DESIGN OF ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS

c/L OF 4- LANE

G1
A1 B1

RIGHT C / WAY
G2
A2 B2
G3
A3 B3

G4
A4 B4

SCHEMATIC PLAN SHOWING GIRDERS &

BEARINGS

Loads on bearings :-

A. NON-SEISMIC CONDITION

1. Vertical Loads

a) DL & SIDL : (Refer DL analysis of long girders)

Reaction (t) on bearing mkd

A1 & B1 A2 & B2 A3 & B3 A4 & B4

1. Wt of main girder including deck 45.069 43.511 43.788 45.933

2. Wt of cross girder (web) 1.772 3.544 3.544 1.772
3. SIDL 12.131 3.984 4.010 17.769

Total = 58.972 51.039 51.341 65.474

b) Live Load(max/min reaction condition) :

IRC Class 70R wheeled vehicles placed as shown in the figure below produces maximum reaction at
support A and minimum reaction at support B simultaneousely as well as maximum braking force on
the span. Span of the longest girder (I.e., girder mkd 4 ) is taken into account.

17 t 17 t 17 t 17 t 12 t 12 t 8t
1370 3050 1370 2130 1520 3960

280 A 24098 B 280

RA = 79.900 t
RB = 20.100 t

Now, the train is placed with maximum transverse eccentricity (as per Morrice-Little Analysis) to
obtain corresponding bearing reaction.
Vevicle impact = 15 %
 Support A Support B
Bearing mkd
A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4
Support reaction with
91.846 23.105
impact (t)

Dist. Co-eff as
obtained by Morrice- 0.0785 0.7086 1.3133 1.9033 0.0785 0.7086 1.3133 1.9033
Little analysis

Bearing reaction (t) 1.800 16.256 30.127 43.662 0.453 4.090 7.579 10.984

c) DL+SIDL+LL reaction on bearings :

Support A Support B
Bearing mkd
A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4
Bearing reaction (t) 60.772 67.295 81.469 109.136 59.425 55.128 58.921 76.458

It is sufficient to design a single bearing by taking into account maximum and minimum values from above.

Thus, Nmax = 109.136 t ~ 1091 kN

Nmin = 55.128 t ~ 551 kN

2. Horizontal Forces (other than seismic)

a) Braking force : [acts longitudinally]

Total braking force on the span = 20% of 100t
= 20 t
Force per each bearing = 20 / 8 = 2.5 t

b) Centrifugal force : [acts transversely]

As per Cl 215.2 of IRC : 6-2000, centrifugal force, C = W.V 2 / 127R

Now, W = 100 t, V= 100 kmph R = 360 m

Then, C = 21.872 t

Force per each bearing = 21.872 / 8 = 2.734 t

Longitudinal horizontal force, Hlong = 2.5 t ~ 25 kN

Transverse horizontal force, Htrans = 2.734 t ~ 27 kN

3. Rotation

For this purpose only girder mkd 4 is considered as it is subjected to maximum bending.

a) DL moment & rotation :-

Effective span of girder, L = 24.098 m

Moment at mid span due to DL & SIDL = 374.126 t-m ~ 3741 kN-m
Young's modulas for concrete, Ec = 30.5 Gpa ~ 3.05E+07 kN/m2
Avg moment of inertia of girder, I = 1.0005 m4
 As per Cl 916.3.5(2) of IRC : 83 (Part II)- 1987,

Rotation, q = 400 Mmax.L / (0.5Ec.I) x 10-3 = 2.36E-03 rad

Corresponding reaction at bearing = 65.474 t ~ 655 kN

b) DL + LL moment & rotation :-

Maximum Live Load Moment at mid span (at L/2) = 240.594 t-m (with impact)
[Ref LL analysis of girders]

= 2406 kN-m

So, rotation, q = 400 L / I x [ MDL/0.5Ec + MLL/Ec ] x 10 =

-3
3.12E-03 rad

LL reaction at support A corresponding to the loading position for above maximum moment
= 100/Lx(L/2 + 4.42 - 5.1238) x 1.15 x 1.903 / 4
= 25.750 t [with impact)

DL + LL reaction = 91.224 t ~ 912 kN

B. SEISMIC CONDITION

Case I Seismic acting longitudinally :

Total DL & SIDL of superstructure = 453.652 t

As per Cl 222 of IRC : 6-2000, for seismic zone III,

a = 0.04
b = 1.0 abl = 0.06
l = 1.5

So, horizontal seismic force per bearing = 1/8 x 0.06 x 453.652

= 3.402 t
( No seismic force on live load for this case should be taken into account )

As per Table 1 of IRC : 6-2000 (combination no. VI), Live load, braking, centrifugal force as obtained
earlier are to be multiplied with a factor = 0.5
Vertical forces :-
Support A Support B
Bearing mkd
A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4
Bearing reaction (t) [
59.872 59.167 66.405 87.305 59.199 53.083 55.131 70.966
DL+SIDL+LL(seis) ]

Thus, Nmax = 87.305 t ~ 873 kN

Nmin = 53.083 t ~ 531 kN

Braking force per bearing = 1.25 t

Centrifugal force per bearing = 1.367 t

Longitudinal horizontal force, Hlong = 4.652 t ~ 47 kN

Transverse horizontal force, Htrans = 1.367 t ~ 14 kN
Case II Seismic acting transversely

Total Wt (i.e., DL & SIDL) of superstructure = 453.652 t

Total wt of 70R wheeled vehicles = 100 x 0.5 = 50.000 t
Total = 503.652 t

Horizontal seismic force per bearing = 1/8 x 0.06 x 503.652

= 3.777 t

Overturning effect of LL seismic on reaction of bearings :-

S x2 = 28.8 m2

Overturning moment per support

Mo = 1/2 x 0.06 x 50 x (2.462 + 1.2) 2400
= 5.493 t-m

Corresponding reaction at any bearing at distance 'x' from cg, 1200

=Mo.x / Sx2 1200

X
2400

Vertical forces :-
Support A Support B
Bearing mkd
A1 A2 A3 A4 B1 B2 B3 B4
Bearing reaction (t) [
59.872 59.167 66.405 87.305 59.199 53.083 55.131 70.966
DL+SIDL+LL(seis) ]
x (m) -3.600 -1.200 1.200 3.600 -3.600 -1.200 1.200 3.600
Reaction due to
-0.687 -0.229 0.229 0.687 -0.687 -0.229 0.229 0.687
overturning effect (t)
Resultant (t) 59.186 58.938 66.634 87.991 58.512 52.854 55.360 71.652

Thus, Nmax = 87.991 t ~ 880 kN

Nmin = 52.854 t ~ 529 kN

Braking and centrifugal forces are same as case I.

Longitudinal horizontal force, Hlong = 1.250 t ~ 13 kN

Transverse horizontal force, Htrans = 5.144 t ~ 51 kN
Design [ As per IRC : 83(Part II)- 1987 ]

Effective span L = 24.098 m

Bearing Parameters :

b0 = 400 mm
l0 = 500 mm
h0 = 96 mm
c = 6 mm
b = 388 mm
l = 488 mm
n = 5
hi = 12 mm
he = 6 mm
hs = 4 mm
h = 72 mm
A = 189344 mm2
S = 9.006
abi,max = 0.0019 rad
Shear rating = 2.630 KN/mm
Overall volume = 19200 cm3

Deformation, D = 1/2 x 0.0005 x 24098 = 6.0245 mm

Case I Maximum span moment condition (Non - seismic) [ for rotation check only ]

Direct load (kN) a (rad)

a) DL + SIDL condition N = 655 2.36E-03
b) DL + SIDL + LL condition N = 912 3.12E-03

Check for rotation :

1) for DL + SIDL condition

smax = N/A = 3.4579 kN

now, b = smax /10 = 0.3458
Maximum permissible rotation = b.n.abi,max = 0.3457 x 5 x 0.0019 = 0.0033 rad
> 0.0024 O.K.
2) for DL + SIDL + LL condition

smax = N/A = 4.8179 kN

now, b = smin /10 = 0.4818
Maximum permissible rotation = b.n.abi,max = 0.4817 x 5 x 0.0019 = 0.0046 rad
> 0.0031 O.K.
Case II Maximum/minimum reaction condition (Non - seismic)

Direct load (kN) Hlong (kN) Htrans (kN)

Nmax = 1091
Nmin = 25 27
551

Check for dimensions :

1) l0/b0 = 1.25 O.K.

2) h < b0/5 & h > b0/10 O.K.
3) 6 < S <= 12 O.K.

Check for direct stress :

smax = Ndmax /A = 1091 x1000 /189344 = 5.764 MPa < 10 O.K.

smin = Ndmin /A = 551 x1000 /189344 = 2.912 MPa > 2 O.K.

Check for translation :

Horizontal force Hbd = 25 KN & Hld = 27 KN

gbd = Dbd/h + tmbd = 6.025/72 + 25 x1000 /189344 = 0.216

gld = Dld /h + tmld = 27 x1000 /189344 = 0.144 for Nmax condition
(Notations used as per the code)

Resultant gd = (gbd2 + gld2)1/2 = 0.260 < 0.7 for Nmax condition O.K.

Check for friction :

0.2 + 0.1smax = 0.2 + 0.1 x 5.764 = 0.776 > 0.26 O.K.

0.2 + 0.1smin = 0.2 + 0.1 x 2.912 = 0.491 > 0.26 O.K.

Check for total shear :

1) for maximum direct load Ndmax

tc = 1.5smax /S = 0.960 MPa
tg = gd = 0.260 MPa
ta = 0.5 (b/hi)2 abi = 0.997 MPa [ abi = 0.0019 ]

So, total shear stress = tc + tg + ta = 2.216 MPa < 5 MPa O.K.

1) for minimum direct load Ndmin

tc = 1.5smin /S = 0.485 MPa
tg = gd = 0.260 MPa
ta = 0.5 (b/hi)2 abi = 0.997 MPa [ abi = 0.0019 ]

So, total shear stress = tc + tg + ta = 1.741 MPa < 5 MPa O.K.

Case III Maximum/minimum reaction condition (Seismic acting longitudinally)

Direct load (kN) Hlong (kN) Htrans (kN)

Nmax = 873
Nmin = 47 14
531

Check for direct stress :

smax = Ndmax /A = 873 x1000 /189344 = 4.611 MPa < 10 O.K.

smin = Ndmin /A = 531 x1000 /189344 = 2.804 MPa > 2 O.K.

Check for translation :

Horizontal force Hbd = 47 KN & Hld = 14 KN

gbd = Dbd/h + tmbd = 6.025/72 + 47 x1000 /189344 = 0.329

gld = Dld /h + tmld = 14 x1000 /189344 = 0.072 for Nmax condition
(Notations used as per the code)

Resultant gd = (gbd2 + gld2)1/2 = 0.337 < 0.7 for Nmax condition O.K.

Check for friction :

0.2 + 0.1smax = 0.2 + 0.1 x 4.611 = 0.661 > 0.337 O.K.

0.2 + 0.1smin = 0.2 + 0.1 x 2.804 = 0.480 > 0.337 O.K.

Check for total shear :

1) for maximum direct load Ndmax

tc = 1.5smax /S = 0.768 MPa
tg = gd = 0.337 MPa
ta = 0.5 (b/hi)2 abi = 0.997 MPa [ abi = 0.0019 ]

So, total shear stress = tc + tg + ta = 2.102 MPa < 5 MPa O.K.

1) for minimum direct load Ndmin

tc = 1.5smin /S = 0.467 MPa
tg = gd = 0.337 MPa
ta = 0.5 (b/hi)2 abi = 0.997 MPa [ abi = 0.0019 ]

So, total shear stress = tc + tg + ta = 1.801 MPa < 5 MPa O.K.

Case IV Maximum/minimum reaction condition (Seismic acting transversely)

Direct load (kN) Hlong (kN) Htrans (kN)

Nmax = 880
Nmin = 13 51
529

Check for direct stress :

smax = Ndmax /A = 880 x1000 /189344 = 4.647 MPa < 10 O.K.

smin = Ndmin /A = 529 x1000 /189344 = 2.791 MPa > 2 O.K.

Check for translation :

Horizontal force Hbd = 13 KN & Hld = 51 KN

gbd = Dbd/h + tmbd = 6.025/72 + 13 x1000 /189344 = 0.150

gld = Dld /h + tmld = 51 x1000 /189344 = 0.272 for Nmax condition
(Notations used as per the code)

Resultant gd = (gbd2 + gld2)1/2 = 0.310 < 0.7 for Nmax condition O.K.

Check for friction :

0.2 + 0.1smax = 0.2 + 0.1 x 4.647 = 0.665 > 0.31 O.K.

0.2 + 0.1smin = 0.2 + 0.1 x 2.791 = 0.479 > 0.31 O.K.

Check for total shear :

1) for maximum direct load Ndmax

tc = 1.5smax /S = 0.774 MPa
tg = gd = 0.310 MPa
ta = 0.5 (b/hi)2 abi = 0.997 MPa [ abi = 0.0019 ]

So, total shear stress = tc + tg + ta = 2.081 MPa < 5 MPa O.K.

1) for minimum direct load Ndmin

tc = 1.5smin /S = 0.465 MPa
tg = gd = 0.310 MPa
ta = 0.5 (b/hi)2 abi = 0.997 MPa [ abi = 0.0019 ]

So, total shear stress = tc + tg + ta = 1.772 MPa < 5 MPa O.K.

Dist of CG 70RW =
5.124
This
bearing is
safe in all
cases

1
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1
1

1
1

1
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1

1
1
1

1
DESIGN OF MAIN GIRDER FOR FLEXURE :-

OUTER LONGITUDINAL GIRDER

OUTER GIRDER AT 'L/2'

Design moment, Md 614.72 t-m

Maximum allowable stress in concrete 10 N/mm2 ( M30 grade )

Maximum allowable stress in steel 200 N/mm2 ( Fe 415 grade )
Modular ratio, m 10

Overall depth, D 2400 mm

Clear cover 50 mm
Largest dia of stirrup 16 f mm

Assumed stress in extreme top fibre of concrete, fc 5.368 N/mm2

Assumed depth of neutral axis, n 549.176 mm
So, neutral axis is within web
Detail of main reinforcement and stresses :

Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1

No of bars of dia Tensile

Dist of cg Lever
(mm f) Effective Stress in force (Fi)
Area, from di - n arm,
Layer depth, di each in each
(mm2) bottom (mm) di - y1
(mm) layer layer
32 28 (mm) (mm)
(t)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

1 5 4021.24 82 2318.00 1768.82 2193.92 172.88 695196

2 5 4021.24 146 2254.00 1704.82 2129.92 166.63 670042
3 5 4021.24 210 2190.00 1640.82 2065.92 160.37 644889
4 3 2412.74 274 2126.00 1576.82 2001.92 154.12 371841
5 3 2412.74 338 2062.00 1512.82 1937.92 147.86 356749
6 2 1608.50 402 1998.00 1448.82 1873.92 141.60 227771

Width of Flange, bf 2725 mm

Depth of Flange,df 250 mm
Area of Flange in compression, Af ### mm2
Stress in bottom of flange, fc1 2.924083 N/mm2
Width of web, bw 325 mm
Area of web in compression,Aw 97232.2 mm2

Compressive Force 2966488 N

Tensile Force 2966488 N
Difference in tensile and compressive force 0 N So, O.K.

Distance of CG of total compressive area from top, y1 124.0788 mm

Moment of resistance, MT = S Fi.(di - y1) 614.72 t-m

Difference of Md & MT 0.00 t-m So, O.K.

Calculated maximum stress in steel 172.88 N/mm2 < 200, O.K.

Calculated maximum stress in concrete 5.37 N/mm2 < 10, O.K.

Percentage of steel :

Total c/s area of the girder 1.5 m2

Total area of reinforcement provided 14476 mm2
Percentage of tensile steel 0.965 %

OUTER GIRDER AT '3L/8'

Design moment, Md 574.11 t-m

Maximum allowable stress in concrete 10 N/mm2

Maximum allowable stress in steel 200 N/mm2
Modular ratio, m 10

Overall depth, D 2400 mm

Clear cover 50 mm
Dia of stirrup 16 f mm

Assumed stress in extreme top fibre of concrete, fc 5.064 N/mm2

Assumed depth of neutral axis, n 524.4725 mm
So, neutral axis is within web
Detail of main reinforcement and stresses :

Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1

No of bars of dia Tensile

Dist of cg Lever
(mm f) Effective Stress in force (Fi)
Area, from di - n arm,
Layer depth, di each in each
(mm2) bottom (mm) di - y1
(mm) layer layer
32 28 (mm) (mm)
(t)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
 1 5 4021.24 82 2318.00 1793.53 2196.16 173.17 696357
2 5 4021.24 146 2254.00 1729.53 2132.16 166.99 671509
3 5 4021.24 210 2190.00 1665.53 2068.16 160.81 646660
4 3 2412.74 274 2126.00 1601.53 2004.16 154.63 373087
5 3 2412.74 338 2062.00 1537.53 1940.16 148.45 358177
6 0.00 386 2014.00 1489.53 1892.16 143.82 0

Width of Flange, bf 2725 mm

Depth of Flange,df 250 mm
Area of Flange in compression, Af ### mm2
Stress in bottom of flange, fc1 2.650106 N/mm2
Width of web, bw 325 mm
Area of web in compression,Aw 89203.57 mm2

Compressive Force 2745790 N

Tensile Force 2745790 N
Difference in tensile and compressive force 0 N So, O.K.

Distance of CG of total compressive area from top, y1 121.8426 mm

Moment of resistance, MT = S Fi.(di - y1) 574.11 t-m

Difference of Md & MT 0.00 t-m So, O.K.

Calculated maximum stress in steel 173.17 N/mm2 < 200, O.K.

Calculated maximum stress in concrete 5.06 N/mm2 < 10, O.K.

Percentage of steel :

Total c/s area of the girder 1.5 m2

Total area of reinforcement provided 14476 mm2
Percentage of tensile steel 0.965 %

OUTER GIRDER AT 'L/4'

Design moment, Md 461.61 t-m

Maximum allowable stress in concrete 10 N/mm2

Maximum allowable stress in steel 200 N/mm2
Modular ratio, m 10

Overall depth, D 2400 mm

Clear cover 50 mm
Dia of stirrup 16 f mm

Assumed stress in extreme top fibre of concrete, fc 4.165 N/mm2

Assumed depth of neutral axis, n 483.6435 mm
 So, neutral axis is within web
Detail of main reinforcement and stresses :

Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1

No of bars of dia Tensile

Dist of cg Lever
(mm f) Effective Stress in force (Fi)
Area, from di - n arm,
Layer depth, di each in each
(mm2) bottom (mm) di - y1
(mm) layer layer
32 28 (mm) (mm)
(t)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

1 5 4021.24 82 2318.00 1834.36 2199.91 157.96 635186

2 5 4021.24 146 2254.00 1770.36 2135.91 152.45 613025
3 5 4021.24 210 2190.00 1706.36 2071.91 146.94 590863
4 3 2412.74 274 2126.00 1642.36 2007.91 141.42 341221
5 0.00 322 2078.00 1594.36 1959.91 137.29 0
6 0.00 322 2078.00 1594.36 1959.91 137.29 0

Width of Flange, bf 2725 mm

Depth of Flange,df 250 mm
Area of Flange in compression, Af ### mm2
Stress in bottom of flange, fc1 2.011922 N/mm2
Width of web, bw 325 mm
Area of web in compression,Aw 75934.13 mm2

Compressive Force 2180296 N

Tensile Force 2180296 N
Difference in tensile and compressive force 0 N So, O.K.

Distance of CG of total compressive area from top, y1 118.0944 mm

Moment of resistance, MT = S Fi.(di - y1) 461.61 t-m

Difference of Md & MT 0.00 t-m So, O.K.

Calculated maximum stress in steel 157.96 N/mm2 < 200, O.K.

Calculated maximum stress in concrete 4.16 N/mm2 < 10, O.K.

Percentage of steel :

Total c/s area of the girder 1.5 m2

Total area of reinforcement provided 14476 mm2
Percentage of tensile steel 0.965 %
OUTER GIRDER AT 'L/8'

Design moment, Md 268.04 t-m

Maximum allowable stress in concrete 10 N/mm2

Maximum allowable stress in steel 200 N/mm2
Modular ratio, m 10

Overall depth, D 2400 mm

Clear cover 50 mm
Dia of stirrup 16 f mm

Assumed stress in extreme top fibre of concrete, fc 2.503 N/mm2

Assumed depth of neutral axis, n 438.1187 mm
So, neutral axis is within web
Detail of main reinforcement and stresses :

Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1

No of bars of dia Tensile

Dist of cg Lever
(mm f) Effective Stress in force (Fi)
Area, from di - n arm,
Layer depth, di each in each
(mm2) bottom (mm) di - y1
(mm) layer layer
32 28 (mm) (mm)
(t)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

1 5 4021.24 82 2318.00 1879.88 2204.27 107.40 431865

2 5 4021.24 146 2254.00 1815.88 2140.27 103.74 417162
3 5 4021.24 210 2190.00 1751.88 2076.27 100.08 402459
4 0.00 258 2142.00 1703.88 2028.27 97.34 0
5 0.00 258 2142.00 1703.88 2028.27 97.34 0
6 0.00 258 2142.00 1703.88 2028.27 97.34 0

Width of Flange, bf 2725 mm

Depth of Flange,df 250 mm
Area of Flange in compression, Af ### mm2
Stress in bottom of flange, fc1 1.074705 N/mm2
Width of web, bw 325 mm
Area of web in compression,Aw 61138.57 mm2

Compressive Force 1251486 N

Tensile Force 1251486 N
Difference in tensile and compressive force 0 N So, O.K.
Distance of CG of total compressive area from top, y1 113.7304 mm

Moment of resistance, MT = S Fi.(di - y1) 268.04 t-m

Difference of Md & MT 0.00 t-m So, O.K.

Calculated maximum stress in steel 107.40 N/mm2 < 200, O.K.

Calculated maximum stress in concrete 2.50 N/mm2 < 10, O.K.

Percentage of steel :

Total c/s area of the girder 1.5 m2

Total area of reinforcement provided 12064 mm2
Percentage of tensile steel 0.804 %

INNER LONGITUDINAL GIRDER

INNER GIRDER AT 'L/2'

Design moment, Md 453.19 t-m

Maximum allowable stress in concrete 10 N/mm2

Maximum allowable stress in steel 200 N/mm2
Modular ratio, m 10

Overall depth, D 2400 mm

Clear cover 50 mm
Dia of stirrup 16 f mm

Assumed stress in extreme top fibre of concrete, fc 4.532 N/mm2

Assumed depth of neutral axis, n 503.171 mm
So, neutral axis is within web
Detail of main reinforcement and stresses :

Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1

No of bars of dia Tensile

Dist of cg Lever
(mm f) Effective Stress in force (Fi)
Area, from di - n arm,
Layer depth, di each in each
(mm2) bottom (mm) di - y1
(mm) layer layer
32 28 (mm) (mm)
(t)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

1 5 4021.24 82 2318.00 1814.83 2196.98 163.45 657280

2 5 4021.24 146 2254.00 1750.83 2132.98 157.69 634101
3 5 4021.24 210 2190.00 1686.83 2068.98 151.92 610922
 4 2 1608.50 274 2126.00 1622.83 2004.98 146.16 235097
5 0.00 322 2078.00 1574.83 1956.98 141.84 0
6 0.00 322 2078.00 1574.83 1956.98 141.84 0

Width of Flange, bf 2400 mm

Depth of Flange,df 250 mm
Area of Flange in compression, Af ### mm2
Stress in bottom of flange, fc1 2.28018 N/mm2
Width of web, bw 325 mm
Area of web in compression,Aw 82280.59 mm2

Compressive Force 2137402 N

Tensile Force 2137402 N
Difference in tensile and compressive force 0 N So, O.K.

Distance of CG of total compressive area from top, y1 121.0218 mm

Moment of resistance, MT = S Fi.(di - y1) 453.19 t-m

Difference of Md & MT 0.00 t-m So, O.K.

Calculated maximum stress in steel 163.45 N/mm2 < 200, O.K.

Calculated maximum stress in concrete 4.53 N/mm2 < 10, O.K.

Percentage of steel :

Total c/s area of the girder 1.44125 m2

Total area of reinforcement provided 13672 mm2
Percentage of tensile steel 0.949 %

INNER GIRDER AT '3L/8'

Design moment, Md 421.45 t-m

Maximum allowable stress in concrete 10 N/mm2

Maximum allowable stress in steel 200 N/mm2
Modular ratio, m 10

Overall depth, D 2400 mm

Clear cover 50 mm
Dia of stirrup 16 f mm

Assumed stress in extreme top fibre of concrete, fc 4.310 N/mm2

Assumed depth of neutral axis, n 470.4439 mm
So, neutral axis is within web
Detail of main reinforcement and stresses :
 Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1

No of bars of dia Tensile

Dist of cg Lever
(mm f) Effective Stress in force (Fi)
Area, from di - n arm,
Layer depth, di each in each
(mm2) bottom (mm) di - y1
(mm) layer layer
32 28 (mm) (mm)
(t)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

1 5 4021.24 82 2318.00 1847.56 2200.24 169.28 680725

2 5 4021.24 146 2254.00 1783.56 2136.24 163.42 657144
3 5 4021.24 210 2190.00 1719.56 2072.24 157.55 633564
4 0.00 258 2142.00 1671.56 2024.24 153.16 0
5 0.00 258 2142.00 1671.56 2024.24 153.16 0
6 0.00 258 2142.00 1671.56 2024.24 153.16 0

Width of Flange, bf 2400 mm

Depth of Flange,df 250 mm
Area of Flange in compression, Af ### mm2
Stress in bottom of flange, fc1 2.019818 N/mm2
Width of web, bw 325 mm
Area of web in compression,Aw 71644.28 mm2

Compressive Force 1971433 N

Tensile Force 1971433 N
Difference in tensile and compressive force 0 N So, O.K.

Distance of CG of total compressive area from top, y1 117.7607 mm

Moment of resistance, MT = S Fi.(di - y1) 421.45 t-m

Difference of Md & MT 0.00 t-m So, O.K.

Calculated maximum stress in steel 169.28 N/mm2 < 200, O.K.

Calculated maximum stress in concrete 4.31 N/mm2 < 10, O.K.

Percentage of steel :

Total c/s area of the girder 1.44125 m2

Total area of reinforcement provided 12064 mm2
Percentage of tensile steel 0.837 %

INNER GIRDER AT 'L/4'

Design moment, Md 337.76 t-m

Maximum allowable stress in concrete 10 N/mm2
Maximum allowable stress in steel 200 N/mm2
Modular ratio, m 10

Overall depth, D 2400 mm

Clear cover 50 mm
Dia of stirrup 16 f mm

Assumed stress in extreme top fibre of concrete, fc 3.635 N/mm2

Assumed depth of neutral axis, n 415.8017 mm
So, neutral axis is within web
Detail of main reinforcement and stresses :

Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1

No of bars of dia Tensile

Dist of cg Lever
(mm f) Effective Stress in force (Fi)
Area, from di - n arm,
Layer depth, di each in each
(mm2) bottom (mm) di - y1
(mm) layer layer
32 28 (mm) (mm)
(t)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

1 5 4021.24 82 2318.00 1902.20 2205.96 166.29 668676

2 5 4021.24 146 2254.00 1838.20 2141.96 160.69 646178
3 2 1608.50 210 2190.00 1774.20 2077.96 155.10 249472
4 0.00 258 2142.00 1726.20 2029.96 150.90 0
5 0.00 258 2142.00 1726.20 2029.96 150.90 0
6 0.00 258 2142.00 1726.20 2029.96 150.90 0

Width of Flange, bf 2400 mm

Depth of Flange,df 250 mm
Area of Flange in compression, Af ### mm2
Stress in bottom of flange, fc1 1.449403 N/mm2
Width of web, bw 325 mm
Area of web in compression,Aw 53885.55 mm2

Compressive Force 1564327 N

Tensile Force 1564327 N
Difference in tensile and compressive force 0 N So, O.K.

Distance of CG of total compressive area from top, y1 112.0369 mm

Moment of resistance, MT = S Fi.(di - y1) 337.76 t-m

Difference of Md & MT 0.00 t-m So, O.K.
Calculated maximum stress in steel 166.29 N/mm2 < 200, O.K.
Calculated maximum stress in concrete 3.63 N/mm2 < 10, O.K.

Percentage of steel :

Total c/s area of the girder 1.44125 m2

Total area of reinforcement provided 9651 mm2
Percentage of tensile steel 0.670 %

INNER GIRDER AT 'L/8'

Design moment, Md 195.79 t-m

Maximum allowable stress in concrete 10 N/mm2

Maximum allowable stress in steel 200 N/mm2
Modular ratio, m 10

Overall depth, D 2400 mm

Clear cover 50 mm
Dia of stirrup 16 f mm

Assumed stress in extreme top fibre of concrete, fc 2.107 N/mm2

Assumed depth of neutral axis, n 415.8017 mm
So, neutral axis is within web
Detail of main reinforcement and stresses :

Layer 3
Layer 2
Layer 1

No of bars of dia Tensile

Dist of cg Lever
(mm f) Effective Stress in force (Fi)
Area, from di - n arm,
Layer depth, di each in each
(mm2) bottom (mm) di - y1
(mm) layer layer
32 28 (mm) (mm)
(t)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

1 5 4021.24 82 2318.00 1902.20 2205.96 96.39 387621

2 5 4021.24 146 2254.00 1838.20 2141.96 93.15 374579
3 2 1608.50 210 2190.00 1774.20 2077.96 89.91 144615
4 0.00 258 2142.00 1726.20 2029.96 87.47 0
5 0.00 258 2142.00 1726.20 2029.96 87.47 0
6 0.00 258 2142.00 1726.20 2029.96 87.47 0

Width of Flange, bf 2400 mm

Depth of Flange,df 250 mm
Area of Flange in compression, Af ### mm2
Stress in bottom of flange, fc1 0.840196 N/mm2
Width of web, bw 325 mm
Area of web in compression,Aw 53885.55 mm2

Compressive Force 906815.8 N

Tensile Force 906816 N
Difference in tensile and compressive force 0 N So, O.K.

Distance of CG of total compressive area from top, y1 112.0369 mm

Moment of resistance, MT = S Fi.(di - y1) 195.79 t-m

Difference of Md & MT 0.00 t-m So, O.K.

Calculated maximum stress in steel 96.39 N/mm2 < 200, O.K.

Calculated maximum stress in concrete 2.11 N/mm2 < 10, O.K.

Percentage of steel :

Total c/s area of the girder 1.44125 m2

Total area of reinforcement provided 9651 mm2
Percentage of tensile steel 0.670 %

DESIGN OF MAIN GIRDER FOR SHEAR :-

OUTER GIRDER AT SUPPORT

Design shear, Vd 105.97 t

Width of web, b 625 mm
Effective depth, d 2318 mm
Maximum shear stress, tmax ( as per table 12A of IRC :21-2000) 1.9 N/mm2
C/s area of the girder 2.0609 mm2
Percentage of tensile steel provided 0.585 %
tc as per table 12B of IRC : 21-2000 0.32 N/mm2
Shear to be carried by shear reinforcement, Vs = Vd - tc.bd 596110 N
Actual shear stress, tv 0.731 N/mm2 < tmax, O.K.

Try with 2-legged 12 mm f stirrup with a spacing of 125 mm

(Asw/s) provided 1.81

(Asw/s) required = Vs/fs.d (vide Cl. 304.7.1.4 of IRC : 21-2000) 1.29
(Asw/s) minimum = 0.4b/0.87fy 0.69
(vide Cl. 304.7.1.5 of same code)

OUTER GIRDER AT L/8

Design shear, Vd 82.41 t

Width of web, b 325 mm
Effective depth, d 2318 mm
Maximum shear stress, tmax ( as per table 12A of IRC :21-2000) 1.9 N/mm2
Percentage of tensile steel provided 0.804 %
tc as per table 12B of IRC : 21-2000 0.37 N/mm2
Shear to be carried by shear reinforcement, Vs = Vd - tc.bd 546833 N
Actual shear stress, tv 1.094 N/mm2 < tmax, O.K.

Try with 2-legged 12 mm f stirrup with a spacing of 125 mm

(Asw/s) provided 1.81

(Asw/s) required = Vs/fs.d (vide Cl. 304.7.1.4 of IRC : 21-2000) 1.18
(Asw/s) minimum = 0.4b/0.87fy 0.36
(vide Cl. 304.7.1.5 of same code)

OUTER GIRDER AT L/4

Design shear, Vd 60.39 t

Width of web, b 325 mm
Effective depth, d 2318 mm
Maximum shear stress, tmax ( as per table 12A of IRC :21-2000) 1.9 N/mm2
Percentage of tensile steel provided 0.965 %
tc as per table 12B of IRC : 21-2000 0.39 N/mm2
Shear to be carried by shear reinforcement, Vs = Vd - tc.bd 308590 N
Actual shear stress, tv 0.802 N/mm2 < tmax, O.K.

Try with 2-legged 12 mm f stirrup with a spacing of 150 mm

(Asw/s) provided 1.51

(Asw/s) required = Vs/fs.d (vide Cl. 304.7.1.4 of IRC : 21-2000) 0.67
(Asw/s) minimum = 0.4b/0.87fy 0.36
(vide Cl. 304.7.1.5 of same code)

OUTER GIRDER AT 3L/8

Design shear, Vd 38.37 t

Width of web, b 325 mm
Effective depth, d 2318 mm
Maximum shear stress, tmax ( as per table 12A of IRC :21-2000) 1.9 N/mm2
Percentage of tensile steel provided 0.965 %
tc as per table 12B of IRC : 21-2000 0.39 N/mm2
Shear to be carried by shear reinforcement, Vs = Vd - tc.bd 88427 N
Actual shear stress, tv 0.509 N/mm2 < tmax, O.K.

Try with 2-legged 12 mm f stirrup with a spacing of 200 mm

(Asw/s) provided 1.13

(Asw/s) required = Vs/fs.d (vide Cl. 304.7.1.4 of IRC : 21-2000) 0.19
(Asw/s) minimum = 0.4b/0.87fy 0.36
 (vide Cl. 304.7.1.5 of same code)

OUTER GIRDER AT SUPPORT

Design shear, Vd 77.73 t

Width of web, b 625 mm
Effective depth, d 2318 mm
Maximum shear stress, tmax ( as per table 12A of IRC :21-2000) 1.9 N/mm2
C/s area of the girder 1.9550 mm2
Percentage of tensile steel provided 0.494 %
tc as per table 12B of IRC : 21-2000 0.29 N/mm2
Shear to be carried by shear reinforcement, Vs = Vd - tc.bd 351409 N
Actual shear stress, tv 0.537 N/mm2 < tmax, O.K.

Try with 2-legged 12 mm f stirrup with a spacing of 150 mm

(Asw/s) provided 1.51

(Asw/s) required = Vs/fs.d (vide Cl. 304.7.1.4 of IRC : 21-2000) 0.76
(Asw/s) minimum = 0.4b/0.87fy 0.69
(vide Cl. 304.7.1.5 of same code)

OUTER GIRDER AT L/8

Design shear, Vd 60.27 t

Width of web, b 325 mm
Effective depth, d 2318 mm
Maximum shear stress, tmax ( as per table 12A of IRC :21-2000) 1.9 N/mm2
Percentage of tensile steel provided 0.670 %
tc as per table 12B of IRC : 21-2000 0.34 N/mm2
Shear to be carried by shear reinforcement, Vs = Vd - tc.bd 346591 N
Actual shear stress, tv 0.800 N/mm2 < tmax, O.K.

Try with 2-legged 12 mm f stirrup with a spacing of 150 mm

(Asw/s) provided 1.51

(Asw/s) required = Vs/fs.d (vide Cl. 304.7.1.4 of IRC : 21-2000) 0.75
(Asw/s) minimum = 0.4b/0.87fy 0.36
(vide Cl. 304.7.1.5 of same code)

OUTER GIRDER AT L/4

Design shear, Vd 44.23 t

Width of web, b 325 mm
Effective depth, d 2318 mm
Maximum shear stress, tmax ( as per table 12A of IRC :21-2000) 1.9 N/mm2
Percentage of tensile steel provided 0.670 %
tc as per table 12B of IRC : 21-2000 0.34 N/mm2
Shear to be carried by shear reinforcement, Vs = Vd - tc.bd 186158 N
Actual shear stress, tv 0.587 N/mm2 < tmax, O.K.

Try with 2-legged 12 mm f stirrup with a spacing of 200 mm

(Asw/s) provided 1.13

(Asw/s) required = Vs/fs.d (vide Cl. 304.7.1.4 of IRC : 21-2000) 0.40
(Asw/s) minimum = 0.4b/0.87fy 0.36
(vide Cl. 304.7.1.5 of same code)

OUTER GIRDER AT 3L/8

Design shear, Vd 28.19 t

Width of web, b 325 mm
Effective depth, d 2318 mm
Maximum shear stress, tmax ( as per table 12A of IRC :21-2000) 1.9 N/mm2
Percentage of tensile steel provided 0.837 %
tc as per table 12B of IRC : 21-2000 0.37 N/mm2
Shear to be carried by shear reinforcement, Vs = Vd - tc.bd 4633 N
Actual shear stress, tv 0.374 N/mm2 < tmax, O.K.

Try with 2-legged 12 mm f stirrup with a spacing of 200 mm

(Asw/s) provided 1.13

(Asw/s) required = Vs/fs.d (vide Cl. 304.7.1.4 of IRC : 21-2000) 0.01
(Asw/s) minimum = 0.4b/0.87fy 0.36
(vide Cl. 304.7.1.5 of same code)

DEAD LOAD DEFLECTION

To avoid complicacy, overhang portion is not considered for this purpose.

A) Outer girder (girder mkd. 4)

L = 24.098 m L1 = 0.42 m
w1 = 4.946 t/m L2 = 0.9 m
w2 = 3.600 t/m E = 3050000 t/m2
w3 = 1.441 t/m I = 1.0005 m4
P2 = 1.307 t EI = 3051655 t-m2

Loading and its type L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2

a) UDL over full span
l = L = 24.098 m x = 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500
F = (w2 + w3) x L = 121.4843 t d (mm) = 2.8 5.2 6.7 7.3

b) Partial UDL 1
l = L = 24.098 m
F = (w1 - w2) x L1 = 0.5654 t x = 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500
 a = 0 d (mm) = 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
b = 1 - a - L1/L 0.9826

c) Partial UDL 2
l = L = 24.098 m
F = (w1 - w2) x L1 = 0.5654 t x = 0.875 0.750 0.625 0.500
a = 0 d (mm) = 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
b = 1 - a - L1/L 0.9826

d) Partial triangular load 1

l = L = 24.098 m
F = 0.5 (w1 - w2) x L2 = 0.6058 t x = 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500
a = L1/L 0.0174 d (mm) = 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
b = 1 - a - L2/L 0.9452

e) Partial triangular load 2

l = L = 24.098 m
F = 0.5 (w1 - w2) x L2 = 0.6058 t x = 0.875 0.750 0.625 0.500
a = L1/L 0.0174 d (mm) = 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
b = 1 - a - L2/L 0.9452

f) Point load due to cross girder

l = L = 24.098 m
F = P2 = 1.3073 t x = 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500
d (mm) = 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1

Total D.L. deflection (mm) 2.9 5.3 6.8 7.4

B) Inner girder (girder mkd. 3)

L = 23.938 m L1 = 0.42 m
w1 = 4.692 t/m L2 = 0.9 m
w2 = 3.459 t/m E = 3050000 t/m2
w3 = 0.327 t/m I = 0.9634 m4
P2 = 2.615 t EI = 2938325 t-m2

Loading and its type L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2

a) UDL over full span
l = L = 23.938 m x = 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500
F = (w2 + w3) x L = 90.6391 t d (mm) = 2.1 3.9 5.1 5.5

b) Partial UDL 1
l = L = 23.938 m
F = (w1 - w2) x L1 = 0.5179 t x = 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500
a = 0 d (mm) = 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
b = 1 - a - L1/L 0.9825
c) Partial UDL 2
l = L = 23.938 m
F = (w1 - w2) x L1 = 0.5179 t x = 0.875 0.750 0.625 0.500
a = 0 d (mm) = 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
b = 1 - a - L1/L 0.9825

d) Partial triangular load 1

l = L = 23.938 m
F = 0.5 (w1 - w2) x L2 = 0.5549 t x = 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500
a = L1/L 0.0175 d (mm) = 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
b = 1 - a - L2/L 0.9449

e) Partial triangular load 2

l = L = 23.938 m
F = 0.5 (w1 - w2) x L2 = 0.5549 t x = 0.875 0.750 0.625 0.500
a = L1/L 0.0175 d (mm) = 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
b = 1 - a - L2/L 0.9449

f) Point load due to cross girder

l = L = 23.938 m
F = P2 = 2.6145 t x = 0.125 0.250 0.375 0.500
d (mm) = 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3

Total D.L. deflection (mm) 2.2 4.1 5.3 5.8

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1 + 2a - b = 0.090
1-a-b = 0.0373

1 + 2a - b = 0.090
1-a-b = 0.0373
1 + 2a - b = 0.090
1-a-b = 0.0376

1 + 2a - b = 0.090
1-a-b = 0.0376
DESIGN OF SUPRSTRUCTURE FOR 24.0 M SPAN ON CURVE

1. INPUT DATA :

General

Grade of Concrete M30

Grade of steel reinforcement Fe 415
Overall length of span at c/L of 4-lane ROB, ( L ) 24.0 m
(measured as c/c dist. betn. exp. gaps)
Overall width of 4-lane bridge 24.0 m
Overall width of bridge (one two lane part) 10.25 m
Length of cantilever 1.525 m
Width of carriageway 8.5 m
Width of safety kerb 0.75 m
Thickness of safety kerb 300 mm
Width of crash barrier 0.5 m
Radius of curvature (R) at c/L of 4-lane ROB 360 m
Camber of carriageway portion 7.0 %
Thickness of RCC slab 250 mm
Thickness of wearing coat 62 mm
Expansion gap 40 mm

Longitudinal girder
Overall depth of girder (h) 2.4 m
No. of Longitudinal girders 4
C/c spacing 2.4 m
overhang beynd c/L of bearing 0.28 m

Cross girder
No. of cross girders 3
Depth of rib 1.75 m

Variation of length of long girders :-

The length of girders varies due to the alignment being on curve and increases towards right side
carriageway (as facing towards Ranigunj ).
cL of 4-Lane
ROB

3275
1

2400
2

2400 cL of long girders

3
 cL of long girders
3

2400
4

cL of pier
cL of pier

Overall span length at c/L of 4-lane (L) 24.0 m

Radius of curvature of c/L of 4-lane alignment ( Rc ) 360 m
Expansion gap ( g ) 40 mm
Length of overhang 0.28 m
Total length of girder at any distance 'x' metre from c/L of 4-Lane may be expraessed as,
Lg = L(Rc + x) / Rc - g/1000 metre

Effective span length of girder (Lg eff) = Lg - 2x overhang.

Average
Girder mkd x (m) Lg (m) Effective span (m) Effective span (m)

1 3.275 24.178 23.618

2 5.675 24.338 23.778
23.858
3 8.075 24.498 23.938
4 10.475 24.658 24.098
SECTION PROPERTIES
b
1. Outer girder (span) (2) (3)
(4) (5)

(1)

(8) (9)
(6) (7)

Flexiral stiffness

Cg from Icg(i) +
Id No. bi di A bottom A x d'i A x (d'i )2 Icg(i)
(d'i) A (di)2

(m) (m) (m2) (m) (m3) (m4) (m4) (m4)

1 0.3250 2.4000 0.7800 1.2000 0.9360 1.1232 0.3744 1.4976
2 1.3625 0.2000 0.2725 2.3000 0.6268 1.4415 0.0009 1.4424
3 1.0375 0.2500 0.2594 2.2750 0.5901 1.3424 0.0014 1.3438
4 1.3625 0.1000 0.0681 2.1667 0.1476 0.3198 0.0000 0.3198
5 0.3000 0.1500 0.0225 2.1000 0.0473 0.0992 0.0000 0.0993
6 0.1500 0.2500 0.0375 0.1250 0.0047 0.0006 0.0002 0.0008
7 0.1500 0.2500 0.0375 0.1250 0.0047 0.0006 0.0002 0.0008
8 0.1500 0.1500 0.0113 0.3000 0.0034 0.0010 0.0000 0.0010
9 0.1500 0.1500 0.0113 0.3000 0.0034 0.0010 0.0000 0.0010
Total = 1.5000 2.3638 4.7065
Resultant Cg from bottom = 1.5759 m
Total moment of inertia about Cg = 0.9815 m4

Torsional stiffness 2725

Id No. Bi ti Bi/ti Constant J0 259.4

(m) (m) (m )
4

1 2.7250 0.2594 10.5060 0.33000 0.01569 325

2 0.6250 0.3250 1.9231 0.22538 0.00484 1815.6
3 1.8156 0.3250 5.5865 0.33000 0.02057
Total : 0.03325
325
625

Idealised section of girder

 b
2. Outer girder (support) (2) (3)
(4) (5)

(1)

Flexiral stiffness

Cg from Icg(i) +
Id No. bi di A bottom A x d'i A x (d'i )2 Icg(i)
(d'i) A (di)2

(m) (m) (m2) (m) (m3) (m4) (m4) (m4)

1 0.6250 2.4000 1.5000 1.2000 1.8000 2.1600 0.7200 2.8800
2 1.2125 0.2000 0.2425 2.3000 0.5578 1.2828 0.0008 1.2836
3 0.8875 0.2500 0.2219 2.2750 0.5048 1.1483 0.0012 1.1495
4 1.2125 0.1500 0.0909 2.1500 0.1955 0.4204 0.0001 0.4205
5 0.1500 0.0750 0.0056 2.1250 0.0120 0.0254 0.0000 0.0254
Total = 2.0609 3.0700 5.7590
Resultant Cg from bottom = 1.4896 m
Total moment of inertia about Cg = 1.1859 m4

Torsional stiffness 2725

Id No. Bi ti Bi/ti Constant J0 267.1

(m) (m) (m )
4

1 2.7250 0.2671 10.2017 0.33000 0.01714 625

2 2.1329 0.6250 3.4126 0.26619 0.13861 2132.9
Total : 0.14718

Idealised section of girder

 b
3. Inner girder (span) (2) (3)
(4) (5)

(1)

(8) (9)
(6) (7)

Flexiral stiffness

Cg from Icg(i) +
Id No. bi di A bottom A x d'i A x (d'i )2 Icg(i)
(d'i) A (di)2

(m) (m) (m2) (m) (m3) (m4) (m4) (m4)

1 0.3250 2.4000 0.7800 1.2000 0.9360 1.1232 0.3744 1.4976
2 1.0375 0.2500 0.2594 2.2750 0.5901 1.3424 0.0014 1.3438
3 1.0375 0.2500 0.2594 2.2750 0.5901 1.3424 0.0014 1.3438
4 0.3000 0.1500 0.0225 2.1000 0.0473 0.0992 0.0000 0.0993
5 0.3000 0.1500 0.0225 2.1000 0.0473 0.0992 0.0000 0.0993
6 0.1500 0.2500 0.0375 0.1250 0.0047 0.0006 0.0002 0.0008
7 0.1500 0.2500 0.0375 0.1250 0.0047 0.0006 0.0002 0.0008
8 0.1500 0.1500 0.0113 0.3000 0.0034 0.0010 0.0000 0.0010
9 0.1500 0.1500 0.0113 0.3000 0.0034 0.0010 0.0000 0.0010
Total = 1.4413 2.2268 4.3873
Resultant Cg from bottom = 1.5450 m
Total moment of inertia about Cg = 0.9468 m4

Torsional stiffness 2400

Id No. Bi ti Bi/ti Constant J0 271.7

(m) (m) (m )
4

1 2.4000 0.2717 8.8337 0.33000 0.01588 325

2 0.6250 0.3250 1.9231 0.22538 0.00484 1803.3
3 1.8033 0.3250 5.5487 0.33000 0.02043
Total : 0.03321
325
625

Idealised section of girder

 b
4. Inner girder (support) (2) (3)
(4) (5)

(1)

Flexiral stiffness

Cg from Icg(i) +
Id No. bi di A bottom A x d'i A x (d'i )2 Icg(i)
(d'i) A (di)2

(m) (m) (m2) (m) (m3) (m4) (m4) (m4)

1 0.6250 2.4000 1.5000 1.2000 1.8000 2.1600 0.7200 2.8800
2 0.8875 0.2500 0.2219 2.2750 0.5048 1.1483 0.0012 1.1495
3 0.8875 0.2500 0.2219 2.2750 0.5048 1.1483 0.0012 1.1495
4 0.1500 0.0750 0.0056 2.1250 0.0120 0.0254 0.0000 0.0254
5 0.1500 0.0750 0.0056 2.1250 0.0120 0.0254 0.0000 0.0254
Total = 1.9550 2.8334 5.2298
Resultant Cg from bottom = 1.4493 m
Total moment of inertia about Cg = 1.1232 m4

Torsional stiffness 2400

Id No. Bi ti Bi/ti Constant J0 256.3

(m) (m) (m )
4

1 2.4000 0.2563 9.3626 0.33000 0.01334 625

2 2.1437 0.6250 3.4299 0.26645 0.13945 2143.7
Total : 0.14612

Idealised section of girder

 b
5. Intermediate cross girder (2) (3)

(1)
Average effective span length of long girders =
23.858 m
d
b1 + b2 + b3 = 23.858 / 2 = 11.929 m

Flexiral stiffness

Cg from Icg(i) +
Id No. bi di A bottom A x d'i A x (d'i )2 Icg(i)
(d'i) A (di)2

(m) (m) (m2) (m) (m3) (m4) (m4) (m4)

1 0.3000 2.0000 0.6000 1.0000 0.6000 0.6000 0.2000 0.8000
2 5.8146 0.2500 1.4536 1.8750 2.7256 5.1105 0.0076 5.1180
3 5.8146 0.2500 1.4536 1.8750 2.7256 5.1105 0.0076 5.1180
Total = 3.5073 6.0512 11.0361
Area of rib = 0.5250 m2 Resultant Cg from bottom = 1.7253 m
Total moment of inertia about Cg = 0.5959 m4

Torsional stiffness 11929

Id No. Bi ti Bi/ti Constant J0 250.0

(m) (m) (m )
4

1 11.9292 0.2500 47.7167 0.33000 0.06151 300

2 1.7500 0.3000 5.8333 0.33000 0.01559 1750.0
Total : 0.04635

Idealised section of girder

 b
6. End cross girder (2) (3)

(1)

Flexiral stiffness

Cg from Icg(i) +
Id No. bi di A bottom A x d'i A x (d'i )2 Icg(i)
(d'i) A (di)2

(m) (m) (m2) (m) (m3) (m4) (m4) (m4)

1 0.3000 2.0000 0.6000 1.0000 0.6000 0.6000 0.2000 0.8000
2 0.1300 0.2500 0.0325 1.8750 0.0609 0.1143 0.0002 0.1144
3 5.8146 0.2500 1.4536 1.8750 2.7256 5.1105 0.0076 5.1180
Total = 2.0861 3.3865 6.0325
Area of rib = 0.5250 m
2
Resultant Cg from bottom = 1.6233 m
Total moment of inertia about Cg = 0.5350 m4

Torsional stiffness 6245

Id No. Bi ti Bi/ti Constant J0 250.0

(m) (m) (m )
4

1 6.2446 0.2500 24.9783 0.33000 0.03220 300

2 1.7500 0.3000 5.8333 0.33000 0.01559 1750.0
Total : 0.03169

Idealised section of girder

SUMMARY OF SECTIONAL PROPERTIES AT DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE GIRDER

Support L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2

2. Outer girder
a) cross sectinal area (m2) 2.0609 1.5000 1.5000 1.5000 1.5000
b) flexural moment of inertia (m4) 1.1859 0.9815 0.9815 0.9815 0.9815
c) torsional moment of inertia (m4) 0.1472 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332

1. Inner girder
a) cross sectinal area (m2) 1.9550 1.4413 1.4413 1.4413 1.4413
b) flexural moment of inertia (m ) 4
1.1232 0.9468 0.9468 0.9468 0.9468
c) torsional moment of inertia (m4) 0.1461 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332

3. Intermediate cross girder

length of each part = 2.0750 m
a) cross sectinal area = 0.5250 m2
b) flexural moment of inertia = 0.5959 m4
c) torsional moment of inertia = 0.0463 m4

4. End cross girder

length of each part = 1.7750 m
a) cross sectinal area = 0.5250 m2
b) flexural moment of inertia = 0.5350 m4
c) torsional moment of inertia = 0.0317 m4

Lg

700 900 L' 900 700

325

625
PLAN OF GIRDER AT WEB LEVEL

L' = Lg - 2 x ( 0.7 + 0.9 )

Weighted average of 'I' of long girders :-

Girder 1 Girder 2 Girder 3 Girder 4

Length, Lg (m) 24.178 24.338 24.498 24.658

At supprt
a. Moment of inertia (m4) 1.1859 1.1232 1.1232 1.1859
b. Length (m) 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
c. a x b 1.6603 1.5725 1.5725 1.6603
At middle
a. Moment of inertia (m4) 0.9815 0.9468 0.9468 0.9815
b. Length (m) 20.978 21.138 21.298 21.458
c. a x b 20.5896 20.0143 20.1658 21.0607

Transition
a. Average moment of inertia (m4) 1.0837 1.0350 1.0350 1.0837
b. Length (m) 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
c. a x b 1.9507 1.8630 1.8630 1.9507

Wieghted 'I' for individual girder

1.0009 0.9635 0.9634 1.0005
= Sc / Lg = S(axb) / Lg

Gross weighted average, I (m4) 0.9821

Weighted average of 'J' of long girders :-

Girder 1 Girder 2 Girder 3 Girder 4

Length, Lg (m) 24.178 24.338 24.498 24.658

At supprt
a. Torsional stiffness (m4) 0.1472 0.1461 0.1461 0.1472
b. Length (m) 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4
c. a x b 0.2061 0.2046 0.2046 0.2061

At middle
a. Torsional stiffness (m4) 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332 0.0332
b. Length (m) 20.978 21.138 21.298 21.458
c. a x b 0.6975 0.7019 0.7072 0.7135

Transition
a. Average torsional stiffness (m4) 0.0902 0.0897 0.0897 0.0902
b. Length (m) 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
c. a x b 0.1624 0.1614 0.1614 0.1624

Wieghted 'J' for individual girder

= Sc / Lg = S(axb) / Lg 0.0441 0.0439 0.0438 0.0439

Gross weighted average, J (m4) 0.0439

Weighted average of 'I1' & 'J1' of cross girders :-

I1 = ( 1 x 0.5959 + 2 x 0.535 ) / 3 = 0.5553 m4

J1 = ( 1 x 0.0463 + 2 x 0.0317 ) / 3 = 0.0366 m4

ANALYSYS FOR TRANSVERSE LOAD DISTRIBUTION :-

 .----- By Morrice & Little method

Structural data :

Avg effective span 2a = 23.858 m

No. of long girders n = 4
spacing of long girders p = 2.4 m
Effective width 2b = 9.6 m
No. of cross girders m = 3
Spacing of cross girders (avg.) q = 11.929 m

Flexural moment of inertia of long girder I = 0.9821 m4

Distributed longitudinal stiffness i = I/p = 0.4092024 m4/m
Flexural moment of inertia of cross girder I1 = 0.5553 m4
Distributed transverse stiffness i1 = I1/q = 0.0465503 m4/m
Bending stiffness parameter q = b/2a x (i/i1)1/4 = 0.3464217

Torsional stiffness of long girder J = 0.0439 m4

Distributed longitudinal stiffness j = J/p = 0.0182964 m4/m
Torsional stiffness of cross girder J1 = 0.0366 m4
Distributed transverse stiffness j1 = J1/q = 0.0030662 m4/m
Young's modulus E (as per table 9 of IRC : 21-2000) 30.5 Gpa
Poison ratio of concrete m = 0.15
Rigidity modulus G = E / 2(1+m) = 13.26087 GPa
Torsional parameter a = G(j + j1)/2E(i.i1)1/2 = 0.0336485

Equivalent structure & standard reference points :-

Width of equivalent structure, 2b = np = 9.6 m

2b = np 9600

-b -3b/4 -b/2 -b/4 0 +b/4 +b/2 +3b/4 +b

Equivalent Load 'l' :-

As this stretch of the ROB is on the curve, effect of cenrtrifugal force have to be taken into account. It may be
done by increasing reaction of outer wheel and accordingly decreasing the same of inner wheel as shown next.

As per Cl. 215.2 of IRC : 6-2000, Hc = W V2 / 127R

Hc
Here, W = 2W W W
V = 100 kmph
h
R = 360 m

So, Hc = 0.4374 W
a

Net reaction at right wheel, WR = W + Hc x h / a = W + 0.5249 / a

Net reaction at left wheel, WL = W - Hc x h / a = W - 0.5249 / a [ as h = 1.2 m]

Net reaction at wheel for following loadings

Loading type a (m) WL (m) WR (m)

a) Class 70R wheeled 1.93 0.7280 W 1.2720 W

b) Class A wheeled 1.8 0.7084 W 1.2916 W

c) Class 70 tracked 2.06 0.7452 W 1.2548 W

Transverse positioning of vehicles (vide Cl. 207.1 of IRC : 6-2000) w.r.t the equivalent structure :-

500
4625 4625

Actual structure
0.728W
1065 1930
a) Single lane 70R wheeled

1075
0.708W 1.292W 0.708W

b) Double lane Class A wheeled 1800 1700

525 2900

840
c) Single lane 70R tracked
0.745W
WWWWWWW WWWWWWW

-b -3b/4 -b/2 -b/4 0 +b/4 +b/2

2b = np = 9600

Equivalent structure

'l' at reference stations

 -b -3b/4 -b/2 -b/4 0 +b/4
a) Single lane Class 70R wheeled vehicles 0 0 0 0 0.0819 0.6461
b) Double lane Class A wheeled vehicles 0 0 0 0.6346 0.5851 0.7803
c) Single lane Class 70R tracked vehicles 0 0 0 0 0.1684 0.5667

Unit load distribution co-efficient, K0 :

q = 0.346 a =0
Load Reference station
Position -b -3b/4 -b/2 -b/4 0 +b/4 +b/2 +3b/4 +b
-b 4.20 3.34 2.43 1.63 0.79 0.16 -0.54 -1.10 -1.71
-3b/4 3.34 2.75 2.09 1.50 0.93 0.39 -0.16 -0.61 -1.10
-b/2 2.43 2.09 1.74 1.39 0.98 0.64 0.24 -0.16 -0.54
-b/4 1.63 1.50 1.39 1.25 1.08 0.89 0.64 0.39 0.16
0 0.79 0.93 0.98 1.08 1.15 1.08 0.98 0.93 0.79
+b/4 0.16 0.39 0.64 0.89 1.08 1.25 1.39 1.50 1.63
+b/2 -0.54 -0.16 0.24 0.64 0.98 1.39 1.74 2.09 2.43
+3b/4 -1.10 -0.61 -0.16 0.39 0.93 1.50 2.09 2.75 3.34
+b -1.71 -1.10 -0.54 0.16 0.79 1.63 2.43 3.34 4.20

Unit load distribution co-efficient, K1 :

q = 0.346 a =1
Load Reference station
Position -b -3b/4 -b/2 -b/4 0 +b/4 +b/2 +3b/4 +b
-b 1.75 1.48 1.26 1.06 0.92 0.80 0.72 0.62 0.54
-3b/4 1.48 1.36 1.22 1.07 0.97 0.86 0.77 0.69 0.62
-b/2 1.26 1.22 1.16 1.08 1.00 0.93 0.85 0.77 0.72
-b/4 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.08 1.04 0.97 0.93 0.86 0.80
0 0.92 0.97 1.00 1.04 1.06 1.04 1.00 0.97 0.92
+b/4 0.80 0.86 0.93 0.97 1.04 1.08 1.08 1.07 1.06
+b/2 0.72 0.77 0.85 0.93 1.00 1.08 1.16 1.22 1.26
+3b/4 0.62 0.69 0.77 0.86 0.97 1.07 1.22 1.36 1.48
+b 0.54 0.62 0.72 0.80 0.92 1.06 1.26 1.48 1.75

Unit load distribution co-efficient, Ka :

q = 0.346 a = 0.0336 Ka = K0 + (K1 - K0)a1/2

Load Reference station
Position -b -3b/4 -b/2 -b/4 0 +b/4 +b/2 +3b/4 +b
-b 3.75 3.00 2.22 1.53 0.81 0.28 -0.31 -0.78 -1.30
-3b/4 3.00 2.50 1.93 1.42 0.94 0.48 0.01 -0.37 -0.78
-b/2 2.22 1.93 1.63 1.33 0.98 0.69 0.35 0.01 -0.31
-b/4 1.53 1.42 1.33 1.22 1.07 0.90 0.69 0.48 0.28
0 0.81 0.94 0.98 1.07 1.13 1.07 0.98 0.94 0.81
+b/4 0.28 0.48 0.69 0.90 1.07 1.22 1.33 1.42 1.53
 +b/2 -0.31 0.01 0.35 0.69 0.98 1.33 1.63 1.93 2.22
+3b/4 -0.78 -0.37 0.01 0.48 0.94 1.42 1.93 2.50 3.00
+b -1.30 -0.78 -0.31 0.28 0.81 1.53 2.22 3.00 3.75

Distribution co-efficient, K' for single lane of Class 70R wheeled vehicles

Load Equivalent load l.Ka at reference station

Position multiplier l -b -3b/4 -b/2 -b/4 0 +b/4 +b/2
-b 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-3b/4 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-b/2 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-b/4 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0 0.0819 0.07 0.08 0.08 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08
+b/4 0.6461 0.18 0.31 0.45 0.58 0.69 0.79 0.86
+b/2 0.6413 -0.20 0.01 0.23 0.44 0.63 0.85 1.05
+3b/4 0.6307 -0.49 -0.23 0.01 0.30 0.59 0.90 1.22
+b 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
S l .Ka (columnwise) -0.45 0.16 0.76 1.42 2.01 2.63 3.21
K' = S l .Ka / S l = -0.22 0.08 0.38 0.71 1.00 1.31 1.60

Distribution co-efficient, K' for double lane of Class A wheeled vehicles

Load Equivalent load l.Ka at reference station

Position multiplier l -b -3b/4 -b/2 -b/4 0 +b/4 +b/2
-b 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-3b/4 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-b/2 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-b/4 0.6346 0.97 0.90 0.85 0.77 0.68 0.57 0.44
0 0.5851 0.48 0.55 0.58 0.63 0.66 0.63 0.58
+b/4 0.7803 0.22 0.37 0.54 0.71 0.84 0.95 1.04
+b/2 0.6936 -0.21 0.01 0.24 0.48 0.68 0.92 1.13
+3b/4 0.6337 -0.50 -0.24 0.01 0.30 0.59 0.90 1.22
+b 0.6727 -0.87 -0.53 -0.21 0.19 0.55 1.03 1.49
S l .Ka (columnwise) 0.08 1.07 2.01 3.08 4.00 5.00 5.90
K' = S l .Ka / S l = 0.02 0.27 0.50 0.77 1.00 1.25 1.48

Distribution co-efficient, K' for single lane of Class 70R wheeled vehicles

Load Equivalent load l.Ka at reference station

Position multiplier l -b -3b/4 -b/2 -b/4 0 +b/4 +b/2
-b 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-3b/4 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-b/2 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-b/4 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0 0.1684 0.14 0.16 0.17 0.18 0.19 0.18 0.17
+b/4 0.5667 0.16 0.27 0.39 0.51 0.61 0.69 0.76
+b/2 0.6363 -0.20 0.01 0.22 0.44 0.63 0.85 1.04
+3b/4 0.6326 -0.50 -0.24 0.01 0.30 0.59 0.90 1.22
 +b 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
S l .Ka (columnwise) -0.40 0.20 0.79 1.44 2.02 2.62 3.18
K' = S l .Ka / S l = -0.20 0.10 0.39 0.72 1.01 1.31 1.59

Reference station offset (m) -4.8 -3.6 -2.4 -1.2 0 1.2 2.4

Girder location offset (m) -3.6 -1.2 1.2

Distribution co-efficient, K at girder locations

Row
Loading type Girder 1 Girder 2 Girder 3 Girder 4
integral
Single lane Class 70R wheeled vehicles 0.078 0.709 1.313 1.903 4.0
Double lane Class A wheeled vehicles 0.267 0.769 1.251 1.724 4.0
Single lane Class 70R tracked vehicles 0.100 0.716 1.307 1.881 4.0

For the purpose of design of long girders, distribution co-efficient of extreme right girder mkd 4 and intermediate girder mkd 3
will be taken into account. To obtain moment and shear on individual girders, total mement and shear is to be multiplied by
the above distribution co-efficients divided by the respective row integral.
Total dead wieght of the superstructure incuding SIDL :-

1. Self wt. of long girders including deck :-

Unit wt of concrete = 2.4 t/m3

Girder 1 Girder 2 Girder 3 Girder 4

Near support
c/s area(m2) 2.061 1.955 1.955 2.061
Wt per metre (t/m) 4.946 4.692 4.692 4.946
Length (m) 1.400 1.400 1.400 1.400
Total wt (t) 6.925 6.569 6.569 6.925

At middle
c/s area(m2) 1.500 1.441 1.441 1.500
Wt per metre (t/m) 3.600 3.459 3.459 3.600
Length (m) 20.978 21.138 21.298 21.458
Total wt (t) 75.522 73.117 73.671 77.250

Transition
Avg c/s area(m2) 1.780 1.698 1.698 1.780
Length (m) 1.800 1.800 1.800 1.800
Total wt (t) 7.692 7.336 7.336 7.692

Wt of individual girder (t) = 90.138 87.022 87.576 91.866

Reaction on either side
bearing (t) = 45.069 43.511 43.788 45.933

Wt of all girders (t) = 356.603

2. Wt of cross girders coming on main girders :-

Girder 1 Girder 2 Girder 3 Girder 4

Intermediate cross girder

c/s area(m2) 0.525 0.525 0.525 0.525
Influence length (m) 1.038 2.075 2.075 1.038
Total wt (t) 1.307 2.615 2.615 1.307

End cross girder 1

c/s area(m2) 0.525 0.525 0.525 0.525
Influence length (m) 0.888 1.775 1.775 0.888
Total wt (t) 1.118 2.237 2.237 1.118

End cross girder 2

Avg c/s area(m2) 0.525 0.525 0.525 0.525
Influence length (m) 0.888 1.775 1.775 0.888
Total wt (t) 1.118 2.237 2.237 1.118
Total wt of cross girders
coming on long girders (t) 3.544 7.088 7.088 3.544

Reaction on either side

bearing (t) = 1.772 3.544 3.544 1.772

Wt of all cross girders (t) 21.263

3. SIDL coming on main girders :-

CL of 4 Lane Bridge

RIGHT CARRIAGEWAY

500 8500 750 500

Carriageway safety kerb

crash barrier 62mm thk w. c. 300

1525 2400 2400 2400 1525

2 3 4
1

Girder 1 Girder 2 Girder 3 Girder 4

1. Wearing coat
a) length (m) 24.178 24.338 24.498 24.658
b) width (m) 2.225 2.400 2.400 1.475
c) thickness (m) 0.062 0.062 0.062 0.062
d) sectional area (t/m2) = (b) x ( c) 0.138 0.149 0.149 0.091
e) unit weight (t/m3) 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2
f) udl (t/m) = (d) x ( e) 0.303 0.327 0.327 0.201
g) total weight (t) = (a) x ( f) 7.338 7.967 8.020 4.961

2. Safety kerb
a) length (m) 24.658
b) width (m) 0.750
c) thickness (m) 0.300
d) sectional area (t/m2) = (b) x ( c) 0.225
e) unit weight (t/m3) 2.4
f) udl (t/m) = (d) x ( e) 0.540
g) total weight (t) = (a) x ( f) 13.316

3. Crash Barrier
a) length (m) 24.178 24.658
b) udl (t/m) 0.7 0.7
 c) Total weight (t) = (a) x (b) 16.925 17.261

Total udl (t/m) 1.003 0.327 0.327 1.441

Total SIDL coming on long girders (t) 24.263 7.967 8.020 35.537
Reaction on either side bearing (t) 12.131 3.984 4.010 17.769
Total SIDL on the span (t) 75.787

DESIGN OF LONGITUDINAL GIRDER

Analysis of Dead Load and SIDL :-

Dead load & SIDL as obtained earlier is to be taken into account for obtaining B.M. & S.F.

P1 P2 P1

w3

0.7 m 0.9 m 0.9 m 0.7 m

w1 w1
w2

a L a

In the sketch shown above,

L = Effective length of span
a = Overhang
w1, w2 = Udl due to self-weight including deck
w3 = Udl due to SIDL
P1, P2 = Concentrated load due to cross girders

A) Outer girder (girder mkd. 4)

L = 24.098 m
a = 0.28 m
w1 = 4.946 t/m
w2 = 3.600 t/m
w3 = 1.441 t/m
P1 = 1.118 t
P2 = 1.307 t

Reaction at support = 65.474

Moment and shear at different sections may easily be obtained by simple calculation. The values are tabulated below.

Support L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2

 Bending Moment (t-m) -- 162.375 278.702 349.286 374.126

Shear Force (t) 62.944 46.210 31.025 15.839 --

B) Inner girder (girder mkd. 3)

L = 23.938 m
a = 0.28 m
w1 = 4.692 t/m
w2 = 3.459 t/m
w3 = 0.327 t/m
P1 = 2.237 t
P2 = 2.615 t

Reaction at support = 51.341

Support L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2

Bending Moment (t-m) -- 122.881 211.549 266.314 287.177

Shear Force (t) 48.045 35.297 23.967 12.637 --

Analysis of Live Load :-

Effective span length of the longest girder = 24.098 m

Calculation of Live Load moment and shear force :-

Analysis will be done adopting the longest girder length.

The standard loadings (as per cl. 207 of IRC : 6-2000) which may produce worst effect are

Loading name Impact percentage as per Cl. 211 of IRC : 6-2000

a) Single lane of class 70R wheeled vehicles 15.0

b) Double lane of class A wheeled vehicles 15.0
a) Single lane of class 70R tracked vehicles 10.0

8t 12 t 12 t 17 t 17 t 17 t 17 t
3960 1520 2130 1370 3050 1370

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Single lane of Class 70R wheeled vehicles

17 t 17 t 17 t 17 t 12 t 12 t 8t
1370 3050 1370 2130 1520 3960

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Single lane of Class 70R wheeled vehicles (Reverse train)

5.4 t 5.4 t 22.8 t 22.8 t 13.6 t 13.6 t 13.6 t 13.6 t

1100 3200 1200 4300 3000 3000 3000

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

Double lane of Class A wheeled vehicles

13.6 t 13.6 t 13.6 t 13.6 t 22.8 t 22.8 t 5.4 t 5.4 t

3000 3000 3000 4300 1200 3200 1100

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

Double lane of Class A wheeled vehicles (Reverse train)

4570

70 T
WWWWW WWWWWWWWWWWWW WWWWWWWW

Single lane of Class 70R tracked vehicles

A) Bending moment

A L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2 B

280 280
L = 24098

At section L/8, i.e., at a distance of 3.012 m from left support A .

a) Class 70R wheeled (normal train)

Moment at this section

Disposition
Dist from Distof the Reaction at Net moment
of loading
Axle mkd.
Axle load previous axle from
producing
Dist from A due to Moment due Moment due =col(8)
(t) wheel axle mkd. 1 supp A (m) axle load to RA to axle Loads
maximum +S
(m) (m) (t) of LHS
moment (t-m) (t-m) col(9)
(t-m)

(1) (2) (3) (5) (4) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
1 8.0 0.000 -0.948 0.000 0.000
2 12.0 3.960 3.960 Axle mkd 3.012 10.500 0.000
3 12.0 1.520 5.480 2 4.532 9.743 0.000
4 17.0 2.130 7.610 on the 6.662 12.300 184.577 0.000 184.577
5 17.0 1.370 8.980 section 8.032 11.334 0.000
6 17.0 3.050 12.030 11.082 9.182 0.000
7 17.0 1.370 13.400 12.452 8.216 0.000
Total = 61.275 0.000

Class 70R wheeled (reverse train)

Moment at this section

Disposition
Dist from Distof the Reaction at Net moment
of loading
Axle mkd.
Axle load previous axle from
producing
Dist from A due to Moment due Moment due =col(8)
(t) wheel axle mkd. 1 supp A (m) axle load to RA to axle Loads
maximum +S
(m) (m) (t) of LHS
moment (t-m) col(9)
(t-m)
(t-m)

(1) (2) (3) (5) (4) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
1 17.0 0.000 1.642 15.841 -23.290
2 17.0 1.370 1.370 Axle mkd 3.012 14.875 0.000
3 17.0 3.050 4.420 2 6.062 12.723 0.000
4 17.0 1.370 5.790 on the 7.432 11.757 216.653 0.000 193.363
5 12.0 2.130 7.920 section 9.562 7.238 0.000
6 12.0 1.520 9.440 11.082 6.481 0.000
7 8.0 3.960 13.400 15.042 3.006 0.000
Total = 71.923 -23.290
b) Class A wheeled (normal train)

Moment at this section

Disposition
Dist from Distof the Reaction at Net moment
of loading
Axle mkd.
Axle load previous axle from
producing
Dist from A due to Moment due Moment due =col(8)
(t) wheel axle mkd. 1 supp A (m) axle load to RA to axle Loads
maximum +S
(m) (m) (t) of LHS
moment (t-m) (t-m) col(9)
(t-m)

(1) (2) (3) (5) (4) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
1 5.4 0.000 -1.288 0.000 0.000
2 5.4 1.100 1.100 Axle mkd -0.188 5.442 -17.280
3 22.8 3.200 4.300 3 3.012 19.950 0.000
4 22.8 1.200 5.500 on the 4.212 18.815 208.549 0.000 191.269
5 13.6 4.300 9.800 section 8.512 8.796 0.000
6 13.6 3.000 12.800 11.512 7.103 0.000
7 13.6 3.000 15.800 14.512 5.410 0.000
8 13.6 3.000 18.800 17.512 3.717 0.000
Total = 69.233 -17.280

Class A wheeled (reverse train)

Moment at this section

Disposition
Dist from Distof the Reaction at Net moment
of loading
Axle mkd.
Axle load previous axle from
producing
Dist from A due to Moment due Moment due =col(8)
(t) wheel axle mkd. 1 supp A (m) axle load to RA to axle Loads
maximum +S
(m) (m) (t) of LHS
moment (t-m) col(9)
(t-m)
(t-m)

(1) (2) (3) (5) (4) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
1 13.6 0.000 0.012 13.593 -40.800
2 13.6 3.000 3.000 Axle mkd 3.012 11.900 0.000
3 13.6 3.000 6.000 2 6.012 10.207 0.000
4 13.6 3.000 9.000 on the 9.012 8.514 199.124 0.000 158.324
5 22.8 4.300 13.300 section 13.312 10.205 0.000
6 22.8 1.200 14.500 14.512 9.070 0.000
7 5.4 3.200 17.700 17.712 1.431 0.000
8 5.4 1.100 18.800 18.812 1.185 0.000
Total = 66.104 -40.800

c) Class 70R tracked

l
x
W
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Here in our case, L = 24.098 m ; l = 4.57 m ; W = 70 t

From the theory of ILD, for maximum moment at L/8 x = (1 - I/L).L/8 = 2.441 m

RA = W.(L - x -l /2) / L = 56.272 t

Moment, M = RA.L/8 - W/l .{ (L/8 - x)2 / 2 } = 167.008 t-m

B) Shear force :-

At section L/8, i.e., at a distance of 3.012 m from left support A .

a) Class 70R wheeled (normal train)

Disposition
Dist from Distof the Reaction at Axle load at Shear force
of loading
Axle load previous axle from Dist from A due to LHS of the = Scol(7)
Axle mkd. producing
(t) wheel axle mkd. 1 supp A (m) axle load section - Scol(8)
maximum
(m) (m) (t) (t) (t)
shear force

(1) (2) (3) (5) (4) (6) (7) (8) (9)

1 8.0 0.000 -0.948 0.000 0.000
2 12.0 3.960 3.960 Axle mkd 3.012 10.500 0.000
3 12.0 1.520 5.480 2 4.532 9.743 0.000
4 17.0 2.130 7.610 just at right 6.662 12.300 0.000 61.275
5 17.0 1.370 8.980 of the 8.032 11.334 0.000
6 17.0 3.050 12.030 section 11.082 9.182 0.000
7 17.0 1.370 13.400 12.452 8.216 0.000
Total = 61.275 0.000

Class 70R wheeled (reverse train)

Disposition
Dist from Distof the Reaction at Axle load at Shear force
of loading
Axle load previous axle from Dist from A due to LHS of the = Scol(7)
Axle mkd. producing
(t) wheel axle mkd. 1 supp A (m) axle load section - Scol(8)
maximum
(m) (m) (t) (t) (t)
shear force

(1) (2) (3) (5) (4) (6) (7) (8) (9)

1 17.0 0.000 3.012 14.875 0.000
2 17.0 1.370 1.370 Axle mkd 4.382 13.909 0.000
3 17.0 3.050 4.420 1 7.432 11.757 0.000
4 17.0 1.370 5.790 just at right 8.802 10.790 0.000 66.238
5 12.0 2.130 7.920 of the 10.932 6.556 0.000
6 12.0 1.520 9.440 section 12.452 5.799 0.000
7 8.0 3.960 13.400 16.412 2.552 0.000
Total = 66.238 0.000

b) Class A wheeled (normal train)

Disposition
Dist from Distof the Reaction at Axle load at Shear force
of loading
Axle load previous axle from Dist from A due to LHS of the = Scol(7)
Axle mkd. producing
(t) wheel axle mkd. 1 supp A (m) axle load section - Scol(8)
maximum
(m) (m) (t) (t) (t)
shear force

(1) (2) (3) (5) (4) (6) (7) (8) (9)

1 5.4 0.000 -1.288 0.000 0.000
2 5.4 1.100 1.100 Axle mkd -0.188 5.442 5.400
3 22.8 3.200 4.300 3 3.012 19.950 0.000
4 22.8 1.200 5.500 just at right 4.212 18.815 0.000
63.833
 63.833
5 13.6 4.300 9.800 of the 8.512 8.796 0.000
6 13.6 3.000 12.800 section 11.512 7.103 0.000
7 13.6 3.000 15.800 14.512 5.410 0.000
8 13.6 3.000 18.800 17.512 3.717 0.000
69.233 5.400

Class A wheeled (reverse train)

Disposition
Dist from Distof the Reaction at Axle load at Shear force
of loading
Axle load previous axle from Dist from A due to LHS of the = Scol(7)
Axle mkd. producing
(t) wheel axle mkd. 1 supp A (m) axle load section - Scol(8)
maximum
(m) (m) (t) (t) (t)
shear force

(1) (2) (3) (5) (4) (6) (7) (8) (9)

1 13.6 0.000 0.012 13.593 13.600
2 13.6 3.000 3.000 Axle mkd 3.012 11.900 0.000
3 13.6 3.000 6.000 2 6.012 10.207 0.000
4 13.6 3.000 9.000 just at right 9.012 8.514 0.000
52.504
5 22.8 4.300 13.300 of the 13.312 10.205 0.000
6 22.8 1.200 14.500 section 14.512 9.070 0.000
7 5.4 3.200 17.700 17.712 1.431 0.000
8 5.4 1.100 18.800 18.812 1.185 0.000
66.104 13.600

c) Class 70R tracked

l
x
W
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW

Here in our case, L = 24.098 m ; l = 4.57 m ; W = 70 t

From the theory of ILD, for maximum shear at L/8 x = L/8 = 3.012 m

Shear = RA = W.(L - x -l /2) / L = 54.613 t

Maximum moment and shear due to live load (without shear) at other loacations may be obtained by
similar calculations and are tabulated below.

SUMMARY OF MAXIMUM LIVE LOAD MOMENTS & SHEARS :-

Bending Moment

a) Without impact
Section at
Load Type SUPPORT L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2

Single lane class 70R wheeled 193.363 334.709 411.422 440.278

Double lane class A wheeled 191.269 327.428 395.771 396.260

 Single lane class 70R tracked 167.008 286.300 357.875 381.733

b) With impact
Section at
Load Type Impact (%) SUPPORT L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2

Single lane class 70R wheeled 15.0 222.273 384.751 472.934 506.104

Double lane class A wheeled 15.0 219.865 376.382 454.943 455.504

Single lane class 70R tracked 10.0 183.709 314.930 393.663 419.907

Shear Force

a) Without impact
Section at
Load Type SUPPORT L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2

Single lane class 70R wheeled 78.738 66.238 53.738 41.238

Double lane class A wheeled 76.290 63.833 50.271 36.421

Single lane class 70R tracked 63.363 54.613 45.863 37.113

b) With impact
Section at
Load Type Impact (%) SUPPORT L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2

Single lane class 70R wheeled 15.0 90.510 76.141 61.772 47.403

Double lane class A wheeled 15.0 87.697 73.376 57.787 41.866

Single lane class 70R tracked 10.0 69.699 60.074 50.449 40.824

Maximum L.L. moment and shear (with impact) on girders by transverse distribution :-

a) For single lane of Class 70R wheeled vehicles :-

Distribution Section at
Co-eff K
SUPPORT L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2

Outer girder
Maximum bending moment with impact 1.903 105.665 182.905 224.826 240.594

Maximum Shear force with impact 1.903 43.027 36.196 29.366 22.535

Inner girder
Maximum bending moment with impact 1.313 72.910 126.207 155.133 166.014

Maximum Shear force with impact 1.313 29.689 24.976 20.263 15.549

b) For double lane of Class A wheeled vehicles :-

 Distribution Section at
Co-eff K
SUPPORT L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2

Outer girder
Maximum bending moment with impact 1.724 94.518 161.804 195.576 195.818

Maximum Shear force with impact 1.724 37.700 31.544 24.842 17.998

Inner girder
Maximum bending moment with impact 1.251 68.580 117.400 141.904 142.079

Maximum Shear force with impact 1.251 27.354 22.887 18.025 13.059

c) For single lane of Class 70R tracked vehicles :-

Distribution Section at
Co-eff K
SUPPORT L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2

Outer girder
Maximum bending moment with impact 1.881 86.316 147.970 184.962 197.293

Maximum Shear force with impact 1.881 32.748 28.226 23.703 19.181

Inner girder
Maximum bending moment with impact 1.307 59.956 102.782 128.478 137.043

Maximum Shear force with impact 1.307 22.747 19.606 16.465 13.324

It is observed from the above that all the maximum moment and shear are produced by single lane of
Class 70 R wheeled vehicles.
Hence, LL moment and shear (including impact) to be taken into account for design of long girders are

Section at
SUPPORT L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2
Outer girder
Bending moment (t-m) 105.665 182.905 224.826 240.594
Shear force (t) 43.027 36.196 29.366 22.535
Inner girder
Bending moment (t-m) 72.910 126.207 155.133 166.014
Shear force (t) 29.689 24.976 20.263 15.549

We have already obtained DL + SIDL moment and shear as below

Section at
SUPPORT L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2
Outer girder
Bending moment (t-m) 162.375 278.702 349.286 374.126
Shear force (t) 62.944 46.210 31.025 15.839
Inner girder
Bending moment (t-m) 122.881 211.549 266.314 287.177
Shear force (t) 48.045 35.297 23.967 12.637

Design moment and shear [ DL + SIDL + LL ] :-

Section at
SUPPORT L/8 L/4 3L/8 L/2
Outer girder
Bending moment (t-m) 268.040 461.607 574.111 614.720

Shear force (t) 105.971 82.407 60.390 38.374

Inner girder
Bending moment (t-m) 195.792 337.756 421.447 453.191

Shear force (t) 77.734 60.273 44.230 28.187

 Bi/ti 1 1.5 2 3 5 5.0001
constant 0.14 0.2 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.33
0.740361 0.485181 0.37259 0.29 0.33
0.225385 0.227692 0.243846 0.29 0.33
0.445192 0.337596 0.298798 0.29 0.33
 Bi/ti 1 1.5 2 3 5 5.0001
constant 0.14 0.2 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.33
0.7221 0.47605 0.368025 0.29 0.33
0.314757 0.272379 0.266189 0.29 0.33
 Bi/ti 1 1.5 2 3 5 5.0001
constant 0.14 0.2 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.33
0.640022 0.435011 0.347506 0.29 0.33
0.225385 0.227692 0.243846 0.29 0.33
0.442919 0.33646 0.29823 0.29 0.33
 Bi/ti 1 1.5 2 3 5 5.0001
constant 0.14 0.2 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.33
0.671758 0.450879 0.35544 0.29 0.33
0.315792 0.272896 0.266448 0.29 0.33
 Bi/ti 1 1.5 2 3 5 5.0001
constant 0.14 0.2 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.33
2.973 1.6015 0.93075 0.29 0.33
0.46 0.345 0.3025 0.29 0.33
 Bi/ti 1 1.5 2 3 5 5.0001
constant 0.14 0.2 0.23 0.26 0.29 0.33
1.6087 0.91935 0.589675 0.29 0.33
0.46 0.345 0.3025 0.29 0.33
 500
4625

1.272W
1630

0.708W 1.292W

1800 400

1200

840

1.255W
WWWWWWW

+b/2 +3b/4 +b

stations
S l
+b/2 +3b/4 +b S l
0.6413 0.6307 0 2.0
0.6936 0.6337 0.6727 4.0
0.6363 0.6326 0 2.0

Row
integral
9.20
9.13
8.81
8.93
8.71
8.93
8.81
9.13
9.20

Row
integral
9.15
9.04
8.99
8.89
8.92
8.89
8.99
9.04
9.15

Row
integral
9.19
9.11
8.84
8.92
8.75
8.92
8.84
9.11
9.19

+3b/4 +b
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.08 0.07
0.92 0.99
1.24 1.42
1.57 1.89
0.00 0.00
3.81 4.36
1.90 2.18

+3b/4 +b
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.30 0.18
0.55 0.48
1.11 1.19
1.34 1.54
1.58 1.90
2.02 2.52
6.90 7.80
1.72 1.95

+3b/4 +b
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00
0.16 0.14
0.81 0.86
1.23 1.41
1.58 1.90
0.00 0.00
3.77 4.31
1.88 2.15

3.6 4.8

3.6
Lg = 24.658 m
Lg = 24.498 m
13.400

13.400
18.800

18.800
13.400

13.400

18.800
18.800
 Table 12B of IRC : 21-2000

tc (N/mm2) for conc grade

100As/bd
M25 M30 M35 M40
0.15 0.19 0.20 0.20 0.20
0.20 0.21 0.22 0.22 0.22
0.25 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23
0.30 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
0.35 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.27
0.40 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28
0.45 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.30
0.50 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.32
0.55 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.33
0.60 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.34
0.65 0.34 0.35 0.35 0.36
0.70 0.35 0.36 0.36 0.37
0.75 0.36 0.37 0.37 0.38
0.80 0.37 0.38 0.38 0.39
0.85 0.38 0.39 0.39 0.40
0.90 0.38 0.39 0.40 0.40
0.95 0.39 0.40 0.41 0.41
1.00 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.42
1.05 0.41 0.42 0.43 0.43
1.10 0.42 0.43 0.43 0.44
1.15 0.42 0.43 0.44 0.44
1.20 0.43 0.44 0.44 0.45
1.25 0.44 0.45 0.45 0.46
1.30 0.44 0.46 0.46 0.47
1.35 0.45 0.46 0.47 0.47
1.40 0.45 0.47 0.47 0.48
1.45 0.46 0.47 0.48 0.48
1.50 0.46 0.48 0.49 0.49
1.55 0.47 0.48 0.50 0.50
1.60 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.50
1.65 0.48 0.49 0.51 0.51
1.70 0.48 0.50 0.51 0.51
1.75 0.49 0.50 0.52 0.52
1.80 0.49 0.51 0.52 0.53
1.85 0.50 0.51 0.53 0.53
1.90 0.50 0.52 0.53 0.54
1.95 0.51 0.52 0.54 0.54
2.00 0.51 0.53 0.54 0.55