SHREE MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR

CHANDRAPUR

A PROJECT REPORT ON

“ Drug Addiction ”

Submitted to CBSE board impartial fulfillment for the course requirement of

the

CLASS XII

BIOLOGY
Submitted By: Khush wadhai aul

Roll No:

Guided By: Mrs. Sultana Khan

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

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 SHREE MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR
CHANDRAPUR

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled

“ Drug Addiction ”
Submitted By: Khush wadhai aul

Roll No:

Impartial fulfillment of the requirement for STD XII of Central Board of

Secondary Education (CBSE), this is record of their work carried out by
them under my guidance for academic session 2023-24.

Date:

Subject teacher: Mrs. Sultana Khan

Place: Chandrapur Principal

Seal of school: Shree Maharishi Vidya Mandir

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

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 SHREE MAHARISHI VIDYA MANDIR
CHANDRAPUR

DECLARATION
To,

The principal,

Shree Maharishi Vidya Mandir

Chandrapur

Respected mam,

I underdesigned of student of STD XII BIOLOGY dealer that the

project entitled “ Drug Addiction ”. ”. Is submitted by me to the CBSE
board, impartial fulfillment for the requirement of STD XII BIOLOGY,and
and
hereby declare that the Project developed by me has been carried out
independently and has not been duplicated from any other external source.

Place: Chandrapur yours sincerely

Date: Khush wadhai

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Each step in learning process of life is an opportunity which adds to a

person. A project research work is usually never one man show, but it is
very much the product of collective efforts.

I take upon this opportunity endowed upon me by the grace of the almighty,
to thank all those who have been part of this Endeavour.

I am thankful to Principal Mrs. Shree Laxmi Murthy of Shree Mandir Vidya

Mandir, Chandrapur for enlightening the way for my accomplishment.

I am thankful to my guide for helping me immensely on accomplishing this

project providing me all possible help and facilities which are available at
their disposal.

I would like to add a few heart full words for the people who were the part
of this work in numerous ways, people who gave untended support right
from the stage the idea was conceived.

Last but not the least, I wish to express my deep feeling of affection and
love for my parents and friends for taking pain to educate me. This charity
and kindness bless me to see this day of achievement and satisfaction.

THANKING YOU!

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 Index
S.No. Content Page. No

1. Certificate 2

2. Declaration 3

3. Acknowledgement 4

4. Aim 7

5. Overview 8

6. Types of genetic disorders 9-12

7. Symptoms and Causes 13-14

8. Diagonisis and Tests 15

9. Management and Treatment 16

10. Prevention 17

11. Outlook/ Prognosis 18

12. Epidemiology 19

13. History 20

14. Living with 21

15. Bibiliography 22

16. End of project 23

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6
 Aim

• To study about the Genetic Disorders, their

Types, Symptoms and Causes, Diagonisis and
Tests, Management and Treatment, and the
prevention.

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 Overview
What are genetic disorders?
Genetic disorders occur when a mutation (a harmful change to a
gene, also known as a pathogenic variant) affects your genes or
when you have the wrong amount of genetic material. Genes are
made of DNA (deoxyrhibonucleic acid), which contain instructions
for cell functioning and the characteristics that make you unique.
Half of the genes from each biological parent and may inherit a
gene mutation from one parent or both. Sometimes genes change
due to issues with the DNA (mutations). This can raise risk of
having a genetic disorder. Some causes symptoms at birth, while
others develop over time.

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 Types of Genetic Disorders
Genetic disorders can be:

• Chromosomal: This type affects the structures that hold the genes/DNA
with each cell ( chromosomes ). With these conditions, people are missing
or have duplicated chromosome material.

- Down syndrome ( triosomy 21 ).

- FragileX syndrome.
- Klinefelter syndrome.
- Triple-X syndrome.
- Turner syndrome.
- Triosomy 18.
- Triosomy 13.

• Complex ( multifactorial ): These disorders stem from a combination of

gene mutations and other factors. They include chemical exposure, diet,
certain medications and tobacco or alcohol use.

- Late – onset Alzeimer disease.

- Arthritis .
- Autism spectrum disorder, inmost cases.
- Cancer, in most cases.

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 - Coronary artery disease.
- Diabetes.
- Spina bifida.
- Isolated congenital heart defects.

• Single-gene ( monogenic ): This group of conditions occurs from a

single gene mutation.

- Cystic fibrosis.
- Deafness that’s present at birth ( congenital ).
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
- Familial hypercholesterolemia, a type of high cholesterol disease.
- Hemochromatosis ( iron overload ).
- Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1).
- Sickle cell disease.
- Tay-sachs disease.

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Are there other types of genetic disorders?
Genetic disorders may also cause rare diseases. This group of conditions
affects fewer than 200,000 people in the U.S. Acoording to experts, there
may be as many as 7,000 of these diseases.

Rare genetic disorders include:

- AA amylodosis.
- Adrenoleukodytrophy.
- Ehlers-Danlos
Danlos syndrome.
- Mitochindrial syndome.
- Usher syndrome.
.

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12
 Symptoms and Causes

What are the causes of genetic disorders?

To understand genetic disorder causes, its helpful to learn more about how
genes and DNA work. Most of the DNA in the genes instructs the body to
make proteins. These proteins start complex cell interactions that help to
stay healthy.

When a mutation occurs, it affects the genes’ protein-making instructions.

These could be missing proteins. Or the ones do not function properly.
Environmental factors (also called mutagens) that could lead to a genetic
mutation include:

- Chemical exposure.
- Radiation exposure.
- Smoking.
- UV exposure from the sun.

What are the symptoms of genetic disorders?

Symptoms vary depending on the type of disorder, organs affected and
how severeit is. One may experience:

- Behavioural changes or disturbances.

- Breathing problems.
- Cignitive deficits, when the brain can’t process information as it
should.
- Developmental delays that include challenges with speech or social
skills.
- Eating and digestive issues, such as difficulty swallowing or an
inability to process nutrients.
- Limb or facial anomalies, which include missing fingers or a cleft lip
and cleft palate.
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- Movement disorders due to muscle stiffness or weakness.
- Neurological issues such as seizures or stroke.
- Poor growth or short stature.
- Vision or hearing loss.

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 Diagonisis and Tests

How are genetic disorders identified ?

If one have a family history of a genetic disorder, one may wish to consider
genetic counselling to see if genetic testing is appropriate. Lab tests can
typically show whether one have gene mutations responsible for that
condition. In many cases, carrying the mutation does not always mean will
end up with it. Genetic counselors can explain risk and if there are steps
one can take to protect their health.

If there’s family history, DNA testing for genetic disorders can be an

important part of starting a family. Options include:
• Carrier testing: This blood test shows whether one or its partner carry a
mutation linked to genetic disorders. This is recommended for everyone
considering pregnancy, even if there is no family history.
• Prenatal screening: This testing usually involves blood testing from a
pregnant person that tells them how likely it is that a foetus could have a
common chromosome condition.
• Prenatal diagonistic testing: Person can find out whether the
developing foetus faces a higher risk for certain genetic disorders. Prenatal
testing uses a sample of fluid from the uterus ( aminocentesis ).
•Newborn screening: This tests uses a sample of the newborn baby’s
blood and is performed on all babies born of Ohio. Detecting genetic
disorders early in life can help child receive timely care if needed.

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 Management and Treatment

What is treatment for genetic disorders like?

Most genetic disorders do not have a cure. Some have treatments that may
slow disease progression or lessen their impact on the life. The type of
treatment that’s right depends on the type and severity of the disease. With
others, we may not have treatment but we can provide medical surveillance
to try to catch complications early.

Person may need:

• Medications to manage symptoms or chemotheraphy to slow abnormal

cell growth.

• Nutrition counselling or dietary supplements to help get the person

nutrients that the body needs.

• Physical, occupational or speech therapy to maximize the abilities.

• Blood transfusion to restore levels of healthy blood cells.

• Surgery to repair abnormal structures or treat complications.

• Specialized treatments, such as radiations therapy for cancer.

• Organ transplant, which is a procedure to replace a non functioning organ

with one from a healthy donor.

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 Prevention
How genetic disorders can be prevented?

There is often little the person can do to prevent a genetic

disorder. But genetic counselling and testing can help the person
learn more about the risk. It can also let the person know
likelihood of passing some disorders on to the children.

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 Outlook/ Prognosis

What is the outlook for people with the genetic

disorders?
Some conditions, including certain rare and congenital diseases,
have a grim prognosis. Children born with anencephaly typically
survive only a few days. Other conditions, like an isolated cleft
lips, do not affect life span. But the person may need regular,
specialized care to stay comfortable.

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 Epidemiology
Around 1 in 50 people are affected by a known single- genetic disorder,
while around 1 in 263 are affected by a chromosomal disorder. Around
65% of people have some kind of health problem as a result of congenital
genetic mutations. Due to the significantly large number of genetic
disorders, approximately 1 in 21 people are affected by a genetic disorder
classified as “ rare ” ( usually defined as affecting less than 1 in 2,000
people ). Most genetic disorders are there in themselves. There are well
over 6,000 known genetic disorders, and new genetic disorders are
constantly being described in medical literature.

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 History

The earliest known genetic condition in a hominid was in the fossil

species Paranthropus robustus, with over a third of indivisuals
displaying amelogenesis imperfecta.

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 Living with

What do the person need to know about living with a genetic

disorder?
When a person living with a genetic disorder, the person may have
frequent medical needs. It’s important to see a healthcare provider
specializing in the condition. They are more likely to know which treatments
are best for the person needs.

Person may also benefit from the support of others. Genetic disorders have
often have local or national support groups. These organixations can help
the person to access resources that make life a little easier. They may also
host events where the person can meet other families going through similar
challenges.

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 Bibiliography

• Class 12 NCERT Textbook

• http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21751-genetic-disorders

• http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/genetic-disorders.

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THANK YOU!

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