Exercise 1 – Yaw Manoeuvres

Let consider an aircraft with the following data:

M Airplane mass: 20 500 kg

S Airplane reference area: 82,55 m²
b Airplane reference chord: 3,8 m
SD Fin reference area: 25 m²
IZ Inertia around yaw axis: 790 000 kg.m²
V Aircraft Speed: 80 m/s

Air density at sea level :   = 0 = 1,225 kg/m3

Fin aerodynamic coefficients:

Cy Cy
= -2,9 rad-1 = 1,6 rad-1
 n

Let consider the following check yaw maneuver:

Questions:

- 1/ Propose a definition of limit load and ultimate load.

- 2/ Compute the load on fin at t0, t1 and t2. /!\ use the Fin reference surface.
- 3/ The maximum load obtained in question 1/ is considered as the limit load for the fin.
What is the corresponding ultimate load ?
Answers

-1/ Limit load: maximum anticipated load, about 1 time/life

Ultimate load = Limit Load x 1,5
Yawing Manoeuvres Yaw maneuver

Yaw maneuver – load of fin:

-2/
0 (kg/m3) 1,225 Cy
Load due to  : Ryfin  q.Sfin 
V (m/s) 80 
SD (m²) 25 Cy
Load due to n: Ryfin  q.Sfin n
 n
Cy -2,9
Cyn 1,6  n

t0 t1 t2
 (deg) 0 27 14 Ryfin
n (deg) 20 20 -20  C Cy 
Total load on fin: R fin
 q.Sfin  y   n  RYfin
   n
Y
Ry (N) - - 133 926 - 69 443 
Ryn (N) 54 734 54 734 - 54 734
Rytotal (N) 54 734 - 79 193 - 124 177
FLIGHT LOADS Jean-Fred BEGUE

-3/
Limit Load (N) 124 177
Ultimate Load (N) 186 265
Exercise 2 – Main Landing Gear (MLG) Analysis

Let consider the following date for an aircraft:

- Maximum Take Off Weight: MTOW = 350 000 kg

- Maximum Landing Weight: MLW = 280 000 kg
- Radius of gyration around y axis: y = 20 m
- Main Landing Gear position: LM = 2 m
- Nose Landing Gear position: LN = 25 m
- CG height: H = 3,5 m
- Track (between the 2 MLGs): T = 14 m
- Gravity: g = 9,81 m/s²
- Main Landing Gear data (6 tyres):
o Maximum stroke: cmax = 0,3 m
o Shock absorber efficiency: nSA = 0,85
o Tyre efficiency: nT = 0,4
o Tyre stiffness: 1/k = 1x106 N/m (k=10-6 m/N)
o Dimension a: a = 1,5 m
o Dimension b: b = 4 m

Questions:

- 1/ Determine the static load on the MLGs at MTOW.

- 2/ Determine the design vertical load on the MLG in 2 point landing when landing at
MLW (CS25 specifications). /!\ there are 6 tyres per MLG.
Nota: 10 ft/s = 3.05 m/s
- 3/ Determine the load on the MLG in case of turning at MTOW (CS25 specifications).
- 4/ Determine the torque on the MLG vertical beam in case of pivoting at MTOW (CS25
specifications).
- 5/ What are the sizing load cases for the nose landing gear (vertical load) ? (indicate
simply the load cases, the computation is not required).
Answers

-1/
MTOW (kg) 350 000
g (m/s²) 9,81

LM (m) 2
LN (m) 25

Zstatic_MLG (N) 1 589 583

-2/
MLW (kg) 280 000
LM (m) 2
y(m) 20
Number of tyres 6
Meq_MLG (Kg) 138 614

Wabs_MLG (J) 644 728

hSA 0,85
cmax (m) 0,3
hT 0,4
k(m/N) 1,00E-06

Zlanding_MLG (N) 1 738 332

-3/
MTOW (kg) 350 000
g (m/s²) 9,81

H (m) 3,5
T (m) 14

Z_MLG2+Z_MLG1 (N) 3 179 167

Z_MLG2-Z_MLG1 (N) 858 375

Z_MLG2 (N) 2 018 771

-4/ Zstatic_MLG (N) 1 589 583

a (m) 1,5
b (m) 4

Torque (Nm) 1 810 854

-5/ Sizing vertical load case for NLG

- 3 point landing
- Roll brake