 9 es, 2 0
f Li t
ro e n an us ,
i D ip i f h G
ras .
p a .

F y F t o t e r ea t
H
G mm t th m e ra ure
3)
an o

C i ti l Bibli g ph y
ar o

t f md p
r , ran c s , es cr on ra e r na e
Bib l 8 65 e, f 1 acco un o a e -u f m ca o ra 11
di d 47 48
r na

pi
, or or , e
—
co 3 3 es , 0 n ot e sc usse ,
.
 INDEX .
327

G ra y I n e t o H az l
G J it t s H a n db ook dx ’
Ham b g T w Lib y t i l tt
dtdb k ur
b k f W l fg g Ry h d 8 Ulf
o n ra r c on a n s
.
, .
e er
an d oll C
e ct ion s fo r un a e o o s , 2 80
,

i g bt t will
p re p a r n A s ra c o f t h e s o f Cam
oo

b h l tt 66
o o an c ar , 2 ; en

b idg i t t i
e p r n e rs a n d s a t on e rs , 6 2 H
ac
l t xt f fi t q
a m et ,
e e rs a t ,

t ppli d by
.

d ti g k d
r

t f M ll 94
.
e o rs ua r o su e
t
G re as e -sp o s an a id in e t ec n fa e a c or o a rce us , 2

l i 9
.

co p i e s , 3 04 H dy g Ch
ar n
’
l 5 43 p s r on ic e , 1 uz z es
i J h li h g ph w k
.
n, 2
Gr eek a n d L a t in l
a s s ics , Ha n dl is t o f C H
, .

by
a rr s , t o
i mil 3 6
o n, ra e r, or on ac
E ngl is h e d it ion s a n d t r a n s l a t ion s o
f,
i l bli d 0
s es,

g j i t mpil f B k
.

M ss H P a m e r , p u sh e , 6 , 6 1 H tm G
k l tt it
. . ar an , e or e , o n co er o oo s
G re e e rs , us e o f, in Ro m an s cr p , 8 0 fS t 5
ibl d by J
e o e cre s , 1 1
G b i l G
.

M S S o f B e us e S e ro m e , 2 H li V l di
b t
a rve a r e ra t u a t o n es

l i 98 q l with N h
. . .
, a n e nse s ,
G re e n e , R o e r , Gr oa t s w or t h o PVit , 1 5 9 2 ,
dd d iti 59
1 ca n ce n, 2 ; ua rre as e,
t o Br sh M us e um ib ra ry , 5 9
l
a 2
e
99
C y R L mb f G d dditi l h t
.

Qu ip f or a n Up s t a r t our t ier , can c e in , H arv e , .

, a i o , a ona s ee ,
2 99—3 00 66 ( ) not e
g i d i i
2 I
W W n tro uct on t o re pr n t o f H w
.

G re a S ph P im f P l te dif a st

i
, . .
, es, en , e o eas u r e ,
M e r ry Wiv e s I f Win d s or 2 94 pa pe r f e re n t 8 s s ue s , 1
H d li 39 h d p i
, .

on Wh a t is Bib l iogr ap hy 1 0—1 2 3 9—5 3 -

g y D O li h h i id b f
ne, 2
ea 39 e ce , 2

i t M i h ll ti f S t
, , .
; ea .

G re o r nt us , H enr e t a

l t C m m itt f 83 5 6
, r . s ev e n ce e o re a r a; e r co ec on o e cre s ,
S e ec 1 2 15 1
ill Lib y t l g by P y d
o ee o

li h i w k l dit d by
.
, .

G re n v e ra r ca a o ue a n e an H e ra c us , s or on c o o urs e e
F 3 0 Il g 48 1
G i ffi h P f h i w k H b l ig lly B k f S t 6 3
oss , .
, .

t h D i d ro s or on t e un c a e c re s , 1 2—
f d C th d l l ib y b k i th i
r ,
.
, , e r a s or in a oo s o .

12 8 H
G li C l b P p L Exh ibi ti lp i 5h 6h t y 8
. e re o r a e ra ra r oo s n e r
t o n , ca a ac e s s n ce 1 t or 1 t
lib i i b l i 94 5
u oa n c e n ur 20
lg f 3
ro er o e , ;
-
ue o 11 n cun a u a n, 1
J h dit f m di l b k f
o ,
. ra r e s , .

G ro ss , P ro f , h is S ou r ces a nd l
ite r a t u r e f H t
‘
. o e s e r, o n , e or o e ca oo s o

E n gl is h h is t ory to a bou t 1 485 s ec re ts , 49 64 1 1

H yw d J p t
.
, ,

1 0 2 — 1 04 f H l e r,

w gly gd
e oo as ra n s o e r cu es

w k
.
.
,
’
Gr ub S t r eet j ou rna la n d P o p e s o r , 1 2 6 , F 56
u r e ns , 1 1,
h w
es ro n a rra n e ,
2 0 ;
5 t T
’
r oas ,

di ff t tti g f typ 6
1 29 ran s . o e n e ca s s o s

lt lCtlg
.

Gua r d ia n , e t e r o n G e n e ra a a o ue o f e ren se f n s o e, 2 1 t ra ns o

bl l tt
.

’
I n c un a u a , 1 80 ; P o p e s e e rs in , 1 1 4 T hy 83es t e s , 2 n ot e

w k H ill T h m hi b k g d ig
.

in , 1 1 6 oo on
b
o as, s s ar en n

ild ll ib y i t li t
or .
, ,

Gu h a L ra r , m an uscr p of e e s , e t c.5 5 5 63 7 73 1 0, 1 1 1 1, 1

Hipp t hi b k l d by R d
s

i bl
, , , .

ncun a u a , 1 86 t ran s a t e u
M t V d 65
. o c ra e s , s oo .

1
H dg J m b k ll h L k g
on er

y f i
.
,

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,

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m mb f K mm i i
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hi i H s ca t a o ue o oo s a te r
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y i gi 93
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f
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n t e u a r te r ev e w,

g w k
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C o p in ge r a n d Bur e r, 90 ; of 5 3
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o i fi es , ve e t o ns t sa e a e,

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H a , o h n , ou r t e of Vir t u e , 1 5 6 5 , a e H o ra ce , f P p ss ue s o o e s i a io n s o ,

ti ib y
t o Bri sh M use um L ra r , 5 9 . 1 33- 3 4 . 1 39 . I 41 .
328 INDEX .

H orn , by C H S t oh n , h is n cun a u a ,
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, e er re e to n ce n
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k w k 84 5
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0
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e ro m e , h is La in t v e rs o n o f th e B e,
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es , re on
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as s n a ure s , 2 o ra ca ra r ca a o ue s , 2 an t t
J i pyi t E m 7
; oo n o e .

us e o f 3 9 0 Ph
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g A lb t di t f H li d T h
s ns , co s us , 1
J h Ryl Lib y i b l i 84
, . ras .

Il , er , e or o e ra c us an eo o n an 5 ra r , n c un a u a n, 1 ,

p h il 48
us , 1
I ll m i ti d ill t i p i Jh t Jh
.

u an f us ra t o n ro v n ces o hi C pi d or nuco

bibli g ph y 45
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S d W d
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f 4 3 7 8
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b k 5 63
rn o e a o
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I u a, to use u 1 1, 1

56 58 d M L k A p bli h d y
n c un a a e r s oo , .

G K F t m t i
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p im
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n t a s, 2 38 an o n o us ac zt r 95
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b k d 35 id i d ti g 8 ; ,

n n 2 1 c en t ra ce es a e at t
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Bibli g ph i l S i ty 77 8
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m d t
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8 a e, 2 1 o ra ca oc e 1 —
ibl i i
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I k f t i n
L mb t C m pyi t
n p re s on s e o r var a on

pi 83 es , 2 a er E m o an n us , c o s to ras us ,
t dl
co .

I t t f 334 0 -
7g
p d wi th H B d
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g l ity f m b f l
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I L ly S corre s on e n ce

h w l ph b ti ti f h di g
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l 98 m i m
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, .

t tf o r can c e s , 2 ; so et es s a on a a e sa on o ea n s,
d by id t i p i i g 98 f
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L di g l i Eli b th b k 5
a cc en n 2 ; o

igh — dt t 7
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t ow to 2 2 n u n us ua n s, 22
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ta b d
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f m f t wo or s o use n e er e a n, f oo s on , a on oo s o

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7 n a ure s , 2 S 5e c re ts ,
53 7 1 0, 1 1 1
L i p ig ll ti f E m l tt 65
s cr in a e or s 1 e, , .

use o f, 307 . e z co ec on o ras us e e rs , .

Le m n ius , Le v in us , h is Occu l
ta N a t u r ae

J b
a co us N e pos , co p yi t s t o E ras m us , 71 . M ir ac u la , 15 5 .
3 3° I N DE X
.

May J p Ci y M / typ f
ne, e r, t ate z , com b g with itl p g 69
s ition t e- a

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dd d Biti h
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a rran 6 2 2. T l
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m L ib y 5 9 m ti
ra ve er a e
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49 5
1 6 — 66—1 0 1 0 1 at 83 re ss , 2 n ot e .
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.
,

P mp i
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l 55
o o s or oo s o e c re s , 1 ,

m 1 55 6 1 - 1 0
M m y f il
arv e s ,
f p i t N i A t i
. .

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e or f a ure o a s o urc e o r n e rs er hi L A Vi i 69
n on o , s
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rte tr a r 1
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44 R er f p
M d l f m l d wi th w k i
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, s us ra on o re ss ,
mp
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or n 2 I
bibli g ph y 4
e or

l E W B d th f 6
.

o ra ,
1. Ni c o son , . . . ea o 1 .

C mp li
,

M er cu r i u s A icu s , re fe re n ce
ul to o a nt N i D
or r s , R b h N i f o er t , t e a rr a t v e
ti
r.

H ous e of
to th e C mm o on s , 1 6- 1 7 sa D i 6
re on
o
en n s , 12
,

ip t w k
. .

d , M rs ,
M e rrifie l . re ce s fo r a rt or ,

1 48
by R
o

M e r ry Wives of Wi n dsor t xt of fi rs t t h e 1 6t h 7t h cen t u r ies , a nd B

li d by t f H t 94 , e 1 . .

ua r o su t e ac or o os 2 M cK e rro w , 2 1 1 - 3 1 8
M t ll gy t t d f i B k f S
q pp
ly b k i t d b gh t
.
, .

e a ur t
rea e o n oo s o e cre s , ov i, on oo r n e a t, by ou
69
1 i ti
Br s h M use um , 5 8
p

ly b k by D Wm F lk il
. .

M t e e o rs , e a r oo on , r. u e, ure m b e rg Ch ro n c e , o v e r 90
pi i n
t d gd
. co es

55
1 Uni e Kin o m , 208
M ill l t d Vi P id t
. .

A W K e ec e a ce - re s en
63 w k B i ti h M m C t l g t m xp l i d 5 4 6
e r, . . .
, ,

or on r s us e u a a o ue , O t c a v o, er e a ne 2 -

p bli h d i
.
,

3 M ih P us c7 3
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n 1 1
M ill S yd y R C h i t i l td
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imil tit l p g 8
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, o 5 , e ,

ne r s e e ec e a 6 11 f ; acs e- a e, 11
Vi id t 6 3 h i i b l 89 C ili D y h lf ti tl Od
e r, .
, e o .

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Pce - n cun a u a, 1 Od e S on t - to
Mi i t
res

p i ti g b k f
en s

ip t f , . . ec a s a , a e e

n a ure a n n oo o re c e s o r, M ih
or 6 us c 11
m p il l d
, , .

69
1 0 D D
on o v a n , f Q ue e n s a n
Mi ll di i i i l ifi ti P li m t y Lib y C l g
. .
, co er o

s ce an e o us v s on n c ass ca on , ar a en a r 8 rar a ta o ue , 2 .

6 7
2 —2 0f h K w ldgt e d Ch f M a r act e r s o
llti d t f 34
. no e e an en ,

Mi l l i i V a n es d P n e r se a n r os e , co a on a e o 1
d i ti
. s ce , .

f 6 12 Of h U t f Ri h
e f 9 3 12 1 1
w k
se o c es , e on s o

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.
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Mi st s
f
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t ac n o n e an o
A t i ll t f l , .
, o a es e r,

Mi l d n on us , a e c or o n a tura 39 2
gi
z a us , co .

s e cre ts , 58 I O di yf na rllf y hf lCh i i or a a t u r s t a ns ,

w k 6
r

ill ti f p
. v es

M
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on thly Ck i l d P p r on c e a n o e s or 12 us tra 3 3 on o re ss , 2 1, 2 2
O t li A b h m l tt A ti
.
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12 7 9 36 12 1 r e us , f ra a e rs at us n
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M th f h au o t ce e ra e or r a rs , 65 on on ,
P wd C ll L ib y i b l i 93
o o re , or e .

d P p e , 12 1 O sc o tt o ra r n c un a u a n, 1

B j m i p bli h O l
e
l d P id t 64
o e r, an o .
,
.

M t te, f Mi l l i n, u s ce a n es Si il
li m r a e e ct e

bl
o en a s er o s e r, , res en , ;
i V d P 6 r os e , 12 hi i s n c un a u a , 20 2
M lt ll ti f m l m d f
n er se a n . .

ou Th m on , h i My Glo as , s r r ou r or a ss e Ot IV
to , co ec on o a rv e s a e o r,
—
f l l / 6 5 6 t 1 -
56 7
1
t i D idym O tt b i N i h l Ell b g
o ze z, . .

M h m us , er a s sa e as i B
e u re n n a var a , c o as en o
m k
o
o un a n , p p
Th m H ill 63 1 8 8 a t, 0— 1
O x f d Lib i i b l i 78 8
o as , . on .

ra r e s , n cun a u a n, 1 1 2,
li
or ,

N h Th m Ch i T as , r st s
’
ea r s , can c e n, 20 1 —20 3 .
i
as e, o

6 F n ot e l f d ou r e t t e r s con ut e v a r o us
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l ld k
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I P T co m p i e r of h o us e h o Boo s 0

ti ti
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,

m 83 P i on a t re ss , 2 e rce S e cre ts, 151

p
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dd d B i ti h M m
en .

P il 59 e sse , I 2, a e to us e u Pa na on e ss a cc ura e t th an s n a ure s ,

l 99
s
d di ti 67 h
r

L ib y 59
en

on , 2 t re e 63 2t tf o r can c e s , 2

P l g ph y b
a es
diti f 77 S g N h f bibli g ph y
ra r , s e con e .

e on s o 59
, 2 t ra n e ew s , 1 2, a a e o ra a ranc o o ra , 45 .
 I N DE X
.

l i
P a m e r , M ss H e n r e a , h er H a n dl ist i tt Plt 3a en , 2 0
l y p i d wi th f l d t 8
.

E ngl is h ed it ion s a n d t r a n s l
a t ion s
of P
bli d r n te
a s
diti f 94
a se a es , 2 2 s urre
p
Gr eeh a n d La t in cl a ss ics
p u sh e , 6 , it it o us e ons o 2
Pl y h m di l w it f , .

6I f t
P i i Si A i ti i m f l g f
.
in e s o urce or e ae va r e rs o
an z z r cr ca ta o S t 55
E lli Bb i l f Lib i
c s o ue o e cre s , 1
P ll d d m by
, .
, .

s 3 a e r, 0 re v va A W m m
h ip d C t l g i g d
; o rar a n o ar

b l f U i d Ki gd m 78
, . .
, e o ra n u , on
s an hi u n t o, I
w k h tlg 3 3 a a o ue 1 ; s n cun a u a te
ti m t f th i m b
o n n o , 1 ;
or on t e ca ue ,
t d pp l m t
a o es a e
.
7 p p o e r nu e r, 20 ; a er
P an z e r, G W su Recen t a dd it ion s to t h e D epa rt men t in
d D i 88
. .
, co rre c s a n e en s on
M i i t ta P r ir ed Booh s a t t he Br it is h M us eu m ,
é
a re a n en s,
t t f i td l g
.

P p
a e r, a es
3 3 or n se r e e a v e s, 0 55
m k df ;
b
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h p i 73 r n ts , P op e , N otes on t h e Bib l iogr aPhy of y G

c ea er a e us e 2
l w pp
or re ;
t tf i tk
.

f
s ur a ce 2 A A e n , 64 , 1 1 3 —1 43
lt f 6
es or can ce s , ra e r,

ly b k i t d b g t by
. .

cu o P o rt e se , o n pr n e at , ou h
g ph m k ig i ti
, .
oo
P ara ra -
67 ar n a t ure , 2 Br sh M us e um , 8
P i h l b i b l i 99
as s
5 w k
. .

ar s i i ra r e s , n c un a u a P ost Boy , a n d P op e 3 or , 1 1 6
ll T h m h i p m b gh t
n,

tl di l i
. .

P a rn e o ut P os a a rra nge m e n ts an d ffi cu t es in
by P p 5
o as , s oe s ro u

t y
,

o e, 12 1 6 t h ce n ur , 66-9
P y th i t l g lt y k i g ly b k by
. .

a ne d F an f h ca a o ue t P ou r - e ep n , e a r L
ill Lib y3
oss , e r o e oo
ll t b k
on , .

G re n v e 0 M as ca , 1 5 0 ; o h e r o o s o n , 1 5 3
k Edw d l t
ra r

d pli t ,

li i y t i d
. .

P ea co c ar et e r on u ca es , P re m n ar m a t e r , 2 38 ; 2 64—2 69 ; p r n t e
81
, ,

it li
in ro m an o r a c , 307 ; sh e e , ca n c e s t l
L d hi i bl 6 ti i d t
.

P k
ec ov e r, or n c un a u a , 20 so m e m e s p r n t e Wi h , 2 96 n ote
P ddi
s
it bli ibl titl
. .
,

e Re, A hi Ff h C
.
y .
, s i t ee n t en t u r P r n e r o r p u sh e r re sp ons e for e,

8 d 1 1 an n ot e. 3 4 1
P mb k E l f hi i bl 5 d i f ti my ti
.

n cuna u a , 20 P i t co n a n c

i g 3 3 Eli b th d m d
r n e rs , e v ce s no s

w k d t ti f i b k 3 5
e ro e, ar o , s . o ,

P en - 0 m 1 an an o
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or on o n oo ean n s, za e e rn

P f t d b k 3
, e ec , s, .

02 mp 22 th n re a t o n to au o rs ,

mi t k m d
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P f ti g f h t
s, .
,

35 9
21
P i ti g ill t t i
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i — f p us ra 3 resse s , 2 1
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P f m y b k
,

t
.

er u 7 oo s on , 1 0 p ro ce ss f i ld o m 9 33n o e, 1 2

by D S h
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, , ,

P il f F l B h r et 87 9
2 —
P i y C il p t t f py igh t
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li
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l f s sue s o 22 r v o un c as ro ec o r o co r

P i di l P bli t i h di g i
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l m ti
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t l g 36
.

ca a o ue s , P roc a a t f did o ns , f
t es s o e re n t ss ues o

i C W Dy hi i b l
. ,

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t M d th f 6
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t R hi w k p i t
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d ty p
.

P t
e er ar r o n e ra , corre s on e n ce P roc o r, . s or on r n e rs an e s,

f 84 8 5 h i D — d of h N W ld ew 89
ti i g ll y 6 d i
o s eca es t e or

i l d p t f Bi i g i P i h i ; .
,
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r ot e c P f
ro o -corre c n a e 22 on e n

i i g
nc u e s ar o r n u cc o s n a, on , ,

69 t h 8 3 8
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i d by
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.
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t t
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Ph m f P rn e mp as v e rs e co o si o rs in

i
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t 6 t 7 6
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re

P h ili p A m b d
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hi P l mp P h
ro t G e er o n is

C mm i tt H i t i l Bibli g ph y
as t or a s co a re e ro ,

with P p t k
s, ros e , s .

6
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P p tac
l di l y
e s, 1 1 e s a on , 1 2 o ee on ,

g ph y id i ll ti g M S S
4 o o
t
.

b
; to G E 9 o r, 10 ; a s

d w p i i pl f h w k
5
Ph o to n co a n 2 ; 10 e e n era

t dy f typ 89
ra as a .
,
t or 1 10
i lib i i l d fi ft th y
es or e
d i o n r nc .

P i t d b k d t d f l ly
e ,
an n s u o , .

P een ce n t ur
8 nc u e
1- 2
b k i hi t l tlg 9
russ a n ra r e s
9 94 2 2, 2
di i
a se

w k 78
ra e oo s a e ,
’
t ca a o ue , 1

P bli i t pp d by th 9
f E m n ot oo s n e r ce n ra .
t us or s,

lw y g i ly p i t d 9
e on s o ras
ca t o n s o au o r, 2 2

ti m k i Eli b th p d
2 1 u e .

P l t p p ti td B k f
a a s en u n e ra e , .

f t P un ctua on ar s n za e an e rio ,
re a e in oo s o

t 49 by R b L l 6
an s , ro er es o ,

S e cre s , I o e rt ov e 1 0 .
310- 1 1 .
,
332 I N DE X
.

i gd
Pun n n fp i t
e vic e s 3 1 Ryv es , Brun o , M e r cu r ius R ust icus , diff
i d d i t m p d i ft
o r n e rs ,

i
.
er
Py n s on , R ch a r s a en t s sue s , 1 8
it g , e v ce e n a er .

p r n in , 300
ll lt
.

S a ch e v e re , Dr .
, pa m ph e s on h is case ,

Q d mp l y d i t d f l d
2 1- 2 3
d
l tt i
.

ua s e 5 o e ns e a o ea s, 2 2 , an
S a d ol
e t e e rs a t Va t ca n , 6 5
n o te
C t b t C ll g i bl
.

3
A bb y i bl i 4 S u h er s
’
in ,
.

o e e, n cun a u a
Q
.
ua rr e n c un a u a n , 20
t i f Eli b th
.
,
2 05
Q mm
.

uart o o n es za

b k
co
t m xp l i d 5 4 6
s ze or e an ’
St j a m es s j ou r n a l a n d
’
Pope ch a ra c t e r
ddi
-
.
, s
oo s, 2 22 ; er e a ne 2
of
.
,
A 36
Q u een esM i i E m W da est es n t e r t a in en t a t oo
so n , I .

d ti t
dd d B i ti h M m
’
j a mes s
’
St P os t a ve r s e m en of P o pe s
h 5 85
.

s t ac 1 e to us e u
Lib y 5 9 h m f im il f titl p g
a r s
I l
, ,
ia d , 1 19
e- a e
l Willia m
.

ra r s a a cs e o
, ,
S a m on , P ol
y gr ap h ice , 1 5 1
3 6 d
.
,

Q
0
l d P li m t y Lib y C
ue e n s an
.

en a r a ta
S a un e rs , S a ra h , t
a u h or o f T h e F ou n ta in

lg 8
ar a ra r
f K n ow l
,
o edge , 1 5 4
yl
.

o ue , 2 .

Sa e, C , a ta l f E nglis h h ooh s
ogu e o C at

dtdb k
.

C
a m b r idge , fo r un a e oo s , 2 80
R l d M t V d h i Fl S eu r : e t e cr e t s b k
S o l » A rch sh o p Wm , h is bi
.

is?
a ou u on er , s oo . s,
de M éd ecin e , 1 64 5
S h m id t D f D m t dt w k
.

’
R ap e of t h e Loch , P o p e s , 1 1 5 - 1 1 6
i t t l gi l ll d
c r. , o ar s a on
b l C m m i i 9 93
.
or
t
, ,
”
R e ce p s , e ch n o o ca , ca e S e cre s , I n cuna u a o ss on , 1,
S h l lib i i b l i 99
.

I 4S: 1 5 4 h
dg i t
°
c oo ra r es , n c un a u a n, ; s ea rc
Re r a ve , G R , h is p ro p osals for p r va e for, 1 8 3 , 1 8 5
ti bl
. . .

c o -o e ra o n o n I n un u 1 8 1 h is S ch op p er , H a r m an n , c ut o f p ress in h is t
i bl 5 p c a a,

n c un a u a , 20
Ha v mrMa , 2 3 2 n ote
R d T B Ol
.

ee
23
,

2 n ot e
d E gl. i hL . F, d i n s e tt e r ou n r es ,
S ch o , tt C
as pa r , h is oo s on ph s ca b k yi l
R gi t i g m th d f
h e n om e na , 1 7 1
pw k
.

35 6
e s er n e o o 2 -

di ff i g ig t Sc e n e , P , A dr es s bu ch de r de u tsch e n
.
, ,

R p i t m y h
i li t lib i
.

r n n a ures ,
e a ve er n
Bih l
d t t d by ig t
a s
iot h ehe n g v e s of
i i gi bl 9
s ra r e s c on
269
m y k p igi l d t 8
e ec e 66 69 s n a ures , 2 -2
; t a n n n c un a u a, 2
h i ill t t i
.

a ee or na a e, 2 1
S co l
l tt f B l 6 5 ok e r, A f
.
.
, s us ra on o a p re ss ,
Rh d ig
e e r, e e rs o at re s a u ,

ll ti f h i l tt 2 3 1.
i l
, .

Rh B
e n a n us , ea t us , c o ec on o e rs S co t , M ch a e , h is D e P hy siogn om ia , 1 49 ,
S h l tt t d t 6 5 p bli h
s e
at c f E
s a u s ra s ~ 1 63
l t 73
e ; er o

ib l i
, .

m
’
us e t e rs , S c r a e rrors , sc e n ce o f, 2 20
Ri p C h d l Lib y i bl i i t— l b t d d
, .

on at e ra ra r , n cun a u a n, S cr p , E iz a e h an a n d m o e rn c om pa re ,
20 3
d i pti f 2 40 1.
by P g
.

R m d l R L os e , S e cr ets , S ome Booh s Fe r uso n , ro f.

o an e, es cr
f
f gm t f by F W B
e a on o o
ra
g ph 6
en dill o 3 o ur on , 1 ; ig
64 , 1 4 5 -1 76 ; or in , 1 4 5 —6 ; m s of
;

li i t
b t i ti fit t
. .
,

m on o ra on , 2 s u je c , 1 47 ; v a r e es , 1 48 ; f een h
ty p f i E li b th p i d t y ixt t t y
.

R m
o an e , use o n za e an er o ce n u r , 1 48—9 e e n h ce n ur , 1 49
t y
, , s

3 7 0 t t s e ve n e e n h 1 5 0—
tti Gi hi b k dy i g 1 50 c e n ur , 2
ig t t t y
.

R ose o a n v e n tura , oo e n t t
h e e n h c e n ur , 1 5 2 —4 ; n in e e e n h
y
s on

t y
, , e
168 p f m on7 er u er 1 0 t
c e n ur , 1 5 4 ; c o n e n t s o f, 1 49 ; p ub
R y l Hi t i l S i y p p t Bibli di t ti
, .

l
’
o a oc et su is h e rs o f, 1 5 2 ffe re n
g ph y f B i t i h H i t y 5
s o r ca or s o c o un r es
d tyl
,

ra o r 10 1 10 rod uc t io n s c o m p a re , e s of
R y l S i ty C t l g
s s or

iti i d 3
1 72
k p d ti 7 3
, , .
s
u e cr 2 f 2—
i g ti tl 39
o a oc e a a o c se cos t o
74 uc 1 1
di ffi lti 74 5
ro on,

hi t i l d
, .
; ,

R un n n - e, 2 1 —

lli G i l m id ifi d with A l i
.
cu e s, as s o r ca oc u
R us c e ro a o, en t e e ss o , m t 75 1
S tt i g p m h d
, en s, .

67
1 f 65
-u et
d t ti g f k d
n o s o 2
by
. e , , .

R t p t
us -s id i
o s S eve n t f C l i a ta o u n

pi
an a n e ec n a e g g p p ea r s o a
H B Wh tl y
y y , er

3 4 0 —7
co es, . .
5 3
. ea e , 1 0, 2 .
3 34 I N DE X.

T ick e ll, T l ti f h I li d 9
h is t ran s a on o t e a 11 V i ve s , J
Lud , h is p rin e
oa n . e e rs an d l tt t
l tt G l C t l g f I ,

l di t
. . .

T irn es , e e r on e n e ra a a o ue n e a mp e ofx ff e re n s o ur ce s , 8 4
bl 8 g S t t id 8
o

t y i bl
.

c una u a, 1 0 ; ur e s a e a 1 1 Vo ulliem e , D r , h is in v e n o r o f n cuna u a

T i tl p g b k wi th t h w li w k bl
. .
,

e- a t ou to in Be r n , 9 1 on t h e I n cun a u a
l g 35 m i l di g 5 h m f imil
es , oo o ca a or
i i
s ,

o ue , s ea n ; s a a cs es C o mm s s o n , 9 1 , 9 3
d d ti m t 3 4 d ; , .

o f 3 6 0 us e as a ve r se e n s, 1 an Vu lga t e , T h e , P r ogr ess qf t h e R ev is ion of ,

n ote
,

A by bb t q t
G a s ue , 1 —2
J b dPp 3 4 4
o .

T o nso n , a co an o e, 11 11 12
12 5
, , , ,

W p d by VV 3 9
re se n t e 0
T q m d A t i d
re

W g fi t b k f dd d
.
, .

or ue a a, h i j di d n on o e, s ar n e a P t
n e r, oo to
B it i h M
e e r,
m L ib
rs
y 57
o , a e
Fl or es C i 59
—6
u r os as , 1 1 0 us e u
l di i f H yw d S h w
r ra r
W l
s

N ti l Lib y f i b l
. .
,

l
’
T o tt e e t on o e oo e n eca s n cuna u a
di ff t tti g f yp 6
, s o s a e s, a on a ra r o ,

e re n se n s o t e, 2 1 i 88
n, 1
l fi t p i t d b k dd d W lk C l m t Hi y qf I d p d y
. .

T o u o us e , rs r n e oo e to s tor
di ff t i
a e en
B i ti h M m L ib y 58
a e r, , n e en enc ,

r s us e u ra r e re n8 ss ue s , 1

wi h f d J m VI 5 7 W b t
. .
,

T ra n e n t , tc e s o 1 T d P p
ur on , 4 e, 1 1.
i pt p f f i
an a es ar o

W t m k 39 5
, , . .
, an
T ra n scr troo s o 3 5 n c o rre c n e s s , 1 a e r-
5 5 5 7 dif
ar s, 2 2 1 not e , 2 -2

y g t f p i ti g f M D ff i d p li t ill ti ;
.
, ,
’
T reas ur ra n or r n n o r. u s f e re n ce 6 n u ca e s , 1 us t ra
id i d t i g
; on s
b ib l i ph y 8 1 1 f 56 57 2 -2
8 t t 2 1
T y ffih m
ra o n

th f h p b k f l 97 id i d t ti g m d
, .
, a a n , as es
'
r on o a s, au or o c a - oo s o f or can c e s , 2
i
a n e ec n a e
se c re t s , i d 4 n lz
w° m
5 1 2 p u 3 4
Co e s, 3 7 0 an 2 1
m ti ti i d ti g f k d
.
p ; , .

T urn e r, R N osce te , en on s c o rrec o ns Wt a e r-s t a n s id i an e te c

pi
.
, a n n a e
at 83
re s s , 2 not e . co 3 4 0
T ym p t m xp l i d 3 d
es,
p
an er a ne 2 2 an n ot e Wh i Bibl g p hy
at P p by W W i o ra

Ty id i d t i g 8
e
di G g
, , s a er . .

e , an a ff
n t a n 2 1 e re n se t re—
39 5 3 10 12 , —
Wh tl y B R iti i m i d x 9
p
g f xp l i d 6 di t ib t d , .
,

t in s o a ne 2 1 s r u e cr c s on n es , 2
gm t f 6 6
e e

Wh tl y H B h i p i i
ea
l ph
, , , , . .
, e .

2 6 2 ; re a rra n e en o 2 1 -2 2. ea e s o n on on

T y p b di i f m i Eli b th f U i
a
iy
, , . .
, a
e- o es not un or n za e an b i i I
e t sa t o n ,
33 p t ns e c or o n v e rs t
i d 3 7 0 n ot e . Lib y C m b idg 34 l tdP a r e -e e c e

T yp g ph y
er o
b h f bibli g ph y 45
ra r e, ;
p , I
,
r re
o ra ra n c o o ra s id en t ,
9 ; pa p e r o n S ev e n ty y e a r s of
bibli g ph i l id
a ,

o ra 3 7 3 ca ev e n ce , 0 - 11 ca t a log u ing, 1 0 , 2 5 - 3 7

J k
as . .

t
Whi e , o h n , h is Boo s o f S e cre s , 1 5 0—1 5 1 t
ig t i mp t by
.

U an d V as s 64 n a ure s , 2 ; o r an ce Wi e of Ba t h h e r P r ologue ,
f P o pe , pub
ti g p i t p ti i 43 ty p
,

l
’
o f no n r n e rs ra c ce n, o i s h in g o f, 1 1 6

d l ib y i bl
.

h i l f 3 9 use o 0 Win so r, Roya L rar , n cun a u a in ,

b h l tt
ca
H mb g 66
p ,
.

U en f e rs o at a ur 1 86 , 2 06
d t f 39 t bli d
ac , e , , . .

U i lP y ra a e o 1 lVin ds or F or es t fi rs p u sh e in
/

U i
n ver s a

ity C ll g L d h S i ty
er ,

i il ti l g
.
,

n v e rs o e e, on on , t e oc e
’
s C
ou r a n t , 1 1 6 ; fa cs m e o f t e -p a e ,
L ib rarym d 8 6 ov e to , 2 1 17
i S l t d F i D i ki
. .
,

W n te r a v a o r, an ran c s co
th f b k
, c n so n ,
V l
a e s cus o f T arran ta , a u or o a oo on Dip y 5s e n sa t or 1 0
m di l Wi li
, .

64 d
re - n e s , 2 55 6 n ot e , 2 -2
ca s e c re t s , 1 39 an 0
W lf J h d i i h i I t li b k
e . .

V ig n an a , auth f h P h il i m 64 t e on u 1 n e v ce s n a an oo s,
V ti ll ti f l t 6 5
or o
i ill
ar , . o e, o , s

on o t e rs , I3 f H B h f T h f
r n te r o
’
t,
d f i k t 34
ca n co ec ; s oo e o
a e .
p rz

V a ut ro lli Th m as , use r s e s, 2 5 1 0
d A t i
e r,
t d by 3 W ll y ( W ll y ) M H
o . .

Vé n o n e , c u s use 12 o h l
l oo rs . a nna

h ld
co ec
V gil P l
ra r , , . e or e , ,

d h i P d gi 55 ro i es , 1 fh
t or i 5 63
o us e o re ce ts , 1 1 1
Vi h d t m iddl g
er
y Th m, y o o re , s . o .

car , h o f E gl i hm
as , a ut or o n s an s
’
W m o en h t e o c o rs o t e e a es ,
T r ea s u r e , 49 1 6 1 1.
Vi t A g ti h i D i W d O w p bli h d h i B k f S
.

n ce n u us y f E ne, s scover o r r or s en , u e s oo ec re t s
d h m f h D h fL x
, oo ,
s o

un er t e na e o t e uc e ss o e no ,

15 2 .
 I N DE X
.
33 5

Wo o d t
c u s a s a id in a n d ti g 2 8o ; d e ce
pti ve W yh ly i li
W la m i
lne s to Pop e in
k , c er e , ,
n e ss o f, ; in Boo s of S e cre t s , P oe tica l M isce l
’
3 12 1 50, T on so n s la n ies , 1 13.
1 5 7.
l
le y ph o t g ra ph s fo r t h e D un n Li b y k Mi t ib y
n m
o rar ,
Y or ns e r L rar , in m b uh in ,

l e y ( or Wo lle y ) Mrs
Wool H ann ah , a nd
k f S t 5 63 i y
.
,

h e r Boo s e c re s , 1 1, 1 Z mara , M A , h is c om men tar

l id i d i g it l
o . . . on
Wo rm-h o e s as n at n 2 80 ; in
’
A r s o t e s P rob l
e ma t a , 1 6 4 , 1 70

d t ti g f k d p i 3 4
a s ,

wi gli l i ll ti l
.

es, 0 Z n , U r ch , c o e c on o f h is e t te rs at

W igh t D H gb g x ll i
e ec n a e co .

r a er e ce e n ce of h is Z ur ch , 6 5
l g 37
r ,
.
, .

c a ta o ue . .