ENTREPRENUERSHIP

wk‡ív‡`¨vM Dbœqb I ÿz`ª eëmvq eë¯’vcbv
Entrepreneurship Development and Small Business Management

†Kvm© †KvW : BBS MGT 3506
e¨v‡Pji Ae weR‡bm ÷vwWR †cÖvMÖvg

(weweGm †cÖvMÖvg)
evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

†Kvm© †KvW : BBS MGT 3506
e¨v‡Pji Ae weR‡bm ÷vwWR †cÖvMÖvg

(weweGm †cÖvMÖvg)
iPbvq
†gvt †gvZvnviæj Bmjvg
W. †gvt Avjxb~i ingvb
W. †gvkviid †nv‡mb
m¤úv`bvq
W. gwbiæ¾vgvb
mgš^qKvix
†gvt †gvZvnviæj Bmjvg

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cÖKvk Kvj
†deªæqvix-2010
cyb:gy`ªY-2012, 2013, 2016, 2017
gvP©-2018
cÖKvkbvq
cÖKvkbv, gy`ªY I weZiY wefvM
MvRxcyi - 1705|
cÖ”Q`
KvRx mvBdzÏxb AveŸvm
Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR
†gvt wmwÏKzj Bmjvg
cÖ”Q` MÖvwd·
Avãyj gv‡jK
gy`ªY
evsjvevRvi †cÖm GÛ cvewj‡Kkb
53 b_© eªæK nj †ivW
XvKv-1100|
 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
ISBN 984-34-3105-7
m~PxcÎ
BDwbU-1 t wk‡ív‡`¨vM Ges wk‡ív‡`¨v³v 1-14
cvV-1 t wk‡ív‡`¨vM, wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi msÁv I HwZnvwmK µgweKvk 2
cvV-2 t wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi êwkó¨ I ¸Yvejx 6
cvV-3 t Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi Kvh©vejx Ges wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv 12
BDwbU-2 t wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡ek 15-42
cvV-1 t cwi‡e‡ki msÁv, wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb I ¸iæZ¡ 16
cvV-2 t eëmvwqK cwi‡ek 21
cvV-3 t evsjv‡`‡ki wkíbxwZ 30
cvV-4 t cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb 38
BDwbU-3 t wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq †cÖlYv 43-72
cvV-1 t †cÖlYv, †cÖlYv I Kg© m¤úv`b, †cÖlYv Pµ, †cÖwlZ AvPi‡Yi êwkó¨ 44
cvV-2 t †cÖlYv I cÖ‡ivPK 47
cvV-3 t Kg© †cÖlYvi gZev`mg~n 51
cvV-4 t K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv Dbœqb 58
cvV-5 t SWOT we‡kølY (SWOT Analysis) 63
cvV-6 t wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡b mn‡hvwMZvi aiY I Drmmg~n 67
BDwbU-4 t ÿz`ª eëmvq 73-82
cvV-1 t ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi BwZnvm, msÁv Ges êwkó¨ 74
cvV-2 t ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi m¤¢vebv I †kªYx wefvM 77
cvV-3 t ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi mdjZv I e¨_©Zvi KviY mg~n 80
BDwbU-5 t cÖKí wbe©vPb 83-104
cvV-1 t cÖK‡íi msÁv, MvBW jvBb I Gi aviYvi Drmmg~n 84
cvV-2 t cÖKí cÖYqb 87
cvV-3 t cÖK‡íi A_©vqb 97
cvV-4 t g~jab ev‡RwUs I wnmve iÿY c×wZ 100
BDwbU-6 t eëmvq cwiKíbv I eë¯’vcbvi kvLv 105-124
cvV-1 t eëmvq cwiKíbvi msÁv, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I Dbœqb 106
cvV-2 t eëmvq cwiKíbvi eënvi, DËg eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi wb‡`©kbv/ bxwZgvjv 112
cvV-3 t eëmvq cwiKíbvi g‡Wj 115
cvV-4 t Kgx© eë¯’vcbv, Drcv`b eë¯’vcbv 118
cvV-5 t Avw_©K eë¯’vcbv I evRviRvZKiY eë¯’vcbv 123
BDwbU-7 t eëmvq AvB‡bi wewfbœ w`K I mdj D‡`¨v³v‡ì †Km& ÷vwW 125-138
cvV-1 t eëmvq AvB‡bi msÁv, AvB‡bi Drm I eëmv‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z AvBb 126
cvV-2 t †Km& ÷vwWi msÁv, D‡Ïk¨ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv 130
cvV-3 t K‡qKRb mdj eëmvqx ev D‡`¨v³vi Rxebx 132
bgybv cÖkœ 139
MÖš’cÄx 140
cvV wb‡`©kbv
G eBwU e¨v‡Pji Ae weR‡bm ÷vwWR (weweGm) †cÖvMÖv‡gi wkÿv_x©‡ì Rb¨ `~iwkÿ‡Yi Dc‡hvMx K‡i GK
we‡kl c×wZ‡Z †jLv n‡q‡Q| eBwU‡Z h_vm¤¢e mnR mij fvlvq wk‡ív‡`¨vM Dbœqb I ÿz`ª eëmvq
eë¯’vcbvi welqe¯Íz Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
G eBwU‡Z mvZwU BDwbU i‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU BDwbU Avevi K‡qKwU cv‡V wef³| cÖwZwU BDwb‡Ui ïiæ‡Z
f‚wgKv i‡q‡Q| hv c‡o Avcwb cy‡iv BDwb‡Ui g~j welqe¯Íz eyS‡Z cvi‡eb| mv‡_ mv‡_ G BDwbU G wK wK
cvV i‡q‡Q Zv Rvb‡eb| GiciB cvV wefvRb| cÖwZwU cv‡Vi ïiæ‡Z wKQy D‡Ï‡kï D‡jøL Av‡Q| †mLv‡b
Avcwb wK ej‡Z, wK wjL‡Z, wK eY©bv Ki‡Z ev wK e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Zvi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU
BDwb‡U wKQy Abykxjb i‡q‡Q| hv wkÿv_x©‡ì welqe¯Íz m¤ú‡K© AviI Mfxifv‡e eyS‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e| cvV
†k‡l i‡q‡Q cvV ms‡ÿc, †hLv‡b cy‡iv cvVwUi mvims‡ÿc Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| Gic‡i Av‡Q cv‡VvËi
g~j¨vqb| GLv‡b wKQy iPbvg~jK DËi cÖkœ, mswÿß DËi cÖkœ, ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ, mZ¨-wg_¨v i‡q‡Q| †h¸‡jv
Avcbv‡K cvVwU g~j¨vq‡bi my‡hvM w`‡e| cÖwZwU BDwb‡Ui †k‡l BDwbUwUi me¸‡jv cv‡Vi ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ,
mZ¨-wg_¨v Gm‡ei DËigvjv i‡q‡Q| †m¸‡jv wgwj‡q Avcbvi DËi hvPvB K‡i wb‡eb|
Avkv KiwQ eBwU cv‡V Avcwb DcK…Z n‡eb|
†Kvm© mgb¦qKvix
wk‡ív‡`¨M Ges wk‡ív‡`¨v³v
BDwbU
1
wk‡ív‡`¨vM Ges wk‡ív‡`¨v³v
(Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneur)
f~wgKv (Introduction)
GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b wk‡ív‡`¨vM Ges wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©|
wk‡ív‡`¨vMB †`‡ki mKj e¯‘MZ I Ae¯‘MZ m¤ú` mwVK Ges m‡e©v”P gvÎvq eënv‡ii
gva¨‡g †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK DbœwZ‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i| wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi AvšÍwiK, mwµq I MVbg~jK
f~wgKv MÖnb I Zv mywbcyb fv‡e ev¯Íevqb Qvov †Kvb †`‡kiB mvwe©K A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi K_v
wPšÍv Kiv hvq bv| G Kvi‡bB Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki b¨vq Avgv‡ì †`‡ki eëmvq wkÿv cvV¨ m~wP‡Z
wk‡ív‡`¨vM welqwU AšÍf©~³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB BDwb‡U wk‡ív‡`¨vM I wk‡ív‡`¨v³v ej‡Z wK
†evSvq, HwZnvwmK µgweKvk, wk‡í¨v‡`¨v³vi êwkó¨ I ¸bvejx, Dbœqbkxj †`‡k
wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi Kvh©vewj Ges wk‡ív‡`¨v³v msµvšÍ wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-1
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV t 1 wk‡ív‡`¨vM, wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi msÁv I HwZnvwmK µgweKvk|

(Definition, Historical Evolution of Entrepreneurship and
Entrepreneur)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 wk‡ív‡`¨vM Ges wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi HwZnvwmK µgweKvk eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
wk‡ív‡`¨vM Ges wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi msÁv
(Definition of Entrepreneurship and Entrepreneur)
wk‡ív‡`¨vM Ges wk‡ív‡`¨v³v kã `ywU A½vw½fv‡e RwoZ| ZvB G`ywU kã‡KB Avgv‡ì GK‡Î
Rvbvi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| divmx kã Entreprendre n‡Z Entrpreneur kãwU G‡m‡Q| hvi
AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv To undertake ev †Kvb wKQzi `vwqZ¡ MÖnb Kiv| Entrpreneur kãwUi
evsjv A_© n‡jv wk‡ív‡`¨v³v| Aci w`‡K, wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi wkí-D‡`¨vM msµvšÍ hveZxq
Kvh©vejxi mgwóB n‡jv wk‡ív‡`¨vM ev Entrepreneurship.
Avgiv cÖ_‡gB wk‡ív‡`¨vM m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi †Póv Ki‡ev| GK K_vq wk‡ív‡`¨vM ej‡Z Avgiv
†Kvb wkí ev eëmvq cÖwZôvb ¯’vc‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnb Ges Zv ev¯Íevqb msµvšÍ Kvh©µg‡K ey‡S
_vwK| e¨vcK A‡_© cwi‡ek msµvšÍ mKj my‡hvM-myweav ch©v‡jvPbv I c~e©vbygv‡bi Av‡jv‡K
cY¨,†mev, aviYv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZôvb, msMVb, Bnvi e¯‘MZ I Ae¯‘MZ m¤ú`mg~n
mØënv‡ii Rb¨ SuywK MÖnYmn eëmvq cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ hveZxq Kvh©µ‡gi mgwó‡KB
Avgiv wk‡ív‡`¨vM ej‡ev|
wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ Avcbvi Áv‡bi cÖmviZvi Rb¨ wb‡gœ KÕRb we‡kle¨w³i K‡qKÕwU msÁv
D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvt- †Rv‡md G.mygwcUvi e‡jb, D‡Ïk¨c~Y© Ges cÖbvjxe× D™¢ve‡bi DciB
wk‡ív‡`¨vM cÖwZwôZ| Bnv ïaygvÎ ¯^vaxb eëmvqx‡K bq eis †Kv¤úvbxi cwiPvjK Ges
eë¯’vcK‡ìI m¤ú„³ K‡i, hviv cÖK…Z c‡ÿ D™¢vebx Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b K‡i|
bv_wbq¨vj GBP wjK e‡jb, bZzb evRvi, cY¨mvgMÖx Ges †KŠk‡ji D™¢veb, wewb‡qvM Ges
m¤cÖmvi‡Yi †hvM¨ZvB n‡jv wk‡ív‡`¨vM|
W. G. Avi Lvb e‡jb, SuywK Abygvb msµvšÍ KvR Ges wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi Kvh©vewj‡KB wk‡ív‡`¨vM
wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
Dc‡i †h msÁv¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv †m¸‡jvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h c~e© wba©vwiZ
jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
 cY¨, †mev ev aviYvi D™¢veb,
 bZzb evRvi I †KŠk‡ji Dbœqb Ges
 mej e¯‘MZ Ges Ae¯‘MZ m¤ú‡ì m‡e©v”P eënvi wbwðZ Kib Gi Rb¨ eëmvq msMVb,
cwiPvjbv Ges SuywK MÖnY msµvšÍ mKj Kvh©µ‡gi mgwóB n‡jv wk‡ív‡`¨vM| hvi †bZ…‡Z¡
G mKj Kvh©µg m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K, Zv‡K ejv nq wk‡ív‡`¨v³v|
Gevi Avgiv wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi msÁv Rvbvi †Póv Ki‡ev, Avcwb Rv‡bb Avgv‡ì mgq, A_© Ges mvg_© mxwgZ| wKš‘
Afve, cÖ‡qvRb Ges Pvwn`v Acwimxg| mxwgZ me wKQz w`‡q Acwimxg‡K cwic~i‡bi †Póv †_‡KB A_©‰bwZK
Kvh©µ‡gi ïiæ| mKj A_©‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Ûi D™¢veb, cwiKíbv, MwZkxjZv Ges mv_©K ev¯Íevq‡bi iæcKviB n‡jv
wk‡ív‡`¨v³v| GK K_vq whwb c~e© wba©vwiZ jÿ¨ AR©‡b eëmvq cÖwZôvb MVb, cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y K‡ib, wZwbB
wk‡ív‡`¨v³v|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-2
I‡qi÷vi Awfav‡bi Av‡jv‡K wk‡ív‡`¨v³v n‡jb, ÒA_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewji msMVK, whwb msMwVZ K‡ib,
gvwjKvbv msiÿY K‡ib Ges eëmvwqK SuywK MÖnb K‡ib|Ó
wiPvW© K¨vbwUjb Gi g‡Z, Òwk‡ív‡`¨v³v GKRb cÖwZwbwa, whwb Drcv`‡bi DcKiY mg~n wba©vwiZ g~‡j¨ µq
K‡i Zvi mgš^‡q cY¨ ˆZwi K‡ib fwel¨‡Zi AwbwðZ g~‡j¨ wewµi Rb¨|
‡Rv‡md G. my¨gwcUvi Gi g‡Z, Òwk‡ív‡`¨v³v GKRb D™¢veK, whwb Zvi m„Rbkxj cÖqvm Øviv cÖwZôv‡bi †bZ„Z¡
†`b Ges Dbœq‡b MwZkxjZv mÂvi K‡ib|Ó
‡R.wm.†m e‡jb, Òwk‡ív‡`¨v³v Ggb GK e¨w³ whwb A‡bï f~wg, kªg I g~ja‡bi mgš^‡q Drcvw`Z cY¨ wewµ
K‡i g~ja‡bi my`, f~wgi fvov, kª‡gi gRyix cÖ`vb K‡ib Ges Aewkó AskB Zvi gybvdv|Ó
‡R.Gg. wgjm e‡jb, Òwk‡ív‡`¨v³v GKRb msMVK, wZwb cwiPvjbv, wbqš¿Y, ZZ¡veavqb I SuywK enb K‡ib
Ges wewbg‡q †gavc~Y© Kv‡Ri cyi¯‹vi †c‡q _v‡Kb|Ó
Avi.AvB iwebmb Gi g‡Z, Òwk‡ív‡`¨v³v n‡jb Ggb GKRb gvbyl, whwb wbR D™¢vebx KvR I †cÖibvi Øviv
GKwU †QvU cÖwZôvb‡K mvd‡jï ØvicÖv‡šÍ wb‡q Av‡mb|Ó
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvwPZ msÁv¸‡jvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi wk‡ív‡`¨v³v n‡jb,
 Kg©ÿg, m„Rbkxj, D™¢vebx kw³I SuywK MÖn‡b mÿg GKRb gvbyl,
 whwb wbZ¨ bZzb cY¨, aviYv, †mev, †KŠkj I evRvi Dbœq‡b m‡Pó _v‡Kb,
 bZzb wkí cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb, kªg, g~jab I KuvPvgvj msMÖn K‡ib Ges
 m‡e©vcwi g~bvdv Z_v mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Avkvq cÖwZôv‡bi e¯‘MZ I Ae¯‘MZ mKj m¤ú‡ì Kvg¨ eënvi
wbwðZ K‡ib|
HwZnvwmK µgweKvk (Historical Evolution )
divmx kã Entreprendre †_‡K Entrpreneur kãwU G‡m‡Q, hvi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv To undertake †Kvb
wKQzi `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Kiv| Entrepreneur kãwUi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡jv wk‡ív‡`¨v³v| 1700 kZ‡K D‡`¨v³v kãwU
Øviv MYc~‡Z©i (public works) ¯’vwcZ I wVKv`vi‡K eySv‡b n‡Zv hviv iv¯Ív, †mZz, KvjfvU©, e›ì I `vjvb‡KvVv
ˆZwi Ki‡Zv|
cieZ©x ch©v‡q A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi eënvi I Ae`vb e„w× †c‡q‡Q| ZvB G wel‡q
gvby‡li AvMÖn, B”Qv I †KŠZznj †e‡o‡Q| wewfbœ hy‡Mi Dbœqb †cwi‡q wk‡ív‡`¨vM aviYv AvR mymse×| wb‡gœ
wk‡ív‡`¨vM aviYvwUi hyMwfwËK µgweKv‡ki BwZnvm Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t-
(K) cÖvPxb hyM (Ancient period) : Gmgq wk‡ív‡`¨vM aviYvwUi eënvi mxwgZ wQj| G mg‡qi mdj
wk‡ív‡`¨v³v wQ‡jb gv‡K©v †cv‡jv | wZwb `~i`~iv‡šÍi evwYR¨ c_ A‡š^lY I cÖwZôvi †Póv K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb
ga¨¯’Kvix wn‡m‡e AwaK my‡` FY MÖnY K‡i Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ `~i-`~iv‡šÍ wewµi e¨vcK SuywK wb‡q wQ‡jb Ges
e¨vcK mvdj¨ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|
L) ga¨hyM (Middle Age) :Gmgq wk‡ív‡`¨v³v ej‡Z †Kvb miKvi wbhy³ †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi cÖKí cwiPvjK‡K
eySv‡bv n‡Zv| wZwb cÖwZôv‡bi ïay Drcv`b Kvh© cwiPvjbv Ki‡Zb| cÖwZôv‡bi †Kvb SuywK enb Ki‡Zb bv|
Avevi eo eo ¯’vcZ¨ wbg©vb Kv‡R eë¯’vcbvi mv‡_ e¨w³‡ìI D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡Zv|
ga¨hy‡MB cvi¯úwiK †jb‡`b wb®úwËi gva¨g wn‡m‡e avZe g~`ªvi cÖPjb nq, Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î we‡klvq‡bi Rb¨
kªg wefv‡Rv‡bi cÖPjb nq Ges eëmvq-evwb‡Rï e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U| bZzb bZzb wkí cY¨ Drcvw`Z nq, evRvi
m¤cÖmvwiZ nq| Rjc‡_ †bŠKv Ges ¯’j c‡_ †Nvov PvwjZ hv‡bi D™¢e nq| eëmvqx‡ì ¯^v_© msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨
ewbK msN GKgvwjKvbvi cvkvcvwk Askx`vix eëmv‡qi cÖPjb ïiæ K‡i| Aci w`‡K e„nr ivóªKZ©„K Dcwb‡ek
m„wói D‡`¨vM jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G mKj Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g ga¨hy‡M wk‡ív‡`¨vM avibvwUi eënvi I cwiwPwZ e„w×
†c‡Z _v‡K|
(M) AvaywbK hyM (Modern Age) : mß`k kZvwã †_‡K AvaywbK hy‡Mi m~ÎcvZ| wb‡æ AvaywbK hy‡Mi wk‡ív‡`¨vM
avibvi µgweKvk kZvwã wfwËK Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t-
BDwbU GK c„ôv-3
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
(1) mß`k kZvãx (7th Century) : mß`k kZvãx wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi Rb¨ AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| KviY G kZvãx‡ZB
wk‡ív‡`¨vM avibvi m~Pbv nq Ges Gi mv‡_ SuywK welqwUi mgš^q N‡U| Gmg‡q wk‡ív‡`¨vM ej‡Z eySv‡bv
nh Ggb e¨w³‡K whwb miKv‡ii mv‡_ Pzw³e× n‡q cb¨ I †mev Drcv`b I e›Ub Ki‡Zb Ges Pzw³i
kZ©vbyhvqx wba©vwiZ g~‡j¨ cY¨, †mev mieivn †_‡K m„ó jvf ev ÿwZ †fvM Ki‡Zb| †hgb divmx bvMwiK
John Law wZwb miKv‡ii mv‡_ Pzw³i gva¨‡g Òiq¨vj e¨vsKÓ cÖwZôv K‡ib| wiPvW© K¨vbwUjb 1725
m‡b wkí D‡`¨v³vi Dci me©cÖ_g GKwU Z‡Z¡i D™¢e K‡ib| GRb¨ Zv‡K wkí D‡`¨vM avibvi cÖwZôvZv
e‡j g‡b Kiv nq|
(2) Aóv`k kZvãx (18th Century) : GB kZvãx‡Z g~jab cÖZ¨vwkZ e¨w³ †_‡K g~jab mg„× e¨w³‡K A_©vr
wk‡ív‡`¨v³v †_‡K cuywR mieivnKvix‡K c„_K Kiv nq| Gmg‡q cÖhyw³MZ avibvi Dbœq‡b Gwj ûBUwb (Eli
whitney) Ges Ugvm GwWmb (Tomas Edision) Gi bvg we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL‡hvM¨| Zviv wewfbœ Drm †_‡K
cuywR msMÖn K‡i cÖK‡í cuywR wewb‡qvM K‡ib| G kZvãx‡Z bZzb cÖhyw³, cY¨ I avibvi D™¢veK, Drcv`K,
cÖwZôv‡bi msMVK, cywRi msMÖvnK I eënviKvixK wkí cÖwZôv‡bi msMVK, cywRi msMÖvnK I
eënviKvix‡K wk‡ív‡`¨v³v g‡b Kiv n‡Zv| Gi d‡j wkí-D‡`¨v³vi aviYvwU my¯úó n‡q D‡V|
(3) Dbwesk kZvãx (19th Century) : GB kZ‡K Richard T. Ely Ges Ralph H Hess Gi D‡`¨vM we‡k‡l
f~wgKv iv‡L| Zviv e‡jb †h, e¨w³MZ jv‡fi Avkvq wk‡ív‡`¨v³v GKwU cÖwZôvb msMVb Ges cwiPvjbv
K‡ib| GRb¨ wZwb eëmv‡q eëüZ KuvPvgvj, f~wg, kªg I cuywRi cvwikªwgK cÖ`vb K‡ib| cÖwZôv‡bi
cwiKíbv, msMVb Ges cwiPvjbvq wk‡ív‡`¨v³v ¯^xq D‡`¨vM, wbcybZv I wek¦¯’Zv cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| GQvov
wZwb AwbwðZ fwel¨r I Awbqš¿bg~jK cwiw¯’wZi Kvi‡Y m„ó jvf ev ÿwZi `vwqZ¡ MÖnb K‡ib| cÖwZôv‡bi
evwl©K mKj Avq †_‡K mKj e¨q ev` w`‡q Aewkó UvKv wb‡Ri e‡j MÖnb K‡ib| G kZ‡Ki †kl w`‡K
eë¯’vcK I wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K cv_©K¨ bv K‡i eis mgv_©K wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv ïiæ Kiv nq|
(4) wesk kZvãx (20th Century) : wesk kZvãxi cÖ_g w`‡K weL¨vZ A_©bxwZex` †Rv‡md G.mygwcUvi
wk‡ív‡`¨vM avibvwU e¨vcK cwieZ©b, cwiea©b K‡ib| wZwb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi
¸iæZ¡‡K ¯^xKvi K‡ib| mygwcUvi e‡jb †h, wk‡ív‡`¨v³v GKRb D™¢veK, whwb Zvi m„RbkxjZvi cÖqvm Øviv
cÖwZôv‡bi †bZ…Z¡‡`b Ges Dbœq‡b MwZkxjZv mÂvi K‡ib| bZzb cY¨, avibv, †mev D™¢veb, Drcv`‡bi
bZzb c×wZi cÖPjb, bZzb evRvi m„wó, KuvPvgv‡ji bZzb Dr‡mi mÜvb K‡ib; bZzb msMVb m„wó BZ¨vw`B
n‡jv wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi D™¢vebg~jK KvR| mygwcUvi Avwe¯‹viK ID™¢vebKvixi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q K‡ib| wZwb
e‡jb Avwe®‹viK m¤ú~Y© bZzb avibvi m„wó K‡ib Ges m„ó avibvi ev¯Íe iæcKvi K‡ib D™¢vebKvix| Aci
w`‡K wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K eë¯’vcK ‡_‡K c„_K Ki‡Z †h‡Z wZwb e‡jb eë¯’vcK msMV‡bi ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©µg
Z`viK K‡ib Ges wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Drcv`‡bi DcKiY¸‡jv mswgkª‡bi gva¨‡g bZzb avibv, cY¨, †mev Ges
evRvi m„wó K‡ib|
wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi D‡b¥l, weKvk I Dbœqb Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Zvi f~wgKvi Dci AvaywbK AvPiY weÁvbx Ges
mgvRZZ¡we`MY gb¯ÍvwË¡K I mvgvwRK Z‡Ë¡i D™¢veb Ki‡Qb| †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi ¸iæZ¡ I
¯^xK…wZ e„w× cvIqvi Av‡jvPbv, wkÿb cÖwkÿY M‡elYv BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î Gi e¨vcKZv I we¯Z…wZ jÿ¨ Kiv hv‡”Q|
dj ¯îæc wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© PjK wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv n‡”Q| †fv³vi iæwP,
Af¨vm I cwieZ©bkxj Pvwn`vi cÖwZ jÿ¨ †i‡L wk‡ív‡`¨v³vMY wbZ¨ bZzb cY¨, †mev, avibv Dbœqb Ki‡Qb,
evRvi m„wó Ki‡Qb, bZzb c×wZ I †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Qb, weKí KuvPvgvj eënvi I KuvPvgv‡ji bZzb Dr‡mi
mÜvb Ki‡Qb, bZzb bZzb wkí cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb Ki‡Qb Ges g~bvdvi Avkvq SuywK wb‡q Dc‡iv³ Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Qb| d‡j Rxeb hvÎvi gvb Dbœqb n‡”Q|
Avkv Kiv hv‡”Q A`yi fwel¨‡Z wk‡ív‡`¨vM avibvwUi eënvi, cwiwa Ges ¸iæZ¡ Av‡iv e„w× cv‡e|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-4
cvV ms‡ÿc
wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Ggb GKRb e¨w³ whwb A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewji msMVK, cwiPvjK, wbqš¿K Ges whwb GKvB SzwK MÖnY
K‡ib| wewfbœ hyM AwZµg K‡i eZ©gv‡b wk‡ív‡`¨vM avibvwU e¨cK we¯Ívi jvf K‡i‡Q| fwel¨‡Z wk‡ív‡`¨vM
avibvwUi eënvi, cwiwa I ¸iæZ¡ Av‡iv e„w× cv‡e|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| wk‡ív‡`¨vM ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb ? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Kv‡K e‡j ? wb‡Ri fvlvq wjLyb|
3| wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi HwZnvwmK µgvweKvk hyMwfwËK eY©bv Kiæb|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-5
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-2 t wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi êwkó¨ I ¸bvejx (Features and Qualities of Entrepreneur)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi ¸bvejx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi êwkó¨ (Features of Entrepreneur)
Avcwb Rv‡bb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Ggb GKRb e¨w³ whwb GKvB eëmvq cÖwZôvb MVb, cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿b K‡ib Ges
eëmv‡qi hveZxq SuzwK enb K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b wkí D‡Ï¨v³vi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e„w×
‡c‡q‡Q| ZvB wkíg‡bvweÁvbx, mgvRweÁvbx, A_©bxwZwe` Ges we‡klÁ e¨w³eM© Zuv‡ì M‡elYv cÖeÜ I †jLbxq
gva¨g wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi êwkó¨‡K wewfbœfv‡e †kªbxweb¨v¯Í K‡i‡Qb hv wbæiæc t-
1| gb¯ÍvwZ¡K êwkó¨,
2| A_©‰bwZK êwkó¨,
3| mvgvwRK êwkó¨,
4| mvaviY ev e¨w³MZ êwkó¨|
wb‡æ G¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t-
1| gb¯ÍvwZ¡K êwkó¨ t- GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ †h mKj gb¯ÍvwË¡K êwkó¨ we`¨gvb, Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Zxeª AvKv•Lv, ÿgZvi †gvn, SuywK MÖn‡bi B”Qv, `~i`„wó, m„RbkxjZv, Aaëmvq,
cÖwZkÖæwZe×Zv, D`¨g I D™¢vebx kw³, A`g¨ ¯ú„nv, cÖ‡ivwPZ Kivi ÿgZv, Avkvevw`Zv, ¯^vaxbZv, `ªæZ
wm×všÍ MÖnb ÿgZv|
2| A_©‰bwZK êwkó¨t- A_©‰bwZK êwk‡óï g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, mvsMVwbK I †ckvMZ AwfÁZv, g~jab †hvMvb I
eënvi ÿgZv, cÖhyw³MZ AwfÁZv, my‡hvM-myweavi eënvi|
3| mvgvwRK êwkó¨ t GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi mvgvwRK êwk‡óï g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q MwZkxj †bZ…Z¡, ˆcwÎK ¸bvejxi
cÖwZdjb, mvgvwRK Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY, esk I cvwievwiK gh©v`v|
4| mvaviY ev e¨w³MZ êwkó¨ t- mvaviY ev e¨w³MZ êwk‡óï g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, eqm I wkÿMZ †hvM¨Zv, eyw×gËv
I mZK©Zv, mZZv I mijZv, fyj eySvi ÿgZv, âh©¨ I mwnÂzZv, mgqÁvb I mgq cÖ`vb, AvKl©bxq
e¨w³Z¡, †KŠkjx, Z¨vMx g‡bvfve|
wb‡æ wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi êwkó¨vejx we¯ÍvwiZ fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t-
(K) gb¯ÍvwZ¡K êwkó¨ t GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ †h mg¯Í gb¯ÍvwZ¡K êwkó¨ Ki‡Z nq Zv wbgœiƒc :
1| mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Zxeª AvKv•Lv t- wkí D‡`¨v³vi g‡b fwel¨r mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Zxeª AvKv•Lv _v‡K, hv Zv‡K
¯^xq Kvh© AZ¨šÍ Av¯’v I `ÿZvi mv‡_ m¤úv`‡b AbycÖvwbZ K‡i|
2| ÿgZvi †gvn tÑ ÿgZvi cÖwZ AvMÖn Ges wkí¯’vc‡bi g‡a¨ BwZevPK m¤úK© we`¨gvb| A_©vr hv‡ì ÿgZvi
cÖwZ AvMÖn †ewk, ZvivB wkí D‡`¨v³v n‡q _v‡K| wk‡ív‡`¨v³vMY mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ ÿgZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i
Ges A‡bï Dci AwacZ¨ we¯Ívi Kivi cÖqvm Pvjvq |
3| SuywK MÖn‡bi B”Qv t- SuywK MÖnY Qvov gybvdv Avkv Kiv hvq bv| †ewk g~bvdvi Avkvq wkí D‡`¨v³vMY SuywKi
mv‡_ bZzb cY¨, †mev I aviYv Drcv`b I e›Ub †ÿ‡Î P¨v‡jÄ MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb| d‡j Zv‡ì mvdj¨ †ewk
nq|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-6
4| `~i`„wó t- ‡µZv‡ì iæwP, Af¨vm, cQ›` fwel¨r my‡hvM-myweav BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K `~i`„wó m¤úbœ
n‡Z nq| whwb fwel¨r m¤ú‡K© h‡Zv AwMÖg aviYv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY I ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb, Zvi mvdj¨ Z‡Zv †ewk n‡q _v‡K|
5| m„RbkxjZv t- m„RbkxjZvwU n‡jv bZzb wKQy m„wó Kiv hv mgvR I mgv‡Ri gvby‡li Kv‡R jv‡M|
wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ †fv³v‡ì Pvwn`v Ges Zv c~i‡bi cš’v m¤ú‡K© †gŠwjK wPšÍv fvebv _vK‡Z n‡e Ges G
m¤ú‡K© m„Rbkxj n‡Z n‡e| fwel¨‡Zi cÖ‡qvR‡bi Av‡jv‡K bZzb cY¨, †mev Drcv`b Ki‡Z n‡e, bZzb
†KŠkj, c×wZ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e, bZzb KuvPvgv‡ji Dr‡mi mÜvb Ki‡Z n‡e| bZzb evRvi m„wó Ki‡Z
n‡e| G mKj †ÿ‡Î wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K m„RbkxjZvi cwiPq w`‡Z n‡e|
6| Aaëmvq t- mvd‡jï c~e©kZ©B n‡jv Aaëmvq| D‡`¨v³v‡K MZvbyMwZK gZ I c_ cwinvi K‡i bZzb
wPšÍv-avivi weKvk NUv‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Aaëmvq, hv Zv‡K eÜzi c‡_I mvd‡jï Av‡jv †`Lv‡e|
7| cÖwZkÖæwZe×Zv t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi KvR LyeB KwVb, KóKi I P¨v‡jwÄs| ZvB mvdj¨ bv Avkv ch©šÍ Zv‡K Zvi
j‡ÿï cÖwZ AwePj †_‡K KvR K‡i †h‡Z n‡e|
8| D`¨g I D™¢vebx kw³ t- cÖ‡qvRb I cwiw¯’wZ †gvKv‡ejvq `ªæZZvi mv‡_, ¯^vaxbfv‡e cwiKíbv cÖbqb Ges
ev¯ÍevqbB D`¨g| D`¨g Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ PvB D™¢vebx kw³| wk‡ív‡`¨³vi D`¨g I D™¢vebx kw³i Øviv
bZzb cÖwµqv, cÖhyw³ I cY¨ m„wó‡Z, KvuPvgv‡ji bZzb Drm I weKí KvuPvgvj eënv‡i Ges Drcvw`Z cY¨ I
†mevi bZzb evRvi AbymÜv‡b m‡Pó _v‡Kb|
9| A`g¨ ¯ú„nv t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Zvi c~e© wba©vwiZ jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b K‡Vvi, Av‡cvlnxb Ges `„pZvi cwiPq
w`‡q _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î hZ mgm¨v, cÖwZeÜKZv AvmyK bv †Kb Zv myPviæiƒ‡c wePvi-we‡kølY K‡ib Ges
cÖwZeÜKZv `~‡ii cÖwZ A`g¨ g‡bvfve †cvlb K‡ib|
10| cÖ‡ivwPZ Kivi ÿgZv t- cÖvwZôvwbK jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Zvi †gvnbxq ¯^fve, PwiÎ,
e¨w³Z¡, g‡bvfve, AvšÍwiKZv, `„pZv Ges Kjv-‡KŠk‡ji Øviv mswkøó mKj‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ Ki‡Z mÿg nb|
d‡j mn‡RB Zvi D‡Ïk¨ nvwmj n‡q _v‡K|
11| Avkvevw`Zv t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³v mKj mgq fwel¨‡Zi bZzb cwiKíbv, bZzb cY¨ I †mev, bZzb †µZv I evRvi,
bZzb c×wZ I cÖhyw³ wb‡q Ges mKj †ÿ‡Î mdjZvi wel‡q Avkvev`x _v‡Kb| G mKj wel‡qi mvdj¨
AR©b mywbwðZ Ki‡bi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wb‡qvwRZ iv‡Lb|
12| ¯^vaxbZv t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi wPšÍv I K‡g© ¯^vaxb _vK‡Z n‡e| ¯^vaxb I gy³ wPšÍv-‡PZbv †_‡KB m„wókxjZvi
m„wó nq| ciwbf©ikxj Ges Ac‡ii wbqš¿‡Y †_‡K KL‡bv wk‡ív‡`¨v³v nIqv hvq bv|
13| `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY ÿgZv t- ‡µZvi iæwP, Af¨vm, cÖ‡qvRb, cwi‡ek Ges cwiw¯’wZ me mgqB cwieZ©bkxj|
ZvB G mKj wel‡qi cÖwZ we‡kl `„wó †i‡L Zv‡K `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi ÿgZv _vK‡Z n‡e|
(L) A_©‰bwZK êwkó¨ t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi A_©‰bwZK êwkó¨¸‡jv wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt-
1| mvsMVwbK I †ckvMZ AwfÁZv t- msMVb myôf z v‡e cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y msµvšÍD‡`¨v³vi mvsMVbwK I
†ckvMZ AwfÁZv I `~i`„wó _vK‡Z n‡e| hw` mvsMVwbK I †ckvMZ AwfÁZv bv _v‡K Zvn‡j Zvi
m„RbkxjZv, D™¢vebx ÿgZv, `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY I Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î mgm¨vi m„wó n‡e|
2| g~jab †hvMvb I eënvi ÿgZv t- wkí eëmv‡qi cÖ‡qvR‡b KLb, wK cwigvY A_© cÖ‡qvRb n‡e, Zv wKiƒ‡c
†hvMvb †`qv n‡e Ges msM„nxZ A_© wKiƒ‡c m‡e©v”P mØënvi Kiv n‡e BZ¨vw` wel‡q Zvi ev¯Íe Ávb,
AwfÁZv I †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB wZwb mdj n‡Z cvi‡eb|
3| cÖhyw³‡Z AwfÁZv t- cY¨ I †mevi Drcv`b I e›Ub †ÿ‡Î cÖhyw³MZ Dbœq‡bi me©‡kl Ae¯’v ch©šÍ
wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi ev¯Íe Ávb I AwfÁZv _vK‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB wZwb cÖwZ‡hvMxi Zzjbvq fvj ¸b I gv‡bi cY¨ I
†mev ¯^íg~j¨ mieivn K‡i evRvi `L‡j ivL‡Z cvi‡eb|
4| my‡hvM-myweavi eënvi t- cÖvß my‡hvM-myweav m‡e©v”P mØënvi K‡i A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb wbwðZ I `xN©¯’vqx
Kivi mKj ¸b I †hvM¨Zv wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ _vK‡Z n‡e|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-7
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
5| djveZ©b I djvdj ch©v‡jvPbv t- M„nxZ wm×všÍ KZUzKz ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡jv, Zvi djvdj wK, †Kv_vI †Kvb
fyj-ÎæwU n‡q‡Q wK bv Ges n‡q _vK‡j Zvi ms‡kva‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv BZ¨vw` wel‡q me©‡kl Z_¨ cÖvwß
wel‡q wk‡ív‡`¨v³v cÖwZwbqZ mRvM I m‡Pó _v‡Kb| G m¤úwK©Z cÖvß djvd‡ji Av‡jv‡KB wZwb `ªæZZvi
mv‡_ cieZx© wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb|
(M) mvgvwRK êwkó¨ t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³v gvbyl wn‡m‡e mvgvwRK Rxe Ges Zvi wkí cÖwZôvbI mgv‡R cÖwZwôZ n‡q
_v‡K| cÖwZôv‡b Zv‡K gvbexq m¤ú` w`‡q Ab¨vb¨ mKj m¤ú‡ì Kvg¨ eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z nq| ZvB
wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ wKQz mvgvwRK êwkó¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq, hv m¤ú‡K© wb‡gœ we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t-
1| MwZkxj †bZ…Z¡ t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³v wk‡íi cÖwZôvZv, †bZv, aviK I evnK| ¯^xq D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b Zv‡K mKj
gvbexq I e¯‘MZ m¤ú` mwVKfv‡e eënvi cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨ Zv‡K MwZkxj †bZ…‡Z¡i
AwaKvix n‡Z nq|
2| ‰cwÎK ¸bvejxi cÖwZdjb t- ‰cwÎK ¸bvejx wk‡ív‡`¨v³v m„wói †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
cwiev‡i mšÍvb cvjb, mšÍvb‡ì cÖwZ wcZv-gvZvi AvPiY Ges cwiev‡i wkí D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi HwnZ¨ ev aviv
_vK‡j H cwiev‡ii mšÍvb‡ì g‡a¨ wkí‡`¨vMx nevi m¤¢vebv †ekx _v‡K Ges G‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡ì mvd‡jï
m¤¢vebvI †ekx †`Lv hvq|
3| mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹w… ZK Kvh©µ‡g D‡`¨vM t- mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹w… ZK Dcv`vb Ges Zv‡ì Kvh©µg wk‡ív‡`¨vM
Dbœqb I mdjZvi †ÿ‡Î cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| hw` mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡ek AvaywbK I D`vi nq Ges
wk‡ív‡`¨v³v G‡ÿ‡Î Zvi Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ I g~j¨ cvq Zvn‡j †m Av‡iv †ekx MwZkxj nq, bZzb D`¨‡g
wk‡íi Rb¨ KvR K‡i|
4| esk I cvwievwiK gh©v`v t- esk cwiwPwZ I cvwievwiK gh©v`v wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvgvwRK
êwkó¨| hw` Zvi esk I cvwievwiK gh©v`v fv‡jv nq| ¯^xK…Z I mycÖwZwôZ nq, Z‡e wk‡ív‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡eI
Zvi mvdj¨ wbwðZ nq|
(N) mvaviY ev e¨w³MZ êwkó¨ t- GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ mvaviY ev e¨w³MZ A‡bK êwkó¨ _vK‡Z nq, hv
wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t-
1| eqm I wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv t- D‡`¨v³vq wk‡ív‡`¨vM MÖnY Kivi gZ eqm I wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e|
wk‡ív‡`¨vM MÖnY I ev¯Íevq‡bi †ÿ‡Î 30 †_‡K 50 ermi eqmB n‡jv m‡e©vËg| Aci w`‡K wkí †ÿ‡Î
m„RbkxjZvi ¯^vÿi ivLvi Rb¨ eëmvq wel‡q cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿv †hgb-weweGm, weweG, GgweG BZ¨vw`
wWMÖx LyeB mnvqK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K|
2| eyw×gËv I mZK©Zv t- mxwgwZ m¤ú` I mvg‡_©ï mØënvi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK eëmv‡q
wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ cÖwZwbqZB Zv‡K bZzb cY¨, avibv, †mev ˆZix I mieiv‡ni cÖwZ eyw×gËv I mZK©Zvi
cwiPq w`‡Z n‡e|
3| mZZv I mijZv t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³v wk‡íi †bZv, KY©avi| Zv‡K me mgqB Zvi K_v, wPšÍv I Kv‡R mnR,
mij, mr Ges AvšÍwiK n‡Z n‡e| G¸‡jvi gva¨‡g AbymiYxq I AbyKiYxq Av`k© †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q wkí
cÖwZôvb‡K jÿ¨cv‡b cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| fyj eySvi ÿgZv t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K me mgqB AvZ¥mgv‡jvPbv I A‡bï MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv‡K MÖn‡Yi
gva¨‡g ¯^xq Kvh©µ‡g fyj eySvi ÿgZv _vK‡Z n‡e| Aciw`‡K ‡Kvb fyj wm×všÍ n‡q _vK‡j Zv
`ªæZMwZ‡Z ms‡kva‡bi D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e|
5| ‰ah©¨ I mwnòzZv t- cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡ek, cwiw¯’wZ, cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK Ae¯’v, †µZvi iæwP, Af¨vm, cQ›`
cÖwZwbqZ cwieZ©bkxj| GB cwieZ©bkxj cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ wgj †i‡L cY¨, †mev, aviYv Dbœq‡b Ges
wecY‡b Zv‡K me mgqB AZ¨šÍ âh©¨ I mwnòzZvi cwiPq w`‡Z n‡e|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-8
6| mgq Ávb I mgq cÖ`vb t- mwVK mg‡q mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY I ev¯Íevq‡bi DciB wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi mvdj¨
wbf©i K‡i| ZvB cÖwZôv‡bi mKj wel‡q Zv‡K mwVK mg‡q mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e Ges GRb¨
cÖwZôvb‡K h‡_ó mgq w`‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq ‡Kvb wKQzB Kiv m¤¢e n‡e bv|
7| AvKl©bxq e¨w³Z¡ t- D‡`¨v³v †h‡nZz cÖwZôv‡bi gvbexq I e¯‘MZ mKj m¤ú‡ì †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡ib, ZvB
Zv‡K AvKl©bxq e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvix n‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB Zvi c‡ÿ gvbexq m¤ú‡ì gva¨‡g mKj m¤ú‡ì
mØënvi wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|
8| ‡KŠkj t- mxwgZ mgq I mvg‡_©ï g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P mvdj¨ wbwð‡Zi Rb¨ wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K †KŠkjx n‡Z n‡e|
Z‡eB mKj evav-wecwË AwZµg K‡i c~Y© wba©vwiZ jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Kiv hv‡e|
9| Z¨vMx g‡bvfve t- wkí I eëmv‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv AR©b n‡jI cÖ‡qvR‡b Ges †ÿÎ we‡k‡l RvZxq
¯^v‡_© Zv‡K Z¨v‡Mi g‡bvfv‡ei cwiPq w`‡Z n‡e|
wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi êwkó¨¸‡jv‡K Avgiv GZÿ‡Y PviwU cÖavb †kªYx‡Z wef³ K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kijvg|
êwkó¨¸‡jv †Kvb wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ we`¨gvb _vK‡j Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î wZwb Aek¨B mdj n‡eb e‡j Avgiv
Avkv Ki‡Z cvwi|
wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi ¸bvewj (Qualities of Entrepreneur)

wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi êwkóëjx Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avcwb Zvui ¸bvejx m¤ú‡K© wKQzUv avibv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì Rxeb, BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K GKRb mdj wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi †h mKj ¸bvewj jÿ¨ Kiv
hvq, Zv wb‡gœ t-
1| mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Zxeª AvKv•Lv t- GwU wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi cÖ_g Ges GK cÖavb ¸b| mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Avkv
AvKv•Lv Qvov †KD KL‡bv †Kvb wKQy Ki‡Z cv‡e bv| mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Zxeª AvKv•Lvi Kvi‡YB D‡`¨v³v c~e©
wba©vwiZ jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b eªZx nq, cwikªg K‡i Ges P¨v‡jÄ MÖnb K‡i|
2| `~i`wk©Zv t- fwel¨‡Zi cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ Pvwn`v, evRvi, bZzb cY¨, aviYv, cÖwZ‡hvMxZv, cY¨ g~‡jï n«vm-
e„w× BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© c~‡e©B Zv‡K c~e©vbygvb ev Abygvb Kivi ¸b _vK‡Z n‡e| d‡j wZwb cieZ©x cwiw¯’wZi
mv‡_ mgš^q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb hv Zvi mvdj¨ wbwðZ Ki‡e|
3| D™¢vebx kw³ t- fwel¨r evRvi, Pvwn`v, †µZvi iæwP Af¨vm BZ¨vw` cwiZ©bkxj| GB cwieZ©bkxj
cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ Lvc I LvIqv‡bvi wea‡bi Rb¨ wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K m„Rbkxj Ges D™¢vebx kw³i Øviv wbZ¨
bZzb cY¨, †mev, aviYv Dbœqb Ki‡Z n‡e, bZzb c×wZ I cÖhyw³ Dbœqb Ki‡Z n‡e, KuvPvgv‡jb weKí Drm
mÜvb Ki‡Z n‡e, A‡_©i Drm mÜvb Ki‡Z n‡e| d‡j cÖwZ‡hvMxi c~‡e©B †µZvi Pvwn`v cwic~iY K‡i
Kvw½Z mvdj¨ AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
4| kvixwiK I gvbwmK kw³ t- wkí I eëmv‡qi mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K A‡bK kvixwiK I
gvbwmK cwikªg Ki‡Z nq| ZvB Zv‡K kvixwiK I gvbwmK w`K w`‡q h‡_ó kw³kvjx n‡Z n‡e Ges Zv
m‡e©v”P gvÎvq eënv‡ii wPšÍv Ki‡Z n‡e|
5| mvsMVwbK †hvM¨Zv t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³v GKRb msMVK| cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡K
Drcv`‡bi mKj DcKiY msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| Zv‡K Aek¨B mwVK mg‡q mwVK KvRwU mwVK e¨w³ I m¤úwË
Øviv mwVK fv‡e m¤úv`b wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ Zvi g‡a¨ h‡_ó mvsMVwbK †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e|
6| SuywK MÖn‡bi B”Qv I ÿgZv t- AwbwðZ fwel¨r wb‡qB D‡`¨v³v‡K me mgq KvR Ki‡Z nq| GB Kv‡Ri
mv‡_ i‡q‡Q h‡_ó SuywK| Avevi SuywK MÖnb Qvov mvdj¨ AR©bI m¤¢e bq| ZvB Zv‡K SuywK cwigvcmn SuywK
MÖn‡bi B”Qv I ÿgZv _vK‡Z n‡e|
7| âh©¨ I mwnÂzZv t- eZ©gvb hyM cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi hyM| cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Qvov †Kvb wkí cÖwZôvbB MVb I
cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq bv I mvdjÏ AR©b Kiv hvq bv| ZvB wkí cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb I cwiPjvbq Zv‡K AZ¨šÍ
âh©¨kxj n‡Z n‡e| mwnÂzZvi cwiPq w`‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB wZwb mKj cÖwZK~jZv AwZµg K‡i mvdj¨
wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-9
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
8| avibvi my¯úóZv t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³v fwel¨‡Z wK Ki‡Z Pvb| wKfv‡e Ki‡Z hvb, G‡ÿ‡Î Zvi myweav wK,
m¤¢ve¨ Amyweav wK, Amyweav¸‡jv wKiæ‡c `~i Kiv hv‡e BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYvi AwaKvix n‡Z n‡e|
Ab¨_vq wZwb jÿ¨ AR©‡b e¨_© n‡eb|
9| eyw×gËv t- eëmvq †ÿ‡Î cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, cÖwZKyjZv, cÖwZeÜKZv wbZ¨ ˆbgwËK welq| Gi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î
Zv‡K mRvM I mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e| ¯^xq eyw×gË¡v cÖ‡qv‡M Drmvnx n‡Z n‡e|
10| †bZ…‡Z¡i †hvM¨Zv t- wkí D‡`¨v³v GKRb msMVK, GKRb †bZv| wZwb cÖwZôv‡bi mKj e¯‘MZ m¤ú`‡K
gvbexq m¤ú‡ì gva¨‡g msMVb, cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y K‡ib| GRb¨ †bZ…‡Z¡i †hvM¨Zv I ¸bvejx _vK‡Z
n‡e|
11| mZZv I wek¦¯ÍZv t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K K_v, KvR, AvPiY, bxwZ wba©viY I ev¯Íevq‡bi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î mZZv
I wek¦¯ÍZvi cwiPq w`‡Z n‡e| d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi me©¯Í‡i wbqg k„½jv Abym„Z n‡e|
12| wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv I AwfÁZv t- eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y© I gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z e„n`vqZb cÖwZôvb
MVb I cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv, `ÿZv I AwfÁvZv _vK‡Z n‡e|
13| AvMÖn I HK¨t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³‡K ¯^xq Kv‡Ri cÖwZ h‡_ó AvMÖn I HKvwšÍKZv _vK‡Z n‡e| Acivci
KvR‡K †i‡L cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ AvšÍwiK n‡Z n‡e| m‡e©v”P ¯Í‡i ¯’vb w`‡Z n‡e|
14| PvwiwÎK AvZœwek¦vm t- eëmvq cÖwZôvb MVb, cwiPvjbv, †bZ…Z¡ I wbqš¿‡b cÖPiz Drmvn, D`¨g I
AvšÍwiKZvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Zvi PvwiwÎK `„pZv, g‡bvej Ges AvZ¥wek¦vm| Ab¨_vq mvdj¨
AR©b m¤¢e bq|
15| AbycÖvwbZ Kivi ÿgZv t- mKj D‡`¨v³v‡K Ab¨‡K w`‡q A_©vr gvbexq m¤ú`‡i gva¨‡g mKj e¯‘MZ
m¤ú‡ì Kvg¨ eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨ eëmv‡q wb‡qvwRZ mKj ¯Í‡ii mKj Kwg©‡K AbycÖvwbZ
Ki‡Z nq, Zv‡K wgïK n‡Z nq, DËg eënvi Ki‡Z nq, Avš‘wiK n‡Z nq| Z‡eB mK‡j AbycÖvwbZ n‡q
jÿ¨ cv‡b KvR K‡i _v‡K|
16| mnvqvbyewZ©Zv t- mwVK mg‡q mwVK wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi DciB cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i| ZvB
mgqvbyewZ©Zvi cÖwZ Zv‡K we‡kl `„wó w`‡Z nq|
17| my‡hv‡Mi mØënvi t- eëmv‡q my‡hvM evi-evi Av‡m bv| ZvB hLb †h my‡hvM Avm‡e †mB my‡hv‡Mi
mØënv‡iB Zv‡K D‡`¨vMx n‡Z n‡e|
18| my‡Kxkjx t- mxwgZ mgq I mvg‡_©ï m‡e©v”P mØënvi wbwð‡Zi gva¨g jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K
my‡KŠkjx n‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB mKj evav- wecwË AwZµg K‡i c~e© wba©vwiZ jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wbwðZ Kiv
hv‡e|
19| AvKl©bxq e¨w³Z¡ t- D‡`¨v³v‡K AvKl©bxq e¨w³‡Z¡i AwaKvix n‡Z n‡e| K_v, KvR, AvPi‡b Zv‡K
gvwR©Z, f`ª, webqx n‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB mš‘ó wP‡Ë me©¯Í‡i Zvi MÖnb †hvM¨Zv wbwðZ n‡e, Zvi KvR I
wb‡`©k mK‡j †g‡b Pj‡e|
20| djveZ©b g~j¨vqb t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K Zvi cÖwZwU wm×v‡šÍi djveZ©b †_‡K cÖvß djvdj Zv‡K g~j¨vqb K‡i
†`Lvi ¸bmn †Kvb mgm¨v _vK‡j Zv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi †hvM¨ZvI _vK‡Z n‡e|
G mKj ¸bvejx †Kvb wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ _vK‡j Avgiv Avkv Ki‡Z cvwi Zvi cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨ mywbwðZ n‡e|
me‡k‡l Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, GKRb D‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ Dc‡iv³ ¸Yvewj we`¨gvb _vK‡j bvbvb mgm¨vi gv‡SI
†m GKRb mdj eëmvqx wn‡m‡e wb‡R‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-10
cvV ms‡ÿc
wk‡í‡`¨v³vi A‡bK êwkó¨ i‡q‡Q| hv‡K e„n`v‡‡_© Avgiv PviwU fv‡M fvM Ki‡Z cvwi, h_v t- (K) gb¯ÍvwËK
êwkó¨, (L) A_©‰bwZK êwkó¨, (M) mvgvwRK êwkó¨, (N) mvaviY ev e¨w³MZ êwkó¨|
GB PviwU w`‡K GKRb wk‡ív`¨v³v‡K ev¯Íe Rxe‡b mdj I mv_©K n‡Z n‡j Zvi g‡a¨ wKQy Avek¨Kxq ¸bvewj
_vKv cÖ‡qvRb| hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q mvdj¨ AR©‡b Zxeª _vKve¯’vq `~i`wk©Zv, D™¢ebv kw³, kvixwiK I gvbwmK kw³,
mvsMVwbK †hvM¨Zv, SuywK MÖn‡bi B”Qv I ÿgZv, âh¨© I mwnÂzZv, aviYvi ¯úóZv, eyw×gËv †bZ…‡Z¡i †hvM¨Zv
BZ¨vw`|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi PvwiwÎK êwkó¨¸‡jv‡K cÖavbZ KZ fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq Ges wK wK ?
2| wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi gb¯ÍvwmZ¡K/mvgvwRK/A_©‰bwZK/ mvaviY ev e¨w³MZ êwkó¨¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
3| wk‡ív‡`¨v‡³vi ¸bvewj e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-11
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-3 : Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi Kvh©vejx Ges wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Functions
of Entrepreneur in Developing Country & Necessity of Entrepreneurial
Education)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi Kvh©vejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi Kvh©vejx (Functions of Entrepreneur in Developing Country)
GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³v Zvi wkí cÖwZôvb MV‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i cieZx©Kv‡j Gi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ mKj avivevwnK
Kvh©µg AZ¨šÍ Av¯’v, `ÿZv I wek¦¯ÍZvi mv‡_ cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| G‡Z GK w`‡K Zvi Kvh© m¤úvw`Z nq Ges
cÖwZôv‡bi Dbœqb nq, †mB mv‡_ mvwe©Kfv‡e †`‡ki Dbœqb nq| ZvB Dbœqbkxj †`‡k GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K
A‡bK Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq, hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q t-
1| c~e©vbygvb I cwiKíbv cÖYqb t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi cÖ_g Ges cÖavb KvR n‡jv Zvi m„Rbkxj I cÖMwZkxj g‡bi
mv‡_ wgj †i‡L fwel¨‡Z †µZvi Pvwn`v cÖ‡qvRb I m¤¢ve¨ evRvi m¤ú‡K© aviYv Abygvb Kiv| AbywgZ
aviYvi Av‡jv‡K cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b I e›Ub msµvšÍ wel‡q c~evby©gvb I cwiKíbv Kiv| c~e©vbygvb I
cwiKíbv h‡Zv fvj n‡e| cieZ©x Kvh©µgI Z‡Zv mdj nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
2| D‡`¨vM MÖnY t- c~e©vbygvb I cwiKíbvi Av‡jv‡K wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Zv‡K
Avf¨šÍixb I evwn¨K cwi‡ek, cÖwZôv‡bi gvbexq I Agvbexq m¤ú‡ì mvg_©¨, m¤¢vebv, SuywK, evRvi Ae¯’vb
Ges cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì Ae¯’vb m¤ú‡K© wePvi we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq|
3| A_© ms¯’vb t- D‡`¨v³v‡K Rvb‡Z nq eZ©gv‡b wK cwigvb A_© Zvi i‡q‡Q Ges †gvU cÖ‡qvRb K‡Zv| Aci
w`‡K ¯^í I `xN© †gqv‡` wK cwigvb A_© cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Ges Zv †Kv_v †_‡K, wKiæ‡c msMÖnxZ n‡e| †Kbbv
A_©B mKj Kg©Kv‡Ûi g~j PvwjKv kw³| ZvB cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab, wbR¯^ Znwej, e¨vsK †_‡K FY MÖnb Kiv
n‡e wKbv BZ¨vw` wel‡q Zv‡K `ÿZvi mv‡_ wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
4| SuywK MÖnY t- GKwU K_v i‡q‡Q No risk no gain A_©vr SuywK bvB, mvdjÏ bvB| D‡`¨v³vi eZ©gvb
Kv‡Ri †P‡q fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ bZzb bZzb KvR, c`‡ÿc MÖnY I cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b SuywKi cwigvY ‡ewk| g~jZ
SuywKi ga¨ †_‡KB Zv‡K Pvwj‡q †h‡Z nq| GRb¨ Zv‡K SuywKi cwigvb wbY©q Ges Zv †gvKv‡ejvq AZ¨šÍ
`~i`wk©Zvi cwiPq w`‡Z nq| Z‡e G †ÿ‡Î D‡`¨v³v‡K g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †h, me©‡ÿ‡Î cwiwgZ SzuwK MÖnY
KivB †kªq|
5| mvsMVwbK Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b t- bZzb cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b I e›U‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡K G Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³
Drcv`‡bi Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY msMÖn Ges mØënvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨ Zv‡K cÖwZôv‡bi KvVv‡gv I aiY
wbY©q K‡i †m Av‡jv‡K Kg©x wbe©vPb, wb‡qvM, cÖwkÿY, c‡`vbœwZi eë¯’v Ki‡Z nq, cÖwZ¯Í‡ii `vwqZ¡ I
KZ©e¨ e›Ub Ki‡Z nq|
6| cwiPvjbv, eë¯’vcbv I wbqš¿Y t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi mKj m„Rbkxj D‡`¨vM I Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi mdjZv wbf©i
K‡i `ÿ cwiPvjbv, eë¯’vcbv I wbqš¿‡Yi Dci| cÖwZôv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú`‡K gvbexq m¤ú` ØvivB
cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| ZvB gvbexq m¤ú‡ì wb‡qvM, wb‡`©kbv, †bZ…Z¡, †cÖlbv, mgš^q I wbqš¿Y
cÖf„wZ Kvh© m¤úv`‡b wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K AZ¨šÍ my‡KŠkjx n‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB cÖvwZôv‡bi mvgvwMÖK cwiPvjbv,
eë¯’vcbv Ges wbqš¿Y dj`vqK n‡e|
7| bZzb cY¨, avibv I ‡mev Dbœqb t- †µZv‡ì iæwP Af¨vm, cÖ‡qvRb cÖf„wZ cwieZ©bkxj| ZvB Gw`‡K jÿ¨
†i‡L hv‡Z wbZ¨ bZzb d¨vkb I êwk‡óï cY¨, avibv I †mev h_vh_fv‡e Drcv`b I e›U‡bi wel‡q Zv‡K
m`v m‡Pó _vK‡Z nq, m¤¢ve¨ mKj my‡hvM myweav wePvi we‡kølY K‡i m‡e©vËg eë¯’v MÖnb Ki‡Z nq|
8| wecbb Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b t- †µZv‡ì Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvR‡bi Av‡jv‡K ïay cY¨-‡mev Drcv`b Ki‡jB P‡jbv,
Zv weµ‡qi eë¯’v wb‡Z nq, wba©vwiZ I m¤¢ve¨ †µZv‡ì wbKU Zv †cŠ‡Q w`‡Z nq| GRb¨ Zv‡K cÖwZwbqZ
BDwbU GK c„ôv-12
†µZv‡ì cwiewZ©Z Pvwn`vi cÖwZ, bZzb evRv‡ii cÖwZ, cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì Kvh©µ‡gi cÖwZ †Lqvj †i‡L wecbb
msµvbœ mKj Kvh©µg m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq|
9| m‡e©vËg cÖhyw³ I KuvPvgvj eënvi t- eZ©gvb hyM cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi hyM| ZvB mKj wk‡ív‡`¨v³vB †µZv‡ì
cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Y cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wjß nq| G‡ÿ‡Î wkí-D‡`¨vM m‡e©vËg c×wZ, cÖhyw³ I †KŠkj eënvi Ki‡Z
nq Ges DbœZgvb I ¸‡Yi cY¨, †mev Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ DbœZ KuvPvgv‡ji eënvi Ki‡Z nq| Z‡eB
cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì Zzjbvq Zvi cY¨ I †mev †ewk Pj‡e, Ae¯’vb fv‡jv n‡e Ges gybvdv †ewk n‡e|
10| †hvMv‡hvM Ges m¤úK© m„wó, iÿv I Dbœqb t- cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i †µZv †fv³v mievnKvix
cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvix, cÖwZ‡hvMx, miKvi Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b ewnwe©‡k¦i mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM I m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi Dci|
ZvB wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K Zvi cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ DwjøwLZ e¨w³ I cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ges
m¤úK© m„wó, msiÿY I Dbœq‡bi KvRwU Zv‡K AwZ mZK©Zvi mv‡_ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z nq|
11| mywbcyb Awdm Kvh© m¤úv`b t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi Kv‡h©i `ÿZv Zvi Awdm Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi `ÿZvi Dci wbf©i
K‡i| †Kbbv Awd‡mB mKj c‡ÿi mv‡_ mKj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g Ges cÖwZôv‡bi mœvqy †K›`ª| †dvb, d¨v·,
B›Uvi‡bU myweavmn GKwU Awdm Zv‡K cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq| d‡j Zvi Kv‡Ri `ÿZv I MwZ e„w× cvq|
12| e¨vcK Kg©x wb‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM m„wó t- D‡`¨v³v‡ì KvRB n‡jv cÖ‡qvR‡bi Av‡jv‡K wbZ¨ bZzb cÖK…wZi Awdm
I wkí-KviLvbv M‡o †Zvjv| GmKj cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvq bZzb bZzb c` m„wó nq| G‡Z †jvK wb‡qv‡Mi
cÖ‡qvRb nq| d‡j †`‡k e¨vcK Kg© wb‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM m„wó nq|
13| m¤ú‡ì mylg e›Ub I MwZkxjZv e„w× t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³vMY †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wkí cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb K‡i
Zv‡ì Ges RvZxqm¤ú‡ì mylg e›Ub I eënvi wbwðZ K‡i| D‡`¨v³v `ÿZvi Av‡jv‡K Kg©x‡ì g‡a¨
`vwqZ¡ e›Ub I wbqš¿Y K‡i| d‡j Kwg©‡ì Kv‡R MwZkxjZv e„w× cvq|
14| AMÖ-cðv` ms‡hvM wkí cÖwZôv t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³vMY hLb Zvi wk‡íi mdjZv wb‡q wPšÍv K‡i ZLb Zuviv Gi
mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z mgm¨v¸‡jv Luy‡R †ei K‡i Ges Zv mgvav‡bi mwVK c`‡ÿc wn‡m‡e AMÖg~Lx ev cðv`g~Lx
wkí MVb Ki‡Z nq| D‡jøL¨, cðv`g~Lx wkí Ges hw` †`‡Lb Drcvw`Z cY¨ e›Ub I wewµ‡Z mgm¨v n‡”Q
Z‡e Zv wgUv‡bvi Rb¨ AMÖg~Lx wkí cÖwZôvb M‡o Zz‡jb| d‡j wk‡íi Dbœqb I weKvk `ªæZ nq|
15| AvÂwjK Dbœqb t- miKv‡ii Ki AeKvk, wkí bMi (wewmK) myweav MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wk‡ív‡`¨v³vMY †`‡ki
wewfbœ AÂ‡j wewfbœ wkí cÖwZôvb cÖwZôv I cwiPvjbv K‡ib| G‡Z K‡i †`‡ki me©GjvKvq AvÂwjK Dbœqb
wbwðZ nh|
16| ê‡`wkK evwb‡Rï MwZkxjZv e„w× t- wk‡ív‡`¨v³vMY Zv‡ì cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g Af¨šÍixb Pvwn`v c~iY
QvovI ê‡`wkK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ A‡bK cY¨ `ªe¨ Drcv`b I e›Ub K‡ib| d‡j ê‡`wkK evwY‡R¨
MwZkxjZv Av‡m Ges †ekx K‡i ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AwR©Z nq|
17| RvZxq Avq e„w× t- wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi d‡j †`‡k wkí I evwY‡Rï e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U| d‡j Dbœqb Drcv`b I
e›Ub e„w× cvq| G‡Z K‡i RvZxh Avq e„w× cvq|
18| Rxeb hvÎvi gvb Dbœqb t- wkí Dbœq‡bi d‡j gvby‡li ‡fvM-eënvi e„w× cvq| GKB `v‡g Zv ev GKvwaK
¸Y I gv‡bi weKí cY¨ †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Zv‡ì Rxeb hvÎvi gvb DbœZ nq|
GZÿY GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv| GmKj Kvh©vewji `ÿZvi mv‡_
m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g wk‡ív‡`¨v³vMY Zv‡ì Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi `ªæZ weKvk Ges Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡cyY©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb|
wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ wkÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Necessity of Entrepreneurial Education)
wk‡ív‡`¨vM MÖnY Ges Zv myôz ev¯Íevq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ ZË¡MZ wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡ Ges cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
A‡bK| ‡`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨vM m„wó‡Z wkÿv I cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖwZ †WwfW wm. g¨vK‡jj¨vÛ (David c. Meclelland)
we‡kl ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ wkÿvi ¸iæZ¡‡K Avgiv wbæiæ‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvwi t-
1| wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ ZvwË¡KÁvb AR©b t- wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ wkÿvi gva¨‡‡g G msµvšÍ wel‡q mKj cÖKvi
ZvwË¡KÁvb AR©b Kiv hvq| †hgb wkí D‡`¨vM wK, wKiæ‡c Gi D‡b¥l I weKvk N‡U‡Q, wk‡ív‡`¨v‡M msµvšÍ
BDwbU GK c„ôv-13
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
bxwZgvjv, aviYv, ZË¡, †KŠkj, Kvh©vejx BZ¨vw` wKiæ‡c wk‡ív‡`¨vM mdjZv I e¨_©Zv †P‡q Av‡b G m¤ú‡K©
mKj cÖKvi ZvwË¡K Ávb jvf Kiv hvq, hvi Av‡jv‡K fwel¨r Kvh©cwiPvjbv dj`vqK nq|
2| mdj wk‡í‡`¨v³v m„wó t- mdj, mv_©K I †hvM¨ wk‡ív‡`¨v³v m„wó‡Z wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ wkÿv e¨vcK f~wgKv
iv‡L| KviY wk‡ív‡`¨vM wkÿv †_‡K Zvi myß cÖwZfvi weKvk N‡U, m„Rbkxj I SuywKc~Y© Kv‡h©i cÖwZ Zvi
AvMÖn m„wó nq| d‡j wkí cÖwZôvb MVb I cwiPvjbv Ges G msµvšÍ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨‡ev‡ai m„wó nq|
3| e¨vcK Kg©x wb‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM m„wó t- wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ ZË¡Ávb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K wkí-cÖwZôvb ¯’vc‡b D×z×
K‡i, hv‡Z bZzb Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó nq, †`‡ki †eKvi mgm¨v üvm cvq Ges A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZ
mÂvwiZ nq|
4| wkívq‡bi MwZ e„w× t- wkÿv †ÿ‡Î AwR©Z Áv‡bi gva¨‡g m¤¢ve¨ wk‡ív‡`¨v³vMY bZzb bZzb wkí-Kg©
A‡š^l‡b †ei nb, Zv‡ì myß m„RbkxjZv, D™¢vebx kw³ Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi †Póv K‡ib| G‡Z †`‡k wkí-
cÖwZôv‡bi cwigvb e„w× cvq|
5| wkí cÖwZôvb eë¯’vcbv I cwiPvjbvi Ávb t- wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ wkÿvi d‡j GKRb wkí D‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨
wkí cÖwZôv‡bi cwiKíbv msMVb, mgš^qmvab, cwiPvjbv Ges wbqš¿Y msµvšÍ Ávb e„w× cvq| d‡j cÖwZôvb
msµvšÍ mKj bxwZ, cwjwm, wm×všÍ MÖnb I ev¯Íevqb mnR nq| A_©vr wZwb GmKj †ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU KvR mwVK
mg‡q, mwVK e¨w³ Øviv, mwVKfv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv‡Z cv‡ib|
6| `ªæZ mgm¨vi mgvavb t- wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ Áv‡bi d‡j wZwb djveZ©‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi Drcv`b e›Ub
I Gi wewb‡qvM msµvšÍ †h †Kvb mgm¨v `ªæZ Rvb‡Z cv‡ib Ges Zvi Av‡jv‡K `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnb Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| d‡j Zvi eëmv‡qi mvd‡jï m¤¢vebv wbwðZ nq|
7| wecbb Kvh© myôzfv‡e m¤úv`b t- wecb‡bi AvaywbK aviYv n‡jv †µZvB ivRv (Customesr is the King)| ZvB
Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRb cQ›`, B”Qvi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q cY¨ I ‡mev Drcv`b, ¸`vgRvZKiY Ges cwien‡bi
gva¨‡g mwVK mg‡q mwVK †µZvi wbKU mwVK cY¨ †cuŠQv‡Z nq| GKv‡R wk‡ív‡`¨v³v msµvšÍ ZvwZ¡K Ávb
Zv‡K e¨vcKfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
8| †hvMv‡hvM, m¤úK© m„wó I Dbœqb t- wk‡íi mvdj¨ wbwð‡Zi Rb¨ wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixb mKj
¯Í‡ii Kg©KZ©v, Kg©Pvwii mv‡_ Ges evwn¨K wewfbœ cÿ, †hgb- †µZv, †fv³v, cÖwZ‡hvMx, mieivnKvix,
mswkøó miKvix e¨w³ I cÖwZôvb, cÖ‡qvR‡b we‡`wk e¨w³ I cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb, cvi¯úwiK
m¤úK© m„wó Ki‡Z nq| GRb¨ wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ ZvwË¡K Ávb cÖ‡qvRb nq|
9| `ÿ Awdm Kvh© m¤úv`b t- Awdm cÖwZôv‡bi g~j PvwjKv kw³| Awdm Kvh© myôzfv‡e m¤úv`bv I eë¯’vcbvi
DciB cÖwZôv‡bi cÖK…Z mvdj¨ wbf©ikxj| G‡ÿ‡Î wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ ZvwË¡KÁvb Zv‡K `ÿZvi mv‡_
Awdm Kvh© m¤úv`b I eë¯’vcbvq mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
Dc‡i we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avcwb wbðqB eyS‡Z cvi‡Qb †h, GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi Rb¨ wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ
wkÿvi, cÖ‡qvRb K‡Zv †ewk| G msµvšÍ wkÿv, ZvwË¡K Ávb hvi h‡Zv ‡ewk n‡e, Zvi wkí cÖwZôv‡bi mvd‡jï
m¤¢vebvI Z‡Zv †ewk n‡q _v‡K|
cvV ms‡ÿc
Dbœqbkxj †`‡k GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi A‡bK ¸iZ¡c~Y© Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K, hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, c~e©vbygvb
I cwiKíbv, D‡`¨vM MÖnb, A_© ms¯’vb, SuywK MÖnb, mvsMwVbK Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b, cwiPvjbv-eë¯’vcbv I wbqš¿Y,
bZzb cY¨ I †mev Drcv`b, wecbb Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b, m‡e©vËg cÖhyw³ I KuvPvgvj eënvi, †hvMv‡hvM I m¤úK©
m„wó Ges Dbœqb, mywbcyb Awdm Kvh©m¤úv`b, m¤ú‡ì mylg e›UbI MwZkxjZv e„w×, AMÖ-cðv` ms‡hvM wkí
cÖwZôv,AvÂwjK Dbœqb, ê‡`wkK evwbwR¨K MwZkxjZv e„w×, RvZxq Avq e„w× Ges Rxeb hvÎvi gvb Dbœqb|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| wk‡ív‡`¨vM msµvšÍ wkÿvi Avek¨KxqZv ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Kiæb|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-14
wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡ek
BDwbU
2
(Entrepreneurial Environment)
mvaviYZ: cwi‡ek ej‡Z †Kvb e¨w³ ev e¯‘i cvwicvwk©¦K Ae¯’v Ges G¸‡jvi Ae¯’vb‡K †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| †h
†Kvb wkí cÖwZôvb‡K GKwU cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ KvR Ki‡Z nq| ZvB cÖwZwU wkícÖwZôvb cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb
Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K wkí D‡`¨v³v‡KB cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© I G‡ì wµqv-cÖwµqvi cÖfve m¤ú‡K© ¯^”Q
aviYv _vKv Ave¨kK| Zv bv n‡j †Kvb D‡`¨v³vB mdjZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G cwi‡ek‡K cÖ_‡g `yÕfv‡M
fvM Kiv hvq h_v: Af¨šÍixY cwi‡ek I evwn¨K cwi‡ek| Af¨šÍixY cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ cÖwZôv‡bi wbqg-Kvbyb,
eë¯’vcbvi bxwZ, Kvh©c×wZ, Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡ì Kg©`ÿZvi g‡bvfve, Kh©cwi‡ek BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv GKRb
D‡`¨v³vi wbq‡š¿‡Yi g‡a¨ _v‡K| cÿvšÍ‡i GKwU wkí cÖwZôv‡bi evwn‡i †h cwi‡ek weivRgvb, ZvB g~jZ †ekx
¸iæZ¡c~Y©; hv GKRb wkí D‡`¨v³vi wbqš¿‡Yi evB‡i| G evwn¨K cwi‡ek Avevi `yÕai‡Yi n‡q _v‡K h_v: 1|
e¨vwóK cwi‡ek (Micro envirionment) 2| mvgwóK cwi‡ek (Macro environment) e¨vwóK cwi‡e‡ki
Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv, †h¸‡jv mivmwi GKwU wkí‡KB cÖfvweZ K‡i| †hgb: MªvnK, mieivnKvix, ga¨¯’ZvKvix,
cÖwZ‡hvMx cÖf„wZ| Ab¨w`‡K mvgwóK cwi‡ek ej‡Z Ggb KZ¸‡jv Dcv`vb‡K †evSvq hv †Kvb wbw`©ó wkí‡K
cÖfvweZ bv K‡i GKwU GjvKv ev mgv‡Ri mKj cÖwZôvb‡K Kg‡ekx cÖfvweZ K‡i| †hgb: RbmsL¨v, ivRbxwZ,
cÖvK„wZK, mvs¯‹…wZ, A_©‰bwZK I cÖhyw³ cÖf„wZ| GmKj Dcv`vb wb‡qB wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡ek M‡o D‡V| G
cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii Dci wµqvkxj| GKRb D‡`¨v³v‡K mdjZv jvf Ki‡Z n‡j eëmv‡qi
Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K cwi‡ek we‡ePbv K‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY, msMVb I eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b Ki‡Z
nq| G cÖm‡½ Aa¨vcK AvMiIqvjv h_v_©B gšÍe¨ K‡ib †h, cwi‡ek AMªvn¨ Kivi `Û AZ¨šÍ †ekx| G BDwb‡U
Agiv cwi‡e‡ki msÁv, wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡ek I Zvi Dcv`vbmg~n, eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve,
wkíbxwZ, wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb cÖf„wZ welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e, hv GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi mdjZvi
Rb¨ GKvšÍ Acwinvh©|
BDwbU `yB c„ôv-15

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-1t cwi‡e‡ki msÁv, wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb I ¸iæZ¡ (Definition,

Components and Importance of Entrepreneurial Environment)
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 cwi‡e‡ki msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡e‡ki e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡e‡ki ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘:
cwi‡e‡ki msÁv (Definition of Environment)
gvbyl Zuvi Pvicv‡k †h mKj Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ emevm K‡i ZvB Zvui cwi‡ek| G cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi g‡a¨ †h mKj
Ae¯’v Av‡Q Zvi g‡a¨ MvQcvjv, b`b`x, f~-cÖK„wZ, cvnvo-ce©Z, Rjevqy, wkÿv-ms¯‹…wZ, ag©xq wek¦vm, cÖhyw³,
AvBb-Kvbyb, mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ, BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨| G¸‡jvi mgš^‡qB GKwU wbw`©ó AvKv‡ii cwi‡ek M‡o
D‡V| gvby‡li Rxe‡bi cÖwZ¯Í‡iB cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve weivRgvb| e¨w³ Rxeb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i, cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK,
cÖvwZôvwbK Ges ivóªxq Rxe‡bI cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve we`¨gvb| A·‡dvW© Bs‡iRx Awfav‡Y cwi‡e‡ki msÁvq ejv
n‡q‡Q, GwU n‡jv- Òcvwicvwk¦©K welqmg~n, AÂj ev Ae¯’vÓ| cwi‡ek cÖm‡½ KUjvi (Kotler) e‡jb †h,
Òcwi‡ek n‡jv mgMÖ kw³ I mË¡vi mgwš^Z iƒc, hv evwn¨K Ges m¤¢vebvgq †Kvb we‡kl cÖwZwbwai m‡½
cªvmw½Kfv‡e m¤úK©h³ y Ó|
Aa¨vcK †P¤^vm© Gi gZ Abymv‡i,Ò†Kvb wKQzi DbœwZ ev mg„w×i Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vbmg~‡ni mgwóB
n‡jv cwi‡ek|Ó
DcwiD³ msÁv¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j cwi‡e‡ki wbgœiƒc êwkó¨mg~n jÿ¨ Kiv hvq:
1. cwi‡ek n‡jv KZ¸‡jv kw³ I mË¡vi mgwš^Z iƒc;
2. cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv g~jZ: evwn¨K w`K †_‡K m„ó;
3. G Dcv`vb¸‡jv we‡kl †Kvb e¯‘i Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i;
4. G Dcv`vb¸‡jv ci¯úi wµqv cÖwµqvkxj;
5. cwi‡ek gvbyl, Rxe, KxU cZ½, cÖwZôvb †h †Kvb wKQzi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|
ZvB cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq ‡h, KZ¸‡jv evwn¨K kw³ I mË¡vi mgwó hv †Kvb we‡kl e¯‘i Dci cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii d‡j
†h Ae¯’vi m„wó nq Zv‡K cwi‡ek e‡j|
wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡ek (Entrepreneurial Environment)

GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v †h cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ KvR K‡i Zv‡KB wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡ek ejv hvq| KUjvi (Kotler)
wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Dci mKj cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix kw³‡K eywS‡q†Qb|
GKwU Drcv`bkxj cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µg¸‡jv‡K g¨vKviw_ (Macarthy) PviwU ‘p’ Øviv ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|
h_v: Product (Drcvw`Z cY¨), Price (`ª‡eï g„j¨) Place (¯’vb) Ges Promotion (cÖmvi)| ZvB
wkícÖwZôv‡bi cwi‡ekMZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv myôz cwiKíbv, msMVb, wb‡`©kbv, mgš^qmvavb I wbhš¿Y Øviv m¤úv`b
Ki‡Z nq| †Kvb wkí cÖwZôv‡bi mdjZv myôz wm×všÍMÖnY I Kvh©Ki eë¯’vcbvi Dci eûjvs‡k wbf©ikxj|
cwi‡ek‡K mvaviYZ: `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: 1| Af¨šÍixY Dcv`vb I 2| evwn¨K ev ewn:Dcv`vb|
Af¨šÍixY Dcv`vb †hgb: Kg©x‡ì `ÿZv I ˆbc~Y¨, Kvh© cwi‡ek, Kvh©Ki Kg©-c×wZ, cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖhyw³ I kxl©
¯’vbxq eë¯’vcK‡ì BwZevPK I MwZkxj †bZ„Z¡ cÖf„wZ; hvi Dci GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi mdjZv A‡bKvs‡k
wbf©ikxj| Aci w`‡Ki ewn:Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AbyKyj eëmvwqK cwi‡ek, A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v, ivR‰bwZK
cwi‡ek, cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡ek, cÖwZ‡hvMxZv, miKvix g‡bvfve I mnvqZv eëmv‡qi Dci weivU cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i
_v‡K| G¸‡jv eëmv‡qi wm×všÍ MÖnY, MwZ I cÖK„wZ wbqš¿Y K‡i| Avevi G Dcv`vb¸‡jv ci¯úi wbf©ikxj|

Kvh©Z: GKRb D‡`¨v³v‡K eëmv‡qi Af¨šÍixY I ewn:Dcv`vb¸‡jv h_vh_ g~j¨vqb K‡i Zvi ci wm×všÍ MÖnY,
msMVb, I eë¯’vcbvi mswkøó Kvh©vejx¸‡jv cwiPjbv Ki‡Z nq| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Dfq cwi‡eki
cÖfvewe¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb¸‡jv h_vh_ fv‡e hw` g~j¨vqb Kiv bv nq Zvn‡j eë¯’vcbvi †Kvb Kvh©µgB Kvh©Ki bv
n‡q ÎæwUc~Y© n‡e| G cÖm‡½ Aa¨vcK AvMiIqvjv ûwmqvix D”PviY K‡i‡Qb †h, cwi‡ek‡K AMÖvn¨ Ki‡j
Zvi `Û A‡bK †ekx w`‡Z n‡e| GwU ïay gybvdvi cwigvYB n«vm K‡i bv Ges eëmv‡qi m¤cÖmvi‡Yi my‡hvMB ïay
nvZQvov nq bv, eis mvgvwRK êwiZviI Rb¥ †`q Ges µgvš^‡q mgvwRK cwi‡ek‡K eëmv‡qi ¯v^v‡_©i cÖwZK~‡j
ùvo Kivq|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv G wm×v‡šÍ Avm‡Z cvwi †h, GKRb mdj D‡`¨³v I cÖwZôv‡bi cÖkvm‡bi mv‡_
RwoZ e¨w³eM©‡K cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© mwVK I ¯^”Q aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e| GKRb D‡`¨v³v I cÖkvmK‡K wbgœwjwLZ
Kvi‡Y eëmv‡qi cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© h_v_© Ávb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb:
1. ‡h‡nZz eëmv‡qi Af¨šÍixY I ewn:cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv GKwU eëmv‡qi Kvh© cÖ‡qvM I Kvh©µg‡K
cÖfvweZ K‡i, ZvB eëmv‡K mdjRbKfv‡e cwiPvjbv I Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ Rvbv
Avek¨K|
2. cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv cwieZ©bkxj| ZvB GKRb D‡`¨v³v‡K cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©‡bi d‡j eëmv‡qi
A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© kZK© I mRvM K‡i Zz‡j| hvi Kvi‡Y, GKRb D‡`¨v³v cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©‡bi
mv‡_ eëmv‡qi Kvh©µ†gi g‡a¨ mgš^q G‡b eëmv‡qi MwZkxjZv eRvq ivL‡Z mÿg nq|
3. ewn:cwi‡ek GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| ewn:cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© mwVK Ávb I Z_¨ _vK‡j
eëmv‡qi AbyK~j I cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© cwi¯‹vi aviYv Rb¥vq; hv GKwU bZzb I cyivb cÖwZôv‡bi
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| d‡j, bZzb I cyivZb Dfqai‡Yi eëmvwqK cÖwZôvb¸‡jv
mwVK aviYv wb‡q AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i|
4. cÖwZwU cÖwZôvbB †Kvb bv †Kvb mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ KvR K‡i| we‡kl K‡i, MbZvwš¿K cwi‡e‡k mKj
cÖwZôvb‡K Rbmg_©b wb‡q cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq wU‡K _vK‡Z nq| G Rb¨ cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© Ávb _vKvi cvkvcvwk
cÖwZôv‡bi msMVb I Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ cwi‡ek‡K AbyK~‡j Avbvi Rb¨ m`v ¯^‡Pó _vKv evÂbxq| ZvB
GKRb D‡`¨v³v‡K cwi‡e‡ki cÖK„wZ, ¸iæZ¡, I wbqš¿Y m¤ú‡K© mwVK Ávb AR©‡bi mv‡_ cwi‡ek‡K
mnvbyf~wZm¤úbœ, Dc‡hvMx I myweavRbK K‡i M‡o Zzjvi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡Z n‡e|
5. Pjgvb †Kvb cwi‡ek‡K Kv‡iv c‡ÿB G‡Kev‡i D‡cÿv Kiv Am¤¢e| †h‡ÿ‡Î cwi‡e‡ki Dci
cÖfvewe¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K AbyK~j ev Kvg¨ ch©v‡q Avbv m¤¢e bq; †m‡ÿ‡Î, Pjgvb cwi‡ek‡K wePvi
we‡kølY K‡i Zvi mv‡_ cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi mgš^qmvab K‡i PjvB me‡P‡q eyw×gv‡bi KvR|
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv cÖgvwbZ n‡jv †h, cwi‡e‡ki cÖK„wZ I cÖfve †h cÖKvi I †h ai‡biB nDK bv
†Kb, Zv GKRb D‡`¨v³vi c‡ÿ D‡cÿv ev Kg ¸iæZ¡ †èvi †Kvb my‡hvM †bB| AZGe, GKRb D‡`¨v³v‡K
cÖwZôv‡bi `xN©¯’vqx mdjZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Aek¨B cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve I cªwZwµqv ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY I
Kvh©µg Pvjv‡Z cwi‡ek‡K ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi Dci cªfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`b mg~n

(Influencing Factors on Entrepreneurial Environment)
wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi Dci bvbvfv‡e wewfbœ Dcv`vbmg~n cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i _v‡K| wewfbœ †jLK I M‡elKMY wkí-
D‡`¨v‡Mi Dci cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q AmsL¨ cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb| †hgb, bvDgm&
(Naums) Gi g‡Z, †h mKj Dcv`vb wkí-D‡`¨vM‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Zbg‡a¨ A_© ms¯’v‡bi ewn:mg_©b; cÖhyw³
we`¨v, eë¯’vcbv, I Drcv`b ÿgZv cÖf„wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨| †fmcvi I AvjevDg (Vesper and Albaum) wewfbœ
cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’vi K_v D‡jøL K‡ib| h_v: Af¨šÍixY evRvi, K…wÎg Drcv`vb, wkí, KvixMwi Ávbm¤úbœ kªg
kw³, M‡elYv I cixÿvMvi, miKvix I †emiKvix M‡elYvMvi, g~ja‡bi Drm Ges miKvix mn‡hvMxZv GKRb

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
bZzb wkí-D‡`¨v³v‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| Gai‡Yi A‡bK M‡elK I †jLK Gai‡Yi eû Dcv`vbmg~n wPwýZ
K‡i‡Qb| Avgiv wb‡P wkí-D‡`¨vM cwi‡ek‡K cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix cÖavb cÖavb Dcv`vb¸‡jv eY©bv Kie|
1. cÖvK„wZK cwi‡ek (Natural Environment): cÖvK„wZK cwi‡ek ej‡Z f~cÖK„wZ, Rjevqy, b`b`x, ebR I
LwbR m¤ú`, cÖvK„wZK `~N©Ubv †hgb- So ev`j, mvgyw`ªK R‡jv”Qvm, Abve„wó, AwZe„wó, f~wgK¤ú, eb¨v
BZ¨vw` wb‡q cÖvK„wZK cwi‡ek M‡o D‡V| d‡j †`k ev AÂj †f‡` gvby‡li RxweKvi c_I wfbœ wfbœ n‡q
_v‡K| †hgb: bvZxkx‡Zvò Rjevqy I mgZj cÖK„wZi f~wg‡Z gvby‡li emevm †ekx e‡j G mKj AÂ‡j
eëmv evwYR¨ I wkí h‡_ó AMÖmi| Avevi, wewfbœ m¤ú‡ì Drcv`b I mieiv‡ni Kvi‡Y wewfbœ wkí M‡o
D‡V| †hgb evsjv‡`‡k cv‡Ui Kvi‡Y cvU wkí M‡o D‡V‡Q| ZvB ejvhvq, cÖvK„wZK I †fŠMwjK cwi‡ek
wkí-D‡`¨v‡Mi Dci h‡_ó cÖfve †d‡j|
2. A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek (Economic Enviornment): A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek ej‡Z GKwU AÂj ev †`‡ki
gvby‡li Avq, mÂq, gy`ªvùxwZ, gy`ªvms‡KvPb, DbœZ c~uwRevRvi, †kqvi evRvi, cY¨ evRvi, cÖf„wZ‡K eywS‡q
_v‡K| G¸‡jv GKRb D‡`¨v³v‡K wewb‡qv‡M DrmvwnZ K‡i Avevi A‡bK †ÿ‡Î wbiærmvwnZ K‡i _v‡K| hw`
RbM‡Yi Avw_©K Ae¯’v fvj _v‡K, Z‡e †fvM I µq ÿgZv e„w× cvq| iæwPi cwieZ©b nq e‡j bZzb I
DbœZgv‡bi cY¨ µ‡q AvMÖn Rb¥q; hvi d‡j bZzb bZzb wkí ¯’vc‡b D‡`¨v³vMY AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i| AbyK~j
A_©bxwZi d‡j wewfbœ D‡`¨v³v, eëmvqx I wkícwZMY wewb‡qv†M Drmvn†eva K‡i| d‡j †`‡k eëmv-
evwY‡Rï weKvk N‡U I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mvwaZ nq| cÿvšÍ‡i, gvbyl Avw_©K Am”QjZvq co‡j I g~`ªvùxwZ
†`Lv w`‡j ax‡i ax‡i µq ÿgZv n«vm cvq| d‡j bZzb †Kvb D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Y Drmvn cvq bv| ïay †`‡ki bq,
AvšÍ©RvwZK A_©‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki cÖfveI wkí-D‡`¨v‡Mi Dci c‡o| ZvB ejv hvq †h, wkí D‡`¨v‡Mi †ÿ‡Î
A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek GKwU Ab¨Zg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|
3. mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹w… ZK cwi‡ek (Social and Cultural Environment): cÖwZwU †`‡ki ev AÂ‡jiB
Zv‡ì wbR¯^ mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹w… ZK cwi‡ek weivR K‡i| GKwU †`‡ki Rbmvavi‡Yi AvPviAvPiY, ag©xq I
mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ, wek¦vm, g~j¨‡eva, mnbkxjZv I †h mKj Kg©KvÛ cÖPwjZ Av‡Q Zv‡ì mgwóB n‡jv
mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹w… ZK cwi‡ek| GKRb D‡`¨v³vi D‡`¨vM MÖnY eûjvs‡kB GmKj Dcv`vb Øviv wbqwš¿Z I
cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K| †hgb: cwðgv †`kmg~‡n g`¨cvb mgv‡Ri mvs¯^„wZ‡Z cwiYZ n‡q‡Q; d‡j, †mLv‡b
g`¨ Drcv`b I evRviRvZKi‡Y D‡`¨v³vi Afve †bB| cÿvšÍ‡i, Avgv‡ì †`k Z_v gymwjg †`k¸‡jv‡Z
Rb¨ GUv mvgvwRK I ag©xq wek¦v‡mi cwicš’x weavq Gai‡Yi eëmv‡qi cÖmvi I cÖPvi G‡Kev‡iB mxwgZ|
ZvB ejv hvq, eëmv evwY‡R¨ mgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK ixwZbxwZ nq euvavi m„wó Ki‡Q A_ev DrmvwnZ Ki‡Q| G
fv‡eB mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡ek wkí-D‡`¨v‡Mi Dci cÖfve m„wóKvix ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb e‡j MY¨ n‡”Q|
4. ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek (Political Environment): †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci wkí-D‡`¨v‡Mi
abvZœK m¤úK© i‡h‡Q| †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek hw` w¯’wZkxj I AbyK~j nq, Z‡e D‡`¨v³vMY bZzb bZzb
wk†í DrmvwnZ nb| hw` ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek Aw¯’wZkxj nq Ges wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek
weivR K‡i, Z‡e D‡`¨v³vMY wkí wegyL n‡q c‡ob| KviY, ZLb †`‡k wek„•Ljv, AivRKZv, wbivcËvnxbZv
†`Lv †`q I AvB‡bi kvmb †f‡½ c‡o| d‡j wewb‡qvM DrmvwnZ nq bv| ZvB ejv hvq, ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek
Øviv wkí-D‡`¨vM I A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÛ e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq|
5. AvBbMZ cwi‡ek (Legal Environment): GKwU mgv‡R myôz I my›ìfv‡e emevm Ki‡Z n‡j KZ¸‡jv
ixwZbxwZ, cÖ_v, wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| G mKj ixwZ-bxwZ I wbqg-Kvbyb‡K AvBbMZ cwi‡ek e‡j|
†h‡Kvb ‡`‡ki Rb¨ AvBbMZ cwi‡ek wkí-D‡`¨v‡Mi Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| G‡Z †`‡k kvwšÍ k„•Ljv I
w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq ivL‡Z mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| eëmv evwY‡R¨ AvBb k„•Ljv eRvq ivLvi j‡ÿ¨ mviv
c„w_ex‡ZB wkí I kªwgK AvBb cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q| Avevi, wKQz wKQz †`‡k c„_K evwYwR¨K Av`vjZI cÖwZwôZ
n‡q‡Q| †`‡k hw` ïay AvBb Kvbyb I Zvi h_vh_ cÖ‡qv‡Mi eë¯’v Kvh©Ki _v‡K, Z‡e wk‡í bZzb bZzb
D‡`¨vM cwijwÿZ nq| †`‡ki miKvi eëmvqx‡ì ¯^v_©iÿv‡_© myôzfv‡e AvBb cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j †`‡ki eëmv
evwY¨‡Rï cÖmvi N‡U| myZvivs, ejvhvq †h, wkí-D‡`¨v‡Mi Rb¨ AvBbMZ cwi‡ek h‡_ó cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|

6. cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡ek (Technological Environment): cÖhyw³ AvaywbK weÁv‡bi dmj| Avi †h †`k
cÖhyw³‡Z hZ DbœZ; †m †`k wkí KviLvbv‡ZI ZZ †ekx DbœZ| cÖhyw³ GKwU †`‡ki Rb¨ wecøe e‡q Avb‡Z
cv‡i| bZzb bZyb cÖhyw³ gvbyl‡K Av‡iv bZzb wkí-D‡`¨vM‡K Zivwš^Z Ki‡Q| bZzb I DbœZ cÖhyw³i d‡j Kg
mg‡q †ekx jvfRbK cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡V‡Q| G‡Z †fv³viv Kg `v‡g `ªe¨ cvevi d‡j Zv‡ì †fvM cÖeYZv
†e‡o‡Q, d‡j Pvwn`vI †e‡o‡Q| G Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡”Q bZzb bZzb D‡`¨v‡Mi| ZvB ejv hvq, cÖhyw³i
Dbœq‡bi d‡j wkí-D‡`¨v‡Mi Dci e¨vcK cÖfve co‡Q| ZvB w`b w`b D‡`¨v³v‡ì cÖmviI NU‡Q cÖPzi
cwigv‡Y|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, †`‡ki wkí-D‡`¨v‡Mi Dci cÖvK…wZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK, A_©‰bwZK,
ivR‰bwZK, cÖhyw³MZ I AvBbMZ cwi‡ek¸‡jv AbyK~‡j Avbevi Rb¨ miKvi AvBbMZ, mvs¯‹…wZ‡K ivR‰bwZK I
wkíbxwZmn wewfbœ ms¯‹vi Kvh© nv‡Z wb‡q _v‡K; hv‡Z K‡i †`kx I we‡`kx D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K †ekx †ekx my‡hvM m„wó
K‡i Zv‡ì‡K wewb‡qv‡M DrmvwnZ Kiv hvq|
wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡e‡ki ¸iæZ¡

(Importance of Entrepreneurial Environment)
Avgiv GKUz Av‡MB †`L‡Z †cjvg ‡h, wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi Dci wewfbœ cwi‡ekMZ Dcv`vb wµqvkxj| cwi‡ek AbyK~j
I mnvqK n‡j wkí KviLvbv cÖmvi jvf K‡i, Avi Zv bv n‡j wkí KviLvbvi Dbœqb e¨vcKfv‡e e¨nZ nq| d‡j
A_©bxwZi PvKv ag‡K hvq| GmKj Dcv`v‡bi MwZ-cÖK…wZ we‡kølY K‡i mgqgZ mwVK wm×všÍ wb‡Z cvi‡j
cÖwZôv‡bi Awfô j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQv‡bv mnRZi nq| ZvB ejv hvq, wk‡ív‡`¨v‡M cwi‡ek h‡_ô ¸iæZ¡ enb K‡i|
wk‡ív‡`¨vM cwi‡e‡ki ¸iæZ¡ wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. A_©‰bwZK msMVb (Economic Organization): cÖwZwU wkí cÖwZôvb GK GKwU A_©‰bwZK cÖwZôvb| G
cÖwZôvb wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK m¤ú`, RbmsL¨v, Rjevqy, Mo Avq, AvBbKvbyb, ms¯‹…wZ cÖf„wZ cvwicvwk¦©K Dcv`vb
Øviv †ek cÖfvweZ nq| ZvB †h †Kvb wkí cÖwZôvb Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ G mKj wel‡q Mfxi Ávb _vKv Avek¨K|
2. cwi‡ek‡K we‡ePbv Kiv (Considering the Environment): ‡h‡nZz cÖwZôvb cwi‡ek Øviv e¨vcKfv‡e
cÖfvweZ nq Ges †ekxifvM †ÿ‡ÎB GmKj Dcv`v‡bi Dci †Zgb wbqš¿Y _v‡K bv weavq cwi‡e‡ki
cÖwZK~‡j wm×všÍ wb‡j Zv Kvh©Ki nq bv| ZvB cwi‡e‡ki MwZ cÖK„wZ Abyhvqx ev¯Íe wfwËK hy‡Mvc‡hvMx
wm×všÍ ‡bqvB eyw×gv‡bi KvR|
3. wewb‡qv‡Mi wbivcËv (Security of Investment): wewb‡qv‡Mi ïiæ‡ZB wewb‡qv‡Mi wbivcËv m¤ú‡K© mg¨K
aviYv ivL‡Z n‡e| wewb‡qvM †_‡K Avq, Zvij¨ cÖf„wZi wel‡qI AvMvg aviYvjvf Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Avi
G¸‡jv wkí-D‡`¨vM cwi‡ek Øviv h‡_ó cwigv‡Y cÖfvweZ n‡q _v‡K weavq GmKj wel‡q cwi‡e‡ki wµqv
cÖwZwµqv m¤ú‡K© mRvM I cÖ¯‘Z _vK‡Z n‡e| Zv bv n‡j wewb‡qvM †_‡K Avkvbyiƒc dj jvf Kiv hv‡e bv|
4. Af¨šÍixY I ewn:Dcv`vb (Internal and External Element): eëmv evwY‡Rï Dci †`‡ki †fZi I
evwn‡ii †hmKj Dcv`vb cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i, †m¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© aviYv ivL‡Z n‡e| †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY Dcv`v‡bi
g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv, A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v I miKv‡ii Avg`vbx-ißvbx bxwZ, miKv‡ii wewawb‡la
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| cÿvšÍ‡i, ê‡`wkK Dcv`vb †hgb; AšÍ©RvwZK A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vI eëmv‡K
cÖfvweZ K‡i| ZvB G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K©I c~e©vbygvb I cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© mZK©Zvg~jK Kvh©Ki eë¯’v †bqvi
†hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e|
5. cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© aviYv (Idea About Internal Environment of the
Organization): GKRb wkí D‡`¨v³v‡K Zuvi cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY kw³kvjx I `~e©j w`K¸‡jv m¤ú‡K©
aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e, hv‡ZK‡i ewn:cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ wbR cÖwZôvb‡K LvcLvIqv‡bv| cÖ‡qvR‡b Af¨šÍixY
cwi‡e‡ki ms¯‹vi mvab K‡i cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡e| KviY Af¨šÍixY cwi‡ek A‡bKvs‡kB
†Kv¤úvbxi wbqš¿‡Yi g‡a¨ _v‡K|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
6. we`¨gvb cwi‡ek we‡kølY (Analysis of Existing Environment): cwi‡ek cwieZ©bkxj| ZvB we‡kl
K‡i ewn:cwi‡ek †Kv¤úvbxi wec‡ÿ †h‡Z cv‡i; †m †ÿ‡Î cwi‡ek‡K we‡kølY K‡i †m Abymv‡i mgš^q mvab
KiZ: cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©vejx‡K c~bM©Vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
we,wm, †UbWb (B.C. Tandon) wkí-D‡`¨v‡Mi cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© eY©bv cÖm‡½ wZbwU wel‡qi Dci Av‡jvKcvZ
Ki‡Qb| h_v: 1| cwi‡ekB eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i Ges cÖwZôvbI GUv g‡b K‡i †h, cwi‡ek
cÖwZôvb‡K cÖfvweZ I wbqš¿Y K‡i| 2| D‡`¨v³v Ges eë¯’vcK cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ wbR D‡Ï‡kï Av‡jv‡K
Zvjwgwj‡q eëmvwqK Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| 3| eëmvq cÖwZôvb Ges D‡`¨v³v cwi‡ek‡K wbqš¿‡Yi
†Póv K‡i, hv‡Z cwi‡ek‡K AbyK~j I myweavRbK K‡i Zz‡j KvR m¤úv`b Kiv m¤¢e nq| ZvB ejv hvq, †Kvb
cÖwZôv‡bi c‡ÿB cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve‡K D‡cÿv K‡i mvdj¨ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e bq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK eëmvq †h‡Kvb cÖwZôvb‡K wU‡K _vK‡Z n‡j Ges `xN© †gqv`x
mg‡q eëmvq mdjfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wk‡ív‡`¨vMvi wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡e‡ki bvbvb w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
cvV ms‡ÿc
cwi‡ek n‡jv KZ¸‡jv evwn¨K kw³ I mËvi mgwó hv †Kvb we‡kl e¯‘i Dci cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii d‡j †h Ae¯’vi m„wó
nq Zv‡K cwi‡ek e‡j|GKRb wkí D‡`¨v³v †h cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ KvR K‡i, Zv‡KB wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡ek ejv
hvq| wkí-D‡`¨vM cwi‡ek‡K cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix cÖavb cÖavb Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡jv-cÖvK„wZK cwi‡ek ,A_©‰bwZK
cwi‡ek ,mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹w… ZK cwi‡ek, ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek ,AvBbMZ cwi‡ek ,cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡ek| wkí-
D‡`¨vM cwi‡e‡ki ¸iæZ¡ n‡jv: we`¨gvb cwi‡ek we‡kølY, cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© aviYv, Af¨šÍixY
I ewn:Dcv`vb ,wewb‡qv‡Mi wbivcËv cÖf„wZ‡ÿ‡Î cwi‡ek‡K we‡ePbv Kiv, A_©‰bwZK msMV‡bi Rb¨ GKvšÍ
Avek¨K|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ
1. cwi‡ek ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb?
2. wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡e‡ki msÁv w`b|
3. cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`b¸‡jv wK wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. eëmvq cwi‡ek ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb? eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|
2. wk‡ív‡`¨v‡M cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`b¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
3. eëmvq cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î ivRbxwZ I cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiæb|

cvV-2 t eëmvwqK cwi‡ek (Business Environment)

D‡Ïk¨
 eëmvwqK cwi‡ek ej‡Z wK †evSvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki ivR‰bwZK w`K¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki A_©‰bwZK w`K¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki AvBbMZ w`K¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK w`K¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki KvwiMwi w`K¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evsjv‡`‡ki eëmvwqK cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
eëmvwqK cwi‡ek (Business Environment)
Avgiv cÖ_g cv‡V mvaviY cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| G cv†V eëmv‡qi cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© eY©bv
Kiv n‡e| eëmvq cwi‡ek ej‡Z eySvq g~jZ GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôvb †h mKj cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ KvR K‡i| A_©vr
GKwU eëmv‡K †h mKj Dcv`vb cÖfvweZ K‡i, †m¸‡jvi mgwóB eëmvq cwi‡ek| eëmv cÖwZôv‡bi Dci
cÖfvewe¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Avw_©K, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK, AvBbMZ, miKvix bxwZ,
cªwZ‡hvMx, mieivnKvix BZ¨vw` Ab¨Zg| eëmv‡qi cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K cÖavb `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
h_v: e¨vwóK cwi‡ek I mvgwóK cwi‡ek| e¨wóK cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ †Kv¤úvbx, mieivnKvix, ga¨¯’Kvix,
†µZvmvaviY, cÖwZ‡hvMx, I Rb mvaviY AšÍf©y³| cÿvšÍ‡i, GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi mvgwóK cwi‡e‡ki
Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡”Q: RbmsL¨v cwi‡ek, A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek, cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek, ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek, cÖhyw³MZ
cwi‡ek I mvgvwRK mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡ek| G cwi‡ek¸‡jvi AbyK~jZv ev cÖwZK~jZvi Kvi‡YB eëmv‡qi mdjZv-
e¨_©Zv Av‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i|
eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki ivR‰bwZK w`K (Political Aspects of Business Environment)

eëmvqx cÖwZôvb Ges ivRbxwZi mv‡_ wµqvkxj m¤úK© weivRgvb| †hgb: †`‡ki eëmv evwY¨‡Rï weKvk
miKvix bxwZ Øviv we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvB eëmvqx m¤cÖ`vq ‡`‡ki eo eo ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mv‡_
we‡kl m¤úK© eRvq †i‡L P‡j| we‡kl K‡i, miKvi MVbKvix ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mv‡_ eëmvwqK m¤cÖ`v‡qi
mgSZvi gva¨‡g miKvi I ivRbxwZ‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gm¤ú‡K©i d‡j eëmvqxMY w¯’wZkxj miKvi
cÖZ¨vkv K‡i, hvi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì eëmv evwY‡Rï AbyK~j cwi‡e‡k Zv‡ì j‡ÿ¨ ˆcuvQv‡Z cv‡i| Avevi miKvi I
eëmvqx‡ì gva¨‡g Zv‡ì A_©‰bwZK I evwYwR¨K bxwZgvjv Av‡jvPbv K‡i ev¯Íevq‡bi c_ myMg Ki‡Z mÿg
nq| wb‡gœ miKvi I eëmvqx m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK wµqvkxj Kvh©µg m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. KiKvVv‡gvi c~b©web¨v‡mi gva¨‡g bZzb Ki cÖ¯Íve: miKvi we‡kl K‡i ev‡RU †NvlYvi cÖ°v‡j bZzb Ki
cÖ¯Íve, c~e©Kvi Ki KvVv‡gvi c~Y©web¨vm Ges KLbI KLbI cÖwZK~j cÖfve m„wóKvix A_©‰bwZK bxwZMÖn‡Yi
cÖ¯Íve K‡i _v‡K| Gai‡Yi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z eëmvqx m¤cÖ`‡qi wewfbœ msMVb †mv”Pvi n‡q D‡V I cÖwZev`gyLi
cwi‡e‡ki m„wó nq| miKv‡ii cÖ¯ÍvweZ Ki I KiKvVv‡gvi cwieZ©‡b cÖwZK~j cÖfv‡ei c‡ÿ RbgZ m„wói
cÖqvm Pvjvq| cvkvcvwk weiax`j I eëmvqx‡ì mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q e³e¨ †ck Ki‡Z _v‡K| Z‡e,
Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZev`x †Mvôx `~e©j n‡j miKvi Zv D‡cÿv K‡i P‡j; wKš‘ eëmvqx gnj kw³kvjx
n‡j miKvi wKQz Qvo w`‡q eëmvqx‡ì `vex‡K mgš^q K‡i KiKvVv‡gv c~b©MVb K‡i _‡K| GgbwK
KiKvVv‡gvi †Kvb ai‡Yi cwieZ©b Avbvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j eëmvqx m¤úª`v‡qi mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi wfwË‡ZB Zv
K‡i _v‡K|
2. Kinvi I jvB‡mÝ bxwZ: eëmv‡hi Dci ivR‰bwZK cÖfve we‡kølY Ki‡Z wM‡q A‡bK M‡elK cÖgvY
†c‡q‡Qb †h, miKv‡ii bxwZ cÖYq‡b we‡kl K‡i Ki nvi, jvB‡mÝ bxwZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ bxwZmg~n eëmvwqK

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
D‡`¨vM I Kvh©µ‡gi Dci AbyK~j ev cÖwZK~j cÖfve †d‡j _v‡K| †hgb, nwjsg¨vb I n¨vÛ GKwU M‡elYvq
†`L‡Zcvb ‡h, Ki I jvB‡mÝ msµvšÍ ivóªxq I ¯’vbxq weavbmg~n wbw`©ó †Kvb AÂj wKsev Ab¨ AÂ‡ji
D‡`¨v³v‡ì wbKU AwaK †jvfbxq n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK Dbœqbkxj †`‡k AbybœZ GjvKv‡K D‡`¨v³v‡ì wbKU
AwaK AvKl©Yxq Kivi Rb¨ we‡kl myweav cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| hwÌ Ki myweav GKKfv‡e wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K
DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvn‡jI miKv‡ii ivR¯^bxwZ wk‡ív‡`¨vM‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| ZvB
†`Lv hvq †h, miKvix bxwZgvjv, wewfbœ ms¯’vi Kg©KvÛ eëmv‡qi DrcwË I µgweKv‡k cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i|
AviI jÿŸxq †h, †`‡ki Drcvw`Z cY¨ AvšÍ©RvwZK evRvi jvf Kivi †ÿ‡Î miKv‡ii mg_©b I cÖ‡Póv
Acwinvh©|
3. miKvix wkí Lv‡Zi cÖfve: eZ©gvb mg‡q me‡`‡kB Kg †ekx miKvix eëmvwqK cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv Kiv nq;
hwÌ wewfbœ‡`‡k Gi e¨wß I cÖK„wZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Avi miKvix eëmvq cÖwZôvb¸‡jv g~jZ:
ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I RbM‡Yi `vexi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z M‡o D‡V| ZvB miKvi I eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_
m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ Mfxi| miKvi K‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ I miKvwi bxwZi mv‡_ wgj †i‡LB GmKj cÖwZôvb¸‡jv
cwiPvwjZ, cwi`k©b I wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| Avi RbM‡Yi wbKU Revew`wnZvi Rb¨ msm`xq wbqš¿‡Yi Aax‡b
Avbv nq e‡j Ômsm`xq wbqš¿YÕ miKvix cÖwZôv‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ êwkó¨ wn‡m‡e †`Lv hvq|
4. ‡emiKvix eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ miKv‡ii `„wófw½: wgkª A_©bxwZ we‡kl K‡i ‡hLv‡b cÖPzi miKvix eëmvq
cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q, †hLv‡b miKvix I †emiKvix eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ miKv‡ii `„wófw½i cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ
nq| G‡ÿ‡Î miKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †emiKvix cÖwZôvb †_‡K miKv‡ii KvQ †_‡K †ekx my‡hvM myweav jvf
K‡i | miKvi e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb cÖwZôvb‡K KgB wek¦vm K‡i, Abyiƒcfv‡e †emiKvix cÖwZôvbI miKvix
cÖwZôvb‡K wek¦vm K‡i bv| G ai‡Yi cwi‡ek wkí weKv‡ki AšÍivq n‡q _v‡K| ZvB, G‡ÿ‡Î miKvix I
†emiKvix cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ †mŠnv`©c~Y© m¤úK© †Zvjv I eRvqivLv cÖ‡qvRb, hv‡Z ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ wek¦vm I
Av¯’v _v‡K| G‡Z myôz wkí cwi‡ek M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i|
Dc‡i Avgiv miKvi I eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK wµqvKjvc wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ; GLb miKvi
I eëmvqx cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ Ges eë¯’vcK I miKvix Awdmvi‡ì m‡_ cvi¯úwi m¤úK© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
Ki‡ev t
5. ivR‰bwZK `jmg~n‡K Puv`v cª`vb cÖm‡½: GUv ¯úóZ:B cwijwÿZ nq †h, eëmvqxMY ivR‰bwZK `jmg~n‡K
Puv`v cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡Kb| G wel‡q ci¯úi we‡ivax `ywU gZ i‡q‡Q| †KD †KD g‡b K‡i, Gai‡Yi Puv`v cÖ`vb
†Kvb AcwËKi welq bq; KviY, Zv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv Av‡Q Ges Zv‡ì wPšÍv-‡PZbv‡K ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨
miKv‡ii Kg©KvÛ I bxwZgvjv‡K Zv‡ì AbyK~‡j Avbvi ‡Póv A‰bwZK bq| Aevi, Ab¨ cÿ G hyw³i
we‡ivwaZv K‡i Ges g‡b K‡i ‡h Gfv‡e ivR‰bwZK `j‡K Pu`v cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g miKvi‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i
RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i cwicwš’ wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq; d‡j †`‡ki RbMY ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq| cÖK„Z c‡ÿ, G Puv`vB
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Znwe‡ji cÖavb Drm| hvi d‡j miKvi‡K Zv‡ì wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î eëmvqx‡ì Øviv
cÖfvweZ n‡Z nq|
6. eëmv‡qi cÖkvmK, ivR‰bwZK `j I miKvix Kg©KZ©v‡ì mv‡_ m¤úK©: GwU GKwU gZ †h, eëmv‡qi
cÖkvmKMY AivR‰bwZK I wbi‡cÿ nIqv DwPZ| wKš‘, eZ©gvb wPšÍv aviv n‡jv eëmv‡qi Kg©KZ©vM‡Yi
mv‡_ miKvix Kg©KZ©vM‡Yi Nwbô †hvMv‡hvM †i‡L miKv‡ii MwZaviv ch©‡eÿY KiZ: cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii †Póv
Kiv| ZvB miKv‡ii wewfbœ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y Zv‡ì Dcw¯’Z _vKv Avek¨K| MYZvwš¿K †`kmg~‡n Giæc cwi‡ek
weivR K‡i|
7. AvšÍ©RvwZK evRvi: †Kvb †`‡ki cY¨ Ab¨‡`‡k cÖ‡ek Kivi e¨vcv‡i miKv‡ii f~wgKv Avek¨K, bZzev
AvšÍ©RvwZK evRv‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv KwVb n‡q hvq| KzU‰bwZK m¤úK© Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g Ab¨‡`‡ki mv‡_ m¤úK©
M‡o DVvq bZzb evRvi AbymÜvb, ê‡`wkK evwYR¨‡gjvi Av‡qvRb Kiv, †`‡ki D‡`¨v³v‡ì we‡`‡ki
evRv‡i cwiPq Kwi‡q †`qv, cÖf„wZ Kv‡R miKvi KzU‰bwZKfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i| ZvB miKvi hw` AvšÍwiK nq,
Z‡e we‡`‡k evRvi m„wói mnvqK f~wgKvcvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, miKv‡ii mv‡_ eëmvqx‡ì m¤ú‡K©i Dci eëmvwqK AbyK~j ev cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek wbf©i
K‡i| eëmvwqK myôz cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ miKvi I we‡ivax ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ BwZevPK g‡bvfve _vKv
Avek¨K|
eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki A_©‰bwZK w`K (Economic Aspects of Business Environment)

eëmvq msMVb¸‡jvi mv‡_ A_©‰bwZK m¤úK© IZcÖZfv‡e RwoZ weavq eëmvwqK cwi‡ek A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek
Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| †Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv, Ki KvVv‡gv, wkíbxwZ, K~UbxwZ, †hvMv‡hvM cÖf„wZ miKvix
bxwZ Øviv eûjvs‡k cÖfvweZ nq| ZvB †Kvb †`‡ki eëmv‡qi mdjZv †m †`‡ki AbyK~j A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek Øviv
`viæbfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq| †Kvb D‡`¨v³v‡K wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi c~‡e© miKvix bxwZ I cwjwm m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv _vKvi
cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| wb‡gœ A_©‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vbmg~n eëmvwqK cwi‡ek‡K wKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i Zv
eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. g~jab MVb: eëmv‡qi g~jab GKwU AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| G g~jab †ekxifvM †ÿ‡ÎB msMÖn Ki‡Z nq
ewn:Drmn †_‡K| †hgb, e¨vsK, †kqvi evRvi, D‡`¨v³v ev we‡`kx mvnvh¨| G g~jab cÖvwß hZ mnR n‡e,
ZZ †ekx bZzb bZzb wkí KjKviLvbv M‡o DV‡e| cÿvšÍ‡i, †Kvb AÂ‡j cÖvwZôvwbK g~jab cvevi my‡hvM
Kg _vK‡j D‡`¨v³vMY Ab¨w`‡K m‡i †h‡Z cv‡i| G cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z ndg¨vb e‡jb ‡h,hw` ¯’vbxq e¨vsK ev
Ab¨vb¨ Drm AbwfÁZvi Kvi‡Y G A_©ms¯’vb Kvh©-m¤úv`‡b e¨_© nq, Z‡e ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB D‡`¨v³vMY‡K
Ab¨ ¯’v‡b m‡i †h‡Z nq| G AbwfÁZv AvÂwjK A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î FYbxwZ I Zvi cÖwµqv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i
_v‡K|
2. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav: †Kvb †`‡k myjf g~‡j¨ myôz I ch©vß †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v †m ‡`‡ki A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Dcv`vb, hv †`‡ki eëmv evwYR¨ Mo‡Z I Zv Zvi AMÖMwZ‡K Z¡ivwš^Z Ki‡Z mnvqK f~wgKv iv‡L| †hgb:
evsjv‡`‡k hgybv †mZz Pvjy nevi ci DËi e‡½i mv‡_ ivRavbx XvKvi mnR †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v eëmvevwY‡R¨
e¨vcK cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| ¯‹vix (Schary) eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb †h,
wk‡íi cÖK„wZ, cªwZ‡hvMxZv, mvaviY I we‡kl Ae¯’vb, cÖwZôv‡bi AvKvi, Drcbœ `ª‡eï evRvi, kw³i
cÖvc¨Zv, mswkøwó AvBb I wewa weavb BZ¨vw` DËicÖkvšÍ gnvmvMixq AÂ‡ji eëmv cÖwZôv‡bi DrcwË,
AMÖMwZ‡Z AKzK~j †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vI eëmvwqK †Mvôxi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ
nq| Z‡e eëmv‡qi cÖK„wZMZ cv_©Kï Kvi‡Y †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi ¸iyZ¡ I cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| G cÖm‡½ Kzcvi
(Cooper) g‡b K‡ib †h, DbœZ KvwiMwi êwkó¨hy³ Drcv`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi ¸iæZ¡ A‡cÿvK„Z
Kg|
3. f~wg I Ab¨vb¨ my‡hv‡Mi cÖvc¨Zv: GKwU eëmv cÖwZôvb M‡o DVvi Rb¨ A‡bKiKg my‡hvM myweavi cÖ‡qvRb
nq; h_v: Rwg, kw³, kªwgK BZ¨vw`| G mKj my‡hvM-myweavi mnRjf¨Zv wkí cÖwZôvb cÖwZôvq mnvqK
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †hgb, Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖPzi m¯Ív kªwg‡Ki cÖvc¨Zvi Kvi‡Y ˆZix †cvkvK wkí, KuPvgv‡ji
mnRcÖvc¨Zvi Rb¨ cvU wkí M‡o D‡V‡Q|
gnvi I KwWsUb (Mohar and Coddeington) ¯^í g~‡j¨ cÖvc¨ my‡hvM-myweav D‡`¨v³v‡ì Rb¨ AvKl©Yxq
Dcv`vb I wkí weKv‡ki mnvqK wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡ib| Avevi, DbœZ wkívÂ‡j wk‡íi Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv ivL‡Q| KviY wn‡m‡e DbœZ wkívÂ‡j cvwb, kw³, cq:cÖYvjx, DbœZ iv¯ÍvNvU cÖf„wZ gva¨g c~e©
†_‡KB cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K e‡j D‡`¨³v‡ì bZzb K‡i Gme wel‡q wPšÍv Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
4. mieivnKvix‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav: †h †Kvb eëmv‡qi Kg©KvÛ myôz I my›ìfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq `ªe¨vw` †hgb, KvuPvgvj, ‡gwkb cÎ, miÄvgv`x BZ¨vw` mieivnKvix‡ì mv‡_ mnR ‡hvMv‡hvM
eë¯’v D‡`¨v³v‡ì†K †Kvb wkí cÖwZôv Ki‡Z AvMÖnx K‡i Zz‡j| G cÖm‡½ wewfbœ we‡kÁ †hgb: Kzcvi
(Cooper) m¨v‡c‡iv (Shapero), ¯‹yj †ngvi (School Hamer) Ges Kwijd (Khriloff) mieivnKvix‡ì
mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi my‡hvM wkí D‡`¨v³v‡ì Rb¨ wkí cÖwZôvb ¯’vc‡b MyiæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb e‡j D‡jøL
K‡ib| Z‡e, mvaviY †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi b¨q wk‡íi cÖK…wZi Dci †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi ¸iæZ¡ wbf©i K‡i|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
D`vniY¯îæc ejv hvq †h, wk‡íi KuvPvgv‡ji IRb I cwigvY hZ †ekx n‡e, †m‡ÿ‡Î mieivnKvix‡ì mv‡_
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi myeë¯’v ZZ †ekx ¸iæZ¡ cv‡e|
5. KvwiMwi `ÿZvm¤úbœ Rbej: †h †Kvb eëmv cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Kg †ekx `ÿ Rbe‡ji cÖ‡qvRb nq|
Z‡e †h cÖwZôvb hZ †ekx RwUj I cÖhyw³ wbf©i †m cÖwZôv‡b ZZ †ekx KvwiMwi `ÿZvm¤úbœ Rbej cÖ‡qvRb
nq| ZvB, `ÿ Rbe‡ji Afve _vK‡j Ab¨vb¨ Av‡bK my‡hvMmyweav _vKv m‡ËI †m ¯’v‡b wkí cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb
Kiv hv‡e bv| ÷¨vg‡dvW© M‡elYv cÖwZôvb Zv‡ì GKwU M‡elYvi djvd‡j D‡jøL K‡ib †h, ê`y¨wZK wkí
KviLvbvi ¯’vbxqKi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K `ÿRbkw³ GKwU AwZe MyiæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i| Zvi d‡j, bZzb †Kvb ¯’v‡b `ÿ Rbkw³i Afve†nZy †Kvb bZzb wkí ¯’vc‡b AvMÖnx bv n‡q
cyivb ¯’vb, †hLv‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿRbej Av‡Q †mLv‡bB wkí Mo‡Z AvMÖnx nq| hvi d‡j, bZzb ¯’v‡b wkí
¯’vcb bv K‡i, †h ¯’v‡b GKBai‡Yi wkí Av‡Q, †mLv‡bB wkí ¯’vcb Kiv n‡h _v‡K|
6. ivR¯^ AvBb: myweavRbK I myôz Ki bxwZ I AvBb bZzb wkí weKv‡k I Pjgvb wkí‡K m¤cÖmvi‡Y
BwZevPKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| Aci w`‡K, cÖwZK~j ivR¯^ bxwZ bZzb wkí cÖwZôv I cyivb wk‡íi weKv‡k
evavi m„wó K‡i| nweeyjøvn I Avn‡g` (Habibullah and Ahmed) Zv‡ì M‡elYvq †`‡Lb †h, ÎæwUc~Y©
ivR¯^bxwZi d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki wkí †ÿ‡Î KuvPvgv‡ji Avg`vbxi Dci D”P nv‡i ïé avh© Kiv, ÎæwUc~Y©
ivR¯^bxwZ BZ¨vw` ¯’vbxq c‡Yï evRviRvZ Ki‡Yi †ÿ‡Î e¨q I g~j¨ e„w×i Dci ‡bwZevPK cÖfve c‡o
†`‡ki wkí weKv‡ki AšÍivq n‡q ùvovq|
7. A_©‰bwZK MwZkxjZvi aviv: A_©bxwZi MwZkxjZv ej‡Z, RbM‡Yi gv_vwcQz Drcv`b Avq, RvZxq Avq,
BZ¨vwì †ÿ‡Î cÖe„w×i nvi‡K eySvb n‡q _v‡K| †`‡ki cÖe„w×i nvi BwZevPK n‡j †`‡k wewb‡qvM e„w× cvq;
Avi wewb‡qvM e„w×‡c‡j wkí weKv‡ki mnvqK cwi‡ek †ekx m„wó nq| Avevi Gi wecixZ n‡j wkí weKv‡k
cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek weivR K‡i|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, A_©‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb myôz wkí weKvk‡K `viæbfv‡e cÖfvweZ
K‡i|
eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki AvBbMZ w`K (Legal Aspects of Business Environment)

‡h †Kvb †`‡ki miKvi eëmv evwYR¨ weKvk I wbqš¿‡Y bvbvwea AvBb cÖbqb K‡i _v‡K; hv eëmv evwYR¨‡K
cÖfvweZ K‡i| ZvB GKRb D‡`¨v³vi mswkøó eëmvq msµvšÍ bvbvwea AvBb Kvbyb msµvšÍ wel‡q ¯^”Q aviYv
_vKv Avek¨K; Zv bv n‡j eëmv‡qi mdjZv AR©b Kiv m¤¢e bvI n‡Z cv‡i| eëmv cÖwZôvb †h mKj AvBb Øviv
cÖfvweZ n‡Z cv‡i Zv wbgœiƒc:
(K) wewfbœ cÖKvi eëmv †hgb: Askx`vix eëmvq, †hŠ_ g~jabx eëmvq, mgevq mwgwZ BZ¨vw` eëmvq cÖwZôvb
MVb, cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y msµvšÍ AvBb|
(L) kªg AvBb †hgb: KviLvbv AvBb, gRyix cwi‡kva AvBb, kªwgK‡ì ÿwZc~iY AvBb, wkí m¤úK© Aa¨v‡`k,
†`vKvb I cÖwZôvb AvBb, kªwgK wb‡qvM (¯’vqx Av‡`k) AvBb BZ¨vw`|
(M) Ki I ivR¯^ AvBb|
(N) ‰e‡`wkK wewbgq wbqš¿Y AvBb|
(O) Avg`vbx ißvbx wbqš¿Y AvBb|
(P) Avg`vbx ißvbx ïé I AdMvix AvBb|
(Q) cÖB‡fUvB‡Rkb AvBb|
(R) A_© FY Av`vjZ AvBb BZ¨vw`|
D‡`¨v³v I eë¯’vcK‡ì ïaygvÎ wewfbœ AvB‡bi weavb I KvVv‡gv A_©vr cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© mg¨K avibvB h‡_ó bq,
eis eëmv †ÿ‡Î G mKj AvB‡bi f~wgKv I cÖwZwµqv wK ZvI Dcjwä Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| Zv‡ì‡K Aek¨B †`‡ki
cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi cvkvcvwk AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K©I ch©vß Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e| G cÖm‡½ AvMivIqvj (Agrawal)
e‡jb †h, eë¯’vcK‡K Rvb‡Z n‡e, K) wbR †`‡ki eëmv-evwYR¨ msµvšÍ AvBb, L) H mKj AvB‡bi welqe¯Íy,
hv eë¯’vcbv‡K wbqš¿Y I cÖfvweZ K‡i, M) KviLvbv, Ki I †Kv¤úvbx BZ¨vw` msµvšÍ AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM, D‡Ïk¨ I

cÖwZwµqv| wZwb Av‡iv e‡jb †h, G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© cÖ_‡gB Rvb‡Z n‡e Ges Kvh©µg Pvwj‡q hvevi c‡_ Zuv‡K
Av†iv AwZwi³ welq m¤ú‡K© Ávb AvniY Ki‡Z n‡e|
GKRb cÖkvmK‡K Aek¨B AvBb †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e| Zv‡ì Rvb‡Z n‡e †KvbwU mwVK AvBb Ges †KvbwU
eëmv‡qi ¯^v‡_© cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨| d‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡k euvavi m„wó K‡i Zv cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ miKvi
c‡ÿi mv‡_ Avjvc Av‡jvPbv K‡i A_©vr cÖfvweZ K‡i AvB‡bi cwieZ©b, cwiea©b I Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri I
†`‡ki ¯^v‡_© Kvh©Ki Kiv| Z‡e hw` G ai‡Yi cwieZ©b m¤¢e bv nq; Z‡e, cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi g‡a¨B Zv‡ì KvR
Ki‡Z n‡e| †mRb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©KvÛ‡K AvB‡bi mv‡_ mgš^q Ki‡Z n‡e| eë¯’vcK I D‡`¨v³vMY me©`v
AvBb gvb¨Kvix n‡eb| †m Rb¨ miKv‡ii DwPr ïay eëmvwqK cwi‡ek m„wói j‡ÿ¨ AbyK~j AvBb cvk K‡i
D‡`¨³v‡ì bZzb bZzb wkí Mov I eZ©gvb wkí‡K m¤cÖmviY Kivi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ Kiv|
mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ AvBb cwiewZ©Z nq| Av`vjZI AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| ZvB GKRb eëmvqx
Z_v D‡`¨v³v‡K I eëmvwqK cÖkvmK‡K G ai‡Yi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ cwiwPZ _vKv Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b AvBbÁ‡ì
mv‡_ G wel‡q Avjvc Av‡jvPbv I civgk© MÖnY Ki‡eb| G cÖm‡½ †K †K †gnvi (K.K.Mehar) e‡jb, GKRb
mdj eëmvqx‡K AvBb m¤ú‡K© Ávb AvniY e¨wZZ wbgœ³ welq¸‡jvI †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e:
1. eëmvqx I eëmvq cÖkvmKMY G msµvšÍ mswkøó Kg©Pvix‡ì mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRbxq †hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡i Pj‡eb I
cÖ‡qvRb n‡j mswkøó wel‡q Ajvc-Av‡jvPbv I civgk© †b‡eb|
2. cÖmvmwbK AvBb msµvšÍ cÖPwjZ eB¸‡jv cvV K‡i cwiw¯ÍwZ m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv jvf Kiv|
3. wbR kªg msµvšÍ AvBbRxwei mv‡_ civgk© Kiv I cÖwZeQ‡ii Rb¨ wb‡qvwRZ AvBbÁ wb‡qvM Kiv|
Ggb eû Awf‡hvM cvIqv hvq †h, eëmvqxMY AvBb Agvb¨ K‡i AwaK gybvdv jv‡fi Avkvq Amvay eëmvwqK
Kg©KvÛ Pvwj‡q hvq| Ges G‡ÿ‡Î mswkøó Kg©KZ©vMY mnvqZv `vb K‡i _v‡Kb| Z‡e, myôz eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki
Rb¨ G ai‡Yi e¨w³‡ì iæ‡L ùvov‡bv cÖ‡qvRb|
mvaviYZ: GK gvwjKvbv eëmv‡qi Rb¨ †UªWjvB‡mÝ, ‡cŠiKi, AvqKi, I f¨vU cwi‡kva cÖf„wZ e¨wZZ †Zgb
AvBb †bB|
Askx`vix eëmv‡qi 1932 mv‡ji fviZxq AvBb Øviv cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡”Q, †hŠ_g~jabx eëmvq 1913
mv‡ji †Kv¤úvbx AvBb Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| Z‡e, 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvbx AvB‡bi e¨vcK cwieZ©b Avbv nq|
1872 mv‡ji Pzw³ AvBb, 1882 mv‡ji wewbgqwej AvBbmn eû evwYwR¨K AvBb e„wUk KZ…©K cÖPwjZ AvBb Øviv
eëmvwqK AvBbMZ cwi‡ek cÖfvweZ n‡q Avm‡Q| G Qvov KjKviLvbv AvBb, gRyix cwi‡kva AvBb, kªwgK‡ì
ÿwZc~iY AvBb, wkím¤úK© Aa¨v‡`k, kªwgK wb‡qvM (¯’vqx) Av‡`k AvBbmn eû AvBb evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nevi c~e©
†_‡K ïiæ n‡q GLbI ejer i‡q‡Q, hvi †ekxi fvMB Jcb‡ewkK `k©bØviv cÖfvweZ|
GUv jÿ¨wbq †h, eëmvwqK eû AvB‡bi g‡a¨ AvB‡bi A¯úóZv I RwUjZv _vKvq eëmv‡qi cwi‡ek mnvqK
n‡Z cvi‡Q bv| ZvB †`‡ki eZ©gvb A_©mvgvwRK Pvwn`v‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Riæix wfwË‡Z cÖPwjZ AvBb cwigvR©b
K‡i bZzb AvBb cÖbq‡bi gva¨‡g AbyK~j eëmvwqK cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, Avwki `k‡K
wek¦e¨vs‡Ki †bZ…‡Z¡ c„w_exe¨vcx wewfbœ ms¯‹vi Kg©m~Px MÖnY Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡kI Gi nvIqv jv‡M Ges wewfbœ
mg‡q ms¯‹vi Kg©m~Px (Reform Program) nv‡Z †bqv nq| G‡Z A‡bK K‡Vvi AvBb ms¯‹vi K‡i eëmvq
e›ì AvBb cÖYq‡bi D‡`¨vM †bqv nq| GLbI G Kg©m~Px Ae¨vnZ i‡q‡Q|
mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡ek (Social and Culturtal Environment )

‡h †Kvb †`‡ki mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹w… ZK cwi‡ek †m †`‡ki eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dci e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i
_v‡K| mvs¯‹w… ZK welqwU MybMZ e‡j Gi cÖfve cwigvc Kiv `~iƒn e¨vcvi; Z‡e, A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZaviv
Abymv‡i Gi cÖfve wePvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡bi g‡a¨ mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹w… ZK cwi‡ek M‡o
DVvi †cQ‡b †m‡`‡ki wkÿv, mvgvwRK I ag©xq g~j¨‡eva, cÖ_v, ixwZbxwZ, cÖf„wZ Dcv`v‡bi Dci, Avevi †Kvb
†Kvb Dcv`vb GKwU mgv‡R we‡kl cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i _v‡K| cyiv‡bv mvs¯‹…wZK I g~j¨‡eva memgq GKwU †`‡ki
wkíKviLvbv weKv‡k AšÍivq wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| cÿvšÍ‡i, AvaywbK mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹w… ZK g~j¨‡eva eëmv‡qi ev
wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi †ÿ‡Î mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| G cÖm‡½ we, wm, †UbWb e‡jb †h, Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki mbvZb
g~j¨‡eva Rbkw³i c~Y© mØe¨venv‡i wbiærmvwnZ K‡i _v‡K| G mgv‡Ri †jv‡Kiv mvaviYZ fv‡Mï Dci wbf©ikxj
nq| Zuviv †Kvb BwZevPK dj‡K fv‡Mï cÖmbœZv wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i I wedjZv‡K fv‡Mï weiƒcZv‡K `vqx K‡i|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
ZvB, G ai‡Yi AbybœZ ms¯‹„wZ I mvgvwRK Ae¯’v eëmvwqK cwi‡ek‡K cÖwZK~j Ae¯’vq †V‡j †`q, wb‡gœ
eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki Dci mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹w… ZK cÖfve m„wóKvix w`K¸‡jv ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. fv‡Mï Dci wbf©ikxjZv: G mKj †`‡k RbM‡Yi ea¨g~j aviYv †h, fv‡Mï g~j wbqš¿K m„wóKZ©v| wZwb
B”Qv bv Ki‡j Avw_©K Ae¯’vi Dbœqb m¤¢e bq| ZvB fvM¨ cwieZ©‡bi †Póv e„_v| d‡j Zv‡ì fv‡Mï
cwieZ©‡bi †Póv Kivi cwi‡ek Abycw¯’Z|
2. Kzms¯‹v‡i wek¦vmx: G mgv‡Ri gvbyl †Kvb eëmv ïiæ Ki‡Z, Rwg‡b dmj †ivcY Ki‡Z, M„n wbg©vY ev hvÎv
ïiæ BZ¨vw` ag© hvhK, cwÛZ I ivwk dj Øviv wbe©vwPZ K‡qKwU Kvh© nv‡ZMbv w`‡b m¤úbœ K‡i, d‡j eëmvq
ïiæi ‡ÿ‡Î mg‡qi AcPq nq; G‡Z eëmv ïiæ‡ZB †ÿ‡Î cÖwZK~jZvi g‡a¨ c‡o hvq|
3. mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ: mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZI eëmv‡hi Dci cÖfve †d‡j| Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki gvbyl Abyrcv`b
Lv‡Z †ekx †ekx e¨q K‡i; wKš‘, eëmv‡q wewb‡qvM Kivi K_v wPšÍv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| we‡q, Rwg µq, evox
wbg©vY BZ¨vw` Kv‡R UvKv e¨q Ki‡Z KzÚv†eva K‡i bv; A_P eëmv‡q UvKv wewb‡qv‡Mi K_v wPšÍv Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv|
4. HwZn¨: mvaviYZ: `wi`ª I AbybœZ †`‡ki gvbyl AZxZ HwZn¨ wb‡q Me©‡eva K‡i| ZvB, HwZn¨ we‡ivax
†Kvb Kv‡R GwM‡q Avm‡Z wbirmvwnZ nq| RwgRgv evoxNi‡K HwZn¨ g‡b K‡i Zv iÿvq ¯^‡Pó _v‡K; A_P
G †_‡K jv‡fi cwigvY G‡Kev‡iB bMb¨|
5. agx©q cÖwZôv‡b A_© e¨q : ag©xq cÖwZôv‡b UvKv e¨q Kiv mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ g‡b K‡i, ZvB gmwR`, gv`ªvmv,
MxR©v, gw›`‡i UvKv e¨q K‡i AZœZ„wß jvf K‡i| wKš‘, eëmv‡q wewb‡qvM Kiv‡K mvgvwRK `vwqZ¡ g‡b K‡i
bv|
6. PvKwii cÖwZ †SuvK: we‡kl K‡i miKvwi PvKwi Kiv‡K m¤§v‡bi g‡b K‡i I wbivc` e‡j we‡ePbv K‡i| wKš‘,
kvwiixK cwikªg Ki‡Z wbiærmvwnZ nq| Dc‡ii wPÎwU g~jZ AbybœZ ms¯‹…wZi cwiPq enb K‡i hv eëmv‡qi
weKvk I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZK~j cwi‡ek e‡j MY¨ nq|
wKš‘, AvaywbK †`‡ki wPÎ Gi m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| GmKj †`‡ki ixwZbxwZ, RbM‡Yi `„wóf½x, mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi
f~wgKv, AwaK cwikªg I DbœZ Rxeb hvÎvi j‡ÿ¨ K‡Vvi cwikªg AwaK Av‡qi AbyK~j| †mLv‡b Kzms¯‹vi, I ag©xq
†Mvovwg †bB; eis, `„p g‡bvej, B”Qv kw³ I K‡Vvi cwikª‡gi gva¨‡g fvM¨ cwieZ©‡b wek¦vmx| we‡kl K‡i; wkí
wecø‡ei ci cwðgv †`k¸‡jv‡Z G ai‡Yi AbyK~j cwiw¯’wZ wQj hv GLbI we`¨gvb| m¤cÖwZKKv‡j bZzb
¯^vaxbZvcÖvß †`k¸‡jv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ K‡Vvi cwikªg K‡i hv‡”Q| Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ bZzb bZzb
KjKviLvbv M‡o Zzj‡Q Ges AvaywbK Kjv‡KŠkj I hš¿cvwZ eëüZ n‡”Q| wKš‘, ‡mLv‡bI cwieZ©b G‡Kev‡i
wb®‹›UK bq| cwieZ©‡bi cÖwZ RbM‡Yi h‡_ó AbyK~j I h_vh_ bq| ZvB †mLv‡bI †h‡Kvb cwieZ©b RbM‡Yi
mvs¯‹…wZK `„wófw½ I ixwZbxwZ Ges eskMZ HwZn¨ Øviv evavMÖ¯’ n‡q _v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki Dci mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`vb, †hgb: ¯^íDbœZ, cÖvPxb mgvR,
AbybœZ mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡ek, mvgvwRK Kyms¯‹vi, mbvZb ms¯‹…wZ, cyi‡bv HwZn¨, ag©xq‡Mvovgx, AÜ wek¦vm BZ¨vw`
Øviv e¨cKfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq| ZvB, wk‡jøvD‡`¨v³v Dbœqb I eëmv‡qi cÖmvi I e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ weivRgvb Ae¯’vi
cwieZ©b NwU‡q AbyK~j I myôz eëmvwqK cwi‡ek M‡o †Zvjv cÖ‡qvRb|
eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki KvwiMwi w`K (Technical Aspects of Business Environment)
†h †Kvb †`‡ki wkí cÖwZôvb I KjKviLvbvi DrcwË, AMÖMwZ, BZ¨vw` `ÿkªwgK, KvwiMwi Ávb Ges mnKvix
†mevg~jK Kvh©vejxi mievin I Dcw¯’wZi Dci Av‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| †Kvb GKwU we‡kl ¯’v‡b ev AÂ‡j h‡_ó
cwigvY KvwiMi, cÖ‡KŠkjx, `ÿ kªwg‡Ki mnRjf¨Zv, †m ¯’v‡bi cÖwZ D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K †cÖwlZ K‡i| D`vniY ¯îƒc
ejvhvq, cÖvPxb evsjvq `ÿ KvwiM‡ii Kvi‡Y RMr weL¨vZ gymwjb kvoxi KviLvbv M‡o D‡VwQj| AviI D`vniY
¯îƒc D‡jøL Kiv hvq, ˆØZ kn‡i (Twin Cities) KvwiMi I cÖ‡KŠkjxi Dcw¯’wZ kªeb hš¿ wkí ¯’vc‡b KvwiMwi
cwi‡ek m„wó K‡iwQj| Abyiƒcfv‡e, †Kvb ¯’v‡b `ÿ kªwg‡Ki ch©vßZv D³ ¯’v‡b bZzb bZzb D‡`¨v³v‡ì †m ¯’v‡b
wkí KviLvbv ¯’vc‡b AvMÖnx K‡i Zz‡j| †Zgwbfv‡e †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b wnmvewe`, AvqKi AvBbRxwe, AvBbRxwe,
civgk©`vZv, eë¯’vcbv civgk©`vZv BZ¨vw` wewfbœ ai‡Yi e¨w³e‡M©i †mevi cÖ‡qvRb n‡q _v‡K| G mKj
we‡kÁ‡ì mieiv‡ni ¯^íZv ev ch©vßZv ‡Kvb ¯’v‡b wkí KviLvbv ¯’vc‡b hZvµ‡g cÖwZK~j ev AbyK~j cÖfve
we¯Ívi K‡i| wbDgvm (Newmus) †h ‡Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi mdjZvi Rb¨ civgk©KM‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi Dci ¸iæZ¡

Av‡ivc K‡ib| wZwb g‡b K‡ib †h, civgk©`vZvMY wkí cÖwZôvb Aviv¤¢ Kivi †ÿ‡Î m¤¢ve¨ mgm¨vejx wPwýZ I
`~ixKi‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk©w`‡q bZzb bZzb wkí ¯’vc‡b we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| A_©‡hvMv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖ¯Ívebv
ˆZwi I g~jab MV‡b civgk©KMY mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡Kb|
eZ©gv‡b mvivwe‡k¦ wkíevwYR¨ I †fv³vi cY¨ mieivn Afvebxq AMÖMwZI cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡biB dmj| e„‡U‡b wkí
wejøe cÖhyw³ Dbœq‡bi BwZnvm m„wóKvix dmj| eZ©gvb cÖhyw³i hy‡M cÖvq cÖwZw`bB wbZ¨ bZzb cÖhyw³i Dbœqb I
cÖmvi NU‡Q| hvi †Quvqv †QvU eo, abx-Mixe, DbœZ-AbybœZ cÖq me †`‡kB Kg †ekx jvM‡Q cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î|
cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K `yÕ fv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q|
(K) Drcv`b cÖwµqv mnRxKiY : cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡K mnRxKiY K‡i‡Q, d‡j Drcv`‡bi cwigvY
I ¸YMZ gvb †e‡o‡Q| G‡Z Drcv`b e¨q I g~j¨ n«vm cv‡”Q, evo‡Q †µZv I wewµi cwigvY, d‡j eëmvqxMY
†ekx †ekx gybvdv AR©b Kivi my‡hvM cv‡”Q| (L) KwVb P¨v‡jÄ : cÿvšÍ‡i, cÖhyw³MZ Dbœqb Avevi
eëmvqx‡ì‡K KwVb P¨v‡j‡Ä †d‡j‡Q| evo‡Q cÖwZ‡hvwMZv; ZvB, cÖwZwU eëmvqx I eëmv cÖkvmK‡K cÖhyw³
Dbœq‡bi nvjbvMv` Ávb I AwfÁZv AR©b K‡i Zv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z m`v e¨¯Í I mRvM _vK‡Z n‡”Q|
‡mwewW_ I Zuvi mn‡hvMx‡ì g‡Z †Kvb eëmvq bZzb cÖhyw³i mv‡_ KZUzKz mswkøó _v‡K Zv wbf©i K‡i KZ¸‡jv
wel‡qi Dci| hv wbgœiƒc:
1. ‡Kvb GKwU wkí‡K cÖhyw³ wKfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡e?
2. wKfv‡e cÖhyw³ ¯^í I `xN© †gqv‡` eëmvwqK gybvdv‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡e?
3. eZ©gvb D‡`¨v³v I Zvi Kg©PvixMY bZzb cÖhyw³i mv‡_ KZUzKz mswkøó n‡Z cv‡ib?
eZ©gvb DbœZ cÖhyw³ ïay Drcv`b cÖwµqv‡KB bq, eis eë¯’vcbvmn mvgwMÖK †hvMv‡hvM I Z_¨ mieivn
eë¯’vcbv‡KI cÖfvweZ K‡i| AvaywbK cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡bi d‡j gy³ A_©bxwZi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq wUK‡Z bv †c‡i
Avg`vbxi Avkªq MÖnY Ki‡Q| Avi G‡Z †`kxq wkí weKvk `viæYfv‡e e¨vnZ n‡”Q, Avevi wk‡ív‡`¨v³vMY Drmvn
nvwi‡q †d‡j| Avevi, DbœZ cÖhyw³i d‡j Drcv`b evov‡bv, g~j¨ n«vm, mnR mieivn BZ¨vwì d‡j wk‡íi weKvk
Zivwš^Z nq| Z‡e, ¯’vbxq cÖhyw³i mv‡_ we‡`kx cÖhyw³ mgš^qmva‡bi welqwU Zwj‡q †`Lv cÖ‡qvRb| GLb
KZ¸‡jv †ÿ‡Î †`kxq cÖhyw³i eënv‡ii gva¨‡g AwaK djcÖmy n‡Z cv‡i, ZvB cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î cÖkvm‡bi
`„wófw½i cwieZ©b I Kg©x‡ì `ÿZv e„w× cÖ‡qvRb| cvkvcvwk, cÖwkÿY I PvKwiPz¨wZ bv Kivi wbðqZv bZzb
cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii cÖwµqv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb (Other Factors of Business Environment)

cÖvK„wZK cwi‡ek:
eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki cÖavb cÖavb Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk Av‡iv wKQz mnvqK Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q| †h †Kvb †`‡ki
myôz eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek A‡bK mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨
f~-cÖK„wZ b`b`x, Rjevqy, gvwU, ebm¤ú`, LwbR m¤ú` cÖf„wZ Dcv`vb wb‡q cÖvK„wZK cwi‡ek MwVZ nq| †hgb,
evsjv †`‡k my›ì e‡bi KvV‡K mvg‡b †i‡L Lyjbv wbDR wcÖ›U wgj ¯’vwcZ n‡q‡Q| Avevi, †fŠMwjK Ae¯’vi
Kvi‡Y b`b`x, mygy`ª e›ì eënv‡ii myweavi Kvi‡Y eëmv‡qi DbœwZ jvf K‡i‡Q| †hgb, wm½vcyi, evsjv‡`‡ki
PÆMÖvg, gsjv, bvivqbMÄ BZ¨vw`|
AvšÍ©RvwZK cwi‡ek:
AvaywbK hy‡M wek¦vqb (Globalization)-Gi d‡j AvšÍ©RvwZK cwi‡ek †h †Kvb †`‡ki eëmv evwYR¨‡K
e¨vcKfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| AvšÍR©vwZK cwi‡e‡ki Dci †Kvb †`‡ki ê‡`wkK evwY‡Rï cwigvY I cu~wR
wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvY wbf©ikxj| Avevi AvšÍ©RvwZK ms¯’v, ivR‰bwZK gZv`k©, AvBbMZ KvVv‡gv, wØ-cvwÿK Pzw³
(mvdUv) A_©‰bwZK †RvU (bvdUv) `ywU ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ Avg`vwb ißvwb, DØ„Ë, AvšÍ©RvwZK cwi‡ekMZ Dcv`vb ‡h
‡Kvb ‡`‡ki eëmv evwYR¨‡K bvbvfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| Av‡jvwPZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv QvovI Av‡iv wKQz Dcv`vb †hgb-
cwi‡ek `~lY, Kg©Pvix‡ì _vKvi eë¯’v, AeKvVv‡gv, AvBb k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ eëmvwqK cwi‡ek I D‡`¨v³v
Dbœqb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
evsjv‡`‡ki eëmvwqK cwi‡ek (Business Environment of Bangladesh)

evsjv‡`k we‡k¦i Ab¨Zg GKwU ÿy`ª I `wi`ªZg †`k| G †`‡ki Av_©mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡ek GLbI
c~ibav‡Pi| ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek Aw¯ÍwZkxj I Nb Nb cU cwieZ©b n‡q _v‡K| wkÿvi nvi m‡šÍvlRbK bq gvÎ
45%| AwaKvsk †jvK K…wl wbf©i I MÖv‡g emevm K‡i| wk‡í AbybœZ I gš’i MwZ (6.04%) gv_vwcQz Avq Kg
†eKvi mgm¨v, g~j¨‡ev‡ai Aeÿq, RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ †ekx, LwbR m¤ú‡ì Afve, cÖhyw³i cðvZc`Zv, RbM‡Yi
µqÿgZv Kg cÖf„wZ †bwZevPK êwkóÏ cÖwZK~j Ae¯’v weivRgvb| G mKj Dcv`vb eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î †bwZevPK
cÖfve †d‡j‡Q| wb‡gœ evsjv‡`‡ki eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖfve eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek (Political Environment): evsjv‡`k GKwU m`¨ ¯^vaxbZv cÖvß †`k| GwU 1971
mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i| Gi c~‡e© 1947 mvj †_‡K 1971 mvj ch©š‘ 24 eQi cwðgviv kvmb K‡i e‡j †m
mgq G‡`‡k Zv‡ì †_‡K eëmv ewY‡Rï Dbœq‡b Lye Kg mn‡hvMxZv cvIqv hvq| evsjv‡`‡k ZrKvjxb
mgv‡q nv‡Z†Mvbv K‡qKRb D‡`¨v³v _vK‡jI Zviv †Zgb my‡hvM myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| hvi d‡j, G
mg‡q evsjv‡`‡k eëmv‡qi ‡Zgb †Kvb AbyK~j cwi‡ek M‡o D‡Vwb|
wKš‘, ¯^vaxbZvi wZb hyM c‡iI ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv I myôz ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek M‡o bv DVvq eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î
AbyK~j cwi‡ek weivR Ki‡Q bv| ¯^vaxbZvi ci mKj e¨vsK, exgv, wkí KviLvbv ivóªxqKi‡Yi d‡j e¨w³
gvwjKvbvq wkí M‡o DV‡Z cv‡iwb| Õ75 mvj ciewZ© mg‡q evsjv‡`‡ki ZrKvjxb e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb
Ki‡bi gva¨‡g †emiKvixfv‡e eëmv‡qi Øvi D‡¤§vPb K‡i| wKš‘, ÿgZvi cwieZ©b, `~b©xwZ, e¨vsK
Aeë¯’vcbv, cÖK„Z D‡`¨v³v wPwýZ Ki‡Y ¯^RbcªxwZ, e¨vsK FY †diZ bv †èvi cÖebZv, Nb Nb niZvj,
Ae‡iva cÖf„wZ eëmv‡qi myôz cwi‡ek wewNœZ K‡i| Z‡e, MYZvwšÍK miKvi¸‡jv wk‡ívbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ
mg‡q bZzb wkí bxwZ †NvlYv K‡i †d‡j wkí †ÿ‡Î AMÖMwZi jÿŸ †`Lv hv‡”Q| Avkv Kiv hvq fwel¨‡Z
eëmv‡qi myôz cwi‡ek Mo‡Z G bxwZgvjv mnvqK n‡e|
2. A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek (Economic Environment): evsjv‡`‡ki eëmvq cwi‡ek A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡K
wePvi Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e AbyK~j-cÖwZK~j Dfq cwi‡ekB weivR Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`k GKwU Rbeûj †`k nevi
Kvi‡Y c‡Yï weivU Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q; hvi Rb¨ wkí cÖwZôvb ¯’vc‡bi h‡_ô my‡hvM Av‡Q| wkí cÖwZôvb
¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ myjf KuvPvgvj I ch©vß `ÿ I Avav`ÿ Rb‡MvôxI i‡q‡Q| cuywR evRvi m„wói j‡ÿ¨ e¨vsK,
†kqvi evRvi, exgv BZ¨vw` Avw_©K cÖwZôvbI Av‡Q h‡_ó cwigvY| miKvix ivR¯^ bxwZ, Ki bxwZ I bZzb
wkí bxwZi gva¨‡g †`kx we‡`kx wkí wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì AvK©lY Kivi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv n‡”Q| wewb‡qv‡Mi Dci
wiU©vbI †ek Avkvb~iƒc| Aci w`‡K K…wl wbf©i A_©bxwZ, Pvwn`v I mieiv‡ni g‡a¨ mgš^qnxbZv, gy`ªvùxwZ,
we‡`kx Aby`vb wbf©iZv, ißvwbi †ekxi fvM KuvPvgvj, A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewb‡qvM g‡Wj AbymiY
cÖf„wZ cÖwZK~j Ae¯’v weivR Ki‡Q| hv G †`‡k eëmvq cÖwZôvb MVb I Dbœq†bi c‡_ euvavi KviY n‡q
`vuwo‡q‡Q| Puv`vevwR, Nb Nb niZvj, AwZgvÎvq gy³ A_©‰bwZK eë¯’vi d‡j †`kx wkí evavMÖ¯’ n‡”Q| Zvi
ciI ejv hvq †h, miKv‡ii AvšÍwiK cÖ‡Póv wkí cwi‡ek‡K AbyK‡~ j Avbvi †Póv Ki‡Q|
3. AvBbMZ cwi‡ek (Legal Environment): †`‡ki AvBb-k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZ AbyK~j eëmvq cwi‡e‡ki
mnvqK| myôz eëmvwqK cwi‡ek m„wói j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœai‡Yi AvBb cÖbqb Kiv n‡q‡Q | hvi g‡a¨, KjKviLvbv
AvBb, kªwgK‡ì gRyix cwi‡kva AvBb, wkí m¤úK© AvBb, kªwgK‡ì ÿwZc~iY AvBb, kªwgK wb‡qvM (¯’vqx
Av‡`k) AvBb, †`vKvb I cÖwZôvb AvBb, gvZ„Z¡ Kj¨vY AvBb, BZ¨w` D‡jøL†hvM¨| Avevi evwYwR¨K AvB‡bi
g‡a¨ Askx`vix AvBb, †Kv¤úvbx e¨vswKs AvBb, Avg`vwb ißvwb AvBb BZ¨vw` AvBb i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †ekxifvM
†ÿ‡ÎB AvB‡bi myôz cÖ‡qvM bv _vKvq eëmvqxMY‡K cÖvqB `~‡fv©M †cvnv‡Z nq| FY †Ljvcxi †ÿ‡Î
Av`vj‡Zi wm×všÍ mwVKfv‡e ev¯Íevqb n‡”Q bv| †`‡ki mvwe©K AvBb k„•Ljv cy‡ivcywi wbqš¿‡Y bv _vKvi
d‡j GKw`‡K eëmvqxiv AvBb Agvb¨ K‡i P‡j‡Q; Ab¨ w`‡K, Puv`vevRx I mš¿vmxi Kvi‡Y eëmvqxMY
Drmvn cv‡”Q bv| ZvB ejv hvq †`‡ki AvBb k„•Ljv eëmv‡qi AbyK~j bq e‡j †`kx I we‡`kx D‡`¨v³vMY
cy‡ivcywi Av¯’v cvq bv e‡j m‡šÍvlRbK wewb‡qv‡M DrmvwnZ n‡”Q bv|
4. mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹w„ ZK cwi‡ek (Socio-cultural Environment): ‡Kvb †`‡ki gvby‡li mvgvwRK I
mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡ek eëmvq cwiPvjbv I Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve †d‡j| K„wó GKwU ¸bvMZ welq, hv †Kvb
wbw`©ó gvcKvwV‡Z cwigvc Kiv hvq bv; wKš‘, A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi MwZaviv Abygvb Kiv hvq| Dbœqbkxj
†`‡ki Zzjbvq DbœZ †`k¸‡jvi Drcv`bkxjZv A‡bK¸b †ekx| Zvi Rb¨ A_©mvgvwRK cwi‡ek A‡bKvs‡k
`vqx|

mvgvwRK mvs¯‹w… ZK cwi‡ek ej‡Z †Kvb †`‡ki †jvKR‡bi AvPviAvPiY, wPšÍv‡PZbv, wek¦vm, ¯^fve, gvbwmKZv,
wkÿv, mv¤cÖ`vwqK g‡bvfve, ag©xq I mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ, g~j¨‡eva, mnbkxjZv, BZ¨vw`‡K eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl mbvZb wPšÍvaviv †cvlY K‡i, bZzb‡K mnmv MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvq bv, Kg cwikªgx, fvM¨ wbf©ikxj,
esk †MŠie I mvgvwRK Me©‡eva KvR K‡i| Drcv`b Kv‡R A_© e¨‡q AvMÖnx Kg, SzuwKMÖnY Ki‡Z Awb”QzK|
G‡`‡k cªvK„wZK `~‡h©vM, †hgb: Abve„wó, AwZe„wó, eb¨v, So BZ¨vw` Øviv cÖvqmB AvµvšÍ nq Ges we‡`kx
mvnv‡hï Dci wbf©ikxj, †m¸‡jv †Kvb †`‡ki wkí D‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡b mnvqK bq| ZvB G‡`‡k wkí mnvqK
cwi‡ek M‡o DVvi Rb¨ wKQz wKQz wel‡qi Dci ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e hv wbgœiƒc:
(K) Puv`vevwR eÜ Kiv;
(L) AZ¨vek¨Kxq cY¨ ev‡` wejvm `ªe¨ Avg`vwb eÜ ivLv;
(M) †`kxq Drcvw`Z cY¨ iÿv‡_© Abyiæc we‡`kx cY¨ eÜ ivLv;
(N) Nyl cÖ`vb I MÖnY cÖf„wZ e‡Üi Rb¨ mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zvjv;
(O) cwikªgx I SzuwK MÖn‡Yi gvbywmKZvi weKvk NUv‡Z n‡e|
5. cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡ek: eZ©gvb AvaywbK hyM‡K cÖhyw³i hyM ejv nq| †h †`k cÖhyw³‡Z hZ DbœZ, †m †`k eëmv
evwY‡RÏ ZZ DbœZ| evsjv‡`‡ki cªhyw³MZ w`K ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq †h, G †`‡ki cÖhyw³ cy‡ivb
Ges A‡bK †ÿ‡Î GLbI gvb`vZvi Avg‡ji cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g KvR Ki‡Q| †`‡ki †ekxifvM †jvK cÖhyw³ Ávbnxb
I A`ÿ I Avav`ÿ| wkÿvi nvi Kg| Avi cÖhyw³MZ wkÿv Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq AcÖZzj| ZvB eëmv‡qi AbyK~j
cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨ AviI DbœZ cÖhyw³i cÖmvi NUv‡Z n‡e| †`‡ki cÖhyw³i D™¢veb I Dbœqb NUv‡Z n‡e| A`ÿ
RbMY‡K cÖhyw³MZ cÖwkÿY w`‡q `ÿ gvb¤úbœ iƒ‡c iƒcvšÍi K‡i we‡`kx wbf©ikxjZv Kgv‡bvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, evsjv‡`‡ki wkí Dbœq‡bi mnvqK cwi‡ek Abycw¯’Z; ZvB, eëmv‡qi
Dbœqb I cÖmvi NUv‡bvi Rb¨ AwZ`ªæZ eëmvwqK AbyK~j cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨ Kvh©Ki cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb|
cvVms‡ÿc
GKwU eëmv‡q †h mKj Dcv`vb cÖfvweZ K‡i, †m¸‡jvi mgwóB eëmvq cwi‡ek| eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi Dci
cÖfvewe¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Avw_©K, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK, AvBbMZ, miKvix bxwZ,
cªwZ‡hvMx, mieivnKvix BZ¨vw`| eëmv‡qi cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K cÖavb `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
e¨vwóK cwi‡ek I mvgwóK cwi‡ek| e¨wóK cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ †Kv¤úvbx, mieivnKvix, ga¨¯’Kvix, †µZvmvaviY,
cÖwZ‡hvMx, I Rb mvaviY| cÿvšÍ‡i, GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi mvgwóK cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡”Q: RbmsL¨v
cwi‡ek, A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek, cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek, ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek, cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡ek I mvgvwRK mvs¯‹…wZK
cwi‡ek| G cwi‡ek¸‡jvi AbyK~jZv ev cÖwZK~jZvi Kvi‡YB eëmv‡qi mdjZv-e¨_©Zv Av‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ
1.eëmvwqK cwi‡ek ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb?
2.evsjv‡`‡ki wkí cwi‡e‡ki mswÿß eY©bv w`b|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`b¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
2. eëmvwqK †ÿ‡Î ivR‰bwZK cwi‡eki cÖfve eY©bv Kiæb|
3. eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki cÖfv‡ei wewfbœ w`K¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
4. evsjv‡`‡ki eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ w`K¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-3 t evsjv‡`‡ki wkíbxwZ (Industrial Policy of Bangladesh)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 wkíbxwZ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evsjv‡`‡ki wkí bxwZ 2005 Gi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wkíbxwZi bxwZi †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wkí cÖwZôv‡bi msÁv I †kªYxwefvM m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ‡emiKvix LvZ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 miKvix LvZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 miKvix LvZ I †emiKvixKiY bxwZ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wk‡íi wewfbœ myweav m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ÿy`ª I KywUi wk‡íi Rb¨ we‡kl myweav m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wkívqv‡b gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì AskMÖnY I weKv‡k cÖ`Ë my‡hvM myweav m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
wkíbxwZ (Industrial Policy)
‡h †Kvb miKvi mswkøó †`‡ki bZzb bZzb wkí-D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ wkí I wewb‡qvM bxwZ †NvlYv
K‡i wkívqb cÖwµqvq wewfbœ w`Kwb‡`©kbv w`‡q _v‡Kb| wkívqb MwZaviv‡K Zivwš^Z Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Ae¯’vi
cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z I cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbix‡ÿ mgq mgq wkí bxwZ ms‡kvab, cwieZ©b I cwigvR©b K‡i _v‡K| GKwU myôz I
ev¯Íe wfwËK wkíbxwZ †Kvb †`‡ki D‡`¨v³v‡ì AvK…ó I AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡Z MyiæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
evsjv‡`k miKvi 1982 I 1986 mv‡j `ywU wkíbxwZ †NvlYv K‡i; Zvi ci 1999 mv‡j Avevi bZzb K‡i wkí
bxwZ †NvwlZ nq| cieZ©x‡Z 2005 mv‡j me©‡kl wkíbxwZ †NvlYv Kiv nq hv eZ©gv‡b cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
wkíbxwZ 2005 Gi D‡Ïk¨mg~n (Objectives of Industrial Policy 2005)

2005 mv‡ji wkíbxwZi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:
1. AZxZ AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K AcwiKwíZfv‡e wkí KviLvbv cÖwZôv wbiærmvwnZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Drcvw`Z wkí
c‡Yï Af¨šÍixY Pvwn`v I ewnwe©‡k¦ ißvwbi m¤¢ve¨Zvi wbwi‡L cwiKwíZfv‡e wkí cÖwZôv Kiv eZ©gvb wkí
bxwZi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨|
2. gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ I wek¦gv‡bi ‡cÖÿvc‡U †emiKvix D‡`¨v³v‡K A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg PvwjKv kw³
wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i †`‡k myôz wkívq‡b †emiKvix wewb‡qvM e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ AbyK~j cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z miKv‡ii
mnvqK f~wgKv Zz‡j aiv|
3. miKvwi gvwjKvbvax‡b cwiPvwjZ wkíKviLvbvmg~n †emiKvixKiY cÖwµqv Zivwš^Z Kivi j‡ÿ¨
cÖvB‡fUvB‡Rkb Kwgkb A_ev mswkøó gš¿bvjq KZ…©K weµq/n¯ÍvšÍi/jxR cÖ`vb ev Ab¨ †Kvb c×wZ‡Z
cwiPvjbvi eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv|
4. wk‡ívbœq‡b †hme †ÿ‡Î †emiKvix D‡`¨v³vMY GwM‡q Avm‡Qbv; wKš‘ A_©‰bwZK cÖe„w× AR©‡b ivóªxq ¯^v‡_©
Gme wkí KviLvbv AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡”Q, †mme‡ÿ‡Î miKvi †emiKvix
D‡`¨v³v‡ì mgš^‡q A_ev †mUv m¤¢e bv n‡j mswkøó †ÿ‡Î miKvi GKKfv‡eB wkí cÖwZôvi cÖ‡qvRbxq
D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡eb|
5. ¯’vbxq I AvšÍ©RvwZK evRv‡i †`‡k Drcvw`Z cY¨mvgMÖxi cÖmvi I †fv³vi iæwP m¤§Z wkí cY¨ Drcv`‡bi
†ÿ‡Î (K) wek¦gv‡bi cY¨ Drcv`b (L) cY¨ Drcv`‡bi Kó-B‡dKwUf (Cost-Effective) eë¯’cbvi
AbymiY (M) wkí‡ÿ‡Î AwaKZi g~j¨ ms‡Rv‡hvb Ges (N) avivevwnK, h‡_vchy³ I DbœZ cÖhyw³ eënv†ii
gva¨‡g Drcv`kxjZv e„w×‡Z mnvqZv `vb|

6. RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z †gvU Drcv`b (G.D.P), wkíLv‡Z Ae`vb e„w× Ges †`kxq †fv³v mvavi‡Yi Pvwn`v †gUvb
I AwaK nv‡i ‰e‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì wkí ¯’vc‡b mnvqZv AR©‡b
cÖ‡qvRbxq mn‡hvMxZv Ges ‰e‡`wkK evRv‡i cÖwZ‡hvMxZvg~jKfv‡e wkí c‡Yï cÖ‡e†k mnvqZv cÖ`vb|
7. ‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡j KzwUi Ges ÿy`ª I gvSvix (Gm,Gg,AvB) wk‡íi `ªæZm¤cÖmviY Ges G Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM
DrmvwnZ K‡i bZzb bZzb Kg©ms¯’vb m„wói gva¨‡g †eKviZ¡ n«vm K‡i `vwi`ª we‡gvP‡bi Kg©m~Px mvdj¨Rbfv‡e
GwM‡q wb‡q hvIqv|
8. K…wl wfwËK I K…wl cY¨ cÖwµqvKiY wk‡íi m¤cÖmviY I Dbœq‡b AMÖvwaKvi cÖ`vb Ges K…wl wfwËK wkí
wn‡m‡e ‡cvjwUª, †WBix, Ges †MvUkxc AwaK nv‡i m¤cÖmvi‡Y mnvqZv cÖ`vb|
9. gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î ewa©Z nv‡i wkí KviLvbv ¯’vc‡b m¤¢ve¨ mKj cÖKvi mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
10. wkí †ÿ‡Î Drcv`bkxjZv e„w×, jvMmB cÖhyw³ Dbœqb I cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g µgš^‡q D”PZi g~j¨ ms‡hvwRZ
cY¨ Drcv`b I c‡Yï eûgyLxKiY Ges ißvwb eûgyLxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g ißvwb e„w× Kiv|
11. wkí †ÿ‡Î `~lYgy³ cwi‡ek m„wói j‡ÿ¨ cwi‡ek evÜe wkícY¨ Drcv`‡bi c‡ÿ cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj cÖKvi
mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
12. ‡`‡k ¯’vbxq evRvi m¤cÖmviY Ges AwaK nv‡i D”Pg~j¨ ms‡hvwRZ ißvwbgyLx ˆZwi †cvkvK wkímn Ab¨vb¨
mswkøó wkí DcLv‡Z ißvwb e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ ewa©Z nv‡i cðvrms‡hvRbKvix wkí cÖwZôv|
13. ‡`‡ki wewea cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` I LwbRm¤ú`mg~n h_vh_ eënvi K‡i wkí LvZ‡K Av‡iv mg„w× Kiv|
bxwZ †KŠkj (Policy Strategy)

2005 mv‡ji bZzb wkjø bxwZi Aa¨vq-3 G bxwZ †KŠkj¸‡jv wbgœiƒc ewY©Z Av‡Q:
1. wkí‡ÿ‡Î we`¨gvb Drcv`bÿgZvi me©vZœK eënvi wbwðZ Kiv| we‡kl K‡i, AeKvVvgMZ AcÖZzjZv ev
ÎæwUi Kvi‡Y Drcv`b ÿgZvi me©vZ¡K eënvi hv‡Z ÿwZMÖ¯’ bv nq †mw`‡K jÿ¨ ivLv|
2. ‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂ‡j KywUi Ges ÿy`ª I gvSvix (Gg Gm AvB) wkí Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl myweav cÖ`v‡bi
cvkvcvwk AeKvVvgMZ myweav cÖ`vb|
3. K…wl wfwËK I K…wl mnvqK wkí ¯’vcb Ges Gi µgweKvk‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ Avw_©K, KvwiMwi, cÖhyw³MZ
I AeKvVvgMZ myweav cÖ`vb Kiv|
4. evsjv‡`‡k Drcvw`Z K…wlRvZ cY¨ hv‡Z ¯^v¯’¨m¤§Zfv‡e msiÿY I evRviRvZ Kiv hvq, †m †ÿ‡Î wngvwqZ,
cv¯‘wiZ, †KŠUvRvZ (Canned) wKsev ï®‹ Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e wkíRvZ/cÖwµqvRvZ Kivi c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv; hv‡Z
K‡i †`‡k Gmg¯Í wk‡í Drcvw`Z cY¨ mvgMÖxi ‡ÿÎ AvaywbK I gvbm¤§Z msiÿY c×wZi Dbœqb K‡i mviv
eQiB evRv‡i mieivn wKsev ißvwb Kiv m¤¢e nq †m‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv|
5. ‡`‡k †hme cÖvK…wZK I LwbR m¤ú` i‡q‡Q, we‡kl K‡i M¨vm, Kqjv, KwVb kxjv, Pzbvcv_i Ges we¯Í©xY©
†ejvf~wg‡Z we`¨gvb wmwjKb, †gvbvRvBU, wRiKb, iæUvBj, wSbyK, gy³v, cÖevj, Rxevk¥v, wm-BDWm BZ¨vw`
h‡_vchy³fv‡e eënvi K‡i bZzb bZzb A_©Kvix wkí ¯’vcb m¤¢e †m j‡ÿ¨ eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv|
6. ‡`‡k e¨vcKwfwË‡Z †mŠikw³ I wewfbœ wgDwbwmc¨vj Mv‡e©R eënvi K‡i we`y¨rkw³ Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g ÿz`ª
I KzwUi wkí cwiPvjbvi wel‡q cÖ‡Póv MÖnY|
7. cY¨ eûgyLxKiY I wek¦gvb m¤úbœ cY¨ Drcv`bmn AwaKZi g~j¨ ms‡hvRbx cY¨ Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g ißvwb
wkí cY¨ eûgyLxKiY I ißvwb e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ cðvr ms‡hvMKvix wkí cY¨ Drcv`b‡K AMÖvwaKvi wfwË‡Z
mnvqZv cÖ`vb|
8. ‡`‡ki ißvwb evwY‡R¨ we‡kl Ae`vb ivLvi cwi‡cÖwÿZ we‡ePbv K‡i ˆZwi †cvlvK I e¯¿ wkí‡K Ab¨vb¨
AMÖvwaKvi Lv‡Zi b¨q AMÖvwaKvi LvZ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv|
9. g~j¨ ms‡hvRbKvix ms‡hvM wkí (Linking Industries) Ges cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î DcwVKv`vix
(Subcontracting) wk‡íi weKv‡k cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
10. wkí †ÿ‡Î cwi‡ekevÜe cY¨ Drcv`‡bi †ÿ‡Î eR© n«vm (Waste Minimization), eR© AcmviY Ges
m‡e©vcwi ch©vqµ‡g `~lYgy³ cY¨ Drcbœ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ eR©¨ eë¯’vcbvi Dbœq‡b mn‡hvMxZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
11. ¯’vbxq evRv‡i wkí c‡Yï µgea©gvb Pvwn`v cyi‡Yi Rb¨ Avg`vwb weKí wk‡íi `ÿZv I mÿgZv‡K
AwaKZi kw³kvjx I DrmvwnZ Kiv|
12. Dchy³ †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡bv`bv cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g †`ke¨vcx mylg wkívq‡b DrmvwnZ Kiv|
13. wkí‡ÿ‡Î `vqfviMÖ¯’ iæMœ wk‡íi c~b©evmb I Dbœqb Kivi j‡ÿ¨ cªv_wgK c`‡ÿc wn‡m‡e ¯’vbxq evRv‡i
iæMœwk‡í Drcvw`Z c‡Yï Pvwn`v wbiæc‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ mgxÿvKvh©µg MÖnY| GKBmv‡_ ¯’vbxq evRv‡i
cÖwZ‡hvMxZvi †cÿvc‡U iæMœwk‡í Drcvw`Z c‡Yï Drcv`b LiP Kgv‡bvi j‡ÿ¨ Kó-B‡dKwUf c×wZ
cÖ‡qvMmn MybMZ gv‡bi Dbœqb I Drcv`bkxjZv e„w×i cÖ‡qvRbxq D‡`¨vM MÖnY|
14. wkíLv‡Z `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨ m¤ú` Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk cÖhyw³MZ I KvwiMwi `ÿZv e„w×msµvšÍ wewea
cÖwZôvb‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv|
15. ivóªxq Lv‡Zi AjvfRbK wkí cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K `ªæZ I ch©vqµ‡g †emiKvixKiY Kiv| †hme †ÿ‡Î miKvi
†emiKvix D‡`¨v‡M wkí cwiPvjbv wbivc` g‡b K‡ib bv, ïay †m ‡ÿ‡ÎB ivóªxq wkí wewb‡qvM I cwiPvjbv
mxgve× ivLv|
16. wkí‡ÿ‡Î wewb‡qvM e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ GKwU kw³kvjx cuywRevRvi m„wó‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv|
17. e›ì myweav, kw³ LvZ, hvbevnb, I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v Ges gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqbmn AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœq‡bi
w`KwU‡K AMÖvwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv| Gme Lv‡Z wbg©vY, cwiPvjbv I ¯^Z¡MÖnY Ges wbg©vY, cwiPvjbv I n¯ÍvšÍi
c×wZmn e¨w³ wewb‡qvM‡K we‡klfv‡e DrmvwnZ Kiv|
18. ‡`‡k B‡Zvg‡a¨ miKvix eë¯’vcbvq cwiPvwjZ †ek wKQz wkí KviLvbv †emiKvix gvwjKvbvq weµq I
n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv n‡q‡Q; Gme wkí DcLv‡Z A_©‰bwZKfv‡e m¤¢vebvgq wkí KviLvbv cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ wkím¤úK©
¯’vc‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq D‡`¨vM MÖnY|
19. AwaKZi KvVv‡gvMZ I Ab¨vb¨ myweav cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g wbweo wkí GjvKv cÖwZôv I Dbœq‡bi cvkvcwk ¯’vbxq
m¤ú‡ì myôz eënvi, DcKiY jf¨Zv Ges A_©‰bwZKfv‡e m¤¢vebvgq AÂ‡j we‡kl A_©‰bwZK †Rvb
cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g cwiKwíZfv‡e mymvgÄm¨c~Y© wkí GjvKv M‡o †Zvjv|
20. wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’v (WTO) Ges wewfbœ Pyw³i mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L †`kxq wk‡íi Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc
MÖnY|
21. K…wl Lv‡Zi cÖe„w× AR©‡b AvaywbKvq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ DbœZ cÖhyw³wfwËK exR cÖRbb, Drcv`b, ea©b I K…wlcY¨
cÖwµqvRvZKiY Kvh©µg‡K wkíwn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv| GKBmv‡_ cv‡Ui eûgyLx eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î †Rvivj c`‡ÿc
MÖnY|
22. wbZ¨ eënvh© KwZcq cÖavb Lv`¨mvgMÖx †hgb AvUviKj¸‡jv‡Z Mg †_‡K Drcvw`Z AvUv, Acwi‡kvwaZ
†fvR¨ †Zj †_‡K cwi‡kvwaZ †Zj, AwePzbœ/Acwi‡kvwaZ jeb †_‡K cwi‡kvwaZ jeb BZ¨vw` cÖwµqvKi‡Yi
gva¨‡g wfUvwgb, wgbv‡ij I Av‡qvwWb mg„× K‡i evRviRvZKiY|
23. M‡elYv I Dbœqb Ges cwi‡ekevÜe jvMmB cÖhyw³i Dbœqb, MÖnY, I n¯ÍvšÍ‡i Drmvn cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv|
GKBmv‡_ mvgwMÖKfv‡e cÖhyw³ Dbœq‡b evRvigyLx cÖwZôvwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o Zzjv|
24. cÖhyw³ n¯ÍvšÍi, `ÿZv I eë¯’vcbv Dbœqb Ges evRviRvZKi‡Yi `ÿZv e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ ê‡`wkK cÖZ¨ÿ
wewb‡qvM DrmvwnZ Kiv|
25. wkí gš¿bvj‡qi Z¡Ëeav‡b miKvix I †emiKvix ms¯’v mn (wewfbœ ‡P¤^vi Ae Kgvm© GÛ BÛvw÷ªR) GKwU
mgwš^Z I e¨vcKwfwËK eë¯’vcbv Z_¨ mvwf©m (MIS) ‡K›`ª ¯’vcb Kiv Ges G Z_¨ †K›`ª †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨vw`
wefvM I †Rjv ch©v‡q mieiv‡ni eë¯’v Kiv|
26. wkí Drcv`bÿgZv m„R‡b `xN©‡gqv`x FY Znwej Ges m„Rbkxj wk‡íi evwYwR¨K Drcv`b I cY¨
evRviRvZKi‡Y mnvqZv †èvi Rb¨ †fÂvi †KwcUvj (Venture Capital) m„wó Kiv|

27. weÁvb I cÖhyw³ gš¿Yvj‡q ¯’vwcZ cÖhyw³ we¯Ívi ev cÖhyw³ (Desmination) †Kvl (Cell), wkí I eëmvqx
mwgwZ Ges we‡`k¯’ evsjv‡`‡ki wgk‡b wk‡ívbœqb msµvšÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn, cÖhyw³ AvniY, I
cÖmvi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv|
28. eëmvwqK weev` (Traddipates) `ªæZ Ges Kg Li‡P wb®úwËi Rb¨ m¤cÖmvwiZ cÖkvmwbK wePvi eë¯’vq
(A_© FY Av`vjZ, Aviwe‡Uªkb †m›Uvi I wewea UªvBeybvj BZ¨w`) mnvqZv †`qv|
29. A_©jMœxKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n n‡Z hv‡Z mgqgZ PjwZ g~jab cvIqv m¤¢e nq, †m wel‡q wkí ¯’vc‡bi kyiæ‡ZB
PjwZ g~jab cÖvwßi welqwU wbwðZv Kiv|
30. wkíKviLvbv cÖwZôv wKsev cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î g~ja‡bi Achv©ßZv KvwU‡q DVvi j‡ÿ¨ wkí-D‡`¨v³v‡ì
cÖ‡qvRbxq g~jab msMÖ‡ni D‡Ï‡k¨ we`¨gvb cyuwR evRv‡ii mnvqZv MÖn‡Yi welwU wbwðZ Kiv|
31. wkímsµvšÍ Ab¨vb¨ bxwZ †hgb-e¯¿bxwZ, cvUbxwZ, †ikgbxwZ cÖf„wZ bxwZ wkíbxwZi cwic~iK wn‡m‡e
we‡ePbvq ivLv|
32. AvÂwjK I DcAvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv e„w×mn †`‡ki I ê‡`wkK wewb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î cÖ`Ë my‡hvM-myweavi g‡a¨
†Kvb êlg¨ _vK‡j Zv `~i Kiv|
wkí cÖwZôv‡bi msÁv I †kªYxwefvM
(Definition and Classifications of Industrial Establishments)
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b cÖ‡hvR¨ wkíbxwZ 2005 Gi Aa¨vq-4 G wkí cÖwZôv‡bi msÁv I †kªYxwefvM wbgœiƒcfv‡e
Kiv n‡q‡Q:
1. e¨vcK A‡_© Drcv`b I †mev G `yai‡Yi Kg©KvÛB wkí wn‡m‡e msÁvwqZ|
2. Drcv`b, cÖwµqvRvZKiY, ms‡hvRb Ges cwiewZ©‡Z Drcvw`Z c‡Yï †givgZ, c~b:ms¯‹vimvab I
cÖwµqvRvZKiY welqK KvRmg~nI wk‡íi AšÍ©f~³|
3. hš¿cvwZ wKsev ¯’vqx m¤úv‡ì D‡jøL‡hvM¨ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g †hme †mevKg© m¤úvw`Z nq, †mme †mev Kg©
wk‡íi AšÍ©f³~ | †hme †mevKg©‡K eZ©gv‡b wkí wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv : nvmcvZvj I wK¬wbK,
Z_¨cÖhyw³wfwËK Kh©µg, K…wlwfwËK Kg©KvÛ †hgb- grmAvniY, grm msiÿY I wecYb, †UwjKwgDwb‡Kkb,
cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM, ebwkí I dwb©Pvi, wbg©vY wkí I nvDwRs, Kb÷ªvKkY weR‡bm, we‡bv`b,
†dvUMÖvwd, †nv‡Uj I ch©Ub, Aq¨vinvDm I Kb‡UBbvi mvwf©m, wcÖw›Us GÛ c¨v‡KwRs, wMwbs I †ewjs,
j¨ve‡iUix, †Kvì †÷v‡iR, nwU©KvjPvi, dzjPvl I dzj evRviRvZKiY, Lv`¨ km¨ I ˆZjexR cÖwµqvRvZ
KiY, D”Pgv‡bi †gav I `ÿZv m¤úbœ b‡jR †mvmvBwU|
4. g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis Lv‡Z wk‡íi msÁv:
(K) Ôe„nr wkíÕ ej‡Z †mme wkí cÖwZôvb‡K eySv‡e †hme cÖwZôv‡b Rwg Ges KviLvbv feb ev‡` Ab¨vb¨
¯’vqx m¤ú‡ì g~‡jï cÖwZ¯’vcb e¨q (Replacement Cost) 10 †KvwU UvKvi AwaK|
(L) ÔgvSvix wkíÕ ej‡Z †mme wkí cÖwZôvb‡K eySv‡e †h me cÖwZôv‡b Rwg Ges KviLvbv feb e¨vwZwi‡K
Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vqx m¤ú‡ì g~j¨/cÖwZ¯’vcb e¨q 1.50 †KvwU UvKv †_‡K 10 †KvwU UvKv|
(M) Ôÿy`ª wkíÕ ej‡Z †mme wkí cÖwZôvb‡K eySv‡e, ‡hme cÖwZôv‡b Rwg Ges KviLvbv feb e¨wZwi‡K
Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú‡ì g~j¨/cÖwZ¯’vcb e¨q 1.5 †KvwU UvKvi wb‡P|
(N) ÔKzwUi wkíÕ ej‡Z Giæc wkí cÖwZôvb‡K eySv‡e hv cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì Øviv c„Y© A_ev LÛKvjxb mg‡q
Drcv`b A_ev †mevg~jK Kg©Kv‡Û wb‡qvwRZ|
5. bb-g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis (†UªwW Ges Ab¨vb¨ †mev) Lv‡Z wk‡íi msÁv:
(K) Ôe„nr wkíÕ ej‡Z †mme wkí cÖwZôvb‡K eySv‡e, †hme cÖwZôv‡b 100 R‡bi AwaK kªwgK KvR K‡i|
(L) ÔgvSvwi wkíÕ ej‡Z †mme cÖwZôvb‡K eySv‡e †hme cÖwZôv‡b 25 †_‡K 100 Rb kªwgK KvR K‡i|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
(M) Ôÿz`ª wkíÕ ej‡Z ‡mme wkí cÖwZôvb †hLv‡b 25 R‡biI Kg kªwgK KvR K‡i (KywUi wk‡íi gZ
cwiev‡ii †jvKRb bq)|
6. msiwÿZ wkí: miKvix wb‡`©‡ki gva¨‡g †hmKj wkí RvZxq wbivcËvi ¯^v‡_© msiwÿZ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb Ges
†hme wkí ¯úk©KvZi I ms‡e`bkxj, †mme wkí‡K msiwÿZ wkí wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb
wkíbxwZ‡Z msiwÿZ wkí LvZ¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:
A¯¿k¯¿ I Ab¨vb¨ mvgwiK miÄvg I hš¿cvwZ, cvigvbweK kw³, wmwKDwiwU wcÖw›Us I UvKkvj, ebvqb I
msiwÿZ ebf~wgi mxgvbvq hvwš¿K AvniY|
7. AMÖvwaKvicÖvß wkí: ÔAMÖvwaKvicÖvß wkíÕ (Thrust Sector) ej‡Z †mme wkí/wkí DcLvZ‡K eySv‡e,
†hmg¯Í wkí/wkí DcLvZ ‡`‡k B‡Zvg‡a¨ myôz wkívq‡b Z_v †gvU Af¨všÍixY Drcv`b, Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó, ißvwb
Avq e„w×mn `vwi`ª we‡gvP‡b mvdj¨RbK fv‡e Ae`vb ivL‡Z mÿg n‡”Q| AMÖvwaKvicÖvß LvZmg~n we‡kl
cÖ‡Yv`bv, (Special Incentive) I Avw_©K mnvqZv †hgb- ïé ev Ki Ae¨vnwZ (Tax Examption) ˆØZKi
cÖ`vb †_‡K Ae¨wnZ, Ki AeKvk myweav cÖ`vb, Ges fwel¨‡Z bZzb bZzb wkí ¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î hw` Ki
AeKvk myweav I Ki Ae¨vnwZ cÖ`vb m¤¢e bv nq, †m†ÿ‡Î n«vmK…Z nv‡i Kiv‡ivc wKsev Z¡ivwš^Z AePq
myweav cÖ`vb (Accellarated Depreciation) welwU we‡ePbv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †`kxq cÖhyw³ eënvi,
Avg`vbx cÖwZ¯’vcb, Dc-‡hvRb, A_ev ißvwb e„w×i D‡Ï‡k¨ ißvwb cÖwµqvRvZKiY GjvKvq cÖwZwôZ
wkícÖwZôvbmn ißvwbgyLx wkí cÖwZôv‡bi AbyK~‡j cÖ‡`q my‡hvM-myweav AMÖvwaKvi cÖvß wkí cÖwZôv‡bi
AbyK~‡jI cÖ`vb Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e, AMÖvwaKvicÖvß wkíLv‡Zi AvIZvq wk‡ív‡`¨v³viv ¯^qswµqfv‡e
(Automatically) Gmg¯Í myweav cv‡e| RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z we‡kl K‡i wkí‡Z AMÖvwaKvi DcLvZ/ wkí
KviLvbvmg~‡ni Ae`vb Ges cvidi‡gÝ we‡kølY I ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i miKvi AMÖvwaKvi Lv‡Zi
wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì Rb¨ cÖ`Ë myweavmg~n wba©viY Ki‡eb| AMÖvwaKvicÖvß wkímg~n wb‡gœ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
K…wlwfwËK I K…wlcY¨ cÖwµqvRvZKiY wkí, e¯¿wkí, cvURvZ I cvUwgwkªZ cY¨, ‰Zwi †cvlvK wkí,
KgwcDUvi mdUIqvi Ges AvB,wm,wU cY¨, B‡jKUªwbKm, A‡Uv‡gvevBjmn jvBU BwÄwbqvwis, dvgv©wmwUK¨vj
cY¨, Pvgov I PvgovRvZ cY¨, wmivwgK, D”Pg~j¨ ms‡hvwRZ †cvkvK, Pv I †ikg wkí, †Ljbv, ch©Ub,
†ewmK †KwgK¨vj/wk‡í eëüZ KuvPvgvj, e¯¿ wk‡í eëüZ is, Ges ivmvqwbK `ªe¨, Pkgv †d«g, dvwb©Pvi,
jv‡MR d¨vmbRvZ `ªe¨, Km‡gwUKm I Uq‡jwUªR, wm,Avi, Kqjv, n¯Í wkí cY¨, ‡ókbvwi`ªe¨, †flR Jla
wkí, evwYwR¨K wfwË‡Z ebvqb, nwU©KvjPvi|
Z‡e D‡jøL¨ ‡h, mgq I Ae¯’vbMZ cwieZ©‡b Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ wk‡íi msÁvmg~‡ni cwieZ©‡bi weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q|
ivóªqvË wkí wiivóªxKiY I cÖB‡fUvB‡Rkb Kwgkb|
ivóªqvË wkí¸‡jv‡K µgvš^‡q weivóªxqKiY Kivi e¨vcv‡i eZ©gvb wkí bxwZi Aa¨vq -6 G eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv
wbgœiƒc:
K. miKvix Lv‡Zi wkí KjKviLvbv †emiKvixKi‡Yi eZ©gvb bxwZ ¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i AbymiY Kiv n‡e|
L. ivóªxq wewb‡qvM ÔmsiwÿZ Lv‡ZÕ mxgve× _vK‡e| fwel¨‡Z wkíLv‡Z ivóªxq wewb‡qvM‡K Ae‡kl (Residual)
wewb‡qvM wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡e| ivóª I wkí‡K e¨w³ Lv‡Z cwic~iK I cªwZ‡hvMx wn‡m‡e DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡e;
M. we`¨gvb ivóªxq wkí‡K mwVK evwYwR¨ bxwZi gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ Kivi Rb¨ hZ`~i m¤¢e ¯^vqZ¡kvmb cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z n‡e|
N. msiwÿZ wkíLvZ e¨vwZZ ivóªxq K‡c©v‡ikmg~‡ni AvIZvaxb wkí cÖwZôvb n‡Z µgvš^‡q cywR cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv
n‡e|
O. cÖ‡hvRb†ev‡a †kqvi I wmwKDwiwU e›U‡bi welq‡K hZ`~im¤¢e e¨vcKwfwËK Kiv Ges Zv‡ì wkí
eë¯’vcbvq RwoZ Kivi Rb¨ miKvix wkí cÖwZôv‡bi †kqvi Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ wewµ Kiv n‡e|
P. we‡`‡k Kg©iZ evsjv‡`kx‡ì we‡`kx gy`ªvq GmKj wkí cÖwZôvb ev wkí cÖwZôv‡bi †kqvi µq Kivi Rb¨
DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡e|
Q. cÖvB‡fUvB‡Rkb Kwgkb KZ©„K †Kvb Kvi‡Y ivóªvqZ¡ wkí KviLvbv mdj fv‡e †emiKvix KiY/n¯ÍvšÍi / jxR
cÖ`vb ev Ab¨‡Kvb eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e|

8. cÖvB‡fUvB‡Rkb I †emiKvix bxwZgvjv : cÖvB‡fUvB‡Rkb I †emiKvix bxwZgvjv m¤ú‡K© AÎ wkí bxwZ‡Z

wbgœiƒc ewY©Z Av‡Q: RvZxq A_©bxwZ‡Z †emiKvixKiY †m±‡ii f~wgKv †Rvi`vi KiY Dbœq‡bi gyL¨ evnK
wn‡m‡e †emiKvix †m±‡i cÖwZwôZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Ges ivóªxq wkí cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni iæMœ I µgcwieZ©bkxj
Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z miKvix gvwjKvbvaxb wkí, evwYR¨ I †mev cÖwZôvbmg~n `ªæZ †emiKvixKi‡Yi g~j
D‡Ïk¨mg~n: K) `ÿZv e„w×imv‡_ mvgvwRK Kj¨vY, L) ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvM AR©b, `ÿZv e„w× I cvi®úwiK
m¤ú‡K©vbœqb, M) ivR¯^ cÖvwß N) †jvKmvbx wkí cÖwZôvb n‡Z m¤ú` Aegy³ K‡i Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK I
RbKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡R wewb‡qvM, Ges O) cÖwZ‡hvwMZv e„w×i gva¨‡g Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv Ges Zv
msiÿY Kiv|
9. †emiKvixKi‡Yi Abym„Ze¨ ev bxwZ mg~n: †emiKvixKi‡Yi Rb¨ †h mg¯Í bxwZ AbymiY Kiv nq Zv n‡jv:
K) kªwgK Kg©Pvix I Kg©KZ©v‡ì ¯^v_© msiÿY, L) †µZvi cwiKíbv I mw`”Qvi ¸iæZ¡, M) m¤¢ve¨ mKj
†ÿ‡Î wkí cÖwZôv‡bi eÜ cwinvi Kiv, N) evRvi ì weµq g~j¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbvq ivLv, O) †µZv‡ì ¯^v_©
msiÿY Kiv, P) n¯ÍvšÍi `wjj ev Pzw³cÎ m¤úv`b, Q) ¯^”QZv, †MvcbxqZv iÿvKiY I cÿcvZnxb AvPiY
Kiv|
10. cÖvB‡fUvB‡Rkb Kwgk‡bi mswÿß Kvh©vejx: K) †emiKvixKi‡Yi wel‡q cwiKíbv cÖbqb, L)
†emiKvixKi‡bi Rb¨ wPwýZ wkí/evwYR¨/†mev cÖwZôvbmg†ni g~j¨vqb, M) †emiKvixKiY msµvšÍ
cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘ZKi‡Yi w`K wb‡`©kbv cÖbqb, N) ìc‡Îi gva¨‡g wkí KviLvbv weµq, O) ÷KG‡·Ä Gi
gva¨‡g †kqvi weµ‡qi †ÿ‡Î cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©x‡ì Kv‡Q AvswkK †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi, P) cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW
†Kv¤úvbxi miKvix †kqvi weµq, Q) eë¯’vcbv Pzw³ m¤úv`b, R) BRviv cÖ`vb, S) miKvix m¤ú` weµq/
wjKzB‡Wkb, T) †emiKvixKiY Kvh©µg AMÖMwZi cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘ZKiY Ges U) †emiKvixKiYK…Z
cÖwZôv‡bi `Lj †diZ MÖnY|
wkí Dbœq‡b ivR¯^ I Avw_©K cÖ‡Yv`bv

wkíbxwZ 2005 G †`‡k wkí Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wbgœ wjwLZ ivR¯^ I Avw_©K myweav ivLv n‡q‡Q:
1. ivóªxq I e¨w³ Lv‡Z cÖwZwôZ GKBai‡Yi wk‡íi Rb¨ ïé I K‡ii †ÿ‡Î êlg¨ _vK‡e bv|
2. (K) wkí cÖwZôv‡bi Ae¯’vi Dci wbf©i K‡i 2005 mvj ch©š‘ Ki AeKvk myweav cÖ`vb we`¨gvb ivLv nq|
miKv‡ii wm×v‡šÍi Dci 2005Gi ci Ki AeKv‡ki myweav welqwU wbf©ikxj| Z‡e, wkí cÖwZôv‡bi
m¤cÖmvwiZ BDwb‡Ui †ÿ‡Î Ki AeKvk myweav cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv| Kigy³ Av‡qi b~b¨Zg 40 kZvsk
c~b:wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
(L) Ki AeKvk myweavi weKí wn‡m‡e wkí cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni cøv›U I †gwkbvixi g~‡jï Dci 100% nv‡i
cÖ_g eQi AePq myweavcÖvß n‡e| G Qvov Ki AeKvk myweavcÖvß weKí cÖwZôv‡bi m¤cÖmvwiZ BDwb‡Ui
cøv›U Ges †gwkbvixi Dci cÖ_g eQi 80 fvM Ges wØZxq eQi 10 fvM nv‡i AePq myweav cÖ`vb Kiv
n‡e|
(M) bZzb bZzb wkí ¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î fwel¨‡Z hw` Ki AeKvk myweav I Ki Ae¨vnwZ cÖ`vb m¤¢e bv nq, Z‡e
†m†ÿ‡Î n«vmK…Z nv‡i KiAv‡iv‡ci wel‡q we‡ewPZ n‡e|
(N) K…wl cÖwµqvRvZKiY wkí I Kw¤úDUvi md&UIqvi eëmv‡qi Avq 1 RyjvB 2002 †_‡K 30 Ryb 2006
ch©š‘ AvqKi Ae¨vnwZ †`qv nq|
(O) e¯¿ wk‡í wewb‡qvM DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ FY BKzBwU Abycv‡Z †hŠw³K ch©v‡q wba©viY Kiv n‡e|
(P) ißvwb cÖwµqvRvZKiY GjvKvq wkí ¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î evwYwR¨K Drcv`‡bi ZvwiL n‡Z 10 eQ‡ii Rb¨
AvqKi Ae¨vnwZi myweav we`¨gvb ivLv n‡q‡Q|
(Q) Ki AeKvk myweavi weKí wn‡m‡e 1 Ry&jvB 2002 †_‡K 30 Ryb 2005 Zvwi‡Li g‡a¨ ¯’vwcZ wk‡íi
Rb¨ n«vmK…Z 20% nv‡i Kiv‡iv‡ci myweav we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q|
(R) ˆZwi †cvlvK Drcv`‡b wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZôv‡b ißvwb Av‡qi Rb¨ 30Ryb 2006 ch©š‘ n«vmK…Z 10% nv‡i,
cvURvZ `ª‡eï Drcv`‡b wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZôv‡bi Avq 30 Ryb 2006 ch©š‘ 15% n«vmK…Z nv‡i Ges e¯¿
Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ wk‡íi Avq 30 Ryb 2006 ch©š‘ 15% n«vmK…Z nv‡i Kiv‡iv‡ci myweav we`¨gvb
ivLv n‡q‡Q|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
(S) wkívq‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¯^í I `xN© F‡Yi Dci my‡ì nvi b~b¨Zg chv©‡q ivLvi Rb¨ A_©jwMœKvix
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv n‡e|
3. hš¿cvwZi Dci †iqvZx ïé cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ eZ©gvb KvVv‡gv Kvh©Ki _vK‡e| Avg`vwbK…Z hš¿cvwZ I hš¿vsk
cÖPwjZ kZ© mv‡c‡ÿ g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki †_‡K Ae¨vnwZ cv‡e| AbybœZ GjvKvq wkí D‡`¨v³vMY‡K mnvqZv
cÖ`v‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Ab¨vb¨ Kvh©µ‡gi cvkvcvwk B‡Zvg‡a¨ MwVZ Equity and Entreprenuership Fund
(EEF) Gi cwigvY e„w× Kiv n‡e Ges wewmK wkí bMixi wk‡ív‡`¨v³vMY GZnwej cÖvwß‡Z AMÖvwaKvi
cv‡eb|
4. Avg`vwbK…Z KuvPvgvj, gaëZ©x cY¨, I Drcbœ c‡Yï †ÿ‡Î ïé KvVv‡gv µgea©gvb nv‡i Av‡ivwcZ n‡e|
5. †`kR Drcbœ cY¨mvgMÖx I Avg`vwbK…Z cY¨mvgMÖxi g‡a¨ Amg cÖwZ‡hvwMZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb†ev‡a
we`¨gvb ïé K‡ii nvi ‡hŠw³wK KiY Kiv n‡e| †Kvb cY¨ A‡hŠw³K I Drcv`b e¨q mv‡c‡ÿ Kg g~‡j¨
(Dumping Price) ‡e AvBbxfv‡e Avg`vwbK…Z n‡j †m †ÿ‡Î †`kxq cY¨ I †fv³vi ¯^v_© msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨
evsjv‡`k U¨vwid Kwgk‡bi mycvwik wb‡q Gw›U Wvw¤ús (Antidumping) cÖ‡qvM K‡i KvD›Uvi†fBwjs wWDwU
(Counterveiling duty) Av‡iv‡ci eë¯’v ‡bqv n‡e|
6. ißvwb cÖwµqvRvZKiY AÂ‡ji evB‡i Aew¯’Z wkí cÖwZôvb 100% ê‡`wkK wewb‡qvM †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M (Type-
B) Ges ¯’vbxq D‡`¨v‡M (Type-C) ¯’vwcZ wkí BDwbUmg~n wewb‡qvM †ev‡W©i c~e© AbygwZµ‡g we‡`kx
FY`vZvi mv‡_ ê‡`wkK gy`ªv FY msµvšÍ Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡e| D³ GjvKvq Aew¯’Z 100% we‡`kx
gvwjKvbvaxb wkí BDwbUmg~n (Type-A) c~e© AbygwZ e¨vwZZ we‡`k †_‡K FY MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e| GmKj
F‡Yi Avmj I my` eve` A_© evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki c~e© AbygwZ QvovB cwi‡kva Kiv hv‡e|
7. Abvevmx evsjv‡`kx‡ì wewb‡qv‡M DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ we‡kl cÖ‡Yv`bv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| evsjv‡`‡k
wewb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Zv‡ì we‡`kx wewb‡qvMKix‡ì g‡Zv my‡hvM myweav cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| cÖv_wgK mvaviY
†kqvi (Initial Public Offer) Gi †ÿ‡Î wmwKwiwUR GÛ G·‡PÄ Kwgkb Abvevkx evsjv‡`kx‡ì Rb¨
10% †kqvi msiÿY Ki‡e| GQvov Zviv Abvevmx ê‡`wkK g~`ªv mÂq GKvD‡›U (NFCD) ‰e‡`wkK gy`ªv
Rgv ivL‡Z cvi‡eb|
8. ÒAMÖvwaKvicÖvß wkí LvZÓ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ wkí ÿz`ª I gvSvix (Gm Gg B) Ges KzwUi wk‡íi †ÿ‡Î ivR¯^
myweav cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e|
9. wewb‡qvM †ev‡W©i wbeÜYK„Z †Kvb wkí cÖwZôvb‡K bZzb wkí ¯’vc‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Rwg n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii Rb¨ wKsev †Kvb
wkí‡K wj:†Kv¤úvbx‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z †Kv‡bv UªÝvdvi wd I jvfKi (Gain tax) cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e bv|
Z‡e G †ÿ‡Î kZ© _vK‡e †h, Dc‡iv³ n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii ci gvwjKvbv KvVv‡gv‡Z †Kvb cwieZ©b Kiv hv‡e bv|
10. evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡K wkí Znwej m„wó, we‡klvwqZ e¨vsKmg~‡ni mymsnZKiY, †`k Znwej (Country fund)
cÖwZôv, g~jab evRvi m¤cÖmviY, D`¨g Znwej m„wóKiY Ges Ki AeKvk eë¯’v †hŠw³KxKi‡Yi c`‡ÿc
†bqv n‡e|
wkívq‡b gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì AskªMnY I weKvk

wkíbxwZ 2005 Gi 11bs Aa¨v‡q gwnjv wkí D‡`¨v³v‡ì AskMÖnY I weKv‡ki j‡ÿ¨ wbgœwjwLZ eë¯’v ivLv
n‡q‡Q :
1. weMZ `k‡K wek¦e¨vcx A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Û we‡kl K‡i wkívq‡bi Kg©Kv‡Û c„w_exi Ab¨vb¨
†`‡ki gZ evsjv‡`‡kI gwnjv‡ì AskMÖnY I mvd‡jï †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| †m j‡ÿ¨ †`‡ki
wkí Dbœq‡b ewa©ZK‡je‡i gwnjv‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi welqwU wbwðZ Kivi A½xKvi Kiv nq|
2. ‡`‡ki me©Î ¯^vaxb I ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©fv‡e wkí I eëmv cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î †hvM¨Zi gwnjv D‡`¨v³v wPwýZKi‡Yi
welqwU‡K AwaK ¸iæZ¡ cª`vb Kiv nq|
3. gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì cÖvK wewb‡qvM civgk©`vb Ges cÖKí cÖbqb I ev¯Íevq‡b mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq
eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv|
4. ÿz`ª I KzwUi wk‡í gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì wkí cÖwZôvq Av‡iv †ekx DrmvwnZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ wewea Bb‡mbwUf I
Avw_©K cÖ‡Yv`bvi eë¯’v †bIqv|

5. gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì mvgvwRK Ae¯’vb I gh©v`vi †cÖÿvc‡U Gm Gg AvB cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î KvwiMwi, Avw_©K I
cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿY mnvqZv cª`vb Kiv n‡e, G‡ÿ‡Î wkí gš¿bvj‡qi AvIZvq ¯’vwcZ wewfbœ cÖwZôvb (†hgb-
wewmK, weUvK, we AvB Gm, GbwcI, w¯‹wU) Gi mnvqZvq gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì ewa©Z K‡je‡i `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ AvaywbK KvwiMwi cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡e|
6. mvwf©m BÛvwUªR Gi m¤cÖmviY I cÖe„w× AR©‡b gwnjv wkí D‡`¨v³v‡ì AwaK nv‡i cÖvavb¨ †`qv n‡e|
7. ‡`‡ki K…wl wfwËK wkí cÖwZôvq I cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î gwnjv wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì AvMÖnx K‡i †Zvjv n‡e|
Abyiƒcfv‡e M‡g©›Um wkí (bxU I I‡fb), B‡jKUªwb·, wmivwgK, †nvwmqvix, wngvwqZ Lv`¨, wngvMvi, nvB-
f¨vjy-G‡WW wkí cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì KvwiMwi I Avw_©K mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e|
8. ‡fv‡K‡kvbvj mvgMÖx, PvgovRvZ cY¨, Gg‡eªv‡qWvix, Bwg‡Ukb, eøK-evwUK, n¯Íwkí, euvk I ‡eZ wkí,
†Ljbv, DcnvimvgMÖx BZ¨vw`‡Z gwnjv wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì AwaKnv‡i Drmvn I Avw_©K myweav cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e|
9. ‡`‡k gvbm¤úbœ gwnjv D‡`¨v³v m„wói j‡ÿ¨ AvaywbK cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’v MÖnY Ges GKB mv‡_ h‡_vchy³ cuywR
msMÖ‡ni my‡hvM m„wóK‡i Gm Gg B Ges KzwUi wkí cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ M„nxZ Kg©m~Pxi mdj ev¯Íevqb wbwðZ
Kiv n‡e| G j‡ÿ¨ †`‡ki mKj wefvMxq kn‡i wkí cvK©mg~‡n gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì Rb¨ wKQz cøU msiwÿZ
ivLvi welqwU we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e|
10. gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì Drcvw`Z c‡Yï gvbDbœqb, bZzb bZzb evRvi m„wó, c‡Yï cÖPvi, cÖmvi, ¯’vbxq I
‰e‡`wkK evRv‡i Zv‡ì Drcvw`Z c‡Yï evRviRvZKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv n‡e|
11. wkí Dbœq‡b bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi welwU wbwðZ Kiv n‡e|
12. gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì wkí FY, BKzBwU K¨vwcUvj, †fÂvi K¨vwcUvj, PjwZ g~jab BZ¨vw` cÖvwßi wbðqZv
weav‡b miKvix wKsev †emiKvix D‡`¨v‡M †`‡k GKwU c„_K e¨vsK cÖwZôv Kiv, Ges gwnjv wk‡ív‡`¨v³‡ì
Dchy³Zv hvPvB K‡i mnR k‡Z© eÜKx gy³ (Colateral Free) FY cÖ`v‡bi welwU we‡ePbv Kiv n‡e|
cvVms‡ÿc
‡h †Kvb miKvi Zvi mswkøó †`‡ki bZzb bZzb wkí-D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ wkí I wewb‡qvM bxwZ
†NvlYv K‡i wkívqb cÖwµqvi wewfbœ w`Kwb‡`©kbv w`‡q _v‡Kb| wkívqb MwZaviv‡K Zivwš^Z Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Ae¯’vi
cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z I cÖ‡qvR‡bi wbix‡ÿ mgq mgq wkí bxwZ ms‡kvab, cwieZ©b I cwigvR©b K‡i _v‡K| GKwU myôz I
ev¯Íe wfwËK wkíbxwZ †Kvb †`‡ki D‡`¨v³v‡ì AvK…ó I AbycÖvwYZ Ki‡Z MyiæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ
1. wkíbxwZ ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb?
2. 2005 mv‡ji wkíbxwZi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wK?
3. cÖvB‡fUvB‡Rkb Kwgk‡bi KvR wK?
4. 2005 mv‡ji wkí bxwZ‡Z gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì wK wK we‡kl myweavi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. 2005 mv‡ji wkí bxwZ Abymv‡i wkí msµvšÍ †kªYxwefvM eY©bv Kiæb|
2. 2005 mv‡ji wkí bxwZ‡Z †hmKj ivR¯^ I Avw_©K cÖ‡bv`bvi K_v ejv Av‡Q Zv eY©bv Kiæb|
3. eZ©gvb wkí bxwZ‡Z gwnjv D‡`¨v³v Dbœqb I wk‡í AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi wK wK c`‡ÿc †bqv n‡q‡Q Zv
eY©bv Kiæb|
4. 2005 mv‡ji wkí bxwZi D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZ †KŠkj¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-4 t cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb (Assessing Environment)
D‡Ïk¨
 cwi‡ek we‡kølY c×wZ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ¯’vbxq m¤cÖ`vq g~j¨vqb wKfv‡e K‡i Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wKfv‡e eëmvq cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb K‡i Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 eëmv‡qi AvBbMZ cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb wKfv‡e Kiv nq Zv Rvb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb |
welqe¯‘
cwi‡ek we‡kølY c×wZ (Environmental Scanning Procedure)
cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb wPwýZ Kivi ci G msµvšÍ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ cieZ©x Kvh©µg MÖnY Kiv GKRb
D‡`¨v³vi `vwqZ¡| G Z_¨ wewfbœ m~Î †_‡K msMÖn Kiv hvq| †hgb: cÖv_wgK Z_¨ I c‡ivÿ Z_¨|
cwimsL¨vb cÖwZ‡e`b, A_©‰bwZK I wkí welqK Rwic cÖwZ‡e`b Ges †h ‡Kvb ai‡Yi cÖKvwkZ Z_¨B c‡ivÿ
Z‡_ï Drm wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| Aciw`‡K, cÖv_wgK Z‡_ï Drm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ eëmvqx Rb‡Mvôx, eëmvq I
evwYwR¨K m¤úª`vq, mgvR m‡PZb e¨w³eM©, miKvix Kg©Pvix, †emiKvix cÖwZôvb BZ¨vw`|
cÖv_wgK Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ evRvi M‡elYv I A_©‰bwZK Rwic Kiv hvq; Avi Gi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e cÖkœgvjv ev
‡PKwj‡ói gva¨‡g mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Kiv nq| Avevi †dvKvm MÖæc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K©
aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| msM„nxZ Z_¨ I DcvË cÖwµqvRvZ I we‡kølY K‡i mswkøó wel‡q wi‡c©vU ˆZwi Kiv nq|
wb‡gœ A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn I we‡kølYg~jK cªwZ‡e`b ˆZwii c`‡ÿç‡jv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©vewj I wm×všÍmg~‡ni Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i Gai‡Yi mKj A_©‰bwZK
Dcv`vb¸‡jv mbv³ Kiv;
2. cÖ_g av‡c mbv³K…Z Dcv`vb I PjK¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Z‡_ï Drm¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv ˆZwi
Kiv|
3. Z„Zxq av‡c cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb ev PjK¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Dc‡hvMx GKwU cÖkœgvjv ev †PK wjó ˆZwi
Kiv| cieZ©x cwi‡”Q‡` GKwU BDwbqb ch©v‡q A_©‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni
Dc‡hvMx bgybv cÖkœgvjv ev †PK wjó mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
4. mswkøó D‡`¨v³v wb‡R ev Zvi †Kvb Rwic Kg©xi gva¨‡g cÖkœgvjv ev †PKwjó eënvi K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨
msMÖ‡ni eë¯’v Ki‡eb|
5. G ¯Í‡i msM„nxZ Z_¨ cÖwµqvRvZ I we‡kølY K‡i mswkøó wel‡qi Dci GKwU cªwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq|
GKwU BDwbqb ch©v‡q †Kvb eëmv cÖwZôvb ¯’vc‡bi †ÿ‡Î ¯’vbxq A_©‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve we‡kølY Kivi
wbwg‡Ë cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni GKwU bgybv †PKwjó wb‡gœ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
1) cÖ¯ÍvweZ eëmv‡qi c‡Yï bvg, 2) MÖv‡gi bvg, 3) RbmsL¨v, 4) gv_vwcQz Avq, 5) gv_vwcQz c‡Yï †fv‡Mi
cwigvY, 6) mswkøó GjvKvq c‡Yï KuvPvgvj Drcv`‡bi cwigvY, 7) mgRvZxq cY¨ Drcv`bKvix wkí cÖwZôv‡bi
msL¨v, 8) weMZ 5 eQ‡i †fv‡Mi cwigvY e„w×i nvi, 9) we`¨gvb wkí cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Dcv`v†bi cwigvY, 10)
cÖwZ †KwR c‡Yï Drcv`b e¨q (cÖwZ GKK), 11) cÖwZ †KwR c‡Yï weµq g~j¨ (cÖwZ GKK), 12) Ab¨ GjvKv
†_‡K cY¨wUi Avg`vwbi cwigvY, 13) AÎ GjvKvi evB‡i m¤¢ve¨ ißvwbi cwigvY, 14) cÖ¯ÍveK…Z cY¨wUi KuvPvgvj
wn‡m‡e g~jab mieivnKvix cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v, 15) cÖ¯ÍveK…Z cY¨wUi KuvPvgvj wn‡m‡e eënviKvix wkí cÖwZôv‡bi
msL¨v, 16) Gme wkí c‡Yï evwl©K Pvwn`vi cwigvY, 17) MZ cuvP eQ‡i Pvwn`v e„w×i nvi, 18) Ab¨vb¨ Z_¨|
cwi‡ek we‡køl‡Yi †KŠkj ev cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb

(Techniques of Environmental Analysis or Assessment of Environment)

†h †Kvb eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi mdjZv eûjvs‡k wbf©i K‡i Zvi myôz I Kvh©Ki wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Dci, Avi myôz I
Kvh©Ki wm×všÍ A‡bKvs‡k cÖfvweZ nq cwi‡ek Øviv| eëmvq cwi‡ek ej‡Z †Kvb eëmv‡qi Dci cÖfve
we¯ÍviKvix kw³¸‡jv‡K eySvq| †h †Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK, cÖhyw³, AvBb, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK
Ae¯’v Øviv †m †`‡ki eëmvq Kvh©µg bvbvfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq| aiv hvK- †Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v hw` Pv½v
_v‡K Z‡e eëmv‡qi †Kbv†ePv I Avq e„w× cvq| ZvB, eëmvq cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cwi‡ekMZ
wewfbœ Dcv`vb¸‡jv we‡ePbvq G‡b wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| hvi Kvi‡Y eëmvwqK cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb Kiv GKRb
eëmvqx ev D‡`¨v³vi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
cwi‡ek cÖwZwbqZ cwieZ©b n‡”Q, ZvB GKwU eëmv‡qi Kg©Kv‡Ûi Dci cwi‡e‡ki g~j¨vqb GKwU Pjgvb
cÖwµqv| GKRb eëmvqx‡K Zvi eëmv‡qi Dci wZbai‡Yi cwi‡e‡ki g~j¨vqb cÖ‡qvRb nq| h_v: 1| †h ¯’v‡b
eëmv cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e †mLvbKvi RbM‡bi cÖfve; 2| mswkøó eëmvq cwi‡ek; Ges 3| mvgwMÖK
A_©‰bwZK/ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb| Avevi eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi cÖK„wZ I AvIZv Abymv‡i RvZxq I
AvšÍ©RvwZK cwi‡ekI g~j¨vqb Kiv ìKvi nq|
wb‡gœ wP‡Îi gva¨‡g wÎgvwÎK cwi‡e‡ki cvi®úwiK m¤úK© †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
mvgwMÖK/ A_©‰bwZK /
ivR‰bwZK
¯’vbxq m¤cÖ`vq eëmvq cwi‡ek
m~Î: Entrepreneurship: Robert Ronstandt
¯’vbxq m¤cÖ`vq g~j¨vqb: ¯’vbxq RbmsL¨vi AvKv‡ii Zzjbvq cÖ¯ÍvweZ eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi Dci H GjvKvq Ab¨vb¨
eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi AvKvi we‡ePbv Kiv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| GKRb wkí D‡`¨v³vi wbR¯^ Ae¯’vb KZUzKz
MyiæZ¡ c~Y© Zv mev©‡Mª we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
¯’vbxq ch©v‡q wbR eëmv‡qi Zzjbvg~jK ¸iæZ¡ cwigvc Kivi Dcvq n‡”Q wbR eëmv‡qi weµ‡qi cwigvY,
Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó I Ki cÖ`v‡bi cwigvY wbb©q Kiv| hw` GKwU eëmv‡qi weµq e„w× cvq, ZLb Zvi cÖfve cY¨
mievinKvix, cyuwRi Pvwn`v, cÖf„wZi Dci cÖfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| Avevi eëmv‡qi K‡jei n«vm †c‡j cY¨
mieivnKvix I cyuwR mievinKvix‡ì Dci weiæc cÖfve †`Lv †`q| hvi d‡j mswkøó GjvKvi Ab¨vb¨ eëmvqxMY
bZzb eëmv ¯’vcb‡K ¯^vMZ I wewfbœfv‡e mg_©b K‡i _v‡K A_ev Zvi wecixZ wPÎ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
G e¨wZZ ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v, Av‡qi nvi, Pvwn`v cÖf„wZ hvPvB Kiv cÖ‡qvRb nq| cvkvcvwk ¯’vbxq
‡bZv, mgvRKg©xivmn mK‡ji g‡bvfve hvPvB Kiv cÖ‡qvRb nq| mvgwMÖKfv‡e eëmv‡qi aiY, KuvPvgvj mievin,
A‡_©i mieivn, `ÿ, Avav`ÿ I A`ÿ kªwgK, †bZv cÖf„wZ m¤ú‡K© wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì ¯^”Q aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e|
GKRb D‡`¨v³v ¯’vbxq cwi‡ek g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wbgœewY©Z DËi¸‡jv Rvb‡Z n‡e:
1. Avcwb †h¯’v‡b eëmv ¯’vcb Ki‡Z Pv‡”Qb †mLvbKvi RbMY m¤ú‡K© Avcwb KZUzKz cwiwPZ?

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
2. Avcbvi cÖ¯ÍvweZ eëmvq ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi wK ai‡Yi BwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e?

3. ¯’vbxq MY¨-gvb¨ e¨w³e‡M©i mg_©b KZUzKz cvIqv hv‡e?
4. ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM iÿvi Rb¨ Avcbvi we‡kl †Kvb `ÿZv Av‡Q wK?
5. ¯’vbxq mg_©b cvevi j‡ÿ¨ Avcbvi wKai‡Yi cwiKíbv i‡q‡Q?
6. ¯’vbxq m¤úª`vq †_‡K †Kvb evav G‡j Avcwb Zv wKfv‡e †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡eb?
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, GKRb D‡`¨v³v cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb K‡i hw` eëmv‡qi AbyK~j cwi‡ek cvb Zvn‡j eëmvq
cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib; Zv bvn‡j, D³ ¯’v‡b eëmvq cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb Kiv mgxwPb n‡e bv|
eëmvq cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb

eëmvqMZ cwi‡ek g~j¨vq‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡jv GKRb D‡`¨v³v †h eëmvq ¯’vcb Ki‡Z hv‡”Q, †m m¤ú‡K©
we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i wbR eëmv‡qi mv‡_ GKwU Zzjbv g~jK ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv|
eëmvqMZ cwi‡ek g~j¨vq‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKRb D‡`¨v³v‡K cÖavbZ: KZ¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi Reve Ly‡u R †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
me©cÖ_g hv cÖ‡qvRb, Zv n‡jv eëmvq cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î mgRvZxq nIqv Avek¨K| Ab¨vb¨ eëmvqx‡ì †_‡K
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi e¨vcKZv wK n‡e, fwel¨r cÖ¯ÍvweZ eëmv‡qi eë¯’v wK n‡e Zv hvPvB K‡i g~j¨vqb K‡i †`Lv|
mvaviYZ: evRvi cwigvc I evRvi we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g GmKj cÖ‡kœi Reve cvIqv hv‡e| wKš‘ Rwic KvR mgq
mv‡cÿ I e¨qeûj weavq †QvU eëmv‡qi Rb¨ Zv Dchy³ bq| G Rb¨ weKí wn‡m‡e GKwU cÖkœgvjvi bgybv wb‡gœ
Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
1. cÖ¯ÍvweZ wkí I eëmvq mgq cwieZ©‡bi d‡j wK wK cwieZ©b Avm‡Z cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K© c~e©vbygvb Kiv|
2. B‡Zvg‡a¨ G wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZôv‡bi msL¨v Ges cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖwZôvbwUi Zzjbvq †m¸‡jv‡Z wK ai‡Yi
êwkó¨ we`¨gvb?
3. Zxeª cÖwZ‡hvMxZvg~jK evRv‡i hw` c‡Yï Pvwn`v e„w× cvq Z‡e wK NU‡Z cv‡i?
4. G wk‡í BbcyU mievinKvixi msL¨v KZ I Zv‡ì ‰ewkó¨ wKiƒc?
5. G wkí c‡Y¨ ev †mevq †µZvi msL¨v KZ I Zv‡ì êwkó¨¸‡jv wK ai‡Yi?
6. mieivnKvix g~j¨ ms‡hvRb (value added) KZcwigvY †bq?
7. mswkøó c‡Yï eZ©gvb evRv‡ii AvKvi wK? fwel¨‡Z Zv evovi m¤¢vebv KZUzKz?
8. RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i A_©‰bwZK cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ I wk‡í wK cÖfve co‡Z cv‡i?
Dc‡ii cÖkœgvjv †_‡K cÖvß Z_¨ ¸‡jv msMÖn K‡i cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi I we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g mswkøó wk‡íi Dci
eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki cÖfve hvPvB ev g~j¨vqb Kiv ‡h‡Z cv‡i|
mvgwMÖK ivR‰bwZK/A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb

†h ‡Kvb †`‡ki AvBb gZ ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK A_©vr mvgwMÖK cwi‡ek †m ‡`‡ki bZzb eëmv
cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbvq we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| we‡kl K‡i †QvU †QvU eëmv cÖwZôvb¸‡jv ivR‰bwZK
gZcv_©‡Kï wfbœZvi Kiv wKai‡Yi cÖfve †d‡j Zv g~j¨vqb cÖ‡qvRb| GmKj wel‡qi cÖfve hvPvB Ki‡Z
K‡qKwU wel‡qi cÖfve we‡kølY Kiv Avek¨K| †hgb: AvBbMZ cÖfve, ivR‰bwZK cÖfve I A_©‰bwZK cÖfve
D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
AvBbMZ cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb
cÖwZwU eëmvq cÖwZôvb wKQy mywbw`©ó AvBb Øviv cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e G AvBb¸‡jv Ggb nIqv
DwPr bq hv D‡`¨v³v‡ì eëmv‡q wbiærmvwnZ Ges euvavi m„wó K‡i| eëmv‡qi Rb¨ myôz AvBb I Zvi h_vh_
cÖ‡qvM Avek¨K| AvBb k„•Ljv AbyK~‡j _vKv eëmv‡qi DbœwZ AMÖMwZi c~e©kZ©| ZvB †Kvb †`‡ki †Kvb
eëmv‡qi Rb¨ AvBbMZ cwi‡ek AbyK~j wK bv Zv hvPvB Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| e¨w³MZ m¤ú` †fv‡Mi AwaKvi I Zv
msiÿY Kivi Rb¨ h_vh_ AvBb Avek¨K| FY`vb c×wZ mnR nIqv Avek¨K| GKwU †`‡ki AvBbMZ cwi‡ek
hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ wbgœ ewY©Z cÖ‡kœi DËi †ei Kiv Zv g~j¨vqb Kiv Avek¨K|
1. eëmvq ¯’vcb,cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ †h me AvBb i‡q‡Q Zv KZUzKy mvnvqK ev euvavi m„wó K‡i?

2. AvBb Rvbgvj iÿvq h_©v_ wK bv?

3. AvBb I Zv cÖ‡qv‡Mi g‡a¨ eëavb KZUzKz I Zv mnbxq ch©v‡q Av‡Q wK bv?
4. eëmv‡qi Rb¨ AvBb AbyK~j bv cÖwZK~j?
5. AvBb f½Kvix‡ì weiæ‡× Kvh©Ki eë¯’v Av‡Q wK bv?
6. AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯’v¸‡jv KZUzK AvšÍwiK?
7. AvB‡bi kvmb KZUzK weivRgvb?
DcwiD³ g~j¨vq‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i eëmvq ¯’vc‡bi wm×všÍ †bqv n‡q _v‡K|
ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb

GKwU †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK eë¯’v †`k cwiPvjbvi bxwZ wba©viY K‡i _v‡K| MYZvwš¿K †`‡k wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK
gZv`‡k©i Dci wbf©i K‡i ivR‰bwZK `j MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| GKwU `‡ji gZv`k© I `k©b I bxwZ ci®ú‡ii
g‡a¨ we‡ivag~jK n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e ÿgZvkxb `‡ji gZv`k© GKwU ‡`‡ki eëmvq Kvh©µg‡K me‡P‡q †ekx
cÖfvweZ K‡i| †hgb- †`Lv hvq †Kvb `j ÿgZvq _vK‡j e¨w³gvwjKvbv eëmvq cÖmvi N‡U, Avevi Ab¨ †Kvb `j
ÿgZvq _vK‡j ivóªxq eëmvq cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| Zvn‡j †`Lv hvq ÿgZvi cvjve`‡j eëmv‡qi wbq‡š¿‡Yi †ÿ‡Î
miKv‡ii bxwZi cwieZ©b N‡U| d‡j eëmvq Kvh©µg e¨nZ n‡q _v‡K| ZvB eëmv ¯’vc‡bi ‡ÿ‡Î ivR‰bwZK
cwi‡ek g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wbgœ ewY©Z cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb:
1. ‡`‡ki wewfbœ gZv`‡k©i `j¸‡jvi ÿgZvi cwieZ©‡bi cvjv Nb Nb nq wKbv?
2. ÿgZvi cwieZ©‡bi d‡j ivR‰bwZK gZv`‡k©i cÖfve eëmv †ÿ‡Î KZUzKz c‡o?
3. fwel¨‡Z hv‡ì ÿgZvq Avmvi m¤¢vebv i‡q‡Q, Zv‡ì Av`k© e¨w³gvwjKvbv Lv‡Zi cÖwZ wKiƒc cÖfve
†dj‡e?
4. miKv‡ii wkíbxwZ, ivR¯^bxwZi †Kvb cwieZ©b eëmvq‡K KZUzKz cÖfvweZ K‡i?
5. eëmvq ev wkí ¯’vcb Ki‡j †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK `‡ji `„wó fw½ wK n‡e?
6. we‡ivax `‡ji ivR‰bwZK g‡bvfve eZ©gvb miKv‡ii cªwZ †Kgb?
7. ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi †`‡ki cÖwZ KwgU‡g›U KZUzKz?
DcwiD³ cÖkœ¸‡jvi Reve ch©©vjPbvc~e©K bZzb wkí ¯’vc‡b wm×všÍ †bhv hvq| hw` cwi‡ek AbyK~‡j nq, Z‡e
eëmv‡qi DbœwZ I AMÖMwZ n‡e; b‡Pr gš’iMwZ n‡e|
A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb

cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK Dcv`vb eëmv‡qi Dbœqb I cÖmv‡i GK we‡kl cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i
Av‡Q| cªK…Z c‡ÿ AbyK~j A_©‡bwZK cwi‡ek eëmv‡qi mvd‡j¨ Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ©| †hgb-gy³ A_©bxwZ eëmv‡qi
mnvqK; Avevi wbqwš¿Z A_©bxwZ eëmv‡qi cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i| A_©bxwZi Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb, †hgb- KvuPvgv‡ji
mnRjf¨Zv, myjf kªg, AbyK~j wkí bxwZ, iR¯^bxwZ I gy`ªvbxwZ, wekvj evRvi, eëmv‡qi Dbœq‡b mnvqK| ZvB
GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K AbyK~j I cÖwZK~j A_©‰bwZK Dcv`vb¸‡jv fvjfv‡e we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv cÖ‡qvRb| GKRb
mdj D‡`¨v³v‡K A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wbgœ ewY©Z cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi Rvbv ìKvi:
1. ‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ gy³, ev wbqwš¿Z ev wgkª wKbv?
2. miKvi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b mnvq‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q wKbv?
3. ‡`‡ki cu~wRevRvi cu~wR msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ h_v_© wKbv?
4. eëmv ev wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì Rb¨ mnR k‡Z© F‡Yi eë¯’v Av‡Q wKbv?
5. KuvPvgv‡ji cÖvc¨Zv KZUzK?
6. miKv‡i ivR¯^ bxwZ wk‡ívbœq‡b mnvqK wKbv?
7. miKv‡i wkíbxwZ wkí‡bœvq‡b mnvqK wKbv?
8. ‡`‡ki Ki KvVv‡gv eëmv‡qi AbyK~j wKbv?
9. ‡`‡ki e¨vsK eë¯’v DbœZ wKbv?
KvwiMwi cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
GQvovI cÖhyw³MZ w`K eëmv-evwYR¨ I wk‡ívbœq‡b mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i; d‡j wek¦e¨vcx cÖhyw³MZ cwieZ©b
eëmvq LvZ‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| †`‡ki cÖhyw³MZ cwi‡ek g~j¨vq‡bi Rb¨ wbgœ wjwLZ cÖ‡kœi DËi
Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb:
1. ‡h wkí ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e, †mmKj hš¿cvwZ †`‡k ch©vß Av‡Q wKbv?
2. ‡`‡k cÖhyw³ Dbœq‡b KZUzK AMÖmi?
3. cÖhyw³ mnvqZvq miKvix g‡bvfve AbyK‡~ j wKbv?
4. ‡`‡k hš¿vs‡ki cÖvc¨Zv Av‡Q wK bv?
5. KvwiMwi `ÿZvm¤úbœ †jv‡Ki cÖvPzh©Zv Av‡Q wK bv?
6. KvwiMwi cÖwkÿ‡Yi ch©vßZv Av‡Q wK bv?
GmKj cÖ‡kœi DË‡ii Dci KvwiMwi cwi‡ek wbf©i K‡i hv n‡Z cv‡i AbyK~j ev cÖwZK~j hv wkí ¯’vc‡b DrmvwnZ
ev wbiærmvwnZ K‡i|
cvVms‡ÿc
cwimsL¨vb cÖwZ‡e`b, A_©‰bwZK I wkí welqK Rwic cÖwZ‡e`b Ges †h ‡Kvb ai‡Yi cÖKvwkZ Z_¨B c‡ivÿ
Z‡_ï Drm wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| Aciw`‡K, cÖv_wgK Z‡_ï Drm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ eëmvqx Rb‡Mvôx, eëmvq I
evwYwR¨K m¤úª`vq, mgvR m‡PZb e¨w³eM©, miKvix Kg©Pvix, †emiKvix cÖwZôvb BZ¨vw`|
cÖv_wgK Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ evRvi M‡elYv I A_©‰bwZK Rwic Kiv hvq; Avi Gi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e cÖkœgvjv ev
‡PKwj‡ói gva¨‡g mvÿ¨vZKvi MÖnY Kiv nq| Avevi †dvKvm MÖæc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K©
aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| †h †Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK, cÖhyw³, AvBb, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹w… ZK Ae¯’v Øviv †m
†`‡ki eëmvq Kvh©µg bvbvfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq| GKRb eëmvqx‡K Zvi eëmv‡qi Dci wZbai‡Yi cwi‡e‡ki
g~j¨vqb cÖ‡qvRb nq| h_v: 1| †h ¯’v‡b eëmv cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e †mLvbKvi RbM‡bi cÖfve; 2| mswkøó
eëmvq cwi‡ek; Ges 3| mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZK/ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ
1. cwi‡ek we‡køl‡Yi †KŠkj wK ?
2. ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb wK fv‡e Kiv hvq ?
3. KvwiMwi cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. eëmvwqK cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb| eëmvqxK cwi‡ek g~j¨vqv‡bi †KŠkj¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|

wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq †cÖlYv
BDwbU
3
(Entrepreneural Motivation)
GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K Ab¨vb¨ Kg©x‡ì Øviv Kvh© m¤úv`b Kwi‡q wb‡Z nq| ZvB Kg©x wbe©vP‡bi mgq Aek¨B `ÿ
I †hvM¨ Kg©x wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ GKRb †jvK ïay †hvM¨ I `ÿ n‡jB fvj Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡e Zv Avkv Kiv
hvq bv| KviY, fvj Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi mv‡_ Kg© †cªlYvI we‡klfv‡e RwoZ| ZvB, †h †Kvb gvby‡li Kg© m¤úv`‡bi
mv‡_ Kg© `ÿZv I Kg© †cÖlYv ci¯úi wbf©ikxj| †Kvb `ÿ †jv‡Ki g‡a¨ hw` Kg© †cÖlYv I Kg© D‡`¨vgZv bv
_v‡K Z‡e Zvi Øviv fvj Kg© m¤úv`b m¤¢e bq| cÿvšÍ‡i GKUz Kg `ÿ A_P Kg© †cÖlYv I Kg© D‡`¨vgZv h‡_ó:
G ai‡Yi †jv‡Ki c‡ÿ fvj Kg© m¤úv`b m¤¢e|
‡cÖlYv e¨vcK A‡_© eëüZ nq| cÖK…Z c‡ÿ †cÖlYv ej‡Z GKwU cªvYxi Ggb GKwU Ae¯’v‡K eySvq, hv Zv‡K
†Kvb Kv‡R DrmvwnZ K‡i| ZvB †cÖlYv K‡g©i PvwjKv kw³, GUv gvby‡li Kg©¤ú„nv †hvMvq| wewfbœ g‡bvweÁvbxMY
(nvj, †¯úÝ I eªvDb) ‡cÖlYv‡K cÖvYxi AvPi‡Yi kw³ mÂqKvix e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| ZvB Kg©x‡ì†_‡K fvj
KvR Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ Kg©x‡ì‡K fvjfv‡e †cÖwlZ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G Aa¨v‡q Avgiv †cÖlYvi msÁv, †cÖwlZ AvPi‡Yi
êwkó¨, †cÖlYv I Kg© m¤úv`b, †cÖlYv m„wóKvix Dcv`vb, wewfbœ †cÖlYv ZZ¡ cÖf„wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kie|
BDwbU wZb c„ôv-43

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-1 t †cÖlYv, †cÖlYv I Kg© m¤úv`b, †cÖlYv Pµ, †cÖwlZ AvPi‡Yi êwkó¨ (Motivation,
Motivation and Performance, Motivation Cycle and Characteristics of
Motivated Behavior)
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV‡k‡l Avcwb-
 †cÖlYvi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †cÖlYv Pµ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †cÖwlZ AvPi‡Yi êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †cªlYvi mv‡_ Kg©m¤úv`‡bi m¤úK© Rvb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
†cÖlYvi msÁv (Definition of Motivation)

†cÖlYv Kg©m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`b| †cÖlYv m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡ì A‡b‡Ki aviYv fyj| KviY,
mvaviYZ: gvbyl‡K Kv‡R DrmvwnZ Kiv‡K †cÖlYv eywS‡q _v‡K| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Drmvn cÖ`vb †cÖlYv bq| cÖK„Z c‡ÿ
†cÖlYv †Kvb GKUv cÖvYxi Ggb GKwU AšÍ©wbwnZ Ae¯’v †evSvq; hv, Zuv‡K †Kvb AvPi‡Y ev Kv‡R DrmvwnZ ev
cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i| cÖwZwU gvbyl ev Ab¨ †Kvb cÖYxi cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri wcQ‡b †cÖlYv KvR K‡i| †cÖlYv e¨wZZ †Kvb cÖvYx
KvR K‡i bv| aiæY Avcwb eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aax‡b weweGm cÖMÖv‡g Aa¨vqb Ki‡Qb| G
‡cvÖMÖv‡g fwZ© nevi c~‡e© Avcbvi g‡bi g‡a¨ GKwU AvKv•Lvi m„wó nq †mRb¨B Avcwb G cÖMÖv‡g fwZ© n‡q‡Qb|
Avcbvi G AvMÖnUv‡K RvwM‡q Zzjvi cÖwµqvB n‡jv †cÖlYv| ZvB gvby‡li cÖvq cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri wcQ‡bB †cÖlYv KvR
K‡i| Z‡e wKQz wKQy KvR †hgb: nvuwP †`qv, †Pv‡Li cvjK †`qv BZ¨vw` KvR¸‡jv †cÖwlZ AvPiY bq| G ai‡Yi
AvPiY‡K cÖwZeZ©x wµqv ejv nq|
‡cÖlYv Pµ (Motivation Cycle )

‡cÖlYv†K K‡qKwU ch©v‡q wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v, (1) Afve †eva, (2) D‡Ïk¨g~jK AvPiY ev KviY AvPiY, Ges
(3) jÿë¯‘ AR©b| gvbyl ev cÖvYxi †cÖlYvi G wZbwU Ae¯’v ev ch©vq PµvKv‡i AvewZ©Z nq e‡j G‡K Ô‡cÖlYvÕ
Pµ ejv nq| gvby‡li †cÖlYv P‡µi cÖ_g Ae¯’v ev avc n‡jv Afve †eva, hvi d‡j gvby‡li kix‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i
GKwU Aw¯’i Ae¯’vi m„wó nq, d‡j ‡m G Afve `~i Kivi cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe K‡i| †cÖlYv P‡µi wØZxq avc ev ¯Íi
n‡jv Afve `~ixf~Z Kivi j‡ÿ¨ KviY AvPiY (Instrumental behavior)| †cÖlYvi Z„Zxq ¯Í‡i ev av‡c jÿ¨ e¯‘
AR©‡bi gva¨‡g gvby‡li Af¨šÍ‡ii Aw¯’i Ae¯’vi mvgwqK Dckg nIqv Ges †cÖlYvi cwiZ„wß jvf Kiv, wKš‘
†cÖlYv GKwU Aweivg cÖwµqv; KviY n‡jv gvby‡li g‡a¨ AvgiY ch©š‘ Afve †eva RvMÖZ _v‡K| ZvB GKUv
†cÖlYvi cwiZ…wß jvf Ki‡j, Ab¨ †cÖlYv gvbyl‡K Avevi bZzb Kv‡R DrmvwnZ K‡i Ges Ggwb K‡i gvby‡li
AvPiY AvRxeb †cÖlYv P‡µi wfZi w`‡q AvewZ©Z n‡Z _v‡K| wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †cÖlYv Pµ †`Lvb n‡jv:
j¶ë¯‘ AR©b
Afve‡eva
†cªlYv
KviY AvPiY
wPÎ: †cÖlYv Pµ

†cÖwlZ AvPi‡Yi êwkó¨

(Characteristics of Motivated Behavior)
†cÖwlZ AvPi‡Yi wbgœewY©Z êwkó¨¸‡jv i‡q‡Q:
1. †cÖwlZ AvPiY D‡Ïk¨ cÖ‡bvw`Z: †cÖwlZ AvPiY gvbyl‡K we‡kl D‡Ï‡kï w`‡K avweZ ev cwiPvwjZ K‡i|
aiæY, Avcbvi cvwbi Z…òv †c‡q‡Q| Avcwb cvwbi w`‡K hv‡eb, Lv‡`ï w`‡K bq| A_ev †KD ÿzav_© n‡j
cvwbi w`‡K bv †h‡q Lv‡`ï w`‡K avweZ n‡e| ZvB †cÖwlZ AvPiY‡K wbe©vPbg~jK AvPiYI ejv nq|
2. †cÖwlZ AvPiY Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e `xN©¯’vqx: †Kvb gvbyl ev cÖYx‡K hw` Lv`¨ †_‡K ewÂZ ivLv nq Z‡e, eÂbvi
mgq hZ †ekx n‡e, D‡ËRbv ev AvMÖn ZZ †ekx evo‡Z _v‡K Ges Zv jv‡fi Rb¨ †PóvI ZZ ¯’vqx n‡e
Ges †cŠb:†cŠwbK n‡e| Z‡e Aweivg †Póvi ci hw` jÿ¨ e¯‘ Avq‡Ë bv Av‡m Z‡e †m Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í `~e©j
n‡q co‡e Ges jÿ¨ e¯‘ A‡š^lY †_‡K weiZ _vK‡e|
3. †cÖwlZ AvPiY fvimvg¨ ms¯’vcK: gvby‡li g‡b †Kvb wel‡q Afve RvMÖZ n‡j kix‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i
fvimvg¨nxbZv †`Lv hvq Ges jÿ¨ AwR©Z n‡j kix‡ii Af¨šÍ‡i c~bivq fvimvg¨ wd‡i Av‡m| kx‡ii
†fZ‡ii Dcv`vb¸‡jv fvimvg¨ eRvq ivLvi cÖwµqvwU‡K ejv nq Af¨šÍixY mgZv ev fvimvg¨ iÿv
(Homostasis)
4. †cÖwlZ AvPiY Af¨šÍixYfv‡e m„ó: †cÖwlZ AvPiY evB‡ii †Kvb e¯‘ ev NUbvi w`‡K avweZ nq, Z‡e Gi
D™¢e nq kix‡ii †fZi †Kvb cwieZ©b ev Pvwn`vi Rb¨ ‡hgb aiæY, Kv‡iv ÿzav ev cvwbi wccvlv †j‡M‡Q;
hv, cÖvYxi kix‡ii †fZi wUmÿi cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vi Rb¨ m„wó nq|
Kg©m¤úv`b I †cÖlYv
(Performance and Motivation)
wkí g‡YvweÁvbxiv Kg© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ `ywU Dcv`v‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb| GKwU n‡jv e¨w³i Kg©`ÿZvi cwigvY|
A_©vr †Kvb e¨w³i wbw`©ó †Kvb KvR Kivi cwigvY wbf©i K‡i Zvi KvRKivi ¸bvejx KZUv weivRgvb| Avi
wØZxqUv n‡jv KvR Kivi Rb¨ e¨w³i †cÖlYv| A_©vr †Kvb KvR Kivi Rb¨ mswkøó e¨w³i †cÖlYv KZUv i‡q‡Q
Zvi Dci| wKQz msL¨K M‡elYv Øviv cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h, e¨w³i Kg© m¤úv`‡bi cwigvY wbf©i K‡i e¨w³i
Kg©m¤úv`‡bi Kg©`ÿZv I Kg© †cÖlYvi Dci| Z‡e e¨w³i Kg©m¤úv`‡bi Dci Kg©`ÿZv I Kg©‡cÖlYvi cÖfve
wbi‡cÿ (Independent) bq, eis cvi¯úwiK wµqvkxj| weL¨vZ g‡YvweÁvbx åæg (Vroom,1964) 1964 mv‡j
Kg© `ÿZv I Kg© †cÖlYv e¨vL¨v Kivi Rb¨ GKwU m~Î w`‡q‡Qb hv wbgœiƒc:
Kg©m¤úv`b (Performance) = Kg©ÿgZv (Ability) x ‡cÖlYv(Motivation)| G m~Î †_‡K eySv hvq †h,
Kg©m¤úv`‡bi Dci Kg©ÿgZv I †cÖlYvi cÖfve ms‡hvRbkxj (additive) bq, eis ¸Ybkxj (Multiplicative)|
G‡Z Av‡iv Rvbv hvq †h, e¨w³i Kg©ÿgZvi gvb Kg n‡j Zvi Kg©‡cÖlYv evwo‡q Kg© m¤úv`‡bi cwigvY eov‡bv
m¤¢ve| Z‡e Zvi †P‡q, Kg©`ÿZvi gvb †ekx _vK‡j, Zvi Kg© †cÖlYv e„w× K‡i, Zvi Kg©m¤úv`‡bi cwigvY †ekx
evov‡bv hvq| Z‡e G `ywU Dcv`v‡bi GKwUi gvÎv wb‡P †i‡L AciwUi gvb evwo‡q Kg©m¤úv`‡bi gvb Lye †ekx
eov‡bv hvq bv| Kg© †cÖlYvi gvÎv †ekx †e‡o †M‡j Kg©m¤úv`‡bi cwigvY Avevi K‡g hvq| Gi e¨vL¨v wn‡m‡e
`ywU KviY ejv n‡q‡Q| h_v 1| Kg© †cÖlYv †ekx gvÎvq n‡j Zvi wPšÍvi cwimi (Cognetive Field) K‡g hvq
d‡j, †m bZzb I RwUj KvR fvj Ki‡Z cv‡i bv (Johnson, 1952)| wØZxq KviYwU n‡jv, jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
‡cÖlYv AwZgvÎvq n‡j e¨_©Zv Gov‡bvi Rb¨ mswkøó e¨w³i g‡a¨ `ywðšÍv, Av‡eM I D‡ËRbv m„wó nq; d‡j
Kg©m¤úv`b n«vm cvq (Schachter, et al. 1961)| wb‡gœ wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †cÖlYvi mv‡_ Kg©m¤úv`‡bi m¤úK©
†`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Kg©m¤úv`‡bi cwigvb
wbPz †cÖlYv DPz
cvVms‡ÿc
‡cÖlYv A‡bK e¨vcK A‡_© eëüZ nq| cÖK…Z c‡ÿ †cÖlYv ej‡Z GKwU cªvYxi Ggb GKwU Ae¯’v‡K eySvq, hv
Zv‡K †Kvb Kv‡R DrmvwnZ K‡i| ZvB †cÖlYv K‡g©i PvwjKv kw³, GUv gvby‡li Kg©¤ú„nv †hvMvq |
‡cÖlYv Kg©m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`b| †cÖlYv m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡ì A‡b‡Ki aviYv fyj| KviY,
mvaviYZ: gvbyl‡K Kv‡R DrmvwnZ Kiv‡K †cÖlYv eywS‡q _v‡K| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ Drmvn cÖ`vb †cÖlYv bq| cÖK„Z c‡ÿ
†cÖlYv †Kvb GKUv cÖvYxi Ggb GKwU AšÍ©wbwnZ Ae¯’v eySvq; hv Zuv‡K †Kvb AvPi‡Y ev Kv‡R DrmvwnZ ev
cÖ‡ivwPZ K‡i| cÖwZwU gvbyl ev Ab¨ †Kvb cÖYxi cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri wcQ‡b †cÖlYv KvR K‡i| ‡cÖlYv†K K‡qKwU
ch©v‡q wef³ Kiv hvq| h_v, (1) Afve †eva, (2) D‡Ïk¨g~jK AvPiY ev KviY AvPiY, Ges (3) jÿë¯‘
AR©b|
wkí g‡YvweÁvbxiv Kg© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ `ywU Dcv`v‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb| GKwU n‡jv e¨w³i Kg©`ÿZvi cwigvY|
Avi wØZxqUv n‡jv KvR Kivi Rb¨ e¨w³i †cÖlYv|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ
1. ‡cÖlYvi msÁv w`b|
2. ‡cÖlYv Pµ wK ?
3. †cÖlxZ AvPi‡Yi êwkó¨¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. Kg©m¤úv`b I †cÖlYv eY©bv Kiæb|
2. ‡cÖwlZ AvPi‡Yi êwkó¨ eY©bv Kiæb|

cvV-2 t †cÖlYv I cÖ‡ivPK (Motivation and Incentives)

D‡Ïk¨
 cÖ‡ivPK wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖ‡ivPK KZ cÖKvi I wK wK Zv Rvb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖ‡ivPK¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
cÖ‡ivPK (Incentives )
cÖ‡ivPK n‡jv Ggb GKwU evwn¨K DcKiY ev Dcv`vb hv e¨w³i Pvwn`v c~iY ev Afve `~i Ki‡Z mÿg| ‡Kvb
e¨w³i Pvwn`v ev Afve †eva Zvi Af¨šÍixY welq| Avi cÖ‡ivPK n‡jv evwn¨K welq hv gvby‡li Af¨šÍ‡i m„ó
Afve ev Pvwn`v c~i‡Y mÿg| †hgb aiæY, Avcwb ÿzav_©, GUv Avcbvi Afve hv Avcbvi Af¨šÍ‡i m„ó; Avi Lv`¨
n‡jv cÖ‡ivPK hv Avcbvi ÿyav wgUv‡Z cv‡i| ZvB ejvhvq, gvbyl Zvi Af¨šÍ‡ii Afve†ev‡ai Kvi‡Y Zv c~i‡Yi
Rb¨ †h e¯‘i w`‡K avweZ nq ZvB n‡jv cÖ‡ivPK|
cÖ‡ivPK e¨w³i †cÖlYv kw³‡K RvMÖZ K‡i e‡j wkí †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡ivPK Kg©PviY(Work behavior) Gi D‡ËRK kw³
(Spurring force) wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| K‡g©i †cÖlYv m„wóKivi Rb¨ cÖavbZ `y ai‡Yi cÖ‡ivPK cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
h_v: 1| Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK 2| Abvw_©K cÖ‡ivPK |
Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK (Financial Incentives)

Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK ej‡Z †Kvb e¨w³‡K bM` A_© ev Ggb †Kvb `ªe¨ cÖ`vb Kiv, hvi wewbg‡q †m Zuvi wewfbœ Pvwn`v
c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡ivPK wn‡m‡e A_© mivmwi ev wbR¯^ ‡Kvb g~j¨ enb K‡i
bv| Z‡e, `ywU Kvi‡Y gvbyl mgv‡R A_©m¤ú`‡K cÖ‡ivPK wn‡m‡e ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q _v‡K| h_v: 1| gvby‡li Rxe‡bi
bvbvwea Afve c~i‡Yi Rb¨ `ªe¨mvgMÖx msMÖ‡ni wewbgq wn‡m‡e UvKv eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| 2| UvKv e¨w³i mvgvwRK
gh©v`v, ÿgZv, cÖfve I cÖwZcwË e„w×‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L| G `y‡Uv Kvi‡Y UvKv gvby‡li Kv‡Q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
cÖ‡ivPK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K|
wewfbœ cÖKvi Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK (Different Types of Financial Incentives)

wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ Kg©xewnbxi †cÖwlZ Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKvi Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK eëüZ n‡q _v‡K hv wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv
n‡jv:
1. Drcv`‡bi wfwË‡Z gRyix cÖ`vb: G c×wZ‡Z Drcv`‡bi cwigv‡Yi Dci gRyix cÖ`vb Kiv nq| A_©vr †h hZ
†ekx Drcv`b Ki‡Q Zv‡K ZZ †ekx gRyix cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e| d‡j gvby‡li g‡a¨ Drcv`b e„w×i Rb¨ Drmvn
RvMÖZ n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î Kg©xi Kg©`ÿZv I Kg©ÿgZv‡K we‡klfv‡e g~j¨vqb Kiv nq e‡j `ÿZv e„w×i Rb¨
gvbyl ¯^‡Pó _v‡K|
2. mg‡qi wfwË‡Z gRyix cÖ`vb: G c×wZ‡Z †h hZ †ekx mgq KvR K‡i, †m ZZ †ekx gRyix cv‡e| d‡j gvbyl
†ekx mgq KvR Ki‡Z AvMÖnx n‡e| G c×wZ eë¯’vcK, wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v I Ab¨vb¨ mv`v‡cvkvKx (White
Collar Employee) Zv‡ì Rb¨ †ekx cÖ‡hvR¨| Z‡e †h †ÿ‡Î cÖwZwU kªwg‡Ki Drcv`b Ab¨ kªwgK‡ì
†_‡K c„_K K‡i wbw`©ó BDwb‡U fvM Kiv m¤¢e nq bv; †m mKj †ÿ‡Î, mgq wfwËK gRyix cÖ_v †ekx
cÖ‡hvR¨| G‡Z me‡P‡q †ekx Amyweav n‡jv Drcv`‡bi †P‡q †ekx mgq KvR Ki‡Z gvbyl †ekx AvMÖnx|
3. PvKywii †gqv` ev ˆRôZvi wfwË‡Z gRyix cÖ`vb: G c×wZ‡Z †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b †h hZ †ekx `xN© mgq e¨vcx
KvR K‡i, †m ZZ †ekx gRyix †c‡q _v‡K| G‡Z cyivb Kg©PvixMY †ekx Avw_©K myweav cvq| Gi wcQ‡b cÖavb
hyw³ n‡jv AwfÁZvi mv‡_ `ÿZv e„w× cvq, hv memgq mwVK bq| KviY, `ÿZv wbf©i Kivi Ab¨vb¨
Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †gav, we‡kl cÖ‡ivPbv, cÖwkÿY cÖf„wZ| mvaviYZ miKvix Kg©Pvix‡ì †ÿ‡Î G c×wZ
†ekx e¨üZ n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e GUv †Zgb djcÖmy nq bv|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
4. Drcv`b †evbvm: G c×wZ‡Z kªwgK‡ì Kv‡Ri Av`k©gvb wba©viY K‡i †`qv _v‡K| Av`k©gv‡bi †ekx
Drcv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡j wbw`©ó nv‡i †evbvm cÖ`vb Kiv nq| G †evbvm e¨w³MZ I `jMZfv‡e cÖ`vb Kiv hvq|
Gi d‡j kªwgKiv †ekx Drcv`‡b DrmvwnZ nq|
5. Kg©m¤úv`b †evbvm: G c×wZ‡Z ïay Drcv`‡bi Dci †evbvm cÖ`vb bv K‡i Zuvi mvgMÖxK Kg©m¤úv`‡bi Dci
wfwË K‡i †evbvm †`qv nq| we‡kl K‡i hviv Drcv`‡bi mv‡_ mivmwi RwoZ bv n‡q c‡ivÿfv‡e RwoZ
Zv‡ì Rb¨ G eë¯’v cÖ‡hvR¨| †hgb: cwi`k©K, KvwiMwi Kg©Pvix, KiwYK, BZ¨vw`| Avevi, hviv cÖwZôv‡bi
cwiPvjbvq `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ (†hgb eë¯’vcK,mycvifvBRvi, wbe©vnx) Zv‡ì Kg© ˆbc~Y¨ g~j¨vqb K‡i G
ai‡Yi †evbvm †`qv hvq|
6. jf¨vsk e›Ub cwiKíbv: Kg©KZ©v, Kg©Pvix‡ì Kv‡R Drmvn cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ eëmv‡qi bxU jv‡fi GKwU Ask
Zv‡ì g‡a¨ e›Ub Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki Profit Sharing AvBb Abymv‡i wkí cÖwZôv‡bi bxU jv‡fi 5%
nv‡i mKj Kg©KZ©v, Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨ AvbycvwZK nv‡i e›U‡bi weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©KZ©v,
Kg©PvixMY AwaK Kg© m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g †ekx gybvdv AvR©‡b DrmvwnZ n‡e| G‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ
KwgU‡g›U, GKvZ¡Zv I Askx`vix‡Z¡i g‡bvfve Rb¥vq| hvi d‡j, mK‡j cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ GKvMÖ
I Dr¯^M©K…Zfv‡e KvR K‡i (Nunn, 1964)|
7. `jMZ cÖ‡ivPK cwiKíbv: G c×wZ‡Z KvD‡K GKKfv‡e †evbvm bv w`‡q `‡ji mvgwMÖK Drcv`‡bi wfwË‡Z
†evbvm †`qv nq| †hLv‡b GKR‡bi Drcv`b c„_KxKiY Kiv m¤¢e bv nq| we‡kl K‡i †m‡ÿ‡Î ci¯ú‡ii
KvR m¤úK© hy³ I wbf©ikxj cÖK„wZi n‡q _v‡K| ‡hgb hš¿vsk ms‡hvR‡bi KvR| G †ÿ‡Î Amyweav n‡jv
e¨w³MZ cyi¯‹vi cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e m¤úwK©Z bv nIqv fvj I g›` mevB‡K mgvb nv‡i †evbvm cÖ`vb Kiv nq e‡j
A‡cÿvK…Z `ÿ kªwgKMY ÿwZMÖ¯’ nq|
8. cÖvwšÍK myweav: Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK ej‡Z ïay gRyix ev †eZb‡KB eySvq bv| wewfbœ ai‡Yi cªvwšÍK myweav †hgb:
wPwKrmv fvZv, hZvqvZ fvZv, `~N©Ubvq ÿqÿwZc~iY, wPËwe‡bv`b fvZv, Aemi fvZv, cÖwf‡W›U dv‡Ûi myweav
cÖf„wZ gvbyl‡K K‡g© DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
Abvw_©K cÖ‡ivPK (Nonfinancial Incentives)

Kg©‡ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ai‡Yi Abvw_©K cÖ‡ivPK eëüZ n‡q _v‡K hv wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. ¯^xK…wZ I cyiæ¯‹vi: gvbyl Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g wb‡R‡K mgv‡R cÖwZwôZ K‡i _v‡K| fvj Kv‡R ¯^xK„wZ I cyi¯‹vi
gvbyl‡K †cÖwlZ K‡i| Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ †c‡j Kg© †cÖlYvmn KwgU‡g›U; GKvMÖZv I Dr¯^M©K…Z n‡q D‡V| eû
M‡elK fvj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ¯^xK„wZ I cyiæ¯‹v‡ii mycvwik K‡i‡Qb| cyiæ¯‹vi wewfbœfv‡e †`qv †h‡Z cv‡i;
†hgb: Avw_©K cyiæ¯‹vi, c‡`vbœwZ, c`K, †LZve, cÖksmv, fvj Kg© cwi‡ek, BZ¨vw`| M‡elYvi djvd‡j
Av‡iv †`Lv hvq †h, Kg© †cÖlYvq wZi¯‹v‡ii †P‡q cyi¯‹vi Av‡iv †ekx djcÖmy (Moier,1965)| †ek K‡qKwU
M‡elYvi djvdj †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, fvj Kg©m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖKvk¨ ev †LvjvLywjfv‡e cÖksmv I g›`
Kg©m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ GKvšÍ I e¨w³MZfv‡e mgv‡jvPbv Kiv n‡j Zv e¨w³i Kg© †cÖlYvi Dci BwZevPK cÖfve
†d‡j ( Moore, 1939; Farson,1963)|
2. wm×v‡šÍ AskMÖn‡bi my‡hvM: Kg©x‡ì‡K Zv‡ì mswkøó †ÿ‡Î wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi mgq AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM cÖ`vb
Kiv n‡j Kg© †cÖlYv I GKvMÖZv e„w×cvq| cªvwZôvwbK wm×v‡šÍ Kg©Pvix‡ì gZvg‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ w`‡j cÖwZôv‡bi
cÖwZ cÖwZkÖæwZe×Zv (Commitment) AšÍ©f~w³ †eva (Sense of Involvement) I Drmvn DÏxcbv e„w×
cvq| wewfbœ M‡elYv †_‡K Av‡iv cÖgvY cvIqv hvq †h, ÎwZwôv‡b Kg©Pvix‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM ïay Kg©
m‡šÍvlwU I †cÖlYvB e„w× K‡i bv, eis Zvi mv‡_ Drcv`bI e„w× cvq|
3. PvKwii wbivcËv: cÖwZwU gvbyl Kg©Rxe‡bi AwbðqZv I PvKwiPz¨wZi fq †_‡K wbivcËv Pvq| PvKwii ¯’vqxZ¡
I wbivcËv bv _vK‡j Kv‡R Drmvn cvq bv| M‡elYv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, weevwnZ Ges A‡cÿvK…Z cÖexb
Kg©Pvixiv, AweevwnZ I ZiæY Kg©Pvixi †_‡K PvKwii wbivcËv‡K cÖ‡ivPK wn‡m‡e †ekx ¸iæZ¡ †`q|

4. K‡g© ¯^vqZ¡kvmb: †ekxifvM gvbylB K‡g© ¯^vaxbZv Pvq| wbR K‡g© ¯^vaxbZv †c‡j Kv‡R Drmvn †eva K‡i|
Z‡e DPz ¯Í‡ii Kg©Pvixi wbgœ ¯Í‡ii Kg©Pvix‡ì †P‡q ¯^vqZ¡kvmb‡K Kg© mš‘wó I †clYvi Rb¨ †ekx ¸iæZ¡
w`‡q _v‡K| Av‡iv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq †h, †h mKj kªwgK‡ì Kv‡R cwi`k©K †ekx n¯Í‡ÿc K‡i, Zv‡ì
Kg©‡cªlYv I Drcv`‡bi †P‡q hviv KvRK‡g© cwi`k©K‡ì †_‡K †ekx ¯^vaxbZv †fvM K‡i Zv‡ì Kg© †cÖlYv
I Drcv`†bi nvi †ekx (Likert,1961)|
5. c‡`vbœwZi my‡hvM: cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B †ckvMZ Rxe‡b c‡`vbœwZ I AMÖMwZ cÖZ¨vkv K‡i| hLb Kg© m¤úv`‡bi
Dci wfwË K‡i c‡`vbœwZ †`qv nq, ZLb Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨ Kv‡R Drmvn DÏxcbv Rb¥vq| Z‡e wbgœ¯Í‡ii †P‡q
DPz ¯Í‡ii Kg©PvixMY c‡`vbœwZi my‡hvM †ekx cÖZ¨vkv K‡i| c‡`vbœwZ cÖ‡ivPK wn‡m‡e ¸iæZ¡ nevi KviY
n‡jv- c‡`vbœwZi mv‡_ †eZb e„w×i, gh©v`v I Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvMmyweav e„w×i bxweo m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
6. cÖwZ‡hvwMZv: gvby‡li g‡a¨ Kg© †cÖlYvi Avi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb n‡jv cÖwZ‡hvMxZvg~jK Kg© cwi‡ek|
KviY, cÖwZ‡hvwMZv _vK‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡K Zvi †hvM¨Zv cÖgvY K‡i †kªôZ¡ cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ ¯^‡Pó _v‡K| KviY,
wb‡R‡K A‡bï Zzjbvq †hvM¨ cÖgvY Ki‡Z cvi‡j AZœgh©`v I AvZœZ„wß jvf K‡i| Z‡e †ekx
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK Kg©x‡ì g‡a¨ †ilv‡iwl ev kªÎæZv m„wó K‡i, d‡j m¤úK© bó nq| Z‡e my¯’ I BwZevPK
`jMZ cªwZ‡hvwMZv †cªlYv e„w× K‡i|
7. Awfbœ jÿ¨: Awfbœ jÿ¨ Kg©‡cÖlYv e„w× K‡i| ZvB cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ I Kg©Pvix‡ì j‡ÿï g‡a¨ wgj _vKv
Avek¨K| cÖwZôv‡bi jÿ¨ Kg©Pvix‡ì Rb¨ BwZevPK n‡j Kg©‡cÖlYv e„w×cvq, Avi †bwZevPK n‡j
Kg©Pvix‡ì Kg©†cÖlYv n«vm K‡i|
8. mnKg©x‡ì mv‡_ fvj m¤úK©: mnKg©x‡ì g‡a¨ mym¤úK© fvj Kg© cwi‡ek Dcnvi w`‡Z cv‡i| fvj m¤úK©
`jxq msnwZ, cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvg~jK g‡bvfve, `jxq jÿ¨ AR©‡b GKvMÖZv I K‡g© Drmvn e„w× K‡i|
9. cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM: †Kvb KvR hZ fvjfv‡e Ki‡Z cviv hv‡e, K‡g©i cÖwZ AvMÖn ZZ †ekx e„w× cv‡e| Avevi
†Kvb Kv‡R `ÿZv I Ávb wbf©i K‡i myôz cÖwkÿ‡Yi Dci, ZvB hw` cÖwZôv‡b Kg©x‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ch©vß
cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM _v‡K, Z‡e Kg©x‡ì g‡a¨ Kv‡R Drmvn e„w× cvq| evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU M‡elYv †_‡K †`Lv
hvq †h, cÖwkÿY †cÖlYv I Drmvn e„w×i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq (Ali, 1979)|
10. Db¥y³ †hvMv‡hvM: Db¥y³ †hvMv‡hvM gvby‡li g‡a¨ m¤úK© e„w× K‡i| Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡bvfve, g‡bvej I Kg©
†cÖlYvi Dci †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖfve AZ¨waK| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB hw` wbR wbR e‡mi mv‡_ †Lvjv‡gjvfv‡e gZ wewbgq
I K_vevZ©v ejvi my‡hvM cvq, Z‡e Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨ Kg©‡cÖlYv e„w× cvq| hw` ‡Lvjv‡gjv †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v
bv _v‡K Z‡e ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ fyjeySveywSi m„wó n‡e| d‡j g‡bvej I Kg©‡cÖlYv n«vmcvq (Ali,1976)|
11. myôz eë¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjvi AbymiY: myôz eë¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjvi cÖ‡qvM †h †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨
g‡bvej, Kg© mš‘wó, I †cÖlYv m„wó‡Z BwZevPK f~wgKvcvjb K‡i| c‡`vbœwZ, fvj Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZcÖ`vb,
Ae`vb Abymv‡i †eZb, Awfbœ jÿ¨ wba©viY, kªwgK gvwjK mym¤úK© iÿv Kiv, AskMÖnYKvix eë¯’vcbv c×wZ
cÖf„wZ †ÿ‡Î myôz eë¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjv AbymiY Ki‡j Kg©Pvix‡ì †cÖlYv I g‡bvej e„w× cvq (Khaleque
and Hossain, 1992)|
12. m„Rbkxj Kv‡R Drmvn cÖ`vb: gvby‡li g‡a¨ we‡kl K‡i hv‡ì m„Rbkxj cÖwZfv Av‡Q, Zviv G cÖwZfv cÖKvk
Kivi my‡hvM Avkv K‡i| cÖwZôvb hw` Kg©x‡ì m„Rbkxj Kv‡R Drmvn I ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i, Z‡e Zv‡Z
Zuuv‡ì K‡g© Drmvn DÏxcbv †e‡o hvq| †gav I cÖ‡ivPbvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© Kv‡R e¨w³i m„Rbkxj cÖwZfv
weKwkZ nq| ZvB †m cÖwZfvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© KvR c”Q›` K‡i I Zv‡Z Drmvn I DÏxcbv e„w× cvq|
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, Avw_©K I Abvw_©K Dfq cÖKvi cÖ‡ivPKB Kg© †cªlYvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i| Z‡e evsjv‡`‡ki †ÿ‡Î Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK Abvw_©K cÖ‡ivP‡Ki Zzjbvq †ekx ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK
G †`‡k ¸iæZ¡ †ekx n‡jI Abvw_©K cÖ‡ivP‡KiI h‡_ô ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvVms‡ÿc
cÖ‡ivPK n‡jv Ggb GKwU evwn¨K DcKiY ev Dcv`vb hv e¨w³i Pvwn`v c~iY ev Afve `~i Ki‡Z mÿg| ‡Kvb
e¨w³i Pvwn`v ev Afve †eva Zvi Af¨šÍixY welq| Avi cÖ‡ivPK n‡jv evwn¨K welq hv gvby‡li Af¨šÍ‡i m„ó
Afve ev Pvwn`v c~i‡Y mÿg| K‡g©i †cÖlYv m„wóKivi Rb¨ cÖavbZ `y ai‡Yi cÖ‡ivPK cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| h_v: 1|
Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK 2| Abvw_©K cÖ‡ivPK |
Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK ej‡Z †Kvb e¨w³‡K bM` A_© ev Ggb †Kvb `ªe¨ cÖ`vb Kiv, hvi wewbg‡q †m Zuvi wewfbœ Pvwn`v
c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kg©‡ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ai‡Yi Abvw_©K cÖ‡ivPK eëüZ n‡q
_v‡K|
†m¸‡jv n‡jv-m„Rbkxj Kv‡R Drmvn cÖ`vb,myôz eë¯’vcbvi bxwZgvjvi AbymiY,Db¥y³ †hvMv‡hvM,mnKg©x‡ì mv‡_
fvj m¤úK,Awfbœ jÿ¨ ,cÖwZ‡hvwMZv,c‡`vbœwZi my‡hvM,K‡g© ¯^vqZ¡kvmb,PvKwii wbivcËv,wm×v‡šÍ AskMÖn‡bi
my‡hvM,¯‹xK…wZ I cyiæ¯‹vi \
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ
1.cÖ‡ivPK wK?
2.Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1.wewfbœ cÖKvi Avw_©K cÖ‡ivPK Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2.Abvw_©K cÖ‡ivPK ¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV-3 t Kg© †cÖlYvi gZev`mg~n (Theories of Work Motivation)
D‡Ïk¨
 Kg©‡cÖlYvi wewfbœ Z‡Z¡i bvg¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Kg©‡cÖlYv ZZ¡¸‡jvi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 we‡kl K‡i K„wZ †cÖlYvi êwkó¨, Dcv`vb, I Dbœqb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wk‡ívD‡`¨vM Dbœqb I K…wZ‡cÖlYvi m¤úK© Rvb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘:
†cÖlYvi ZZ¡mg~n
(Theories of Motivation)
wkí †ÿ‡Î Kg©x‡ì Kg©m¤úv`b, Kg©mš‘wó I g‡bvej e„w×‡Z Kg©†cÖlYv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wkíKg©x‡ì
Kg©‡cÖlYv e…w×i Rb¨ eû wkí g‡bvweÁvbxMY wbijm M‡elYv cwiPvjbv K‡i A‡bK †cÖlYv Z‡Z¡i D™¢veb
K‡i‡Qb| wb‡gœ K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ‡cÖlYv Z‡Z¡i bvg D‡jøL c~e©K Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
gvm‡jvi Pvwn`v †mvcvb ZZ¡

(Maslow’s Need Hierarchy Theory)
Aveªvnvg gvm&‡jv 1943 mv‡j cÖ_g G gZev`wU cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| c‡i M‡elYv Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z 1965 Ges g¨vK‡MÖMi
1960 mv‡j Ges gvm&‡jv wb‡R G gZev`wUi cwieZ©b K‡ib|
G gZev‡ì g~j K_v n‡jv gvbyl †h KvRB KiæK bv †Kb, Zvi †cQ‡b Zuvi Afve‡eva ev Pvwn`v KvR K‡i| gvbyl
Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Zuvi Afve ev Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i _v‡K| ZvB, gvby‡li Kg© †cÖlYv I Kg© AvPiY eySvi Rb¨ Zuvi
Pvwn`v¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv _vKv Avek¨K|
wZwb gvby‡li Pvwn`v¸‡jv‡K cuvPwU fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| h_v: ‰RweK Pvwn`v, wbivcËvi Pvwn`v, †mœn-fvjevmvi
Pvwn`v, m¤¢ª‡gi Pvwn`v Ges AZœc~Y©Zvi Pvwn`v| G gZev‡ì cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv wZwb Pvwn`v¸‡jv‡K ¸iæZ¡
Abymv‡i ch©vqµwgKfv‡e web¨vm K‡i‡Qb Ges G¸‡jv‡K Pvwn`vi †mvcvb wn‡m‡e bvgKiY K‡i‡Qb| wb‡gœi wP‡Î
Pvwn`v †mvcvb ZZ¡wU †`Lv‡bv n‡jv|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
A¯§c~Y©
Zvi
Pvw
m¤£‡gi Pvwn`v
mvgvwRK Pvwn`v
wbivcËv Pvwn`v
ˆRweK Pvwn`v
wb‡gœ ms‡ÿ‡c Pvwn`v¸‡jvi eY©bv †`qv n‡jv:

1. ‰RweK Pvwn`v (Physological Need): gvm‡jvi g‡Z cuvP ai‡Yi Pvwnì g‡a¨ ˆRweK Pvn`v me©v‡MÖ RvMÖZ
nq| G ai‡Yi Pvwn`v¸‡jv n‡jv †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ hv cÖ‡qvRb †hgb: Lv`¨, e¯¿, Z„òv, wb`ªv, BZ¨vw`| abx
mgv‡R G Pvwn`v cÖvq meviB c~iY n‡q _v‡K| wKš‘, evsjv‡`‡ki gZ `wi`ª †`‡k A‡bK †jv‡Ki c‡ÿB G
‰RweK Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv m¤¢e n‡q D‡V bv| ZvB Avgv‡ì gZ `wi`ª †`‡k A‡bK †jvK‡KB G Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi
Rb¨ K‡g© ‡cÖwlZ nq Ges ˆRweK Pvwn`v c~iY bv nIqvq cieZ©x Pvwn`v¸v‡jv c~iY n‡Z evavMÖ¯’ nq|
2. wbivcËvi Pvwn`v (Safety Need): ‰RweK Pvwn`vi b¨q Ab¨ GKwU cÖv_wgK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Pvwn`v n‡jv Rxeb I
RxweKvi wbivcËvi Pvwn`v| gvby‡li Rxeb RxweKv wbivc` bv n‡j gvbyl DwØMœ‡eva K‡i| ZvB gvbyl Kg©‡ÿ‡Î
Kv‡R wbivcËvi Rb¨ Kv‡R DrmvwnZ nq| Ab¨vq AvPiY, ¯^RbcÖxwZ, `~N©Ubv, PvKwiPz¨wZi fqwfwZ †_‡K
wbivc` _vKvi Rb¨ K‡g© ‡cªwlZ K‡i| Kg©Pvix‡ì wbivcËv wewNœZ n‡j K‡g© AbyrmvwnZ nq| Avi K‡g©
wbivcËv, K‡g© DrmvwnZ K‡i| ZvB Kg©Pvix‡ì †fZi Kg© †cÖlYv m„wói Rb¨ Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri wbivcËvi
cvkvcvwk Aemi Rxe‡bi wbivcËvi Rb¨ †cbmb dvÛ, cÖwf‡WÛ dvÛ, MÖvPzBwU cÖf„wZ Avw_©K wbivcËv _vKv
cÖ‡qvRb; hv Kg© †cÖlYv‡K e„w× Ki‡e|

3. mvgvwRK Pvwn`v (Social Need): G ZZ¡ Abymv‡i †mœn fvjevmvi Pvwn`v 3q ¯Í‡i| gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe e‡j
mgvRe×fv‡e emevm K‡i| A‡bï mv‡_ mym¤úK© ivL‡Z Pvq, wg‡jwg‡k _vK‡Z Pvq Ges mgv‡R mgvw`ªZ
n‡Z Pvq| gvby‡li g‡a¨ †mœn fvjevmv Av‡Q hv †m A‡bï †_‡K Avkv K‡i| ZvB A‡bï mv‡_ eÜyZ¡ I
mL¨Zv ¯’vcb Ki‡Z AvMÖnx| gvby‡li g‡a¨ cÖ_g `ywU Pvwn`v c~iY n‡j Z„Zxq ¯Í‡ii Pvwn`vi Rb¥ †bq| †mœn
fvjevmvi Pvwn`v †h Kv‡iv AvPi‡Yi Dci Zvrch©c~Y© cÖfve †d‡j| ZvB gvbyl‡K ‡cÖwlZ Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zvi
mswkøóZvi Pvwn`v (Belonging Need) c~i‡Yi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. m¤£‡gi Pvwn`v (Esteem Need): gvby‡li gvb m¤§vb, cÖfve cÖwZcwËi Pvwn`v Zuvi Kg© AvPi‡Yi Dci cÖfve
†d‡j| g¨v‡MÖMi 1957 mv‡j G Pvwn`v‡K Avevi `y fv‡e fvM K‡i‡Q| h_v 1| AvZœm¤§vbRwbZ Pvwn`v-
AZœcÖZ¨q, K„wZZ¡, †hvM¨Zv I Áv‡bi Pvwn`v, Ges 2| mybvgRwbZ Pwn`v- c`gh©v`v, ¯^xK…wZ I cÖksmvi
Pvwn`v| Z‡e GwU DuPz ¯Í‡ii Pvwn`v e‡j Zv mn‡R c~iY nq bv| hwÌ mK‡jB G Pvwn`vi ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q
_vK‡jI DPz ¯Í‡ii Kg©Pvixiv gh©v`vi Pvwn`v‡K †ekx ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q _v‡K|
5. AZ¥c~Y©Zvi Pvwn`v (Self Actualization Need): gvm‡jvi g‡Z ˆRweK Pvwn`v †hgb me© wbgœ ¯Í‡i, Avevi
AvZœc~Y©Zvi Pvwn`vi ¯’vb m‡ev©”P ¯Í‡i| gvbyl Zvi m„Rbkxj cÖwZfv weKv‡ki g‡a¨ AvZœZ„wß jvf K‡i| G
¯Í‡i Lye Kg gvbylB Avm‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e wbgœ ¯Í‡ii †P‡q DPz ¯Í‡ii Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨ AvZœ c~Y©Zvi Pvwn`v
c~i‡Yi my‡hvM †ekx _v‡K|
ch©vqµwgK Pvwn`v Z‡Z¡i †gŠwjK Abygvbmg~n : ch©vqµwgK Pvwn`v Z‡Ë¡i †gŠwjK Abygvbmg~n n‡jv :
1. gvby‡li †cÖwlZ AvPi‡Yi Drm n‡jv Afve ev Pvwn`v|
2. gvby‡li cÖavb cÖavb Pvwn`v¸‡jv cuvP cÖKvi| h_v: ˆRweK Pvwn`v, wbivcËvi Pvwn`v, ‡mœn-fvjevmvi Pvwn`v,
m¤£‡gi Pvwn`v I AvZœc~Y©Zvi Pvwn`v|
3. G Pvwn`v¸‡jv ch©vqµ‡g Av‡m| me© cÖ_g ˆRweK Pvwn`v Av‡m; Avi me©‡kl AvZœc~Y©Zvi Pvwn`v Av‡m|
4. ‡h Pvwn`vc~iY nq Zv Øviv gvbyl‡K †cÖwlZ Kiv hvq bv|
5. gvbyl‡K †cÖwlZ Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi cieZ©x Pvwn`v c~iY Øviv gvbyl‡K †cÖwlZ Kiv hvq|
6. ZvB ‡Kvb gvbyl‡K †cÖwlZ Ki‡Z n‡j Zuvi †Kvb ¯Í‡ii Pvwn`v Ac~Y© Av‡Q Zv wba©viY K‡i Zv c~i‡Yi eë¯’v
Ki‡Z n‡e|
ZvB GKRb eë¯’vc‡Ki KvR n‡jv Kvi †Kvb ¯Í‡i Pvwn`v eZ©gv‡b Ac~Y© Av‡Q Zv wba©viY K‡i c~iYKivi eë¯’v
Kiv|
nvR©ev‡M©i wØ-Dcv`vb ZZ¡ (Hertzberg’s two factor Theory )

nvR©evM© I Zvi mn‡hvMxMY 1959 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi wcUvmevM© GjvKvq bqwU wkí KviLvbvi 203 Rb cÖ‡KŠkjx
I wnmve iÿK‡ì Dci Kg© mš‘wó I Kg© †cÖlYvi Dci M‡elYv Pvwj‡q M‡elYvi djvd‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i †h
ZZ¡wU ùvo Kivb Zv‡KB nvR©ev‡M©i wØ-Dcv`vb ZZ¡ bv‡g AewnZ Kiv nq| Zuviv cixÿY cvÎ‡ì KvVvgMZ cÖ‡kœi
gva¨‡g mvÿ¨vrKvi MÖnY K‡ib| Zv‡ì cÖkœ wQj KLb I wK cwiw¯’‡Z PvKwi me‡P‡q fvj jv‡M Ges me‡P‡q
Lvivc jv‡M| G DËi¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i cÖvß Z‡_ï Dci wfwË K‡i Zviv Kg© mš‘wó I AmšÍywói mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z
Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM K‡ib: 1| AšÍ©wbwnZ ev welqMZ Dcv`vb (Intrinsic or Content Factor) 2|
evwn¨K ev †cÖwÿZ Dcv`vb (Extrinsic or Context factor)| AšÍ©wbwnZ Dcv`b¸‡jv‡K †cÖlYvMZ Dcv`vb
(Motivational Factor) Avi evwn¨K ev †cÖwÿZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K ¯^v¯’¨RwbZ Dcv`vb (Hygine Factor) wn‡m‡e
AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
K‡g©i AšÍ©wbwnZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv n‡”Q- Kv‡Ri cÖK„wZ, K…wZZ¡, `vwqZ¡, ¯^xK…wZ, c‡`vbœwZ, AvZœc~Y©Zvi m¤¢vebv BZ¨vw`
hv‡K †cÖlYvi Dcv`vb ejv nq| cÿvšÍ‡i, K‡g©i evwn¨K ev †cÖwÿZ Dcv`b¸‡jv n‡jv cªvwZôvwbK bxwZ I
cÖkvmwbK wbqgvejx, cwi`k©b I eë¯’vcbv, ‡eZb, Kg©¯’‡ji cwi‡ek e¨w³MZ Rxeb BZ¨vw` hv ¯^v¯’¨MZ Dcv`vb
ejv n‡q‡Q|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
nvR©ev‡Mi wØ-Dcv`vb Z‡Z¡i g~j K_v n‡jv Kg© mšyÍwói Dcv`vb¸‡jv Kg© AmšÍywói Dcv`vb¸‡jv †_‡K m¤ú~Y©
c„_K| Kg© mš‘wó I Amš‘wUi Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖfve GKgyLx| A_©vr †cÖlYvMZ Dcv`b¸‡jv ïay mš‘wó w`‡Z cv‡i
Avi Zvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Amyš‘wó Avbvqb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| cÿvšÍ‡i, ¯^v¯’¨MZ Dcv`vb Kg n‡j AmyšÍywó m„wó Ki‡Z
cv‡i; wKš‘, Zv ch©vß cwigv‡Y n‡j mš‘wó Avbvqb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wb‡gœ wP‡Îi gva¨‡g ZZ¡wU Dc¯’vcb Kiv
n‡jv|
K…wZZ¡
¯^K…wZ
K‡g©i cÖK„wZ
`vwqZ¡
AMÖMwZ
‡eZb
DaŸ©Zb KZ©„c‡¶i mv‡_ m¤úK©
mnKg©x‡ì mv‡_ m¤úK©
cwi`k©b
cÖwZôv‡bi bxwZ I cÖkvmb
Kg© cwi‡ek
e¨w³MZ Rxeb
50 40 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50
nvR©ev‡M©i wØ-Dcv`b Z‡Z¡i †gŠwjK Abygvb

(Basic Assumptios of Herzberg’s Two factors Theory)
1. cÖwZwU e¨w³i Kg© †cÖlYv I Kg© mš‘wói Rb¨ `Õyai‡bi Pvwn`v i‡q‡Q K) †cÖlYv RwbZ Pvn`v Ges L) ¯^v¯’¨
RwbZ Pvwn`v| ‡cÖlYv RwbZ Pvwn`v cwiZ„ß nq K‡g© `vwqZ¡, K…Z„Z¡, ¯^xK…wZ, c‡`vbœwZ BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g|
Avevi ¯^v¯’¨MZ Pvwn`v cwiZ…ß nq mnKg©x, cwi`k©K, eë¯’vc‡Ki mv‡_ m¤úK©, AbyKzj Kg© cwi‡ek I
eë¯’vcbvi myôz bxwZi gva¨‡g|
2. †cÖwlZ Pvwn`v c~iY n‡j K‡g© mš‘wó Av‡m; Avi Am¤ú~Y© _vK‡j e¨w³i wfZi Amyš‘wó m„wó nq bv|
3. ¯^v¯’¨MZ Dcv`vb c~Y© bv n‡j Kg©x‡ì g‡a¨ Amyš‘wói m„wó nq; Z‡e c~iY n‡j mš‘ó nq bv|

mgv‡jvPbv
1. G ZZ¡wUi Dci M‡elYv K‡i AvswkK mg_©b cvIqv †M‡Q|
2. mivmwi cÖkœ Kiv n‡q‡Q hv c×wZMZfv‡e h‡_vchy³ bq| KviY, gvby‡li ¯^vfve n‡jv Lviv‡ci Rb¨ Ab¨‡K
`vqx; Avi fvj wKQz n‡j wb‡Ri K…Z„Z¡ e‡jv `vex Kiv|
3. wZwb ïay cÖ‡KŠkjx I wnmveiÿK‡ì wbKU †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i‡Qb hviv mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i bv| ZvB
Zv‡ì gZvgZ‡K mvaviYxKiY (Generalisation) Kiv hvq bv|
4. M‡elKMY `vex K‡ib †h, Dcv`vb¸‡jv GKgyLx cÖfve hv ev¯Í‡e mZ¨ bq| Dfq cÖKvi Dcv`v‡biB `yBgyLx
cÖfve i‡q‡Q| Z‡e cÖfv‡ei gvÎvi cv_©K¨ Av‡Q|
ZZ¡wUi mxgve×Zv _vKv m‡ËI G K_v ejv hvq, M‡elKMY †h Dcv`vb¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb Zv Kg© †cÖlYv I
Kg©mšÍwói Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© G‡Z Kv‡iv wØgZ †bB| ZvB G¸‡jv c~i‡Yi gva¨‡g Kg †cÖlYv e„w× Kiv hvq|
AvKl©Y-cÖZ¨vkv ZZ¡ (Valence-Expectacyne Theory)

åæg (Vroom, 1964) AvKl©Y-cÖZ¨vkv gZev‡ì cÖe³v| Z‡e †cvU©vi I jjvi (Porter and Lawler, 1968) G
gZev`wU Av‡iv cwieZ©b, cwiea©b, myweb¨¯Í I mycªwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb| GgZev‡ì g~j K_v n‡jv, †h Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g
†Kvb e¨w³i Kvw•LZ D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi m¤¢vebv hZ †ekx e‡j H e¨w³i wbKU g‡b n‡e; †mKvR Kivi Rb¨ Zvi Kg©
‡cÖlYv I Drmvn DÏxcbv ZZ †ekx n‡e| †h Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g †Kvb e¨w³ Zuvi Avkv-AvKv•Lv c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i, †m
Kv‡R ZZ †ekx Z„wß†eva K‡i| åæg Zvi G gZev`wU‡K wZbwU aviYvi (Concept) Dci wfwË K‡i cÖ`vb
K‡i‡Qb| aviYv wZbwU n‡jv: AvKl©Y (Valence), cÖZ¨vkv (Expectation) Ges kw³ (Force)|
AvKl©Y ej‡Z åæg †Kvb Avmw³ ev BwZevPK gvbwmKZv‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| †Kvb wbw`©ó wel‡qi cÖwZ †Kvb e¨w³i
BwZevPK ev †bwZevPK g‡bvfve _vK‡Z cv‡i| hw` BwZevPK g‡bvfve _v‡K, Z‡e Zv cvevi Rb¨ †m AvcÖvb †Póv
K‡i| Avi hw` †bwZevPK `„wófw½ _v‡K, Z‡e Zv Gov‡bvi Rb¨ ¯^‡Pó _v‡K| †hgb aiæY, GKRb kªwgK †bZv,
†m g‡b K‡i c‡`vbœwZ †c‡q Kg©KZ©v n‡j ‡m A‡bK my‡hvM myweav †_‡K ewÂZ n‡e| ZvB †m c‡`vbœwZ bv cvevi
†Póv Ki‡e| GLv‡b c‡`vbœwZi cÖwZ Zvi AvKl©Y †bwZevPK|
cÖZ¨vkv ej‡Z GLv‡b †Kvb Kv‡Ri Øviv Kvw•LZ jÿ¨ e¯‘ cÖvwßi m¤¢vebv‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| åæ‡gi g‡Z Kg©‡cÖlYv
ïay gvÎ †Kvb e¯‘i cÖwZ Abyf~wZ ev AvKl©‡Yi DciB wbf©ikxj bq Ges Zvi mv‡_ wbw`©ó AvPiY ev KvR Øviv
jÿ¨ e¯‘ AR©b Kiv m¤¢e n‡e wK bv †m wek¦v‡mi DciI wbwf©i K‡i| hw` †Kvb KvR Øviv jÿ¨ e¯‘ AR©‡bi
m¤¢vebv †ekx e‡j g‡b K‡i, Z‡e Kg© ¯ú„nv Av‡iv e„w× cvq|
kw³ ej‡Z jÿ¨ e¯‘ cvevi AvKl©Y ev Abyf~wZ I D³ e¯‘cvevi m¤¢vebv A_©vr cÖZ¨vkvi mgš^‡q m„ó B”Qv kw³‡K
eySv‡bv nq| aiv hvK Rbve Av: iwng c‡`vbœwZi cÖwZ Lye BwZevPK g‡bvfve †cvlY K‡ib Ges wZwb Av‡iv
wek¦vm K‡ib †h, fvj KvR Ki‡j c‡`vbœwZ cvevi m¤¢vebv cÖej| G `yB‡qi mgš^‡q Zvi g‡a¨ B”Qv kw³ cÖej
n‡e Ges †m fvjfv‡e Kg© m¤úv`b Ki‡e|
mgv‡jvPbv
G gZev‡ì weiæ‡× cÖavb mgv‡jvPbv n‡jv Gi aviYvMZ A¯úóZv I `~inZv, Ges ev¯Íe‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qv‡Mi
RwUjZv| jK (Locke) Gi gZ åæg Kg© mš‘wó‡K myLev`x `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z †P‡q‡Qb; hv wVK bq,
KviY gvbyl ïay my‡Li AbyfywZi Rb¨B KvR K‡i bv| Zv‡e mgv‡jvPbv m‡ËI ejv hvq, gvby‡li †cÖlYvi †ÿ‡Î
AKl©Y cÖZ¨vkv ZZ¡i cÖ‡qvwMK w`K G‡Kev‡i Dwo‡q †`qv hvq bv|
b¨vq ZZ¡ (Equity Theory)

G¨vWvgm& (Adams, 1969) b¨vq ZZ¡wU cÖ`vb K‡ib| G gZev` Abymv‡i GKRb Kg©xi Kg© mš‘wó I Kg© m¤úv`b
wbf©i K‡i e¨w³i `„wó‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi mvg¨ I ‰el‡gï Dci| A_©vr GKRb Kg©x memgq wb‡R‡K A‡bï mv‡_
Zzjbv K‡i †h †h cyiæ¯‹vi ev djvdj cv‡”Q Zv‡Z mvg¨ eRvq Av‡Q wK bv| A_©vr mggv‡bi A‡bï †P‡q †m hLb
Kg my‡hvM myweav cvq ZLb Zuvi g‡a¨ Amyš‘wó KvR K‡i| mvaviYZ: GKRb e¨w³ †h mKj Dcv`vb‡K Zvi

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Ae`v‡bi gvcKvwV wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i Zv n‡jv-Kg©`ÿZv, cÖ‡Póv, wkÿvMZ †hvM¨Zv, AwfÁZv, Kg©m¤úv`‡bi
cwigvY I ¸bv¸b; Avi †m me wRwbm‡K Ae`v‡bi dj ev cyiæ¯‹vi wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv-‡eZb, cÖvwšÍK
myweav, c`gh©v`v, c‡`vbœwZ BZ¨vw`|
G gZev` Abymv‡i e¨w³ hw` g‡b K‡i †h, †m b¨vh¨ cyiæ¯‹vi cv‡”Q, Z‡e †m K‡g© mš‘ó _v‡K; Avi hw` g‡b K‡i
Kg© †ÿ‡Î †m b¨vh¨ cyiæ¯‹vi cv‡”Q bv Z‡e †m Amyš‘ó n‡e|
mgv‡jvPbv
1. G gZev‡ì cwimi AZ¨šÍ mxwgZ| ZvB GUv‡K GKwU c~Y© gZev` ejv hvq bv|
2. Avi GKwU Amyweav n‡jv GKRb e¨w³ Zvi Kg©‡ÿ‡Î Zvi mv‡_ Kvi Zzjbv Ki‡e Zv wbiæcY Kiv Kómva¨|
3. b¨vq Z‡Z¡i wKQz Ae`vb M‡elYv Øviv mgw_©Z n‡jI †ekxi fvM Abygv‡bi mZ¨Zv m¤ú‡K© wgkª djvdj
cvIqv hvq|
g~j¨‡eva ZZ¡ (Value Theory)

jK (Locke, 1976) 1976 mv‡j G gZev‡ì cÖeZ©b K‡ib| Zvi g‡Z †Kvb e¨w³i Kg© †cÖlYv I Kg© mš‘wó
wbf©i K‡i, †m wbw`©ó Kg© Kivi d‡j wK wK welq cvevi cÖZ¨vkv K‡i, Zvi g~j¨vq‡b cÖZ¨vwkZ Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi
m¤¢vebv KZ Ges K‡g©i d‡j †h welq Zv‡K †`qv n‡e Zv Zvi wbKU KZUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Zvi Dci| ZvB G gZev`
Abymv‡i ejv hvq †h, †Kvb e¨w³i Kg© mš‘wó I Amyš‘wó wbf©i K‡i e¨w³wUi Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q wK Pvq, Avi wK †m
cvq Ges hv cvq †mUv Zvi wbKU KZUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g‡b K‡i Zvi Dci|
e¨w³i PvIqv cvIqvi cÖwµqvwU wZbwU Dcv`v‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ:
1. K‡gi© wewfbœ w`K cÖZ¨vÿY (Perceptions of different aspects of job),
2. g~j¨‡ev‡ai Ae¨³ ev e¨³ gvb`Û (Implicit or explicit value standard) Ges
3. †PZb A_ev A‡PZbfv‡e cÖZ¨ÿY I g~j¨‡ev‡ai m¤úK© we¯Ívi (Conscious or unconcious judgement
or the relationship between one’s perception and values)
g‡b Kiæb GKRb e¨w³ g‡b K‡i †h, †eZb e„w× Zvi wbKU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges Av‡iv wek¦vm K‡i †h fvj Kv‡Ri
mv‡_ †eZb e„w×i m¤úK© wbweo, Avi †h cwigvY †eZb e„w× n‡e Zv Zvi fvj Kg©m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ h_v_©| ZvB,
hw` fvj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †eZb e„w× cvq; Z‡e, †m fvj Kg©m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ n‡e| ZvB j‡Ki g‡Z KvD‡K
Kv‡R DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡j Zvi cÖZ¨vkv Avkvbyiæcfv‡e c~iY Ki‡j fvj dj jvf Kiv hv‡e|
mgv‡jvPbv
1. j‡Ki gZev`wU ZZUv AwfÁZv wfwËK bq eis fvev‡eM Øviv †ekx ZvwoZ (Landy and Trumbo,
1980)|
2. j‡Ki g‡Z, K‡g©i me Dcv`v‡b mš‘wó e¨w³i mvwe©K Kg© mš‘wó‡K mgfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i bv, eis e¨w³ †h
Dcv`vb‡K †ekx ¸iæZ¡c~Y© g‡b K‡i,‡m Dcv`v‡b mwVK Kg© mš‘wó‡K †ekx cÖfvweZ K‡i| wKšÍy, K‡qKwU
M‡elYvi djvdj †_‡K j‡Ki G aviYvwU m¤ú~Y© mZ¨ e‡j cÖgvY cvIqv hvq wb (Evlon, 1967; Mikes and
Hulin,1968; Khaleque and Rahman, 1983)|

cvVms‡ÿc
Aveªvnvg gvm&‡jv 1943 mv‡j cÖ_g Pvwn`v †mvcvbZZ¡ gZev`wU cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| G gZev‡ì g~j K_v n‡jv gvbyl
†h KvRB KiæK bv †Kb, Zvi †cQ‡b Zuvi Afve‡eva ev Pvwn`v KvR K‡i| gvbyl Kv‡Ri gva¨‡g Zuvi Afve ev
Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i _v‡K| ZvB, gvby‡li Kg© †cÖlYv I Kg© AvPiY eySvi Rb¨ Zuvi Pvwn`v¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv
_vKv Avek¨K|
wZwb gvby‡li Pvwn`v¸‡jv‡K cuvPwU fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| h_v: ‰RweK Pvwn`v, wbivcËvi Pvwn`v, †mœn-fvjevmvi
Pvwn`v, m¤¢ª‡gi Pvwn`v Ges AZœc~Y©Zvi Pvwn`v| G gZev‡ì cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv wZwb Pvwn`v¸‡jv‡K ¸iæZ¡
Abymv‡i ch©vqµwgKfv‡e web¨vm K‡i‡Qb Ges G¸‡jv‡K Pvwn`vi †mvcvb wn‡m‡e bvgKiY K‡i‡Qb|
nvR©evM© I Zvi mn‡hvMxMY 1959 mv‡j †h ZZ¡wU `vo Kivb Zv‡K nvR©ev‡M©i wØ-Dcv`vb ZZ¡ bv‡g AewnZ Kiv
nq| Zuviv cixÿY cvÎ‡ì KvVvgMZ cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g mvÿ¨vrKvi MÖnY K‡ib| Zv‡ì cÖkœ wQj KLb I wK cwiw¯’‡Z
PvKwi me‡P‡q fvj jv‡M Ges me‡P‡q Lvivc jv‡M| G DËi¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i cÖvß Z‡_ï Dci wfwË K‡i Zviv
Kg© mš‘wó I AmšÍywói mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM K‡ib: 1| AšÍ©wbwnZ ev welqMZ Dcv`vb
(Intrensic or Content Factor) 2| evwn¨K ev †cÖwÿZ Dcv`vb (Extrinsic or Context factor)| AšÍ©wbwnZ
Dcv`b¸‡jv‡K †cÖlYvMZ Dcv`vb (Motivational Factor) Avi evwn¨K ev †cÖwÿZ Dcv`vb¸‡jv‡K ¯^v¯’¨RwbZ
Dcv`vb (Hygine Factor) wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ
1. g~j¨‡eva ZZ¡wU eY©bv Kiæb|
2. b¨vq ZZ¡ wK ?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. AvKl©Y- cÖZ¨vkv ZZ¡wU eY©bv Kiæb|
2. nvR©ev‡M©i wØ-Dcv`vb ZZ¡wU Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. gvm‡jvi Pvwn`v †mvcvb ZZ¡wU eY©bv Kiæb|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-4 t K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv Dbœqb (Developing Achievement Motivation)
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †_‡K Avcwb-
 K…wZ †cÖlYvi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 K…wZ †cÖlYvi êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 K…wZ †cÖlYvi Dbœqb wKfv‡e Kiv hvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 K…wZ †clYvi mv‡_ wkí D‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡bi m¤úK© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wis Um †Mg m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
K…wZZ¡vR©b ‡cÖlYv Z‡Z¡i msÁv (Definition of Achievement Motivation Theory)
g¨vKwjj¨vÛ (Maccleleand) I Zvi mnKg©x G¨vUwKbmb (Atkeinsion) K…wZ †cÖlYv Z‡Z¡i hyMœfv‡e cÖ¯Íve
e‡j AewnZ Kiv nq| g¨vKwjj¨vÛ K…wZ †cÖlYv Z‡Ë¡i cw_K…r e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡jI cÖK…Z c‡ÿ G ZË¡wUi weKvk,
we¯Ívi I cÖwZôvq M‡elYv jä djvd‡ji wfwË‡Z Gi cwieZ©b, cwigvR©b I cwiea©‡b G¨vwUwKbm‡bi Ae`vb
g¨vKwjj¨v‡Ûi †_‡K Av‡bK †ekx| GwU gvby‡li AvZœ wek¦vm, AvZœ cwiwPwZ I AvZœweKvk I ¯^xK…wZ jv‡fi
†cÖlYv‡K eySvq| g¨vKwjj¨v‡Ûi msÁv Abymv‡i K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv n‡jv GKwU wkÿvjä †cÖlYv hv e¨w³‡K
DPzgv‡bi Kg©m¤ú`‡b DrmvwnZ K‡i|
g¨vKwjj¨vÛ I G¨vwUwKbm‡bi g‡Z †Kvb e¨w³i wfZi wbgœ wjwLZ `ywU c~e©kZ© we`¨gvb _vK‡j K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYvi
Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| h_v:1| e¨w³i †PZbv †h, Zvi Kg©dj †Kvb gvb`Û Øviv g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡e Ges 2| Zuvi wek¦vm
†h, †Kvb K‡g©i mdjZv ev e¨_©Zv gvby‡li Kg© cÖ‡Póvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i g‡a¨ K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv
Kg‡ekx we`¨gvb| Z‡e G K…wZ †cÖlYv Kv‡iv g‡a¨ †ekx; Avevi Kv‡iv g‡a¨ Kg| hvi †fZi K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv
hZ †ekx n‡e, †m ZZ Kg© m¤úv`‡b AvMÖnx n‡e| cÿvšÍ‡i, hvi g‡a¨ K…wZ †cÖlYv Kg Zvi g‡a¨ Kg© m¤ú`‡bi
cwigvYI Kg| Avevi K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYvi gvÎv A‡bKvs‡k Kv‡iv AZxZ Kg© m¤úv`‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj| hw`
AZxZ Kg© mvdj¨ †ekx _v‡K, Zvi g‡a¨ K…wZZ¡vR©b mvd‡jï gvÎvI †ekx| Avevi †h, †`‡k DuPz K…wZ ‡cÖlYv
m¤úbœ gvbyl hZ †ekx, †m †`k ZZ †ekx A_©‰bwZKfv‡e DbœwZ jvf K‡i| Avevi, K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYvi mv‡_
wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi BwZevPK m¤úK© we`¨gvb|
G ZË¡wU g~jZ wZbwU aviYvi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZwôZ h_v: 1| †Kvb jÿ¨ AR©‡b mvdj¨ jv‡fi `„pZv, 2|
j‡ÿï evÂbxqZv Ges 3| K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlbvi mnvqK ev cÖwZ`›Øx †cÖlYvmg~‡ni ¯’vwqZ¡ I kw³| K…wZZ¡vR©b
†cÖlYvq GKRb gvbyl KvR K‡i A‡bï f‡q ev cÖksmvi Rb¨ bq| g~jZ †m KvR K‡i KvRwU mvdj¨RbKfv‡e
Kivi gva¨‡g Z„wß jv‡fi Rb¨|
g¨vKwjj¨vvÛ Gi g‡Z †Kvb e¨w³i g‡a¨ D”PgvÎvq K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv g~jK Kv‡R DrmvwnZ K‡i|
KvRwU myôzfv‡e Kivi Rb¨ †m cwikªgx nq Ges KvRwU mdjfv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv I mg_©b
cÖ‡qv‡M DrmvwnZ nq|
GKRb D‡`¨v³v Zuvi m¤úvw`Z KvR †m wb‡RB g~j¨vqb K‡i| Zvi Rb¨ Kv‡Ri Av`k©gvb ¯’vcb K‡i| eZ©gvb Kg©
m¤úv`b wb‡q Z„wß _v‡K bv; eis SzuwK MÖnY, K‡i bZzb bZzb Kg© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ GwM‡q hvb| GwU GKwU wkÿYxq
†cÖlYv, hv †Kvb e¨w³‡K DPzgv‡bi Kg© m¤úv`‡b AvMÖnx K‡i|
K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYvi êwkó¨mg~n (Features of Achievement Motivation )

g¨vKwjj¨vÛ I Ab¨‡ì M‡elYv †_‡K †`Lvhvq †h, hvi K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv DPzgv‡bi Zuvi Kg© AvPi‡Yi g‡a¨
wbgœiƒc cÖK…wZ ev êwkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq:
1. K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv D”P n‡j †m e¨w³ Zvi a¨vbaviYvq I wPšÍv‡PZbvq Ggb me e¯‘ ev NUbv †e‡Q †bq, hv‡Z
mdjZv ˆbc~Y¨ I DrK‡h© Zvi cwiPq cvIqv hvq|
2. Zvi g‡a¨ AbymÜvY wcÖq I gh©v`vi A‡š^lYKvix n‡q _v‡K| †m DPzgv‡bi KvR Kivi Rb¨ I Kv‡Ri gvb DPz
Kivi Rb¨ me©`v e¨¯Í _v‡K|
3. ‡m KLbI A‡bï f‡q ev A‡bï cÖksmv jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ KvR Ki bv| †m ïay KvR Kivi Z„wßi Rb¨ KvR
Ki‡e|
4. ‡m mvnmx, AwfRvb wcÖq I gWv‡iU SzuwK MÖnY Ki‡Z m`v cÖ¯‘Z _vK‡e|
5. mgq m¤ú‡K© me©`v mRvM _v‡K| h_v mg‡q Kg© m¤úv`b c”Q›` K‡i|
6. ‡m fwel¨r m¤ú‡K© †ek Avkvev`x|
7. ‡h mKj †ÿ‡Î Zuvi `ÿZv I †hvM¨Zv Av‡Q †m ‡ÿ‡Î KvR Ki‡Z †ekx AvMÖnx _v‡K|
8. K…wZ‡cÖlYv GKwU wkÿvjä Ávb weavq DPzgv‡bi K…wZ cÖlYvi AwaKvixiv bZzb bZzb Ávb Av‡š^l‡Y ¯^‡Pó
_v‡K|
9. K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYvc~Y© e¨w³MY ¯^vaxb†PZv nq| †h KvR¸‡jv wb‡Ri cÖ‡Póvq Kiv m¤¢e, †m¸‡jv c”Q›` K‡i
Ges †hvM¨ †jvK‡ì Dchy³ ¯’v‡b wbwe©vPb K‡i|
ZvB ejv hvq †h, K…wZ †cÖlYvc~Y© e¨w³MY SzuwK MÖnY, bZzb bZzb Kv‡R AvMÖnx, wb‡Ri Z…wßi Rb¨ KvR K‡i, mgq
m¤ú‡K© AwaK mRvM _v‡K, Zuviv A‡bï mš‘wói Rb¨ KvR K‡i bv, me©`v Kg© e¨¯Í _v‡K| G ai‡Yi †jvK †h
mgv‡R hZ †ekx, †m mgvR A_©‰bwZKfv‡e ZZ †ekx DbœZ| Avi G ai‡Yi êwkó¨m¤úbœ ‡jvKivB D‡`¨v³v
wn‡m‡e mdjZv jvf K‡i|
D”P K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYvq cÖfvem„wóKvix Dcv`vbmg~n

(Factors Related to High Achievement Motivation)
g¨vKwjj¨vÛ I Zvi mnKg©x‡ì M‡elYvi djvdj †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, wbgœwjwLZ cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK
Dcv`vb¸‡jv K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYvi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³:
1. wkïcvjb c×wZ: myôf z v‡e wkï jvjbcvjb Ki‡j wkï‡ì g‡a¨ K…wZ †cÖlYv m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| †hgb:
wcZvgvZv hw` wkï‡ì‡K †QvU mgq †_‡KB mvej¤^x K‡i M‡o Zz‡j, ¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR I wm×všÍ Mªn‡Yi
my‡hvM †`q Ges DPzgv‡bi Kg©m¤úv`b `vex K‡i, Z‡e G mKj wkï‡ì g‡a¨ DPz K…wZ †cÖlYv m„wó nq|
Avevi wkï‡ì cÖwZ evev gv‡qi AvPiY hw` hyw³c~Y©, D`vi I MwZkxj nq Zvn‡jI wkï‡ì g‡a¨ DPzgv‡bi
K…wZ †cÖlYv m„wó nq| cÿvšÍ‡i, wkï‡ì cÖwZ‡e`bkxj, I fvMëv`x evev gv‡qi mšÍv‡biv DPzgv‡bi
K…wZ †cÖlYvi AwaKvix nq bv|
2. ‡h mgv‡Ri mvwnZ¨ I ms¯‹…wZ Ges BwZnv‡m HwZ‡n¨ K…wZ‡Z¡i Dci †Rvi †`qv nq, †m mgv‡Ri †jvK‡ì
g‡a¨ K…wZ †cÖlYv †ekx _v‡K|
3. ‡h mgv‡R gvby‡li wPšÍv, K‡g© I gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K †m mgv‡Ri †jvK‡ì g‡a¨ DPygv‡bi K…wZ
†cÖlYv †ekx _v‡K| cÿvšÍ‡i,‡h mgv‡R gvby‡li g‡a¨ wPšÍv, K‡g© I gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv bv †c‡j †m
mgv‡Ri gvby‡li g‡a¨ K„wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYvi gvb wbPz _v‡K|
4. ‡h mgv‡Ri cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi my‡hvM hZ †ekx, †m mgv‡R gvby‡li g‡a¨ K…wZ †cÖlYv ZZ DPy gv‡bi n‡e|
cÿvšÍ‡i, mgv‡R cÖwZ‡hvwMZv‡K wbirmvwnZ Kiv n‡j †mLv‡b K…wZ‡cÖlYv Kg n‡e|
5. †h mgv‡R D”P gv‡bi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖksmv, cyiæ¯‹vi I ¯^xK…wZi eë¯’v _v‡K, †mLv‡b K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv
DPzgv‡bi _v‡K|
6. ‡h mgv‡R m„Rbkxj Kv‡R Drmvn I mn‡hvwMZv Kiv nq, †m mgv‡R K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYvi gvb †ekx _v‡K|
K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj

(Techniqes of Improving Achievement Motivation)
K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv GKwU wkÿvje× welq| K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv Dbœqb Kiv m¤¢e| Avgiv B‡Zvg‡a¨ †`‡LwQ †h,
K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYvi mv‡_ Kg© m¤úv`‡bi BwZevPK m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| ZvB GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ DPzgv‡bi

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
K…wZ‡cÖlYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| g¨vKwjj¨vÛ I Zvi mn‡hvMxMY K…wZZ¡vR©b ‡cÖlYv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wKQz †KŠkj eY©bv
K‡i‡Qb hv wbgœiƒc:
1. ev¯Íe wfwËK wPšÍvKiv: K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ ev¯Íe wfwËK jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wPšÍvKivi Af¨vm M‡o
†Zvjv| ZvB †Kvb jÿ¨ wba©vi‡Yi c~‡e© G jÿ¨ AR©‡bi djvdj, myweav-Amyweav, ev¯ÍeZv BZ¨w` wel‡q c~e©
†_‡KB wPšÍv Kiv, hv‡Z K‡i jÿ¨ AR©‡b mgm¨vi m„wó bv nq| ZvB †Kvb jÿ¨ w¯’i Kivi c~‡e© wbR¯^ wPšÍv I
kw³ cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g K…wZ †cÖlYv e„w× Kiv hvq|
2. Kvh©Kifv‡e mgm¨vi we‡kølY Kiv: jÿ¨ wba©vi‡Yi ci Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi †ÿ‡Î hw` mgm¨vi m¤y§ÿxY nq, Z‡e
Zv mywPwšÍZfv‡e I wKQz †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi eë¯’v Kiv| G ai‡Yi wKQz †KŠkj wb‡gœ
eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
K) cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqv: †Kvb mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j cwi‡ek †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Zv
K‡R jvwM‡q mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡j Zv ev¯Íe wfwËK n‡e|
L) mgm¨v wb‡q wPšÍvfvebv Kiv: †Kvb mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j, mgm¨v wb‡q wPšÍv fvebv K‡i mgvav‡bi wewfbœ
Dcvq¸‡jv wPwýZ Kiv Ges wewfbœ weKí Dcvq¸‡jv g~j¨vqb c~e©K DËg mgvavbwU wbe©vPb Kiv|
M) wm×všÍMÖn‡Y Zvovûov bv Kiv: Zvovûov K‡i wm×všÍMÖnY Ki‡j wm×všÍ mwVK I cwic° bv nevi m¤¢vebv
_v‡K| ZvB mgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡ÿ¨ axiw¯’i fv‡e cwic~Y© Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i wm×všÍ †bqv cÖ‡qvRb| Zvi
d‡j, wm×v‡šÍ fy‡ji gvÎv Kg nq|
N) AwfÁ †jv‡Ki civgk© MÖnY: †Kvb mgm¨v RwUj g‡b n‡j AweÁ I weÁ †jv‡Ki wbKU †_‡K mgm¨vi
mgvavb m¤ú‡K© civgk© †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡Yi civg‡k©i d‡j fvj I hyw³hy³ mgvavb AvkvKiv
hvq|
O) AvMÖn‡eva m„wó: mgm¨vi cÖwZ AvMÖn RvMÖZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi d‡j mgm¨vi Mfx‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i mgm¨vi
cÖK…Z mgvavb †ei Kiv m¤¢e nq|
P) weKí mgvavb wba©viY: memgqB GKwU mgm¨vi GKvwaK weKí nv‡Z ivLv DwPZ| KviY, Avcwb GKwU
mgm¨vi GKwU gvÎ mgvavb ivL‡jb, ev¯ÍeZvi Kvi‡Y Zv cÖ‡qvM Kiv m¤¢e n‡jv bv; †m‡ÿ‡Î Avcbvi
nv‡Z KiYxq wKQzB _vKj bv| ZvB G cwiw¯’wZ †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ weKí eë¯’v ivLv Avek¨K|
Q) wbe©vwPZ mgvav‡bi g~j¨vqb: †h mgvavb †ei Kiv n‡jv Zv we‡kølY K‡i, myweav-Amyweav¸‡jv wPwýZ KiY
I cÖ‡qvM†hvM¨Zv we‡kølY Kiv| fyjÎæwU _vK‡j hv‡Z Av‡M‡_‡KB ms‡kvabg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq|
cvkvcvwk Ab¨vb¨ weKí¸‡jvI Abyiæcfv‡e g~j¨vqb cÖ‡qvRb|
R) weiwZ MÖnY: mgm¨v RwUj n‡j gv‡S weiwZ w`‡j c~b:wPšÍv Kivi my‡hvM nq Ges bZzbfv‡e mgm¨vi
Mfx‡i hvIqv hvq| d‡j GKUvbv mgm¨v mgvavb bv K‡i cÖ‡qvR‡b gv‡S wiiwZ †`qv ‡h‡Z cv‡i|
3. jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ cwiKíbv cÖbqb: jÿ¨ AR©b Ki‡Z n‡j Zv KLb wK fv‡e Kiv hv‡e, †m m¤ú‡K©
c~e©cwiKíbv _vKv DwPZ| c~e© cwiKíbv bv _vK‡j jÿ¨ ev¯Íevq‡b mgm¨v m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi mgq
mgq cixÿv Kiv DwPr wKfv‡e jÿ¨ AwR©Z n‡”Q| Gfv‡e cwiKíbv Abyhvqx KvR Ki‡j GKRb mdj
D‡`¨v³v nIqv hv‡e|
4. AvZœwek¦vm wb‡q KvR Kiv: wb‡Ri Dci AvZœwek¦vm LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| AvZœ wek¦vm gvbyl‡K A‡bK`~i GwM‡q
wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| AvZœwek¦vm _vK‡j SzuwKMÖnY, bZzb wKQz m„wó I eo ai‡Yi KvR Kiv m¤¢e| ZvB †h †Kvb
KvR ïiæi cÖ_‡gB BwZevPK g‡bvfve †cvlY Kiv DwPr| Zv‡Z g‡bvej e„w× cvq I Kv‡R MwZ Av‡m| Gfv‡e
K…wZ‡cÖlYv e„w× cvq|
5. cÖ‡qvwMK †KŠkj: K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv e„w×i j‡ÿ¨ wKQz wKQz cÖv‡qvwMK †KŠkj Aej¤^b cÖ‡qvRb nq| wb‡gœ
K…wZ‡cÖlYv Dbœqb ev e„w×‡Z wKQz cÖv‡qvwMK ‡KŠkj eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
K) TOWS ‡gwUª· we‡kølY: TOWS ej‡Z Threats (fxwZ) Opportunities (my‡hvM) Weakness
(`~e©jZv) Strength (kw³) †K eySvq| M‡elYvq †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, D”P K…wZZ¡vR©b ‡cÖlYvm¤úbœ
D‡`¨v³v‡ì g‡a¨ we‡kl wKQz êwkó¨ _v‡K hv mvaviY gvbyl‡ì g‡a¨ †`Lv hvq bv| we‡kl
êwkó¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ‡kªóZ¡ AR©b Kiv, A‡bï mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kiv, bZzb wKQz Kiv, SzuwK MÖnY Kiv
BZ¨w`| G ¸‡jv gvbywlK hš¿Yvi KviY n‡q `vuovq; Avi G ai‡Yi gvbwlKZvq hš¿bv †ekx n‡j †Kvb
Kv‡R mdj nevi m¤¢vebv K‡g hvq| GRb¨B TOWS Gi PP©v _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| hv‡Z c~e© †_‡KB cÖ¯ÍywZ
wb‡q kw³ I my‡hvM‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q mdjZv AR©b Kiv hvq|
L) Kvwnbx ewa©ZKiY Awfÿv: g¨vKwjj¨vÛ Zvi wKQz cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì g‡a¨ D”Pvwfjvlx I †cÖlYv cwigvc Kivi
Rb¨ wKQz `~‡e©va¨ Qwe w`‡q Zvi eY©bv Ki‡Z e‡jb Ges Zv g~j¨vqb K‡i †iwUs K‡ib| Zvici
Zv‡ì‡K wKQz RwUj ai‡Yi Qwe w`‡q Zv w`‡q Kvwnbx wjL‡Z e‡jb Ges Zv g~j¨vqb K‡i c„_K †iwUs
K‡ib| Zv‡ì‡K Av‡iv fvj Kivi Rb¨ DrmvwnZ Kiv nq| GLv‡b hviv fvj K‡i‡Q, c‡i Zviv Av‡iv
fvj K‡i‡Q| Gfv‡e Zv‡ì g‡a¨ K…wZ †cÖlYvi Dbœqb NUvb|
Awfbq c×wZ
Awfbq c×wZ‡Z wKQz‡jvK‡K wb‡q K‡qKRb K‡i K‡qKwU `j MVb K‡i Zv‡ì‡K wfbœ wfbœ wKQz ˆZwi Ki‡Z ejv
nq| †hgb: BgviZ, knx`wgbvi, ¯§„wZ †mŠa BZ¨vw`| cÖwZwU `j Zviv wbR wbR m`m¨‡ì wb‡q Zv‡ì Dci
Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i cÖwkÿK‡K †`Lv‡eb Ges cÖwkÿK Zv g~j¨vqb K‡i †iwUs Ki‡eb| Gfv‡e †QvULv‡Uv wKQz
KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q wkÿv_©x‡ì AvMÖn e„w× cv‡e Ges Zv‡ì g‡a¨ K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv e„w× cv‡e|
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K †`Lvhvq †h K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv GKwU wkÿv jä ¸Y hv cÖwkÿY I cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g
weKvk NUv‡bv hvq|
wk‡ív‡`¨v³v I K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYvi m¤úK©

(Relationship Between Entrepreneureship and Achievement Motivation)
wk‡jv‡`¨v³Zv ej‡Z whwb bZzb wKQz Kivi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡ib| Zvi Rb¨ SzuwK MÖnY K‡i mgq I A_© e¨q K‡i
Awfó j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQv‡bv|
mvaviY A‡_© bZzb wKQz aviYv wb‡q KvR Kivi B”Qv †cvlY I †m Abyhvqx KvR KivB n‡jv D‡`¨vM| cÿvšÍ‡i K…wZ
†cÖlYv n‡jv gvbyl KvR Ki‡e Zvi Kv‡Ri mdjZv AR©‡bi Rb¨| G KvR Kivi mdjZvB Zv‡K Z„ß Ki‡e| Avi
D‡Ï¨vM MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv _vK‡Z n‡e| g¨vKwjj¨vÛ e‡jb, †h mgv‡R ev hvi g‡a¨ K…wZZ¡vR©b
†cÖlYv DPzgv‡bi, Zvi g‡a¨ D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Y cÖebZvI DPy gv‡bi| ZvB Kv‡iv g‡a¨ K…wZ‡cÖlYv bv _vK‡j †Kvb
D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| ‡h mgv‡R hZ †ekx D”P gv‡bi K…wZ †cÖlYvm¤úbœ gvbyl _v‡K, †m mgv‡R ZZ
†ekx D‡`¨v³v †`L hv‡e| ZvB D‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ K…wZ †cÖlYvi wbweo m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
g¨vKwjj¨vÛ Av‡iv e‡jb †h, †Kvb e¨w³i g‡a¨ D”P gvÎvi K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv Zv‡K cÖwZ‡hvMxZvg~jK D‡`¨vM
MÖn‡Y DrmvwnZ K‡i| D‡`¨MwU m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ †ekx cwikªg K‡i Ges KvRwU mdjfv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv I mvg_© cÖ‡qv‡M DrmvwnZ K‡i| GK K_vq GUv ejv hvh †h, K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv GKRb
D‡`¨v³v‡K D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Y cÖ‡bvw`Z K‡i _v‡K| ZvB wk‡ív‡`¨v³v I K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYvi g‡a¨ wbweo m¤úK©
we`¨gvb|
wis-Um †Mg (Ring-Toos Game)

GwU GKwU K…wZ †cÖlYv cwigvcK c×wZ| G c×wZi gva¨‡g GKRb e¨w³i g‡a¨ K…wZ†cÖlYvi gvÎv cwigvc Kiv
hvq| G †Ljvi gva¨‡g GKwU wbw`©ó `~i‡Z¡ Dj¤^ †KŠwbKfv‡e Pvi BwÂ D”PZvi KZ¸‡jv `Û _v‡K Ges †jvnvi
GKwU wis Gi gva¨‡g jÿ¨ †f` Kivi †Ljv| wis Qz‡i gvivi Rb¨ wKQz `~iæZ¡ †`qv _v‡K| †hgb: KvQvKvwQ `~iZ¡,
gvSvix `~iZ¡, Ges `~ieZ©x `~iZ¡| †h e¨w³ Kg SzuwK wb‡Z Pvb wZwb KvQvKvwQ `~iZ¡ †_‡K wis Qzo‡eb, Avi whwb
†ekx SzuwK wb‡Z Pvb wZwb `~ieZ©x `~iZ¡ †_‡K wis Qzo‡eb| G †ÿ‡Î whwb gvSvix `~iZ¡ †_‡K wis Qz‡o †ekx mdjZv
AR©b Ki‡eb Zvui gv‡SB †ekx K„wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYv i‡q‡Q| KviY, K„wZ †cÖlYvi êwk‡ó¨ Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h, GK
Rb K…wZZ¡vR©b †cÖlYvm¤úbœ gvbyl cwiwgZ SzuwK wb‡q †ekx mdjZv AR©b K‡i| K…wZ‡cÖwlZ gvbyl KLbI AwZwi³
SzuwK enb K‡i bv|
G c×wZi eo myweav n‡jv AZ¨šÍ Kg mg‡q I me‡P‡q KgLi‡P K…wZ †cÖlYv cwigvc Kiv hvq| G c×wZwU
G‡Kev‡iB mnR| †h †KD G c×wZ eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Aí mg‡q I KgLi‡P A‡bK †jv‡Ki K…wZ †cÖlYv

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cwigvc Kiv hvq| Z‡e, G c×wZwU †Zgb †Kvb êÁvwbK wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ bq Ges Gi djvd‡ji
wbf©i†hvM¨ZvI Kg| Zvi ciI GUv Øviv GKRb gvby‡li g‡a¨ SzuwK MÖnY Kivi cÖebZv I K…wZ‡cÖlYv m¤ú‡K©
†gvUv‡gvwU GKUv aviYv cvIqv hvq|
cvVms‡ÿc
†Kvb e¨w³i wfZi wbgœ wjwLZ `ywU c~e©kZ© we`¨gvb _vK‡j K…wZ †cÖlbvi Dcw¯’Z _v‡K| h_v:1| e¨w³i †PZbv †h,
Zvi Kg©dj †Kvb gvb`Û Øviv g~j¨vqb Kiv n‡e Ges 2| Zuvi wek¦vm †h, †Kvb K‡g©i mdjZv ev e¨_©Zv gvby‡li
Kg© cÖ‡Póvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i g‡a¨ K…wZ †cÖlYv Kg‡ekx we`¨gvb| g¨vKwjj¨vÛ I Zvi
mn‡hvMxMY K…wZ ‡cÖlYv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wKQz †KŠkj eY©bv K‡i‡Qb hv wbgœiƒc: ev¯Íe wfwËK wPšÍvKiv, K…wZ
Kvh©Kifv‡e mgm¨vi we‡kølY Kiv,cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqv
mgm¨v wb‡q wPšÍvfvebv Kiv,wm×všÍMÖn‡Y Zvovûov bv Kiv,AwfÁ †jv‡Ki civgk© MÖnY,AvMÖn‡eva m„wó cÖf„wZ |
wis-Um †Mg GKwU K…wZ †cÖlYv cwigvcK c×wZ| G c×wZi gva¨‡g GKRb e¨w³i g‡a¨ K…wZ†cÖlYvi gvÎv
cwigvc Kiv hvq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ
1. K…wZ‡cÖlYv Z‡Z¡i msÁv w`b|
2. K…wZ‡cÖlYvi êwkó¨mg~n wK wK ?
3. wk‡ív‡`¨v³v I K…wZ‡cÖlYvi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3. wis-Um †Mg wK ?
4. cwiwgZ SzuwK wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. D”P K…wZ †cªlYvi cÖfvem„wóKvix Dcv`bmg~n e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. K…wZ †cÖlYv Dbœq‡bi †KŠkj eY©bv Kiæb

cvV-5 t SWOT wekølY (SWOT Analysis)
D‡Ïk¨
 SWOT ej‡Z wK †evSvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wk‡ív‡`¨v‡M SWOT Gi eënvi ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 SWOT we‡køl‡Yi Dcv`vb¸‡jv Rvb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 SWOT we‡køl‡Yi cÖwµqv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 SWOT we‡køl‡Yi `~e©jZv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
SWOT we‡kølY (SWOT Analysis)
wewb‡qvM wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †KŠkjMZ eë¯’vcbvi ¯îƒc I cÖK…wZ wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ mvaviYZ †h mKj g‡Wj
eëüZ nq SWOT we‡kølY †KŠkjwU Zvi g‡a¨ eûj eëüZ, D‡jøL‡hvM¨ I RbwcÖq| SWOT n‡”Q GK
ai‡Yi ZvwjKv ev †gwUª·, hv †Kvb cÖwZôvb I cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb wb‡q MwVZ| †hgb: S = Strength
(kw³) W = Weakness (`~e©jZv), O = Opportunity (my‡hvM) Ges T = Threat ( fxwZ)| cÖwZôv‡bi wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K Dcv`vb¸‡jv wK ai‡Yi cÖfvewe¯Ívi K‡i Zv Rvbvi Rb¨B g~jZ SWOT
we‡kølY Kiv nq| SWOT we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g kw³, `~e©jZv, my‡hvM I fxwZ G PviwU Dcv`vb wPwýZ K‡i G¸‡jvi
gva¨‡g fvimvg¨ Avbv hvq|
†h †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY welq¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j D³ cÖwZôv‡bi kw³ I `~e©jZv¸‡jv mbv³ Kiv hvq;
cÿvšÍ‡i, evwn¨K welq¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j my‡hvM I ûgwKmg~n mbv³ Kiv nq| ZvB eëmvq cwiPvjbv Kivi
j‡ÿ¨ GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K Zvi eëmv‡qi my‡hvM, kw³, `~e©jZv I fxwZmg~n mbv³ K‡i we‡kølY Kiv nq| G
c×wZ‡KB SWOT we‡kølY ejv nq| G‡Z GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v mwVK I h_v_© wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g eëmv‡q
mdjZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wkív‡`¨v‡M SWOT Gi eënvi

(Application of SWOT in Entrepreneureship)
GKRb wkí-D‡`¨v³v ev eëmvqx Zvi eëmv‡qi cY¨ wbe©vPb, evRviRvZ KiY, A_©ms¯’vb I iY‡KŠkj wba©vi‡Yi
Rb¨ SWOT we‡kølY DËg nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| eëmv‡qi †h welq m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvb Pvjv‡Z n‡e Zvi
ÿgZv, `~e©jZv, my‡hvM I fxwZ c~e© †_‡KB AeMZ n‡Z n‡e| SWOT eëmv‡qi †KŠk‡ji KY©vi †÷vb (Corner
Stone) wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq Ges hvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK myweav AR©b Kiv hvq| GUv †Kv¤úvbxi `~e©jZv
mg~n `~ixKi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i, Ges evwn¨K my‡hvM¸‡jv eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i, Ges fxwZ¸‡jvi weiæ‡× cÖwZ‡iva M‡o
Zzj‡Z cv‡i|
SWOT we‡kølY cÖwµqv

(Process of SWOT Analysis )
SWOT we‡kølY GKwU avivevwnK cÖwµqv| G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ me©cÖ_g mgm¨vwU‡K mwVKfv‡e msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Avf¨šÍixY kw³ I `~e©jZv Ges evwn¨K my‡hvM I ûgwK wePÿYZv I `~i`k©xZvi mv‡_ wePvi Kiv
Acwinvh©| SWOT we‡køl‡Yi cÖwµqv wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. cÖwZôv‡bi Avf¨šÍixY kw³ I `~e©jZvmg~n wPwýZ KiY: SWOT we‡køl‡Yi cÖv_wgK avc n‡jv †Kv¤úvbxi
Avf¨šÍixY kw³ I `~e©jZv wPwýZ KiY, Af¨šÍixY kw³ ej‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi `ÿ Rbkw³, mybvg, DbœZ cÖhyw³
I c×wZ, AvaywbK cøv›U I †gwkbvix, cÖvß B‡gR, BZ¨vw` †K eySvq| cÿvšÍ‡i `~e©jZv ej‡Z hv wKQzi Afve
i‡q‡Q| †hgb: `ÿ I Kwg‡UW Rbkw³i Afve, mybvg Kg, g~ja‡bi ¯^íZv, †m‡K‡j †gwkb cÎ, BZ¨vw`|
A_©vr cÖ‡hvRbxq m¤ú‡ì mxgve×Zv‡K eySvq| mwVKfv‡e mej I `~e©j w`K¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
A‡bK mgq Avf¨šÍixY `~e©jZv‡K †P‡c ivLv nq, hv ÿwZiKviY n‡q `vuvovq| eëmv‡qi Af¨šÍixY `~e©jZv
†ei Kivi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv hvq:
K) eëmv‡qi aviv: SWOT we‡kølY cÖwµqv eëmv‡qi cÖwZwU avc‡K c„_K c„_Kfv‡e we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z
n‡e| Kg©x‡ì `ÿZv I KwgU‡g›U, g~jab cÖevn, Drcv`bkxjZv cÖf„wZ ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î
`~e©jZv‡K wPwýZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡e| Avevi eëmv‡qi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`b¸‡jvi mxgve×Zv
ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡jI eëmv‡qi `~e©jZv †ei n‡q Avm‡e| ev¯Í‡e wbR eëmv‡qi `~e©jZv wPwýZ Kiv KwVb
KvR|
L) DcKiY we‡kølY: eëmvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ g~jab, eë¯’vcbv c×wZ, DbœZ cÖhyw³, cÖf„wZ h‡hó Av‡Q
wKbv Zv cixÿv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G¸‡jv h‡_ó I h_v_© bv n‡j cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq fvj dj jvf Kiv hv‡e bv|
ZvB eëmv‡qi cÖ‡qvRbxq wewfbœ DcKiY we‡kølY K‡i †Kvb NvUwZ Av‡Q wK bv Zv wbb©q Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
cvkvcvwk, wb‡R‡ì DcKi‡Yi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì DcKi‡Yi Zzjbv K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e †h, DcKi‡Yi
w`K †_‡K cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì Zzjbvq wb‡R‡ì Ae¯’v mej bv `~e©j|
M) msMV‡bi mvs¯‹…wZ: msMV‡bi mvs¯‹…wZ eë¯’vcbvi bxwZ AbymiY, myôz wbqg Kvbyb, K‡g© ¯^vaxbZv, Kv‡Ri
g~j¨vqb, ÿgZvi eënvi cÖf„wZi cÖwZ †Kv¤úvbxi wbR¯^ `„wófw½| msMV‡bi g‡a¨ hw` BwZevPK mvs¯‹…wZ
_v‡K Zv‡Z gvbyl Kv‡R DrmvwnZ nq I fvj Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i| ZvB msMV‡bi bxwZ, kªwgK‡ì mv‡_
gvwjK‡ì m¤úK©, Kg©x‡ì cÖwZ b¨vq wePvi, k„•Ljv BZ¨vwì Afve cÖwZôv‡bi `~e©jZv wn‡m‡e wPwýZ
Kiv hvq|
N) ev¯Íevq‡bi †ÿ‡Î we‡ePbv: cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb I mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i cÖwZôv‡bi `„wófw½i Dci|
cwiKíbv Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk ev¯Íevqb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, Zv bv n‡j cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb I g~j¨vqb KwVb
n‡q cv‡o|
2. evwn¨K my‡hvM I ûgwKmg~n: †h Dcv`bv¸‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi Dci cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i| †hgb:
RbmsL¨v, Pvwn`v, miKvix bxwZ; cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì msL¨v, evRvi, mieivn, weKí cY¨ BZ¨w`| G Dcv`b¸‡jv
†Kvb eëmv‡qi c‡ÿ ev wec‡ÿ †h‡Z cv‡i| c‡ÿ n‡j my‡hvM, Avi wec‡ÿ n‡j ûgwK| G mKj wel‡q
c„_K c„_Kfv‡e Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i eëmv‡qi my‡hvM I ûgwK wPwýZ Ki‡Z nq| wb‡gœ Gai‡Yi wel‡qi Dci
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
K) wkí cwi‡ek: wewfbœ cÖKvi Rwic, evRvi M‡elYv, †UªW Rvb©vj, wewfbœ †Kv¤úvbxi wi‡c©vU BZ¨vw` †_‡K
wkí cwi‡ek m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| G ¸‡jv c„_Kfv‡e we‡kølY Ki‡j my‡hvM I ûgwK wPwýZ Kiv
hvq: G welq ¸‡jv n‡jv, cÖhyw³i cwieZ©b, wkí‡KŠkj cwieZ©b, wkíbxwZi cwieZ©b, A_©vqb c×wZi
cwieZ©b, bZzb cY¨ D™¢veb, weKí cY¨ D™¢veb, †fv³v‡ì iæwPi cwieZ©b cÖf„wZ|
L) cÖwZ‡hvMxZvg~jK cwi‡ek: mgRvZxq cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Ae¯’v‡K we‡ePbv K‡i my‡hvM I ûgwK wbiæcY Kiv
hvq| G †ÿ‡Î wbgœ ewY©Z welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv hvq:
cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì Ae¯’v, cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì cwigvY, weKí cY¨, bZzb cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì AvMg‡bi nvi BZ¨vw`|
3. mvaviY cwi‡ek: A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek‡K mvaviY cwi‡ek ejv nq| A_©‰bwZK
cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ gy`ªv bxwZ, gy`ªvùxwZ, RbM‡Yi µq ÿgZv, RvZxq Drcv`b, cÖe„w×i nvi BZ¨vw`| mvgvwRK
cwi‡e†ki g‡a¨ gvby‡li iæwP, ag©xq Abyf~wZ BZ¨vw`| Avi ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek ej‡Z miKv‡ii w¯’wZkxjZv,
miKvi I we‡ivax `‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK©, BZ¨vw`| G¸‡jv eëmv‡qi c‡ÿ A_ev wec‡ÿ n‡Z cv‡i| mvaiY
cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`b¸‡jv †Kvb Kviev‡ii c‡ÿ n‡j Zv my‡hvM Ges wec‡ÿ n‡j Zv ûgwK wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
my‡hvM I ûgwK‡K wbgœ, ga¨g I D”P Ges kw³ I `~e©jZv‡K mvaviY, †MŠY, Ges RwUj e‡j wbiæcY Kiv
hvq| Gici cÖwZwU †ÿÎ †_‡K cÖvß †iwUs¸‡jv KvVv‡gv Abymv‡i mvwR‡q cyi welwU we‡kølY Ki‡Z nq| G
†ÿ‡Î Av‡bK¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g welqwU we‡kølY Kiv hvq| G ai‡Yi cÖ‡kœi wKQz bgybv wb‡gœ ‡`qv n‡jv:

K. cÖwZôv‡bi kw³ wK cwigvY?

L. cÖwZôv‡bi kw³¸‡jv cyicyix eëüZ n‡”Q wK bv?
M. cÖwZôv‡bi `~e©jZviaiY †Kgb Ges Zv KvwU‡q DVv m¤¢e KZUzKz?
N. cÖwZôv‡bi kw³ Øviv evwn¨K my‡hvM¸‡jvi mreënvi Kiv hv‡e wK?
O. cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì `~e©jZv wK Ges †m†ÿ‡Î cÖwZôv‡bi kw³ Øviv Zv †_‡K myweav AR©b Kiv hv‡e wK bv?
P. evwn¨K wK ai‡Yi ûgwK Av‡Q Ges Zv cÖwZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e wK bv?
G ai‡Yi eûmsL¨K cÖkœ ˆZwi K‡i Zvi DËi ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i
cÖwZ‡hvMx cwi‡e‡k myweav †fvM K‡i mvdj¨ AR©b Kiv hvq|
SWOT we‡kølY †gwUª· (SWOT Analysis Matrix)

SWOT we‡køl‡Yi g~j jÿ¨B nj cÖwZôv‡bi Avf¨šÍixY I evwn¨K cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vbmg~‡ni wePvi-we‡kølY c~e©K
cÖwZôv‡bi fwel¨Z Kg© c×wZi w¯’wiKiY| wb‡gœv³ Q‡K evwn¨K cwi‡e‡ki my‡hvM (Opportunity) I ûgwK
(Threat) Ges Avf¨šÍixY cwi‡e‡ki kw³ (Strength) I `ye©jZv (Weakness) we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g PviwU m¤¢ve¨
fwel¨Z Kg©‡KŠkj wba©viY Kiv nj-
Avf¨šÍixY Dcv`vb Avf¨šÍixY kw³mg~n (S) Avf¨šÍixY `ye©jZvmg~n (W)
cÖwZôv‡bi eë¯’vcbvi `ÿZv   g~ja‡bi Afve  eë¯’vcbv I
Avw_©K mvg_©  evRviRvZKiY evRviRvZKi‡Yi mvg‡_©i mxgve×Zv 
mvg_©  M‡elYv I D™¢veb mvg_©  D™¢vebx Áv‡bi Afve BZ¨vw`|
evwn¨K Dcv`vb Ávb ev wkÿv BZ¨vw`
evwn¨K my‡hvMmg~n (O) SO Kg©‡KŠkj t WO Kg©‡KŠkj t
 F‡Yi mnRjf¨Zv  Maxi-Maxi Mini-Maxi
cÖwZ‡hvMx cÖwZôv‡bi me‡P‡q kw³kvjx mvdj¨RbK Giƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡Z evwn¨K my‡hvM
Abycw¯’wZ  ¯^í e¨q m¤úbœ Kg©‡KŠkj| myweavmg~n‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi wbwg‡Ë
Giƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖvwZôvwbK cÖvwZôvwbK `ye©jZvmg~n `~ixKi‡Y
`ÿ Rbkw³  bZzb cY¨ ev
kw³mg~n‡K eënvi K‡i evwn¨K Dbœqbg~jK Kg©‡KŠkj MÖnY Kiv nq|
†mevi D™¢veb  AbyKyj my‡hvM myweav Kv‡R jvMv‡bv nq|
ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, agx©q
Ae¯’v  bZzb cÖhyw³ BZ¨vw`|
evwn¨K fxwZmg~n (T) ST Kg©‡KŠkj t WT Kg©‡KŠkj t
 iÿYkxj FY`vb bxwZ  Maxi-Mini Mini-Mini
KuvPvgvj I kw³ m¤ú‡ì Giƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡Z evwn¨K ûgwKi Giƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Kgx© QvUvB, †Kv¤úvwbi
`y®cÖvc¨Zv  Zxeª †gvKv‡ejv ev Zv Gov‡bvi Rb¨ Aemvqb A_ev Ab¨ cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_
Avf¨šÍixY kw³mg~n‡K Kv‡R †hŠ_-D‡`¨vM MÖnY Kiv nq|
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv  Aw¯’wZkxj
jvMv‡bv nq|
ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’v  Pvwn`vi
cwieZ©bkxjZv  iÿYkxj
mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK Ae¯’v
BZ¨vw`|
(1) WT Kg©‡KŠkj (WT Stretegy) t bx‡Pi Wvbw`‡K Aew¯’Z WT †KŠkj mvaviYZ Avf¨šÍixY `ye©jZv
KvwU‡q DVvi Rb¨ Ges evwn¨K ûgwK Gov‡bvi Rb¨ Kiv nq| Giƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡Z †Kv¤úvwb LiP Kgv‡bvi
Rb¨ Kg©x© QuvUvB K‡i A_ev Ab¨ †Kv¤úvwbi mv‡_ †hŠ_ D‡`¨vM ¯’vcb K‡i, bq‡Zv †Kv¤úvwbi emvqb Kiv
nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
(2) WT Kg©‡KŠkj (WO Strategy) t Dc‡i Wvb w`‡Ki WO †KŠk‡ji †ÿ‡Î cÖwZôv‡bi Avf¨šÍixY
`ye©jZv‡K KvwU‡q evwn¨K cwi‡e‡ki my‡hvMmg~n‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖwZôv‡bi
`ye©j welqmg~n‡K wPwnèZ K‡i Zv Dbœq‡bi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv nq|
(3) ST Kg©‡KŠgj (ST Strategy) t ST Kg©‡KŠk‡ji †ÿ‡Î evwn¨K cwi‡e‡ki ûgwKmg~n‡K Avf¨šÍixY
kw³mg~n Øviv †gvKvwejv Kiv nq| G ch©v‡q †Kv¤úvwb Zvi wbR¯^ cÖhyw³MZ, D™¢vebg~jK, Avw_©K,
eë¯’vcKxq I evRviRvZKiY mvg‡_©i gva¨‡g cÖwZ‡hvMx dv‡g©i c‡Yï D™¢veb I evRviRvZKiYRwbZ
ûgwK †gvKv‡ejv K‡i _v‡K|
(4) SO Kg©‡KŠkj (SO Strategy) t mKj cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ Kvw•LZ G cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi evwn¨K
cwi‡e‡ki my‡hvMmg~n‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi Rb¨ Avf¨šÍixY kw³mg~n‡K eënvi Kiv nq| G ch©v‡q
†Kv¤úvwbmg~n Zv‡ì `ye©jZvmg~n A_ev evwn¨K ûgwKmg~n‡K `~i K‡i ev Gwo‡q m‡e©v”P my‡hvM AR©b
Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, eëmv‡qi fwel¨r cwiKíbv ev wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y SWOT we‡kølY AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡cyY© GKwU
cwi‡ek we‡kølY c×wZ|
cvVms‡ÿc
wewb‡qvM wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †KŠkjMZ eë¯’vcbvi ¯îƒc I cÖK…wZ wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ mvaviYZ †h mKj g‡Wj
eëüZ nq SWOT we‡kølY †KŠkjwU Zvi g‡a¨ eûj eëüZ, D‡jøL‡hvM¨ I RbwcÖq| SWOT n‡”Q GK
ai‡Yi ZvwjKv ev †gwUª·, hv †Kvb cÖwZôvb I cwi‡e‡ki wewfbœ Dcv`vb wb‡q MwVZ| †hgb: S = Strength
(kw³) W = Weakness (`~e©jZv), O = Oportunity (my‡hvM) Ges T = Threat (fxwZ)| cÖwZôv‡bi wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K Dcv`vb¸‡jv wK ai‡Yi cÖfvewe¯Ívi K‡i Zv Rvbvi Rb¨B g~jZ SWOT
we‡kølY Kiv nq| SWOT we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g kw³, `~e©jZv, my‡hvM I fxwZ G PviwU Dcv`vb wPwýZ K‡i G¸‡jvi
gva¨‡g fvimvg¨ Avbv hvq|
SWOT we‡køl‡Yi cÖwµqvi ¯Íi¸‡jv n‡jv: cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY kw³ I `~e©jZvmg~n wPwýZ KiY, eëmv‡qi
aviv, DcKiY we‡kølY, msMV‡bi mvs¯‹…wZ
ev¯Íevq‡bi †ÿ‡Î we‡ePbv, mvaviY cwi‡ek|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ
1.wkív‡`¨v‡M SWOT we‡kølY Kv‡K e‡j?
2.wkív‡`¨v‡M SWOT Gi eënvi wjLyb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1.wkív‡`¨v‡M SWOT we‡kølY cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiyb|

cvV-6 t wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡b mn‡hvwMZviaiY I Drmmg~n

(Types and Sources of Assistance for Entrepreneural Development)
D‡Ïk¨
 wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡bi mn‡hvwMZvi aviY¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡bi miKvix Drm m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡bi †emiKvix Drm m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
mvnv‡hï Drmmg~n (Sources of Assistance )
GKRb D‡`¨v³vi wewfbœai‡Yi mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv cÖ‡qvRb nq| G¸‡jv `ywU Drm †_‡K cvq| h_v 1| miKvix
mvnvh¨ I 2| †emiKvix mvnvh¨| Z‡e Avgv‡ì †`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡b miKviB g~L¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
Avm‡Q| G‡`‡ki miKvix mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv RwUj I Kó mva¨| †emiKvix Lv‡Z wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi mvnvh¨
mn‡hvwMZvi cwigvY LyeB Kg| Z‡e, Aaybv eû †emiKvix cÖwZôvb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡b †ek D`vi `„wófw½ wb‡q
GwM‡q Avm‡Q| evsjv‡`k mviKvi †ek wKQzbxwZ MÖnY K‡i‡Q †hgb: wkí I wewb‡qvM bxwZ, ivR¯^ bxwZ, ißvwb
bxwZ, wewfbœ cÖKvi AeKvVvg myweav cÖ`v‡bi bxwZ cÖZ…wZ|
wkí bxwZ: †h †Kvb †`‡ki wkí bxwZ †m †`‡ki eëmvq cÖwZôvb ¯’vc‡b I D‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡b e¨vcK f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i| G †`‡k 1982, 1986, 1991, 1999 I me©‡kl 2005 mv‡j wkíbxwZ †NvlYv Kiv nq| eëmv cÖwZôvb
M‡o DVvi myôz cwi‡ek eRvq ivL‡j, †`kxwe‡`kx D‡`¨v³v‡ì DrmvwnZ K‡i| wewfbœ myweav cÖ`vb we‡kl K‡i
gwnjv wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡b we‡kl cÖ‡Yv`bv g~jK e¨ve¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q| G m¤ú‡K© eëmvwqK cwi‡ek Aa¨v‡q
2005 mv‡ji wkíbxwZi we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY †`qv Av‡Q e‡j GLv‡b Gwel‡q Avi †ekx Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv bv|
mvnv‡hï cÖvwZôvwbK Drmmg~n
(Institutional Sources of Assistance )
wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì mvnvh¨ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ wb‡qvwRZ cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z 2fv‡e fvM Kiv hvq| h_v: 1|
miKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n I 2| †emiKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n|
miKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n (Public Institutions) : miKvix cÖwZôv‡b mg~‡ni wb‡gœ eY©bv †`qv n‡jv-
K) wewb‡qvM †evW© (Board of Investment) : wewb‡qvM †evW© bZzb wkí `ªæZ ev¯Íevq‡bi I eZ©gvb
wk‡ímnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡eb| GwU cÖavb gš¿xi †bZ…‡Z¡ Ges gš¿xeM© I mswkøó gš¿bvj‡qi
mwPeMY wb‡q G †evW© MwVZ|
wewb‡qvM †ev‡W© wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì wkí cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î AeKvVvgMZ myweav `ªæZZvi mv‡_ m¤úbœ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ wbgœ³
†ÿ‡Î GKK †mev †K›`ª (One Stop Service) myweav cÖ`vb Ki‡e: we`yr I M¨vm ms‡hvM, cvwb I cq:wb®‹vkb
ms‡hvM, Avgv`vwbK…Z hš¿vsk, Ges KvuPvgv‡ji ïé wbKvkcÎ (Kvóg wK¬qv‡iÝ), cwi‡ek ms¯’vi wbKvkcÎ Ges
†Kvb wkí `ªæZ ¯’vcb I cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Ab¨vb¨ myweav I †mev cÖ`vb| G‡ÿ‡Î wm×všÍ cÖ`vbKvix
mswkøó miKvix ms¯’v evsjv‡`k wewb‡qvM †ev‡W©i GKK †mev †K›`ª (One Stop Service) Gi mv‡_ m¤ú„³
_vK‡e|
L) evsjv‡`k Dbœqbe¨vsK (Bangladesh Development Bank): evsjv‡`k wkíe¨vsK I wkíFY ms¯’v
GwKf~Z n‡q GLb Bangladesh Development Bank n‡q KvR ïiæ K‡i‡Q|
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb e¨vsK wbgœwjwLZfv‡e mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z hv‡”Q :
 Dbœqbe¨vsK †`‡k bZzb wkí ¯’vc‡b Ges cyivZb wkí Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ FY cÖ`vb K‡i|
 Dbœqbe¨vsK wewfbœ cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni ÷K, wW‡eÂvi, FYcÎ Bmy¨ Kivi †ÿ‡Î `vq MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
 Dbœqbe¨vsK †`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i wewbgqwejmn Ab¨vb¨ n¯ÍvšÍi†hvM¨ `wjj µq weµq I evÆv K‡i _v‡K|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
 G e¨vsK wewb‡qvMKvixMY KZ„K Ab¨vb¨ m~Î n‡Z msM„nxZ FY cwi‡kv‡ai †ÿ‡Î wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i|
 Dbœqbe¨vsK cÖKí wbe©vP‡b, ev¯Íevq‡b I cwiPvjbvq wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì KvwiMwi civgk© I Ab¨vb¨
mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| wkí e¨vsK cvU wkí, e¯¿wkí, wPwbwkí, KvMRwkí, gy`ªYwkí, Pvgovwkí,
mviwkí, Lveviwkí BZ¨vw` wkí ¯’vcb I FY cª`v‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i Avm‡Q|
 ZvwjKvf~³ wkí cÖKí¸‡jv‡K mylgKiY I AvaywbwKKi‡Y Avw_©K mnvqvZv cÖ`vb K‡i|
 cvwewjK wj: †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jvi AewjLb, dvBb¨vÝ BZ¨vw`‡Z Avw_©K mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K|
 ms¯’vi ZvwjKvf~³ wkí cÖKí¸‡jvi g‡a¨ iæMœ cÖKímg~‡ni wbqš¿Y, c~Y©evmb I bZzbfv‡e ïiæ Kivi
Rb¨ Avw_©K mnvqZv Kiv|
 wkívqb, M‡elYv I wkí m¤ú©wKZ civgk© cÖ`vb Kiv|
evsjv‡`k Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki A_©vq‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wkíLvZ¸‡jv e¯¿ wkí, cvU wkí, wPwb wkí, KvMR wkí, mvi wkí,
BZ¨vw`|
M) evsjv‡`k cyuwR wewb‡qvM ms¯’v (Investment Corporation of Bangladesh): 1976 mv‡j ICB cÖwZwôZ
nq| G ms¯’vi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wbgœiƒc:
1| wewb‡qvM †ÿ‡Î Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv| 2| cyuwR evRv‡ii Dbœq‡b mnvh¨ Kiv| 3| mÂq‡K Drcv`b Kv‡R
jvMv‡bv| 4| cyuwR MVbg~jK Kv‡R mnvqZv Kiv|
G ms¯’vwU †`‡k wkí weKv‡k wbgœwjwLZfv‡e mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K:
1. AvÛvi ivBwUs Gi wfwË‡Z eªxR FY cÖ`vb Kiv|
2. ‡kqvi wewb‡qvMKvix‡ì wnmve cwiPvjbv I msiÿY Kiv|
3. wgDPz¨qvj dv‡Ûi evRviRvZKiY I eë¯’vcbv Kiv|
4. BDwbU mvwU©wd‡KU weµq I Zvi weeiY cÖbqb Kiv| Ges
5. ÷K G·‡P‡Äi †kqvi µq Ges weµ‡qi mv‡_ mwµqfv‡e Ask †bqv|
evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªvqZ¡ e¨vsKmg~n (Nationalised Commercial Banks of Bangladesh)

evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b wZbwU miKvix evwYwR¨K e¨vsK i‡q‡Q hv wj:†Kv¤úvbx‡Z iƒcvšÍ‡ii cÖwµqvaxb| h_v: †mvbvjx
e¨vsK, RbZv e¨vsK I AMÖbx e¨vsK | G e¨vsK¸‡jv mviv †`‡k kvLvi gva¨‡g evrmwiK PjwZ g~jab cÖ`vb Kivi
cvkvcvwk wbgœwjwLZ mvnvhÏ K‡i _v‡K:
ivóªvqË e¨vsK wkívq‡b A_© FY w`‡q _v‡K, eëmv evwY‡Rï cÖmv‡i mvnvh¨ K‡i, K„wl wkí Dbœqb, g~jab MVb I
FYcÎ cÖPj‡bi gva¨‡g wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡ì mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K|
evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK: evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK K…wlDbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk K…wl wk‡í ¯^í I `xN© †gqv`x FY w`‡q _v‡K|
ivRkvnx K…wl Dbœqb e¨vsK: 1986 mv‡j G e¨vs‡Ki Rb¥ nq| G e¨vsK ivRkvnx wefv‡Mi AvIZvaxb evsjv‡`k
K…wl e¨vs‡Ki b¨q K…wl wk‡í ¯^í I `xN© †gqv`x FY w`‡q _v‡K|
e¨vsK Ae ¯§j BÛvw÷ªR GÛ Kgvm© evsjv‡`k wj: (Bank of Small Industries and Commerce
Bangladesh Ltd. (BISC):
GwU 1989 mv‡j cªwZwôZ nq| G e¨vs‡Ki ‡gvU cÖ`Ë F‡Yi 50% ÿy`ª I KzwUi wk‡íi Rb¨ eivÏ Kiv
eva¨Zvg~jK Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b gvBµ G›Uvi‡cÖBR Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ gvB‡µv †µwWU Kg©m~Px MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
G e¨vsK †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b kvLvi gva¨‡g ¯^í I `xN© †gqv`x FY w`‡q _v‡K|

evsjv‡`k ÿy`ª I KzwUi wkí ms¯’v(wewmK)

(Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries Corproration)
G ms¯’vwU ÿz`ª I KzwUi wk‡í ¯^í I `xN© †gqv`x FY w`‡q _v‡K| KvuPvgvj I hš¿cvwZ µ‡q mnvqZv I KvwiMwi
civgk© cÖ`vb K‡i| G ms¯’vi Kvh©vejx wbgœiƒc:
G ms¯’v e¨w³ ch©v‡q m‡e©v”P 4 jvÿ I †Kv¤úvbx ev mgevq mwgwZ‡K 15 j‡ÿ¨ UvKv ch©š‘ FY w`‡Z cv‡i|
 ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí ¯’vc‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© w`‡q _v‡K|
 ÿz`ª I KzwUi wk‡íi Drcvw`Z c‡Yï evRviRvZ Ki‡Z mnvqZv `vb K‡i|
 ÿz`ª I KzwUi wk‡íi Rb¨ KuvPvgvj msMÖn I msiÿ‡Yi eë¯’v K‡i|
 ÿy`ª I KzwUi wk‡í wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK‡ì `ÿZv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwkÿ‡Yi mvwe©K mnvqZv K‡i|
ißvwb Dbœqb ey‡iv (Export Promotion Bureau)

G ms¯’vwU evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwYR¨ Dbœqb I cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ g~L¨f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| ißvwb Dbœqb ey‡iv
evsjv‡`‡ki ißvwb evwYR¨ cÖmv‡i wbgœwjwLZ KvR¸‡jv K‡i _v‡K:
 ‡`‡ki evB‡i wbR †`‡ki c‡Yï cÖPvi I cÖmvi Kiv|
 ‡`‡ki evwYR¨ Pzw³ I jÿ¨gvÎv wba©viY Kiv|
 ‡`‡ki ißvwb bxwZ I ißvwbi cwigvY wba©vi‡Y miKvi‡K civgk©`vb|
 ‡`‡ki ißvwb wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ DcvË msMÖn Kiv|
 ‡`‡ki ißvwb Dbœq‡b M‡elYv cwiPvjbv Kiv|
‡UªwWs K‡c©v‡ikb Ae evsjv‡`k (Trading Corporation of Bangladesh. (TCB))

cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j cÖ_g 1957 mv‡j †UªwWs K‡c©v‡ikb Ae cvwK¯Ívb miKvwi cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e hvÎv ïiæ K‡i|
cieZ©x 1972 mv‡j GwU‡K Trading Corporation of Bangladesh. (TCB) bvgKiY Kiv nq| wUwmwe
wbgœ³fv‡e mnvqZv `vb K‡i _v‡K:
 miKv‡ii c‡ÿ ê‡`wkK eëmv cwiPvjbv K‡i|
 ‡`‡ki evB‡ii †`k¸‡jvi mv‡_ eëmv msµvšÍ Pzw³ Kiv|
 we‡`k †_‡K cY¨ Avg`vwb K‡i weµq Kiv|
 we‡`‡k cY¨ ißvwbi eë¯’v Kiv|
evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvm© GÛ †Uwós BÝwUwUDkb

(Bangladesh Standared and Testing Institute)
G cÖwZôv‡bi g~j jÿ¨ n‡jv Drcvw`Z c‡Yï gvb wbqš¿Y Kiv| ‡`kx I we‡`kx evRv‡i †`‡ki Drcvw`Z cY¨
cÖwZ‡qvwMZvq wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i Zvi Rb¨ c‡Yï gvb GKwU Kvg¨ ¯Í‡i ivLv|
G ms¯’vwU wbgœwjwLZ KvR K‡i _v‡K:
 cY¨ `ª‡eï mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ Av`k©gvb wba©viY Kiv|
 ‡`‡k I AvšÍ©RvwZK ch©v‡q Gme gv‡bi eënvi wbwðZ Kiv|
 cY¨ `ªe¨ cwµqvi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ gvb wPý wbeÜ‡bi eë¯’v Kiv|
 eëmvevwY‡R¨ gvb wbqš¿Y I mnRxKiY I DbœwZ weavb Kiv|
G ms¯’v RvZxq †ÿ‡Î gvb wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ 6 wU wWwfkbvj Kvh©vjq MVb K‡i‡Q| hv wbgœiƒc: K…wl I Lv`¨,
†KwgK¨vjm, B‡jvKwUªK¨vj, cvU I e¯¿, wewìs miÄvgv`x I BwÄwbqvwis miÄvgv`x|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Avg`vwb I ißvwb wbqš¿‡Ki `ßi (Controller of Import and Exports)

G `ßiwU eëmv evwY‡R¨ D‡`¨v³v‡ì wbgœwjwLZ wel‡q mnvqZv `vb K‡i|
 cY¨ Avg`vwbi j‡ÿ¨ D‡`¨v³v‡ì jvB‡mÝ cÖ`vb|
 ‡`‡k Avg`vwb ißvwbi cwigvY msµvšÍ Z_¨ cÖ`b|
 D‡`¨v³v‡ì KvuPvgvj, hš¿cvwZ, I LyPiv hš¿vsk cÖf„wZ Avg`vwbi jvB‡mÝ cª`vb|
 cY¨ ißvwbKviK‡ì ißvwb wbeÜb cÎ cÖ`vb Kiv|
 D‡`¨v³v‡ì Avg`vwb ißvwb msµvšÍ wel‡q mvwe©K mnvqZv `vb Kiv|
evsjv‡`k wkí KvwiMwi mvnvh¨ ‡K›`ª (weUvK)

(Bangladesh Industrial Technical Assistance Centre-BITAC)
evsjv‡`‡k bZzb wkí ¯’vcb Ges Dbœq‡b G ms¯’vwU wbgœ³fv‡e mnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K:
 wk‡í Drc`bkxjZv e„w× KiY|
 cÖKvkbv, †mwgbvi, Av‡jvPbv, cÖ`k©b, BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g D‡`v³v‡ì‡K AvaywbK I DbœZ cÖhyw³i mv‡_
cwiPq NwU‡q †`qv|
evsjv‡`k weÁvb I wkí M‡elYv cwil`

(Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Induatrial Research -BCSIR)
G cwil` weÁvb I wkí M‡elYv †ÿ‡Î wbgœ³fv‡e mnvqZv `vb Ki‡Q:
 bZzb Avwe®‹vi I D™¢veb m¤ú‡K© aviYv †`qv|
 bZzb cY¨ I cÖwµqv Ges cwil‡ì D™¢veb I Avwe®‹v‡ii ev¯Íe cÖ‡qv‡Mi aviYv †`qv|
 ‡`kxq cÖhyw³ I cÖwµqvi D™¢veb, Dbœqb I cÖmvi NUvb|
 ‡Kvb bZzb D™¢veb I Avwe®‹v‡ii evRviRvZKi‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv|
 D‡`¨v³v‡ì M‡elYvg~jK Z_¨ cÖ`vb Kiv BZ¨vw` fv‡e G cwil`wU 1973 mvj †_‡K wk‡í mnvqZv K‡i
Avm‡Q|
evsjv‡`k cvIqvi †W‡fvjc‡g›U †evW© (BPDB) Ges iæivj B‡jKwUªwd‡Kkb †evW© (REB)
G `ywU ms¯’v wkíKviLvbvq we`y¨r mieivn Kivi gva¨v‡g eëmv‡qi PvKv mPj ivLvi wbijm †Póv K‡i hv‡”Q|
evsjv‡`k BbwówUDU Ae g¨v‡bRg¨v›U (Bangladesh Institute of Management -BIM)

G cÖwZôvbwU eëmv‡qi D‡`¨v³vDbœqb cÖwkÿY, eëmv cwiPvjbv cÖwkÿY, gvbe m¤ú` eë¯’vcbv cÖwkÿY, wkí
m¤úK© eë¯’vcbv, BZ¨vw` wel‡q cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g eëmvwqK cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ `ÿ Rbkw³ ˆZwi K‡i _v‡K|
G Qvov wewfbœ mvaviY I KvwiMwi wek¦we`¨vjq, †fv‡Kkbvj cÖwkÿY cÖwZôvb cÖf„wZ bvbvfv‡e KvwiMwi wkÿv`v‡bi
gva¨‡g `ÿRbkw³ M‡o Zzj‡Q|
†emiKvix LvZ (Private Sector)

miKvix Lv‡Zi cvkvcvwk eZ©gv‡b †ek wKQz †emiKvix cÖwZôvb wkí ¯’vcb I Dbœq‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb
K‡i Avm‡Q| G‡ì g‡a¨ cÖwkÿY, A_©vqb, †mev I civgk©g~jK Ges KvwiMwi mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i Avm‡Q| wb‡gœ
wkí ¯’vcb I Dbœq‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Aev`vbKvix †emiKvix cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© eY©bv †`qv n‡jv:
†emiKvix e¨vsK mg~n (Private Commercial Bank): †`‡k eZ©gv‡b eû evwYwR¨K e¨vsK wk‡í A_© mnvqZv
I Avg`vwb ißvwb‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡Q| †hgb Avevi evsjv‡`k e¨vsK, b¨vkbvj e¨vsK wj:, w` wmwU e¨vsK wj:,
BDbvB‡UW Kg©vwmqvj e¨vsK wj:, Bmjvgx e¨vsK evsjv‡`k wj:, kvnvRvjvj e¨vsK wj:, c~evjx e¨vsK wj:, DËiv
e¨vsK wj:, XvKv e¨vsK wj:, AvB Gd AvB wm e¨vsK wj:, cÖvBg e¨vsK wj:, eªvK e¨vsK wj:, ÷vÛvW© e¨vsK wj:,
BZ¨vw`|

we‡`kx ‡emiKvix e¨vsK¸‡jvi g‡a¨, Av‡gwiKvb G·‡cÖm e¨vsK, MÖxb‡jR e¨vsK, ÷vÛvW© PvUvW© e¨vsK, nvwee
e¨vsK wj:, e¨vsK Ae B‡›`vmy‡qR, wmwU e¨vsK BZ¨vw`|
GmKj evwYwR¨K e¨vsK¸‡jv g~jab MVb, wkívqb, evwYR¨ cÖmvi, cyuwRi ¯^íZv `~ixKiY, FY cÖ‡Îi cÖPjb, Gj
wm cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` fv‡e eëmv evwY‡R¨ mnvqZv Ki‡Q|
exgv †Kv¤úvbx (Insurance Company)

evsjv‡`‡k mvaviY exgv I Rxebexgv bv‡g `ywU miKvix exgvi cvkvcvwk †emiKvix I we‡`kx exgv †Kv¤úvbx
wewfbœfv‡e eëmv‡q mnvqZv w`‡”Q|
‡emiKvivx Rxebexgvi g‡a¨ †Wëv jvBd BwÝ‡iÝ, Av‡gwiKvb jvBd BwÝ‡iÝ, b¨vkbvj jvBd BwÝ‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx,
mÜvbx jvBd BwÝ‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx, †gNbv jvBd BwÝ‡iÝ, dviBó Bmjvgx Rxeb exgv †Kv¤úvbx BZ¨vw`| Avevi
mvaviY exgvi †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`k †Rbv‡ij BwÝ‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx, ccyji BwÝ‡iÝ †Kv¤úvbx, MÖxb †Wëv BwÝ‡iÝ
‡Kv¤úvbx BZ¨vw`|
exgv ‡Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv eëmvq †ÿ‡Î wbgœiƒcfv‡e mnvqZv `vb K‡i:
Kvievi cÖwZôvb‡K iÿv K‡i, Kvievix‡K iÿv K‡i, Kviev‡ii A_© mieivn K‡i, SzuwK n«vm K‡i BZ¨vw` fv‡e
exgv †Kv¤úvbx eëmv evwY‡R¨ mvnvh¨ K‡i Avm‡Q|
BÛvw÷ªqvj †Wf‡jU‡g›U wjwRs †Kv¤úvbx Ae evsjv‡`k

(Industrial Development Leasing Company of Bangladesh)
1985 mv‡j †`kx I we‡`kx †hŠ_ D‡`¨v‡M cÖwZwôZ nq| g~j jÿ¨ n‡jv wkí cÖwZôvb wjR wb‡q Drcv`b Ae¨vnZ
ivLv, GwU GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ †Kvb †Kv¤úvbxi mKj `vq`vwqZ¡ enb K‡i| Gi KvR n‡jv wkí Dbœq‡bi
†ÿ‡Î wewb‡qvM DrmvwnZ Kiv Ges ‰e‡`wkK cyuwR MV‡bi †ÿ‡Î Drmvn cÖ`vb Kiv|
MÖvgxY e¨vsK: MªvgxY e¨vsK MÖ‡gi `wi`ª †jvK‡ì g‡a¨ FY cÖ`vb K‡i D‡`¨v³v Dbœ‡q‡b mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i
Avm‡Q| cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv G‡Z †Kvb RvgvbZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq bv| GwUi Kvh©µg ïiæ nq 1976 mv‡j PÆMÖvg
†Rjvi †Rveiv MÖv‡g| mvd‡jï Kvi‡Y 1979 m‡bi b‡f¤î gv‡m Uv½vBj †Rjv‡ZI MÖvgxY e¨vs‡Ki Kvh©µg ïiæ
nq| 1983 m‡bi 2 A‡±vei miKvi MÖvgxY e¨vsK Aa¨v‡`k Rvwii gva¨‡g GwU‡K GKwU ¯^Zš¿ e¨vsK wn‡m‡e
iƒc`vb K‡i| eZ©gv‡b GwU GKwU ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ we‡kl A_©jMœKvix cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| Gi cÖe³v
Aa¨vcK W: †gv: BDbym| whwb 2008 mv‡j kwšÍ‡Z †bv‡ej cyiæ¯‹vi cvb|
wkí I ewYK mwgwZ (Chamber of Commerce and Industries)

‡`‡ki wewfbœ AÂj ev †Rjvi eëmvqx I wkícwZMY wb‡R‡ì ¯^v_© iÿv I AÂ‡ji eëmv‡qi DbœwZ weavbK‡í
†¯^”Qvq GKwÎ n‡q wkí I ewYK mwgwZ M‡o D‡V‡Q| GwU eëmvqx‡ì †¯^”Qvg~jK msMVb| GUv‡K ewYK mwgwZI
ejv nq| GLb ewYK mwgwZi wbeÜb Ki‡Z nq| wb‡gœv³fv‡e wkí I ewYK mwgwZ mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K:
 eëmvq msµvšÍ hveZxq Z_¨, msev`, I cwimsL¨vb msMÖn Kiv|
 eëmvq welqK cvVvMvi cwiPvjbv Kiv|
 m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ gZ cv_©Kï mvwjkx eë¯’v Kiv|
 m`m¨‡ì †UªWgvK© I †c‡U›U msµvšÍ AwaKvi iÿv Kiv|
 c‡Yï gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ M‡elYv Kg©cwiPvjbv Kiv|
 eëmvqx‡ì ¯^v_© iÿvi Rb¨ miKv‡ii mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Kiv|
 eëmvq msµvšÍ wel‡q miKvi‡K civgk© I Z_¨ mieivn Kiv BZ¨vw`|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvVms‡ÿc
GKRb D‡`¨v³vi wewfbœai‡Yi mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv cÖ‡qvRb nq| G¸‡jv `ywU Drm †_‡K cvq| h_v 1| miKvix
mvnvh¨ I 2| †emiKvix mvnvh¨| Z‡e Avgv‡ì †`‡k wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡b miKviB g~L¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
Avm‡Q| G‡`‡ki miKvix mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv RwUj I Kó mva¨| †emiKvix Lv‡Z wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi mvnvh¨
mn‡hvwMZvi cwigvY LyeB Kg| Z‡e, Aaybv eû †emiKvix cÖwZôvb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Dbœq‡b †ek D`vi `„wófw½ wb‡q
GwM‡q Avm‡Q| evsjv‡`k miKvi †ek wKQzbxwZ MÖnY K‡i‡Q †hgb: wkí I wewb‡qvM bxwZ, ivR¯^ bxwZ, ißvwb
bxwZ, wewfbœ cÖKvi AeKvVvg myweav cÖ`v‡bi bxwZ cÖZ…wZ| miKvix cÖwZôvbmg~n n‡jv; wewb‡qvM †evW©, evsjv‡`k
Dbœqb e¨vsK, evsjv‡`k cyuwR wewb‡qvM ms¯’v, evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªvqZ¡ e¨vsKmg~n, evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK, evsjv‡`k
ÿy`ª I KzwUi wkí ms¯’v (wewmK), ißvwb Dbœqb ey‡iv, ‡UªwWs K‡c©v‡ikb Ae evsjv‡`k|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ
1. evsjv‡`k wkí I M‡elYv cwil` wK?
2. evsjv‡`k BbwówUDU Ae g¨v‡bRg¨v›U wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. miKvix mvnv‡h¨Kvix cÖwZôvbmgy†ni Drmmg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
2. evsjv‡`k ÿy`ª I KzwUi wkí ms¯’vi(wewmK) eY©bv w`b|
3. evsjv‡`k ÷¨vÛvm© GÛ †Uwós BÝwUwUDk‡bi KvR wK?
4. †emiKvix Lv‡Zi eY©bv w`b?

¶z`ª eëmvq
BDwbU
4
ÿy`ª eëmvq
(Small Business)
ÿz`ªB my›ì, Zv †h †Kvb †ÿ‡ÎB †nvK bv †Kb| eZ©gv‡b mviv we‡k¦ Avgiv †h mg¯Í e„n`vqZb eëmvq cÖwZôvb
†`wL Zv‡ì mdjZvi wcQ‡b i‡q‡Q wKš‘ ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi nvZ| A_©vr ÿz`ª eëvmv‡qi mdjZvi d‡jB M‡o D‡V‡Q
e„n`vqZb eëmvq Ges eëmvi RM‡Z G‡K Ac‡ii cwic~iK wn‡m‡e cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb Ki‡Q|
GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi f~wgKv AZxe ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| we‡kl K‡i Avgv‡ì g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj
†`‡k Gi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡iv e¨vcK| Avgv‡ì †`‡k Av‡Q nvRvi nvRvi cÖK…wZi ÿz`ª eëmvq| Avgiv hw` Pxb I
Rvcv‡bi g‡Zv DbœZ †`‡ki w`‡K jÿ¨ Kwi, Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡e †h †m‡`k¸‡jv‡Z e„nZvqZb eëmv‡qi e¨vcK
cÖmvi N‡U‡Q Ges Gi wcQ‡b wKš‘ i‡q‡Q ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Ae¯’vb| we‡k¦i me DbœZ †`‡ki eo eëmv‡qi cÖmv‡ii
cvkvcvwk ÿz`ª eëmv‡qiI Dbœqb NU‡Q e¨vcKfv‡e| ZvB GK_v Avgv‡ì A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB †h, †h †Kvb
†`‡ki A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| GB BDwb‡U Avgiv ÿz`ª eëmvq m¤ú‡K©
we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Rvb‡ev|
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-73

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-1 t ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi BwZnvm, msÁv Ges êwkó¨

(History, Definition and Characteristics of Small Business)
D‡Ïk¨
 ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi BwZnvm eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi êwkó¨¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi BwZnvm (History of Small Business)
ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© †Zgb †Kvb cwi¯‹vi aviYv bv cvIqv †M‡jI A‡bK BwZnvmwe` g‡b K‡ib †h, ÿz`ª
eëmv‡qi m„wó n‡qwQj cÖvq 4000 eQi Av‡M, hLb e¨vsKviMY my‡ì wewbg‡q FY cÖ`vb ïiæ K‡i Ges ÿz`ª
D‡`¨³vMY Kg g~‡j¨ †µZv‡ì AwaK myweav cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ memgq wb‡R‡ì †K bZzbZ¡ D™¢ve‡b wb‡qvwRZ
ivL‡Zv|
cÖvPxbKvj t cÖvPxbKv‡jI ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi cÖPjb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi cÖPjb †h Avie, e¨vwejwbq,
wgkwiq, MÖxK Ges ‡ivgvb mf¨ZvqI wQj, Zvi cÖgvYI cvIqv hvq wewfbœ †ÿÎ †_‡K| Z‡e H mgq †ekxifvM
cY¨mvgMÖx wQj AwZ wbgœ gv‡bi e‡j ZLb ÿz`ª eëmvq m¤ú‡K© gvby‡li Lvivc avibv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq Ges †m aviYv
cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ e¨vwej‡bi ivRv nv¤§yivwe L„.c„. 2100 m‡b wKQz c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡ib| wZwb †µZv Ges
eëmvwq‡ì ¯^v_© msiÿ‡bi Rb¨ wZbkZ wbqg m¤^wjZ GKwU AvBb cÖYqb K‡ib| Kv‡ji weeZ©‡b H wbqg¸‡jv
nvwi‡q ‡M‡jI Zv GLbI msiwÿZ Av‡Q c¨vwi‡mi jyfvi hv`yN‡i hv Avgv‡ì ¯îY Kwi‡q †`q ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi
BwZnvm|
ga¨hyM t ga¨hy‡MI ÿy`ª eëmv‡qi wKQz BwZnvm jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| ga¨hy‡M †ivgvb K¨v_wjKMY ÿz`ª eëmvqx‡ì †K
Lye wbPz Ges Aavwg©K g‡b KiZ| Aek¨ Gi wcQ‡b wKQz hyw³msMZ KviY wQj|| Zvn‡jv ÿz`ª eëmvqxiv ZLb
c‡Yï gvb Dbœq‡bi Dci ¸iæZ¡ bv w`‡q †ewk g~‡j¨ cY¨ weµq mvgMÖx weµq KiZ|
AvaywbK Kvj t mg‡qi weeZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q eZ©gv‡b ÿz`ª eëmvq GKwU m¤§bRbK I gnvb †ckv wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ
n‡q‡Q| GB eëmv‡q ïay D‡`¨v³v‡ì†KB ¯^-Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM †`qwb eis Ab¨‡ì‡KI Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM
m„wó K‡i w`‡q‡Q| ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi eZ©gvb mdjZvi †cQ‡b ZrKvwjb Av‡gwiKvb †cÖwm‡W›U wRwg KvU©vi Gi
Ae`vb A¯^xKvi Kivi bq| KviY wZwb 1980 m‡b †nvqvBU nvB‡R ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Dci GKwU m‡¤§jb K‡i `ywU
AvBb cÖbqY K‡ib, hv ÿz`ª eëmvqx‡ì cieZx©‡Z AwaK m¤§v‡b m¤§vwbZ K‡i|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, cÖvPxb Kvj n‡Z A`ëwa ÿ`ª eëmv‡qi cÖ_v Pvjy Av‡Q Ges fwel¨‡Z Zv Av‡iv m¤§vbRbK
†ckv wn‡m‡e Pvjy _vK‡e| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`k mn we‡k¦i †h †Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Ae`vb
i‡q‡Q me‡P‡q †ekx|
ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi msÁv (Definition of Small Business)

‡h †Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b eëmvq evwb‡Rï f~wgKv Acwimxg| Avi GB eëmvq evwb‡Rï wmsnfvM
Ry‡oB i‡q‡Q ÿz`ª eëmvq| AvKvi AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K †QvU n‡jI GB ai‡bi eëmvq eëmvwqK RM‡Z
†ekxifvM ¯’vb `Lj K‡i i‡q‡Q|
mvavibfv‡e ejv hvq ‡h, mKj eëmvq cÖwZôvb Aí cu~wR, ÿz`ª AvqZb, ¯’vbxq KuvPvgvj Ges Aí msL¨K Kg©Pvix
wb‡q MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq Zv‡K ÿz`ª eëmvq e‡j| GB ai‡bi eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi gyja‡bi cwigvb
Kg weavq Drcv`b I e›Ub cÖbvjxI Aí cwim‡i mxgve× _v‡K|
DbœZ †`‡k †h mg¯Í eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K ÿy`ª eëmvq ejv nq Avgv‡ì g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k nq‡Zv †m¸‡jv
e„n`vqZb eëmvq bv‡g cwiwPZ| †hgb- hy³iv‡ó 500 Gi Kg msL¨K Kgx© wb‡q MwVZ eëmvq‡K ÿz`ª eëmvq

¶z`ª eëmvq
ejv nq| Avgv‡ì †`‡k †h mg¯Í eëmv‡q wewb‡qv‡Mi cwigvb Rwgi g~j¨ e¨wZZ wZb †KvwU UvKvi AwaK bq
Zv‡KB ejv n‡”Q ÿz`ª eëmvq|
hv‡nvK ÿz`ª eëmvq m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe` I eëmvqx‡ì g‡a¨ wØgZ _vK‡jI wb‡gœ ÿz`ª eëvmvq m¤ú‡K©
wKQz msÁv Zz‡j aiv n‡jvt-
ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi AvBb 1953 (BD.Gm.G)t G ÿz`ª eëmvq m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q †h, Òÿz`ª eëmv n‡jv †mB eëmvq
hvi gvwjKvbv Ges cwiPvjbv ¯^vaxb Ges Kvh©‡ÿ‡Î GwU †Zgb cÖfvekvjx bqÓ|
‡evëb wi‡cvU© 1971 (BD.†K)t G ejv n‡q‡Q, Ò‡h dvg© Zvi evRv‡i Zzjbvg~jK fv‡e ÿz`ª As‡ki mieivnKvix,
GwU Zvi ¯^xq gvwjK Øviv cwiPvwjZ I ¯^vaxb Ges hv Ab¨ †Kvb e„nr dv‡g©i Awab¯Í bqÓ|
evsjv‡`‡ki wkí bxwZ 1999 G ejv n‡q‡Q, Òÿz`ª wkí ej‡Z †evSvq †mBme wkí cÖwZôvb‡K †hLv‡b 50
R‡biI Kg kªwgK KvR K‡i (KzwUi wk‡íi g‡Zv cwiev‡ii †jvKRb bq) Ges/A_ev ¯’vqx cu~wRi cwigvb 10
†KvwU UvKvi Kg|Ó
me‡k‡l ejv hvq, ÿz`ª eëmvq n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi eëmvq cÖwZôvb hvi gvwjKvbv I eë¯’vcbv ¯^vaxb Ges hv
¯’vbxq GjvKvq cÖwZwôZ n‡q ¯’vbxq KuvPvgvj eënvi K‡i Drcvw`Z cY¨ ¯’vbxq evRv‡iB weµq K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k
G eëmv‡q wb‡qvRxZ Kgx©i msL¨v 50 R‡bi Kg|
ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi êwkó¨ (Characteristics of Small Business)

ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi msÁv †_‡K ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Ggb wKQz êwkó¨ Ly‡R cvIqv hvq, hvi mvnv‡h¨ †h †Kvb gvSvix I e„nr
cÖwZôvb n‡Z mn‡RB ÿz`ª eëmvq †K Avjv`v Kiv hvq| wb‡P ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Ggb wKQz êwkó¨ Zz‡j aiv n‡jvt-
1| ¯^í g~jab (Small Capital): ¯^í g~jab ÿy`ª eëmv‡qi GKwU Ab¨Zg êwkó¨| G eëmv‡qi g~jab
gvSvix I eo cÖwZôv‡bi g‡Zv AwaK bv n‡q mxwgZ AvKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K|
2| ¯^í †gqv`x cwiKíbv (Short-term Plan): cwiKíbvi †ÿ‡Î ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi ¯^Zš¿ êwkó¨ jÿ¨ Kiv
hvq| ÿz`ª AvK…wZi cÖwZóvb nIqvq Ges ¯^íKvjxb jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ M‡o DVvi Kvi‡Y GB eëmv‡qi cÖvq
mKj cwiKíbv ¯^í †gqv`x n‡q _v‡K|
3| mnR wbqš¿b (Easy of Control): G eëmvq Ab¨ eëmvq n‡Z wbqš¿Y Kiv mnR| GLv‡b kªwgK Kgx©i
msL¨v me©vwaK 50 R‡b mxgve× _vKvq Ges gvwj‡Ki mivmwi wbqš¿‡b cwiPvwjZ nIqvq GLv‡b †h †Kvb
iKg wePz¨wZ mn‡RB aiv c‡i| d‡j wbqš¿Y KvR mnR nq|
4| ¯^vaxb eë¯’vcbv (Independent Management): GB eëmv‡qi Ab¨Zg GKwU êwkó¨ n‡jv,
eë¯’vcbvi ‡ÿ‡Î GwU †ek ¯^vaxbZv †fvM K‡i| gvwjK wb‡RB G eëmv‡qi eë¯’vcbv Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ
_v‡K e‡j Zvi iæwP, cQ›`, fve-aviv BZ¨vwì cÖfve eë¯’vcbvq jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
5| GjvKv wfwËK Kvh©µg (Area Based Function): ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Kvh©µg g~jZ GKwU wbw`©ó GjvKvq
MwÛfyZ _v‡K| ÿy`ª eëmv‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨B n‡jv ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v I cÖ‡qvRb cyi‡Yi Rb¨ wb‡R‡K
wb‡qvwRZ ivLv|
6| Kg msL¨K kªwgK Kgx© (Small Number of Employees): ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Ab¨ GKwU êwkó¨ n‡jv Gi
kªwgK msL¨v AZ¨šÍ Kg n‡q _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡k ÿz`ª eëmv‡q wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK Kgx©i msL¨v 50 R‡bi Kg
n‡q _v‡K|
7| ¯’vbxq KuvPvgv‡ji eënvi (Use of Local Raw Materials): GB eëmv‡q ¯’vbxqfv‡e Drcvw`Z
KuvPvgvj eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| ÿz`ª eëmvq mvaviYZ ¯’vbxq KuvPvgv‡ji Dci wbf©i K‡iB MwVZ nq|
Z‡e KLbI KLbI cÖ‡qvR‡b KuvPvgvj evwn‡i †_‡KI Avg`vbx Kiv nq, hwÌ Zv AwZ bMY¨|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
8| AvaywbK cÖhyw³i Afve (Lack of Modern Technology): c„w_exi cÖvq me RvqMvq ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi
†ÿ‡Î AvaywbK cÖhyw³i Afve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| eZ©gvb mg‡q wKQz wKQz ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î AvaywbK
cÖhyw³i eënvi jÿ¨ Kiv †M‡jI †ekxifvM †ÿ‡ÎB g~ja‡bi Afv‡e Zv e¨vcKfv‡e eënvi Kiv m¤¢e nq
bv|
9| Kg AvBbMZ AvbyóvwbKZv (Low Formalities of Law): ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi MVY, wbqš¿b, cwiPvjbv,
eë¯’vcbv m¤cÖmviY Ges we‡jvc mva‡b †h mg¯Í AvBbMZ AvbyóvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq Zv e„n`vqZb
cÖwZôvb n‡Z G‡Kev‡iB Kg| ZvB ejv hvq †h, ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î Kg AvBbMZ w`K cvjb Ki‡Z nq|
10| ÿz`ª AvqZ‡bi eëmvq (Small Size of Business): ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi AvqZb gvSvix I e„n`vqZb eëmvq
A‡cÿv A‡bK †QvU nq| ¯^í g~jab, Kg msL¨K kªwgK-Kg© Aí cwim‡i hš¿cvwZi eënvi cÖf„wZ
welq¸‡jv ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi AvqZb‡K A‡bK †QvU K‡i‡Q|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †k‡l ejv hvq †h, ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi g‡a¨ Ggb wKQz êwkó¨ we`¨gvb hv Ab¨‡Kvb eëmvq †`Lv
hvq bv| ïay ZvB bq GB êwkó¨¸‡jv ÿz`ª e¨vcvi‡K gvSvix I e„n`ªvqZb eëmvq †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i‡Q|
cvV ms‡ÿc
†h mg¯Í eëmvq cÖwZôvb ¯^í cyuwR AvqZb Ges AímsL¨K Kg©Pvix wb‡q MwVZ, cwiPvwiZ I wbqwš¿Z nq Zv‡K
ÿz` eëmvq e‡j| GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi cvkvcvwk ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi
¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| †mB cÖvPxb Kvj n‡Z A`¨vewa ch©šÍ wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î ÿz`ª eëmvq mdjZvi mv‡_ mviv
we‡k¦ eëmv‡qi bvbviKg êwkó¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G¸‡jv n‡jv ¯^í g~jab, ¯^í †gqv`x cwiKíbv, mnR wbqš¿Y,
¯^vaxb eë¯’vcbv, Kg msL¨K kªwgK Kgx©, ¯’vbxq KvPvgv‡ji eënvi BZ¨vw`|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ
1. ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi msÁv w`b|
2. ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi BwZnvm ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi êwkó¨¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. ÿz`ª eëmvq ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb? ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi êwkó¨¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|

¶z`ª eëmvq
cvV-2 t ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi m¤¢vebv I †kªbx wefvM

(Prospects and Classififation of Small Business)
D‡Ïk¨
 ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi m¤¢vebv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ÿy`ª eëmv‡qi †kªbx wefvM eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi m¤¢vebv (Prospects of Small Business)
Avgiv gv‡S gv‡S e‡j _vwK ÿz`ª eëmvq n‡jv A_©bxwZi D¾¡j bÿÎ A_©vr ÿz`ª eëmvq †mB cÖvPxb Kvj n‡Z
ïiæ n‡q A`¨veax ch©šÍ mKj A_©bxwZ‡Z mybv‡gi mv‡_ wU‡K Av‡Q| mviv we‡k¦ †Zv e‡UB evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv
Dbœqbkxj †`‡kI G eëmv‡qi Acwimxg fywgKv i‡q‡Q | †h †Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi
i‡q‡Q Acvi m¤¢vebv| wb‡P ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi m¤¢vebvq bvbvb w`K ¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1| cwieZ©‡b mvov cÖ`vb (Awareness to Change): †h †Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK DÌvb-cZb n‡jv GKwU
¯^vfvweK welq| A_©‰bwZK Giæc cUcwieZ©‡b eëmvq evwb‡R¨ †h e¨vcK cwieZ©b jÿ¨ Kiv hvq †m
†ÿ‡Î e„n`vqZb eëmv‡qi †P‡q ÿz`ª eëmvq Lye ZvovZvwo mvov cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2| Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM (Opportunity of Employment): GB K_v‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB †eKvi Rb‡Mvwôi
GKwU weivU Ask Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM wn‡m‡e ÿz`ª eëmvq‡K †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q| †h †Kvb †`‡ki †eKvi mgm¨v
mvgvav‡b A_©vr Kg© ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó‡Z ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Ae`vb jÿŸxq| GB eëmvi D‡`¨v³v †hgb-
wb‡Ri cwievi-cwiRb‡ì Kg©ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v K‡i †Zgwb Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³‡ì wb‡qvM`v‡bi gva¨‡g †eKvi
mgm¨vq RR©wiZ‡ì Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó K‡i|
3| cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì Kvh©Ki eënvi (Proper Use of Natural Resources): GKwU †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK
Dbœq‡bi Ab¨Zg GKwU w`K n‡jv cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì h_vh_ eënvi| ÿz`ª eëmvq †h‡nZz ¯’vbxq
KuvPvgv‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i‡Q M‡o D‡V| ZvB ‡h †`‡k †h cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` †ekx cvIqv hvq †mB ai‡bi
ÿz`ª wkí ZZ †ekx †mLv‡b M‡o D‡V| †hgb t Px‡b M‡o D‡V‡Q †jŠn eëmvq, evsjv‡`k cvURvZ eëmvq
BZ¨vw`|
4| ê‡`kxK g~`ªv AR©b (Earnings of Foreign Exchange): ê‡`kxK g~`ªv AR©‡b ÿz`ª eëmvq f~wgKv
†i‡L P‡j‡Q| †hgb- evsjv‡`‡ki me‡P‡q †ekx ‰e‡`wkK g~`ªv AR©b Kvix LvZ n‡jv Mv‡g©›Um wkí, hvi
AwaKvskB n‡jv ÿz`ª eëmvq| Pxbmn we‡k¦i A‡bK †`k ÿz`ª eëmvq †K GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ê‡`kxK g~`ªv
AR©bKvix LvZ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Q|
5| gv_v wcQz Avq e„w× (Increase of Per- Capita Income): ÿz`ª eëmvq †`‡ki gvby‡li gv_v wcQz Avq
e„w×‡Z mnvqK fywgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q| GB ai‡Yi eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi gva¨‡g D‡`¨v³v †hgb wb‡Ri
Av‡qi c_ myMg Ki‡Q, †Zgwb m„wó n‡”Q Ab¨‡ì Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM| d‡j †`‡ki gv_vwcQz Avq e„w×
cv‡”Q |
6| A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb (Economic Development): †h †Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †cQ‡b cÖavb
f~wgKv †i‡L P‡j‡Q eëmvq evwbR¨| mg¯Í eëmvq evwb‡Rï g‡a¨ ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi AvwaK¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq
me‡P‡q †ekx| ZvB ejv hvh †h, †h‡Kvb †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi g~‡j ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Ae`vb me©vwaK|
7| D™¢ve‡bi †ÿÎ (Field of Innovation): ÿz`ª eëmvq bZzbZ¡ D™¢ve‡bi †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK f~wgKv ivL‡Q| ÿz`ª
eëmv‡qi gvwjKMY me©`v wb‡R‡K cY¨, †mev Drcv`‡b wb‡qvwRZ iv‡L, d‡j wZwb memgq †Póv K‡ib
†µZv ev †fv³v mvaviY‡K bZzb bZzb cY¨ ev †mev cÖ`vb Ki‡Z|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
8| g~ja‡bi Kvg¨ eënvi (Optimum Use of Capital): g~ja‡bi Kvg¨ eënv‡ii †ÿ‡Î ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi
f~wgKv jÿbxq| GB eëmv‡qi D‡`¨v³vMY Zv‡ì ÿz`ª ÿz`ª m¤ú` GKwÎZ K‡i eëmvq cÖwZôvb M‡o
Zz‡j| d‡j Zv‡ì wewb‡qvMK…Z g~ja‡bi MwZkxjZv e„w× cvq|
9| wk‡íi we‡K›`ªxKiY (Decentralization of Industry): †h †Kvb †`‡ki myôz A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨
wk‡íi we‡K›`ªxKiY AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GBiæc we‡K›`ªxKi‡Y ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Ae`vb Acixwmg| KviY
AwaKvsk ÿz`ª eëmvq ¯’vbxq KuvPvgv‡ji Dc‡i wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V ev e„nv`vqZb cÖwZôv‡bi mnvqK kw³
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| d‡j wk‡íi we‡K›`ªxKiY wbwðZ nq|
10| GK‡PwUqv cÖfve n«vm (Reduce of Monopoly): e„nv`vqZb Drcv`b, AwaK g~jab BZ¨vw` myweavi
Kvi‡Y e„n`vqZb eëmvq AZ¨vwaK myweav RbK Ae¯’v‡b _vKvq eëmvq-evwb‡Rï †ÿ‡Î GK‡PwUqv cÖfve
we¯Ívi K‡i _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î ÿz`ª eëmvq ¯’vbxqfv‡e cY¨ Drcv`b I e›Ub K‡i ¯’vbxq evRvi †_‡K
e„nv`vqZb eëmv‡qi GK‡PwUqv cÖfve n«vm Ki‡Z mÿg nq|
ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi †kªbx wefvM (Classification of Small Business)

AvqZ‡bi w`K †_‡K ÿz`ª eëmvq ÿz`ª n‡jI msL¨vw`‡Kï w`K †_‡K mviv we‡k¦ ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi AvwacZ¨ jÿ¨
Kiv hvq| †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡b G eëmv‡qi Ae`vb ¸iæZ¡cyY©| G Kvi‡Y †h, GwU ÿz`ªvqZb, mxwgZ
Drcv`b, e¨vw³MZ cwiPvjbv BZ¨vwì Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q| wb‡gœ ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f` wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
ÿz`ª eëmvq
gvwjKvbvi cÖK…wZi wfwË‡Z Kvh© cÖK…wZi wfwË‡Z Ab¨vb¨
GK gvwjKvbv Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvb K…wlwfwËK ¶z`ª eëmvq

‡mev cÖwZôvb
Askx`vix cvBKvix eëmvq wkíwfw³K ¶z`ª eëmvq
M‡elYv I Dbœqb cÖwZôvb
‡hŠ_ g~jabx LyPiv eëmvq
civgk©K cÖwZôvb
(K) gvwjKvbv cÖK…wZi wfwË‡Z (Based on Ownership): ÿz`ª eëmvq‡K gvwjKvbvi cÖK…wZi Dci
wfwË K‡i ÿz`ª eëmvq‡K †h mg¯Í fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq Zv wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1| GKgvwjKx ÿz`ª eëmvq (Soleproprietorship Small Business): mvaviYZ ÿz`ª eëmvq ej‡Z g~jZ
GKgvwjKx eëmvq‡KB †evSv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| †h ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi gvwjK GKRb gvÎ e¨w³ Ges ZviB
cwiPvjbvq I wbqš¿bvax‡b eëmv‡qi hveZxq Kvh©vejx cwiPvwjZ nq Zv‡K GKgvwjKx ÿz`ª eëmvq e‡j|
2| Askx`vix ÿz`ª eëmvq (Partnership Small Business): †h ÿz`ª eëmvq Askx`vix AvBb Abyhvqx, Pzw³i
wfwË‡Z MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq Zv‡K Askx`vix ÿz`ª eëmvq e‡j| Giæc eëmv‡qi m`m¨ msL¨v 2
‡_‡K 20 R‡b mxgve× _v‡K wKš‘ e¨vswKs eëmv‡qi †Kvb m`m¨v/m`m¨v 10 Rb| Ges mK‡ji Øviv A_ev
mK‡ji c‡ÿ GKRb Øviv G ai‡Yi ÿz`ª eëmvq cwiPvwjZ nq| Pzw³B GB eëmv‡qi g~j wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR
K‡i| GwU 1932 m‡bi Askx`vix eëmvq AvBb Øviv MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|
3| †hŠ_ g~jabx eëmvq (Joint Stock Company) : Avgv‡ì †`‡k cvewjK wjt †Kv¤úvbxi †ÿ‡Î ÿz`ª
eëmvq jÿ¨ bv Kiv †M‡jI cÖvB‡fU wjt †Kv¤úvbxi †ÿ‡Î AwaKvsk ÿz`ª eëmvq jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †hŠ_
g~jabx ÿz`ª eëmvq ej‡Z Ggb GKwU eëmvq‡K †evSvq hv, †Kv¤úvbx AvBb Abyhvqx MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I
wbqwš¿Z Ges 1999 mv‡ji wkíbxwZ Abyhvqx hvi wb‡qvwRZ g~ja‡bi cwigvb 10 †KvwU UvKvi D‡×© bq Ges
eëmvq wb‡qvwRZ kªwgK Kgx©i msL¨v †hLv‡b 50 R‡bi Kg nq| GB eëmvqwU 1990 m‡bi †Kv¤úvbx AvBb
Øviv MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ nq|

¶z`ª eëmvq
L) Kvh© cÖK…wZi wfwË‡Z †kªbx wefvM (Based on Functional Classification)

Kvh© cÖK…wZi wfwË‡Z ÿz`ª eëmvq †K †h mg¯Í fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq Zv wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1| Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvb (Manufacturing Organization): †h mg¯Í Drcv`bKvix cÖwZôvb ÿz`ªvqZ‡b
Zv‡ì Drcv`b Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i †m¸‡jv‡K Drcv`bKvix ÿz`ª eëmvq e‡j| GB mg¯Í cÖwZôvb ¸‡jv ¯^í
cwim‡i ¯’vbxqfv‡e cÖvß KuvPvgv‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i Drcv`b Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv K‡i Ges ¯’vbxq evRv‡iB
Zv‡ì cY¨ mvgMÖx weµq K‡i|
2| †mev cÖwZôvb (Service Organization): ÿz`ª AvqZ‡b †m mg¯Í cÖwZôvb †mev mswkøó wel‡q wb‡R‡ì
RwoZ iv‡L, †m ¸‡jv ÿz`ªvqZb †mev cÖwZôvb e‡j cwiwPZ| nvmcvZvj, wK¬wbK, †dvb-d¨v· Gi †`vKvb,
Kzwiqvi mvwf©m BZ¨vw` ÿz`ª AvqZb †mev cÖwZôvb Gi R¡jšÍ D`vniY|
3| M‡elYv I Dbœqb cÖwZôvb (Research & Development Organization) :M‡elYv I Dbœqb cÖwZôvb
¸‡jv e„nv`vqZb cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e M‡o DV‡jI eZ©gv‡b ÿz`ª cwim‡i e¨vcKfv‡e Giæc cÖwZôvb M‡o D‡V‡Q|
4| cvBKvix eëmvq cÖwZôvb (Wholesale Business ): AvcvZt `„wó‡Z cvBKvix eëmvq e„nv`vqZb e‡j g‡b
n‡jI AwaKvsk cvBKvix eëmvq ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi AšÍf©~³| ÿz`ªvqZ‡bi cvBKvix eëmvq g~jZ: Drcv`K I
LyPiv eëmv‡qi mvnvh¨Kvix cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e M‡o D‡V‡Q|
5| civgk©K cÖwZôvb (Consulting Firm): GwU Ggb GK ai‡bi cÖwZôvb hviv †Kvbiæc cY¨ mvgMÖx Drcv`b
ev e›U‡b RwoZ _v‡K bv| G mg¯Í cÖwZôv‡‡bi cÖavb KvR n‡jv Zv‡ì `ÿZv I AwfÁZvi wfwË‡Z wewfbœ
cÖwZôvb ev e¨w³‡K we‡kl Kv‡R we‡klvwqZ civgk© †Ìqv|
6| LyPiv eëmvq cÖwZôvb (Retail Business): ‡h mKj eëmvq cÖwZôvb cvBKv‡ii evv Ab¨vb¨ Drm n‡Z cY¨
mvgMÖx µq K‡i LyPiv †µZv ev †fv³v wbKU ÿz`ª ÿz`ª AvK‡i weµq K‡i Zv‡K LyPiv eëmvq cÖwZôvb e‡j|
GB ai‡bi LyPiv eëmvq ¯’vbxqfv‡e cvovq, gnjøvq, nvU-evRv‡i cÖf„wZ RvqMvq M‡o D‡V|
(M) Ab¨vb¨ (Others)
Dc‡iv³ cÖKvi‡f` QvovI ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Av‡iv †h mg¯Í †kªbx wefw³ n‡Z cv‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv t-
1| K…wl wfwËK ÿz`ª wkí (Agricultural Small Business): K…wli Dci wfwË K‡i †h mg¯Í ÿz`ª eëmvq M‡o
D‡V †m¸‡jv‡K K…wlwfwËK ÿz`ª wkí e‡j| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki AwaKvsk K…wl wfwËK wkí g~jZ Giæc ÿz`ª
eëmv‡qi AvIZvq M‡o D‡V‡Q|
2| wkí wfwËK ÿz`ª eëmvq (Industrial Small Business): wKQz wKQz ÿz`ª eëmvq Av‡Q, †h¸‡jv e„nr
eëmv‡qi Dw”Qó c‡Yï Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q, Giæc ÿz`ª eëmvq eo eo wkívÂj M‡o D‡V‡Q †hgbt
D`vniY ¯îæc ejv hvq, Pvgov cÖwµqvRvZ KiY GjvKvq Pvgov wfwËK A‡bK ÿz`ª eëmvq M‡o D‡V‡Q|
cvV ms‡ÿc
†h †Kvb †`‡k ÿz`ª eëmvq GKwU m¤¢vebvgq LvZ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| GKwU †`‡ki Kg©¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó‡Z,
cÖvK…wZK m¤ú‡ì mØeënvi, ê‡`wkK gy`ªv AR©‡b cÖf„wZ †ÿ‡Î ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Ae`vb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| ÿz`ª
eëmv‡qi bvbvb ‡kªYx wefvM i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv- gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z, Kvh©ZvK…wZi wfwË‡Z BZ¨vw`|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi m¤¢vebvi †ÿÎ¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi †kªYxwefvM eY©bv Kiæb|
mswÿß cÖkœ
1| gvwjKvbvi wfwË‡Z ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi eY©bv w`b|
2| Kvh©ZvK…wZi wfwË‡Z ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi e¨vL¨v w`b|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-3 t ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi mdjZv I e¨_©Zvi KviY mg~n (Causes of Success and Failure of
Small Business)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV ‡k‡l Avcwb
 ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi mdjZvi KviY ¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb,
 ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi e¨_©Zvi KviY mg~n wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
ÿy`ª eëmv‡qi mdjZvi KviY mg~n (Causes for Success of Small Business)
we‡k¦i cÖvPxbZg eëmvq nIqv m‡Z¡I ÿz`ª eëmvq AvR ch©šÍ e„n`vqZb eëvmv‡qi cvkvcvwk wU‡K Av‡Q|
GBiæc wU‡K _vKvi wcQ‡b †h mg¯Í KviY myweav i‡q‡Q Zv wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1| mnR MVb cÖbvjx (Easy of Formation): ÿz`ª eëmvq MVb Kiv AZ¨šÍ mnR| GB eëmvq MV‡b I
cwiPvjbvq †Zgb †Kvb AvBbMZ eva¨-evaKZv cvj‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| †h †KD B‡”Q Ki‡j mvgvb¨ g~jab
wb‡q G ai‡bi eëmvq ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2| mnR cwiPvjbv (Easy of Direction): GwU †QvU AvK…wZi I mxwgZ SzuwKi Kvi‡Y cwiPvjbv KivI †ek
mnR nq| †h Kvi‡Y ÿz`ª Ávb m¤úbœ GK ev GKvwaK e¨w³ Giæc cÖwZôvb MV‡b D×z× nq|
3| AwaK Kg©ms¯’vb (High rate of Employment): Kg weËevb †jv‡Kiv Zv‡ì Aí cuywR I †hvM¨Zv wb‡q
†h †Kvb ¯’v‡b mn‡R Giæc eëmvq MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j MÖv‡g-M‡Ä kn‡i-e›`‡i e¨vcKfv‡e G cÖwZôvb
M‡o D‡V hv mvwe©Kfv‡e †`‡ki Kg©ms¯’vb e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
4| e¨q ms‡KvPb (Economy): GB eëmvq gvwjK wb‡RB cwiPvjbv K‡i, weavq †m mKj Kv‡R me©vZ¥K
mZK©Zv Aej¤^b K‡i| d‡j A‡bKvs‡k e¨q ms‡KvPb nq|
5| †MvcbxqZv iÿv (Secrecy): gv‡S g‡a¨ eëmv‡qi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZôvwbK bxwZ, †KŠkj BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K©
†MvcbxqZw eRvq ivL‡Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î gvwjK wb‡RB eëmvq cwiPvjbv K‡i weavq mZK©Zvi mv‡_ eëmv‡qi
†MvcbxqZv iÿv Kiv‡Z cv‡i|
6| `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY (Rapid Decision Making): GB eëmv‡q gvwjK me©gq ÿgZvi AwaKvix| †h †Kvb
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î KviI mv‡_ Zv‡K Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z nq bv weavq G ai‡bi eëmvq `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi
c‡i ciewZ©‡Z Ae¯’vi mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bv m¤¢e nq|
7| gvwj‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv (Freedom of the Owner): GB ai‡bi eëmvq we‡kl K‡i GKgvwjKvbv eëmvq †Kvb
Askx`vi bv _vKvq gvwjK wb‡RB wb‡Ri KZ©v wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| KviI Kv‡Q Zv‡K Revew`wn Ki‡Z nq bv
e‡j †m ¯^vaxbfv‡e cwiKíbv Abyhvqx eëmvq‡K GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
8| e¨w³MZ ˆbc~b¨ cÖ`k©‡bi my‡hvM (Scope of Presenting Personal Efficiency): GB iKg eëmvq
gvwjK wb‡Ri iæwP, Ávb, ˆbc~b¨ I `ÿZvi mKj eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i, d‡j cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© †µZv ev
†fv³v‡ì AvMÖn ev‡o|
9| e¨w³MZ m¤úK© (Personal Relations): GB eëmv‡qi gvwjK wb‡RB cwiPvjbvq wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K weavq
†µZv, cY¨ mievinKvix, Kg©Pvix mK‡ji mv‡_ Zvi fvj e¨w³MZ m¤úK© M‡o D‡V| d‡j gvwjK mn‡RB
mevi wPšÍv ev AvKv•Lv m¤ú‡K© eyS‡Z cv‡i, hv eëmv‡qi Dbœq‡b mnvqK nq|
10| mnR we‡jvc mvab (Easy of Dessolution): eëmv‡qi we‡jvcI AZ¨šÍ mnR| wev‡jvc mva‡b GLv‡b
†Kvb AvBbMZ RwUjZv †bB| gvwjK B‡”Q Ki‡jB mn‡R G eëmvq ¸wU‡q †dj‡Z ev wewµ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
d‡j c‡i ciewZ©‡Z Zvi c‡ÿ myweavRbK †h ‡Kvb wm×všÍ MÖnb mnR nq|

¶z`ª eëmvq
ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi e¨_©Zvi KviY mg~n (Causes of Failure of Small Business)

mviv we‡k¦ †h mg¯Í eëmvq cÖwZôvb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq Zvi wmsnfvM n‡jv ÿz`ª eëmvq| ZeyI †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î ÿz`ª
eëmv‡qi e¨_©ZvI jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| GBiæc e¨_©Zvi wcQ‡b †h mKj KviY ¸‡jv mwµq n‡q D‡V Zv wb‡gœ
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
1| mxwgZ g~jab (Limited Capital): ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Ab¨Zg mgm¨v n‡jv mxwgZ g~jab|| GB cÖwZôv‡bi
hveZxq g~jab gvwjK‡K GKvB mievin Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ eëmv‡qi hveZxq KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ †h
cwigvb ¯’vqx I PjwZ g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb c‡i Zv A‡bK mgq gvwj‡Ki GKvi c‡ÿ mieivn Kiv m¤¢e nq
bv|
2| e¨w³MZ mxgve×Zv (Personal Limitation): cÖvq ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi gvwjK _v‡K GKRb| wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î
eëmvq cwiPvjbvq gvwj‡Ki bvbvb mxgve×Zv ‡hgb- SuywK MÖn‡bi mxgve×Zv, g~jab mieiv‡ni
mxgve×Zv, Kvh©Z`viKxi mxgve×Zv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| d‡j GB eëmv‡qi mdjZv evavMÖ¯’ nq|
3| FY MÖn‡bi mgm¨v (Problem of Loan): ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi FY MÖn‡Y †ek Amyweav jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G
eë¯’vq gvwjK wbR D‡`¨v‡M FY K‡i _v‡K wKš‘ K…wËg e¨w³mËv bv _vKvq e¨vsK ev Avw_©K cÖwZôvb G‡ì
FY cÖ`v‡b AvMÖn †`Lvq bv| d‡j eëmv‡q mgm¨v cwijwÿZ nq|
4| A`ÿ eë¯’vcbv (Inefficient Management): ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î cÖvq A`ÿ eë¯’vcbv jÿ¨ Kiv
hvq gvwjK wb‡RB GB eëmv‡q eë¯’vcbvi hveZqx KvR m¤úbœ K‡i| d‡j A‡bK mgq Zvi A`ÿ I
`yi`k©xZvi Afv‡e cÖwZôvb e¨_© n‡Z cv‡i|
5| mxwgZ AvqZb (Limited Scope): mxwgZ AvqZb ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Av‡iKwU Ab¨Zg Amyweav| gvwj‡Ki
e¨w³MZ Áv‡bi mxgve×Zv, ¯^í g~jab, A`ÿ eë¯’cbv BZ¨vwì Kvi‡Y m¤¢vebv _vKv m‡Z¡I Gi AvqZb
evov‡bv m¤¢e nq bv| d‡j ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi cÖvqB ÿY¯’vqx n‡q c‡i|
6| m¤cÖmvi‡YB mxgve×Zv (Limitation of Expension): gvSvix, eo †h †Kvb eëmvq me mgq
m¤cÖmvi‡bi †Póv K‡i| Z‡e ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi g~jab Kg _vKvi Kvi‡Y, Rbej mxwgZ nIqvi Kvi‡b Ges
evRvi ¯’vbxq ch©v‡h nIqvi Kvi‡Y Giæc m¤cÖmvi‡b mxgve×Zv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
7| mxgvnxb `vq (Unlimited Liabilities) :ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Ab¨Zg GKwU mgm¨v n‡jv mxgvnxb `vq| ÿz`ª
eëmv‡qi gvwj‡Ki `vq-`vwqZ¡ Amxg, GRb¨ Amxg `v‡qi Kvi‡Y m„ó mgm¨v ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î
e¨vcKfv‡e jÿ Kiv hvq|
8| mwVK cwiKíbvi Afve (Lack of Proper Plan): ÿz`ª eëvmvq hveZxq cwiKíbv gvwjK wb‡RB MÖnb
K‡i _v‡K| ZvB A‡bK mgq gvwj‡Ki Ávb-eyw×i mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î mwVK
cwiKíbvi Afve †`Lv †`q|
9| cÖwkÿ‡Yi Afve (Lack of Training): cÖwkÿ‡Yi †h †Kvb mdjZvi PvweKvVx| wKš‘ ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi
†ÿ‡Î gvwjK ev wb‡qvwRZ Kg©Pvix‡ì g‡a¨ G‡Kev‡iB cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv nq bv| d‡j Zxeª
cÖwZ‡hvMxZvq wU‡K _vKv A‡bK Kó mva¨ n‡q c‡i|
10| AwfÁZvi Afve (Lack of Experience): †h †Kvb eëmv‡q mdjZvi wcQ‡b AwfÁZv GKwU ¸iæZ¡cyY©
welq| wKš‘ Giæc eëmv‡q D‡Ïv³vMb hLb wb‡R‡ì wb‡qvwRZ K‡i ZLb Zv‡ì G‡Kev‡iB †Kvb
AwfÁZv _v‡K bv| d‡j cÖwZ eQi Avgv‡ì †`‡k A‡bK ÿz`ª eëmvq ¸wU‡q †dj‡Z nq|
11| KuvPvgv‡ji Afve (Lack of Raw Materials): ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Ab¨Zg GKwU Amyweav n‡jv KuvPvgv‡ji
Afve| ¯’vbxq KuvPvgv‡j ¯^íZv †`Lvw`‡j G eëmv‡qi Drcv`b e¨nZ nq|
12| mwVK wbqš¿‡bi Afve (Lack of Proper Control): GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ mwVK wbqš¿b n‡jv GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| cwiKíbvi gZ ÿz`ª eëmvq mwVK wbqš¿‡bi Afve cwijwÿZ nq| d‡j eëmvwqK
Kvh©µ‡g RwUjZvi m„wó nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
13| AcÖZ¨vwkZ we‡jvcmvab (Unexpected Dissolution) : ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi Ab¨Zg GKwU Amyweav n‡jv
gwj‡Ki g„Zz¨, AZ¨vwaK ÿwZ, eëmv‡qi cwieZ©b BZ¨vwì Kvi‡b GB eëmv‡qi AcÖZ¨vwkZ we‡jvcmvab
N‡U _v‡K| GwU ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi GKwU Ab¨Zg Amyweav|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, eZ©gvb gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z e„nv`qZb eëmv‡qi cvkvcvwk ÿz`ª eëmvq wU‡K _vK‡Z
n‡j G mKj mgm¨v Aek¨B `yi Kivi Rb¨ h_vh_ c`‡ÿc MÖnb Kiv DwPZ|
cvV ms‡ÿc
ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi mdjZvi bvbv KviY i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv- mnR MVb| †MvcbxqZv iÿv, mnR cwiPvjbv, `ªæZ
wm×všÍ MÖnY, e¨w³MZ m¤úK© cÖf„wZ|
ÿz`ª eëmvq e¨_© nq bvbv Kvi‡Y Kvi‡Y| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡ÏL¨ †hvM¨ n‡jv- mxwgZ g~jab mxgvnxb `vq|
KvuPvgv‡ji Afve FYMÖn‡Y mgm¨v A`ÿ eë¯’vcbv mwVK cwiKíbvi Afve, AcÖZvwkZ we‡jvcmvab BZ¨vw`|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi mdjZvi KviY ¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi e¨_©Zvi KviY ¸‡jv wK wK, Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cÖKí wbe©vPb
BDwbU
5
cÖKí wbe©vPb
(Project Slection)
†Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ wbw`©ó jÿ¨ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖYxZ I cwiKwíZ wewb‡qvM Kg©cš’v‡K cÖKí e‡j| cÖKí n‡jv
†Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi wfwË| GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi Rb¨ cÖKí GKwU LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| †Kvb D‡`¨v³v cÖKí e¨wZZ
eëmv‡q DbœwZ jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †Kvb c‡Yï Kg©m~wP cÖbq‡bi Rb¨ cÖKí eëüZ nq| wek¦ e¨vs‡Ki msÁv
Abyhvqx ÒcÖKí n‡jv cY¨ ev ‡mev mieivn Kivi myweav Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ g~jabx wewb‡qv‡Mi Aby‡gv`b|ÕÕ myôz cÖKí
wbe©vP‡bi Dci eëmv‡qi mdjZv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| cÖKí wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ cÖKí aviYv msMÖn Kiv, weKí
cÖKímg~n mbv³KiY, weKí cÖKí¸‡jv we‡kølY Kiv Ges m‡e©vËg cÖKí wbe©vPb Kiv| G KvR¸‡jv mwVK fv‡e
`ÿZv I wePÿYvZvimv‡_ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cvi‡j mwVK cÖKí wbe©vPb Kiv m¤¢ve nq| Avi mwVK cÖKí wbe©vP‡bi
Dci eëmv‡qi mvdj¨ A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| G BDwb‡U cÖK‡íi msÁv, cÖK‡íi aviYvi Drm, cÖKí g~j¨vqb,
cÖK‡íi A_©vqb, cÖK‡íi m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB KiY, cÖK‡íi g~jab ev‡RU I cÖK‡íi wnmve c×wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡e|
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-83

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-1 t cÖK‡íi msÁv, MvBW jvBb I Gi aviYvi Drmmg~n (Definition of Project,

Guid Line of Project Idea and Sources of Project Idea)
D‡Ïk¨
 cÖKí ej‡Z wK †evSvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖKí aviYvi MvBW jvBb m¤^‡× Rvb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖKí wbe©vPb cÖwµqv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖK‡íi aviYv jv‡fi Drm¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
cÖKí (Project) Gi msÁv
mevi Kv‡Q cÖK‡íi MÖnY‡hvM¨ †Kvb msÁv †bB| wewfbœ we‡klÁMY wewfbœ `„wófw½†_‡K cÖKí‡K msÁvwqZ
K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e †gŠwjK wel‡q mK‡ji g‡a¨ wPšÍvavivi wgj i‡q‡Q| mvaviYZ cÖKí ej‡Z ‡Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡qi
g‡a¨ †Kvb wbw`©ó jÿ¨ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖbxZ I cwiKwíZ wewb‡qvM Kg©cš’vmg~n‡K cÖKí ejv hvq| cÖKí GK ev
GKvwaK KvR wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L wbw`©ó †Kvb mg‡q ïiæ K‡i wbw`©ó mg‡q †kl Ki‡Z nq| Avevi
Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, cÖKí ej‡Z †mmKj Kvh©vejx‡K eySvq hv mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cwiPvwjZ nq Ges
hvi ïiæ I m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ wbw`©ó mgq †e‡a †`qv _v‡K; hv m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ wbw`©ó e¨q I cwim¤ú‡ì eivÏ †`qv
_v‡K|
wb‡gœ K‡qKRb we‡kl‡Ái msÁv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡jv:
World Bank Gi g‡Z, æProject is an approval for a capital investment to develop facilities to
provide goods and services” (cÖKí n‡jv cY¨ ev †mev mieivn Kivi my‡hvM-myweav Dbœq‡bi g~jabx
wewb‡qv‡Mi Aby‡gv`b) cÖKí iæwUb ewn©f~Z, A‡cŠb:cywYK GKKvwjb Kvh©Kjvc wn‡m‡e eY©bv Kiv hvq hv mPivPi
wehy³ mgq Ges Avw_©K I KvwiMwi c~Y© msmvaYjÿ¨ m¤úbœ nq|
Adam I Ebert Gi g‡Z, cÖKí n‡”Q wba©vwiZ ïiæ I mgvwßi Bw½Z m¤^wjZ KZM¸‡jv Kv‡Ri mgwó hv GKevi
gvÎ m¤úv`b Kiv nq|
msÁv¸‡jv †_‡K GUv ejv hvq ‡h, cÖKí n‡jv †Kvb Kg©Kv‡Ûi mgwó hvi wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ Av‡Q, hvi ïiæ I †kl
Kivi wbw`©ó mgq mxgv Av‡Q Ges hvi e¨q I m¤ú` wbw`©ó K‡i †`qv _v‡K| cÖKí wewfbœ ai‡Yi n‡Z cv‡i|
†hgb: mvgvwRK, K…wl,Dbœqbg~jK, wkí cÖKí, M‡elYv cÖKí BZ¨vw`|
cÖK‡íi msÁv ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, cÖK‡íi wbgœiƒc êwkó¨ _v‡K: mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨, RwUj cvi¯úwiK
wbf©iZv, wbw`©ó mg‡q ïiæ I †kl Kiv, A‡cŠbcwbKZv, we‡ivac~Y© cwi‡ek BZ¨vw`| eëmvwqK cÖKí ej‡Z
eëmv‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h mKj Kvh©Kvjvc wbw`©ó mg‡q ïiæ K‡i wba©vwiZ mg‡q †kl Kiv I Zvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó e¨q I
m¤ú` wba©viY K‡i ivLv nq Zv‡K eySvq|
cÖKí aviYvi Drmmg~n (Sources of Project Idea)

GKRb D‡`¨v³Zv g~jZ Zvi wbR¯^ wPšÍv †_‡K Kv‡R cÖ‡bvw`Z nq| GKwU mwVK cÖKí aviYv jÿ¨ AR©‡b mnvqK
n‡e| cÿvšÍ‡i, cÖKí `~e©j I h‡_vchy³ bv nq, Z‡e jÿ¨ AR©b e¨nZ nq| GKRb D‡`¨v³v wewfbœ Drm ‡_‡K
cÖK‡íi aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡j mwVK I h‡_vchy³ cÖKí wbe©vPb Kiv mnR nq| GKRb D‡`¨v³Zv †hmKj
Drm †_‡K cÖK‡íi aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. wkíbxwZ: wkí bxwZ‡Z bZzb bZzb D‡`¨v³v‡ì wk‡í wewb‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ Drmvn cÖ`v‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ wk‡í
we‡kl myweav w`‡q _v‡Kb| †hgb Avg‡ì †`‡ki 2005 mv‡ji wkí bxwZ‡Z K…wl, ˆZwi †cvlvK,
dvg©vwmwUK¨vj cY¨, wngvwqZ Lv`¨, ch©Ub wkí, n¯Í wkí, nwU©KvjPvi Giƒc 33 wU wkí‡K AMÖvwaKvicÖvß
LvZ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Q|

cÖKí wbe©vPb
2. wkí wefvM: wkí gš¿Yvj‡q wkí wefvM †emiKvix Lv‡Z wkí ¯’vc‡b DrmvwnZ I eZ©gvb wk‡íi Dbœq‡b
`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| G wefvM bZzb bZzb wk‡íi ev cÖK‡íi aviYv mieivn K‡i _v‡K|
3. wewfbœ cwimsL¨vb: †`‡ki cwimsL¨vwbK Z_¨ †hgb- Avg`vwb ißvwb Z_¨, wewfbœ wk‡íi jvfRbK Z_¨,
BZ¨vw` Z_¨ †_‡K GKRb D‡`¨v³v cÖK‡íi aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. Dbœqb I evwYwR¨K e¨vsK: GKRb D‡`¨v³v Dbœqb e¨vsK, evwYwR¨K e¨vsK I Dbœqbg~jK ms¯’v †_‡K cÖK‡íi
aviYv cvq|
5. wewmK: wewmK bZzb wkí ¯’vc‡b civgk© I mn‡hvwMZv w`‡q _v‡K| ZvB wewmK †_‡K cÖK‡íi aviYv cvq|
6. miKvix bxwZ I cÖKvkbvmg~n: miKv‡ii wewfbœ bxwZ, wewfbœ ms¯’vi cÖKvkbv I M‡elYvmg~n †_‡K GKRb
D‡`¨v³v cÖK‡íi avibv †c‡Z cv‡i|
7. AvBwmwe: ABwmwei KvRn‡jv D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K jvfRbK wewb‡qv‡Mi †ÿÎ¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i †`qv| ZvB
AvBwmwe †_‡K cÖK‡íi ev¯Íe aviYv †c‡Z cv‡i|
8. ‡ecRv: evsjv‡`k ißvwb cÖwµqvRvZKiY GjvKv KZ„cÿ I Gi cÖKvkbv mg~n †_‡K GKRb AvMÖnx D‡`¨v³v
ißvwbgyLx wkí cÖK‡íi aviYv †c‡Z cv‡i|
9. weUvK: evsjv‡`k wkí I KvwiMwi mvnvh¨ †K‡›`ªi cÖavb jÿ¨ n‡jv †`‡k Drcv`bxjZv evov‡Z KvwiMwi
mnvqZv †`qv| D‡`¨v³v‡ì‡K †`‡ki DbœqbgyLx cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© mRvM K‡i G †ÿ‡Î bZzb cÖK‡íi aviYv
‡`qv|
10. evsjv‡`k weÁvb I wkí M‡elYv †K›`ª : G M‡elYv †K›`ªwU bZzb MÖnY cY¨ I c×wZi D™¢veb K‡i hv GKRb
D‡`¨v³v cÖKí wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
11. Gb,wR,I: †`kx I we‡`kx †emiKvix cÖwZôvb †hgb: eªvK, cÖwkKv, Avkv BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvb cÖKí m¤ú‡K© bZzb
bZzb aviYv w`‡q _v‡K; hv GKRb bZzb D‡`¨v³vi Rb¨ cÖKí aviYvi Drm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
12. wek¦we`¨vjq I M‡elYv cÖwZôvb, evwYR¨ ms¯’v †hgb: PUªMÖvg †P¤^vi GÛ BÛv÷wUªR, wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vjq, we
AB wW Gm, we, AvB Gm, we AvB we Gm BZ¨vw` cÖwZôv‡bi M‡elYvjä dj GKRb D‡`¨v³v‡K cÖKí
m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`‡Z cv‡i|
13. AcÖvwZôvwbK Drmmg~n: †hgb †µZv, cvBKvi, mieivnKvix, cÖ`k©bx cÖf„wZ Drm †_‡K cÖK‡íi aviYv cvIqv
hvq|
GQvovI MÖvgxY e¨vsK, ZvZ †evW©, evsjv‡`k n¯Í PvwjZ ZvZ cY¨ ißvwb ms¯’v, wewfbœ civgk©`vZv cÖwZôvb,
ivR‰bwZK †bZ„e„›`y, weÁvb I cÖhyw³ Dbœqb M‡elYv, evsjv‡`‡ki ißwb Dbœqb eÿ‡iv BZ¨vw` cÖwZôvbI cÖKí
aviYvi Drm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K|
cÖKí aviYvi MvBW jvBb

(Guid Line of Project Ideas)
GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K cÖKí m¤ú‡K© DËg aviYv †c‡Z n‡j wKQz MvBW jvBb Abymv‡i AvMv‡Z nq| wb‡gœ cÖKí
aviYvi wKQz MvBW jvBb D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
1. cÖK‡íi avivYv¸‡jv wb‡Ri kL Av‡Q †m wel‡qi g‡a¨ mxgve× ivLvi †Póv Kiv|
2. ‡Kvb c‡Yï evRv‡i Pvwn`v Av‡Q A_P evRv‡i ch©vß †bB Gi KviY AbymÜv‡bi gva¨‡g cÖK‡íi aviYv m„wó
nq|
3. Drcvw`Z cY¨ ev evRv‡i cÖPwjZ cY¨mvgMÖxi ÎæwU-wePz¨wZ wPwýZ K‡i †m My‡jv `~ixKi‡Yi wPšÍv †_‡K bZzb
cÖK‡íi aviYv cvIqv hvq|
4. A_©-mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ Pvwn`vi cwieZ©b we‡kølY Ki‡j bZzb wKQz Drcv`‡bi my‡hvM mÜvb Kiv hvq|
5. bZzb cÖhyw³i mv‡_ DbœZ I ¯’vbxq cªhyw³i mswgkª‡Y cY¨ Drcv`b I †mevi gvb evov‡bvi wPšÍv Kiv|
6. we‡kl †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ KZ„K m„ó Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi my‡hvM bZzb aviYvi D‡b¥k NUvq|
7. eëmv cÖwZôv‡bi †ÿÎ m¤cÖmviY, AvaywbKxKiY I bZzb cY¨ D™¢ve‡bi cÖ‡Póv bZzb aviYvi Rb¥ †`q|
cÖKí wbe©vPb cÖwµqv (Project Selection Process)
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
GKRb D‡`¨v³vi eëmv‡qi mdjZv wbf©i K‡i DËg wewb‡qvM cÖKí wbe©vP‡bi Dci| wb‡gœ GKRb D‡`¨v³v
wKfv‡e wewfbœ weKí cÖKí ‡_‡K m‡e©vËg wewb‡qvM cÖKí wbe©vPb Ki‡e Zvi cÖwµqv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
1. cÖK‡íi aviYv Abyfe (Project Idea Formulation): cÖKí wbe©vP‡bi me©cÖ_g avc n‡jv cÖKí aviYv
Abyfe Kiv; hv GKRb D‡`¨v³vi wbR¯^ wPšÍv fvebv A_ev cvwicvwk¦©K Ae¯’v ch©vjPbv K‡i my‡hvM myweav
we‡ePbv K‡i cÖKí m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU g~jZ GKRb D‡`¨v³vi g‡b cÖKí aviYv Abyfe
Kiv †_‡KB cÖKí wPwýZKiY ïiæ nq|
2. weKí cÖKímg~n wPwýZKiY (Identification of Alternative Projects): GwU cÖKí wbe©P‡bi wØZxq
avc| cÖKí aviYv jv‡fi ci GKRb D‡`¨v³v‡K wPšÍvKi‡Z nq, wK wK ai‡Yi cÖKí n‡Z cv‡i, wewb‡qvM
Kiv hvq| G‡ÿ‡Î cvi¯úwiK A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v, Pvwn`v, my‡hvM myweav, m¤¢ve¨Zv, BZ¨vw` we‡ePbv K‡i wK wK
cÖKí nv‡Z ‡bqv hvq Zv wba©viY Kiv| †hgb aiæY, Avcbvi 5 jvÿ UvKv Av‡Q| Avcwb †Kvb eëmv ïiæ
Ki‡Z Pvb| GLb G 5 jvÿ UvKv w`‡q Avcwb cjwUªdvg©, †WBix, QvMj cvjb, grm Drcv`b, n¯Í wkí,
†eKvix, AvBwµg d¨v±ix, wcÖ›U, †cÖm, BZ¨vwì †h †Kvb GKwU eëmvi K_v wPšÍv Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
3. weKí cÖKí¸‡jv g~j¨vqb (Evaluation of Alternative Project): G ch©v‡q wewfbœ cÖKí¸‡jv‡K wewfbœ
w`K †_‡K wePvi we‡kølY Ki‡Z n‡e| Ges Gi Rb¨ wewfwbœ ai‡Yi †KŠkj i‡q‡Q| GUv‡K m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB
KivI ejv nq| †hgb cÖwZwU cÖK‡íi A_©‰bwZK Rwic, mvgvwRK, evwYwR¨K wewfbœ w`K wePvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. m‡e©vËg weKí cÖKí wbe©vPb Kiv (Selection of Best Alternative) : cÖKí¸‡jv‡K wewfbœ w`K †_‡K
g~j¨vq‡bi ci Avgiv cªwZwU cÖK‡íi mej I `~e©j w`K we‡ePbv K‡i cÖKíwU GKRb D‡`¨v³vi Rb¨ AwaK
jvfRbK n‡e †mUv‡K wbe©vPb Kiv| g~j¨vqb hw` mwVK I h_vh_ nq, Z‡e wbe©vPbI mwVK n‡e|
5. cÖKí ev¯Íevqb (Project Implementation) : cÖKí wbe©vP‡bi ci cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ D‡`¨v³v‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq ev¯Íe c`‡ÿc MÖnY Ki‡Z nq, hv‡Z cÖKíwU myôzfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i| Zvi Rb¨ `ÿ I
wePÿY Rbkw³, g~jab, KvwiMwi mnvqZv, BZ¨vw` cÖ‡qvRb| fvj cÖKí wba©viY Ki‡jB cÖK‡íi mdjZvi
cyicywi wbðqZv †`qv hvq bv| fvj cÖKí myôzfv‡e ev¯Íevq‡bI cÖK‡íi mvd‡jï Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i|
cvV ms‡ÿc
mvaviYZ cÖKí ej‡Z ‡Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ †Kvb wbw`©ó jÿ¨ c~i‡Yi Rb¨ cÖbxZ I cwiKwíZ wewb‡qvM
Kg©cš’vmg~n‡K cÖKí ejv hvq| cÖKí GK ev GKvwaK KvR wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L wbw`©ó †Kvb mg‡q ïiæ
K‡i wbw`©ó mg‡q †kl Ki‡Z nq| Avevi Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, cÖKí ej‡Z †mmKj Kvh©vejx‡K eySvq hv mywbw`©ó
D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L cwiPvwjZ nq Ges hvi ïiæ I m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ wbw`©ó mgq †e‡a †`qv _v‡K; hv m¤úv`‡bi
Rb¨ wbw`©ó e¨q I cwim¤ú‡ì eivÏ †`qv _v‡K| GKRb D‡`¨v³Zv †hmKj Drm †_‡K cÖK‡íi aviYv jvf
Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv n‡jv:wkíbxwZ,wkí wefvM,wewfbœ cwimsL¨vb ,Dbœqb I evwYwR¨K e¨vsK,wewmK,miKvix bxwZ I
cÖKvkbvmg~n, AvBwmwe,‡ecRv,Gb,wR,I ,weUvK|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ
1.cÖKí wK?
2.cÖKí aviYvi Drmmg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1.cÖKí wbe©vPb cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiæb|
2.cÖKí aviYvi MvBW jvBb e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
cvV-2 t cÖKí cÖYqb (Project Formulation)

cÖKí wbe©vPb
D‡Ïk¨
 wKfv‡e GKwU cÖKí wPýZ Ki‡Z nq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖK‡íi †KŠkjMZ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖK‡íi m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB‡qi wewfbœ c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖK‡íi g~j¨ wbiæcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
cÖKí Dbœq‡bi ch©vqmg~n (Stages of Project Formulation)
GKwU cÖKí cÖbq‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK¸‡jv avc ch©vµ‡g m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| cÖwZwU avc Lye kZK©Zv, `ÿZv I
wePÿYZvimv‡_ m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| †Kvb GKwU av‡c ÎæwU _vK‡j cyi cÖKíwUi Dci †bwZevPK cÖfve c‡o|
GKwU cÖKí cÖbq‡bi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ PviwU avc µgvbymv‡i ch©vqµ‡g Avm‡e:
1. cÖKí wPwýZ KiY|
2. ‡KŠkjMZ we‡kølY|
3. m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB|
4. cÖK‡íi g~j¨ wbiæcY|
cÖKí wPwýZKiY (Project Identification)

‡h †Kvb cÖKí cÖbq‡bi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì †h KvRwU Kiv cÖv‡qvRb Zv n‡jv cÖKí wPwýZKiY| cÖKí wPwýZKiY
ej‡Z †Kvb AcÖZ¨vwkZ cwiw¯’wZi wbqš¿Y; wKsev, we`¨gvb †Kvb mgm¨vi mgvavb A_ev cÖZ¨vwkZ ‡Kvb we‡kl
D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb Kvh©µg wba©viY Kiv‡e eySvq| cÖKí wewfbœfv‡e D™¢vweZ n‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb- miKvi,
e¨w³, ms¯’v cÖf„wZi gva¨‡g cÖKí ¯’vc‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ DbœZ I Dbœqbkxj me †`‡kB
miKvi mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ cÖKí MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefvM, Rbej,
cwim¤ú`, cÖhyw³ I cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi myweav _vKviKvi‡Y cÖKí Dbœq‡bi cÖavb D‡`¨v³vB miKvi n‡q _v‡K|
Avevi A_©jMœxKvix ms¯’v †hgb: e¨vsK, exgv †Kv¤úvbx, we‡klvwqZ e¨vsK cÖf„wZ eëmv‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ wewfbœ cÖKí
D™¢veb K‡i _v‡K| †hgb jyrdi ingvb miKvi †mvbvjx e¨vs‡Ki Gg wW _vKvKvjxb mg‡q wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkwÿZ
hyeK‡ì Rb¨ wek¦we`¨vjq Kg©ms¯’vb cÖKí, ms‡ÿ‡c ÔweKíÕ bv‡g GKwU cÖKí Pvjy K‡ib| †`‡k wewb‡qvM cÖKí
wPwýZ Kiv I Zv‡Z A_© ms¯’vb Kivi Rb¨ miKvi wewb‡qvM †evW© Pvjy K‡i‡Q|
Avgv‡ì †`‡ki Gb wR I ¸‡jvI cÖKí wPwýZKiY I cwiPvjbv †ÿ‡Î Ae`vb †i‡L Pj‡Q| G†ì g‡a¨ MÖvgxY
e¨vsK, eªvK, cÖwkKv, †Kqvi cÖf„wZ Gb wR I ¸‡jv bvbvwea cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœqb Ki‡Q|
wkí I evwYR¨K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv bZzb bZzb cÖKí D™¢veb Ki‡Q| Avevi e¨w³MZ D‡`¨v‡MI wkí wPwýZ K‡i
ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q| Dc‡ii wewfbœ Drm †_‡K cÖK‡íi aviYv jvf Kiv hvq| G aviYv¸‡jv †_‡K wbgœwjwLZ KZ¸‡jv
cÖ‡kœi Reve cvIqv hv‡e:
1. cÖKíwU wK GZB m¤¢vebvgq †h cÖv_wgK Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z wm×všÍ MÖMY Kiv hvq?
2. m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPv‡qi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q wK bv?
3. cÖKíwU AvKl©Yxq ev Dc‡hvMx bq Ggb wm×všÍ †bqvi gZ h‡_ó Z_¨ eZ©gvb Av‡Q wK bv?
DcwiD³ cÖ‡kœi Rev‡ei wfwË‡Z cÖKíwU m¤ú‡K© wZbai‡Yi wm×v‡šÍ Avmv hvq:
1. cÖKíwU MÖnY Kivi gZ|
2. cÖKíwU MÖnY Kivi gZ Dc‡hvMx bq|
3. eZ©gvb Z‡_ï gva¨‡g cÖKíwU m¤ú‡K© ‡Kvb wm×všÍ †bqv hv‡”Q bv|
Z‡e, †kl NUbvi †ÿ‡Î cÖKíwUi wel‡q wm×všÍ †cuŠQvi Rb¨ Avi †Kvb Z_¨ bv cvIqv ch©š‘ A‡cÿv Ki‡Z n‡e|
‡KŠkjMZ we‡kølY

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
(Technical Analysis)
‡Kvb cÖKí wPwýZ Kivi ci cÖKí cÖbq‡bi wØZxq ch©v‡q †KŠkjMZ w`K ¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| wb‡gœ cÖKí
cÖbq‡bi †KŠkjMZ w`K¸‡jv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv:
1. Ae¯’vb (Location): cÖKí wbe©vP‡b cÖK‡íi Ae¯’vb †Kv_vq n‡e Zv LyeB wePÿYZv I mveavbZvi mv‡_
wba©viY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY, cÖK‡íi mwVK Ae¯’vb wbe©vP‡b e¨_© n‡j cÖK‡íi fwel¨r AwbwðZ n‡q c‡o|
G †ÿ‡Î e¨w³MZ gZvgZ‡K cÖvavb¨ bv w`‡q `jxq cÖ‡Pôv nIqv fvj| Avevi G †ÿ‡Î we‡klÁ e¨w³ I
cÖwZôv‡bi civgk© †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
2. f~wgi AvKvi I g~j¨ (Size and Cost of Land): cÖK‡íi Rb¨ Rwgi cÖ‡qvRb nq| ZvB Rwgi cwigvY
eZ©gvb I fwel¨r Pvwn`v we‡ePbv K‡i wVK Kiv DwPZ| Z‡e Zvi mv‡_ f~wgi g~jÏ we‡ePbv Kiv cÖqvRb|
`vg †ekx n‡j cÖKí e¨q e„w× cv‡e| ZvB G wel‡q mgš^q cÖ‡qvRb|
3. KvuPvgvj (Raw Material): cÖKí mdjfv‡e ev¯Íevq‡b KuvPvgvj cÖ‡qvRb nq| KvuPvgv‡ji `vg, mnRjf¨Zv,
ch©vßZv, I ¸YMZgvb BZ¨vw` Avkvbyiæc n‡j cÖKí jvfRbK n‡Z cv‡i| Avevi A‡bK cÖK‡íi Rb¨
KuvPvgvj we‡`k †_‡K Avg`vwb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb nq; †m‡ÿ‡Î miKvix bxwZ we‡ePbvq Avbv cÖ‡qvRb|
4. Dc‡hvMg~jK welq (Utilities): Dc‡hvMg~jK welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ we`y¨r, M¨vm, cvwb, iv¯ÍvNvU, cq:w¯‹vlY
eë¯’v BZ¨vw`‡K eySvq| ZvB cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ we`y¨r, cvwb, M¨vm BZ¨wì wbðqZv _vK‡Z n‡e|
5. Rbkw³ (Manpower): cÖK‡íi Rb¨ wewfbœai‡Yi †jv‡Ki cÖ‡qvRb nq †hgb, we‡klÁ e¨w³, `ÿ, Avav`ÿ
I A`ÿ Kg©xi cÖ‡qvRb| cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖK‡íi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K e¨w³eM© h_vmgv‡q cvIqv hv‡e wK, kªg
e¨q myweavRbK wK bv BZ¨vw` wel‡q mywe‡ePbv cÖ‡qvRb|
6. cwienb myweav (Transport Facilities): †Kvb cÖKí ¯’vc‡bi Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ© n‡jv cwienb eë¯’v| DbœZ
cwienb eë¯’v e¨q Kgvq, cY¨ `ªæZ Avbv‡bqv Kiv hvq, cÖK‡íi mv‡_ mswkøó c‡ÿi mn‡R †hvMv‡hvM Kiv
hvq| ZvB cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖK‡íi mv‡_ fvj †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
7. cÖ‡Yv`bv I Qvo (Incentives and Concessions): miKvi †`‡k wkí Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wKQz wk‡íi cÖmvi A_ev
AbMÖmi AÂ‡ji Dbœq‡b we‡kl myweav cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| †hgb: wbw`©ó mgq ch©š‘ Ki AeKvk, ¯^í my‡` FY,
¯^íg~‡j¨ Rwg, ké n«vm BZ¨vw`| ZvB cÖKí cÖbq‡bi †ÿ‡Î Gai‡Yi we‡kl myweav cvIqv hvq wKbv, †m
wel‡q †LvR Lei †bqv cÖ‡qvRb|
8. cwi‡ekMZ welq we‡ePbv (Environmental Condition): cÖK‡íi cwi‡ek `~lY, cwi‡ekMZ fvimvg¨Zvi
ûgwK, RbRxe‡b cÖwZK~jZvi cÖfve covi m¤¢vebv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` Gai‡Yi cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v m„wó
nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K Z‡e Zv cÖwZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e wKbv †m wel‡q wPšÍv K†i cÖKí wbe©vPb Kiv Avek¨K|
9. Rjevqy I cÖvK…wZK w`K (Climate and Natural Condition): we‡kl we‡kl wk‡í ZvcgvÎv, Av`ªZv BZ¨vw`
Øviv Kvh©KvixZv evavi m„wó nq| Avevi eb¨v, mvB‡K¬vb, f~wgK¤ú cÖf„wZ cÖvK…wZK wel‡q we‡klfv‡e bRi
ivLv cÖ‡qvRb|
10. cÖhyw³MZ w`K (Technical Analysis): †h †Kvb cÖK‡íi mdjZvq cÖhyw³ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wKQz cÖKí
†`kx, Avevi wKQz cÖKí we‡`kx cÖhyw³ wbf©i| G †ÿ‡Î cÖhyw³i cÖvc¨Zv, g~j¨, BZ¨vw` welqMy‡jv gv_vq
ivL‡Z n‡e|
E.F. Chumacher Gi g‡Z, †Kvb cÖK‡íi Rb¨ cÖhyw³ wbe©vPb Kivi Rb¨ wbgœ ewY©Z welq¸‡jvi m¤ú‡K© wbðZ
n‡Z n‡e|
1. cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖhyw³ ¯’vbxq KuvPvgvj Øviv eënvi Kiv hv‡e wK bv?
2. ¯’vbxq Rbkw³ Kv‡R jvM‡bv hv‡e wK bv?
3. cwi‡e‡ki Dci cÖfve wKiKg co‡e?
4. †`‡ki mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK wel‡qi mv‡_ LvcLv‡e wK bv?
G QvovI, cÖhyw³ cwiPvjbv I iÿYv†eÿY e¨q, LyPiv hš¿cvwZi mnR cÖvc¨Zv, ¯’vbxq cwim‡ii Øviv Pvjv‡bv hv‡e
wKbv BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|

cÖKí wbe©vPb
Dc‡ii Dcv`b¸‡jv †KŠkj we‡køl‡Yi DcKi‡Yi mv‡_ mswkøó| cÖK‡íi †KŠkjMZ w`K we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ Pvwn`v I
†hvMv‡bi w`K¸‡jvI we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e| GKwU cÖK‡íi gva¨‡g †h †mev I `ªe¨ Drcvw`Z n‡e Zvi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I Pvwn`vi w`K¸‡jv we‡ePbv cÖ‡qvRb|
Pvwn`v I †hvMvb we‡kølY K‡i †fv³v‡ì iæwP I Pvwn`v gZ cY¨ Drcv`b Kiv hv‡e wK bv? mieivn †Kgb?
eZ©gvb mievin Pvwn`vi KZfvM c~iY K‡i _v‡K? ZvB cÖ_‡g Avgv‡ì fwel¨r Pvwn`v I †hvMvb m¤ú‡K© Abygvb
Ki‡Z n‡e| c‡Yï Pvwn`v I mieivn AbymÜvb Kivi Rb¨ wbgœ ewY©Z Dcvq¸‡jv cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq:
1. ‡µZvi cÖZ¨vkv Rwic|
2. weµq Kg©x‡ì gZvgZ|
3. we‡klÁ‡ì gZvgZ|
4. weKí cixÿv c×wZ|
5. cwimsL¨vwbK c×wZ cÖf„wZ|
‡µZvi evmbv Rwi‡ci †ÿ‡Î ‡µZvi mvÿ¨vZKvi ‡bqv nq| G †ÿ‡Î †Kvb cY¨ m¤ú‡K© †µZv‡K wewfbœ cÖkœK‡i
†µZvi cÖZ¨vkv, g‡bvfve BZ¨vw` evmbv hvbv hvq| †h‡ÿ‡Î †µZvi mvÿ¨vZKvi †bqv m¤¢e bq, †m †ÿ‡Î weµq
Kg©x ev weµ‡qi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ e¨w³‡ì mvÿvZKvi †bqv nq| G ‡ÿ‡Î c‡Yï wWjvi, mievinKvix I wkí I
ewYK mwgwZi gZvgZ, ey‡jwUs I mvgwqwK we‡kl mnvqZv K‡i| Z‡e †µZv ev AwfÁ †jv‡K‡ì AwfgZ hvPvB
c×wZ †Zgb djcÖm~ bq; †m‡ÿ‡Î cÖZ¨ÿ wecYb c×wZ eënvi Kiv hvq| wb‡gœ GKwU bZzb c‡Yï Pvwn`v
cwigv‡ci Rb¨ eëüZ †KŠkj¸‡jv †`qv n‡jv:
 ‡mŠRb¨ ¯îƒc webvg~‡j¨ †µZvi evox‡Z wKQz cY¨ cvVv‡bv|
 e¨vcK cÖPv‡ii eë¯’v Kiv|
 L¨vZbvgv e¨w³‡ì wbKU †mŠRb¨ cY¨ cvVvbi eë¯’v Kiv|
 Kg g~‡j¨ cY¨ wewµ Kiv|
c‡i mswkøó cY¨ m¤ú‡K© D³ e¨w³e‡M©i wbKU †_‡K gZvgZ wb‡q Pvwn`v Abygvb Kiv nq| GwU †fvM¨ c‡Yï
Pvwn`v cwigv‡ci †ÿ‡Î eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i| cwimsL¨vb c×wZi gva¨‡gI Pvwn`v cwigvc Kiv nq| G †ÿ‡Î
AwZ‡Zi Pvwn`vi Dci wfwË K‡i fwel¨r Pvwn`v cwigvc Kiv nq|
m¤¢ve¨Zv mgxÿv (Feasibility Study)

GKwU cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖKí Avw_©K, KvwiMwi, eëmvwqK, eë¯’vcbv I A_©‰bwZK w`K †_‡K KZUzKy m¤¢vebvgq Zv hvPvB
Kiv‡KB cÖK‡íi m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB Kiv e‡j| GKwU cÖK‡íi m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB‡qi wewfbœ w`K¸‡jv wb‡gœ eY©bv Kiv
n‡jv:
K) A_©‰bwZK m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB (Economic Feasibility Studies): A_©‰bwZK m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB ej‡Z cÖKí
A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K KZUzK jvfRbK Zv cixÿv Kiv| wfbœ wfbœ cÖwZôvb wfbœ wfbœfv‡e GwU hvPvB Ki‡Z
cv‡i| GKwU miKvix cÖK‡íi A_©‰bwZK m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ wbgœwjwLZ Dcv`b¸‡jv we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
1. bxU RvZxq g~j¨ ms‡hvRb (Net National Value Added)
2. Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó (Employement Generation)
3. e›Ub cÖfve (Distribution Effect)
4. AeKvVvgMZ RwUjZv (Infrustructural Complexity)
5. ‰e‡`wkK wewbgq cÖfve (Foreign Exchange Effect)
6. cwi‡ekMZ RwUjZv (Environmental Complexity)
Dc‡i ewY©Z gvcKvwV‡Z cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖK‡í RvZxq Av‡q †Kgb Aev`b ivL‡e, wKiæc PvKwii my‡hvM m„wó n‡e? †K
cÖK‡íi myweav †fvM Ki‡e? cÖK‡íi d‡j we‡`kx gy`ªv mvkªq n‡e wK bv? bZzb AeKvVv‡gv m„wó n‡e wK bv,
cwi‡e‡ki fvimg¨Zv eRvq _vK‡e wKbv? BZ¨vw` wel‡q M‡elYv Kivi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK m¤¢ve¨Zv wePvi Kiv
nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
L) Avw_©K m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB (Financial Feasibility Study): cÖK‡íi Avw_©K m¤¢ve¨Zv ej‡Z cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖKíwUi
Rb¨ KZ cwigvY A‡_©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Ges †Kvb †Kvb Drm †_‡K A_© msMÖn Kiv h_v_© n‡e Zv wVK Kiv| cÖKíwU
Drcv`‡b hvevi d‡j cÖZ¨vwkZ Avq, cÖKíwUi c~imgq Kv‡j Avq-e¨‡qi cwigvY wnmve K‡i m¤¢ve¨ jvf AR©b
ÿgZv Rvbv| cÖK‡íi Avw_©K m¤¢e¨Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ wbgœ ewY©Z Dcv`vb¸‡jv we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z nq:
g~jab e¨q, PjwZ g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, Kvh©e¨q cÖv°jb, Kvh© Avq cÖv°jb, Ki ev AcPq Ges gybvdv cÖf„wZ|
‡Kvb cÖKí evwYwR¨Kfv‡e Drcv`‡b hvevi c~‡e© g~jab RvZxq e¨q n‡q _v‡K| †hgb cÖv_wgK LiP, Rwgµq, feb
wbg©vY, hš¿cvwZ µq, †cÖŠ‡KŠkjx I eë¯’vcbv LiP cÖf„wZ| Z‡e Drcv`b cÖwµqv evwYwR¨Kfv‡e hvevi ci
AvaywbKiY, c~b:¯’vcb, ewa©ZKiY cÖf„wZ Kvi‡YI g~jab RvZxqv LiP n‡q _v‡K|
PjwZ g~jab cÖ‡qvRb nq KuvPvgvj, we`y¨r, LyPiv hš¿vsk, wecbœ e¨q BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y, Avevi ewYwR¨Kfv‡e Drcv`b
ïiæi ci Kvh© wbe©vn e¨q ïiæ nq| evwYwR¨K Kvh©Pvjbvi Rb¨ Z_¨ I cixÿ‡Yi LiP GB e¨q Kvh© wbe©vn e¨q|
Kvh© Avq cªv°j‡bi Rb¨ m¤¢ve¨ weµq g~j¨ †_‡K m¤¢ve¨ e¨q ev` w`‡q wnmve Kiv nq| GKwU cÖK‡íi Avw_©K
m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPv‡qi Rb¨ KZ¸‡jv †KŠkj eënvi Kiv nq †hgb cuywR cÖZ¨veZ©b Kvj, bxUeZ©gvb g~j¨, myweav e¨q
AbycvZ, Af¨šÍixY cÖvwßi nvi I Avw_©K AbycvZ hv wb‡P ms‡ÿ‡c D`vniYmn eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
cyuwR cÖZ¨veZ©b Kvj Pay Back Period (PBP)
wewb‡qvM wm×v‡šÍi GwU GKwU cÖvPxb I mnR c×wZ| G c×wZ‡Z GKwU cÖK‡íi wewb‡qvM KZ mg‡qi g‡a¨
†diZ Avm‡e Zv‡K eySvq| G‡ÿ‡Î †h cÖKí hZ Kg mg‡q wewb‡qvM †diZ Avm‡e, †m cÖKí ZZ †ekx
MÖnY‡hvM¨ | hw` †Kvb cÖK‡íi bM` AšÍ:cªevn cÖwZeQi mgvb _v‡K, Z‡e wb‡gœi m~Î Øviv cyuwR cÖZ¨veZ©b Kvj
wbY©q Kiv nq|
Cash Investment
PBP =
Annual Cash Inflow
ev
NCO
PBP = NCO = Net Cash Outlay
NCB
NCB = Net Cash Benefit
aiæY, ÔKÕ bv‡g GKwU †Kv¤úvbx bxU wewb‡qvM 1,00,000 UvKv eQ‡i Mo AšÍ:cÖevn 20,000 UvKv| cÖK‡íi
eqm 12 eQi| G †ÿ‡Î cyuwR cÖZ¨veZ©b Kvj KZ?
1 ,00 ,000
PBP = = 5 eQi|
20 , 000
GKwU cÖK‡íi bM` AvšÍ:cÖevn GKB bv n‡q wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i, †m‡ÿ‡Î wbgœ³ c×wZ‡Z PBP ‡ei Kiv nq|
†m †ÿ‡Î wb‡gœi m~Î eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
NCO - C
PBP = A +
D
GLv‡b A= Year in which cumulative cash inflow is nearer to NCO
(‡h eQi A‡_©i ‡hvwRZ cÖevn bxU wewb‡qv‡Mi KvQvKvwQ nq)
C = Cumulative cash inflow in the year or A ( A eQ‡ii Av‡_©i †hvwRZ AšÍ:cÖevn)
D = Cash inflow of the year following the year A (A eQ‡ii cieZ©x eQ‡ii A‡a©K AšÍ:cÖevn)
NCO = Net Cash outlay.
AiæY, ÔLÕ bvgK cÖK‡í wewb‡qvM 2,00,000 Ges cÖK‡íi 5 eQ‡ii bM` AšÍcÖevn wbgœiƒc:
G‡ÿ‡Î ÔLÕ cÖK‡íi PBP n‡e wbgœiƒc:
eQi bM` cÖevn

cÖKí wbe©vPb
1 2,00,000 eQi bM` :cÖevn ‡hvwRZ bM` AšÍ:cÖevn

2 6,00,000 1 2,00,000 2,00,000
3 11,00,000 2 6,00,000 8,00,000
4 4,20,000 3=A 11,00,000 19,00,000=C
5 7,00,000 4 4,20,000=D 23,20,000
5 7,00,000 30,20,000
Dc‡ii wn‡m‡e A = 3 eQi C = 19,00,000 UvKv D = 4,20,000 UvKv
NCO - C
AZGe PBP =
D
2 ,00 ,000 - 19 ,00 ,000
=3 +
4 ,20 ,000
= 3 + 0 . 23 = 3.23 eQi|
G c×wZ GKvwaK cÖKí †_‡K GKwU‡K †e‡Q †bevi Rb¨ eëüZ nq| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î A‡_©i eZ©gvb g~j¨ we‡ePbvq
Avbv nq bv e‡j G †KŠk‡ji Dci wbf©i Kiv SzuwKc~Y© n‡Z cv‡i|
bxU eZ©gvb g~j¨ (Net Present Value)

G c×wZ‡Z A‡_©i eZ©gvb g~j¨ we‡ePbvq Avbv nq| G ‡ÿ‡Î cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖK‡íi m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ ‡m
cÖK‡íi †gvU Rxeb Kv‡ji wewfbœ mg‡qi bM` ewn:cÖevn I AvšÍ:cÖevn c~e©vbygvb K‡i Zv wbw`©ó evÆv nv‡i eZ©gvb
g~‡jï Drcv`b Øviv ¸Y K‡i bM` ewn: cÖevn I AvšÍ:cÖev‡ni eZ©gvb g~j¨ †ei Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î wbgœiƒc m~Î
eënvi K‡i bxU eZ©gvb g~j¨ wbb©q Kiv nq:
NPV = Total Present Value of Cash Inflow – Total Present Value of Cash Outflow
hw` cÖK‡íi NPV ‡hvM‡evaK nq A_©vr NPV > 0 nq Z‡e cÖKíwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ eySv‡e|
aiæY ÔMÕ bvgK GwU cÖK‡í wewb‡qvM 2,00,000 UvKv, GcÖK‡íi Rxeb 5 eQi| cÖwZeQi AšÍ:cÖevn 40,000
UvKv, my‡ì nvi 10%| G cÖKíwU MÖnY †hvM¨ wK bv Zv wbgœiƒcfv‡e †ei Ki‡Z n‡e:
eQi bM` cÖevn 10% my‡` 1 UvKvi eZ©gvb g~j¨ bM` AšÍ:cÖev‡ni eZ©gvb g~j¨
1 40,000 .909 36360
2 40,000 .826 33040
3 40,000 .751 30040
4 40,000 .683 27320
5 40,000 .621 24840
20,00,000 1,51,600
m~Î Abymv‡i NPV = 1,51,600-2,00,000= -48400
A_©vr wewb‡qv‡Mi eZ©gvb g~j¨ †_‡K bM` AšÍ:cÖevni eZ©gvb g~j¨ Kg| ZvB cÖKíwU MÖnY †hvM¨ bq|
F
Pr esent Value = n
(1 + i)
NP = Present Value
F = Future Single Payment
I = Rate of interest / Discount rate
n = No. of interest periods.
myweav e¨q AbycvZ (Benefit of Cost Ratio)

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
GLv‡b myweav ej‡Z cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖKí †_‡K m¤¢ve¨ Avq Ges e¨q ej‡Z cÖK‡íi Rb¨ †gvU e¨q eySvq| GUv n‡jv
cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖK‡íi Avq I e¨‡qi eZ©gvb g~‡jï AbycvZ| GLv‡b AbycvZ ej‡Z cÖwZUvKvq wK nv‡i myweav cIqv
hv‡e Zv‡K eySv‡bv nq| wb‡gœ G c×wZi GKwU D`vniY †`qv n‡jv:
aiæY, cÖKí ÔNÕ Gi †gvU e¨q 2,00,000 UvKv, †gvU myweav 3,50,000 UvKv cÖK‡íi mgq Kvj 5 eQi|
eQi ‡gvU e¨q ‡gvU myweav evÆvnvi 10% nv‡i e¨‡qi eZ©gvb g~j¨ GKB nv‡i myweavi eZ©gvb
2 x4 g~j¨ 3x4
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1,00,000 --- 0.909 90950 ---
2 1,00,000 --- 0.826 8260 ---
3 80,000 0.751 --- 60,080
4 1,20,000 0.683 --- 81,960
5 1,50,000 0.621 --- 93,150
‡gvU 3,50,000 1,73,500 2,35,190
myweavi eZ©gvb g~j¨

AZGe myweav e¨q AbycvZ (BCR) =
e¨‡qi eZ©gvb g~j¨
2 , 35 ,190
= = 1 . 36 cÖvq
1 ,73 , 500
Dc‡ii wnmve †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, myweav e¨q AbycvZ 1 UvKv †_‡K †ekx e‡j cÖKíwU MÖnY †hvM¨|
Af¨šÍixY cÖvwßi nvi (Internal Rate of Return) IRR
IRR n‡jv †m evÆvi nvi, †h evÆv nv‡i wewb‡qv‡Mi bxU eZ©gvb g~j¨ (NPV) k~Y¨ nq| Avi, Gj, wcUjv‡ii g‡Z
IRR n‡jv †m evÆvi nvi †h evÆv nv‡i bxU eZ©gvb g~j¨ NP = k~Y¨ Ges BCR = 1 nq|
æ IRR is that rate of disount at which NPV = 0 and BCR= 1)

NPV means Net present value
BCR means Benefit cost ratio
Af¨šÍixY cÖvwßi nvi wbgœiƒcfv‡e wbiƒcY Kiv nq|
G c×wZ‡Z cÖ_g GKwU eo nvi Ges GKwU †QvU nvi G `ywU evÆvi nvi wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvi ci wbgœ nviwU
cÖ‡qvM K‡i NCB A_©vr bxU Av‡qi eZ©gvb g~j¨ †ei Ki‡Z n‡e hv NCO ( Net cash out lay) wewb‡qvM g~j¨
A‡cÿv †ekx n‡e| Gi ci D”P evÆvi nvi w`‡q NCB Gi eZ©gvb g~j¨ †ei Ki‡Z n‡e hv BCO ev wewb‡qvM
g~j¨ †_‡K Kg n‡e| AZci wbgœ m~Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i IRR wbb©q Ki‡Z n‡e:
wbgœnv‡i eZ©gvb g~j¨
IRR = wbgœevÆv nvi + X (D”P nvi-wbgœnvi)
wbgœnv‡i eZ©gvb g~j¨ - D”Pnv‡i eZ©gvb g~j¨
aiæY, ÔOÕ bvgK GKwU cÖK‡í 40,000 UvKv wewb‡qvM, hv wZb eQ‡ii bM` cÖev‡ni cwigvY cÖwZeQi 16,000
UvKv| G †ÿ‡Î ÔOÕ cÖK‡íi IRR n‡e wbgœiƒc:
eQi bM` cÖevn wbgœ evÆvi nvi wbgœ evÆv nv‡i eZ©gvb D”P evÆv nvi D”P evÆv nvi bxU eZ©gvb
8% g~j¨ 10% g~j¨

cÖKí wbe©vPb
0 (40,000) 1.00 (40,000) 1.000 (40,000)

1 16,000 0.926 14,816 0.909 14,544
2 16,000 0.857 13,712 0.826 13,216
3 16,000 0.794 12,704 0.751 12,016
41,232 39,776
‡gvU 1,232 -224
1232
IRR = 8 + × (10 - 8 )
1232 - (-224)
1232
=8 + ×2
1456
= 8 + 0 .8461538 ×2
= 8 + 1 .69
= 9 .69
Aw_©K AbycvZmg~n (Financial Ratio)

‡Kvb cÖK‡íi Avw_©K ¯^”QjZv, Zvij¨, gybvdv AR©b ÿgZv BZ¨vw` cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ Avw_©K AbycvZ
eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| hwÌ G mKj Avw_©K AbycvZ¸‡jvi †Kvb Av`k©gvb †bB| Z‡e wewfbœ cÖwZôvb wewfbœ AbycvZ
gvÎv‡K cÖK‡íi Rb¨ Av`k©gvb e‡j g‡b K‡i| wb‡gœ Giƒc K‡qKwU Avw_©K Abycv‡Zi Dci mswÿß eY©bv †`qv
n‡jv:
K) Debt Equity Ratio: GKwU eëmvwqK cÖwZôvb `yÕwU Drm †_‡K g~jZ A_© ms¯’vb K‡i _v‡K| Zvi GKwU
n‡jv `xN© †gqv`x FY, Avi AciwU n‡jv g~jab| G AbycvZwU `xN© †gqv`x FY‡K Zvi g~jab Øviv fvM Kiv nq|
FY g~jab AbycvZ ev Debt Equity Ratio cvIqv hvq;
Long Term Credit
m~Î Debt Equity Ratio =
Equity Capital
G AbycvZ Øviv GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Avw_©K ¯^”QjZv cwigvc Kiv nq| A_© FY`vbKvix cÖwZôvb¸‡jv GKwU Av`k©
AbycvZ a‡i w`‡q _v‡K| †hgb evsvjv‡`‡ki wkí e¨vsK 65:35 ch©š‘ FY g~jab AbycvZ MÖnY‡hvM¨ e‡j g‡b
K‡i| F‡Yi cwigvY hZ Kg nq, †m cÖwZôvb Avw_©Kfv‡e ZZ ¯^”Qj e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| ZvB F‡Yi cwigvY
g~ja‡Yi cwigvY †_‡K Kg n‡j FY `vZv‡ì wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv †hgb ev‡o, †Zgwbfv‡e gvwjK‡ì ¯^v_©I ZZ †ekx
msiwÿZ nq|
L) Debt Service Coverage: G AbycvZwU w`‡q †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi `xN© I ¯^í †gqv`x FY MÖnY ÿgZv hvPvB
Ges Avw_©K Ae¯’v wePvi Kiv nq| wb‡gœi m~Î Øviv G AbycvZ wbwY©q Kiv nq:
KicieZ©x bxUgybvdv + `xN©‡gqv`x F‡Yi my`
Debt Service Ratio =
cwi‡kva¨ F‡Yi Avmj+`xN©‡gqv`x F‡Yi my`
G AbycvZ hZ †ekx, †m cÖwZôvb ZZ ¯^”Qj I FY aviY ÿgZv ZZ †ekx|

M) Interest Coverage Ratio: G AbycvZ Øviv GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi M„nxZ F‡Yi my` cwi‡kv‡ai ÿgZv cixÿv Kiv
nq| we‡kl K‡i `xN© †gqv`x FY `vZvMY G Abycv‡Zi gva¨‡g cÖ¯ÍvweZ `xN© †gqv`x F‡Yi my` cwi‡kv‡ai ÿgZv
wePvi K‡i wbwðZ n‡Z Pvq †h, my` w`‡Z mg_© Av‡Q wKbv| GAbycvZ wbY©‡qi m~Î wbgœiƒc:
my` I Ki cÖ`vb c~e© Avq
Interset Coverage Ratio =
cwi‡kva¨ my‡ì cwigvY
G AbycvZ †ekx nevi A_© n‡jv D³ cÖwZôvb Avw_©Kfv‡e ¯^”Qj| ZvB FY`vZvMY FY w`‡Z ¯^v”Q›`†eva K‡i|
evsjv‡`k wkí e¨vsK 3:1 Abycv‡Zi wb‡P h_v_© g‡b K‡i bv|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
N) Current Ratio : G AbycvZ Øviv cÖwZôv‡bi Zvij¨ cwigvc Kiv nq| G AbycvZ Øviv †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi PjwZ
(current) `vq cwi‡kva Kivi ÿgZv cwigvc Kiv nq| m~ÎwU wbgœiƒc:
PjwZ m¤ú`
Current Ratio =
PjwZ `vq
evsvjv‡`k wkí e¨vsK 2:1 AbycvZ‡K Av`k© gvb e‡j g‡b K‡i| A_©vr 1 UvKv PjwZ `v‡qi Rb¨ 2 UvKvi PjwZ
m¤ú` _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| G AbycvZ _vK‡j PjwZ `vq wgUv‡Z cÖwZôvbwUi †Kvb Avw_©K mgm¨v _vK‡e bv|
O) gybvdv†hvM¨ AbycvZmg~n (Profitability Ratio): cÖK‡íi gybvdv†hvM¨Zv cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ weµ‡qi Zzjbvq
†gvU jv‡fi nvi, weµ‡qi Zzjbvq bxU gybvdvi nvi, wewb‡qv‡Mi Dci Av‡qi nvi BZ¨vw` wewfbœ AbycvZmg~n
eëüZ nq| G mKj Abycv‡Zi †ejvqI Av`k©gvb †bB| Z‡e G mKj Abycv‡Z j‡ei Ask n‡ii Zzjbvq hZ
†ekx n‡e cÖKíwU ZZ jvfRbK g‡b Kiv n‡e|
evwYwR¨K m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB (Commercial Feasibility Study)

‡h mKj cÖKímg~n evwYwR¨K D‡Ï‡k¨ Kiv nq Zvi Rb¨ evwYwR¨K m¤¢ve¨Zv cixÿv ev hvPvB Kiv GKvšÍ
Acwinvh©| eëmvwqK m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB Gi cwiwa A‡bK eo I we¯Í…Z| G m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB‡qi ïiæ‡ZB †`Lv
ìKvi, ‡h `ªe¨ I †mevmvgMÖx Drcvw`Z n‡e Zvi evRv‡ii Pvwn`v ‡Kgb I mieivn †Kgb? wK `v‡g cY¨ wKµ
n‡”Q? c‡Yï g‡a¨ wKwK êwkó¨ Av‡Q? eZ©gvb Pvwn`v Abygvb Kivi Rb¨ eZ©gv‡b KZRb we‡µZv Av‡Q, Zv‡ì
cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki wewµi cwigvY KZ? eZ©gvb `ªe¨ I †mevi Pvwn`vi cvkvcvwk fwel¨r Pvwn`vI Abygvb Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
†m‡ÿ‡Î wewfbœ ai‡Yi cwimsL¨vwbK †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G †_‡K Abygvb Kiv nq †h, fwel¨‡Z
Pvwn`v evo‡e wKbv ev evo‡j Zvi cwigvY †Kgb Zv we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
Z‡e mwVK Pvwn`v c~e©vbygvb Kivi Rb¨ †m GjvKvi †jvK msL¨v, gvby‡li Av‡qi cwigvY, Dbœq‡bi aviv, `ªe¨ I
†mevi g~j¨, cÖhyw³, iæwP, I †fv‡Mi Af¨vm, weKí c‡Yï `vg I ‡hvMvb, miKv‡ii Avg`vwb ißvwbi bxwZ BZ¨vw`
m¤ú‡K© mwVK I wbf©yj Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i we‡kølY K‡i Gwel‡q Abygvb Kiv|
Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ I †mevi Pvwn`v Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Dchy³ wecYb P¨v‡bj I cÖPvi †KŠkjI gv_vq ivL‡Z n‡e| G‡ÿ‡Î
e¨q wbqš¿Y I Zzjbvg~jK `vg wba©vi‡Yi welqwUI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| GLv‡b Av‡iv GKUv welq jÿ¨ ivLv cÖ‡qvRb †h,
eZ©gvb mieivnK…Z c‡Yï g‡a¨ wK ai‡Yi ÎæwU Av‡Q, hv cÖ¯ÍvweZ c‡Yï gva¨‡g ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡j wewµ evo‡Z
cv‡i| Avevi cÖ¯ÍvweZ c‡Yï evRvi RvZKi‡Yi Rb¨ †Kvb GjvKv †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e Zv wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ jÿ¨ Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb †h, eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvMxMY †Kvb GjvKv Kvfvi Ki‡Z cv‡i bvB A_©vr †Kvb GjvKvq c‡Yï M¨vc Av‡Q Zv
c~i‡Yi Rb¨ wPšÍv Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk eëmv‡qi AbyK~j cwi‡ek I miKvix bxwZgvjv Rvbv
cÖ‡qvRb| cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, AbyK~j evwYwR¨K m¤¢ve¨Zv †h †Kvb miKvix †emiKvix cÖK‡íi Rb¨B Acwinvh©
we‡eP¨ welq|
eë¯’vcKxq m¤¢ve¨Zv mgxÿv (Managerial Fesibility Study)
eë¯’vcKxq m¤¢ve¨Zv mgxÿv ej‡Z eySvq †h GKwU cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖKí cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †hmKj eë¯’vcKxq Kvh©vejx
Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿ Rbej Av‡Q wK bv, Zvi Rb¨ e¨q †Kgb n‡e, cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿ‡Yi myweav
Av‡Q wK bv BZ¨vw` wel‡q we‡kølY Kiv| GKUv cÖK‡íi mdjZv Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`v‡bi cvkvcvwk eë¯’vcKxq
Dcv`vbI we‡ePbv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY, eë¯’vcbvi `ÿZvi Dci Ab¨vb¨ mKj Kg©KvÛ wbf©i K‡i| GLv‡b ÎæwU
_vK‡j Zvi cÖfve mKj Dcv`v‡bi Dci †bwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e| eë¯’vcKxq m¤¢ve¨Zv mgxÿvi Rb¨ wbgœ wjwLZ
welq¸‡jv we‡kølY Kiv cÖ‡qvRb:
 cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖKíwU cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wK ai‡Yi Rbe‡ji cÖ‡qvRb, Zv‡ì †hvM¨Zv, AwfÁZv, †gvYfve, `ÿZv
cÖf„wZ wel‡q AbymÜvb Kiv| we‡kl K‡i, D”P ch©v‡qi eë¯’vcK‡ì `ÿZv, wePÿYZv I `~i`k©xZvi Dci
eëmv‡qi mdjZv wbf©ikxj| GB ai‡Yi †jvK †`‡k cvIqv hv‡e, bv we‡`kx we‡klÁ‡ì cÖ‡qvRb n‡e?
Avevi cÖKí eë¯’vcK‡ì cÖwkÿ‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e wK bv? n‡j †Kv_v †_‡K cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e Zv
AbymÜvb Kiv|

cÖKí wbe©vPb
 cÖK‡íi ZZ¡veavbKvix I Drcv`b Kg©xi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ iÿvi welq we‡ePbv K‡i eëmv‡qi AvKvi wba©viY
Kiv|
 g~jmsMV‡bi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv cÖK‡íi Rb¨ KZUv Dc‡hvMx Zv hvPvB Kiv, cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖK‡íi Rb¨ we‡kl
ai‡Yi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q wK bv, Zv we‡ePbv Kiv|
ZvB ejv hvq eë¯’vcKxq m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB Kivi mgq cÖK‡íi Rb¨ Rbe‡ji aiY, cwigvY, Rbe‡ji †hvM¨Zv,
AwfÁZv, cÖwkÿY, wewfbœ wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨Zv we‡`kx we‡kl‡Ái cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi aiY
cÖf„wZ wel‡q Z_¨ AbymÜvb c~e©K wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv|
cÖK‡íi g~j¨ wbiƒcY (Appraisal of Project)

cÖK‡íi g~j¨ wbiƒcY cÖKí cÖbq‡bi me©‡kl avc| GwU GKwU mvgwMÖK we‡kølY cÖwµqv; hvi gva¨‡g cÖ¯ÍvweZ
cÖK‡íi wewfbœ w`K †hgb: A_©‰bwZK, Avw_©K, cÖhyw³MZ, KvwiMwi, evwYwR¨K I eë¯’vcKxq cÖf„wZ m¤ú‡K© cysLvby
cysLfv‡e we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖK‡íi ev¯ÍeZv I jvfRbKZv hvPvB c~e©K cÖKíwU MÖnY Kiv bv Kiv
m¤ú‡K© wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi wfwË‡K eywS‡q _v‡K| cÖK‡íi g~j¨ wbiƒcY m¤ú‡K© BB Goel e‡jb, ÒcÖKí g~j¨ wbiƒcY
n‡jv GKwU †KŠkj we‡kl, hvi gva¨‡g GKwU wbw`©ó cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖK‡í cwim¤ú` wewb‡qvM Kiv Lye ev¯Íe m¤§Z,
wbf©i‡hvM¨, Ges hyw³ ms½Z n‡e wK bv Zv wePvi KivÓ
P.K.Motto e‡jb,Ò cÖK‡íi g~j¨ wbiæcY n‡jv GKwU cÖK‡íi m¤¢ve¨Zv we‡kølY, A_© I KvwiMwi we‡kølY, bKkv
I †bUIqvK© we‡kølY, DcKiY we‡kølY, Avw_©K I mvgvwRK e¨q-myweav we‡køl‡Yi wewkó êwkóëjx g~j¨vq‡bi
GKwU cÖwµqvÓ æ Project appraisal is the process of evaluating the salient featurees of feasibility
analyisis, techno-economic analysis, design and network analysis, input analysis, financial
analysis, and social and cost benefit analysis of a project.”
ZvB ejv hvq cÖKí g~j¨ wbiƒcY n‡jv GKwU e¨vcKwfwËK cÖwµqv; hvi gva¨‡g GKwU cÖK‡íi ev¯ÍeZv,
cÖ‡qvM†hvM¨Zv I jvf†hvM¨Zv Rvbvi ‡KŠkj cÎ, hvi gva¨‡g cÖKíwU MÖnY ev eR©‡bi wm×všÍ MÖ‡n‡Yi Bw½Z enb
K‡i|
wb‡gœ cÖK‡íi g~j¨ wbiƒc‡Yi wfwË‡Z cÖKí wbe©vP‡bi cÖevn ‡`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
 KvwiMwi m¤¢ve¨Zvi ‡gŠwjK cÖkœmg~n

1. KvwiMwi w`K †_‡K cÖKíwU h_v_© g‡b nq wK bv?
2. cÖK‡í †h hš¿cvwZ eëüZ n‡e Zv `ªæZ AcÖPwjZ/†m‡K‡j n‡q hv‡e wKbv?
3. cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡b we‡`kx cÖhyw³ wbf©ikxj n‡j Zvi cwigvY KZ?
4. cÖKíwU †KŠkjMZ w`K †_‡K h_v_© wKbv?
5. cÖK‡íi bKkv, cÖK‡íi mKj Kvh©vejx‡K Dcv¯’vcb Ki‡e wK bv?
 A_©‰bwZK m¤¢ve¨Zv:
1. cÖKíwU RvZxq cwiKíbvi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© wK bv?
2. cÖKíwU D”P AMÖvwaKvi †m±‡i wKbv?
3. cÖKíwU mswkøó †m±‡i h_v_© Ae`vb ivL‡e wK bv?
4. wbw`©ó †m±‡i cÖK‡íi Ae`v‡b `~j©f cwim¤ú` eënv‡ii Rb¨ h_v‡hvM¨ wK bv?
 Avw_©K m¤¢ve¨Zv:
1. cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖK‡íi Rb¨ Avw_©K mg_©b Av‡Q wK bv? bv _vK‡j Zvn‡j wKfv‡e Zv AR©b Kiv hv‡e?
2. cÖKí e¨q cÖv°jb fwel¨r `vg ¯Í‡i Kiv n‡q‡Q wKbv?
3. cÖK‡íi Rb¨ †Kvbai‡Y A_©vqb cÖ‡qvRb n‡e Ges Zv †Kvb Drm †_‡K msMÖn Kiv n‡e?
4. h_v mg‡q cÖK‡íi FY`vbKvix‡ì F‡Yi UvKv cwi‡kva Kivi mvg_© Av‡Q wK bv?
5. m¤¢ve¨ cwiPvjbv LiP, Avq, e¨q, Zvij¨ I Avq nvi †Kgb n‡e?
 evwYwR¨K m¤¢ve¨Zv:
1. wbg©vY Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxq cY¨ I †mev mvgMÖxi wbf©i‡hvM¨ †hvMv‡bi Drm Av‡Q wK bv?

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
2. cÖKí ev¯Íevq‡bi mKj DcKiY Af¨vmMZfv‡e cvIqv hv‡e wK bv?

3. evRvi Pvwn`v wbbY©‡q Kvh©Ki eë¯’v †bqv n‡q‡Q wK bv?
4. cY¨ wecY‡bi P~ovšÍ P¨v‡bj wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q wK bv?
 mvsMVwbK m¤¢ve¨Zv:
1. cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖKíwU mdj n‡Z cvi‡e wK bv?
2. cÖwZôv‡bi evB‡i †_‡K †Kvbai‡Yi mvnvh¨ cÖ‡qvRb n‡e wKbv?
 eë¯’vcKxq m¤¢ve¨Zv:
1. cÖKíwUi eë¯’vcKxq KvVv‡gv †Kgb n‡e?
2. cÖPwjZ c×wZ cÖK‡íi wb‡`©kbv I wbqš¿‡Yi Dchy³ wK bv?
 mvgvwRK m¤¢ve¨Zv:
1. cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖKí gvby‡li AvPiY I g‡Yvfv‡ei wK ai‡Yi cwieZ©b Avb‡Z cv‡i?
2. cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖKí m¤ú‡K© Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡Yvfve wKiƒc?
3. wKfv‡e cÖK‡íi wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii myweav †fvMxiv RwoZ n‡Z cvi‡e?
 cwi‡ekMZ m¤¢ve¨Zv:
1. cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖKí ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡j cwi‡e‡ki Dci †bwZevPK cÖfve co‡e wK bv?
2. cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖK‡íi Øviv cÖvK„wZi fvimvg¨Zv eRvq _vK‡e wK bv?
3. cÖKíwU cwi‡e‡ki Dchy³ wK bv?
hLb Dc‡ii wewfbœ w`K wePvi we‡kølY K‡i †m Z_¨ we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e GKwU `wj‡j Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡j Zv‡K cÖKí
g~j¨ wbiƒcY ev cÖvK wewb‡qvM cÖwZ‡e`b ev m¤¢ve¨Zv cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j|
cvV ms‡ÿc
GKwU cÖKí cÖbq‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK¸‡jv avc ch©vµ‡g m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| cÖwZwU avc Lye kZK©Zv, `ÿZv I
wePÿYZvimv‡_ m¤úbœ Ki‡Z nq| †Kvb GKwU av‡c ÎæwU _vK‡j cyi cÖKíwUi Dci †bwZevPK cÖfve c‡o|
GKwU cÖKí cÖbq‡bi Rb¨ PviwU avc µgvbymv‡i ch©vqµ‡g Avm‡e:-cÖKí wPwýZ KiY, ‡KŠkjMZ we‡kølY,
m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB,cÖK‡íi g~j¨ wbiæcY|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ:
1. cÖK‡íi m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
2. cÖK‡íi †KŠkjMZ we‡kølY eY©bv Kiæb|
3. cÖK‡íi eë¯’vcbxq m¤¢ve¨Zv ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
iPbvg~jK cªkœ
1. cÖK‡íi A_©‰bwZK m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB wKfv‡e Kiv nq?
2. cÖK‡íi Avw_©K m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB c×wZ¸‡jv D`vniYmn eY©bv Kiæb|
3. AbycvZ we‡kølY †Kb Kiv nq? PviwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Abycv‡Zi eY©bv w`b|
4. cÖK‡íi wPwýZKiY ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb? cÖK‡íi D‡`¨v³v Kviv n‡Z cv‡i?
5. Kwig GÛ †Kv¤úvbx GKwU cÖK‡í 2,20,000 UvKv wewb‡qvM Kivi wPšÍv Ki‡Q| D³ cÖKí †_‡K cÖwZeQi
50,000 UvKv bxU gybvdv n‡e e‡j Avkv Ki‡Qb| cÖKíwUi A_©‰bwZK Rxeb Kvj 8 eQi|
Dc‡ii Z_¨ †_‡K wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv wbY©q Kiæb:
K) wewb‡qvM cwi‡kva Kvj, L) Mo DcvR©b nvi, M) bxU eZ©gvb g~j¨ hw` g~jab e¨q 15% nq, N) jvfvR©b
ÿgZv m~PK, hw` g~jab e¨q 15% nq| O) Af¨šÍixiY DcvR©b nvi|

cÖKí wbe©vPb
cvV-3 t cÖK‡íi A_©vqb (Project Financing)
D‡Ïk¨
 cÖK‡íi A_©vqb ej‡Z wK †evSvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖK‡íi A_©vq‡bi wewfbœ Drm¸‡jvi bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wewfbœ Drm¸‡jv cÖK‡í wKfv‡e A_©vq‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K Zv Rvb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
welq e¯‘
cÖKí A_©vqb (Project Financing)
mvavYfv‡e A_©vqb ej‡Z bM` A‡_©i mieivn‡K eySv‡bv nq| wKš‘, eëmv‡q A_©vq‡bi A_© A‡bK e¨vcK I
we¯Í…Z| cÖK‡íi A_©vqb ej‡Z GKwU cÖK‡íi Rb¨ A‡_©i †hvMvb Ges Zvi myôz eënvi m¤úK©xq mKj Avw_©K
Kg©KvÛ‡K †evSvq| A_© †h †Kvb cÖK‡íi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y;© KviY, A_© ØvivB Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú` I DcKiYvw`
msMÖn Kiv nq| A‡_©i Drm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖavb fvM¸‡jv n‡jv e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb I miKvix Drm Ges AvšÍ©RvwZK
Drm ev ê‡`wkK Drm|
e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb cÖK‡íi A_©vqb (Financing of Private Projects)

mvaviYZ e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb cÖK‡íi cÖ_g I cÖavb Drm n‡jv D‡`¨³v ev gvwj‡Ki wbR¯^ Znwej| hw` cÖKí eo
AvKv‡ii nq Z‡e Zv e¨w³i c‡ÿ GKv enb Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB Zv‡K wewfbœ Drm †_‡K FY wb‡Z nq|
e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb cÖK‡íi Rb¨ A_©vq‡bi g~j Drm wZbwU †hgb: 1| AvZœxq I eÜzevÜe, 2| evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmg~n
I 3| we‡klvwqZ e¨vsKmg~n|
AvZœxq I eÜyevÜe (Friends and Relatives)

GwU GKwU AcÖvwZôvwbK Drm| G Drm †_‡K FY MÖn‡Yi †Kvb bxwZgvjv †bB| wK cwigvY I wK k‡Z© FY †`qv
nq Zv Zv‡ì g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡K Ges Zv‡ì g‡a¨ weivRgvb m¤úK© Øviv wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| GUvi AvbyôvwbK
†Kvb ¯^xK…wZ †bB|
evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmg~n (Commercial Banks)

evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmg~nB Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖKí F‡Yi GKwU eo Drm| mvaviYZ ¯^í †gqv`x FY †`q| Z‡e
AvRKvj ga¨ I `xN© †gqv`x FbI w`‡q _v‡K| Avgv‡ì †`‡k wbgœwjwLZ evwYwR¨K msMVb¸‡jv cÖKí FY w`‡q
_v‡K|
miKvix I †emiKvix evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmg~n (Government and Private Commercial Bank)

eZ©gvb wZbwU gvÎ miKvix evwYwR¨K e¨vsK A_© ms¯’vb Ki‡Q| †mvbvjx e¨vsK, RbZv e¨vsK I AMÖYx e¨vsK| ZvI
Avevi †Kv¤úvbx wn‡m‡e iƒcvšÍi Kiv n‡q‡Q| †emiKvix e¨vsKmg~n: evsjv‡`‡k GLb A‡bK evwYwR¨K e¨vsK
Kg©iZ Av‡Q hviv cÖK‡í A_©vqb K‡i _v‡K| †hgb: iƒcvjx e¨vsK wj:, c~evjx e¨vsK wj:, DËiv e¨vsK wj:,w` wmwU
e¨vsK wj:,Bmjvgx e¨vsK evsjv‡`k wj:, Avie evsjv‡`k e¨vsK wj;, Avj Avivdv e¨vsK wj:, AvB Gd AvB wm
e¨vsK wj:, b¨vkbvj e¨vsK wj:, cÖvBg e¨vsK wj:, mvD_ Bó e¨vsK wj:, eªvK e¨vsK wj:, BD wm we Gj e¨vsK wj:,
b¨kbvj †µwWU GÛ Kgvm© e¨vsK wj: we wm AvB wj: XvKv e¨vsK wj;, †mvmvj Bb‡fó‡g›U e¨vsK wj:, Bóvb© e¨vsK
wj:, Iqvb e¨vsK wj: Z‡e G‡ì g‡a¨ Avj Avivdv, AvjevivKv I Bmjvgx e¨vsK wj: G‡`‡k eûRvwZK e¨vsK
wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q|
we‡klvwqZ Avw_©K cÖwZôvbmg~n (Specialised Financial Institutions)

we‡klvwqZ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv ga¨ I `xN© †gqv`x cÖK‡í FY mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i| wb‡gœ K‡qKwU cÖavb
we‡klvwqZ Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Avw_©K mnvqZv m¤ú‡K© eY©bv †`qv n‡jv:

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
1. evsjv‡`k wkí e¨vsK (Bangladesh Shilpa Bank): wkí e¨vs‡Ki g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv bZzb bZzb wkí
¯’vcb, Pvjy wk‡íi ms¯‹viY,AvaywbKxKiY, cÖwZ¯’vcb I m¤cÖmviYKi‡Y A_©vqb Kiv Ges wkí msµvšÍ wel‡q
civgk© w`‡q `ªæZ wkívqb Kiv| GmKj D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡b `xN© †gqv`x FY `vb, cÖKí wbg©v‡Y ¯^í‡gqv`x
FY`vb, cvewjK wj: †Kv¤úvbxi †kqvi weµq I weªR dvBbvwÝs Gi eë¯’v Kiv| cªvB‡fU wj: †Kv¤úvbxi
†kqvi wewµK‡i BKzwU mg_©b †`qv, †`kxq wk‡í †`kx we‡`kx cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ`Ë FY cwi‡kv‡ai wbðqZv cÖ`vb
Kiv, cÖKí wbe©vPb, ev¯Íevqb, I cwiPvjbvq civgk© cÖ`vb, bZzb bZzb wkí cÖK‡íi iƒc‡iLv cÖbqb|
2. evsjv‡`k wkí FY ms¯’v (Bangladesh Shilpa Rin Shanghta-BSRS): wkí cÖK‡í †gqv`x FY I
g~jab mieivn Kiv, †`‡ki wewb‡qvM Kg©KvÛ‡K m¤cÖmviY I wewb‡qv‡M Drmvn cÖ`vb Kivi Rb¨ g~jZ G
cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¥| cÖwZôvbwU wbgœ³ fv‡e cÖK‡í A_©vq‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K:
‡`kx we‡`kx gy`ªvq ga¨ I `xN© †gqv`x FY`vb Kiv, wbR¯^ cÖwZôv‡bi ZvwjKv f~³ wkí cÖK‡íi m¤cÖmviY,
mÿgKiY, AvaywbKxKiY I cÖwZ¯’vc‡b Avw_©K mnvqZv Kiv, AewjLb/weªR dvBÝwms/ wW‡eÂvi dvBÝwms Gi
gva¨‡g ZvwjKv fy³ cvewjK wj: †Kv¤úvbx‡Z Avw_©K mnvqZv Kiv, ZvwjKvf~³ iæMœ, I mgm¨vRwbZ
cÖKímg~‡ni wbqš¿Y, c~b©evmb I cb:RxweZ Kivi Rb¨ eë¯’vMÖnY, KvwiMwi I eë¯’vcbv msµvšÍ
civgk©`vb, wkí Dbœq‡b M‡elYv I civgk© `vb Kiv|
3. e¨vsK Ae ¯§j BÛv÷ªxR GÛ Kgvm© (Bank of Small Industries and Commerce- BASIC): G
e¨vs‡Ki g~j KvR n‡jv ÿz`ª wk‡íi Dbœqb I cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ ga¨ I `xN© †gqv`x FY cÖ`vb I Avw_©K mnvqZv
Kiv| G j‡ÿ¨ wbgœ³ KvR K‡i:
1. ÿy`ª wkí I evwY‡Rï Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ FY †`qv|
2. ÿy`ª wk‡ív‡`v³v‡ì wkí ¯’vc‡b KvwiMwi mnvh¨ I civgk© †`qv|
3. wkí Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk mvaviY e¨vswKs KvR Kiv|
4. evsjv‡`k ÿy`ª I KzwUi wkí K‡c©v‡ikb (Bangladesh Small and Cottage Industries-BSIC): GwU
ÿy`ª I KywUi wkí Dbœq‡b I weKv‡k AvMÖnx D‡Ï¨v³v‡ì Rb¨ F‡Yi eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K| G cwZôv‡bi ÿy`ª I
KzwUi wkí Dbœq‡b wbgœ³ Kg©m~Px i‡q‡Q: we‡kl FY Kg©m~Px, †bvivW (KzwUi), BD Gd wW wm Gb, wmwmK-
‡ewmK FY Kg©m~Px(KzwUi), `y:¯’ gwnjv FY Kg©m~Px (cvBjU), Avqea©K Kg©Kv‡Ûi gva¨‡g `ªvwi`ª we‡gvPb,
¯^íg~‡j¨ wewmK wkícøU eivÏ`vb BZ¨vw`|
5. Bb‡fó‡g›U K‡c©v‡ikb Ae evsjv‡`k (Investment Corporation of Bangladesh-ICB): GwUi g~jKvR
n‡jv `ªæZ wk‡ívqv‡bi Rb¨ mymsnZ I mwµq cyuwR evRvi m„wó Kiv| Gj‡ÿ¨ wbgœ³ Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K:
Ae‡jLb I cÖ‡qvR‡b Gi Dci eªxwRs FY cÖ`vb Kiv, wgDPzqvj dv‡Ûi evRviRvZ I eë¯’vcbv Kiv, ÷K
G·‡P‡Ä †kqvi µq weµ‡qi * Ask MÖnY, wewb‡qvM msµvšÍ civgk© `vb Ges †hŠ_ D‡Ï¨v‡M cÖKí ¯’vc‡b
Ask MÖnY Kiv|
6. evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK (BKB): evsjv‡`k K„wl e¨vsK km¨ Drcv`b, †mP hš¿ µq, D‡`¨v³v Dbœqb, gvQ Pvl
I cïcvjb msµvšÍ wel‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb‡K Avw_©K I KvwiMwi mvnvh¨ `vb Ges kn‡i wkí
¯’vc‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq f~wgKv ivLv|
7. iRkvnx K„wl Dbœqb e¨vsK (RKUB): ‡`‡ki DËi AÂ‡j K…wl KvR I K…wl wfwËK cÖKí Dbœq‡b A_©
mnvqZv `vb K‡i _v‡K|
8. MÖvgxY e¨vsK (Grameen Bank): MÖvgxY e¨vsK evsjv‡`‡ki nZ`wi`ª gvby‡li fvM¨ Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ KvR
K‡i hv‡”Q| MÖvgxY e¨vsK K…wl I KzwUi wkí FY mnvh¨ †`q| hvi d‡j MÖv‡gi `wi`ª †jv‡Kiv †QvU †QvU ÿy`ª
I KzwUi wkí ¯’vc‡b Avw_©K mvnvh¨ cv‡”Q|
9. evsjv‡`k nvDR wewìs dvBb¨vÝ K‡c©v‡ikb (Bangladesh House Building Finance Corporation
BHBFC): GwU g~jZ feb wb©gv‡b FY mnvh¨ w`‡q _v‡K|
10. Ae‡jLK e„›`y (Under Writers): Ae‡jLK e„›`y †hŠ_g~jabx Kviev‡ii †kqvi I FYcÎ weµ‡qi wbðqZv
cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g eëmv‡qi `xN© †gqv`x A_© ms¯’v‡bi eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K|
cÖKí wbe©vPb
11. ‡ewmK e¨vsK (Bank of Small Industries and Commerce): †ewmK e¨vsK eëmv‡qi `xN© †gqv`x
g~ja‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
12. exgv †Kv¤úvbx: exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jvi wcÖwgqvg wn‡m‡e msM„nxZ A_© wewb‡qvM K‡i _v‡K| ZvB eëmv‡qi
Ab¨Zg `xN©‡gqv`x A‡_©i Drm wn‡m‡e exgv †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv KvR K‡i _v‡K|
13. wjwRs †Kv¤úvbx (Leasing Company): eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k †ek wKQz †Kv¤úvbx jxR dvBb¨vwÝs Gi
gva¨‡g eëmv‡qi `xN© †gqv`x FY `vb K‡i _v‡K|Gi g‡a¨ AvB wW Gm wm, dvBb¨Ý GÛ Bb‡fó‡g›U wj:,
gwbKv wjwRs †Kv¤úvbx BZ¨vw`|
14. ‡kqvi I wW‡eÂvi Bmÿ: †Kv¤úvbx¸‡jv †kqvi I wW‡eÂvi Bmyï gva¨‡g `xN© †gqv`x A_©vq‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
cvV ms‡ÿc
mvavYfv‡e A_©vqb ej‡Z bM` A‡_©i mieivn‡K eySv‡bv nq| cÖK‡íi A_©vqb ej‡Z GKwU cÖK‡íi Rb¨ A‡_©i
†hvMvb Ges Zvi myôz eënvi m¤úK©xq mKj Avw_©K Kg©KvÛ‡K †evSvq| A‡_©i Drm¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖavb fvM¸‡jv
n‡jv e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb I miKvix Drm Ges AvšÍ©RvwZK Drm ev ê‡`wkK Drm|e¨w³gvwjKvbvaxb cÖK‡íi Rb¨
A_©vq‡bi g~j Drm wZbwU †hgb: 1| AvZœxq I eÜzevÜe, 2| evwYwR¨K e¨vsKmg~n I 3| we‡klvwqZ e¨vsKmg~n|
we‡klvwqZ Avw_©K cÖwZôvbmg~n n‡jv:evsjv‡`k wkí e¨vsK, evsjv‡`k wkí FY ms¯’v ,e¨vsK Ae ¯§j BÛv÷ªxR
GÛ Kgvm© ,evsjv‡`k ÿy`ª I KzwUi wkí K‡c©v‡ikb ,evsjv‡`k K…wl e¨vsK ,ivRkvnx K„wl Dbœqb e¨vsK
MÖvgxY e¨vsK ,evsjv‡`k nvDR wewìs dvBb¨vÝ K‡c©v‡ikb|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ
1. cÖK‡íi A_©vqb ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb?
2. ÿz`ª eëmv cÖK‡íi A_©vq‡bi Drm¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cªkœ
1. cÖK‡íi A_©vqb ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb? ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi cÖKí¸‡jvi A_©vq‡bi Drm¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-4 t g~jab ev‡RwUs I wnmve iÿY c×wZ (Capital Budgeting and Accounting Methods)
D‡Ïk¨
 g~jab ev‡RwUs ej‡Z wK †evSvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 g~jab ev‡RwUs Gi wewfbœ c×wZ¸‡jv wK wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖK‡íi wK wK wnmve ivL‡Z nq Zv Rb‡Z I ej‡Z cvi‡eb |
welqe¯‘
g~jab ev‡RU (Capital Budgeting)
g~jab I ev‡RU `ywU kã wb‡q g~jab ev‡RwUs MwVZ| g~jab nj GKwU cÖK‡íi cÖvY hv eëmv‡qi Drcv`b Kv‡R
c~Y cY e¨üZ nq| Avi ev‡RU ej‡Z cwiKíbv‡K msL¨vwqZ Kiv‡K eySvq| mvaviYfv‡e g~ja‡bi Rb¨ †h ev‡RU
ZvB g~jab ev‡RU| wKš‘ g~jab ev‡RU A‡bK e¨vcK welq| ZvB g~jab ev‡RU ej‡Z ¯’vqx m¤ú‡ì c~b:cªwZôv,
AvayywbKxKiY, ms‡hvRb wKsev mgš^q Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb eëmv cÖK‡íi `xN© †gqv`x g~jab wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ M„nxZ
cwiKíbv‡K g~jab ev‡RU ejv nq| g~jab ev‡RU cÖKí wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ eëüZ nq| †Kvb cÖK‡í wewb‡qv‡Mi
c~‡e© wnmve Kiv nq †h †Kvb cÖKí †_‡K jvf n‡e Ges †ewk myweav cvIqv hv‡e Zv Rbvi Rb¨ †h c×wZi cÖ‡qvM
Kiv nq Zv‡K g~jab ev‡RwUs e‡j| Avevi Ab¨fv‡e ej hvq †h, †Kvb cÖK‡í wewb‡qv‡Mi wm×všÍ MÖnY Kivi
c×wZ‡KB g~jab ev‡RwUs ejv nq|
G.A. Wing Gi g‡Z, ÒcÖwZôv‡bi m¤¢vebvgq †ÿ‡Î `xN© †gqv‡ì Rb¨ Znwej eiv‡Ïi KvR‡K g~jab ev‡RwUs
ejv nqÓ æCaptial Budgeting is the allocation of long term funds available to the firm among
longterm potential uses.”
GKRb D‡`¨v³v wewfbœ w`K †_‡K m¤¢ve¨Zv hvPvB K‡i hw` †`‡L †h GKvwaK cÖKí jvfRbK; wKš‘, Zvi c‡ÿ
G‡Ki †ekx cÖKí nv‡Z †bqv m¤¢e bq, †m‡ÿ‡Î g~jab ev‡RwUs Gi †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i DËg cÖKíwU †e‡Q
wb‡Z nq| g~ja‡bi ¯^íZvi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ cÖKí †_‡K DËg cÖKíwU †e‡Q †bIqvi Rb¨ g~jab ev‡RwUs AZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
`xN©‡gqv`x cÖK‡í g~jab wewb‡qvM Kiv nq| ZvB ‡Kv_vq wewb‡qv Ki‡j SzuwK Kg n‡e, jvf †ekx n‡e Zv we‡ePbv
K‡i g~jab wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z nq|
cwi‡k‡l ZvB ejv hvq †h, g~jab ev‡RwUs ej‡Z cÖK‡íi ev eëmv‡qi `xN© †gqv`x jvf AR©‡bi Rb¨ g~jab
wKfv‡e wewfbœ cÖK‡í jvfRbfv‡e eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i Zvi cÖ‡qvM cwiKíbv‡K eySvq|
g~jab ev‡RwUs c×wZmg~n (Methods of Capital Budgeting)
g~jab ev‡RwUs Gi c×wZ wbgœiƒc:
1. MZvbyMwZK c×wZ
K) Pay Back Period L) Return on Investment
2. evÆvK…Z bM` cÖevn c×wZ
K) Internal Rate of Return or IRR Method
L) Net Present Value Method
M) Profitability Index Method.
wewb‡qvM cwi‡kva Kvj c×wZ (Pay Back Period Method)

GwU me‡P‡q cyivb I eûj eëüZ c×wZ| GUvi A_© n‡jv wewb‡qvMK„Z A_© KZ mg‡h †diZ cvIqv hv‡e| †h
cÖK‡í hZ ZvovZvwo A_© ‡diZ cvIqv hv‡e †mUvB †ekx fvj cÖKí|
hw` cÖKíwU †_‡K cÖ_g n‡Z †kl ch©š‘ GKB nv‡i UvKv Av‡m, †m‡ÿ‡Î
NCO
PBP =
NCB

cÖKí wbe©vPb
PBP = Pay Back Period

NCO = Net Cash out lay
D`vniY:
aiæY, cÖvY wkícÖwZôv‡bi `ywU cÖK‡íi wbgœ³ Z_¨ †_‡K PBP ‡ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
d‡ji im cÖKí U‡gUy Rym cÖKí
wewb‡qvM 2,00,000 1,60,000
evwl©K Avq 50,000 32,000
2 ,00 ,000 1,6 0,000
g~jab †diZ wbb©q PBP = = 4 ermi  5 eQi
50 ,000 32 ,000
G‡ÿ‡Î d‡ji im cÖKí †ekx MÖnY†hvM¨; KviY, GUv Kg mg‡q UvKv †diZ cvIqv hvq|
wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi wbqg: G‡ÿ‡Î cÖK‡íi c~e©wba©vwiZ mgqKv‡ji mv‡_ MYbvK…Z mg‡qi Zzjbv Kiv nq| MYbv Kvj
hw` Kg nq, Z‡e cÖKí MÖnY †hvM¨| ci ci MÖnY ‡hvM¨ `ywU cÖK‡íi g‡a¨ †hUv †_‡K wewb‡qvMK„Z UvKv Av‡M
†diZ cvIqv hv‡e †mUv‡K wbe©vPb Kiv nq|
Rate of Returen Method: G c×wZ‡Z wewb‡qv‡Mi UvKvi jv‡fi nvi Øviv cÖK‡íi jvfRbKZv wbiƒcY Kiv
nq| †h cÖK‡íi jv‡fi nvi †ekx †mUvB †ekx MÖnY‡hvM¨|
Mo DcvR©b nvi wbY©‡qi m~Î wbgœiƒc:
1. †gvU wewb‡qv‡Mi Dci wfwË K‡i
NCB
ROI = × 100 ROI = Return on Investment
NCO
NCO = Net Cash Outlay
2. Mo wewb‡qv‡Mi Dci wfwË K‡i
Average Income After tax
ARR = × 100
Average Investment
ARR = Average Rate of Return.
D`vniY:
Kwig GÛ †Kv¤úvbxi wewb‡qvM msµvšÍ Z_¨ wbgœiƒc:
cÖKí K cÖKí L NCB

wewb‡qvM 40,000 60,000 ARR = × 100
NCO
evmwqK bxU jvf 10,000 12,000
cÖKí K cÖKí- L
1,000 12 ,000
ARR   100  25% ARR = × 100 = 20 %
4,000 6 ,000
gZvgZ: †h‡nZz cÖKí ÔKÕ Gi DcvR©b nvi (25%) ÔLÕ cÖK‡íi DcvR©b nv‡ii (20%) †_‡K †ekx| ZvB Kwig
GÛ †Kv¤úvbx ÔKÕ cÖK‡í wewb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
evÆvK…Z bM` cÖevn c×wZ (Discounted Cash flow Method)
Dc‡ii `yUv c×wZi eo mgm¨v n‡jv UvKvi eZ©gvb g~j¨ we‡ePbv Kiv nqwb| wKš‘ evÆvK…Z c×wZ‡Z UvKvi eZ©gvb
g~j¨ we‡ePbv K‡i wm×všÍ †bqv nq| evÆvK…Z c×wZ‡Z wZb fv‡e g~jab ev‡RwUs Kiv nq|
K) Af¨šÍixY DcvR©b nvi Internal Rate of Return GUv‡K Trial and Error Method I ejv nq|
IRR Gi m~Î wbgœiƒc:

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
C
IRR = A + × ( B - A)
C-D
IRR = Internal Rate of Return
A = Discounting factor at low rate
B = Discountig factor at high rate
C = Net present value of cash flow of low trial
D= Net present value of cash flow of high trial
D`vniY: aiæY ewki GÛ †Kvs Abygvb Ki‡Q †h hw` 2,20,000 UvKv g~‡j¨ GKwU †gwkb µq K‡i Zvn‡j cÖwZ
eQi 56,000 UvKv K‡i 10 ermi hver Pvjv‡Z cvi‡e| D³ cÖK‡íi Af¨šÍixY DcvR©b nvi KZ?
C
Avgiv Rvwb †h, IRR = A + × ( B - A)
C-D
NCO 2 ,20 ,000
Avgiv Avi Rvwb ‡h d¨vKUi = = = 3 . 928
NCB 56 ,000
D³ d¨vKU‡ii gvb 3.928 Agiv Present Value of Money ‡_‡K (NPV) ‡`L‡Z cv‡ev 20% I 24% Gi
g‡a¨ Ae¯’vb K‡i, ZvB 20% I 24% Gi eZ©gvb g~j¨ †ei Ki‡Z n‡e|
Avgiv Rvwb †h NPV = PV-NCO
GLv‡b NCO = 2,20,000
PV = (56 ,000 × 4129 ) = 2 , 34 ,752
NPV = 2 ,34 ,752 - 2 ,20 ,00
= 14,752
24% Gi NPV = PV - NCO
GLv‡b NCO = 2 ,20 ,000
PV = (56 ,000 × 3 .682 = 2 ,06 ,192
NPV = 2 ,06 ,192 - 2 ,20 ,000 = -13 , 808
myZivs A= 20% Ges D= 24%
C = 14 ,752 , D = -13 ,808
14 ,752
AZGe IRR = 20 % + × (24 % - 20 %)
14 ,752 - (-13 ,808 )
20 % + 14 ,752
= ×4 %
29 ,360
= 20 % + .516 × 4 %
= 20 + 2 .1 %
= 22 .10 %
D³ †Kv¤úvbxi Af¨šÍixY DcvR©b nvi 22.10%
L) Net Present Value Method (NPV): ‡h c×wZ‡Z wbw`©ó nv‡i bM` cÖevn evÆv K†i wewb‡qvM I
eZ©gvb g~‡jï cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiv nq, Zv‡K eZ©gvb g~j¨ c×wZ ejv nq| Gi A_© n‡jv bM` cÖev‡ni eZ©gvb g~j¨
wewb‡qv‡Mi cv_©K¨B n‡jv bxU eZ©gvb g~j¨| bxU eZ©gvb g~j¨ FYv³K n‡j cÖKí evwZj; Avi abv³ n‡j cÖKí
MÖnY‡hvM¨|
NPV = PV-NCO
NPV = Net Present Value
PV= Present Value of cash inflow
NCO= Net Cash outlay i,e investment
D`vniY:
aiæY, †gmvm© nvwee GÛ †Kv¤úvbx GKwU †gwkb 2,00,000 UvKvq µq Kivi wPšÍv Ki‡Q hvi A_©‰bwZK
RxebKvj 5 eQi| †gwk‡b cÖwZ eQi 40,000 UvKv Avq n‡e| Gi g~jab e¨q 10% nv‡i bxU eZ©gvb g~j¨ †ei
K‡i gšÍe¨ Kiæb|

cÖKí wbe©vPb
Avgviv Rvwb NPV = PV-NCO

GLv‡b NCO = 2,00,000 UvKv
PV = 1,51,600 UvKv
eQi bM` AvšÍcÖevn 10% g~jab g~j¨ bM` AvšÍ:cÖev‡ni eZ©gvb g~j¨
1 20,000 .909 36,360
2 40,000 .826 33,040
3 40,000 .751 30,040
4 40,000 .683 27,320
5 40,000 .621 24,840
‡gvU 2,00,000 1,51,600
NPV= 1,51,600-2,00,000
= - 48,400 UvKv
‡h‡nZz NPV FYvZ¥K ZvB cÖKíwU MÖnY†hvM¨ bq|
M) Profitability Index Methods : ‡h c×wZ‡Z wbw`©ó nv‡i evÆvK…Z bM` AvšÍcÖev‡ni eZ©gvb g~‡jï
mv‡_ wewb‡qv‡Mi AbycvZ †ei Kiv nq; Zv‡K jvfvR©b ÿgZv ev profitability index method e‡j|
PV of Cash inflow
PI = × 100 G m~PK 100% Gi AwaK n‡j Zv GKRb cÖKí MÖnYKvixi wbKU
PV of Cash outflow
MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e| Avi m~PK 100% Gi Kg n‡j cÖKí eR©b Kiv n‡e|
D`vniY:
aiæY, †gmvm© RvwKi GÛ †Kvs 44,000 UvKv wewb‡qv‡Mi wPšÍv Ki‡Q| bxU Avq aiv n‡q‡Q cÖwZeQi 10,000
UvKv| cÖK‡íi A_©‰bwZK Rxeb Kvj 10 eQi| jvfvR©b ÿgZv m~PK g~j¨ e¨q 15%|
PV of Cash inflow
Avgiv Rvwb PI = × 100
PV of Cash outflow
GLv‡b PV of Cash outflow or NCO = 44,000
PV of cash inflow = (10,000x5.0245) = 50245.00
50 ,245
PI = × 100 = 114 .19 %
44 ,000
bxU PI = 114.19-100 = 14.19|
g~jab e¨q 15% Avq 14.19% A_©vr FYv³K ZvB cÖKíwU MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
cÖK‡íi wnmve iÿY

Project Accounts
GKwU cÖK‡íi †h †jb‡`b¸‡jv nq Zv †iKW© Kiv, †kªbxe× Kiv, msiÿY Øviv djvdj cÖKvk I we‡køl‡Yi
Kjv‡KŠkjB cÖK‡íi wnmveiÿY eë¯’v| GKwU cÖK‡íi wnmve Pµ ev wnmve iÿ‡Yi avç‡jv wbgœiƒc:
1. Avw_©K †jb‡`b wjwce×KiY:†Kvb Avw_©K †jb‡`b msMwVZ nevi ci cÖv_wgK ewn ev Rv‡e`vq `yZidv
`vwLjv c×wZ‡Z ZvwiL Abyhvqx wj‡L ivLv nq|
2. ‡jb‡`‡bi †kªYxwefvM Kiv: cÖwZwU †jb‡`b Rv‡e`vq wjwce× Kivi ci Zv †jRv‡i wfbœ wfbœ wk‡ivbv‡g
†kªbxwefvM K‡i msiÿY Kiv nq| G‡Z cÖwZwU wnmv‡ei mswÿß djvdj ev †Ri cvIqv hvq|
3. ‡iIqvwgj cÖ¯ÍZ KiY: wnmv‡ei MvwYwZK ï×Zv hvPB Kivi Rb¨ †iIqvwgj (Trial Balance) ‰Zwi Kiv
nq|
4. mgš^q mvab I ms‡kvab: G av‡c evwYwR¨K wnmveiÿY c×wZi AvIZvq e‡Kqv I AwMÖg Avq-e¨q mgš^q
Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| AvaywbK Kv‡j Kvh© cÎ (Work Sheet) ‰Zwii gva¨‡g mgwš^Z I ms‡kvwaZ †iIqvwgj
ˆZwi K‡i D³ Lmov cÎ †_‡K P~ovšÍ wnmve ˆZix Kiv nq| Z‡e Kvh© c×wU AvbyôvwbKfv‡e †`Lv‡bv nq bv|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
5. P~ovšÍ wnmve cÖ¯‘Z KiY: †kl avc P~ovšÍ wnmve ‰Zwi K‡i eëmv‡qi Avw_©K Ae¯’v wbiƒcY Kiv| G ¯’‡i wbgœ
wjwLZ wnmv‡ei weeiYx ˆZwi Kiv nq:
K) Drcv`b wnmve
L) µq weµq wnmve
Avq weeibx
M) jvfÿwZ wnmve
N) DØZ©cÎ
6. Avw_©K wnmve wePvi we‡kølb: eëmv‡qi AMÖMZx, DbœwZ I fwel¨Z Avq e¨‡qi MwZ m¤úK© mswkøó cÿmg~n‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq Avw_©K Z_¨ Rvbvevi D‡Ï‡k¨ P~ovšÍ wnmve ˆZixi ci wnmve wbKv‡ki nvi wbY©q K‡i wnmv‡ei
djvdj ch©v‡jvPbv I ¯^”QZv hvPvB Kiv nq| wnmve P‡µi Dci Avgv‡ì Fundamental of Accounting
G we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv Av‡Q weavq GLv‡b G m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv bv|
wewfbœ cÖKvi wnmv‡ei eB : cÖKí eo n‡j Ges KvR Kvievi †e‡o †M‡j ïay Rvb©vj I †jRvi w`‡q mKj wnmv‡ei
KvR Pvwj‡q hvIqv m¤¢e bq weavq wfbœ wfbœ ‡jb‡`‡bi Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ Rvb©vj ivLvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgbÑ
1. bM`vb eB ev Cash Book hv Avevi GKNov, `yBNov I wZb Niv bM`vb eB n‡Z cv‡i|
2. weµq eB Sales Book
3. µq eB Purchase Book
4. e‡Kqv Dmyj eB Accounts Recevible Book
5. e‡Kqv cwi‡kva eB Accounts Payble Book
6. Lwi` gvj †diZ eB Return Outword Book
7. weµq gvj †diZ eB Return Inword Book
8. e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_ †jb‡`b eB Bank Transaction Book cÖf„wZ |
cvV ms‡ÿc
g~jab nj GKwU cÖK‡íi cÖvYe„›`y hv eëmv‡qi Drcv`b Kv‡R c~Y cY e¨üZ nq| Avi ev‡RU n‡jv n‡jv
cwiKíbv‡K msL¨vwqZ Kiv‡K eySvq| mvaviYfv‡e g~ja‡bi Rb¨ †h ev‡RU ZvB g~jab ev‡RU| w ZvB g~jab
ev‡RU ej‡Z ¯’vqx m¤ú‡ì c~b:cªwZôv, AvayywbKxKiY, ms‡hvRb wKsev mgš^q Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb eëmv cÖK‡íi
`xN© †gqv`x g~jab wewb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ M„nxZ cwiKíbv‡K g~jab ev‡RU ejv nq| g~jab ev‡RU cÖKí wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨
eëüZ nq| †Kvb cÖK‡í wewb‡qv‡M c~‡e© wnmve Kiv nq †h †Kvbv cÖKí †_‡K jvf n‡e Ges †ewk myweav cvIqv
hv‡e Zv Rbvi Rb¨ †h c×wZi cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq Zv‡K g~jab ev‡RwUs e‡j| g~jab ev‡RwUs Gi c×wZ ¸‡jv
nj:1. MZvbyMwZK c×wZ I 2. evÆvK…Z bM` cÖevn c×wZ |
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ:
1.GKwU cÖK‡í wK wK wnmve eB ivLv nq?
1. cÖK‡íi A_©vqb ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
2. ÿz`ª eëmv cÖK‡íi A_©vq‡bi Drm¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
3. cÖK‡íi g~jab ev‡RwUs ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
iPbvg~jK cªkœ
1. g~jab ev‡RwUs Kv‡K e‡j? cÖK‡íi g~jab ev‡RwUs Kivi †KŠkj¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
2. cÖK‡íi A_©vqb ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb? ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi cÖKí¸‡jvi A_©vq‡bi Drm¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
3. cÖK‡íi g~j¨ wbiæcY wK? GwU wKfv‡e Kiv nq?
4. bxU eZ©gvb g~j¨ †KŠk‡j wKfv‡e GKwU cÖK‡íi MÖnY†hvM¨Zv hvPvB Kiv hvq?
5. Kwig GÛ †Kv¤úvbx GKwU cÖK‡í 2,20,000 UvKv wewb‡qvM Kivi wPšÍv Ki‡Q| D³ cÖKí †_‡K cÖwZeQi
50,000 UvKv bxU gybvdv n‡e e‡j Avkv Ki‡Qb| cÖKíwUi A_©‰bwZK Rxeb Kvj 8 eQi|
Dc‡ii Z_¨ †_‡K wbgœwjwLZ welq¸‡jv wbY©q Kiæb:
K) wewb‡qvM cwi‡kva Kvj, L) Mo DcvR©b nvi, M) bxU eZ©gvb g~j¨ hw` g~jab e¨q 15% nq, N) jvfvR©b
ÿgZv m~PK, hw` g~jab e¨q 15% nq| O) Af¨šÍixiY DcvR©b nvi|

eëmvq cwiKíbv I eë¯’vcbvi kvLv
BDwbU
6
(Business Plan & Branches of Management)
cwiKíbv nj †Kvb KvR m¤úv`‡bi c~‡e© †m m¤ú‡K© mvgwMÖK wPšÍv Kiv nq| ‡h †Kvb j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb
cwiKíbv| fwel¨‡Z Kx KvR Kiv n‡e, KLb Kiv n‡e, Kxfv‡e Kiv n‡e ev Kvi Øviv Kiv‡bv n‡e, Gi Rb¨ m¤¢ve¨
e¨q KZ, wiUvY© Gi m¤¢ebv KZ BZ¨vw` welq m¤ú‡K© hw` c~‡e©B aviYv †bqv nq Ges †m Abyhvqx hw` Kv‡R
AMÖmi nIqv hvq Z‡e mdjZvi m¤¢vebv †ewk nq| A_©vr cwiKíbv n‡jv fwel¨Z c_ Pjv m¤ú‡K© AvMvg wm×všÍ
MÖnY hv cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri jÿ¨ AR©b‡K mnRZi K‡i| wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi RbÏ eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv Avek¨K|
GwU wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi Rb¨ Zvi MšÍ‡e¨ †cuŠQvi c_ wb‡`©kK| Av‡jvP¨ BDwb‡U eëmvq cwiKíbv Kx, eëmv‡qi
†ÿ‡Î Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ev ¸iæZ¡ KZUzKz Ges m‡e©vcwi GKRb eëmvqx ev wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Kxfv‡e eëmvq
cwiKíbvi Dbœqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib eëmvq cwiKíbvi eënvi, eëmvq cwiKíbvi bxwZgvjv, eëmvq cwiKíbvi
g‡Wj BZ¨vw` welq we¯ÍvwiZ fv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
BDwbU Qq c„ôv-105
weweGm †cÖvMvg
cvV- 1 t eëmvq cwiKíbvi msÁv, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv I Dbœqb

(Definition, Necessity and Development of Business Plan)
D‡Ïk¨
 eëmvq cwiKíbv Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î eëmvq cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 eëmvq cwiKíbv Dbœqb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
eëmvq cwiKíbvi msÁv

(Definition of Business Plan)
‡h cÖwZ‡e`‡b †Kvb eëmv‡qi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v Ges fwel¨r m¤¢vebvi c~Yv½ wPÎ Zz‡j aiv nq Zv‡K eëmv‡qi
cwiKíbv ev Business Plan e‡j| GwU eëmvqxi Rb¨ GKwU w`K wb‡`©kK hv Zv‡K MšÍe¨ ¯’‡j †cŠQv‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡i| GKRb wk‡ív‡`¨v³v eëmvq cwiKíbv‡K mvg‡b †i‡L AMÖmi n‡Z _vK‡j Zvi c_ nviv‡bvi †Kvb fq
_v‡K bv| wbwð‡šÍ †m Zvi Awfó jÿ¨ AR©‡bi c‡_ AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i| MšÍe¨¯’‡j †cuŠQvi Rb¨ GwU wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi
Kv‡Q c_ Pjvi gvbwPÎ| eëmvq cwiKíbvq eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨, eZ©gvb Ae¯’v, fwel¨r m¤¢vebvi iƒc‡iLv A_©vr
eëmv‡qi c~Yv½ wPÎcwi¯‹vifv‡e Zz‡j aiv nq| GQvov g~jab msMÖ‡ni †ÿ‡Î eëmvq cwiKíbv GKwU DËg
Z_¨m~Î I `wjj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GwU eëmv‡qi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v Ges fwel¨r m¤¢vebvi wPÎ‡K AZ¨šÍ
my¯úófv‡e FY`vbKvix e¨vsK I cuywR mieivnKvix cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡Q Zz‡j a‡i| wk‡ív‡`¨v³v e¨vsK †_‡K FY
†bqvi mgq Av‡e`bc‡Îi mv‡_ `vwLjK…Z cÖ‡R± ‡cÖvdvBj Ges Rbmvavi‡Yi Kv‡Q ‡kqvi wewµi j‡ÿ¨ †Kv¤úvwb
KZ…©K Bmy¨K…Z cÖm‡cKUvm eëmvq cwiKíbviB iƒcvšÍwiZ bvg| mvaviYZt eëmvq cwiKíbv wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨
ˆZwi Kiv nq|
wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ gbxlxMY eëmvq cwiKíbv‡K wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY ‡_‡K Av‡jvPbv Kivi cÖqvm ‡c‡q‡Qb| wb‡æ
Gi~c D‡jøL‡hvM¨ K‡qKRb gbxlxi msÁv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jvt
1| Fry Ges Stoner-Gi g‡Z, ÒBusiness plan is a document that provides entrepreneur’s road map
for successful enterprise. Ó. (eëmvq cwiKíbv n‡”Q GKwU `wjj hv D‡`¨v³v‡ì eëmvq mdjZv
AR©‡bi c_ cwiµgvi gvbwPÎ cÖ`vb K‡i|)
2| Nicholas G. Siropolis- Gi g‡Z, ÒThe business plan is a rigorous exercise, based on facts,
that provides the underpinnings for a successful venture”. (eëmvq cwiKíbv n‡jv Z_¨mg~‡ni
K‡Vvi wbqgZvwš¿K eënvi hv †Kvb mdj cÖwZôv‡bi g~j wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i)|
3| Colin Barrow- Gi g‡Z ÒThe business plan will serve as a blueprint to follow which like any
map, improves the user’s chances of reaching his or her destination.” (eëmvq cwiKíbv
gvbwP‡Îi b¨vq bxj b·v cÖ`vb K‡i, hv Gi eënviKvix‡K Zvi j‡ÿ¨ †cuŠQv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z eëmvq cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© mvgwMÖKfv‡e ejv hvq †h-
K) GwU n‡jv cÖ¯ÍvweZ eëmvq msMV‡bi wjwLZ `wjj| Gi g‡a¨ eëmv‡qi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v, cÖZ¨vwkZ welq
Ges Kvw•LZ djvd‡ji D‡jøL _v‡K|
L) cÖKí, evRviRvZKiY M‡elYv I Dbœqb, Drcv`b, eë¯’vcbv, SzuwK, A_©vqb BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ
weeiY eëmvq cwiKíbvi AšÍf~©³ _v‡K|
M) e¨vsK I Avw_©K cÖwZôvb KZ…©K A_©vq‡bi GKwU wjwLZ `wjj wn‡m‡eI eëmvq cwiKíbv‡K we‡ePbv
Kiv nq|
N) eëmvq cwiKíbv gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ cY¨ ev †mev weµ‡qi w`K wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb K‡i|
O) GwU g~jZ eëvmvwqK mvd‡jï cÖ_ cÖ`k©K|
P) eëmvq cwiKíbv eëmvwqK mKj Kv‡Ri wfwË¯îæc|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, eëmvq cwiKíbv n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b hvi gva¨‡g eëmv‡qi eZ©gvb I fwel¨r
Kg©cš’v m¤ú‡K© mwe¯Ív‡i Rvbv hvq, hv eëmvwqK mdjZv AR©‡bi c_ cÖ`k©K| eëmvq cwiKíbvi AšÍfy©³
welq¸‡jv n‡jv- eëmv‡qi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v, Awfl¨Z KiYxq, evRvi †kqvi, weµq c~ev©fvm, cY¨ ev †mev m¤úwK©Z
welq, SzuwK †gvKv‡ejvi cš’v BZ¨vw`|
eëmvq cwiKíbvi Dbœqb

(Developing Business Plan)
GKwU eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kivi mgq A‡bK †ewk hZœkxj nIqv Avek¨K| wk‡ív‡`¨v³v I ÿ`ª eëmvq
eë¯’vcbv eB‡q eëmvq cwiKíbv ˆZwi Kivi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv i‡q‡Q| Gme eB‡q Av‡iv ejv Av‡Q
cwiKíbv ‰Zwi Kivi mgq Kx Ki‡Z n‡e, Kx Ki‡Z n‡e bv| wk‡ív‡`¨v³v wb‡R A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb we‡kl‡Ái
mvnvh¨ wb‡q eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e GKwU myôz eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi mgq wb‡P ewY©Z
welq¸‡jv w`K wbw`©kbv w`‡Z cv‡i t
 eëmvq cwiKíbv hZUzKz m¤¢e mswÿß Ges kã evûj¨ ewR©Z nIqv evÃbxq|
 cY¨ I evRv‡ii †ÿ‡Î eëmv‡qi jÿ¨ AwZ we¯Z…Z nIqv DwPZ bq| `yÕGKwU cY¨ ev AÂ‡ji cÖwZ `„wó
wbe× ivLv DwPZ|
 eëmvq eë¯’vcbv wU‡g ARvbv I inm¨RbK e¨w³ AšÍf~©³ Kiv DwPZ bq|
 ‡Kvb cY¨‡K Ggb †UKwbK¨vj kã Øviv eY©bv Kiv DwPZ bq hv †KejgvÎ we‡klÁiv eyS‡Z cv‡i|
 ev¯Íem¤§Z Drcv`‡bi cwigv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i weµ‡qi cwigvY wnmve Ki‡Z n‡e| AZ¨šÍ mveavbZvi
mv‡_ weµq wnmve ivLv DwPZ|
 A¯úó Z‡_ï Dci wfwË K‡i eëmv‡q cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv DwPZ bq|
 eëmvq msµvšÍ †h †Kvb mgm¨v eZ©gvb I fwel¨‡Z D™¢e n‡Z cv‡i Ggb mgm¨vi Av‡jvPbv eëmvq
cwiKíbvq _vKv Avek¨K|
 eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYqbKv‡j eë¯’vcbv `‡ji mKj m`m¨‡K mswkøó Kiv Ges cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a we‡kl‡Ái
civgk© †bqv DwPZ|
cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, Dchy³ w`K wb‡`©kbv mKj eëmv‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| Z‡e eëmv‡qi cÖK…wZ, mvsMVwbK aib I
wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y eëmvq cwiKíbvi welqe¯‘ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡iv Kv‡iv g‡Z, eëmvq cwiKíbv 50 c„ôvi †ewk
nIqv DwPZ bq| Z‡e G e¨vcv‡i †Kvb euvavaiv wbqg bvB| eëmvq cwiKíbvq †h me welq AšÍf~©³ _vKv DwPZ
Zvi g‡a¨ f~wgKv, †Kv¤úvwbi DrcwË Ges cY¨ ev †mevi we‡kl êwkó¨ cÖavb| evRvi AvKl©YxqZv, Avw_©K
cwiKíbvi mvims‡ÿc eëmv‡qi fwel¨Z m¤¢vebv eëmvq cwiKíbvq AšÍf³ y© Ki‡Z n‡e| eëmvq cwiKíbv
weweGm †cÖvMvg
cÖbq‡bi †ÿ‡Î cieZ©x ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc n‡jv cwiKíbvi AvB‡Ug ¸‡jv‡K UvKvi gv‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv| eëmvq
cwiKíbvi mv‡_ †hme cÖv°wjZ Avw_©K weeiYx mshy³ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv n‡jv t
K) jvf-ÿwZ c~e©vfvm wnmve,
L) †cÖvdigv e¨v‡jÝ mxU,
M) K I L Gi weeiYxi Dci wfwË K‡i bM`vb cÖev‡ni cÖ‡ÿcY I †eªK B‡fb we‡kølY|
Nicholas G. Siropolis eëmvq cwiKíbv Dbœq‡bi 15wU av‡ci K_v D‡jøL Ki‡jI Dr. A. R. Khan 25wU
av‡ci K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wb‡gœ eëmvq cwiKíbv Dbœq‡bi avç‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
1. eëmvq cwiKíbvq cÖ_‡g D‡`¨v³v eëmv‡qi cÖwZ Zvi A½xKvi ˆZwi K‡ib|
2. D‡`¨v³v Zvi wb‡Ri kw³ Ges `ye©jZv we‡kølY Ki‡eb|
3. D‡`¨v³v Zvi kw³ Ges cÖZ¨vkvi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L Dchy³ cY¨ ev †mev wba©viY Ki‡eb|
4. eëmvq n‡Z wK cwigvY gybvdv cÖZ¨vkv Kiv n‡”Q, Zv wba©viY|
5. D‡`¨v³vi eëmv‡qi Rb¨ cÖ`Ë wK cwigvY mgq nv‡Z Av‡Q Zv wbiƒcY|
6. eëmvq cwiKíbvi mKj w`K g~j¨vqb (Review)|
7. ¯’vqx LiP Ges cwieZ©bkxj Li‡Pi cwigvY wba©viY|
8. cÖwZôv‡bi mg‡”Q` we›`y (Break even point) wbiƒcY|
9. hw` evKx‡Z cY¨ weµ‡qi bxwZ MÖnY Kiv nq Zvn‡j Gi mv‡_ RwoZ hveZxq myewav I Amyweavmg~n we‡ePbv
Kiv|
10. Drcv`b cwiKíbv Dbœqb|
11. c~e© wba©vwiZ gybvdv AR©‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖZ¨vwkZ weµq (Target sales) AwR©Z n‡e wKbv Zv cixÿv I
M‡elYv Kiv|
12. eëmv‡q eëüZ m¤úwËi weeiY ˆZwi|
13. eëmv‡qi cÖviw¤¢K DØ„ËcÎ ˆZwi|
14. cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤úwËi Drm wba©viY|
15. eëmv‡qi Rb¨ Dchy³ ¯’vb wbe©vPb|
16. eëmv‡qi hveZxq ¯’v‡bi web¨vm|
17. eëmv‡qi aib wbe©vPb|
18. evRviRvZKiY cwiKíbvi Dbœqb|
19. mvsMVwbK cwiKíbvi Dbœqb|
20. eëmv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ SzuwK I Zv mgvav‡bi Dcvq|
21. wnmveiÿ‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq c×wZ wba©viY|
22. eëmv‡qi ïiæ‡Z Kg©Pvix bxwZ cÖYqb|
23. Kw¤úDUvi cwiKíbv Dbœqb|
24. mvgwMÖK eë¯’vcbv Dbœq‡bi Kg©m~wP cÖYqb|
25. Avw_©K cwiKíbv Dbœqb|

26. mvgwMÖK eëmvq cwiKíbvi mv‡_ mvi ms‡ÿc ˆZwi|
27. exgv cwiKíbvi Dbœqb|
28. mvgwMÖK eëmvq cwiKíbvi mvi ms‡ÿc cÖYqb|
Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ avç‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb †KvbwU G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ AvšÍtm¤úwK©Z Avevi †Kvb †KvbwU m¤ú~Y© ¯^vaxb
Zv evQvB Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvov cvwicvwk¦©K bvbv Ae¯’v wePvi-we‡ePbv K‡i GKRb D‡`¨v³v eëmvwqK cwiKíbvi
avç‡jv AbymiY K‡i _v‡Kb|
eëmvq cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡

(Importance of Business Plan )
eëmvq cwiKíbv n‡jv eëmv‡qi fvwel¨r i~c‡iLv hvi mvnv‡h¨ D‡`¨v³v Zvi mKj Kvh©Kªg eëmvwqK jÿ¨
AR©‡bi w`‡K avweZ K‡i| ZvB cwiKíbv hZ ev¯ÍegyLx nq cÖvwZôvwbK jÿ¨ AR©b ZZB mnR nq| GK K_vq
ejv hvq, eëmvq cwiKíbv eëmv‡qi mdjZv AR©‡bi c_ cÖ`k©K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wb‡æ eëmvq cwiKíbvi
¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
1| eëmvwqK i~c‡iLv (Guideline of business) : eëmvq cwiKíbv n‡jv eëmv‡qi mvgwMÖK i~c‡iLv|
eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡Î GKRb D‡`¨v³v eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨, cÖK…wZ, Kvh©cwiwa, cÖwZ‡hvMx
BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv‡K e¨vcKfv‡e ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i, d‡j eëmvq cwiKíbvi g‡a¨ eëmv‡qi hveZxq welq
AšÍfy©³ _v‡K Ges fwel¨r KiYxq m¤ú‡K© i~c‡iLv cÖ`vb K‡i| ZvB eëmvq cwiKíbv‡K eëmvwqK
i~c‡iLv wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
2| wbqš¿‡Yi nvwZqvi (Tools of control) : eëmvq cwiKíbv‡K eëmv‡qi hveZxq Kvh©vejx wbqš¿‡Yi
nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| wbqš¿Y n‡jv c~e© wba©vwiZ gvb Abyhvqx Kvh©vejx m¤úvw`Z n‡”Q wKbv Zv
†`Lv Ges wePz¨wZ wba©viYc~e©K Zv ms‡kva‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv| eëmvq cwiKíbvq †h‡nZz hveZxq
Kvh©vejxi gvb AšÍf~©³ _v‡K †m‡nZz Gi~c gv‡bi mv‡_ eZ©gvb Kvh©vejx‡K Zzjbv K‡i eëmvwqK
Kvh©µg‡K mn‡RB wbqš¿b Kiv hvq| ZvB AvaywbK we‡k¦ eëmvq cwiKíbv‡K wbqš¿‡Yi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e
MY¨ Kiv nq|
3| ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g (Way of communication): eëmvq cwiKíbv‡K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg gva¨g
wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| ZvQvov G‡K cÖ‡Ró cÖ‡cÖvRvj, cÖKí Kg©m~wP BZ¨vw` bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
eëmvq cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g †kqvi‡nvìvi, e¨vsK, Avw_©K cÖwZôvb, miKvi BZ¨vw` cÿ eëmv‡qi hveZxq
Z_¨ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB eëmvq cwiKíbv †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg gva¨g wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
4| Avf¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM iÿv (Maintaining internal communication) : Avf¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î
eëmvq cwiKíbv Ab¨Zg f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖwZôv‡bi g¨vbyqvj wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|
Gi~c g¨vbyqv‡j cÖwZôv‡bi msMVb KvVv‡gv, eë¯’vcbv ¯Íi, eë¯’vcbv cwiwa BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv AšÍf©~³
_v‡K d‡j eëmvq cwiKíbvi mvnv‡h¨ cÖwZôv‡b wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³eM© cÖwZôv‡bi hveZxq welq m¤ú‡K©
AeMZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB eëmvq cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g Avf¨šÍixb †hvMv‡hvM iÿv Kiv m¤¢e nq|
5| wb‡`©kbvq mnvqZv`vb (Help to direction) : eëmvq cwiKíbv wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡bi †ÿ‡Î e¨vcKfv‡e
mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| eëmvq cwiKíbvi g‡a¨ ‡Kvb KvR, KLb m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡e, wKfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e,
Kv‡ì mvnv‡h¨ Ki‡Z n‡e, KZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ Ki‡Z n‡e BZ¨vw` wel‡q we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e ejv nq| ZvB †Kvb
weweGm †cÖvMvg
Kg©Pvix ev Kg©KZ©v Gi~c cÖwZ‡e`b cvVc~e©K wbR wbR `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© mvg¨K aviYv †c‡q _v‡K| d‡j
wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb A‡bKUv mnR I mgq ms‡ÿc nq|
6| evwl©K ev‡RU cÖYq‡b mnvqZv (Help in preparing Annual budget) : evwl©K ev‡RU †h †Kvb
cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| Giƒc ev‡R‡Ui Ab¨Zg K‡qKwU n‡jv-bM`vb ev‡RU (Cash
budget), bgbxq ev‡RU (Flexible budget), Drcv`b ev‡RU (Production budget), µq ev‡RU
(Purchase budget), weµq ev‡RU (Sales budget), BZ¨vw`| Giƒc cÖwZwU ev‡RU ˆZwii †ÿ‡Î
msMV‡bi D‡Ïk¨ GKw`‡K †hgwb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ab¨w`‡K †Zgwb ev‡RU cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ Z‡_ï
cÖ‡qvRb| Giƒc hveZxq cÖ‡qvRbxq Z‡_ï wmsnfvM eëmvq cwiKíbv n‡Z msMÖn Kiv hvq| d‡j Kvh©Ki
ev‡RU cÖYq‡b eëmvq cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡ A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB|
7| D‡`¨v³vi Av¯’v e„w× (Increasing entrepreneur’s confidence): eëmvwqK mvd‡jï †ÿ‡Î D‡Ï¨³vi
Av¯’v AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| Avi D‡Ï¨v³vi Av¯’v e„w×‡Z eëmvq cwiKíbv e¨vcK f~wgKv iv‡L| eëmvq
cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g D‡`¨v³v ¯^xq eëvmv‡qi AZxZ I eZ©gvb Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© mvg¨K aviYv jvf Ki‡Z
cv‡i| Giƒc cwiKíbvq eëmv‡qi DË‡ivËi mvdj¨ `„wóMZ n‡j D‡`¨v³vi Av¯’v e„w× cvq Ges fwel¨‡Z
eëmvq m¤cÖmvi‡Yi w`‡K g‡bvwb‡ek K‡i|
8| g~jab msMÖn (Procurement of capital) : g~jab eëmv‡qi cÖvY¯îƒc| ÿ`ª eëmv‡qi cÖv_wgK g~jab
mvaviYZ D‡`¨v³v wb‡RB mieivn K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e A‡bK mgq AwaK g~ja‡bi cÖ‡qvRb †`Lv w`‡j Zv
D‡`¨v³vi GKvi c‡ÿ mieivn Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| G‡ÿ‡Î †Kvb e¨vsK ev wewb‡qvMKvix cÖwZôv‡bi wbKU
n‡Z FY MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| Giƒc Ae¯’vq FY`vbKvix cÖwZôvY FY gÄy‡ii Av‡M FY MÖnxZv eëmv‡qi
eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I fwel¨r m¤¢vebvi w`K¸‡jv wePvi we‡kølY †_‡K _v‡K| †m †ÿ‡Î eëmvq cwiKíbv
FY`vZvi wbKU Z_¨fvÛvi wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
9| m¤ú‡ì myôz eënvi (Proper use of resources) : m¤ú‡ì myôy eënvi g~jZ mwVK I mywbw`©ó
cwiKíbvi Dci wbf©i K‡i| eëmvwqK cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g †Kvb& m¤ú` KLb, wKfv‡e I KZUzKz eënvi
Kiv n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© mywbw`ó wb‡`©kbv †Ìqv nq, d‡j m¤ú‡ì AcPq n«vm cvq Ges Kvg¨ eënvi wbwðZ
nq|
10| mwVK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mnvqZv (Help in taking right decision) : mwVK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î eëmvq
cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| †h †Kvb wm×všÍ mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ MÖnY Kiv n‡q _v‡K| eëmvq
cwiKíbvq eëmv‡qi D‡Ï‡kï ev j‡ÿï my¯úó D‡jøL _v‡K d‡j eëmvq cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g Zv AR©‡bi
Rb¨ mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv hvq| ZvQvov mwVK wm×v‡šÍ Rb¨ Dchy³ I ch©vß Z‡_ïI cÖ‡qvRb hv eëmvq
cwiKíbv n‡Z msMÖn Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
11| myôy mgš^q (Proper co-ordination) : eëmvwqK D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ© n‡jv wewfbœ Kvh©vejxi
g‡a¨ myôz mgš^q| Giƒc mgš^‡qi †ÿ‡ÎI eëmvq cwiKíbv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L| eëmvq cwiKíbvi
g‡a¨ †Kvb KvR KLb, wKfv‡e I †K m¤úv`b Ki‡e BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© mywbw`©ó wb‡`©kbv †Ìqv _v‡K d‡j
cieZ©x‡Z myôy mgš^q mnR nq|
12| e¨q I AcPq n«vm (Reducing cost and avoiding wastage): cÖwZôvwbK jÿ¨ AR©‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq
n‡jv e¨q I AcPq n«vm Kiv| mywbw`©ó I c~e© cwiKíbv †gvZv‡eK m¤ú` I mg‡qi eënvi Giƒc e¨q
AcPq n«vm K‡i| eëmvq cwiKíbv eëmv‡q wb‡qvwRZ mKj cÖKvi m¤ú‡ì Dchy³ eënvi m¤ú‡K©
c~‡e©B aviYv cÖ`vb K‡i, d‡j cÖwZôv‡b AbvKvw•LZ e¨q n«vm cvq djkÖæwZ‡Z AcPq n«vm cvq|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, eëmvq cwiKíbv eëmv‡qi c_ cÖ`k©K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
cvV ms‡ÿc
jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ wK Ki‡Z n‡e, wKfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e, Kv‡ì mvnv‡h¨ Ki‡Z n‡e, KLb I KZ mgq a‡i D³
KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z n‡e BZ¨vw` wel‡q AwMÖg wPšÍv fvebv KivB n‡jv cwiKíbv|
eëmvq KcwiKíbv n‡jv Ggb GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b †hLv‡b eëmv‡qi eZ©gvb Ae¯’v I fwel¨r m¤¢vebvi cyY©v½ wPÎ‡K
Zz‡j aiv nq|
eëmvq cwiKíbv Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î wewfbœ w`‡K bRi ivL‡Z n‡e| †hgb- eëmvq cwiKíbv mswÿß I kã
evûjëwR©Z nIqv DwPr|
eëmvi †ÿ‡Î eëmvq cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| †hgb eëmvwqK iƒc‡iLv cÖYqb, m¤ú‡ì myôz eënvi,
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g, m¤ú‡ì mylg e›Ub BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î eëmvq cwiKíbv mvnvh¨ K‡i|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| eëmvq cwiKíbv wK? eëmvq cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|
2| eëmvq cwiKíbvi msÁv w`b| wKfv‡e GKwU eëmvq cwiKíbv Dbœqb Kiv hvq? eY©bv Kiæb|
weweGm †cÖvMvg
cvV- 2: eëmvq cwiKíbvi eënvi, DËg eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi wb‡`k©bv/ bxwZgvjv
(Uses of Business Plan, Principles/Guidelines preparing for a Good Business Plan )
D‡Ïk¨
 eëmvq cwiKíbvi eënvi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 DËg eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi wb‡`k©bv/ bxwZgvjv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
eëmvq cwiKíbvi eënvi (Uses of Business Plan)

eëmvq cwiKíbv‡K eëmvwqK mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi wn†m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| eëmvq cwiKíbv
eëmv‡qi Ab¨Zg Kg©m~wP, hv cieZ©x‡Z c_-cÖ`k©K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| g~jab MVb, cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì †gvKv‡ejv,
eëmvq m¤cÖmviY BZ¨vwZmn wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î eëmvq cwiKíbv e¨vcKfv‡e eëüZ n‡q _v‡K| eëmvq cwiKíbvi
eënvi m¤ú‡K© wb‡æ ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1) mwVKfv‡e Kvh© cwiPvjbv (Admistering the operations) : mwVKfv‡e eëmvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ c~e©
cwiKíbv Acwinvh©| eëmvq cwiKíbv Ggb GKwU mvgwMÖK welq hvi g‡a¨ Kvh© cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ hveZxq
welq AšÍf~©³ _v‡K| A_©vr †Kvb KvR, wKfv‡e, KZ mg‡q, Kvi mvnv‡h¨ m¤úv`b Kiv n‡e Zv eëmvq
cwiKíbvq we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ nq| ZvB GKRb D‡`¨v³v mwVKfv‡e Kvh© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ eëmvq
ciKíbv‡K eënvi K‡i _v‡K|
2) Znwej MVb (Formation of fund) : eëmvq-evwbR¨mn †h †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ Znwej Acwinvh©| Giƒc
Znwej †kqvi weµq ev FbK…Z g~ja‡bi gva¨‡g msMÖn Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Z‡e †hfv‡eB Znwej msMÖn Kiv
†nvK bv †Kb, cÖwZwU †ÿ‡ÎB eëmvq cwiKíbv‡K eënvi Kiv nq| †kqvi µ‡qi c~‡e© m¤¢ve¨ †kqvi
†µZvMY eëmv‡qi fwel¨r Kg©m~wP m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z AvMÖnx nq, Ab¨w`‡K Fb`vZvMYI G welqwU‡K
AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q _v‡K| GgZve¯’vq eëmvq cwiKíbv G mKj cÿ‡K Z_¨ w`‡q e¨vcKfv‡e mnvqZv cÖ`vb
K‡i _v‡K|
3) cÖwZ‡hvMx welqK wm×všÍ MÖnY (Decision about competitors) : eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y© eëmvq cwi‡e‡k
cÖwZ‡hvMx m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ ai‡Yi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb c‡i| Giƒc wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y eëmvq cwiKíbv
e¨vcKfv‡e eëüZ nq| fwel¨r evRvi AbymÜvb, bZzb bZzb cY¨ jvBb (Product line) MÖnY,
cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì mvnwmKZvi mv‡_ †gvKv‡ejv BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î †h mKj Z_¨ I c~e©vbgvb cÖ‡qvRb, Zv eëmvq
cwiKíbv n‡Z msMÖn K‡i GKRb D‡`¨v³v cÖwZ‡hvMx welqK wm×všÍ MÖnb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4) Pzw³ m¤úv`b (Forming contracts)t wewfbœ c‡ÿi mv‡_ Pzw³ m¤úv`b Kiv eëmv‡qi GKwU ¯^vfvweK
cÖwµqv| Giƒc Pzw³i g‡a¨ weµq Pzw³, µq Pzw³,FY Pzw³, wewb‡qvM Pzw³ BZ¨vw` Ab¨Zg| G mKj
mieiv‡ni ‡ÿ‡Î eëmvq cwiKíbv Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
5) AvšÍR©vwZK cwim‡i Kvh©viv¤¢ (Starting operations in international environment) AvšÍR©vwZK
eëmv‡q cÖ‡ek wbtm‡›`‡n †h †Kvb eëmv‡qi Rb¨ Avb‡›ì welq| Z‡e AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki
AbygwZ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ eëmvq cwiKíbv e¨vcK f~wgKv iv‡L| A_vr© G‡ÿ‡Î mswkøó cÿ eëmv‡qi aib,
bxwZ, D‡Ïk¨ BZ¨vw` wel‡q m¤ú~Y© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z Pvq| eëmvq cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g G mKj Z_¨ AwZ
mn‡RB KZ…©cÿ‡K mieivn Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
6) evRviRvZKiY welqK wm×všÍ MÖnY (Decision about marketing): evRviRvZKiY msµvšÍ wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi
†ÿ‡Î eëmvq cwiKíbv‡K eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G ai‡Yi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î †h Z‡_ï cÖ‡qvRb, Zvi
AwaKvsk eëmvq cwiKíbvq AšÍf³ ~© _v‡K| d‡j GKRb D‡Ï¨v³v evRviRvZKiY msµvšÍ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi
†ÿ‡Î eëmvq cwiKíbvi mvnv‡h¨ †bq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, eëmvq cwiKíbv eëmv‡qi c_ wb‡`©kK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| ZvB Pjgvb eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi
wewfbœ wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi R‡b¨, mswkøó wewfbœ c‡ÿi cÖ‡qvRb Ges eëmvq m¤cÖmvi‡Yi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î eëmvq
cwiKíbv‡K e¨vcKfv‡e eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
DËg eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi wb‡`k©bv/ bxwZgvjv

(Principles/ Guidelines preparing for a Good Business Plan )
DËg eëmvq cwiKíbv eëmvwqK mvd‡jï Rb¨ Acwinvh© n‡jI mKj cwiKíbvB †h DËg e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e Zv
bq| DËg cwiKíbv wbf©i K‡i KZK¸‡jv mywbw`©ó wb‡`©wkKv ev bxwZgvjvi Dci| bxwZ n‡jv GKwU †gŠwjK
weeiY, hv wPšÍv Kivi ev Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b Kivi c_ cÖ`©kK wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| ZvB ejv hvq DËg eëmvq
cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b mywbw`©ó bxwZgvjv AbymiY Kiv Avek¨K| wb‡æ DËg eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi wb‡`©wkKv ev
bxwZgvjv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt
1) jÿgyLx (Goal oriented) t eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv nq GKwU jÿ¨‡K †K›`ª K‡i Ges cieZ©x‡Z
cÖwZôv‡bi mKj wefvM I Dc-wefvM G j‡ÿï AvIZvqB Zv‡ì ÿ`ª ÿ`ª cwiKíbv cÖYqb K‡i _v‡K| ZvB
cÖwZôv‡bi g~j¨ jÿ¨ Ges †mB mv‡_ wewfbœ wefvM I Dc-wefv‡Mi jÿ¨ wba©viY K‡i Zv AR©‡bi Rb¨
cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv DwPZ|
2) ev¯ÍewfwËK (Reality) : eëmvq cwiKíbv Aek¨B ev¯ÍegyLx nIqv DwPZ| Aev¯Íe cwiKíbv mK‡ji gv‡S
¯^í‡gqvw` Avkvi mÂvi Ki‡jI `xN©‡gqv`x Zv †Kvb g‡ZB mydj e‡q Av‡b bv| eis cieZ©x mg‡q Zv
nZvkv I bvbvb ai‡bi RwUjZvi m„wó K‡i|
3) mswÿßZv (Brevity) : eëmvq cwiKíbvi Ab¨Zg bxwZ n‡jv mswÿßZv| G bxwZi AvIZvq eëmvq
cwiKíbv‡K hZ`~i m¤¢e ms‡ÿc Kiv DwPZ| Z‡e mswÿßZvi welqwU‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q cwiKíbvq Z‡_ï w`K
wb‡`©kbvi hv‡Z NvUwZ bv nq w`‡K jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|
4) Dchy³ c×wZ I cÖwµqv wbe©vPb (Selecting appropriate methods and process) : eëmvq cwiKíbv
cÖYq‡b †Kvb ai‡bi c×wZ eënvi Kiv n‡e Zv AvMvg wba©viY KivI cwiKíbvi djcÖ`Zv e„w×i GKwU
Ab¨Zg Dcvq| cÖwZôv‡b we`¨gvb my‡hvM-myweav g~j¨vqb K‡i †Kvb& c×wZ‡Z cwiKíbv cÖbqb Ki‡j Zv
mnR n‡e Ges †Kvb cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g ev¯Íevqb mnR n‡e Zv wba©viYc~e©K eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kiv
DwPZ|
5) mwVK Avw½bv ¯’vcb (Establishing proper Planning premises) : eëmvq cwiKíbvi Av‡iKwU Ab¨Zg
bxwZ n‡jv mwVK Avw½bv ¯’vcb| †h fwel¨r cvwicvwk©K Ae¯’vi ga¨ w`‡q cwiKíbv ev¯ÍevwqZ nq ZvB n‡jv
cwiKíbv Avw½bv| Giƒc Avw½bv m¤ú‡K© my¯úó aviYv wb‡q I Zvi Dci wfwË K‡iB g~jZ eëmvq cwiKíbv
cÖYxZ nq|
6) `ÿ Rbkw³i Dcw¯’wZ (Presence of efficient manpower) : cwiKíbv cÖYqb I Zv ev¯Íevq‡b `ÿ
Rbkw³i GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| `ÿ cwiKíbvwe` KZ…©K cÖYxZ cwiKíbvI mvd‡jï mv‡_ ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡e bv, hw`
ev¯ÍevqbKvix e¨w³eM© A`ÿ nq| ZvB cwiKíbvi mv‡_ RwoZ mKj cÿ‡K Aek¨B `ÿ nIqv DwPZ|
7) mwVK Z_¨ wbf©ikxjZv (Based on proper information) : eëmvq cwiKíbvi Av‡iKwU bxwZ n‡jv Z_¨
wbf©ikxjZv| Aev¯Íe I KwíZ Z‡_ï Dci wbf©i K‡i hw` †Kvb cwiKíbv ˆZwi Kiv nq| Z‡e Zv KLbI
eëmv‡qi Rb¨ mvdj¨ e‡q Av‡b bv| ZvB cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡Î cwiKíbv MÖnYKvix‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z‡_ï
h_vh_Zv wbiæcb K‡i Z‡eB Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv DwPZ|
8) bgbxqZv (Flexibility) : eZ©gvb hyM cwieZ©‡bi hyM| eëmvq A½‡b Giƒc cwieZ©b Av‡iv e¨vcK| G
ai‡bi cwieZ©b‡K †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ eëmvq cwiKíbv‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| ZvB
cwiKíbv cÖYqbKv‡j G welqwUi cÖwZ D‡Ï¨v³v mRvM `„wó iv‡L| GK K_vq ejv hvq, eëmvq cwiKíbvq
bgbxqZvi my‡hvM ivL‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z cÖ‡qvR‡b Giƒc cwiKíbvq cwieZ©b Avbv hvq|
weweGm †cÖvMvg
9) DbœZ Kvh© cwi‡e‡k (Good working environment) : Kvh© cwi‡ek fv‡jv bv n‡j cÖwZôvb †hgwb fv‡jv
cwiKíbv cÖYqb m¤¢e bq †Zgwb Zvi ev¯Íevq‡bI mgm¨v †`Lv †`q| ZvB cwiKíbvi djcÖ`Zv we‡klfv‡e
cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh© cwi‡e‡ki m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| ZvB DËg cwiKíbv cÖYqb I Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi c~e© kZ© n‡jv
eëmv‡qi DbœZ Kvh© cwi‡ek|
10) Dchy³ cvwikªwg‡Ki eë¯’v (Proper remuneration system): DËg cwiKíbv MÖnY I Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨
cÖwZôv‡b wb‡qvwRZ mKj ¯Í‡i Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvix‡ì ¯^Ztù~wZ AskMÖnY AZ¨vek¨K| Avi Kg©x‡ì
¯^ZtùzZ© AskMÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Dchy³ cvwikªwg‡Ki f~wgKv A¯^xKvi Kivi Dcvq †bB| ZvB DËg eëmvq
cwiKíbv MÖnY I Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi AviKwU bxwZ n‡jv Dchy³ cvwikªwg‡Ki eë¯’v Kiv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, eëmvwqK Kvh©vewj m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ DËg cwiKíbv cÖYqb I Zv ev¯Íevqb GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
Z‡e DËg cwiKíbv wbf©i K‡i KZ¸‡jv mywbw`©ó bxwZi Dci| G mKj bxwZ wK wK Zv GK K_vq ejv bv †M‡jI
GK_v wbtm‡›`‡n ejv hvq, Dc‡i Av‡jvwPZ welq¸‡jv‡K g‡b †i‡L cwiKíbv cÖYxZ n‡jv Zv n‡Z fvj djvdj
Avkv Kiv hvq|
cvV ms‡ÿc
eëmvq cwiKíbv eëmv‡qi c_ cÖ`k©K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î †hgb mwVK Kvh© cwiPvjbv, Znwej
MV‡b, Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b, AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki Rb¨ eëmvq cwiKíbvi eënvi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
DËg eëmvq cwiKíbv wbf©i K‡i KZ¸‡jv wb‡`©kbv ev bxwZgvjvi Dci| G mg¯Í bxwZgvjv n‡jv t jÿgyLx
ev¯ÍewfwËK, `ÿ Rbkw³i Dcw¯’wZ, bgbxqZv cÖf„wZ|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| eëmvq cwiKíbvi eënvi Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| DËg eëmvq cwiKíbvi bxwZgvjv¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
cvV-3 : eëmvq cwiKíbvi g‡Wj (Model of Business Plan)

D‡Ïk¨
 eëmvq cwiKíbvi welqe¯Íy eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖwZ‡e`b ‡jLvi óvBj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wb‡R †Kvb eëmv‡qi K_v †f‡e _vK‡j Zvi cwiKíbv ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
eëmvwqK cwiKíbvi welqe¯‘ (Subject matter of Business Plan)

wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi Rb¨ GKwU eëmvq cwiKíbv †Kb AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `wjj Zv Av‡Mi cvV †_‡K †R‡b‡Qb| G cv‡V
eëmvq cwiKíbvi welqe¯Íy QK AvKv‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv, hv‡Z Avcwb Avcbvi Kvw•LZ eëmvq cwiKíbvi
GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b A_©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GKwU DËg I
Z_ëûj eëmvq cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡Î Gi welqe¯‘ wb‡q †Kvb e¨vsK g¨v‡bRvi, we‡klÁ I mswkøó
wkÿvwe‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv I civgk© †bqvi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
1. eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi bvg I wVKvbv :
2. eëmv‡qi D‡Ïk¨ :
3. eëmvq wewfbœ Z_¨vejx :
3.1 Drcv`b Kg©m~Px (cÖ_g eQ‡ii Rb¨ Z‡e 2q I 3q eQ‡ii Kg©m~Px D‡jøL evÃbxq)
AvB‡Ug cÖv°wjZ Drcv`‡bi cÖv°wjZ †gvU weµ‡qi wnmveK…Z ÿgZv eënvi
cwigvb cwigvY (UvKv)
1|
2|
3.2 †gwkbvix I hš¿vcvwZ

‡gwkbvix Avek¨Kxq †¯úqvi Gi ZvwjKv cÖ‡qvRbxq `vg (UvKv) †gvU g~j¨ (UvKv)
msL¨v
1|
2|
(Dchy©³ g~‡jï mv‡_ mKj cÖKvi ïé I Ki, c¨vwKs diIqvwWs LiPvw`,êw`y¨wZK I ¯’vcbv LiP †hvM
Ki‡Z n‡e|
3.3 KuvPvgvj:
AvB‡Ug ‡gvU evrmwiK cÖ‡qvRb
cwigvb g~j¨ mieiv‡ni Drm
†gvU
3.4 Dc‡hvwMZv mg~n

weeiYvw` evrmwiK cÖ‡qvRb †gvU evrmwiK e¨q
M¨vm/ Kqjv/Ab¨vb¨/R¡vjvbx
cvwb
Ab¨vb¨
‡gvU
weweGm †cÖvMvg
3.5 kªwgK/gvbe m¤ú` :

weeiY msL¨v †gvU gRyix I †eZb/ eQi
(UvKv|
`ÿ
A`ÿ
Awdm óvd
†gvU
4. evRvi mgxÿvi mswÿß cÖwZ‡e`b|

evRv‡ii AvKvi, evRvi AÂj, cÖ¯ÍvweZ c‡Yï KZ Ask mieivn Kiv n‡e, cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi cÖK…wZ, evRvi
m¤cÖmvi‡Yi m¤¢e¨Zv cÖf„wZ Z‡_ï Av‡jv‡K wbR¯^ evRvi cwiKíbv GB †mKk‡b †Ìqv cÖ‡qvRb| ZvQvov
c‡Yï g~j¨, c¨v‡KwRs, weZiY c×wZ I evRvi Dbœqb cÖYvjx cÖf„wZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`‡Z n‡e|
5. cÖKí e¨‡qi cwigvY
5.1 ¯’vqx g~jab UvKv
f~wg I `vjvb ---
‡gwkbvix I hš¿cvwZ ---
dvwb©Pvi I hš¿cvwZ ---
dvwb©Pvi I wdKPvim ---
Ab¨vb¨ cÖv_wgK e¨q ---
‡gvU ---
5.2 PjwZ g~jab
KuvPvgv‡ji óK ---
Avav cÖ¯‘Z cY¨ óK ---
cÖ¯ÍZK…Z gRyZ gv‡ji óK ---
‡`bv`vi ---
Ab¨vb¨ ---
‡gvU ---
5.3 cÖK‡íi †gvU e¨q
¯’vbxq g~jab (5.1) ---
PjwZ g~jab (5.2) ---
cÖv_wgK Ges cwiPvjb e¨q ---
‡gvU ---
5.4 cÖK‡íi A_©vqb c×wZ
wbR¯^ Znwej ---
Uvg© †jvb (¯’vqx g~jab) ---
Ab¨vb¨ Drm (hw` _v‡K) ---
‡gvU ---
(cÖK‡íi †gvU e¨q A_© ms¯’v‡bi mgvb n‡e|
6. cÖK‡íi †gvU Avq e¨q (1 eQi †_‡K K‡qK eQ‡ii Rb¨ n‡Z cv‡i)
K) weµq Avq
L) Drcv`b e¨q (3.3+3.4+3.5)
M) weµq I weZiY LiP
N) cÖkvmwbK e¨q
O) my`
P) AePq
Q) ‡gvU gybvdv K (L+M+N+O+P)
R) Avq Ki
S) bxU jvf ev ÿwZ (Q-R)
7. Avw_©K cwiKíbv msµvšÍ Ab¨vb¨ weeiYx
K) cÖdigv jvf-‡jvKmvb wnmve
L) ‡cÖvdigv e¨v‡jÝ mxU
M) K¨vm †d¬v cÖevn weeiYx
N) ‡eªK-B‡fb GbvjvBwmj ev ÿgZv we‡kœlY
8. mnvqZv `wjjvw`
K) Askx`vwi Pzw³ (cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î)
L)) ‡c‡U›U I Kwc ivBU
M) ‡`vKvb ev KviLvbv fvov †bqvi Pzw³
N) wewµ Pzw³
O) exgv cwjwm Pzw³
P) Drcv`‡bi bK&kv wewìs bK&kv cÖf„wZ
Q) Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq `wjjvw`
9. cÖKí ev¯Íevqb Kg©m~Px
mßvn/w`b ZvwiL
K) cY¨ wbe©vPb I evRvi mgxÿv --- ---
L) cÖKí cÖwZ‡e`b --- ---

M) KviLvbv ¯’vb wbe©vPb --- ---
N) ¯’vqx cuywR I PjwZ A‡_©i ms¯’vb --- ---
O) ‡gwkbvix digv‡qk --- ---
P) KviLvbv wewìs mgvß ZvwiL --- ---
Q) ‡gwkbvix ¯’vcb ---- ---
R) we`y¨r ms‡hvM ¯’vbc --- ---
S) Kg©Pvix I kªwgK wb‡qvM --- ---
T) cixÿvg~jK Drcv`b --- ---
U) weµq eë¯’v --- ---
V) D‡×vab --- ---
W) evwbR¨K Drcv`b --- ---
cvV ms‡ÿc
eëmvq cwiKíbvi welqe¯‘‡K GKwU wbw`©ó Q‡K mvRv‡bvB n‡jv eëmvq cwiKíbvi g‡Wj| wewfbœ cÖ‡qvR‡b
G¸‡jv g‡Wj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| GB g‡W‡j wewfbœ welq †hgb- eëmv‡qi cÖwZôv‡bi bvg I wVKvbv,
D‡Ïk¨, Z_¨vejx, Drcv`b Kg©m~Px, †gwkbvix I hš¿cvwZ, KvuPvgvj, cÖKí e¨‡qi cwigvY BZ¨vw` D‡jøL¨ _v‡K|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| eëmvq cwiKíbvi g‡Wj wK wK welq mvaviYZ we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq? eY©bv Kiæb|
2| GKwU eëmvq cwiKíbvi c~Y©v½ g‡Wj †`Lvb|
weweGm †cÖvMvg
cvV-4 : Kg©x eë¯’vcbv, Drcv`b eë¯’vcbv

(Personnel Management, Production Management)
D‡Ïk¨
 Kg©x eë¯’vcbvi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Kg©x eë¯’vcbvi cÖavb KvR eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Drcv`b eë¯’vcbv wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Drcv`b eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
Kgx© eë¯’vcbvi msÁv (Definition of Personnel Management)

eëmvq cwiPjbvi Rb¨ wk‡ív‡`¨v³v‡K Kg †ewk Kg©xi Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| eëmv‡qi cÖK…wZ I cÖwZôv‡bi
AvKvi Abyhvqx Kg©xi msL¨v,Kg©xi †hvM¨Zv wbav©wiZ nq| †QvU eëmv‡qi †ÿ‡Î wk‡ív‡`¨v³v wb‡RB eë¯’vc‡Ki
`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i Ges Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx wKQy msL¨K Kg©x wb‡qvM K‡i KvR cwiPvjbv K‡i| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ, Kg©x
evwnbxi `ÿZvi Dci eëmv‡qi mvdj¨ eûjvs‡k wbf©i K‡i|
GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ I AvKvi Abyhvqx cÖ‡qvRbxq Kg©x msL¨v, Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri aviv, †hvM¨Zv,
wb‡qvM c×wZ wbiƒcY, Dbœqb,wbqš¿b Ges g~j¨vq‡bi cÖwµqvB n‡”Q Kg©©x eë¯’vcbv| Drcv`b eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi
†ÿ‡Î kªwgK I Awdm Kg©Pvix Df‡qi eë¯’vcbv Kg©x eë¯’vcbvi AvIZvf~³|
Kgx© eë¯’vcbvi KvR (Functions of Personnel Management) : Kg©x eë¯’vcbvi KvR¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Kg©x-
cwiKíbv, Kg©xmsMÖn, cÖwkÿY I Dbœqb, cvwikªwgK wbiƒcb, c×wZ I g~j¨vqb c×wZ Ab¨Zg| wb‡æ welq¸‡jvi
mswÿß e¨vL¨v Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj :
1| Kgx© cwiKíbv (Personnel Plan) : Kg©x cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi cÖ_g c`‡ÿc n‡jv msMV‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii
cÖ‡qvRbxq Kg©xi ¸Yv¸Y wPwýZ Kiv| †h cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g G KvRwU Kiv nq Zv‡K Kvh© we‡kølY c×wZ e‡j| Kvh©
we‡kølY n‡jv eëmv‡qi KvMR¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i eY©bv Ges †kªYxe×KiY| Kvh© eY©bvi Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ, KvR¸wj Kx
Kx, Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨, KvR KLb †K Kxfv‡e Ki‡e cÖf„wZ _v‡K| GKwU wbw`©ó KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z
Kg©xi Kx Kx †hvM¨Zv I ¸Yv¸Y _vKv cÖ‡qvRb Ges `vwqZ¡ Abyhvqx Kg©xi cvwikªwgK KZ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb Zv weK…Z
_v‡K| cwiKíbv cÖYqb Kivi Rb¨ GKwU Rix‡ci gva¨g cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©xi ¸YMZ I msL¨vMZ Pvwn`v wbiƒcY Kiv
Avek¨K|
2| Kg©xmsMÖn I wbe©vPb (Recruitment and Selection of Personnel) : eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©x Pvwn`v
wba©i‡Yi cieZ©x c`‡ÿc n‡jv wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g Kg©x msMÖn| Kg©x msMÖ‡ni cÖvmw½K KvR Dchy³ I cÖZ¨vwkZ
¸Yv¸Y m¤úbœ Kg©xi Drm mÜvb Kiv Ges Zv‡ì‡K cÖ¯ÍvweZ cÖK‡í †hvM`v‡bi Rb¨ DÏxß Kiv| Le‡ii KvM‡R
weÁvcb, eZ©gvb Kg©x‡ì mycvwikK…Z AvZ¥xq¯^Rb, wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ bZzb Kg©xi msMÖn, Dr¸‡jvi g‡a¨
D‡jøL‡hvM¨| myôy Kg©x eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi ¯’vqx wb‡qvM bxwZgvjv _vKv Avek¨K| Kg©x wbe©vPb I
wb‡qv‡Mi wewfbœ c×wZ i‡q‡Q| wb‡æ wbe©vwPZ cÖwµqvi wewfbœ c`‡ÿc m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv|
K. Av‡e`bcÎ MÖnb t Kg©ms¯’v‡bi weÁvc‡bi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Î AvMÖnx PvKzixcÖv_©xMY wb‡R‡ì †hvM¨Zvi eY©bv
mnKv‡i Av‡e`bcÎ wb‡qvMKvixi mgx‡c †ck Kiv|
L. wjwLZ cixÿv t Av‡e`bcÎ cixÿv-wbixÿv K‡i †hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ cÖv_©x‡ì evQvB K‡i Zv‡ì Rb¨ wjwLZ
cixÿvi eë¯’v Kiv|
M. mvÿvrKvit wjwLZ cixÿvq djvd‡j wfwË‡Z mvÿvrKv‡ii Rb¨ mswÿß ZvwjKv cÖYqb I mvÿvrKvi
MÖnY|
N. cÖv_©x‡ì Ab¨vb¨ cixÿv t P~ovšÍ wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ mvÿvrKvi MÖn‡bi gva¨‡g wbe©vwPZ cÖv_x©‡ì
cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a cÖebZv cixÿv, †gwW‡Kj cixÿv, gb¯ÍvwZ¡K cixÿv, AvMÖn cixÿv, e¨w³Ë¡ cixÿv, cÖf„wZ
MÖnY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
O. P~ovšÍ wbe©vPbt Dchy³ cixÿvq †h cÖv_©x ev cÖv_©xMY †hvM¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ nq Ges cÖv_©x KZ…©K †`q
AbymÜvb m~‡Îi wi‡cvU© hw` AbyK’j nq Z‡e wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ P~ovšÍfv‡e wbe©vwPZ Kiv nq|
P. wb‡qvMcÎ `vbt wk‡ív‡`¨v³v wb‡R ev wbe©vnx cwiPvjK ev `vwqZ¡cÖvß e¨w³ P~ovšÍfv‡e wbe©vwPZ cÖv_©x‡K
wb‡qvMcÎ cÖ`vb K‡ib| wb‡qvc‡Îi PvKzixi kZ©vejx I cvwikªwgK, †hvM`v‡bi me©‡kl ZvwiL I ¯’vb
D‡jøL _v‡K|
Q. ‡hvMv`vb wi‡cvU© t wb‡qvMcÎ cvIqvi ci cÖv_©x mswkøó KZ…©c‡ÿi wbKU wbw`©ó mg‡q †hvM`vb wi‡cvU©
†ck K‡ib Ges KZ…©cÿ Zv †iKW ©K‡ib|
R. bZzb Kg©Pvix‡K wbw`ó c‡` ¯’vcbt Kg©x wbe©vPb cÖwµqvi †kl avc n‡jv bZzb Kg©Pvix‡K cÖwZôv‡bi
cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ cwiPq Kiv‡bv Ges bZzb c‡` ¯’vcb|
3| Kg©x cÖwkÿY I Dbœqb (Training and Development of Personnel) : Kg©x eë¯’vcbvi Avi GKwU
D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ KvR n‡jv Kg©x cÖwkÿY I Dbœqb| Kg©x wb‡qv‡Mi ci †Kvb we‡kl Kvh© mwVKfv‡e m¤úv`b Kivi Rb¨
Zv‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿb †Ìqv cÖ‡qvRb| h‡_vchy³ cÖwkÿY Kg©xi g‡bvej, `ÿZv I †hvM¨Zv eyw×i mnvqK|
†QvU,gvSvix Ges eo cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©x cÖwkÿY I Dbœq‡bi wbw`ó bxwZgvjv _v‡K Ges _vKv eÃbxqI e‡U|
cÖwkÿ‡Yi bvbvb †KŠkj ev c×wZ i‡q‡Q, hvi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi Kgx©‡ì cÖwkwÿZ K‡i †Zvjvi †Póv Kiv hv
cÖwkÿ‡Yi †KŠkj ev c×wZ ¸‡jv n‡jv-
K. Kg©Kvjxb cÖwkÿY
L. wkÿvbwek cÖwkÿY
M. c` AveZ©b
N. †KvwPs
O. †fwóej cÖwkÿY
P. ch©‡eÿY cÖwkÿY
Q. m‡¤§jb c×wZ
R. ms‡e`bkxj cÖwkÿY
S. AbyµwgK wkÿv cÖwkÿY
T. †Kvm© c×wZ
U. bvÆvwfbq †KŠkj
V. NUbv ch©v‡jvPbv c×wZ|
Drcv`b eë¯’vcbvi msÁv (Definition of Production Management)

Drcv`b n‡jv †Kvb cY¨ ev †mev‡K iƒcvšÍ‡ii gva¨‡g eënvi‡hvM¨ Kivi cÖwµqv| Drcv`b eë¯’vcbv n‡”Q Ggb
GKwU †KŠkj hvi gva¨‡g GKwU wbw`©ó `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR¸‡jvi avivevwnKZv wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
Avi GB avievwnK KvR¸‡jv n‡”Q Drcv`b cwiKíbv cÖYqb, cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ eë¯’v MÖnb, cÖ‡qvRbxq
wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb, mgš^q mvaY, wbqwš¿Y wbðZKiY Ges KviLvbvi iÿbv‡eÿY Kjv‡KŠkj|
Drcv`b eë¯’vcbvi KvR t (Functions of Production management)
Drcv`b eë¯’vcbvi KvR¸‡jv‡K wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1| Drcv`b cwiKíbv (Production Plan) : GKwU KviLvbv †Kvb wbw`©ó mgq Kx cwigvY `ªe¨ KLb, Kxfv‡e
cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡e Zv AvMvg wba©viYB n‡”Q Drcv`b cwiKíbv| A_vr Drcv`b cwiKíbv n‡”Q †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q
†Kvb `ªe¨ ev `ªe¨vw` Drcv`‡bi GKwU bK&kv| g~jZ t Kvw•LZ `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq KuvPvgvj,
Rbkw³, hš¿cvwZ, Ab¨vb¨ DcKiY msMÖn I eënvi †KŠkj cÖYqb ev wba©viYB n‡jv Drcv`b cwiKíbv|
eëmv‡qi mdjZv wKsev e¨_©Zv Drcv`b cwiKíbvi Dci A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj| ZvB me wkícÖwZôv‡b Drcv`b
cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q|
Drcv`b cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi ci Zv ev¯Íevqb I wbqš¿‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q| eve¯’vcbv bxwZ Abyhvqx
Drcv`bKvh© wbqš¿‡Yi A_© nj Drcv`b cwiKíbv mwVKfv‡e ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡”Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ Kiv|
weweGm †cÖvMvg
2| Drcv`b wbqš¿Y (Production Control) : cÖ‡Z¨K wkí cÖwZôv‡b KLb Kx cwigvY `ªe¨ Drcvw`Z n‡e Zv
Drcv`b cwiKíbvi D‡jøL _v‡K| cwiKíbv Abyhvqx KvR GwM‡q P‡j‡Q ev n‡”Q wKbv Zv ch©‡eÿ‡bi bvgB
wbqš¿Y| GK K_vq GKwU wkí KviLvbvi Drcv`b cÖwÎqv cwiKwíZ b· Abyhvqx wba©vwiZ c‡_ Pj‡Q wKbv Zv
ch©v‡eÿY I cwigvc Kiv Ges cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ eë¯’v MÖnY Kivi Kvh©µgB nj Drcv`b|
Drcvw`Z `ª‡eï gvb wVK ivLv, mgqgZ cY¨ ev `ªe¨ mieivn, Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~‡ni Kvh©KvwiZv e„w×,
jÿgvÎv AR©b, mgwš^Z Abym~PxKiY, h_vh_fv‡e Drcv`b I weµq cwiKíbv cÖYqb, cÖf„wZ n‡”Q Drcv`b
wbq‡š¿‡bi cÖab jÿ¨|
Drcv`b wbqš¿Y cÖwµqvi c`‡ÿcmg~n (Steps of Production Control Process)

†h †Kv‡bv Drcv`b cwiKíbvi mdj ev¯Íevqb wbf©i K‡i Kvh©Ki Drcv`b wbqš¿Y eë¯’vi Dci| Drcv`b wbqš¿Y
GKwU RwUj cÖKwªqv| Giƒc cÖwµqvi Kgc‡ÿ PviwU avc AšÍf©y³| Drcv`b eë¯’vcK‡K Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y eë¯’v
Av‡iv‡ci gva¨‡g cÖwZôvwbK D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wbqš¿Y cÖwµqvi avc/c`‡ÿç‡jv ch©vqµ‡g AwZµg Ki‡Z
nq| c`‡ÿç‡jv wb‡gœ †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t
iæwUs ev MwZc_ (Routing)


wmwWDwjs ev mgqm~wPKiY (Scheduling)

wWmc¨vwPs ev Kvh©v‡`k `vb (Despatching)

d‡jv-Avc ev AbyMgb (Follow-up)
wb‡gœ c`‡ÿç‡jv avivevwnKfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ n‡jv t
1. iæwUs ev MwZc_ (Routing) t Drcv`b wbqš¿‡Yi cÖv_wgK I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc n‡”Q iæwUs ev MwZc_
wba©viY| mvaviYfv‡e GwU KuvPvgvj‡K P~ovšÍ c‡Y¨ cwiYZ Kivi Rb¨ iƒcvšÍi cÖwµqvmg~‡ni MwZc_ wba©viY K‡i
_v‡K| A_©vr †Kv‡bv cY¨ ev cY¨vsk Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ †Kv_vq, †Kvb †gwk‡b, †Kvb Kgx©i Øviv, †Kvb c×wZ‡Z, wK
wK Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv n‡e Zvi avivevwnK eY©bv‡KB iæwUs e‡j|
GK K_vq iæwUs ej‡Z †Kv‡bv cY¨ ev cY¨vsk Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ m¤úvw`Ze¨ mvgwMÖK Kvh©vewji ch©vqµwgK eY©bv‡K
eySvq| Giƒc iæwUs-G cÖavbZ wZbwU welq AšÍf©y³ _v‡K| h_vÑ (1) cY¨ ev cY¨vsk Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ m¤úvw`Ze¨
Kv‡Ri avivevwnK weeiY, (2) †Kv_vq ev †Kvb †gwk‡b KvR¸‡jv m¤úv`b Kiv n‡e Zvi weeiY, Ges (3) wKfv‡e
KvR¸‡jv m¤úv`b Kiv n‡e Zvi weeiY| iæwUs Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q Kvh©vewji avivevwnKZv I wgZe¨wqZv wbwðZ
Kiv|
2. mgqm~wPKiY (Scheduling) t Drcv`b wbqš¿‡Yi wØZxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c`‡ÿc n‡”Q mgqm~wPKiY| iæwUs-G
m¤úvw`Ze¨ Kvh©vewji ch©vqµwgK ZvwjKv cvIqvi ci †Kvb KvRwU KLb ïiæ n‡e Ges KLb †kl n‡e Zv wba©viY
Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| Giƒc mgq wba©viY‡KB ejv nq mgqm~wPKiY| Drcv`b wbqš¿Y Kv‡Ri Ask
wn‡m‡e mgqm~wPKiY ej‡Z mvaviYfv‡e cÖwZwU KvR KLb ïiæ I †kl n‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv‡K eySvq|
‡gvUK_v cÖvwZôvwbK mvg‡_©i m‡e©v”P eënvi, me©vwaK wgZe¨wqZv AR©b I h_vmg‡q digv‡qk m¤úv`‡bi j‡ÿ¨
Drcv`b msµvšÍ cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mgqmxgv wba©viY, cÖwZwU Kv‡Ri ïiæ I mgvwßi ZvwiL I mgq
wVKKiY Ges AMÖvwaKvi wfwË‡Z mswkøó Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri mgq ZvwjKv cÖYqb mgqm~wPKi‡Yi AšÍf©y³| Drcv`b
wbqš¿‡Y Giƒc mgqm~wPKi‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
3. Kvh©v‡`k cÖ`vb (Despatching) t ‘Despatching’ k‡ãi A_© n‡”Q †cÖiY Kiv ev MšÍ‡e¨ †cŠu‡Q †`qv| †m
A‡_© wWmc¨vwPs ej‡Z AMÖvwaKvi wfwË‡Z Kvh©v‡`k cÖ`vb‡K eySvq| A_©vr Drcv`‡bi wewfbœ ch©v‡q Kg©iZ
Kgx©‡ì‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Av‡`k-wb‡`©kvewj `ªæZMwZ‡Z †cŠu‡Q †`qvi KvR‡KB wWmc¨vwPs e‡j| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ,
cwiKíbv Abyhvqx Drcv`b I wbqš¿Y Kvh© GLvb †_‡KB ïiæ nq| ZvB ejv hvq, iæwUs Ges wmwWDwjs Kg©m~wP‡K
Kv‡Ri cwiYZ Kivi cÖwµqvB n‡”Q wWmc¨vwPs|
4. AbyMgb (Follow up) t eë¯’vcbvi wbqš¿Y Avi Drcv`b eë¯’vi AbyMgb cÖvq GKB KvR| cwiKíbv gvwdK
mewKQz Pj‡Q wKbv Zv ch©‡eÿY K‡i †`Lvi bvgB AbyMgb ev AbyeZ©b| Drcv`b wbqš¿‡Yi G ch©v‡q KuvPvgvj
Ges cÖwµqvaxb `ª‡eï AMÖMwZ ch©‡eÿY Kiv nq| ZvB G‡K gwbUwisI ejv hvq| Gi mvnv‡h¨ Drcv`b cÖwµqvq
†Kv‡bv µzwU-wePz¨wZ Av‡Q wKbv Zv Rvbv hvq|
wb‡P wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ Drcv`b wbqš¿Y cÖwµqvwU †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t
iwUs
d‡jv- Drcv`b wmwW

wbqš¿Y
Avc Dwjs
wWmc¨vwPs
wPÎ t Drcv`b wbqš¿Y cÖwµqv|
Dcmsnv‡i ej‡Z nq †h, Drcv`b wbqš¿Y cÖwµqv GKwU RwUj cÖwµqv| ZvB G cÖwµqvq Drcv`b Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi
j‡ÿ¨ Drcv`b eë¯’v‡K h‡_ó mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq Drcv`‡bi jÿ¨gvÎv AR©b Z_v cÖwZôv‡bi
D‡Ïk©vRb e¨vnZ n‡e|
3| gRy` gvj wbqš¿Y (Inventory Contral) : gRy` gvj wbqš¿Y I gRy` gvj eë¯’vcbv Drcv`b wbq‡š¿‡bi
Ask we‡kl| GKwU wkí cÖwZôv‡b †Kvb `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kivi Rb¨ †h cwigvb KuvPvgvj µq Kiv nq, †h cwigvb
cY¨ cÖwµqvRvZ Ae¯’vq _v‡K Ges †h cwigvY cY¨ evRviRvZKiY ev weµ‡qi A‡cÿvq _v‡K G¸‡jv‡K gRy`
gvj e‡j| gRyZ gvj me KviLvbv‡ZB _v‡K| Z‡e jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z GB gRyZ gv‡ji AcÖ‡qvRbxq mgv‡ek
bv N‡U| gRyZ gvj wbqš¿‡bi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv µ‡qi cwigvb mxwgZ ivLv, AcÖ‡qvRbxq LiP †iva I gv‡ji
h‡_vchy³ eënvi wbwðZ Kiv, `ª‡eï gvb I cwigvY wVK ivLv,Drcv`b LiP wbiƒcY Kiv cÖf„wZ|
4| gRy` gvj eë¯’vcbv (Stock Management) : Drcv`b wefvM Ggb KZ¸‡jv LiP Av‡Q †h¸‡jv gRyZ gvj
e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ AvbycvwZK nv‡i e„w× cvq| Avevi KZ¸‡jv LiP Av‡Q †h¸‡jv gRyZ gvj e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_
AvbycvwZK nv‡i n«vm cvq| †hme LiP gRyZ gvj e„w×‡K wbiæmvwnZ K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv- my`, ¸`vg LiP, ¯’vbvšÍi
LiP, g~j¨ cwieZ©b BZ¨vw`| Ab¨w`‡K †hme LiP gRyZ gvj e„w×‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv- ms¯’vcb LiP,
kªg e¨q, evUªv, cwienb LiP, Ifvi UvBc LiP cÖf„wZ| gRyZgvj eë¯’vcbvi g~j¨ jÿ¨ nj gRyZ gvj LiP I
cÖvß myweavi g‡a¨ mgZv NUv‡bv hv‡Z G Lv‡Z LiP Kvg¨ ch©vq _v‡K|
5| iÿYv‡eÿY eë¯’v (Maintenance System) : KjKâv I hš¿cvwZ iÿYv‡eÿbY Drcv` eë¯’vcbvi
AšÍfy©³| wkí cÖwZôv‡bi hš¿vcvwZ MwZkxj I Kvh©ÿg ivLv †h eë¯’vi gva¨‡g Kiv nq Zv‡K iÿYv‡eÿY
eë¯’vcbv ejv nq| GB cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ jyweª‡KwUs, cwi”QbœZv, mg‡qvc‡hvMx cwi`k©b I mywbqwš¿Z iÿYv‡eÿY
Kvh©vejx AšÍfy©³| †gwkb mPj I Kvh©ÿg ivLv, me©wbæ mgq e× ivLv, c‡Yï ¸YMZgvb eRvq ivLv, kªwgK‡ì
wbivcËv wbwðZKiY,Drcv`b `ÿZv wbwðZKiY cÖf„wZ iÿbv‡eÿY eë¯’vi KvR|
weweGm †cÖvMvg
cvV ms‡ÿc
GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ I AvKvi Abyhvqx Kgx©msL¨v, Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri †hvM¨Zv, aviv, Dbœqb, wbqš¿Y
Ges g~j¨vq‡bi cÖwµqv n‡jv Kgx© eë¯’vcbv|
Drcv`b eë¯’vcbv n‡jv Ggb GKwU †KŠkj hvi gva¨‡g GKwU wbw`©ó `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR¸‡jvi
avivevwnKZv wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| Kgx© eë¯’vcbv wK? Gi KvR¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
2| Drcv`b eë¯’vcbvi Kv‡K e‡j? Drcv`b eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
cvV-5 : Avw_©K eë¯’vcbv I evRviRvZKiY eë¯’vcbv

(Financial Management & Markating Management)
D‡Ïk¨
 Avw_©K eë¯’vcbvi msÁv I ¸iæZ¡ ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Avw_©K eë¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evRviRvZKiY eë¯’vcbv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
Avw_©K eë¯’cbv Kx?

(What is Financial Management?)
eëmv‡qi g~j PvwjKv kw³ n‡”Q g~jab| ch©vß g~jab msMÖn Ges g~ja‡bi mwVK eënvi Kiv bv †M‡j eëmv‡qi
mydj jvf Kiv KwVb e¨vcvi n‡q ùvovq| ZvB eëmv‡q mdj nIqvi Rb¨ eëmvq cÖwZóvb‡K `ÿ Avw_©K
eë¯’vcbv wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GKwU eëmv‡qi Avw_©K eë¯’vcbv ej‡Z H eëmv‡qi g~jab cwiKíbv, g~jab
msMÖn, Avw_©K wbqš¿Y, gybvdv e›Ub, g~jab, Ki eë¯’cbv eëmv‡qi jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi|
Avw_©K eë¯’cbvi ¸iæZ¡

(Importance of Financial Management)
gybvdv AR©b eëmv‡qi Ab¨Zg jÿ¨| mwVK I `ÿ Avw_©K eë¯’vcbv Qvov eëmv‡qi KvswLZ jÿ¨ AR©b Kiv
m¤¢e bq| gybvdv KvswLZ gvÎvi AR©b Kivi Rb¨ GKwU Drcv`bkxj eëmv‡qi Dcv`vb e¨q, g~jab e¨q h_vm¤¢e
b~¨b¨Zg ivLv Avek¨K| Avw_©K eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx m¤ú‡K© AewnZ _vK‡j GKRb eë¯’vcK ev wk‡ív‡`¨v³v
eëmv‡qi wewfbœ e¨q we‡kølY K‡i Kvg¨ gybvdv AR©‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi cv‡i|
eëmvq cÖK‡íi g~ja‡bi cwigvY mwVKfv‡e wbiƒcY, g~ja‡bi mwVK Drm wPwýZKiY, b~¨bZg e¨‡q g~jaY
msMÖn, cÖ‡qvRbxq bM` cÖevn iÿv Kiv, gybvdv cwiKíbv cÖYqb, gybvdv e›UbI Avw_©K wbqš¿Y Avw_©K eë¯’vcbv
Kvh©ejxi AvIZvf~³| myôz Avw_©K eë¯’vcbv gvwjK‡ì Av‡qi cwigvY e„w×Ki‡Y mnvqK|
evRviRvZKiY eë¯’vcbv
(Marketing Management)
eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi cY¨ ev `ª‡eï weµq, weµ‡qi cÖe„w×, bZzb c‡Yï mgvnv‡ii Dci eëmv‡qi AMÖMwZ I
¯’vqxZ¡ wbf©i K‡i| myó cY¨ evRviRvZKiY eë¯’vcbvB Dch©³
y KvR¸‡jv m¤úv`b Ki‡Z mvnv‡h¨ K‡i| GRb¨
we‡µZv‡K evRviRvZKiY †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© AewnZ _vKv cÖ‡qvRb|
evRviRvZKiY eë¯’vcbv Av‡jvPbv Kivi c~‡e© Pjyb evRvi ej‡Z Kx eySvq Zv †R‡bB wbB hwÌ ÕevRviÕ aviYvwU
m¤ú‡K© Avcwb B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avcbvi wewfbœ ‡Kv‡m© †R‡b‡Qb Z_vwcI cÖvmw½K Kvi‡Y welqwU cybivq Dc¯’cb Kiv
hvq| mvaviY A‡_©, evRvi ej‡Z cY¨ µq weµ‡qi ¯’vb‡K eySvq| wKš‘ A_©bxwZ‡Z evRvi ej‡Z †Kvb c‡Yï
†µZv I we‡µZv‡K GKwU wbw`©ó `v‡g cY¨ †Kbv †ePv Ki‡Z nq, c‡Yï `vg ˆbe¨©w³Kfv‡e †µZv-weµZv‡ì
g‡a¨ ìKlvKwli gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ nq| evRv‡i D‡`¨v³v we‡µZvi f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| ZvB Zv‡K Zvi c‡Yï
m¤¢ve¨ †µZv‡ì Luy‡R †ei Kiv Ges Zv‡ì wbKU cY¨ †cŠ‡Q †Ìqvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z nq| D‡`¨v³v ev eëmvqxi
wbKU n‡Z cY¨ I †mev P~ovšÍ †fv³vi wbKU wbqwgZ I Aweivg avivq cÖevwnZ Kivi hveZxq Kvh©µg‡K
evRviRvZKiY ejv nq| Aa¨vcK K¬vK© Gi g‡Z, evRviRvZKiY n‡”Q †m mKj cÖ‡Póvi mgvnvi hvi gva¨‡g cY¨
I †mevmg~‡ni gvwjKvbv n¯ÍvšÍwiZ nq Ges †m¸‡jvi ev¯Íe e›Ub Kvh©Kifv‡e m¤úbœ n‡q _v‡K| Avi Drcvw`Z
`ªe¨ ev †mev †fv³vi Kv‡Q m‡šÍvlRbK I cwiKwíZfv‡e †cuŠ‡Q †Ìqvi Rb¨ †hme Kjv‡KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq
ZvB evRviRvZKiY eë¯’vcbv |
weweGm †cÖvMvg
cvV ms‡ÿc
Avw_©K eë¯’vcbv ej‡Z G e¨vcv‡ii g~jab msMÖn Avw_©K wbqš¿Y, gybvdv e›Ub, g~jab, evRvi e¨ve¯’vcbv
eëmv‡qi jÿ¨ AR©‡bi Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi|
D‡`¨³v ev eëmvqxi wbKU n‡Z MY¨ I †mev P~ovšÍ †fv³vi wbKU wbqwgZ I Aweivg avivq cÖevwnZ Kivi
hveZxq Kvh©µg‡K evRviRvZKiY e‡j|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
mswÿß cÖkœ
1| Avw_©K eë¯’vcbv wK?
2| Avw_©K eë¯’vcbvi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|
3| evRviRvZKiY eë¯’vcbvi eY©bv w`b|
eëmvq AvB‡bi wewfbœ w`K I mdj D‡`¨v³v‡ì †Km ÷vwW
BDwbU
7
(Legal Aspects of Business and Case Study of Successful Entrepreneurs)
mvaviY A‡_© AvBb n‡jv Ggb KZ¸‡jv wbqgKvbyb ev wewa-weavb, hv mgv‡R emevmiZ gvby‡li Rxeb hvÎv‡K
myôy, my›ì Ges myk„s•Ljfv‡e cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z K‡i| eëmvq evwbR¨ myôy fv‡e cwiPvwjZ I wPšÍv Kivi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRb n‡jv eëmvq AvBb| eëmvq ev evwbwR¨K AvBb n‡jv Ggb AvBb, hvi Aax‡b †`‡ki eëmvq evwbR¨
fvjfv‡e cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq| mviv‡`‡k wewfbœ ai‡bi eëmvq h_v- GKgvwjKvbv, Askx`vix, †hŠ_g~jabx,
mgevq cÖf„wZ Pvjy Av‡Q| hw` B‡”Q g‡Zv mevB eëmvq K‡i Z‡e Aek¨B wewNœZ n‡e eëmvq Kvh©µg| iÿv Kiv
m¤¢e n‡e bv gvwjK-kªwgK †fv³v Kv‡iv ¯^v_©| ZvB GKRb mdj D‡`¨v³v n‡Z n‡j wKsev GKRb eëmv‡qi
wkÿv_©x wn‡m‡e Aek¨B eëmvq AvB‡bi bvbv w`K Rvb‡Z n‡e| ïay eëmv‡qi AvBbB bq cvkvcvwk eëmv‡qi
RM‡Z mdiZv jvf Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ mdj D‡Ï¨v³v‡ì Rxebx wb‡q bvbvb †Km& ÷vwW Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
wewfbœ MZvbyMwZK wkÿv c×wZi cvkvcvwk GKRb wkÿv_©x‡K †Km& ÷vwW c×wZ m¤ú‡K© avibv ivL‡Z n‡e| Kvib
AvaywbK wkÿv eë¯’vq †Km& ÷vwW n‡jv GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ms‡hvRb| AvR‡Ki †h †Km& ÷vwW Avgv‡ì wkÿv
eë¯’vq AšÍf~©³ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi DrcwË n‡q‡Q 80 eQi c~‡e© hy³iv‡óªi nvfvW© wek¦we`¨vj‡q| Gi mdjZvi
avivevwnKZvq hy³iv‡óªi cÖvq mKj ¯‹zj, K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vjq cvV¨µ‡g G welqwU AšÍf©³ ~ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKB
avivevwnKZvq †Km& ÷vwW c×wZ 1971 mv‡ji ci †_‡K XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi eëmvq cÖkvmb Bbw÷wUD‡U eëüZ
n‡q Avm‡Q Ges cieZ©x‡Z Avgv‡ì †`‡ki cÖvq mKj wkÿv Kvh©µ‡g †Km& ÷vwW c×wZwU eënvi Kiv n‡”Q|
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv-125

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-1 t eëmvq AvB‡bi msÁv, AvB‡bi Drm I eëmv‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z AvBb
(Definition of Business Law, Sources of Business Law and Acts related to Business
or Business Law)
D‡Ïk¨
 eëmv‡qi AvB‡bi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq AvB‡bi Drm¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wewfbœ eëmvq AvB‡bi kvLv¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘y
eëmvq AvB‡bi msÁv (Definition of Business Law)
AwZ mvaviY fv‡e ejv hvq, †h AvB‡bi †h w`K ev kvLv myôz I my›ìfv‡e eëmvq cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿‡bi Rb¨
eënvi Kiv ev AbymiY Kiv nq, Zv‡K eëmvq AvBb e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq, †h AvB‡bi Awa‡b †`‡ki
eëmvq-evwbR¨ cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq ZvB eëmvq AvBb| Kv‡iv g‡Z eëmvq msµvšÍ gvgjv †gvKÏgv †h
AvB‡bi Øviv wb¤úwË Kiv nq Zv‡KB eëmvq ev evwbwR¨K AvBb e‡j|
me©‡k‡l ejv hvq, eëmvq msµvšÍ †h †Kvb †jb‡`b Ges †jb‡`b n‡Z m„ó mgm¨vw` wbqš¿b I wb¯úwZ msµvšÍ
wewa-weavb ev wbqg‡K eëmvq ev evwbwR¨K AvBb e‡j|
evsjv‡`‡ki eëmvq AvB‡bi Drm (Sources of Business Law in Bangladesh)

AwZcÖvPxb Kvj n‡ZB evsjv‡`k, fviZ I cvwK¯Ív†b gymwjg, wn›`y I †eŠ× ixwZ bxwZ Abyhvqx eëmvq †jb‡`b
mg~n wbqš¿xZ n‡Zv| cieZ©x‡Z e„wUk‡ì kvmbvg‡j eëmvq evwb‡Rï †ÿ‡Î GB Dcgnv‡`‡k e„wUk AvBb hy³
nq| ZvB A`ëwa GB Dcgnv‡`‡ki eëmvq evwb‡Rï †ÿ‡Î Bs‡iRx AvB‡bi e¨vcK cÖPjb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq-evwb‡R¨ †h mg¯Í AvB‡bi Drmg~n cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q Zv wbæiƒc t
1| wewae× AvBb (Statutory Law) :eëmvq AvB‡bi Ab¨Zg Drm n‡jv evsjv‡`k RvZxq msm` KZ…©K cÖbxZ
AvBbmg~n|
2| Bs‡iRx mvaviY/ Kgb AvBb (English Common Law): Bs‡iRx Kgb ÒjÓ n‡jv evsjv‡`‡ki eëmvq
AvB‡bi Ab¨Zg Drm| †h mg¯Í †ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ AvBb mg~n †Kvb mgvavb w`‡Z cv‡ibv, †m mg¯Í
†ÿ‡Î wePvicwZMY Bs‡iRx Kgb ÔjÕ Gi mvnvh¨ †bb I †m Abyhvqx wm×všÍ †`b|
3| ¯’vbxq bxwZ I cÖ_v (Local Usages and Customs) : evsjv‡`‡k eëmvq AvB‡bi Ab¨Zg GKwU Drm n‡jv
¯’vbxq ixwZbxwZ I cÖ_v| hw` †Kvb ¯’vbxq ixwZI cÖ_v eëmvq-evwbRï mv‡_ weZwK©Z bv nq Zvn‡j ixwZ I
cÖ_v eëmvq AvB‡bi †ÿ‡Î cÖewZ©Z nq|
4| b¨vqbxwZ (Equity) : evsjv‡`‡ki †h mKj eëmvqxK mgm¨v ¯’vbxq ixwZbxwZ I cÖ_v ev Ab¨‡Kvb AvBb Øviv
mgvavb bv nq †m mg¯Í †ÿ‡Î wePvicwZMY b¨vqbxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| G wm×všÍmg~nB
ciewZ©‡Z eëmvq AvB‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq|
eëmv‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z AvBb/ eëmv‡qi wewfbœ AvBb (Acts Related to Business/ Business Law)
eZ©gvb eëmvq RM‡Z myôz I my›ì fv‡e wb‡R‡K wUwK‡q ivLvi Rb¨ GKRb eëmvqx‡K eëmvq cwiPvjbv
m¤úwK©Z bvbv wewa-weavb ev AvB‡bi cÖwZ kª×vkxj n‡Z n‡e| eëmvq-evwbR¨ myôy I my›ì fv‡e cwiPvjbv
wbqš¿b, Pzw³m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ eëmv‡qi GKRb wkÿv_©x wn‡m‡e Avgv‡ì eëmv‡qi mv‡_ m¤ú©wKZ wewfbœ AvBb
m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡Z n‡e| eëmv‡qi mv‡_ m¤ú©wKZ bvbvb AvBb m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c wb‡æ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jvt

1| Pzw³ AvBb (Laws of Contract) : eëmvq evwbR¨ fvj fv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ Pzw³ GKwU ¸iæZ¡ c~Y©
welq| †Kvb wbw`©ó wel‡q `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK c‡ÿi g‡a¨ wbw`©ó KZ¸‡jv kZ©c~iY mv‡c‡ÿ †h HK¨gZ
cÖwZwôZ nq Zv‡K Pzw³i ev m¤§wZ e‡j| evsjv‡`‡k ejer †hvM¨ 1872 mv‡ji 2 Gi (GBP) avivq ejv
n‡q‡Q †h, AvB‡bi Øviv ejer‡hvM¨ m¤§wZ n‡jv Pzw³| eëmvq evwbR¨ ev †h †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Pzw³‡Z Ave×
n‡Z n‡j Pzw³i `ywU Avek¨Kxq Dcv`vb Aek¨B jÿ¨ Ki‡Z n‡e| G¸‡jv n‡jv- (K) Pzw³‡Z GKwU m¤§wZ
_vK‡e| I (L) H m¤§wZ AvBb KZ…©K ejer †hvM¨ n‡e|
2| cY¨ weµq AvBb (The sale of Goods Acts) : eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvMxZvg~jK we‡k¦ wb‡R‡K wUwK‡q ivLvi
Rb¨ GKRb eëmvqx‡K cY¨ weµq AvBb Rvb‡Z n‡e| GB AvBb m¤ú‡K© AewnZ _vK‡j †µZv I
we‡µZv DfqB wbivc` I Sv‡gjvgy³ _vK‡Z cvi‡e| Avgv‡ì ‡`‡k cY¨ weµq wbqwš¿Z nq 1930
mv‡ji cY¨ weµq AvBb Øviv| hv H GKB eQ‡ii 1jv RyjvB n‡Z Kvh©Kwi nq|
3| Askx`vix AvBb (Partnership Act) : Askx`vix eëmvq GKwU ¸iæZ¡ c~Y© eëmvq| GeëmvqwU mwVK
fv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K Askx`vi‡K Askx`vix AvBb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e| cÖ_gw`‡K 1932 mv‡ji
fviZxq Askx`vix AvBb Abyhvqx Askx`vix Kvievi cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| cieZ©x‡Z 1932 mv‡j fviZxq
Askx`vix AvBbwU 1947 mv‡j ZrKvwjb c~e© cvwK¯’v‡b Askx`vix AvBb wn‡m‡e M„nxZ nq cybivq 1972
mv‡j H AvBbwU ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Askx`vix AvBb wn‡m‡e ûe¯’ M„nxZ nq Ges 1971 mv‡ji 26 †k gvP©
n‡Z Zv mviv evsjv‡`‡k ejer n‡e e‡j †Nvlbv †Ìqv nq|
4| exgv AvBb (Insurance Law ) : eZ©gvb eëmv‡q RM‡Z exgv GKwU MiæZ¡c~Y© eëmv‡q †ÿÎ wn‡m‡e
wb‡Ri ¯’vb `Lj K‡i wb‡q‡Q| gvbyl me mgq wb‡R‡ì SuzwK ev AwbðqZv n‡Z `y‡i ivL‡Z Pvq| Avi G
Rb¨B m„wó n‡q‡Q exgv eëmv‡qi| 1938 mv‡j me©cÖ_g G Dcgnv‡`‡k exgv eë¯’v‡K AvBbMZ w`K
†_‡K ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| GB 1938 mv‡j exgv AvBb ØvivB evsjv‡`‡ki exgv eëmv‡qi cwiPvwjZ I
wbqwš¿Z nq| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k Ò‡Kv¤úvwb AvBb 1994Ó cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
5| †Kv¤úvbx AvBb (Company Law): e„n`vqZb GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôvb n‡jv †Kv¤úvbx eëmvq|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q cÖvB‡fU wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvbx I cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvbx| 1913 mv‡ji
†Kv¤úvbx AvBbwU 1914 mv‡ji 1jv GwcÖj n‡Z G Dcgnv‡`‡k Kvh©Ki nq| cwiewZ©‡Z wKQy ms‡kvabx
K‡i 1973 mv‡j H AvBbwU evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv¤úvbx AvBb wn‡m‡e M„nxZ nq| 1961 mv‡j MwVZ †Kv¤úvbx
AvBb Kwgkb 1913 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvbx AvB‡bi e¨vcK cwieZ©b I ms‡kva‡bi mycvwik Ki‡jI Zv Kvh©Ki
nqwb| eZ©gv‡b 1913 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvbx AvB‡bi ¯’‡j evsjv‡`‡k bZzb GKwU †Kv¤úvbx AvBb cÖvYq‡bi
KvR Pj‡Q|
6| KviLvbv AvBb (Factory Act) : KjKviLvbvq kªwgK‡ì Kv‡Ri myweav, wbivcËv, DbœZZi Kv‡Ri
cwi‡ek BZ¨vw` wbðqZv weavb K‡í cÖeZ©b Kiv nq KviLvbv AvBb| 1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZvi ci c~e©
cvwK¯Ívb KviLvbv AvBb 1965 †K mvgvb¨ cwieZ©b K‡i evsjv‡`‡k KviLvbv AvBb 1965 bv‡g ûeû MÖnY
Kiv nq| ciewZ©‡Z wewfbœ mg‡q AvBbwUi wewfbœ avivi ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q‡Q|
7| kªwgK ÿwZc~iY AvBb (Labor Compensation Act) : Drcv`b Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ kªwgKiv cÖwZwbqZ
bvbv ai‡bi wec‡ì SzuwK wb‡q KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| KjKviLvbvq KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q kªwgKiv cwZZ nq wewfbœ
iKg wec‡ì, GgbwK gyZz¨ ch©šÍ I N‡U _v‡K| kªwgK ÿwZc~iY AvB‡bi g~j K_v n‡jv kªwgKiv KviLvbvq
KvR Ki‡Z †h‡q ev Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _vKvKvjxb mg‡q †Kvb `„NUbvq AvnZ ev wbnZ n‡j Zv‡ì‡K gvwjK
AvBb Abymv‡i ÿwZc~iY †`‡e| Avgv‡ì †`‡k G AvBb 1923 mv‡ji kªwgK ÿwZc~iY AvBb bv‡g
cwiwPZ| hwÌ wewfbœ mg‡q wKQy ms‡kvawb Avbv n‡q‡Q|
8| gyRywi cwi‡kva AvBb (Payment of Wages Act) : kªwgKiv Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri wewbg‡q hv †c‡q _v‡K ZvB
n‡jv gRyix| G gRyix m¤ú‡K© kªwKK I gvwjK cÿ memgq wfbœ avibv †cvlb K‡i| d‡j eëmvq †ÿ‡Î
m„ó nq bvbvb mgm¨v| Giæc mgm¨v †gvKvwejvi D‡Ï‡k¨ KjKviLvbvq gRyix cwi‡kv‡ai wewfbœ wbq‡gi
cÖeZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| †hgb, mgqvbycvwZK gRywi, Kvh©bycvwZK gRywi BZ¨vw`| 1936 mv‡j cÖ_gev‡ii g‡Zv

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
G Dcgvnv‡`‡k gRyix cwi‡kva AvBb cÖeZ©b Kiv nq Ges eZ©gv‡b G AvBbwUB ms‡kvwaZ AvKv‡i
Avgv‡ì †`‡k Pvjy Av‡Q|
9| kªwgK wb‡qvM AvBb (The Employment of Labur Act): 1965 mv‡j me©cÖ_g †`vKvb, evwbwR¨K
cÖwZôvb I wk‡í PvKzwiiZ kªwgK‡ì PvKzixi kZ©vejx wbqš¿‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖbxZ nq kªwgK wb‡qvM AvBb|
1695 mv‡ji kªwgK wb‡qvM (¯’vqx Av‡`k) AvBbwU eZ©gv‡b cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e miKvi KZ…©K cwiPvwjZ nq bv|
G AvBb †`vKvb I eëmvq cÖwZôvb Ges wk‡í PvKzwiiZ kªwgK Kg©Pvwi‡ì PvKzix‡Z wb‡qvM, QywU,
AcmviY, QuvUvB, Rwigvbv, †j-Ad, ax‡i KvR Kiv BZ¨vw` welq wbqš¿ K‡i|
10| †`vKvb I cÖwZôvb AvBb (The Shops and Establishment Act): eëmvq evwb‡Rï ‡ÿ‡Î †`vKvb I
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| ZvB G‡ì Kvh©vejx‡K myôz I my›ìfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
cÖewZ©Z nq 1960 mv‡ji †`vKvb I cÖwZôvb AvBb| ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi ci 1973 mv‡ji 8bs AvBb Ges
1974 mv‡ji 53 bs AvBb Øviv H AvB‡bi KwZcq ms‡kvabx Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b 1965 mv‡ji †`vKvb I
cÖwZôvb AvBbwU ms‡kvwaZ AvKv‡i G‡`‡k Pvjy i‡q‡Q|
11| mgevq mwgwZ AvBb (Law of Co-operative Societies) : mgevq‡K AwaKZi mymsMwVZ I djcÖmy
Kivi Rb¨ G Dc-gnv‡`‡ki ZrKvjxb BwÛqvb wmwfj mvwf©m Gi L¨vZbvgv m`m¨ wgt †dÖWvwiK wbKjmb
Gi mycvwi‡ki wfwË‡Z 1904 mv‡j fvi‡Z me©cÖ_g mgevq mwgwZ AvBb cvk Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z 1940
mv‡j Avevi bZzb mgevq AvBb cvk Kiv nq| ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi ci miKv‡ii mgevq mwgwZ AvBb 1940
I mgevq mwgwZ wewa 1942 ms‡kvab K‡i h_vµ‡g mgevq mwgwZ Aa¨v‡`k 1984 (Aa¨v‡`k bs
1,1985) I mgevq mwgwZ wewagvjv 1987 Øviv MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡”Q|
12 | gyj¨ ms‡hvRb Ki AvBb 1991 (Value Added Tax Act-1991) : miKvi Ki KvVv‡gv AvaywbKxKi‡Yi
j‡ÿ¨ ‰ØZ K‡ii Aemvb NwU‡q g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki AvBb 1991 cÖeZ©b K‡i‡Q| g~j¨ ms‡hvRb K‡ii
êwkó¨ n‡jv GB †h, GB K‡ii cÖvq mKj cY¨ I †mevi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨| GB K‡i eë¯’vq
cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ mKj cY¨ ev †mevi Rb¨ gvÎ GKwU nvi wba©vwiZ _v‡K| g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki Af¨šÍixY
Drcv`b I Avg`vwbi †ÿ‡Î †Kvb êlg¨ m„wó K‡i bv| †h me wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Drcv`bg~jK ev †mev`vb
eëmvq wb‡qvwRZ Zv‡ì mevB‡K g~j¨ ms‡hvRb K‡ii wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb _vKv DwPZ Ges
cwi‡kva Kiv DwPZ| GB Ki KvVv‡gvi AvIZvq wbewÜZ mKj Ki`vZv‡K kZKiv 15 fvM nv‡i g~j¨
ms‡hvRb Ki cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| cY¨ I †mevi †ÿ‡Î evwl©K Uvb© Ifv‡ii cwimxgv cuvP jvL UvKv n‡j g~j¨
ms‡hvRb Ki w`‡Z nq| Z‡e KzwUi wk‡íi †ÿ‡Î †hme wkí cÖwZôv‡b cø¨v›U †gwkbvix I BKzBc‡g›U
wewb‡qvMK…Z g~jab eQ‡ii †h †Kvb mgq wZb jÿ UvKvi AwaK n‡e bv, †m me cÖwZôvb‡K f¨vU cÖ`vb
†_‡K †iqvZ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q| Drcv`bg~jK eëmvi †ÿ‡Î µqK…Z KuvPvgv‡ji Dci f¨vU †iqvZ MÖn‡Yi
weavb i‡q‡Q| †h me cÖwZôvb g~j¨ ms‡hvRb K‡ii AvIZvq c‡i G‡ì‡K RvZxq ivR¯^‡ev‡W© wbewÜZ
n‡Z n‡e Ges GB Ki ïé I AveMvix `ß‡i cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
13 | AvqKi AvBb (Income Tax Act) :‡h †Kvb †`‡ki miKv‡ii Av‡qi GKwU cÖavb Drm AvqKi| †Kvb
e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi evwl©K Avq GKwU wbw`©ó As‡Ki †P‡q †ewk n‡j AvqKi AvBb Abyhvqx AvqKi cÖ`vb
Acwinvh¨© | d‡j e¨w³,dvg© I †Kv¤úvwbi Avq Ki‡hvM¨ n‡j Ki cÖ`vb ˆbwZK I Avek¨Kxq KZ©e¨|
AvqKi cÖ`vbKvix e¨w³, cÖwZôvb mvgvwRK gh©v`v †c‡q _v‡K| AvqKi cÖ`vbKvix eëmvqxK cÖwZôvb
miKvi KZ…©K cÖ`Ë wewfbœ my‡hvM myweavi `vwe`vi n‡Z cv‡i| AvqKi cÖ`vbKvix e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb AvqKi
AvBb Abyhvqx Av‡qi Dci Ki Ae¨vnwZ cvq|
mKj wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi AvqKi AvBb m¤ú‡K© cÖv_wgK Ávb _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| KviY Ki wba©vi‡Yi †ejvq Kx Kx Lv‡Z
AvqKi †iqvZ cvIqv hvq Zv wPwýZKi‡Yi gva¨‡g AvqK‡ii wmwVK cwigvY wba©viY Kiv mnvqK nq| myôyfv‡e
AvqKi cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z cvi‡j GKw`‡K A‡cÿvK…Z Kg AvqKi cÖ`vb Ab¨w`‡K wewb‡qv‡Mi gvÎv evov‡bv
m¤¢e| AvqKi AvBb m¤ú‡K© mvaviY Ávb _vK‡j AvqKi Awdmvi ev AvqKi civgk©`vZvi m‡½ hyw³hy³fv‡e
K_v ejv m¤¢e nq|

cvV ms‡ÿc
mvaviY A‡_© AvBb n‡jv Ggb KZ¸‡jv wewa weavb hv mgv‡R emevmiZ gvby‡li Rxeb hvÎv‡K myôz, my›ì I
myk„•Ljfv‡e cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z K‡i| eëmvq AvBb n‡jv Ggb AvBb hvi Awa‡b eëmvq-evwYR¨ myôz I
my›ìfv‡e cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z nq|
eëmvq AvB‡bi bvbvb Drm i‡q‡Q| †hgb- wewae× AvBb Kgb AvBb BZ¨vw`|
eëmv‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z i‡q‡Q bvbvb AvBb| G¸‡jv n‡jv Pzw³ AvBb, Askx`vix AvBb, g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki
AvBb, kªwgK ÿwZcyiY AvBb, weµq AvBb BZ¨vw`|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| eëmvq AvB‡bi Drm¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
2| eëmv‡qi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ AvB‡bi mswÿß eY©bv w`b|
mswÿß cÖkœ
1| eëmvq AvB‡bi msÁv w`b|
2| Askx`vix AvBb m¤ú‡K© wK Rv‡bb?
3| g~j¨ ms‡hvRb Ki wK?
4| gRywi cwi‡kva AvBb †Kb Pvjy n‡q‡Q?

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-2 t †Km& ÷vwWi msÁv, D‡Ïk¨ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Meaning, Objectives and Importance
of Case Study)
D‡Ïk¨
 †Km& I †Km& ÷vwWi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †Km& ÷vwWi D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ‡Km& ÷vwWi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
†Km& I †Km& ÷vwWi msÁv (Definition of Case and Case Study)
‡Km& n‡jv NUbv cÖev‡ni µgaviv wfwËK eY©bv we‡kl| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq †h, †Km& n‡jv GKRb cÖkvmK ev¯Í‡e
‡h cwiw¯’wZ ev mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb nb Zvi GKwU weeiY, hvi we‡køl‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU mwVK Kg©cš’v wba©viY n‡q
c‡i Acwinvh©|
eëmvq †Km& n‡jv ev¯Íe Rxeb wfwËK cwiw¯’wZi GKwU mymse× iƒc‡iLv hv AZx‡Z msNwUZ n‡q‡Q| GB ai‡bi
†Km& GKRb M‡elK †Kvb GKwU †Kv¤úvbxi ev e¨w³i cÖvmw½K wewfbœ iKg Z_¨vejx, cwi‡ek I mswkøó e¨w³‡ì
mv‡_ RwoZ NUbvejx msMÖn K‡i Ggb GKwU welq ùvo Kivb hvi Øviv cvVKiv msNwUZ NUbv g‡bi Avqbvq
Ae‡jvKb K‡i bvbvb AwfÁZv mÂq Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gev‡i Avmv hvK †Km& ÷vwW m¤ú‡K© †Km ÷vwW n‡”Q ‡Kvb
e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi †Kvb ev¯Íe NUbvi eY©bv ev Av‡jvPbv hv †_‡K wkÿv MÖnY Kiv hvq| Ab¨fv‡e ejv hvq †h,
†Km& ÷vwW n‡jv ev¯Íe cwiw¯’wZ wKfv‡e †gvKvwejv K‡i GKRb e¨w³ mdj ev e¨_© n‡q‡Q Ges †mLvb n‡Z wK
wkÿv MÖnY Kiv hvq Zv wb‡qB Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
‡Km ÷vwWi gva¨‡g GKRb m¤¢ve¨ eëmvqx ev¯Íe AwfÁZv AR©b K‡i wb‡R‡K mdj D‡Ï¨v³v wn‡m‡e Kv‡R
jvMv‡Z cv‡i| me©‡k‡l GUvB ejv hvq †h, †Km ÷vwW n‡jv eZ©gvb wkÿv eë¯’vi Ggb GKwU AZ¨vaywbK iæc
hvi Øviv GKRb wkÿv_©x mdj ev e¨_© D‡Ï¨³v‡ì Rxebx ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i ev¯Íe Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
‡Km& ÷vwWi D‡Ïk¨vejx (Objectives of Case Study)

AvR †_‡K 80 eQi c~‡e© †h †Km ÷vwW c×wZi cÖeZ©b n‡qwQj Zvi wcQ‡b wQj wKQy mywbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨| †Km&
÷vwWi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv QvÎ/QvÎx ev wkÿv_©x‡ì‡K eëmvq RM‡Z D™¢yZ wewfbœ ai‡bi mgm¨v, NUbvejx,
cwiw¯’wZ, we‡iva, e¨w³Z¡ cÖf„wZ m¤ú‡K© cÖwZcv`‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv `vb Kiv| GQvov ‡Km& ÷¨vwWi mywbw`©ó wKQz
D‡Ïk¨vejx m¤ú‡K© wbgœiƒc Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq t
1| AwfÁZv †_‡K wkÿv MÖnY (Learning from experience) :K_vq Av‡Q AwfÁZvi †KvbB weKí †bB| †Km&
÷vwWi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wewfbœ iKg AwfÁZv †_‡K wkÿv MÖnY Kiv| GKRb wkÿv_©x ZvwË¡K Áv‡bi
cvkvcvwk AwfÁZvq ficyi e¨w³e‡M©i Rxebx ev †Km& Av‡jvPbvi Øviv AwfÁvZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mnvqZv (Aid to decision making) wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi Rb¨ mgq cÖ‡qvRb ev¯Íe AwfÁZv I
m¤¢ve¨ mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© mwVK avibv| GRb¨ bZzb D‡Ï¨³v‡K wm×všÍ MÖnY mnvh¨ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ †Km c×wZ‡Z
wkÿv`vb Kiv nq|
3| wePvi kw³ e„w× (Increasing Judging capacity) ‡Km ÷vwWi gva¨‡g GKRb e¨w³ Zvi wb‡RB wePvi
we‡ePbv kw³‡K e„w× Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4| mwVK bxwZgvjv ˆZix (Preparing right policies) : ‡Km ÷vwWi gva¨‡g †Kvb GKRb D‡`¨³v †Kvb welq
m¤ú‡K© mwVK I ev¯Íe m¤§Z Z_¨ †c‡Z cv‡i, d‡j Zvi c‡ÿ mwVK bxwZgvjv ˆZix Kiv m¤¢e nq|
5| cÖv‡qvwMK wkÿv (Promotive education) ZvwË¡K wkÿv`v‡bi cvkvcvwk cÖv‡qvwMK wkÿv`vb eZ©gv‡b
mivwe‡k¦ me©Rb ¯^xK…Z GKwU welq| GRb¨ wkÿv_x‡K cÖ‡qvwMK wkÿv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wkÿv eë¯’v †Km& c×wZ
AšÍ©f~³ Kiv nq|

6| ev¯Íe Ae¯’v cwi‡ekb (Presenting real condition) wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb ev¯Íe Ae¯’v I m¤¢ve¨
mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© mwVK avibv| ZvB †Km& ÷vwWi gva¨‡g m¤¢ve¨ I bZzb D‡`¨³v‡ì Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© avibv cÖ`vb
Kiv hvq|
7| `jxq wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y AvMÖn (Creating attitude to group decision) ‡h †Kvb Kvh© mwVK ev mdjfv‡e
m¤úv`‡bi c~e©kZ© n‡jv `jxq wm×všÍ MÖnY| †Km& ÷vwWi gva¨‡g wkÿv_©xiv `jxq wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y AvMÖnx nq
hvi d‡j wm×všÍ MÖnY ev¯Íe m¤§Z nq|
†Km& ÷vwWi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Importance of Case Study)

eZ©gvb wkÿv eë¯’vq †Km& ÷vwW GKwU Ab¨Zg gva¨g wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q| MZvbyMwZK I ZvwË¡K wkÿvi
cvkvcvwk G c×wZ‡Z wkÿv`vb Kiv n‡j wkÿv_©xiv ev¯Íe m¤§Z Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| wb‡æ †Km& ÷vwWi ¸iæZ¡
ev cÖ‡qvRbxZvi Av‡jvPvb Kiv n‡jvt
1| wkÿv`v‡bi AvaywbK c×wZ (Modern method of teaching) : AvaywbK mg‡q wkÿv`v‡bi GKwU Ab¨Zg
mdj c×wZ n‡jv †Km& ÷vwW ZvwË¡K Áv‡bi cvkvcvwk G c×wZ‡Z cvV`vb Ki‡j wkÿv_©x‡ì Áv‡bi cwiwa
e„w× cvq|
2| M‡elbvq DØy×KiY (Pursuing in research): ‡Km& ÷vwW n‡jv g~jZ GKwU M‡elYv c×wZ| G c×wZi
gva¨‡g mdj ev e¨_© wewfbœ D‡`¨v³v m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i wkÿv_©xiv Zv we‡kølb K‡i M‡elvbv Kv‡h© D×z×
nq|
3| RwUj mgm¨vi mvgvavb (Solving complex problems): ‡Km& ÷vwWi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU w`K n‡jv, Gi
gva¨‡g AwZ m¤^‡Ü RwUj mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv hvq fwel¨‡Z m¤¢ve¨ wK wK mgm¨v Avm‡Z cv‡i, Gi c~‡e© Zv
wKfv‡e mgvavb Kiv n‡qwQj, †m m¤ú‡K© †Km ÷vwWi gva¨‡g c~e© †_‡KB †evSv hvq, I ‡m Abyhvqx eë¯’v
MÖnY Kiv hvq|
4| cwiKíbvi ev¯Íevqb (Implementation of plan) : cwiKíbvi ev¯Íevq‡bi †ÿ‡Î †Km& ÷vwWi f~wgKv AwZ
¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ †h mg¯Í Z‡_ï cÖ‡qvRb Zv †Km ÷vwW mn‡RB cvIqv hvq d‡j
cwiKíbvi ev¯Íevqb mnR nq|
5| AwfÁZv †_‡K wkÿv MÖnY (Learing through experience) : GKRb bZzb D‡`¨³v †Km& ÷vwWi gva¨‡g
AwfÁZv AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j †m Abyhvqx †m Zvi eëmvq ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cvV ms‡ÿc
‡Km& ÷vwW n‡jv eZ©gvb eë¯’vq Ggb GKwU AZ¨vaywbK iæc hvi Øviv GKRb wkÿv_x© mdj ev e¨_© D‡`¨v³v‡ì
Rxebx ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i ev¯Íe Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wewfbœ D‡Ï‡k¨ †Km ÷vwW Kiv nh| G¸‡jv n‡jv AwfÁZv †_‡K wkÿv MÖnY, wm×všÍ¸‡jv mnvqZv wePvi kw³
e„w×, `jxq wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y AvMÖn BZ¨vw`| †Km ÷vwW bvbvb cª‡qvR‡b cwijwÿZ nq, ‡hgb, M‡elYvq DØy× Ki‡Y,
cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡b, RwUj mgm¨v mgvav‡b BZ¨vw`|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| †Km& ÷vwW wK? †Km& ÷vwWi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|
2| †Km& ÷vwWi D‡Ïk¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
mswÿß cÖkœ
1| †Km& wK;
2| †Km& ÷vwWi msÁv w`b|
3| wK D‡Ï‡k¨ †Km& ÷vwW Kiv nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV-3 t K‡qKRb mdj eëmvqx ev D‡`¨v³vi Rxebx

(Lives of Successful Businessman or Entrepreneurs)
D‡Ïk¨
 G †`‡ki K‡qKRb mdj eëmvqx ev D‡`¨v³vi Rxebx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯yÍ
Rbve Aveyj Kv‡kg Lvb
PUªMv‡gi †gvniv MÖvg| GB MÖv‡g 1905 mv‡ji 5B GwcÖj Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib G‡`‡ki wewk÷ eëmvqx Ges wkícwZ
Rbve Aveyj Kv‡kg Lvb| whwb G,†K, Lvb bv‡gB mgwaK cwiwPZ| Aveyj Kv‡kg‡K wN‡i wQj wcZv gvZvi
mxgvnxb †øn Ges Acwimxg fvjevmv, wcZv AvjnvR¡ Avãyj jwZd Lvb wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ AgvwqK, wgófvlx GKRb
wcÖq e¨w³| Kw_Z Av‡Q Zuvi c~e© cyiæl nvgRv Lv‡bi ˆcZ„K wbevm wQj †MŠ‡o|
mve-‡iwRóªvi Rbve Ave`yj jwZd Lv‡bi Kg©¯’j wQj PUªMÖv‡gi d‡Zqvev` MÖv‡g| Aveyj Kv‡k‡gi gv †ekxi fvM
mgq †gvnivq _vK‡Zb| d‡Zqvev‡` wcZvi mvwbœ‡a¨B Aveyj Kv‡k‡gi evj¨Rxeb AwZevwnZ nq| d‡j wcZvi
cÖfve Zuvi Pwi‡Îi Dci †ekx c‡o|
Aveyj Kv‡kg d‡Zvqvev‡` cÖv_wgK wkÿv mgvcb K‡ib Ges c‡i d‡Zqvev` nvB ¯‹zj n‡Z cÖ‡ewkKv cixÿvq
K…wZ‡Z¡i m‡½ DËx©Y nb| PUªMÖvg miKvix K‡jR n‡Z wZwb AvB,G,cvk K‡ib| Gici wZwb KjKvZvq P‡j hvb
Ges †mLvbKvi †cÖwm‡WÝx K‡j‡R Aa¨qb ïiæ K‡ib|
1927 mv‡j wZwb G K‡jR n‡Z K…wZ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Bs‡iRx‡Z Abvm© mn we,G, cvk K‡ib| evj¨Kvj n‡Z Aveyj
Kv‡k‡gi AvBbÁ nevi evmbv wQj| ZvB wZwb KjKvZv wek¦we`¨vj‡q AvBb K‡jR AvBb cov ïiæ K‡ib Ges
1933 mv‡j we, Gj, dvBbvj cixÿvq DËxY© nb| GB cixÿvq wZwb cÖ_g wefv‡M wØZxq ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡ib|
†jLv cov †kl K‡i 1933 mv‡j Aveyj Kv‡kg Kg©Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek K‡ib| KjKvZv nvB‡Kv‡U© DwKj wnmv‡e `yB
eQi c‡i Zuvi wcZv Aemi MÖnY K‡ib| wcZvi my‡hvM¨ mšÍvb G, †K, Lvb, cwiev‡ii nvj aivi Rb¨ gy‡Ý‡di
PvKzix MÖnY K‡ib Ges 1935 n‡Z 1943 mvj ch©šÍ AvU ermi mgqKvj evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b gy‡Ýd wnmv‡e
KvR K‡ib|
1933 mv‡j Aveyj Kv‡kg Lvb weevn K‡ib evg©vi e¨vemviZ PUªMÖv‡gi wewkó eëmvqx Ges wkícwZ Rbve
Ave`yj evix †PŠayixi Kb¨v‡K| Ave`yj evix †PŠayix wQ‡jb Zuvi Kv‡Ri GK cÖZvckvjx e¨w³Z¡| evg©vq Zvui
PvD‡ji Kj wQj Ges wZwb wQ‡jb ZLbKvi w`‡bi Ab¨Zg bvgKiv †e½j evg©v w÷g ‡bwf‡Mkb †Kv¤úvbxi
cÖwZôvZv|
G,†K, Lvb hLb weevn K‡ib ZLb wZwb nvB‡K©v‡Ui GW&‡fv‡KU| c‡i ewikvj _vKv Kv‡j wØZxq wek¦hy× ïiæ nq|
wKQyw`‡bi g‡a¨ Rvcvbx‡‡ì nv‡Z evg©vi cZb AZ¨vmbœ g‡b n‡Z jvM‡jv| Rbve Ave`yj evix †PŠayix Zuvi
†i½y‡bi weivU eëmvq PUªMÖv‡g wb‡q Av‡mb| Ave`yj evix †PŠayixi †Q‡jiv ZLbI †QvU|
GB Kvi‡YB wZwb Zuvi RvgvZv G,†K, Lvb‡K eëmvq †b‡g co‡Z Aby‡iva Ki‡jb| †PŠayix mv‡ne †e½y‡b Zuvi
m¤úwËi wmsn fvMB †d‡j G‡mwQ‡jb| gvÎ K‡qK jÿ UvKv wZwb m‡½ Avb‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| †mB UvKv w`‡q wZwb
RvgvZv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi cÖwZkÖæwZ w`‡jb| G,†K, Lvb Rxe‡b eëmvq Ki‡eb Ggb ¯^cœ KLbI †`‡Lbwb| wKš‘y
Rxe‡bi GB ÿ‡Y k¦ï‡ii mvwbœa¨, eëmvi cÖ¯Íve Ges g~ja‡bi cÖwZkÖæwZ Zuvi Rxe‡bi †gvo Nywi‡q w`j| wZwb
Mfxifv‡e †f‡e †`‡Lb †h, wZwbB cwiev‡ii eo †Q‡j, wcZv Aemi Rxebhvcb Ki‡Qb| myZivs eëmvq †b‡g
co‡j cwiev‡ii AviI nq‡Zv wKQy ¯^”QjZv Avm‡e| A‡bK wPšÍv fvebvi ci wZwb k¦ï‡ii cÖ¯Íve MÖnY Ki‡jb|
AvR Avgiv †h G, †K, Lvb‡K wPwb, Zuvi Rxe‡b Zuvi k¦ïi Rbve Ave`yj evix †PŠayixi Avwef©ve bv n‡j nq‡Zv †m
G,†K Lv‡bi Rb¥B nZ bv| BwZg‡a¨ wZwb `yÕevi AvB,wm,Gm, cixÿv †`b Ges ev½vjx gymjgvb‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g
¯’vb jvf K‡ib| wØZxq wek¦hy‡× wbg©vY wVKv`vi wnmv‡e wZwb eëmvq c`vc©Y K‡ib Ges ïiæ‡ZB wZwb †ek
mvdj¨ jvf K‡ib|

1947 mv‡j e„wUkiv fviZ †Q‡o P‡j hvevi ci G,†K,Lvb ZrKvjxb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi A_©bxwZi †Mvov ïiæ Kievi
Rb¨ wk‡í DbœwZi cÖ‡qvRb Abyfe Ki‡jb| wZwb †f‡e †`L‡jb †h, †`‡ki wk‡íi weKv‡ki m‡½ m‡½ A‡bK
†jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vbI n‡e| ZvB wZwb wk‡íi w`‡K Sz‡K co‡jb|
1952 mv‡j cÖvq mv‡o Pvijÿ UvKv cuywR LvwU‡q wZwb PUªMÖv‡gi evjyi NvU AÂ‡j GKwU w`qvkjvB KviLvbv ¯’vcb
K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b GB KviLvbvi g~j¨ AvovB †KvwU UvKvi Dc‡i n‡e| GB w`qvkjvB KviLvbvi gva¨‡gB Zuvi wkí
RM‡Z c`vc©Y| Gi ci GKB GjKvq wZwb ¯’vcb K‡ib GKwU cøvBD‡Wi KviLvbv hvi g~jab AvovB jÿ UvKv|
GKB mgq H mgqKvi Zuvi me‡P‡q eo cÖKí †U·UvBj wgjm-Gi KvR ïiæ K‡ib| cuwPk nvRvi w¯ú‡Ðj wb‡q
GB KviLvbv 1952 mv‡jB Drcv`b ïiæ K‡i| GB KviLvbvq wZwb cuywR LvwU‡qwQ‡jb cuvP †KvwU UvKv|
G,†K, Lvb hLb GB †`‡k KviLvbv ¯’vc‡bi cÖ‡Póvq iZ ZLb bvbv Kvi‡Y GB †`‡k wkí KviLvbv ¯’vcb Kiv GK
`yiƒn e¨vcvi wQj| wkí KviLvbvi cÖ‡qvRbxq b~¨bZg KuvPvgvj ch©šÍ we‡`k n‡Z Avg`vbx Ki‡Z nZ, †U·UvBj
wg‡ji Rb¨ my`~i jv‡nvi n‡Z †jvnvi iW Avi nvq`ªvev` n‡Z wm‡g›U Avb‡Z n‡qwQj|
eëmvq I wkí †ÿ‡Î AMÖMwZi Rb¨ G,†K, Lvb‡K c‡` c‡` A‡bK evav wecwËi m¤§yLxb n‡Z n‡q‡Q| ZrKvjxb
cvwK¯Ívbx e¨vsK mg~n ev½vjx eëmvqx‡ì mvnv‡h¨ KLbI GwM‡q Av‡mwb| GKwU e„wUk e¨vsK hw` Zuvi mvnv‡h¨
GwM‡q bv AvmZ Zvn‡j Zuv‡K h‡_ô Amyweavi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nZ|
G,†K, Lv‡bi wbR¯^ eëmvq eë¯’vcbvi `k©b i‡q‡Q| wZwb g‡b K‡ib myôy eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ gvwjK‡K wb‡RB
mKj mgq wkí †K‡›`ª nvwRi _vK‡Z n‡e| `y‡i e‡m wkí KviLvbv eë¯’vcbv Kiv hvq GK_v G, †K Lvb gvb‡Z
ivRx bb| Zuvi g‡Z Drcv`‡bi w`KUvB nj me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Zuvi wk‡í wZwb gvwjK, kªwgK mn‡hvMxZv I
m™¢v‡ii cÖwZ wb‡Ï©k cÖKí Av‡ivc K‡ib|
G,†K, Lvb GKmg‡q ivRbxwZ‡ZI mwµq Ask MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb ZrKvjxb †Rjv gymwjg jx‡Mi mfvcwZ
wQ‡jb| wZwb 1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb RvZxq cwil‡ì m`mÏ wbe©vwPZ nb| gymwjg Mx‡Mi GKwRwKDwUf
KvDwÝ‡ji m`mÏ wQ‡jb| AvBqye Lv‡bi kvmbvg‡j 1958 mvj n‡Z 1962 mvj ch©šÍ wZwb Z`vbxšÍb
cvwK¯Ív‡bi wkí gš¿x wQ‡jb| ÿgZvq _vKvKv‡j wZwb wkí bxwZ‡Z A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cwieZ©b mvab K‡ib| wZwb
hLb wkí gš¿x nb ZLb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bI Aev½vjxiv e¨vemvi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK GwM‡q wQj| ev½vjx wkícwZ †h
K‡qKRb wQ‡jb Zuv‡ì nv‡Z †Mvbv †h ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK fv‡e ev½vjxiv ZLb AZ¨šÍ `~e©j| †h K‡qKRb
ev½vjx wkí KviLvbv Moevi Rb¨ jvB‡mÝ †c‡Z mÿg n‡Zb Zuviv cywRi Afv‡e wkí KviLvbv bv M‡o Zv D”P
g~‡j¨ weµq K‡i w`‡Zb| ev½vjx D‡`¨v³v‡ì mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ wZwb P.I.D.C. ‡K wef³ K‡i EPIDC I
WPIDC bv‡g `yBwU c„_g ms¯’v MVb K‡ib| GB †`‡k eëmvq Ges wkí †ÿ‡Î G, †K, Lv‡bi mvnmx Ges ewjô
f~wgKv MÖn‡bi d‡j A‡bK ev½vjx wkí KviLvbv ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ GwM‡q Avm‡Z mvnm cvb| wZwb hLb gš¿xi `vwqZ¡
fvi MÖnb K‡ib, ZLb G‡`‡k ev½vjx gvwjKvbvaxb RyU wgj wQj GKwU| Zuvi †cÖ‡Póvq Ges mvnv‡h¨ cieZ©xKv‡j
GB msL¨v wZwi‡k ùvovq| Zuvi mg‡qB ÒKY©dzjx †iqb wgjÓ Ges PUªMÖvg B¯úvZ KviLvbv ¯’vwcZ nq| Zuvi Pvi
ermi gš¿x‡Z¡i mg‡q ïaygvÎ †h c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ KvR K‡iwQ‡jb ZvÕB bq, Zuvi HKvwšÍK †Póvq ZrKvjxb
cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi eû Kj- KviLvbv M‡o D‡V| ZLb GB †`‡k ev½vjx gvwjKvbvaxb †Kvb e¨vsK wQj bv| wZwb
gš¿x _vKv Kv‡j ZrKvjxb KZ…©c‡ÿi Kv‡Q A‡bK Z`wei K‡i ev½vjx gvjxKvbvq GKwU e¨vsK cÖwZôv Kievi
AbygwZ jvf K‡ib| Gi d‡j GB †`‡k ev½vjx gvwjKvbvq cÖ_g e¨vsK ÒBóvY© gv‡K©›UvBj e¨vsK ----- nj| wZwb
Z`vbxšÍb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKgvÎ wkwcs †Kv¤úvbx cvwK¯Ívb ÷xg †bwf‡Mkb †Kv¤úvbx ¯’vcb K‡ib|
G †`‡k cÖ_g †h, mvBw›UwdK Kwgkb MwVZ nq, †mB Kwgk‡bi mfvcwZ wQ‡jb G,†K, Lvb| wZwb Avgv‡ì ‡`‡k
mvaviY wkÿvi †P‡q KvwiMix wkÿvi A_©‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ Dcjwä Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb mvBw›UwdK Kwgk‡bi
mfvcwZ wnmv‡e AvaywbK weÁvb Ges KvwiMix wkÿveë¯’v Pvjy Kievi Rb¨ mycvwik K‡ib|
wZwb Zuvi Kg©gq Rxe‡bi AwfÁZv n‡Z GBgZ †cvlY K‡ib †h, hw` †KD myk„sLj fv‡e cÖej AvZœwek¦v‡m
ewjqvb n‡q KwVb kª‡gi gva¨‡g Kg©‡ÿ‡Î wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zvn‡j Rxe‡b mvdj¨ bv cvevi †Kvb
Kvib _v‡K bv|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Rxe‡b mvd‡jï mÜvb †c‡Z n‡j k„•Ljv, AvZœwek¦vm I Aaëmv‡qi Dci ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv Acwinvh© e‡j Rbve Lvb
g‡bi K‡ib| Zuvi Rxe‡b cÖwZwU ¸‡Yi Dcw¯’wZ Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB| wZwb Lye †fv‡i kh¨vZ¨vM K‡ib Ges eZ©gvb
`ywbqvi nvj nvwKKZ Rvbvi Rb¨ †iwWI kyb‡Zb Ges †`k we‡`‡ki msev` cÎ ci‡Zb|
Zuvi NUbveûj Rxe‡bi ¯§„wZPviY K‡i wZwb Z…wß‡eva K‡ib| wZwb hv AR©b Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb Zv‡Z wZwb mšÍyó|
Z‡e wZwb g‡b K‡ib †h, AvR‡K G‡`‡ki wkícwZiv †h my‡hvM myweav cv‡”Q Zvi wmwKfvMI hw` wZwb †c‡Zb
Zvnv‡j Zuvi mvdj¨ nZ wbwðZ MMYPz¤^x |
Rbve ‡gvnv¤§` Rybve Avjx

nvRx †gvnv¤§` Rybve Avjx Kzwgjøv †Rjvi AšÍM©Z wbgmvi _vbvi wmKvcyi bvgK GK MÖv‡g 1916 Lªxóv‡ã Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| Zuvi wcZv †kL Pviæ wgqv wQ‡jb GKRb kvšÍ, wbixn Ges ag©civqb gvbyl Ges MÖv‡gi AZ¨šÍ mvaviY GK
K…lK| Rwg Rgv ej‡Z Zuvi wKQyB wQj bv| me mgq A‡bï Rwg Pvl Ki‡Zb| Avw_©K AbU‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡q Zuvi
msmvi PjZ| cÖvqB msmvi Li‡Pi Rb¨ wbKUZg AvZ¥xq ¯^Rb‡ì wbKU n‡Z Avw_©K mvnvh¨ wb‡Zb| †kL Pviæ
wgqv 82 eQi eq‡m 1944 mv‡j wbR MÖv‡g B‡šÍKvj K‡ib|
nvRx Rybve Avjx AvR Kzwgjøv †Rjvi GKRb cÖwZwôZ eëmvqx Ges abx‡ì g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| Ab¨vb¨ abx‡jv‡Ki
Rxeb e„ËvšÍ n‡Z Zuvi Kg© Rxe‡bi Kvwnbx GKUz wfbœ ai‡bi| Rybve Avjx wbR MÖv‡gi g³‡e covïbv K‡ib|
ermiv‡šÍ wZwb hLb g³‡ei cÖ_g †kªYx n‡Z wØZxq †kªYx‡Z DËxY© nb, †mB mgq wZwb Zuvi wcZv †kL Pviæ wgqvi
wbKU bZzb eB µq Kivi Rb¨ UvKv PvB‡jb| wKš‘y Zuvi UvKv w`‡Z bv cvivq evoxi PvDj, Wvj hv wKQy Av‡Q
evRv‡i wb‡q wM‡q wewµ K‡i 1 UvKv 56 cqmv †c‡jb Ges Zv wb‡qB evox Qvo‡jb| g‡b g‡b cÖwZÁv Ki‡jb
wb‡R cÖwZwôZ n‡Z bv cvi‡j Ges gv evevi fiY †cvl‡Yi eë¯’v Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j KLbI evox wdi‡eb bv| GB
1 UvKv 56 cqmvB wQj Zuvi g~jab Ges Gfv‡eB Zuvi Rxe‡b we`¨vj‡q wkÿvi c_ eÜ n‡q hvq|
G mgq Zuvi eqm wQj ev‡iv ermi| 1 UvKv 56 cqmv wb‡q MÖv‡gi nv‡U Szwo‡Z K‡i wZwb Zwi ZiKvix weµq
Ki‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡ib| MÖv‡gi nvU gv‡bB †QvU GKwU Lvwj RvqMv hvi GKcv‡k KuvPv evRvi Ges †mLv‡bB wZwb
Szwo‡Z K‡i ZwiZiKvix weµq Ki‡Zb|
cÖPzi cwigv‡Y AvbvR wb‡q MÖv‡gi Av‡k cv‡ki mvßvwnK evRvi ¸‡jv‡Z †h‡Zb| gv‡S gv‡S kni I kniZjx‡Z
†h‡Zb| GB †ckvq wZwb cÖvq ev‡iv ermi wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb| GB eëmv n‡Z wZwb Av‡¯Í Av‡¯Í mÂq K‡i Zuvi
g~jab cÖvq wZb nvRvi e„w× Ki‡jb| GB wZb nvRvi UvKv cuywR wb‡q Kzwgjøv kn‡ii cuvP gvBj cwð‡g wÎcyiv
evRv‡i (eZ©gv‡b gqbvgwZ) GKwU eo AvKv‡‡ii g‡bvnvix †`vKvb †`b| †`vKv‡b `yBRb Kg©Pvix wQj| Zey
cwiPvjbvi KvR wb‡q Ki‡Zb| 1939 mv‡j wØZxq gnvhy‡Ïi mgq e„wUk ˆmb¨ evwnbxi NuvwU wQj GB gqbvgwZ|
hy× PjvKvjxb mg‡q ˆmbwK‡ì m‡½ cwiPq m~‡Î †mbvwbev‡m Povg~‡j¨ wbqwgZ (PvDj, Wvj, ˆZj, jeb BZ¨vw`)
mieiv‡ni K›Uªv± jvf K‡ib Ges Zv‡Z cÖvq c‡bi-wek nvRvi UvKv DcvR©b K‡ib| hy× hLb †kl ch©v‡q, A_v©r
1945 mv‡j wZwb DcvwR©Z UvKv w`‡q Kzwgjøv kn‡ii e¨¯ÍZg GjvKv kvmbMvQv evRv‡i GKwU eo AvKv‡ii
g‡bvnix ‡`vKvb †`b| †`vKvbwU GZ eo wQj †h, †mLv‡b cÖZ¨n 8 Rb Kg©Pvix wbhy³ _vKZ| eëmvq PjvKvjxb
mg‡q wZwb wb‡Ri MÖv‡g wKQy wKQy Rwg µq Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡ib| hy‡×i mg‡q wZwb wbR BDwq‡bi †cÖwm‡W›U I
wb‡qvwRZ nb| kvmbMvQvq ZLb `yBwU gvÎ †`vKvb wQj e‡j Zuvi eëmvq Lye RgRgvU wQj| ZvQvov Rybve Avjx
wb‡R wek¦¯Í wQ‡jb e‡j cyiv‡bv XvKvi gv‡ovqvix eëmvqxiv Zuv‡K †`vKv‡bi gvjvgvj evKx‡Z †hvMvb w`Z| GUv
wQj Zuvi c‡ÿ GKwU weivU Avw_©K myweav| wKQy Kvj c‡i wZwb †`vKvb n‡Z g~jab DwV‡q Kzwgjøv `vD`Kvw›` iæ‡U
Ò‡mvbvi evsjvÓ Ges ÒMÖxb G¨v‡ivÓ bv‡g 20,000 UvKv g~‡jï `yBwU evm Pvjy K‡ib| ev‡mi eëmvI Lye fvj
wQj, KviY †mB iæ‡U evm wQj gvÎ 8wU hv hvÎx‡ì Pvwn`vi Zzjbvq wQj LyeB Kg|
GKB cÖwZôv‡bi `yBwU `ªe¨ µq Ki‡j K›Ub e¨q K‡g hv‡e †f‡e wZwb 1950 mv‡j Zuvi kvmbMvQv †`vKv‡bi bv‡g
ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ívb †Uvev‡Kv †Kv¤úvbxi Kzwgjøv †Rjvi GKgvÎ cwi‡ekK nb| UªvÝ‡cvU© eëmvq Lye jvfRbK g‡b
K‡i Rybve Avjx GB eëmv‡qI g~jab wb‡qvM K‡ib Ges cÖvq cÖwZ ermiB `yB GKwU evm ev U&ªvK µq Ki‡Zb|
G mKj ev‡mi Rb¨ e¨vsK n‡Z 30% FY cvIqv hvq| Gmg‡q wZwb Kzwgjøv kn‡ii AvevwmK GjvKv A‡kvKZjvq
I Kvw›ì cv‡o `yBwU wn›`y Rwg`v‡ii evox µq K‡ib| 1947 mv‡j A‡bK wn›`y †`k †Q‡o P‡j hvIqvi mgq

Rybve Avjx Zuv‡ì Rwg I ¯’vei m¤úwË wK‡b m¤ú`kvjx n‡qwQ‡jb| Rybve Avjx wb‡R †im‡Kvm© GjvKvq GKwU
Lvwj RvqMv µq K‡i evox K‡ib I G Rwg‡ZB Zuvi UªvÝ‡cv‡U©i ZË¡veav‡bi Rb¨ Zuvi evm I Uªv‡Ki msL¨v ùvovq
cÖvq 70 wU‡Z| H eëmv‡q cÖvq 200 kªwgK Kv‡h© wb‡qvwRZ wQj|
BwZ‡gva¨ Rybve Avjx µgk MÖv‡gi ivRbxwZ‡Z Rwo‡q c‡ob, †mvnivIqv`x©j †bZz‡Ë¡ ZrKvjxb K…lK kªwgK
AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wZwb GKRb mg_©K _vKvq Rybve Avjx ¯’vbxq cÖwZwU wbe©vP‡bB Rqjvf Ki‡Zb Ges cÖvq
GKUvbv 30 ermi hveZ ¯’vbxq BDwbqb †ev‡W©i KLbI †g¤^vi KLbI ev †cÖwm‡W›U wQ‡jb| ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡YB
1958 mv‡j wbR Avevm n‡Z Zuv‡K †MÖdZvi Kiv nq Ges Zuv‡K mvZ w`b Kvivevm Ki‡Z nq|
Rybve Avjx 1962 mv‡j Lv`¨ gš¿Yvjq n‡Z GKwU Avjyi exR Avg`vbxi jvB‡mÝ msMÖn K‡ib| †`‡k Avjyi djb
e„w×i Rb¨ G jvB‡mÝ-Gi mvnv‡h¨ evg©v, kªxj¼v I nj¨vÐ n‡Z Avjyi exR Avg`vbx K‡i K…lK‡ì Kv‡Q weµq
Kiv nZ| GB eëmvq wZwb cÖvq 1970 mvj ch©šÍ K‡ib Ges G mg‡q (1970 mv‡j) Zuvi g~jab wQj cÖvq
25/30 jvL UvKv Ges ZLbB wkí ¯’vc‡bi w`‡K Zuvi g‡bv‡hvM AvK…ó nq| wk‡íi eemvq m¤ú‡K© Zuvi †gv‡UB
†Kvb aviYv wQj bv| 1968 mv‡j Kzwgjøvi ¯’vbxq wkí e¨vs‡Ki (ZrKvjxb cwK¯Ívb wk‡ívbœqb e¨vsK) DØ©Zb
Kg©KZ©vi civg‡k© Ges F‡Yi wbðqZv †c‡q wZwb Kzwgjøv kni n‡Z evBk gvBj `~ieZ©x ¯’vb †Kv¤úvbxMÄ GKwU
e¯¿ Kj ¯’vc‡bi B”Qv K‡ib| e¯¿ Kj ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wZwb †Kv¤úvbxM‡Ä Pwjøk weNv RwgI µq K‡ib| wKš‘y
cieZ©xKv‡j ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y Zuvi GB B”Qv ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡Z cv‡iwb| 1968 nB‡Z 1970 ch©šÍ wZwb Lv`¨
gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b Lv`¨ cwienb wVKv`vi wbhy³ wQ‡jb| Avevi G mg‡q cvwK¯Ívb †Uvev‡Kv †Kv¤úvbxi PUªMÖvg
wefv‡Mi wVKv`viI wQ‡jb Rybve Avjx| PUªMv‡g _vKvKvjxb wZwb 1968 mv‡j e¨¯ÍZg evwbwR¨K GjvvKv AvMÖvev‡`
GK weNvi GKwU Lvwj RvqMv µq K‡ib Ges eëmvwqK KvR K‡g©i myweavi Rb¨ †mB RvqMvq GKwU evox wbg©vY
K‡ib| 1970 mv‡j evg©v Bóv‡bi G‡RwÝ wb‡q gqbvgwZ bvgK ¯’v‡b, XvKv- PUªMÖvg iv¯Ívi cv‡k© cuvP weNv Rwgi
Dci cuvP jvL UvKv e¨‡q GKwU †c‡Uªvj cv¤ú ¯’vcb K‡ib| G cv¤ú wewfbœ miKvix Avav-miKvix Awd‡mi †Zj
mieivnKvix wQj|
1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv hy‡× nvRx Rybve Avjx kni †Q‡o wbR MÖv‡g wd‡i hvb I †mLv‡b GK ermi Ae¯’vb K‡ib|
hy×Kvjxb mg‡q cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx Zuvi cÖvq 20/30wU, evm, UªvK aŸsm K‡i| evKx evm I UªvK Zuvi †K›`ªxq
IqvK©kc eÜ †i‡L wZwb H mg‡q MÖv‡gi Rwg-Rgvi w`‡K g‡bv‡hvM †`b| BwZg‡a¨ Zuvi Pv‡li Dc‡hvMx Rwgi
cwigvY h‡_ó e„w× cvq|
h‡×i †k‡l kn‡i G‡m Rybve Avjx UªvÝ‡cv©U eëmv †Q‡o †Ìqvi B”Qv K‡ib| hy× †k‡l Aewkó †h KqwU evm,
UªvK nv‡Z wQj †m¸wj Zuvi wek¦¯Í Kg©Pvix‰ì wbKU Kg g~‡j¨ wKw¯Í‡Z cwi‡kva ‡hvM¨ k‡Z© weµq K‡i †`b|
1972 mv‡j miKvi Avjy Avg`vbx cÖvB‡fU †m±i n‡Z Zz‡j miKvix wbqš¿‡Y wb‡q hvq| miKv‡ii G wm×v‡šÍi
cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Rybve Avjx 1972 mv‡ji Rvbyqvix gv‡m Avjy ¸`vgRvZ Kivi Rb¨ XvKv wRjvi gyÝxMÄ gnKzgvi
†eZKv bvgK ¯’v‡b cÂvk nvRvi gY Avjy ivLvi ÿgZvm¤úbœ GKwU wngvMvi ¯’vcb K‡ib| jÿYxq †h, Rybve
Avjx my‡hvM ey‡S A‡bK eviB A‡K¬‡k bZzb eëmvq ev wk‡íwewb‡qvM K‡i‡Qb Ges AjvfRbK g‡b n‡j cyivZb
KvR ax‡i ax‡i cwiZ¨vM K‡i‡Qb| †eZKv wngvMvi wk‡í e¨vq nq me©‡gvU 20 jvL UvKv| BwZg‡a¨ gvwj‡Ki
wbR¯^ wewb‡qvM 6 jvL evKx UvKv e¨vsK n‡Z FY wnmv‡e wb‡q wQ‡jb| GB wk‡í cÖvq cuwPk Rb Kg©Pvix wb‡qvwRZ
Av‡Q| GKB erm‡ii †deªæqvix gv‡m Zuvi Rxe‡b †b‡g Av‡m GK gnv wec`| eëmvwqK Kv‡R wZwb PUªMvg
wM‡qwQ‡jb Ges †mLvb n‡Z wKQy msL¨K `y¯‹…ZKvixiv cÎ gvidZ Zvi wbKUZg AvZœxq ¯^Rb‡K Rvbvq| Ab¨_vq
cÖvY bv‡ki ûgwK †`q| wewfbœ msMVb I ms¯’vi Pv‡c wZb w`b ci wZb jÿ UvKvi wewbg‡q Zuv‡K D×vi Kiv nq|
1974 mv‡j Rybve Avjx Avevi gyÝxMÄ KgjvNvU bvg ¯’v‡b Ò‡cÖ‡R±Ó †UªwWs †Kvì †óv‡ivR wjwg‡UW-Gi kZKiv
lvU fvM †kqvi µq K‡ib Ges bM` `k jÿ UvKv wewb‡qvM K‡ib| GLv‡b cÖvq cuwPk Rb Kg©Pvix wbhy³ Av‡Q|
1976 mv‡j Rbve Avjx Kzwgjøv kni n‡Z `yB gvBj `wÿb c~e© †Kv‡Y kvg&m †jvì †óv‡iR wjt Gi kZKiv cÂvk
fvM †kqvi 18 jÿ UvKvi wewb‡qvM µq K‡ib| GLv‡b wek Rb kªwgK wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Q|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
1978 mv‡j Avevi e¨vs‡Ki mnvqZvq gyÝxM‡Äi †eZKvq Rvgvj AvBm G¨vW †Kvì †ó‡iR wjt bvgK cÖwZôv‡bi
35 jÿ UvKv wewb‡qvM Kiv nq Gi `yB-Z…Zxqvsk A_© Rbye Avjxi wb‡R¯^ wQj| GKv‡b I 20/25 Rb kªwgK
Kg©¯’vb Av‡Q|
1980 mv‡j Kzwgjøv kni n‡Z cÖvq 8 gvBj cwð‡g †gvKvm bvgg ¯’v‡b GK jÿ gY Avjy ivLvi ÿgZvm¤úbœ
Ò‡gvKvm †Kvì †óv‡iR wjtÓ bv‡g Rybve Avjx Avi GKwU wngvMvi cÖwZôv K‡ib| GKv‡b Zvi wbR¯^ cÖvq 50 jÿ
UvKv wewb‡qvM Kiv nq| evKx UvKv e¨vs‡Ki wewfbœ LvZ n‡Z Av‡m GLv‡bI cÖvq 40 Rb †jv‡Ki Kg©ms¯’vb nq|
GB me wngvMvi ¯’vc‡bi gva¨‡gB Av‡m Zuvi cÖavb eëmvwqK mvdj¨| cÖwZeviB wZwb wngvMv‡i †gvU iwÿZ
gv‡ji kZKiv 25 fvM wb‡RB K…lK‡ì wbKU n‡Z µq K‡i gRy` iv‡Lb| Avi evKx gvj ivLevi Rb¨ Zuv‡ì
wbKU fvov †`b| evsjv‡`‡ki wngvMvi GKwU jvfRbK eëmvq n‡q I‡V|
1978 mv‡j Kzwgjøv kn‡ii mvZ gvBj cwð‡g Kvwejv bvgK ¯’vb Rybve Avjx GKwU weªKwdìI ¯’vcb K‡ib|
weªKwd‡ìi BU Zuvi wb‡RB wbg©vY Kv‡RB cÖavYZ: eënvi Kiv nq|
1962 mv‡j XvKvi gvwjev‡M cuvP KvVvi GKwU RvqMv µq K‡i Rybve Avjx †mLv‡b GKwU †`vZjv evox wbg©vb
K‡ib|
gvwjevM wW, AvB,wU, †iv‡Wi cv‡k¦ AvU KvVvi Avi GKwU RvqMv µq K‡i †mLv‡b ÔmÕ wgj ¯’vcb K‡i Kv‡Vi
eëmv ïiæ K‡ib| GLv‡b 15 Rb †jvK wbqwgZ KvR K‡i| 1975 mv‡j wZwb Pvi KvVvi Avi GK LÐ Rwg XvKv
kn‡ii wLjMuv‡q µq K‡ib|
Rybve Avjx †jLvcovi my‡hvM bv cvIqvq 12 ermi eq‡m Kg©Rxeb ïiæ K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b †QvU †QvU cÖwZôvb¸‡jv
Ges Rwg evox BZ¨vw` wgwj‡q Zvi g~ja‡bi cwigvb `yB †KvwU UvKvi †ekx| GLbI wZwb GKwU Kvc‡oi Kj I
GKwU wi-‡ivwjs wgj ¯’vc‡bi B”Qv †cvlb K‡ib| Zvui GZ A_© I hk _vKv m‡Z¡I wZwb g‡b K‡ib GKwU weivU
A_©en wRwbl †bB Ges Zv nj we`¨v| ZvB wZwb gvbyl hv‡Z we`¨vR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨ wewfbœ mg‡q ¯‹zj K‡jR
I wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b `vb K‡ib| Zvui A‡_©B wbR MÖv‡gi wbgmvi nvB¯‹zj 1964 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq| wZwb H ¯‹z‡ji
cv‡kB 1972 mv‡j 30 weNv Rwgi Dci ÒRybve Avjx K‡jRÓ bv‡g GKwU wkÿvcÖwZôvb M‡o Zz‡j‡Qb| GB
K‡jRwUi e¨q fvi wZwb wb‡RB enb K‡ib| wb‡RB MÖv‡g 50 Rb GwZg †Q‡j-‡g‡qi covïbv I webvg~‡j¨ _vKv
LvIqvi eë¯’v K‡i GKwU gv`ªvmvI cÖwZwôZ K‡i‡Qb| Uªvó n‡Z GmKj cÖwZôv‡b UvKv `vb Kiv nq|
Kg©gq Rxe‡bi ïiæ n‡ZB Rybve Avjx GKRb cwikªgx Aaëmvqx I ag©civqY gvbyl iƒ‡c cwiwPZ| Zuvi
wgZe¨wqZv I mij Rxeb hvcb m¤ú‡K© A‡bK Kvwnbx cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| †kvbv hvq, hLb wb‡RB †Kv¤úvbxi ev‡m
P‡o wZwb †Kv_vqI †h‡Zb, †hb GKwU mvaviY wm‡Ui fvovI bó bv nq †mRb¨ ZLb wZwb WªvBfv‡i cv‡k
em‡Zb| nv‡Z GKwU †dvwjI RxY© e¨vM mn Rybve Avjx‡K me mgq m¨v‡Ðj I jyw½, cvÄvex cwiwnZ †`Lv hvq|
wejvm eûj Rxeb wZwb †gv‡UB cQ›` K‡ib bv| wZwb wb‡RB GZ Mvox _vKv m‡Ë¡I ˆZj LiP n‡e g‡b K‡i †Kvb
we‡kl cÖ‡qvRb e¨ZxZ Zv eënvi Ki‡Zb bv| mKj mg‡q ev‡m hvZvqvZ Ki‡Zb Ges †hLv‡b cv‡q †nu‡U hvIqv
hvq †mLv‡b cv‡q †nu‡UB hvb|
wgjv‡gkvq wZwb Lye mvgvwRK| wb‡RB kªwgK‡ì m‡½ wZwb cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡` LvIqv- `vIqv K‡ib| G‡Z wZwb †Kvb
j¾vB Abyfe K‡ib bv| cvwievwiK Rxe‡bI wZwb cÖwZwôZ| Zuvi Pvi †Q‡j I Qq †g‡q| eo †Q‡j b~iæj Bmjvg
MÖvRy‡qU, wØZxq †Q‡j iwdKzj Bmjvg, Gg,G K¬v‡ki QvÎ| evKxiv Aa¨qb iZ|
wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi KvRKg© †`Lv ïbvi Rb¨ †R¨vô cyÎ b~iæj Bmjvg wcZv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡ib| 1979 mv‡j wZwb
n¾eªZ cvjb K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨n AwZ †fv‡i wZwb Nyg n‡Z D‡Vb, A‡bK iv‡Î Nygv‡Z hvb| evox‡Z Kze Kg mgq
Zuv‡K cvIqv hvq| me©`v Kv‡R e¨¯Í _v‡Kb| lv‡Ui Dc‡i eqm n‡jI GLbI Zuvi cwikªg Kievi ÿgZv I bZzb
eëmv‡q bvgevi AUzU AvMÖn i‡q‡Q|
Rbve ¸je· f~uBqv

mZZv, K‡Vvi cwikªg I eëmvwqK e„w×i e‡j Avgv‡ì †`‡ki †h KqRb wk‡ív‡`¨vMx Rxe‡b cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Qb
nvRx ¸je· Zuv‡ì Ab¨Zg| 1913 mv‡j XvKv †Rjvi AšÍM©Z iƒcMÄ _vbvq gyZ©Rvev` MÖv‡g wZwb Rb¥MÖnY
K‡ib| Zuvi wcZvi bvg Gjvwn e· f~Bqv I gvZvi bvg UzwK wewe| Gjvwn e· f~Bqv wQ‡jb GKRb mvaviY K…lK|
K…wlKv‡hi duv‡K el©v †gŠmy‡g wZwb fvB‡ì mv‡_ wg‡j cv‡Ui Kvievi Ki‡Zb| Av‡kcv‡ki `yB wZbwU _vbvi
wewfbœ MÖv‡g Ny‡i cvU µq Ki‡Zb| †m cvU wZwb bivqbMÄ kn‡i weµq Ki‡Zb|
¸je· fuBqv Zuvi wcZvgvZvi wØZxq mšÍvb| Zuvi eqm hLb Qq eQi, ZLb Zuvi gvZv ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib| ZLb
n‡Z wZwb bvbxi ‡øn Av`‡i gvbyl n‡Z _v‡Kb| Z7vi bvbx wQ‡jb ag©civqb gwnjv| cieZ©x Rxe‡b ¸je· fyBqvi
Dci Zuvi bvbxi cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq| gvZvi g„Zzï ci wcZv Zuvi Lvjv‡K weevn K‡ib| GK Kb¨v mšÍvb cÖm‡ei
ci wZwb gviv hvb| Gjvwn e· fyBqv Z…Zxqevi weevn K‡ib| G N‡i Zuvnvi Pvi †Q‡j I Pvi †g‡q|
¸je· fyBqv cvk¦©eZ©x gyovcvov nvB ¯‹z‡j Aóg †kªYx ch©šÍ covïbv K‡i‡Qb| QvÎve¯’vq wZwb jÿ¨ K‡ib †h Zvi
MÖv‡gi cÖvq mK‡ji N‡iB ZuvZ Av‡Q| wKš‘y `~‡ii bvivqbMÄ kni n‡Z Zv‡ì‡K m~Zv msMÖn Ki‡Z nq| Zuvi
eqm hLb †lvj eQi ZLb wZwb wbR D‡`¨v‡M wcZvi AÁv‡Z m~Zvi eëmvq ïiæ K‡ib| Lye Aí cyuwR wb‡q wZwb
Kvievi ïiæ K‡ib| wbR evwo‡Z wZwb Pvi eQi eëmvq Kivi ci wZwb ¯’vbxq e~jZv evRv‡i GKwU †`vKv‡bi
eë¯’v K‡ib| G m‡gq wZwb bvivqbM‡Äi wewfbœ gnvR‡bi wbKU n‡Z m~Zv msMÖn Ki‡Zb| ZLb cÖavbZ
KwjKvZv n‡Z m~Zv AvmZ| ZvQvov Xv‡Kk¦ix I wPËiÄb KUb wgjm n‡ZI m~Zvi wKQy mieivn ‡c‡Zb| wZwb
K‡Vvi cwikªg Ki‡Z Ae¨¯Í wQ‡jb| G mgq wZwb wb‡RB Kuv‡` K‡i wewfbœ nv‡U m~Zv enb Ki‡Zb| ¸je· fyBqv
gvby‡li mv‡_ fvj eënvi Ki‡Zb| KLbI K_vi ei‡Ljvc Ki‡Zb bv| d‡j bvivqbM‡Äi m~Zvi gnvR‡biv Zuvi
wbKU av‡i gvj weµq Ki‡Z ivwR _vKZ|
1939 mv‡j wØZxq wek¦hy× ïiæ nq| 1943 mv‡j ¸je· fyBqv cvk¦©eZ©x gyovcvov evRv‡i Lv`¨`ª‡eï wWjvi
g‡bvbxZ nb| mdj eëmvqx wn‡m‡e cieZ©x eQi wZwb m~Zvi miKvix wWjvi wbhy³ nb| ZLb ch©šÍ wZwb
gyovcvov evRv‡i GKUv fvov Kiv †`vKv‡b KvR Pvwj‡qwQ‡jb| 1947 mv‡j wZwb bvivqbM‡Ä me©cÖ_g m~Zvi
†`vKvb Lyj‡jb| Zvi mZZv I mybv‡gi Rb¨ c~e© n‡ZB bvivqbM‡Äi m~Zvi cvBKvix gnvR‡biv Zuv‡K evwK‡Z m~Zv
w`‡q mvnvh¨ Ki‡Zb| m~Zvi gv‡ovqvix eëmvqx‡ì mv‡_ Zuvi fvj m¤úK© wQj| Zuv‡ì wbKU n‡Z wZwb eëmvq
m¤ú‡K© mivmwi civgk© I Dc‡`k MÖnY Ki‡Zb| 1953 mv‡j wZwb m~Zvi †nvj‡mj wWjvi wbhy³ G mg‡q
biwms`x, gvae`x, eveyinvU, kvnRvZcyi, cvebv, Kv½vBj cÖf„wZ GjvKvi m~Zv eëmvqxMY Zuvi wbKU n‡Z m~Zv
µq KiZ| eëmvq Zuvi mZZvi D`vniY wn‡m‡e GKwU NUbv Rvbv hvq| 1953 mv‡j K_v| ¸je· fyBqv
bvivqbM‡Äi Avie wjwg‡U‡Wi wbKU n‡Z Kzwo †ej wm½vj myZv wK‡bb| ZLbKvi w`‡b Gi AvbygvwbK g~j¨ wQj
†lvj nvRvi UvKv| gyovcvovi †`vKv‡b wb‡q ZLY wZwb m~Zvi †ej Lyj‡jb †`L‡Z †c‡jb †h mKj MvB‡U wm½j-
Gi cwie‡Z© Wvej m~Zv i‡q‡Q| wZwb Zvi †jvKRb‡ì m~Zv weµq eÜ ivL‡Z ej‡jb| bvivqbM‡Äi gvnR‡bi
wbKU wZwb e¨vcviwU mwe¯Ív‡i eY©bv Ki‡jb| Zv‡ì KvMRcÎ wm½vj myZv wn‡me Gi D‡jøL wQj| G myZv
Z`vbxšÍb cwðg cvwK¯Ívb n‡Z Avg`vwb Kiv n‡qwQj weavq ‡mLvbKvi ivßvwbKvi‡K welqwU AewnZ Kiv nj|
Zuv‡ì KvMRc‡ÎI wm½vj m~Zv wn‡m‡e Gi eY©bv wQj| GB cwgvY Wvej m~Zvi ZLbKvi evRviì wQj cÖvq Pwjøk
nvRvi UvKv| GKRb ev½vjx eëmvqxi G mZZvq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi eo eëmvqxiv gy× n‡jb| cieZ©xKv‡j wZwb
Zuv‡ì we‡kl wek¦vmfvRb nb Ges †h †Kvb cwigvY m~Zv wZwb Zv‡ì wbKU n‡Z av‡i µq Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb|
cieZ©x Rxe‡b wZwb †h KjKviLvbv ¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb|, †mLv‡bI Zv‡ì mwµq civgk© I mn‡hvMxZv wZwb
c‡q‡Qb|
¸je· f~Bqv 1933 mv‡j 20eQi eq‡m AvovBnvRvi _vbvi DrivcyiB wbevmx AvBQvjx cÖav‡bi Kb¨v
kwnZz‡bœmv‡K weevn K‡ib| Zuvi QqwU cyÎ I PviwU Kb¨v mšÍvb i‡q‡Q| eo †Q‡j gwRei ingvb f~Bqv mKj
mg‡qB Z7vi eëmv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ Av‡Qb| †Q‡j‡ì mK‡jB †`‡k †_‡K covïbv K‡i‡Qb I cvwievwiK
eëmv‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ Av‡Qb| †Q‡j‡ì mK‡jB †`‡k †_‡K covïbv K‡i‡Qb I cvwievwiK eëmv‡qi mv‡_ hy³
Av‡Qb|
¸je· f~Bqv `xN©w`b a‡i †`‡L G‡mwQ‡jb †h, gyovcvov GjvKvq ZuvZxiv †h Kvco ‰Zwi K‡i, Zv Bw¯¿Kivi gZ
†Kvb cø¨v›U AÎ GjvKvq †bB| eëmvqxK eyw×m¤úbœ ¸je· fyBqv my‡hv‡Mi mØënvi Ki‡jb| 1959 mv‡j wZwb
gyovcvovq GKwU K¨v‡jÛvwis cø¨v›U ¯’vcb K‡ib| `k-evi Rb kªwgK wb‡q wZwb G KvR ïiæ K‡ib|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
gyovcvovi Rwg`vi ZviK bv_ e¨vbvRxi cwievi hLb †`k wefv‡Mi mgq KwjKvZv P‡j hvb, ZLb Zv‡ì Mvwo
¸je· f~Bqvi nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡q hvb| Rwg`vi evwoi †jv‡Kiv Zuv‡K wek¦vm I mgxn KiZ| †m evwo msjMœ DVv‡b
1959 mv‡j wZwb MvDwmqv KUb w¯úwbs wgjm wjwg‡UW ¯’vcb K‡ib| G mgm¨v wkíKviLvbv ¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ mnR
k‡Z© e¨vsK n‡Z FY cvIqv †hZ| ¸je· fyBqv wbR G †Kv¤úvbxi g¨v‡bwRs wW‡i±i Ges cwiev‡ii Rb¨ `qm¨M
Gi WvB‡i±i wQ‡jb| 1960 mv‡j wZwb Rvcvb n‡Z 12,500 ZuvZ Avg`vwb K‡ib| 1961 mv‡j Gi mv‡_ 175wU
jyg †hvM Kiv nq| ZLb G wg‡j cÖvq mvZ kZ kªwgK KvR KiZ| G wg‡j gvwK©b I kvox Kvcomn ˆ`wbK cÖvq
cuvP nvRvi cvDÛ m~Zv Drcvw`Z n‡Zv|
G ch©v‡q ¸je· f~uBqvi eëmvq wecyjfv‡e †e‡o hvq| cieZ©x Qq mvZ eQ‡i wZwb AviI wZbwU wg‡ji gvwjK
nb| wZwb wQ‡jb ev½vjx wgj gvwjK‡ì g‡a¨ cvBIwbqvg| 1965 mv‡j wZwb MvDwmqv KUb wg‡ji cv‡k 250wU
ZuvZ m¤^wjZ MvDwmqv RyU wgj ¯’vcb K‡ib| GwU cvewjK wjwg‡UW †Kv¤úvwb| nvRx mv‡n‡ei Ask wQj kZKiv
Pwjøk fvM evwK lvU kZvsk wcwKK (PICIC) ‡hvMvb †`q| wZwb hy³ivR¨ n‡Z G wg‡ji Rb¨ hš¿cvwZ Avg`vwb
K‡ib| G wg‡j ZLb cÖvq evikZ Rb¨ kªwgK Kg©ms¯’vb nq|
Z`vbxšÍb c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K wkívwqZ Kivi D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q MwVZ n‡qwQj c~e© cvwK¯Ívb wkí Dbœqb ms¯’v| lv‡Ui
`k‡Ki gvSvgvwS mgq n‡Z BwcAvBwWm A‡bK¸‡jv wgj KviLvbv n‡Z cuywR cÖZ¨vnvi ïiæ K‡i| ¸je· f~uBqv
1948-60 mvj ch©šÍ gyovcvovi BDwbqb †ev‡W©i †cÖwm‡W›U wQ‡jb| †m myev‡` Z`vbxšÍb cÖv‡`wkK Mfb©‡ii mv‡_
Zuvi fvj Rvbvïbv wQj| 1968 mv‡j †ò‡KvwU UvKvq BcAvBwWwmÕi wbKU n‡Z KvwjMÄ gymwjg KUb wgjm
wjwg‡UW µq K‡ib| G‡Z ¸je· f~uBqvi †kqvi wQj lvU jvL UvKvi| wg‡j 5,000 UvKz I 750wU ZuvZ wQj| G
wg‡j wcÖw›Us cjwjb, kv‡U©i Kvco , kvox I m~Zv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡Zv| cÖvq cuvP nvRvi kªwgK G wg‡j KvR KiZt|
GKB eQi wZwb †Wgiv‡Z Avng` wmé wgjm wjwg‡UW µq K‡ib| Gi g~ja‡bi cwigvY wQj c‡bi jÿ UvKv I
cÖvq `yB kZ Rb kªwgK G wg‡j KvR KiZ| G wg‡j bvBjb I cwjóv‡ii Kvco ˆZwi n‡Zv|
¸je· f~uBqvi A‡bK mvgvwRK ms¯’vi mv‡_I RwoZ wQ‡jb| wZwb GK mg‡q bvivqYMÄ m~Zv eëmvqx mwgwZi
†cÖwm‡W›U wQ‡jb| 1957 mv‡j Zuvi wcZv ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib| 1960 mv‡j wZwb wcZvi bv‡ nvRx Gjvnx e·
`vZe¨ wPwKrmvjq cÖwZôv K‡ib| GZØ¨ZxZ gyZRvev` `viæj Djyg gv`ªvmviI wZwb cÖwZôvZv| eëvm‡qi †ÿ‡Î
mvd‡jï ¯^xK…wZ¯îƒc 1968 mv‡j wZwb ZgNv‡q cvwK¯Ívb †LZv‡e f~wgKv nb| nvRx ¸je· fuyBqv e¨vw³MZ
Rxe‡b m`vjvcx wQ‡jb| mKj mgq †KvU© KvPvix Gwo‡q Pj‡Zb| wZwb cuvP Iqv³ bvgvR ci‡Zb I hvKvZ
w`‡Zb| RvZxqKi‡Yi Av‡M ¸je· f~uBqvi gvwjKvbvq †h mKj cÖwZôvb wQj †m¸‡jv‡Z Zuvi wbR¯^ wewb‡qvM Pvi
cuvP †KvwU UvKv n‡e e‡j g‡b nq| wZwb Lye mvaviY Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Zb| wZwb cÖvqB cvRvgv dzj kvU© I Uzwc
ci‡Zb| K‡Vvi cwikªgx G gvbylwU mv`v fv‡Zi mv‡_ KB, gv¸i Ges †mvj gvQ †L‡Z cQ›` Ki‡Zb| Lye cÖmy¨‡l
bvgv‡Ri ci N›UvLv‡bK cÖvZtågY Ki‡Zb| mKvj AvUUvi g‡a¨ LvIqv `vIqv †m‡i †`vKv‡b †h‡Zb|| Mfxi
ivZ Aew` KvR Ki‡Zb| Rvbv hvq †h, wnmve bv wgwj‡q wZwb KLbI N‡i wdi‡Zb bv| Aemi m‡gq wZwb XvKvi
eoKvUivi cxiRx ûRy‡ii wbKU hvnvqvZ Ki‡Zb| 1971mv‡j wZwb cvwK¯Ív‡b wQ‡jb| 1972 mv‡j wZwb †`‡k
wd‡ib| ‡`‡k wdivi ci Zuvi ¯^v¯’¨ †f‡½ c‡o Ges K¨vÝv‡i AvµvšÍ nq| †`‡k wPwKrmv Kivi ci Zuv‡K jÛ‡bI
wPwKrmv Kiv‡bv nq| 1975 mv‡j 17 RyjvB G mdj wkícwZ 62 eQi eq‡m Zuvi bvivqYM‡Ä wbR¯^ evwo‡Z
ci‡jvKMgb K‡ib|
cvV ms‡ÿc
K‡qRb mdj D‡`¨v³vi g‡a¨ Rbve Aveyj Kv‡kg Lvb, Rbve gynv¤§` Rybve Avjx, ¸je‡·i bvg D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. Rbve gynv¤§` Rybve Avjxi eëmvqx Rxe‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. Rbve Aveyj Kv‡k‡gi Rxebxi D‡ÏL‡hvM¨ w`K¸‡jv ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv Kiæb|

bgybv cÖkœ
†Kvm© †KvW : BBS 3506
mgq : 3 NÈv
c~Y©gvb : 80
(`ªóe¨ : Wvb cv‡k¦©i msL¨v cÖ‡kœi c~Y©gvb ÁvcK)
K-wefvM : eo cÖkœ : (†h †Kvb cuvPwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b) gvb 12&×5=60
1| wk‡ív‡`¨vM ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb? wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi ¸Yvewj Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 3+9=12
2| wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡ek Kv‡K e‡j? eëmvwqK cwi‡e‡ki A_©‰bwZK I AvBbMZ w`K we¯ÍvwiZ fv‡e
eY©bv Kiæb| 3+9=12
3| wkíbxwZ 2005 Gi D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Kiæb| 2005 m‡bi bxwZ †KŠkj we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 5+7=12
4| ‡cÖlYvi msÁv w`b| wewfbœ cÖKvi Avw_©K I Abvw_©K cÖ‡ivPK eY©bv Kiæb| 3+9=12
5| SWOT we‡kølY wK? SWOT we‡kølY cÖwµqvwU Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 3+9=12
6| ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi msÁv w`b| ÿz`ª eëmv‡qi †kªYxwefvM Av‡jvPbv Kiæb| 3+9=12
7| cÖKí ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb? cÖK‡íi †KŠkjMZ we‡kølY I m¤¢ve¨Zv mgxÿv e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3+9=12
8| eëmvq cwiKíbvi msÁv w`b| eëmvq cwiKíbvi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb| 3+9=12
L-wefvM : †QvU cÖkœ (†h †Kvb PviwU cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b) gvb 4×5=20
9| wk‡ív‡`¨v³v Kv‡K e‡j? 4
10| wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi Dci cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vb mg~n D‡jøL Kiæb| 4
11| wkívq‡b gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡ì AskMÖnY I weKvk ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv Kiæb| 4
12| ‡cÖlYv PµwU eY©bv Kiæb| 4
13| g~j¨‡eva ZZ¡wU‡Z wK ejv n‡q‡Q? 4
14| evsjv‡`k ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí ms¯’vi eY©bv w`b| 4
15| Drcv`b I Avw_©K eë¯’vcbvi msÁv w`b| 4
16| ‡Km& ÷vwWi D‡Ïk¨vejx D‡jøL Kiæb| 4

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
MÖš’cÄx
1. wk‡ív‡`¨vM I ÿz`ª eëmvq eë¯’vcbv- †gvt †gvkviid †nv‡mb, †e`vi DwÏb Avn‡g`, AvZvDi ingvb|
2. eë¯’vcbv- W. Avãyj AvDqvj Lvb I Avey eKi wmÏxK|
3. Kviev‡ii eë¯’vcbv- `~M©v`vm fÆvPvh©|
4. Entrepreneurship Development- Prof. Dr. Nazrul Islam
5. Kgx© eë¯’vcbv- cÖ‡dmi Gg Igi Avjx|
6. Drcv`b eë¯’vcbv- cÖ‡dmi. W. bvwmg AvbRyg|
7. Entrepreneurship Development- Prof. Dr. Md. Ataur Rahaman
8. Entrepreneurship Development- Brain Debson.
9. Entrepreneurship Development System- W.K. Kellogg.
10. Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development- Northeast Mississipi Daily Journal.

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wk‡ív‡`¨vM Dbœqb I ÿz`ª e¨emvq e¨e¯’vcbv

Entrepreneurship Development and Small Business Management

e¨v‡Pji Ae weR‡bm ÷vwWR †cÖvMÖvg

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

e¨v‡Pji Ae weR‡bm ÷vwWR †cÖvMÖvg

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV t 1 wk‡ív‡`¨vM, wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi msÁv I HwZnvwmK µgweKvk|

cvV-2 t wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi ˆewkó¨ I ¸bvejx (Features and Qualities of Entrepreneur)

wk‡ív‡`¨v³vi ¸bvewj (Qualities of Entrepreneur)

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-15

cvV-1t cwi‡e‡ki msÁv, wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb I ¸iæZ¡ (Definition,

wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡ek (Entrepreneurial Environment)

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-16

wk‡ív‡`¨v‡Mi Dci cªfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`b mg~n

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BDwbU `yB c„ôv-18

wk‡ív‡`¨vMxq cwi‡e‡ki ¸iæZ¡

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BDwbU `yB c„ôv-20

cvV-2 t e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek (Business Environment)

e¨emvwqK cwi‡e‡ki ivR‰bwZK w`K (Political Aspects of Business Environment)

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-21

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-22

e¨emvwqK cwi‡e‡ki A_©‰bwZK w`K (Economic Aspects of Business Environment)

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-23

e¨emvwqK cwi‡e‡ki AvBbMZ w`K (Legal Aspects of Business Environment)

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-24

mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡ek (Social and Culturtal Environment )

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-25

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-26

e¨emvwqK cwi‡e‡ki Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb (Other Factors of Business Environment)

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-27

evsjv‡`‡ki e¨emvwqK cwi‡ek (Business Environment of Bangladesh)

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-28

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-29

cvV-3 t evsjv‡`‡ki wkíbxwZ (Industrial Policy of Bangladesh)

wkíbxwZ 2005 Gi D‡Ïk¨mg~n (Objectives of Industrial Policy 2005)

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-30

bxwZ †KŠkj (Policy Strategy)

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-31

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-32

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-33

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-34

8. cÖvB‡fUvB‡Rkb I †emiKvix bxwZgvjv : cÖvB‡fUvB‡Rkb I †emiKvix bxwZgvjv m¤ú‡K© AÎ wkí bxwZ‡Z

wkí Dbœq‡b ivR¯^ I Avw_©K cÖ‡Yv`bv

wkívq‡b gwnjv D‡`¨v³v‡`i AskªMnY I weKvk

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-36

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-37

cvV-4 t cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb (Assessing Environment)

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-38

(Techniques of Environmental Analysis or Assessment of Environment)

wb‡gœ wP‡Îi gva¨‡g wÎgvwÎK cwi‡e‡ki cvi®úwiK m¤úK© †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

¯’vbxq m¤cÖ`vq e¨emvq cwi‡ek

m~Î: Entrepreneurship: Robert Ronstandt

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-39

2. Avcbvi cÖ¯ÍvweZ e¨emvq ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi wK ai‡Yi BwZevPK cÖfve †dj‡e?

e¨emvq cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb

mvgwMÖK ivR‰bwZK/A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-40

2. AvBb Rvbgvj iÿvq h_©v_ wK bv?

ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb

A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb

KvwiMwi cwi‡ek g~j¨vqb