BA Civics

e¨v‡Pji Ae AvU©m (weG) Ges e¨v‡Pji Ae †mvkvj mv‡q‡Ým (weGmGm) †cÖvMÖvg
ivóªweÁvb-3
ivR‰bwZK msMVb
†Kvm© †KvW : BPO - 4303
mvgvwRK weÁvb, gvbweK I fvlv ¯‹zj

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
ivóªweÁvb-3
ivR‰bwZK msMVb
GB cvVmvgMÖxwU W. Zv‡iK kvgmyi ingvb (cÖ‡dmi, miKvi

I ivRbxwZ wefvM, Rvnv½xibMi wek¦we`¨vjq), gynv¤§`
nvmvby¾vgvb (we‡klÁ, GbwmwUwe) I W. †gvnv¤§v` nvweeyi
ingvb (cÖ‡dmi, evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq), iPbv
K‡i‡Qb Ges W. †gv. Ave`yi ikx` (Aa¨vcK, ivóªweÁvb,
evDwe) m¤úv`bv K‡i‡Qb|

MvRxcyi-1705
ivR‰bwZK msMVb
cÖ_g cÖKvk : 2003
cybt cÖKvk : 2004
cybt cÖKvk : 2008
cybt cÖKvk : 2009
cybt cÖKvk : 2010
cybt cÖKvk : 2012
cybt cÖKvk : 2014
cybt cÖKvk : 2015
cybt cÖKvk : 2017
cybt cÖKvk : 2020
©evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
cÖ”Q`
gvmy` gvngy` gwjøK
Kfvi MÖvwd·
Avãyj gv‡jK
Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR
†gvnv¤§` RvwKiæj Bmjvg miKvi
cÖKvkbvq
cÖKvkbv, gy`ªY I weZiY wefvM
MvRxcyi-1705
gy`ªY
gv÷vi wm‡g· †ccvi wjwg‡UW
65/2/1, e· KvjfvU© †ivW
cyivbvcëb, XvKv-1000|
ISBN : 984-34-1027-0
m~wPcÎ
c„ôv
BDwbU 1 : msweavb I miKvi 1
cvV - 1 : msweav‡bi msÁv I †kªYx wefvM 2
cvV - 2 : msweavb cÖwZôvi wewfbœ c×wZ 5
cvV - 3 : DËg msweav‡bi êwkó¨ 7
cvV - 4 : miKv‡ii †kªYx wefvM 10
BDwbU 2 : MYZš¿ I GKbvqKZš¿ 15
cvV - 1 : MYZ‡š¿i msÁv: cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ MYZš¿ 16
cvV - 2 : MYZ‡š¿i ¸Yvejx 19
cvV - 3 : MYZ‡š¿i i¶vKeP I mvd‡jï kZ©vejx 22
cvV - 4 : GKbvqKZš¿ 25
BDwbU 3 : GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq miKvi 29
cvV - 1 : GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi 30
cvV - 2 : hy³ivóªxq miKvi 33
cvV - 3 : hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii mv¤cÖwZK cÖeYZv 37
cvV - 4 : hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq mvd‡jï kZ©vejx 40
BDwbU 4 : msm`xq I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi 43
cvV - 1 : ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi 44
cvV - 2 : msm`xq miKvi 47
cvV - 3 : msm`xq I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ 50
BDwbU 5 : miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefvM I ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ 53
cvV - 1 : ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ I Gi Kvh©KvwiZv 54
cvV - 2 : AvBb cwil‡ì ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vejx Ges AvBb cÖYqbc ×wZ 58
cvV - 3 : GKK¶ I wØK¶ AvBbmfvi êwkó¨ 63
cvV - 4 : kvmb wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vejx 67
cvV - 5 : wePvi wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vejx Ges wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv 70
BDwbU 6 : wbe©vPK gÛjx I ivR‰bwZK `j 75
cvV - 1 : wbe©vPK gÛjxi ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vejx 76
cvV - 2 : me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi: cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb 79
cvV - 3 : ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv I Kvh©vejx 83
cvV - 4 : GK`jxq, wØ`jxq I eû`jxq eë¯’v I MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª we‡ivax `j 87
cvV - 5 : RbgZ 91
BDwbU 7 : AvgjvZš¿ I Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx 95
cvV - 1 : AvgjvZš¿ 96
cvV - 2 : AvgjvZ‡š¿i f‚wgKv I Gi wbqš¿Y 99
cvV - 3 : Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx 102
BDwbU 8 : ¯’vbxq miKvi I Dbœqb cÖkvmb 105
cvV - 1 : ¯’vbxq miKvi I Zvi µgweKvk 106
cvV - 2 : evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v 112
cvV - 3 : †K›`ªxq miKvi I ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvmb 115
cvV - 4 : Dbœqb cÖkvmb 118
BDwbU 9 : RvwZmsN 121
cvV - 1 : RvwZmsN MV‡bi cUf‚wg 122
cvV - 2 : RvwZms‡Ni j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZgvjv 126
cvV - 3 : RvwZms‡Ni MVb c×wZ 129
cvV - 4 : RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe 135
cvV - 5 : RvwZms‡Ni mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zv 137
ivR‰bwZK msMVb
BPO-4303
weG Ges weGmGm †cÖvMÖvg

gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe| AvaywbK mgvR eë¯’vq ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi
evB‡i my¯’ mvgvwRK I ivóªxq Rxeb Kíbv Kiv hvqbv| myôz
ivR‰bwZK msMVb m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ hy‡M ivóªweÁvbx I `vk©wbKMY
wPšÍv-fvebv K‡i‡Qb| myk„•Lj Rxe‡bi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi
wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G cy¯Í‡K ivR‰bwZK
msMV‡bi wewfbœ cÖKvi I cÖ‡qvM m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
eBwU evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi weG Ges weGmGm †cÖvMÖv‡gi
wk¶v_x©‡ì gvb Abyhvqx iwPZ| Dš§y³ wk¶v c×wZi Av‡jv‡K
iwPZ G cy¯ÍK †_‡K wk¶v_x©iv DcK…Z n‡eb e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq|

MvRxcyi-1705
cvV wb‡`©kbv
wcÖqwk¶v_x©
Dš§yy³ wk¶Y c×wZ wbf©i weG Ges weGmGm †cÖvMÖv‡g fwZ© nIqvi Rb¨ mvgvwRK weÁvb, gvbweK I fvlv ¯‹zj †_‡K
Avcbv‡K ¯^vMZ RvbvwPQ| ivR‰bwZK msMVb eBwU `~i-wk¶‡Yi Dc‡hvMx K‡i GK we‡kl c×wZ‡Z †jLv n‡q‡Q| G
c×wZi gva¨‡g wk¶v_x© wbR `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡Ri myweavgZ wk¶vjvf K‡i| A‡÷ªwjqv, KvbvWv, Pxb, Rvcvb, †Kvwiqv,
_vBj¨vÛ, gvjqwkqv, cvwK¯Ívb, fviZ I hy³ivR¨mn we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k G wk¶v djcÖm~ e‡j cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q|
`~i-wk¶Y eë¯’vq gWz¨jvi c×wZ‡Z eB †jLv GKwU ixwZwm× e¨vcvi| G eBwU cvV Ki‡Z †M‡j Avcwb †`L‡eb,
eBwU‡Z KwZcq BDwbU i‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU BDwbU Avevi K‡qKwU cv‡V wef³| cÖwZwU BDwb‡Ui ïiæ‡ZB Av‡Q f‚wgKv|
GwU c‡o Avcwb eyS‡Z cvi‡eb BDwbUwU‡Z wK welq Rvb‡Z hv‡PQb|
cÖwZwU cv‡Vi ïiæ‡Z GK ev GKvwaK D‡Ï‡kï K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| cvV †k‡l Avcwb wKwkL‡Z, ej‡Z eveY©bv Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb Zv D‡Ï‡k¨ D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| gWz¨jvi c×wZ‡Z GwU GKwU AZ¨vek¨K Ask hv Avcbv‡K gvbwmKfv‡e ˆZwi
K‡i Zzj‡e|
cÖwZwU cv‡V †`L‡eb cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb| GwU Avcbv‡K ¯^g~j¨vq‡bi my‡hvM †`‡e| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb hw` m‡šÍvlRbK nq
Z‡e eyS‡Z n‡e cvVwU Avcbvi Avq‡Ë G‡m‡Q| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡b cv‡eb ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ, msw¶ß I iPbv g~jK cÖkœ|
†k‡l Av‡Q DËi gvjv|
cÖkœ¸‡jv fvj K‡i c‡o †`L‡eb DËi wK nIqv DwPZ| Avcbvi fvebvi m‡½ DËi bvwgj‡j cvV¸‡jv Avevi Aa¨qb
Kiæb| †h¸‡jvi DËi †jLv †bB, †m¸‡jv eBwUi mvnv‡h¨ wb‡RB ˆZwi Kiæb| wb‡Ri gZ K‡i mwVK DËi ˆZwi Kiv
†gv‡UB KwVb KvR bq| hw` †Kvb welq eyS‡Z Amyweav nq, †m‡¶‡Î Avcbvi wbKU¯’ wUD‡Uvwiqvj †K‡›`ªi wk¶K‡ì
mvnvh¨ wbb| mncvVx‡ì m‡½ Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡gI mgm¨vi mgvavb †c‡Z †PóvKiæb|
gvby‡li cv‡Vi mxgvbv wbw`©ó bq| mgq †c‡j Rvbvi Rb¨ Av‡iv wKQy mnvqK eB c‡o †`L‡Z cv‡ib| eB‡qi wb‡`©k
Abyhvqx cvV MÖnY Kiæb| Avkv Kwi Avcwb cv‡V K…ZKvh© n‡eb|
Avgiv Avcbvi my›ì I D¾¡j fwel¨r Kvgbv KiwQ|

1
msweavb I miKvi
f‚wgKv
msweavb n‡”Q †Kvb ivóª ev miKv‡ii cÖavb PvwjKv kw³| msweavb e¨ZxZ †Kvb ivóªB myôz I my›ìfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡Z
cv‡i bv| msweav‡bi g~j¨ D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q iv‡óªi ¶gZv †Kv_vq Zv wba©viY Kiv Ges miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi g‡a¨
weivRgvb ¶gZv I RbM‡Yi m‡½ m¤ú‡K©i †gŠwjK KvVv‡gvi weeiY †`qv| mnR K_vq ejv hvq †h GKwU †`‡ki
msweav‡b ¶gZv m¤ú‡K© weeiY _v‡K| mgvR eë¯’vq G m¤ú‡K© cwieZ©b NU‡j msweav‡biI cwieZ©‡bi `vex j¶¨
Kiv hvq|
miKvi iv‡óªi GKwU †gŠwjK Dcv`vb| ivóª cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ¡ cvjbKvix AvBwb cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e miKvi mve©¶wYK fv‡e
wµqvkxj| miKvi ej‡Z †Kvb GKK cÖwZôvb‡K †evSvq bv| eis msweav‡bi Aax‡b I mg_©‡b AvBbvbyhvqx cÖwZwôZ
mKj cÖwZôvb, msMVb I G‡RÝx‡K miKv‡ii Ask wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| msweav‡b ewY©Z Av‡`kvejx‡K ev¯ÍevwqZ
Kivi `vwqZ¡m¤úbœ mKj cÖwZôv‡bi mgwóevPK Awfe¨w³B nj miKvi| wewfbœ iv‡óªi mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK
cwiw¯’wZi wfbœZvi Kvi‡Y miKv‡ii wfbœ wfbœ iƒc Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB| we‡k¦i cÖwZwU †`‡k miKv‡ii gva¨‡g iv‡óªi
B”Qv cÖKvwkZ I Kvh©Kix nq| miKv‡ii ¶gZv I Kvh©vejx‡K g~jZ wZbwU kvLvq fvM Kiv nq| h_v: AvBb wefvM,
kvmb wefvM I wePvi wefvM| mvaviYZ AvBb wefvM AvBb cÖYqb K‡i| kvmb wefvM cÖYxZ AvBb Kvh©Ki K‡i| wePvi
wefvM AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v we‡kølY Ges AvBb Agvb¨Kvix‡K kvw¯Í cÖ`vb K‡i| Gfv‡e wZbwU wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g miKvi Zvi
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
¶gZvi wefvRb, cvi¯úwiK m¤úK©, fvimvg¨, RbM‡Yi mv‡_ Gi ci¯úi wµqv, AwaKvi, KZ©e¨ BZ¨vw` wb‡qB
msweavb cÖwZwôZ nq|
GB Aa¨v‡qi cvV¸‡jv‡Z †h me welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e Zv wb¤œiƒc:
G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q t

 cvV-1: msweav‡bi msÁv I †kªYxwefvM|
 cvV-2: msweavb cÖwZôvi wewfbœ c×wZ|
 cvV-3: DËg msweav‡bi êwkó¨|
 cvV-4: miKv‡ii †kªYx wefvM|
BDwbU-1 c„ôv-1
GmGmGBPGj
cvV -1
msweav‡bi msÁv I †kªYxwefvM

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 msweav‡bi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wjwLZ I AwjwLZ msweavb wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 mycwieZ©bxq I `y®úwieZ©bxq msweavb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq msweavb wK Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
MÖxK `vk©wbK GwióUj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i AvR ch©šÍ eû wPšÍvwe` Ges ivóªwe`MY wewfbœfv‡e msweav‡bi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb|
GwióU‡ji g‡Z, Òmsweavb Ggb GKwU Rxeb c×wZ hv ivóª wb‡Ri R‡b¨ †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q|Ó (Constitution is the way
of life the state has chosen for itself) Aa¨vcK dvBbv‡ii g‡Z (The Fundamental Political institutions is the
constitution.) A_©vr Ò†gŠwjK ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb ¸‡jvB n‡”Q msweavbÓ| wm. Gd. óªs Gi g‡Z, Òmsweavb n‡”Q †mB
mKj wbqg Kvby‡bi mgwó hv Øviv miKv‡ii ¶gZv, kvwm‡Zi AwaKvi Ges G `yÕ‡qi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© wba©vwiZ n‡q
_v‡K|Ó jW© eªvBm msweav‡bi msÁv w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, Òmsweavb n‡jv Ggb KZ¸‡jv AvBb I cÖ_vi mgwó hvi gva¨‡g
ivóªxq Rxeb cwiPvwjZ nq|Ó Aa¨vcK †K. wm. ûBqv‡ii fvlvq, Òmsweavb n‡”Q †m mKj wbq‡gi mgwó hv wK D‡Ï‡k¨
Ges †Kvb wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii ¶gZv cwiPvwjZ n‡e Zv wbqš¿Y K‡i|Ó
msweavb m¤ú‡K© Dc‡iv³ msÁvmg~n †_‡K ejv hvq, msweavb n‡”Q iv‡óªi †mBme †gŠwjK ixwZbxwZ hv Øviv miKv‡ii
MVb KvVv‡gv, miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ cvi®úwiK m¤úK© I ¶gZv Ges RbM‡Yi Dci miKv‡ii ¶gZv ev KZ…©Z¡
Ges RbM‡Yi AwaKvi BZ¨vw` wba©vwiZ n‡q _v‡K|
A‡bK ivóªweÁvbx g‡b K‡ib †h msweavb‡K e¨vcK Ges msKxY© A‡_© e¨vL¨v Kiv bv n‡j †Kvb msweav‡bi ¯îƒc
h_vh_fv‡e Dcjwä Kiv m¤¢e bq| msKxY© A‡_© msweavb nj †mB me c~Y©v½fv‡e wjwLZ wbqgKvby‡bi mgwó hv‡ì Øviv
miKv‡ii MVb, cÖK…wZ, miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi msMVb, Kvh©vejx Ges Zv‡ì cvi®úwiK m¤úK©, iv‡óªi m‡½
bvMwiK‡ì m¤úK© cÖf…wZ wbqwš¿Z nq| Aa¨vcK MvY©vi msKxY© A_© wfwËK msweavb‡K ÔAvbyôvwbK msweavbÕ bv‡g
AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| e¨vcK A‡_© msweavb ej‡Z †Kvb †`‡ki kvmbeë¯’v wbqš¿YKvix wjwLZ Ges AwjwLZ mKj cÖKvi
wbqgKvbyb Ges AvaywbK A‡_© msweavb ej‡Z mvsweavwbK I mvaviY AvBb Ges AwjwLZ wbqgKvbyb ej‡Z cÖ_v,
`xN©Kvj a‡i cÖPwjZ ixwZ I AvPvi AvPiY‡K †evSvq| MvY©vi e¨vcK A‡_© msweavb‡K ÔcÖK…ZÕ msweavb bv‡g D‡jøL K‡i
e‡jb †h, ÒcÖK…Z msweavb nj cÖ_v Ges Zv AwjwLZ AvB‡bi ×viv ms‡kvwaZ, cwiewZ©Z Ges bZzb cwiw¯’wZi m‡½
mvgÄm¨c~Y© AvbyôvwbK msweavbÓ|
msweav‡bi †kªYxwefvM
msweav‡bi GKvwaK †kªYxwefvM i‡q‡Q, †hgb:
1. wjwLZ Ges AwjwLZ|
2. mycwieZ©bxq Ges `y®úwieZ©bxq|
3. GK‡K›`ªxK Ges hy³ivóªxq|
ivóªweÁvb : ivR‰bwZK msMVb c„ôv-2

1. wjwLZ I AwjwLZ msweavb
msweavb‡K wjwLZ Ges AwjwLZ G `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| wjwLZ msweavb n‡”Q †mB msweavb †hLv‡b msweav‡bi
†gŠwjK bxwZ¸‡jv GK ev GKvwaK `wj‡j wjwLZ Ae¯’vq we`¨vgvb _v‡K| hy³ivóª, d«vÝ I evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb wjwLZ
msweavb| Aciw`‡K AwjwLZ msweavb n‡jv †mB msweavb †hLv‡b msweav‡bi †gŠwjK bxwZ¸‡jv wewfbœ AvPvi, cÖ_v,
ixwZbxwZ Ges wePvi wefvMxq wm×v‡šÍi g‡a¨ weivRgvb _v‡K| weªwUk msweavb Gi GKwU DËg D`vniY|
cÖK…Zc‡¶ †Kvb msweavbB m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wjwLZ wKsev m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c AwjwLZ bq| AwjwLZ msweav‡bI wKQy wKQy wjwLZ Ask
_v‡K| Avevi wjwLZ msweav‡bI wKQy wKQy AwjwLZ Ask _v‡K| †hgb- weª‡U‡bi msweavb g~jZ AwjwLZ wKš‘ Gi wKQy
Ask †hgb, g¨vMbvKvU©v, AwaKvi wej, AwaKv‡ii Av‡e`b cÖf…wZ wjwLZ Ask| Aciw`‡K Av‡gwiKvi msweavb wjwLZ
n‡jI †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui wbe©vPb c×wZ, ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msMVb, Ks‡MÖ‡mi-Kg©c×wZ cÖf…wZ cÖ_v I cÖPwjZ ixwZbxwZi
Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q|
2. mycwieZ©bxq I `y®úwieZ©bxq msweavb
msweavb‡K Avevi mycwieZ©bxq Ges `y®úwieZ©bxq G `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| jW© eªvBm G †kªYx wefv‡Mi D‡Ï¨v³v|
g~jZ ms‡kvab c×wZi-Dci wfwË K‡i msweav‡bi G †kªYx wefvM Kiv nq| mycwieZ©bxq msweavb n‡jv hv mn‡R
ms‡kvab, cwieZ©b ev iè`j Kiv hvq| G cÖKv‡ii msweavb‡K cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j †Kvb we‡kl wbq‡gi cÖ‡qvRb
nq bv| †hgb weª‡U‡bi msweavb mycwieZ©bxq| †mLv‡b †Kvb mvsweavwbK AvBb‡K cwieZ©b ev ms‡kvab Ki‡Z n‡j
weªwUk cvj©v‡g›U‡K †Kvb c„_K ev RwVj c×wZ Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq bv| †h †Kvb mvaviY AvB‡bi gZ ms‡kvab Kiv
hvq|
Aciw`‡K `y®úwieZ©bxq msweavb ej‡Z †evSvq †h msweavb cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j †Kvb GKwU we‡kl ai‡bi RwUj ev
c„_K c×wZ Aej¤^^‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| AvBbmfv B‡”Q Ki‡jB †Kvb AvBb‡K ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| mvaviYZ †gvU
m`‡mï `yB-Z„Zxqvsk m`‡mï mg_©bmn Ab¨vb¨ wKQy RwUj kZ© c~iY Ki‡Z nq|
3. GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq msweavb
msweavb‡K GK‡K›`ªxK Ges hy³ivóªxq-`y‡kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| GK‡K`ªxK msweavb n‡”Q †hLv‡b miKv‡ii mKj
¶gZv †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| G ai‡bi msweav‡b †K›`ª Ges cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ ¶gZv e›Ub Kiv nq bv| Aciw`‡K
hy³ivóªxq msweav‡b miKv‡ii mKj ¶gZv †K‡›`ª bv †_‡K †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ wef³ _v‡K| GK‡Kw›`ªK msweav‡bi
D`vniY n‡jv e„wUk msweavb Ges hy³ivóªxq msweav‡bi D`vniY n‡jv Av‡gwiKvi hy³iv‡óªi msweavb| mvaviYZ
hy³ivóªxq msweavb `y®úwieZ©Yxq Ges GK‡K`ªxK msweavb mycwieZ©Yxq n‡q _v‡K|
mviK_v
msweavb n‡”Q- KZ¸‡jv AvBb I wbqg-Kvby‡bi mgwó hvi gva¨‡g ivóªxq Rxeb cwiPvwjZ nq| msweavb Qvov †Kvb
ivóª ev miKvi my›ìfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| ivóª I mgvR‡f‡` msweavb wewfbœ cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i| mgvR I ivóªxq
eë¯’vi cwieZ©b I cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡` msweav‡biI cwieZ©b I cwiea©b mvwaZ n‡q _v‡K| msweavb ivóªeë¯’vi †gŠwjK
AvBb|
BDwbU-1 c„ôv-3
GmGmGBPGj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©Pbx cÖkœ
mwVK DË‡i wUK ( ) wPý w`b
1. Òmsweavb Ggb GKwU Rxeb c×wZ hv ivóª wb‡Ri R‡b¨ †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q|Ó- G Dw³wU Kvi?
K. †cø‡Uv;
L. Gwi÷Uj;
M. dvBbvi;
N. wm, Gd, ÷ªs|
2. Òmsweavb n‡jv Ggb KZK¸‡jv AvBb I cÖ_vi mgwó hvi gva¨‡g ivóªxq Rxeb cwiPvwjZ nq|Ó- G Dw³wU Kvi?
K. Aa¨vcK dvBbvi;
L. †K,wm ûBqvi;
M. jW© eªvBm;
N. wm. Gd, ÷ªs|
3. †Kvb †`‡ki msweavb AwjwLZ ?

K. hy³iv‡óªi;
L. d«v‡Ýi;
M. weª‡U‡bi;
N. evsjv‡`‡ki|
4. "The Fundamental political institutions is the constitution” G Dw³wU †K K‡i‡Qb?

K. jW© eªvBm;
L. Aa¨vcK dvBbvi;
M. Gwi÷Uj;
N. †K wm ûBqvi|
DËigvjv t 1.L; 2.M; 3.M; 4.L|
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. msweav‡bi msÁv w`b|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. msweav‡bi †kªYxwefvM m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV-2
msweavb cÖwZôvi wewfbœ c×wZ

D‡Ïk¨
 msweavb cÖwZôvi c×wZ wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 msweavb cÖwZôvi PviwU c×wZ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Aa¨vcK †M‡U‡ji g‡Z PviwU wfbœ I c„_K c×wZi gva¨‡g AvaywbK iv‡óª msweavb cÖwZwôZ nq| G c×wZ¸‡jv n‡”Q:
1. Aby‡gv`b m~‡Î;
2. B”QvK…Z iPbvi gva¨‡g;
3. µgweeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g;
4. wecø‡ei ga¨‡g|
1. Aby‡gv`b m~Î
ivóª DrcwËi weKvk avivi cÖ_gve¯’vq AwaKvsk iv‡óªB ˆ¯îZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’v Pvjy wQj| kvmK wQ‡jb †m”QvPvix Ges
me©gq ¶gZvi AwaKvix| MYZš¿ I MYZvwš¿K g~j¨‡eva ZLbI weKwkZ nq wb| wKš‘ mg‡qi weeZ©‡b MYZvwš¿K
g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk ïiæ n‡j RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© aviYv Rb¥ jvf K‡i| GgZve¯’vq wecø‡ei f‡q
ivRv ev kvmK GKwU wewae× `wj‡ji gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi wbKU kvmb ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM Kivi A½xKvi K‡ib| ivRv cÖ`Ë
Pzw³i Gme kZ©vejx‡K msweavb e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| ivRv Pzw³i wewa weavb¸‡jv wb‡R B”QvK„Zfv‡e cwieZ©b Ki‡Zb
bv| G ai‡bi Pzw³B ivRvi ¶gZvi cwiwa A‡bKvs‡k mxwgZ K‡i| Gfv‡e 1814 mv‡j divmx ivRv Aóv`k jyB, 1905
mv‡j ivwkqvi wØZxq Rvi wb‡Kvjvm, 1849 mv‡j Aw÷ªqvq ivRv d«vwÝm †Rv‡md Ges Rvcv‡bi mgªvU wbR wbR †`‡ki
msweavb †NvlYv K‡ib| Avi GwUB nj Aby‡gv`‡bi gva¨‡g msweavb cÖwZôvi cÖK…Z c×wZ| AZGe Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi
msweavb cÖwZôvi cÖv_wgK c×wZ n‡”Q Aby‡gv`b c×wZ|
2. B”QvK„Z iPbv
msweavb iPbvi D‡Ï‡k¨ we‡k¦i †Kvb †Kvb †`‡k we‡kl m‡¤§j‡bi eë¯’v Kiv nq| †mLv‡b MYcwil` Lmov msweavb
cÖYqb K‡i| AvBb cwil‡ì msL¨vMwiô m`m¨ Qvov GB Lmov msweavb M„nxZ n‡j Zv msweavb wnmv‡e cwiMwYZ nq|
G ai‡bi msweavb cÖYq‡bi ev¯Íe aviYv iƒcjvf K‡i divmx wecøe I 1776 mv‡j wdjv‡Wjwdqv m‡¤§j‡b Av‡gwiKv
hy³iv‡óªi msweavb cÖYq‡bi ci †_‡K| ZvÕQvov evsjv‡`k, fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb I KgbI‡qj_fz³ bZzb ivóª¸‡jv‡Z G
c×wZ‡Z msweavb iwPZ n‡q‡Q|
3. µgweeZ©b
HwZnvwmK weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡gI msweavb cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i| RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ MYZvwš¿K a¨vb aviYv weKv‡ki mv‡_ mv‡_
†¯^”QvPvix kvmK‡ì ¶gZv RbcÖwZwbwa‡ì nv‡Z P‡j Av‡m| `xN©w`b a‡i mgv‡R cÖPwjZ wewa weavb I ivR‰bwZK
cÖwZôvb¸‡jv miKvi KZ„©K êaZv jvf K‡i| Gme cÖ_v, cÖPwjZ wbqg I ixwZbxwZ¸‡jv †kl ch©šÍ mvsweavwbK gh©`v
jvf K‡i| G ai‡bi msweavb µgweeZ©‡bi dj| GB c×wZ‡Z cÖYxZ msweavb ˆZix Kiv nq bv eis Zv weKwkZ nq|
weª‡U‡bi msweavb Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ D`vniY| BwZnv‡mi avivq 1688 mv‡ji †MŠiegq wecøe, 1689 mv‡ji wej Ae
ivBUm&, 1701 mv‡ji G¨v± Ae †m‡Uj‡g›U BZ¨vwì ga¨ w`‡q weª‡U‡bi msweavb weKvk jvf K‡i‡Q|
4. wecøe
BDwbU-1 c„ôv-5
GmGmGBPGj
wecø‡ei gva¨‡gI msweavb cÖwZwôZ nq| RbMY hLb cÖPwjZ miKvi Ges kvmb eë¯’vq D³ miKvi I kvmb eë¯’v‡K
DrLvZ Kivi c_ bv cvq ZLbB Zviv wecø‡ei gva¨‡g Zv mvab Ki‡Z AMÖmi nq| hLb RbMY AZ¨vPvwiZ, AcgvwbZ
Ges jvwÂZ n‡Z _v‡K ZLb Zviv wecøe‡KB GKgvÎ cwiÎv‡Yi Dcvq e‡j g‡b K‡i| KLb I †`Lv hvq †h, wecø‡ei
d‡j ¶gZvq Avmv, mvgwiK KZ„©c¶ bZzb msweav‡bi Lmov ˆZix K‡i RbM‡Yi wbKU mivmwi Aby‡gv`b †P‡q e‡m|
Avevi A‡bK mgq mvgwiK KZ„©c¶ msweavb Kwgkb MV‡bi gva¨‡g msweavb cÖYqb Ki‡Z Aby‡gv`b Kvgbv K‡i|
Av‡gwiKvi hy³iv‡óªi †Kvb †Kvb A½iv‡R¨, divmx wecø‡ei ci d«v‡Ý, 1917 mv‡j wecø‡ei ci ivwkqvq Ges
mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j †¯ú‡b Dc‡iv³ c×wZi gva¨‡g msweavb cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q|
mviK_v
msweavb cÖwZôvi wewfbœ cÖwµqv i‡q‡Q| Aby‡gv`b, B”QvK„Z iPbv, µgweZ©b I wecøe cÖf„wZ c×wZi †h †Kvb GKwU
Aej¤^‡b K‡i we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k msweavb cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| Z‡e GK_v mZ¨ †h, Dc‡iv³ c×wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ MYcwil`
KZ©„K cÖYxZ msweavbB †kªô msweavb e‡j ¯^xKvi Kiv nq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©Pbx cÖkœ
1. msweavb cÖwZôvi cÖv_wgK c×wZ n‡”Q-
K. êcøweK c×wZ; L. Aby‡gv`b c×wZ;
M. msm`xq c×wZ; N. B”QvK„Z iPbv|
2. gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi msweavb cÖYqb Kiv nq-

K. 1776 mv‡j; L. 1778 mv‡j;
M. 1789 mv‡j; N. 1917 mv‡j|
3. weª‡U‡bi msweavb wKfv‡e ˆZix n‡q‡Q ?

K. wecø‡ei gva¨‡g; L. B”QvK„Z iPbvi gva¨‡g;
M. µgweeZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q; N. cvj©v‡g‡›Ui gva¨‡g|
4. 1917 mv‡j wecø‡ei ga¨w`‡q msweavb cÖwZwôZ nq -

K. ivwkqvq; L. Px‡b;
M. †¯ú‡b; N. d«v‡Ý|
DËigvjv t 1.L; 2.K; 3.M; 4.K

1. msweavb cÖwZôvi B”QvK„Z iPbvc×wZ wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. msweavb cÖwZôvi wewfbœ c×wZ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV - 3
DËg msweav‡bi êwkó¨

D‡Ïk¨
 DËg msweav‡bi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 DËg msweav‡bi êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f~wgKv
GKwU †`‡ki msweav‡bi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q iv‡óªi g~j ¶gZv †Kv_vq Zv wba©viY Kiv Ges miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi
g‡a¨ weivRgvb ¶gZv m¤ú‡K©i mwVK weeiY †`qv| msweavb iv‡óªi †gŠwjK ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb¸‡jv †hgb, AvBb
wefvM, kvmb wefvM, wePvi wefvM, ivR‰bwZK `j I wbe©vPKgÛjx cÖf„wZi ga¨Kvi ¶gZv m¤úK© †Kgb n‡e BZ¨vwì
wb‡`©k `vb K‡i _v‡K| Gme cÖwZôvb¸‡jv G‡K Ac‡ii m‡½ m¤úK©hy³| myZivs msweavb n‡”Q GKwU `c©b¯îƒc|
mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK DbœwZ mva‡bi Rb¨ iv‡óª GKwU DËg msweav‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
Ab¯^xKvh©| wK wK êwkó¨ ev ¸bvejx _vK‡j GKwU msweavb DËg e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e G wel‡q msweavb we‡klÁMY
wb‡gœv³ êwk‡óï K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| h_vt
1. my®úóZv : DËg msweav‡bi cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡”Q my®úóZv| msweavb my®úó I mywbw`©ó nIqv ìKvi, †hb msweavbwU
eyS‡Z KviI Amyweav bv nq| myZivs DËg msweavb A_©c~Y©, cÖvÄj I mnR fvlvq iwPZ n‡Z n‡e|
2. †gŠwjK AwaKvi : msweav‡b †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii D‡jøL _vK‡j miKvi KLbI †¯^^”QvPvix n‡Z cv‡i bv| kvmb wefvM
RbM‡Yi AwaKvi ¶zbœ Ki‡Z PvB‡j RbMY miKv‡ii weiæ‡× msweavb jsN‡bi Awf‡hvM Avb‡Z cv‡i| d‡j
miKv‡ii ˆ¯îvPvix cÖeYZv eÜ nq Ges RbM‡Yi ¯^vaxbZv A¶zbœ _v‡K| myZivs †gŠwjK AwaKvi
AšÍ©fy³KiY DËg msweav‡bi GKwU we‡kl w`K|
3. wjwLZ msweavb : DËg msweav‡bi Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ n‡jv wjwLZ msweavb| wjwLZ msweavb bv _vK‡j A‡bK
RwUjZv †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| wjwLZ msweav‡b RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi msiw¶Z _vKvi m¤¢vebv †ekx|
4. mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ i¶v : DËg msweav‡bi GKwU cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi g‡a¨ fvimvg¨
i¶v Kiv| mve©‡fŠgZ¡ e›U‡bi †¶‡Î DËg msweavb we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| KviY miKvi Ges RbM‡Yi g‡a¨
fvimvg¨ i¶v Kiv AZ¨vekK Ab¨_vq MYAfy¨Ìvb ev wecø‡ei fq _v‡K|
5. mg‡qvc‡hvwMZv : DËg msweav‡bi Aci GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ êwkó¨ n‡jv GB †h, DËg msweavb‡K Aek¨B mvgvwRK
I ivóªxq cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z nq| mgvR MwZkxj, mgv‡R wbqg I g~j¨‡ev‡ai cwieZ©b mvwaZ
n‡”Q| RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v Ges Avkv-AvKv•LviI cwieZ©b NU‡Q| msweavb‡K Aek¨B RbM‡Yi G cwiewZ©Z Pvwn`v
I AwaKv‡ii m‡½ mvgÄm¨ i¶v K‡i Pj‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq mvsweavwbK wewa weavb D‡Ï‡kï m‡½ RbM‡Yi B”Qvi
Ø›Ø I msNvZ †`Lv w`‡e| d‡j wecø‡ei m~Pbv n‡Z cv‡i| mgvR I ivóª Aw¯’i n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i|
6. msw¶ßZv : DËg msweav‡bi Ab¨Zg cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡jv Gi msw¶ßZv| wewfbœ aviv, Dcavivi msw¶ß nIqv
evÃbxq †hb msweav‡bi g‡a¨ Ah_v AcÖ‡qvRbxq cÖm‡½i AbycÖ‡ek bv N‡U| Aek¨ msweavb ïay msw¶ß n‡jB
Pj‡e bv eis mvgwMÖK fv‡e iv‡óªi wewfbœ As‡ki MVb Ges wKfv‡e ivóªxq ¶gZv cwiPvwjZ n‡e †m m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ
eë¯’vi D‡jøL _vK‡Z n‡e| Z‡e AcÖ‡qvRbxq wel‡qi D‡jøL K‡i msweavb‡K eo K‡i †Zvjvi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
†K.wm. ûBqvi e‡jb, GKwU m‡e©vËg Av`k© msweav‡bi Avek¨Kxq êwkó¨ n‡”Q h_vm¤¢e msw¶ßZv| D‡jøL¨ †h,
hy³iv‡óªi msweav‡b gvÎ 4 nvRvi kã mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q| Gw`K †_‡K gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi msweavb GKwU DËg
msweavb|
BDwbU-1 c„ôv-7
GmGmGBPGj
7. RbM‡Yi AMÖvwaKvi : DËg msweav‡b Rbg‡Zi cÖwZdjb N‡U| DËg msweavb n‡e Rbg‡Zi aviK I evnK|
Rbg‡Zi cÖwZ j¶¨ †i‡L mg‡q mg‡q msweavb cwiewZ©Z I cwiewa©Z n‡Z n‡e|
8. ¯’vqxZ¡ : DËg msweav‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© êwkó¨ n‡”Q Gi ¯’vqxZ¡| msweavb ¯’vqx n‡j Zv cÖKvivšÍ‡i ivR‰bwZK
w¯’wZkxjZvi mnvqK n‡q| Gi d‡j A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZ mywbwðZ n‡q _v‡K|
9. RvZxq Avkv AvKv•Lvi cÖwZ”Qwe : GKwU DËg msweavb Rbg‡Zi cÖwZdjb N‡U| hvi d‡j Gi gva¨‡g mgMÖ RvwZi
Avkv AvKv•Lvi c~Y©Zv cÖKvk cvq| `xN©w`b a‡i GKwU RvwZ †h ¯^KxqZv I †gŠwjKZ¡ jvjb K‡i _v‡K ZvB
msweav‡b dz‡U D‡V|
10. msweavb ms‡kvab c×wZ : DËg msweavb‡K Aek¨B GKwU mnR ms‡kvab c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| msweavb
hw` mycwieZ©bxq bv nq Zv n‡j Zv‡K cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a cwieZ©b Kiv m¤¢e bq| Aek¨ ms‡kvab c×wZ Lye mnRmva¨
nIqv DwPZ bq | KviY Gi d‡j fvev‡eM, D‡ËRbvi ekeZ©x n‡q AvBbmfv AcÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b mvab Ki‡Z
cÖqvmx nq| Avevi ms‡kvab c×wZ AZ¨vwaK RwUj nIqvI evÃbxq ev Kvg¨ bq| KviY Gi d‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Y A‡nZzK wej¤^^ N‡U| WweøD Gd DB‡jvwe e‡jb- ‘‘Rigidity and flexibility are the two opposing
tendencies of a good constitution.ÕÕ
11. wePvi wefv‡Mi cÖvavb¨ : DËg msweav‡bi cÖvavb¨ wbwðZ Kivi j‡¶¨ wePvi wefv‡Mi cÖvavb¨ wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
GRb¨ wePvi wefv‡Mi nv‡Z msweavb‡K e¨vL¨v Kievi ¶gZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| KviY wePvi wefvMB msweav‡bi
i¶K I AwffveK|
mviK_v
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, GKwU msweavb‡K DËg n‡Z n‡j G‡K A‡bK¸‡jv êwkó¨
I ¸‡Yi AwaKvix n‡Z n‡e| mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK DbœwZ mva‡bi Rb¨ iv‡óª GKwU DËg
msweav‡bi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q| RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv DËg ev Av`k© msweav‡bi GKwU we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
w`K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©Pbx cÖkœ
1. ÔGKwU m‡e©vËg Av`k© msweav‡bi Avek¨Kxq êwkó¨ n‡”Q h_vm¤¢e msw¶ßZv|Õ GwU Kvi Dw³?
K. jW© eªvBm;
L. wm. Gd. ÷ªs;
M. †K. wm. ûBqvi;
N. Aa¨vcK dvBbvi|
2. msw¶ßvi w`K w`‡q †Kvb iv‡óªi msweavb m‡e©vËg ?

K. weª‡U‡bi;
L. gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi;
M. fvi‡Zi;
N. evsjv‡`‡ki|
3. gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi msweav‡b KZ nvRvi kã mwbœ‡ewkZ n‡q‡Q ?

K. 4 nvRvi;
L. 5 nvRvi;
M. 7 nvRvi;
N. 3 nvRvi 5 kZ|
4. "Rightly and flexibility are the two opposing tendencies of a good constitution" GB Dw³wU †K K‡i‡Qb?
K. DB‡jvex;
L. †K. wm. ûBqvi;
M. dvBbvi;
N. jW© eªvBm|
DËigvjv t 1.M; 2.L; 3.K; 4.K|

1. DËg msweav‡bi cÖavb `yÕwU êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. Ô†gŠwjK AwaKvi DËg msweav‡bi we‡kl w`KÕ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
BDwbU-1 c„ôv-9
GmGmGBPGj
cvV - 4
miKv‡ii †kªYx wefvM

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 miKv‡ii MZvbyMwZK †kªYxwefv‡Mi eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ivóªweÁvbx Gwi÷Uj wKfv‡e miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM K‡i‡Qb Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wKfv‡e miKv‡ii AvaywbK †kªYxwefvM Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 MZvbyMwZK I AvaywbK †kªYxwefv‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbiæcb Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb|
miKv‡ii MZvbyMwZK †kªYxwefvM

gvby‡li msMwVZ ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi ïiæ †_‡KB miKvi eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbvi m~ÎcvZ N‡U‡Q; Avi¤¢ n‡q‡Q Av`k©
miKv‡ii AbymÜvb| mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ ivóªweÁvbxMYI bZzb bZzb wPšÍvi D‡b¥l NwU‡q‡Qb| Dchy³ miKvi n‡jv
Zuv‡ì wPšÍvi Ab¨Zg welq| †Kvb iv‡óªi g‡a¨ †h e¨w³-mgwó ivóªcwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY K‡ib Zv‡ì wb‡qB miKvi
MwVZ nq| wfbœ wfbœ cwi‡ek I cwiw¯’wZ‡Z cÖvPxb hyM †_‡K AvaywbK hyM ch©šÍ Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK wewfbœ ai‡bi miKvi
cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K miKvi‡K cÖavbZ: wZb‡kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| MÖxK `vk©wbK †n‡iv‡WvUvm
(Herodotus) miKvi‡K wZb †kªYx‡Z Tripartite) wef³ K‡i‡Qb| †hgb: ivRZš¿ (Monarchy) awbKZš¿ (Oligarchy)
Ges MYZš¿ (Democracy)|
MÖxK `vk©wbK †cø‡Uv Zuvi weL¨vZ Ôw` wicvewjKÕ MÖ‡š’ wZbwU weï× miKvi Ges Zrm‡½ G‡ì wZbwU weK„Z iƒ‡ci eY©bv
w`‡q‡Qb| †hgb :-
weï× / fvj miKvi (Pure forms of govt.) weK…Z iƒc ( Perverted forms of govt.)
ivRZš¿ (Monarchy) †¯^”QvPviZš¿ (Tyranny)
AwfRvZZš¿ (Aristocracy) awYKZš¿ (Oligarchy)
¯^vfvweK MYZš¿ (Moderate Democracy) DMÖ MYZš¿ ( Extreme Democracy)
†cø‡Uvi g‡Z ivRZš¿ me©v‡c¶v DËg miKvi Ges Gi weK„Z iƒc A_©vr †¯^”QvPviZš¿ n‡jv me©v‡c¶v wbK„ó ai‡bi
miKvi|
Gwi÷Uj KZ©„K miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM
MÖxK `vk©wbK GwióUj miKvi‡K iv‡óªi cÖvY¯îƒc e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb Zuvi weL¨vZ MÖš’ 'The Politics'Gi PZz_©
Aa¨v‡q miKv‡ii †kªYx wefv‡Mi eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| Gwi÷Uj `yÕwU g~jbxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i G †kªYxwefvM K‡i‡Qb| Zuvi
GB †kªYx wefv‡Mi wcQ‡b g~jZ MÖxK bMi ivóª¸‡jvi mvsweavwbK KvVv‡gvi AwfÁZv KvR K‡i‡Q| Zuvi `ywU g~jbxwZ
n‡jv (K) msL¨vbxwZ Ges (L) j¶¨ ev D‡Ïk¨ bxwZ| D‡Ïk¨bxwZ Avevi Ô¯^vfvweKÕ I ÔweK„ZÕ G `yBwU Dcwefv‡M
wef³|
K) GwióUj msL¨vi wfwË‡Z miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM K‡i‡Qb| †h iv‡óª Pig ¶gZv GKR‡bi Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K Zv‡K
ivRZš¿ e‡j| Avevi †hLv‡b iv‡óªi Pig ¶gZv K‡qKR‡bi Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K Zv‡K AwfRvZZš¿ ejv nq| †hLv‡b
iv‡óªi P~ovšÍ ¶gZv eûR‡bi Dci b¨¯Í Zv‡K ejv nq MYZš¿|
L) D‡Ïk¨ bxwZ Abyhvqx wZwb Avevi wZbwU wefv‡Mi cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K ¯^vfvweK (Normal) I weK„Z (Perverted)-G `yÕfv‡M
fvM K‡i‡Qb| Rbmvavi‡Yi Dbœqb I Kj¨vY mvab iv‡óªi D‡Ïk¨ n‡j Zv‡K wZwb ¯^vfvweK iƒc Ges †hLv‡b ivóª
†kªYx ev e¨w³¯^v‡_© cwiPvwjZ nq Zuv‡K wZwb weK„Z iƒc e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|

myZivs GwióUj msL¨v I D‡Ïk¨ G `yÕwU g~jbxwZ cÖ‡qvM K‡i miKvi‡K †gvU Qqfv‡M fvM K‡ib| Zuvi cÖ`Ë †kªYxwefvM
wb‡gœi Q‡Ki gva¨‡g †`Lv‡bv †Mj|
miKvi
msL¨vbxwZ D‡Ïk¨bxwZ
K L
miKv‡ii †kªYx ¯^vfvweK weK…Z
GKR‡bi kvmb (Rule by one) ivRZš¿ (Monarchy) ˆ¯îZš¿ (Tyranny)
K‡qKR‡bi kvmb (Rule by a few) AwfRvZZš¿ (Aristocracy) awbKZš¿ (Oligarchy)
eûR‡bi kvmb (Rule by many) ga¨Zš¿ (Polity) MYZš¿ (Democracy)
GwióUj miKv‡ii iƒc we‡kølY K‡i AwfgZ e¨³ K‡ib †h, AwfRvZZš¿ DËg miKvi| Z‡e wZwb ga¨Zš¿‡K (Polity)
me©v‡c¶v ev¯Íeag©x e‡j D‡jøL K‡ib| MYZš¿ ej‡Z wZwb cÖavbZ `wi`ª I A‡hvM¨ RbM‡Yi kvmb eë¯’v‡K eywS‡q‡Qb|
c¶všÍ‡i ga¨Zš¿ ev cwjwU ej‡Z GwióUj ga¨we‡Ëi kvmb‡K eywS‡q‡Qb, hviv Lye abxI bb Avevi Lye `wi`ª bb|
cwjwU nj GK ai‡bi fvimvg¨ i¶vKvix msweavb| GwU Zvi g‡Z DrK„ó ai‡bi eë¯’v n‡Z cv‡i|
miKv‡ii GB wÎc¶xq †kªYxwefvM hy‡M hy‡M ivR‰bwZK wPšÍvwe` I `vk©wbKMY KZ„©K mgv`„Z n‡q‡Q| Zuviv G
†kªYxwefvM‡K mwVK e‡j MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| myZivs ejv hvq, miKv‡ii MZvbyMwZK †kªYxwefvM mg‡qi cix¶vq DËxY©
n‡q‡Q e‡U wKš‘ GwU miKv‡ii AvaywbK †kªYx wefvM m¤úwK©Z A‡bK RwUj cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Q|
miKv‡ii AvaywbK †kªYxwefv‡M Aa¨vcK óx‡db jxKK-Gi gZev`
Aa¨vcK jxKK miKv‡ii GKwU weÁvbm¤§Z †kªYx wefvM Dcnvi w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb miKvi‡K MYZš¿ I ˆ¯îZš¿ wn‡m‡e
†kªYxweb¨vm K‡ib| AZtci wZwb MYZš¿‡K Avevi mxwgZ ivRZš¿ I cÖRvZš¿ wn‡m‡e †kªYxweb¨vm K‡ib| Zvi g‡Z
cÖ‡Z¨K miKvi‡K Avevi GK‡Kw›`ªK ev hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii †kªYxfz³ Kiv hvq|
Aa¨vcK jxKK AvaywbK miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM Ki‡Z wM‡q †h bxwZ¸‡jv Aej¤^b K‡i‡Qb †m¸‡jv n‡jv 1. mve©‡fŠg
¶gZvi Ae¯’vb 2. ivóªcaÖ v‡bi ¶gZvq Avmvi c×wZ 3. AvBb wefvM I kvmbwefv‡Mi m¤úK© Ges 4. ¶gZvi
e›UbbxwZ| G¸‡jv Av‡jvPbvi `vex iv‡L|
1. mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi Ae¯’vb : iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi Ae¯’vb I cÖ‡qvM c×wZi Dci wfwË K‡i jxKK AvaywbK
miKvi‡K MYZš¿ I GKbvqKZš¿ G `yÕfv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb| mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv RbM‡Yi nv‡Z b¨¯Í _vK‡j Zv‡K
MYZš¿ Ges mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv GKRb ev GK`j Øviv cwiPvwjZ n‡j Zv‡K GKbvqKZš¿ e‡j|
2. ivóªcaÖ v‡bi ¶gZvq Avmvi c×wZ : ivóª cÖav‡bi ¶gZv Av‡ivn‡Yi c×wZi Dci wfwË K‡i wZwb MYZvwš¿K
miKvi‡K wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ Ges cÖRvZš¿ G `yÕfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| †h kvmb eë¯’vq ivóªcÖavb DËivwaKvi m~‡Î
¶gZvjvf K‡ib Zv‡K wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ e‡j| Avi c‡iv¶ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g ¶gZvjvf Ki‡j Zv‡K cÖRvZš¿
e‡j|
3. ¶gZvi e›Ub bxwZ : ¶gZvi e›Ub bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i wZwb MYZvwš¿K miKvi‡K `yÕfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| †hgb,
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi I hy³ivóªxq miKvi| hLb GKwU †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z miKv‡ii ¶gZv b¨¯Í _v‡K ZLb Zv‡K
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi e‡j| Avi msweav‡bi gva¨‡g †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ ¶gZv e›Ub Kiv n‡j Zv‡K hy³ivóªxq
miKvi e‡j| weª‡Ub nj GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi I Av‡gwiKvi hy³ivóª nj hy³ivóªxq †gŠwjK eë¯’vi D`vniY|
4. AvBb wefvM I kvmb wefv‡Mi m¤úK© : AvBb wefvM I kvmb wefv‡Mi m¤ú†K©i wfwË‡Z Aa¨vcK jxKK MYZvwš¿K
miKvi‡K cvj©v‡g›U kvwmZ miKvi I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi G `yÕfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| cvj©v‡g›U kvwmZ miKv‡i
kvmbwefvM AvBb wefv‡Mi Dci wbf©ikxj Ges AvBb cwil‡ì wbKU `vqx _v‡K| wKš‘ ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKv‡i
kvmb wefvM AvBb cwil‡ì Dci wbf©ikxj bq Ges Zvi Kv‡Q `vqx _v‡K bv| cvj©v‡g›U kvwmZ miKv‡i
kvmbKv‡h©i fvi b¨¯Í _v‡K AvBb cwil‡ì Kv‡Q `vqxZ¡kxj gwš¿cwil‡ì Dci| Ab¨w`‡K ivóªcwZ kvwmZ eë¯’vq
BDwbU-1 c„ôv-11
GmGmGBPGj
kvmbfvi b¨¯Í _v‡K ivóªcwZ ev †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui Dci| weª‡U‡b, fvi‡Z Ges evsjv‡`‡k cvj©v‡g›U kvwmZ eë¯’v Ges
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª ivóªcwZ kvwmZ eë¯’v Pvjy i‡q‡Q|
Aa¨vcK w÷‡db jxK‡Ki †kªYxweb¨vm
miKvi
MYZš¿ GKbvqKZš¿
wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ cÖRvZš¿
msm`xq cvj©v‡g›U kvwmZ ivóªcwZ kvwmZ

(cvjv©‡g›U) miKvi miKvi
GK‡Kw›`ªK hy³ivóªxq GK‡Kw›`ªK hy³ivóªxq GK‡Kw›`ªK hy³ivóªxq

miKvi miKvi miKvi miKvi miKvi miKvi
Avi Gg g¨vKvBfv‡ii †kªYxwefvM

Aa¨vcK Avi, Gg g¨vKvBfvi ivóªxq ÿgZvi PviwU m~Î a‡i miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM K‡i‡Qb| h_v-mvsweavwbK,
mv¤cÖ`vwqK, A_©bxwZK I mve©‡fŠg msµvšÍ|
K. mvsweavwbK: ivóªweÁvbx g¨vKvBfvi msweavwbK wfwË‡Z miKvi‡K ivRZš¿, mxwgZ ivRZš¿, Ck¦iZš¿, cÖZ¨¶ MYZš¿
I cÖRvZvwš¿K miKvi wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
L. mv¤cÖ`vwqK : mv¤cÖ`vwqK wfwË‡Z wZwb Avevi miKvi‡K DcRvZxq miKvi, bMiivóª, RvZxq ivóª Ges wek¦ivóª
wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb|
M. A_©‰bwZK: Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z wZwb miKvi‡K mvgšÍev`x, cuywRev`x I mgvRZvwš¿K miKvi e‡j
D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
N. mve©‡fŠgZ¡: iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi êwkó¨ Zz‡j a‡i wZwb miKvi‡K GK‡Kw›`ªK, hy³ivóªxq I mvgªvR¨ GB wZbwU
†kªYx‡Z fvM K‡i‡Qb|
Aa¨vcK Avi, Gg g¨vKvBfv‡ii †kªYxwefvM †ek wKQyw`b hver RbwcÖqZv jvf Ki‡jI eZ©gvb ivR‰bwZK eë¯’vq Zv
AcÖZzj e‡j A‡b‡K g‡b K‡i _v‡Kb|
MZvbyMwZK I AvaywbK †kªYxwefv‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
miKv‡ii MZvbyMwZK †kªYx wefvM I AvaywbK †kªYx wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| †hgb t-
 MZvbyMwZK †kªYxwefvM Ach©vß: MZvbyMwZK †kªYxwefvM Ach©vß, wKš‘ AvaywbK †kªYx wefvM e¨vcK I ch©vß| †hgb
MZvbyMwZK †kªYxwefv‡M MYZš¿‡K miKv‡ii GKwU iƒc wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ MYZ‡š¿i †h AviI iƒc i‡q‡Q
†hgb : mxwgZ ivRZš¿, cÖRvZš¿, cvj©v‡g›U kvwmZ miKvi, ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi, GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq miKvi
G¸‡jv †`Lv‡bv nq wb|
 MZvbyMwZK †kªYxwefvM A‰eÁvwbK: MZvbyMwZK †kªYxwefvM msL¨vi Dci AZ¨vwaK ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Q, wKš‘ ¸YMZ
w`KwU‡K D‡c¶v K‡i‡Q| ZvÕQvov MZvbyMwZK †kªYxwefvM hvwš¿K, Ab¨w`‡K AvaywbK †kªYx wefvM RxešÍ|

 MYZš¿ m¤ú‡K© aviYvi w`K w`‡q cv_©K¨: MZvbyMwZK †kªYx wefv‡M MYZš¿‡K †h R‡b¨ eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q AvaywbK
†kªYxewfv‡Mi MYZš¿‡K †m A‡_© eënvi Kiv nq wb| AvaywbK Kv‡j †gvUvgywU MYZš¿B n‡jv m‡e©vrK„ó miKvi e‡j
g‡b Kiv nq|
mvi K_v
iv‡óªi Rb¨ Acwinvh© PviwU †gŠwjK Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ miKvi Ab¨Zg| AwZ cÖvPxbKv‡j †_‡KB miKv‡ii wewfbœ
†kªYxwefvM P‡j Avm‡jI cwi‡ek I cwiw¯’wZi wewfbœZv miKv‡ii wewfbœ cÖKvi †kªYx wefv‡Mi mnvqK kw³ wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i‡Q| Aek¨ hy‡M hy‡M G †kªYx wefv‡Mi cwieZ©b I cwiea©b N‡U‡Q| †hgb MZvbyMwZK †kªYx wefvM wewfbœ `„wó
†Kvb †_‡K mgv‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q Ges AvaywbK †kªYx wefvM †mB ¯’vb c~i‡Y m‡Pó n‡q‡Q|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©Pbx cÖkœ
1. GwióU‡ji g‡Z me©vv‡c¶v ev¯Íeagx© miKvi n‡jv:
K. ivRZš¿; L. AwfRvZZš¿;
M. ga¨Zš¿; N. awbKZš¿|
2. miKv‡ii AvaywbK †kªYxwefv‡M weÁvbm¤§Z †kªYx wefvM cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb †K?

K. eø›Umjx; L. jxKK;
M. g¨vwiqU; N. †M‡Uj|
3. †cø‡Uv miKv‡ii †kªYxwefvM m¤ú‡K© eY©bv K‡i‡Qb †Kvb& MÖ‡š’ ?

K. Politics; L. The Republic;
M. The Laws; N. The Web of Government.
4. AvaywbK m‡e©vrK…ó miKvi nj:

K. ivRZš¿; L. mgvRZš¿;
M. abZš¿; N. MYZš¿|
DËigvjv t 1.M; 2.L; 3.L; 4.N;
msw__ DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. miKv‡ii AvaywbK †kªYxwefv‡Mi bxwZ¸‡jv wK ?
2. MZvbyMwZK I AvaywbK †kªYx wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wPwýZ Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. miKv‡ii AvaywbK †kªYx web¨vm m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
BDwbU-1 c„ôv-13
GmGmGBPGj
cÖ‡qvRbxq †bvU wjLyb
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BDwbU-1 c„ôv-15
2
MYZš¿ I GKbvqKZš¿
f~wgKv
AvaywbKKv‡j MYZš¿ wek¦evmxi wbKU DrK„ó kvmbeë¯’v wnmv‡e mgv`„Z| A‡bK cwieZ©b I weeZ©‡bi ga¨w`‡q eZ©gv‡b
MYZš¿ GKwU RbwcÖq kvmb eë¯’vq iƒc jvf K‡i‡Q| MYZš¿ GKwU wbqgZvwš¿K c×wZ| G‡Z miKv‡ii cwieZ©b
kvmbZš¿ Abyhvqx wbqgZvwš¿K cš’vq n‡q _v‡K| MYZš¿ I GKbvqKZš¿ ci¯úi wecixZagx© Av`k©| GKbvqKZvwš¿K
miKv‡ii wfwË n‡”Q BPQvgvwdK cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨ ¶gZv, AvBb bq| GKbvqKZš¿ mvsweavwbK ixwZbxwZi †Zvqv°v K‡i
bv| A‡bK mgq GKbvqKZvwš¿K miKv‡i †jvK †`Lv‡bv Rbwbe©vwPZ AvBb cwil` _vK‡jI Zv Kvh©Zt ¶gZvnxb| GwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kvb f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
MYZš¿ miKvi cwiPvjbvq I bxwZwba©vi‡Y RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY, gvby‡li ¯^vaxbZv I AwaKv‡ii wbðqZv †`q, ivR‰bwZK
†PZbv e„w× K‡i, AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv K‡i Ges miKvi‡K `vwqZ¡kxj K‡i| Rbmvavi‡Yi mvwe©K weKvk I Kj¨vY
MYZ‡š¿i gva¨‡g m¤¢e| GKbvqKZ‡š¿ G¸‡jv ¯^xK…Z| GKbvqKZ‡š¿ ¯^vaxbZv I AwaKvi webó Kiv nq| GKbvqKZš¿
GKwU †¯^”QvPvix kvmbeë¯’v|
G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Qt

 cvV - 1. MYZ‡š¿i msÁv: cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ MYZš¿
 cvV - 2. MYZ‡š¿i ¸Yvejx
 cvV- 3. MYZ‡š¿i i¶vKeP I mvd‡jï kZ©vejx
 cvV - 4. GKbvqKZš¿
BDwbU-2 c„ôv-15
GmGmGBPGj
cvV - 1
MYZ‡š¿i msÁv: cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ MYZš¿

D‡Ïk¨
 MYZš¿ kØwUi A_© I DrcwË m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 MYZ‡š¿i msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ MYZš¿ wK Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
MYZ‡š¿i A_© nj RbM‡Yi kvmb| MÖxK Demos I Kratia kãØq n‡Z Democracy kãwU D™¢‚Z n‡q‡Q| Demos k‡ãi
A_© RbmvaviY Ges Kratia k‡ãi A_© kvmb ev ¶gZv| myZivs kãMZ ev DrcwËMZ A‡_© MYZš¿ n‡”Q RbMY cwiPvwjZ
kvmbeë¯’v| MYZš¿ n‡”Q Ggb GK ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’v †hLv‡b ¶gZv RbM‡Yi nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K| wPšÍvwe`‡ì
`„wófw½ Abymv‡i MYZš¿ ïaygvÎ miKvi eë¯’vB bq eis GK ai‡bi Rxeb `k©b ev Rxebc×wZ|
wewfbœ †jLK I wPšÍvwe` MYZš¿ kãwU‡K wewfbœfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| cÖvPxb MÖxKiv MYZš¿ kãwU‡K eûR‡bi kvmb
e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| AvovB nvRvi eQi c~‡e© MÖxK HwZnvwmK †n‡iv‡WvUvm MYZ‡š¿i msÁv wba©viY Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb,
ÒMYZš¿ n‡”Q Ggb GK ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’v †hLv‡b kvmb ¶gZv †Kvb †kªYxi Dci b¨¯Í bv †_‡K eis mgv‡Ri mKj
m`‡mï nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K|Ó cÖ‡dmi wmjx e‡jb, ÒGwU Ggb GK ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’v †hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki Ask Av‡Q|Ó
(A government in which everyone has a share.) | jW© eªvBm, ‘Modern DemocracyÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’ e‡jb,
ÒDemocracy is that form of government in which the ruling of a state is legally vested not in any particular
class or classes but in the members of the community as a whole.Ó A_©vr MYZš¿ n‡”Q †mB ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’v
hv‡Z ivóªkvmb AvBbZ †Kvb we‡kl †kªYx ev †kªYx¸‡jvi nv‡Z bv †_‡K mgv‡Ri bvMwiK‡ì nv‡Z _v‡K|
wm. Gd. ÷ªs my›ìfv‡e MYZ‡š¿i msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb, ÔÔkvwmZM‡Yi mwµq m¤§wZi Dci †h miKvi cÖwZwôZ
Zv‡K MYZš¿ e‡j|ÕÕ (Democracy implies that government which shall rest on active consent of the governed.)
Aa¨vcK wjÛ‡m D‡jøL K‡ib †h, MYZš¿ miKv‡ii b¨vq mgv‡RiI GKwU ZË¡ e‡U (Democracy is a theory of society
as well as a theory of government)| Kvj© wR †d«WwiL e‡jb, ÒMYZš¿ n‡”Q ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cwieZ©b
msNU‡bi Rb¨ ¯^xK…Z GKwU cÖavb Dcvq|Ó
1863 mv‡j †cÖwm‡W›U Aveªvnvg wjsKb MYZvwš¿K miKv‡ii ¯îƒc eY©bv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, ÔÔMYZš¿ nj RbM‡Yi,
RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Ges RbM‡Yi Øviv miKvi|ÕÕ (Democracy is a government of the people, for the people and by
the people) RbM‡Yi miKvi ej‡Z RbM‡Yi cÖwZ AbyMZ miKvi‡K eySvq| RbMY cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e Zv‡ì
Kj¨v‡Y cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i| m¨vi wµc‡mi g‡Z, ÔÔMYZš¿ n‡”Q †mB kvmbeë¯’v
†hLv‡b cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvßeq¯‹ e¨w³ mKj wel‡q Zv‡ì gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges msL¨vMwiô bvMwiK‡ì B”Qv‡K
cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|ÕÕ g¨vKvBfv‡ii g‡Z, ÔÔMYZvwš¿K kvm‡b miKvi RbM‡Yi G‡R›U gvÎ Ges Zviv miKvi‡K
RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q Revew`wn Ki‡Z eva¨ K‡i|ÕÕ
cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ MYZš¿

MYZš¿ `yÕiK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i| h_v:
1. cÖZ¨¶ MYZš¿ I
2. cÖwZwbwaZ¡gj~ K ev c‡ivÿ MYZš¿|
 bvMwiKMY hLb mivmwifv‡e kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖnY K‡i iv‡óªi ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i, bxwZ wba©viY K‡i Ges AvBb
cÖYqb K‡i ZLb Zv‡K cÖZ¨¶ MYZš¿ e‡j| GB kvmb eë¯’vq bvMwiKMY GKwU mfvq mw¤§wjZ n‡q Zv‡ì gZvgZ
cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi bMiivóª¸‡jv‡Z GB ai‡bi cÖZ¨ÿ MYZvwš¿K eë¯’v cÖPwjZ wQj| AvaywbKKv‡j

myBRvij¨v‡Ûi PviwU K¨v›Ub cÖZ¨¶ MYZ‡š¿i wfwË‡Z kvwmZ nq| eZ©gvb hy‡M cÖ‡Z¨K MYZš¿ Kvh©Ki Kiv cÖvq
Am¤¢e e¨vcvi| cÖZ¨¶ MYZvwš¿K eë¯’v †KejgvÎ ¶z`ª ¶z`ª ivóª¸‡jv‡Z Kvh©Ki Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| AvaywbK ivóª eû
RbmsL¨v Aay¨wlZ RvwZ-ivóª| Gme iv‡óª RbmsL¨v Lye †ekx Ges wewfbœ mgm¨vq RR©wiZ| †m‡nZz cÖZ¨¶ MYZ‡š¿i
cwie‡Z© c‡iv¶ MYZš¿ Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 GLb Avgiv c‡iv¶ MYZš¿ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kie| c‡iv¶ MYZš¿ nj RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwai kvmb| Rb ÷zqvU© wgj
e‡jb †h, c‡iv¶ MYZš¿ nj †mB kvmb eë¯’v †hLv‡b RbMY ch©vqµwgK wbe©vP‡b wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì gva¨‡g
kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib| cÖwZwbwaZ¡gj~ K MYZ‡š¿ RbmvaviY mivmwi kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †hgb
†Kvb AÂ‡ji 80/90 nvRvi †fvUvi †fvU w`‡q GKRb RbcÖwZwbwa‡K 3/4 eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ K‡i Ges H
AÂ‡ji gvbyl Zuvi gva¨‡g kvmb ¶gZvi Askx`vi nq| wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaMY RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y RbM‡Yi kvmb
Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡ib| AvaywbK hyM g~jZ c‡iv¶ MYZ‡š¿i hyM|
mviK_v
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, MYZš¿ n‡”Q g~jZt msL¨vMwi‡ôi ¯^v‡_© MwVZ I cwiPvwjZ miKvi|
RbgZ n‡”Q MYZ‡š¿i cÖvY| myZivs †h kvmb eë¯’v Rbg‡Zi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V Zv‡K MYZš¿ e‡j| mvaviYfv‡e
MYZš¿‡K `yÔfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq-cÖZ¨¶ MYZš¿ I c‡iv¶ MYZš¿|
BDwbU-2 c„ôv-17
GmGmGBPGj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. MYZ‡š¿i A_© nj
K. RbM‡Yi kvmb; L. gvby‡li kvmb;
M. RbcÖwZwbwai kvmb; N. †kvwl‡Zi kvmb|
2. MÖxK †Kvb& HwZnvwmK MYZ‡š¿i msÁv w`‡q‡Qb?
K. Gwi÷Uj; L. †cø‡Uv;
M. †n‡iv‡WvUvm; N. †cwiwK¬m|
3. ‘A government in which everyone has a share’ msÁvwU †K w`‡q‡Qb?
K. g¨vKvBfvi; L. wmjx;
M. eªvBm; N. Mvb©vi|
4. †cÖwm‡W›U Aveªvnvg wjsKb KZ mv‡j MYZ‡š¿i msÁv w`‡q‡Qb?
K. 1864; L. 1868;
M. 1818; N. 1863|
5. ÔMYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq miKvi RbM‡Yi G‡R›U gvÎÕ G Dw³wU Kvi?
K. jW© eªvBm; L. Aa¨vcK wmwj;
M. wm.Gd. ÷ªs; M. g¨vKvBfvi|
6. AvaywbK Kv‡j ÔcÖZ¨¶ MYZš¿Õ Pvjy Av‡Q †Kv_vq?
K. Av‡gwiKvq; L. myBRvijv‡Ûi K¨v›U‡b;
M. Bsj¨v‡Û; N. MÖx‡m|
DËi gvjvt 1. K, 2. M, 3. L, 4. N, 5. N I 6 L|
1. MYZ‡š¿i kãMZ A_© e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. MYZ‡š¿i msÁv w`b|
3. cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡iv¶ MYZš¿ ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. MYZš¿ m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV - 2
MYZ‡š¿i ¸Yvejx
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb 
 MYZ‡š¿i ¸Yvejx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f~wgKv
MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vi ¯^c‡¶ I wec‡¶ wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ hyw³Z‡K©i AeZviYv m‡ËI MYZš¿ MÖnYxq wKsev eR©bxq
†m m¤ú‡K© †Kvb ¯’vqx wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqv ivóªweÁvbx‡ì c‡¶ A`¨vewa m¤¢e nqwb| RbjK, Rb ÷zqvU© wgj, †eš’vg,
UKwfj, nve©vU© †¯úbmvi, jvw¯‹, evK©vi, eªvBm cÖgyL ivóªbxwZweìv MYZš¿‡K Ôme©‡kªô kvmbÕ e‡j cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨ bvbv
cÖKvi hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K †cø‡Uv, Gwi÷Uj, †jKx, DBwj, dv¸‡q, Kvj©vBj, bxU‡m, nj, †cÖm&KU cÖgyL
cwÛZMY wfbœ wfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K MYZš¿‡K Pigfv‡e mgv‡jvPbv K‡i G kvmb eë¯’vi ÎæwU¸‡jv Zz‡j a‡ib|
MYZ‡š¿i ¸Yvejx
MYZ‡š¿i c‡¶i ivóªbxwZwe‡ìv MYZ‡š¿i wbgœwjwLZ ¸Yvejxi Rb¨ Gi ¯^c‡¶ Zuv‡ì hyw³ Zz‡j a‡ibt
 mvg¨, ˆgÎx I ¯^^vaxbZvi ¸iæZ¡ : Ômvg¨, ˆgÎx I ¯^^vaxbZvÕ -G wZbwU Av`‡k©i Dci wfwË K‡i MYZš¿ cÖwZwôZ|
MYZ‡š¿ mK‡jB mgvb; mgAwaKv‡ii bxwZwU ïay ZË¡MZfv‡e bq, ev¯Í‡eI M„nxZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq| RvwZ, ag©, eY©,
abx-Mixe, ¯¿x-cyiæl wbwe©‡k‡l mevB AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mgvb| MYZ‡š¿ mevB AvBb Øviv mgfv‡e msiw¶Z nevi
my‡hvM cvq e‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡K wbR wbR e¨w³mËvi cwic~Y© weKvk NUv‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨fv‡e Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, MYZvwš¿K
kvmbeë¯’vq cÖ‡Z¨‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 b¨vq I m‡Zï Dci cÖwZwôZ eë¯’v : MYZ‡š¿ b¨vq I m‡Zï cÖwZôv m¤¢e| ivR‰bwZK m‡Zï Dcjwäi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRb cvi¯úwiK Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Ges fve-wewbgq| GKgvÎ MYZ‡š¿B ZvÕ m¤¢e| G Kvi‡YB MYZš¿‡K
cvi¯úwiK Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi Dci cÖwZwôZ kvmb eë¯’v e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
 mykvmb cÖwZôv I kvwm‡Zi mvwe©K Kj¨vY mvab m¤¢e : kvmK I kvwm‡Zi ¯^v‡_©i g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ weavb K‡i me©vwaK
RbM‡Yi me©vwaK g•Mj mva‡bi mgm¨vB nj mykvm‡bi cÖavb mgm¨v| kvwmZ‡K kvm‡Ki c‡` DbœxZ Kiv m¤¢e
n‡j G mgm¨vi mgvavb Kiv mnR nq| GKgvÎ MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’v‡ZB kvwmZ kvm‡Ki c‡` AwawôZ n‡Z cv‡i
e‡j G eë¯’vq mykvmb cÖwZôv m¤¢e nq| MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq kvwm‡Zi Kj¨vY me©vwaK AR©b Kiv hvq|
†Kbbv, G eë¯’vq miKvix bxwZ I Kvh©vejx kvwm‡Zi B”Qvbymv‡i cwiPvwjZ nq, miKvi kvwm‡Zi mg_©‡bi †Rv‡i
AwaKZi kw³kvjx n‡q Kv‡R AbycÖvwYZ n‡Z cv‡i, e¨w³¯^^v_© msiw¶Z K‡i Zv e¨vcKfv‡e Rb¯^v_© e„w× Ki‡Z
mg_©, ivóªxq ¯^^ve©‡fŠg ¶gZvi Askx`vi n‡q G kvmbeë¯’v me©v‡c¶v †ekx RbKj¨vY mvab Ki‡Z mg_©|
 ivR‰bwZK †PZbv e„w×i mnvqK : MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq abx-Mixe, AwfRvZ-mvaviY, ¯¿x-cyiæl wbwe©‡k‡l cÖwZwU
cÖvßeq¯‹ I my¯’ eyw×m¤úbœ e¨w³ cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov
wbe©vP‡bi mgq mgKvjxb mgm¨vejx m¤ú‡K© ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi Av‡jvPbv- mgv‡jvPbvi d‡j RbMY ivR‰bwZK
wk¶vq wkw¶Z n‡q D‡V; Zv‡ì ivR‰bwZK †PZbv e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ gvbwmK I PvwiwÎK DbœwZ mvwaZ nq|
 †`k‡cÖg RvMwiZ nq : A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, GKgvÎ MYZš¿B RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †`k‡cÖg RvMÖZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Kbbv,
MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq cÖ‡Z¨‡KB AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges mK‡ji ¯^v_© mgfv‡e msiw¶Z nq e‡j RbmvaviY
G ai‡bi kvmbeë¯’v‡K GKvšÍfv‡e wb‡R‡ì kvmb e‡j g‡b K‡i| d‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †`k‡cÖg
RvMÖZ nq Ges †`‡ki DbœwZi Rb¨ mK‡jB m‡Pó n‡q D‡V| MYZvwš¿K †PZbv hZB MfxiZv jvf Ki‡e RbMY
ZZB e¨w³¯^v_© A‡c¶v mvgwMÖK ¯^v_©‡KB cÖvavb¨ w`‡e|
 miKv‡ii ‰¯îvPvix cÖeYZv †iva K‡i : MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq Rbg‡Zi cÖvavb¨ ¯^xK…Z e‡j miKvi Rbg‡Zi f‡q
mvaviYZ ˆ¯îvPvix n‡Z cv‡i bv| ¶gZvmxb `j ev †Mvôx GK_v fvj K‡iB Rv‡b †h, Rbg‡Zi weiæ‡× hvIqvi
A_© n‡”Q cieZ©x wbe©vP‡b wb‡R‡ì ivR‰bwZK fvM¨ wech©q‡K mv`‡i Avnevb Kiv|
BDwbU-2 c„ôv-19
GmGmGBPGj
 MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’v Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e ¯’vqx : A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, ¯’vwqZ¡ n‡”Q MYZ‡š¿i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¸Y| Giƒc
kvmbeë¯’v RbM‡Yi m¤§wZi Dci cÖwZwôZ e‡j miKv‡ii cÖwZ RbMY AKzÚ mg_©b I mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`k©b K‡i|
d‡j Giƒc kvmbeë¯’v h‡_ó cwigv‡Y ¯’vwqZ¡ jvf K‡i|
 wecø‡ei m¤¢vebv Kg : G ai‡bi kvmbeë¯’vq miKvi cwieZ©‡bi ¶gZv RbM‡Yi nv‡Z _vKvq †Kvb MYZvwš¿K
miKvi Rb¯^v_© we‡ivax KvR Ki‡Z _vK‡j RbMY AwZ mn‡RB e¨vj‡Ui gva¨‡g †m miKvi‡K ¶gZvPz¨Z K‡i
wb‡R‡ì cQ›`gZ miKvi MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j RbM‡Yi Am‡šÍvl cyÄxf‚Z n‡q Zv i³¶qx wecø‡ei AvKvi
aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G fv‡e e¨vj‡Ui gva¨‡g kvwšÍc~Y© Dcv‡q miKv‡ii cwieZ©b m¤¢e nq e‡j G ai‡bi
kvmbeë¯’v A‡b‡Ki wbKU Kvg¨|
mviK_v
mgvReë¯’vi g~j j¶¨ hw` gvby‡li e¨w³Z¡ I gbyl¨Z¡ weKvk nq, Z‡e MYZš¿ ev¯ÍweK A‡_©B †kªô kvmbeë¯’v| MYZš¿
gvbyl‡K gnËi Rxe‡bi ¯^v` MÖn‡Yi Dchy³ K‡i, mgvR Rxe‡b m„wó K‡i my¯’ cwi‡ek| MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq bvMwiK
¯^vaxbfv‡e mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †fvM K‡i| RvwZ, ag©, eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mevB e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk NUv‡Z cv‡i|
RbMY ivR‰bwZK wk¶vq mywkw¶Z n‡q D‡V|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DË‡i wUK ( ) w`b
1. cvi¯úwiK Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi Dci cÖwZwôZ kvbmeë¯’v‡K wK e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv nq?
K. MYZš¿; K. GKbvqKZš¿;
M. ivRZš¿; N. mgvRZš¿|
2. miKvi mvaviYZ ‰¯îvPvix n‡Z cv‡i bv †Kvb ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’vq?

K. d¨vmxev`x eë¯’v; L. ivRZvwš¿K eë¯’v;
M. ˆ¯^îZvwš¿K; N. MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’v|
3. wecø‡ei m¤¢vebv Kg-

K. GKbvqKZ‡š¿; L. mvgwiKZ‡š¿;
M. MYZ‡š¿; N. AvgjvZvwš¿K eë¯’vq|
DËigvjvt 1. K, 2. N I 3 M|

1. MYZ‡š¿i gva¨‡g mykvmb cÖwZôv wK m¤¢e?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. MYZ‡š¿i ¸Yvejx D‡jøL Kiæb|
BDwbU-2 c„ôv-21
GmGmGBPGj
cvV - 3
MYZ‡š¿i i¶vKeP, mvd‡jï kZ©vejx I mxgve×Zv

D‡Ïk¨
 MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi kZ©vejx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi kZ©vejx

eZ©gvbKv‡j cÖPwjZ kvmbeë¯’vi g‡a¨ MYZš¿ me©v‡c¶v RbwcÖq I m‡e©vËg kvmbeë¯’v n‡jI- G‡K h_v_©iƒ‡c ev¯Í‡e
iƒc †`Õqv Lye mnR KvR bq| †nbix †gBb e‡jb, ÔÔmKj cÖKvi miKvi eë¯’vi g‡a¨ MYZš¿ me‡P‡q KwVbÕÕ (ÒOf all
the forms of government, democracy is by far the most difficult")| MYZš¿‡K h_vh_fv‡e mdj K‡i Zzj‡Z n‡j
KZK¸‡jv kZ© cvjb Ki‡Z nq| MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï G mKj kZ©vejx wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
 MYZvwš¿K HwZn¨ : MYZvwš¿K HwZn¨ Qvov MYZ‡š¿i mvdj¨ KLbB Avm‡Z cv‡i bv| RbmvaviY‡K MYZ‡š¿i
g~j¨‡ev‡a DØy× n‡Z n‡e, AvZ¥wek¦v‡m ejxqvb n‡q Ac‡ii g‡aÏ AvZ¥cÖZ¨‡qi Av`k© cÖwZôvi Rb¨ m‡Pó n‡Z
n‡e|
 wk¶vi cÖmvi : MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb mybvMwi‡Ki| wKš‘ mybvMwiK M‡o †Zvjvi †¶‡Î cÖavb cÖwZeÜKZv
nj wbwj©ßZv, e¨w³MZ ¯^v_©ciZv, msKxY© `jxq g‡bvfve| Gme cÖwZeÜKZv `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cÖK…Z
MYZvwš¿K wk¶vi| MYZvwš¿K wk¶v ej‡Z †Kej cyw_MZ we`¨vR©b eySvq bv| G wk¶v n‡e h_v_© bvMwiKZv‡eva
we¯Í…wZ wk¶v| Giƒc wk¶vq wkw¶Z gvbyl e¨w³, m¤cÖ`vq ev †Mvôx A‡c¶v †`‡ki mvgwMÖK ¯^v_©‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e‡j
g‡b K‡i| Zviv wbR wbR AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© mRvM _v‡K, hv MYZ‡š¿i Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K|
 my-msMwVZ ivR‰bwZK `j I eû`jxq eë¯’v : eZ©gvb hy‡M MYZ‡š¿i mdj Kvh©KvwiZvi Rb¨ †`‡k myôz `jxq
eë¯’vi weKvk NUv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb| †Kbbv, ivR‰bwZK `jB RbgZ MV‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| Gi gva¨‡gB miKvi‡K
wbe©vPKgÛjxi Kv‡Q Revew`wn Ki‡Z nq| GQvovI eû`jxq eë¯’v MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| GKvwaK
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji weKv‡ki gva¨‡g MYZš¿ AviI †ekx Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i|
 my‡hvM¨ I ewjô †bZ„Z¡ : MYZvwš¿K eë¯’v‡K myôfz v‡e Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb my‡hvM¨ I ewjô †bZ„‡Z¡i| mr,
b¨vqcivqY, mvnmx, we‡eKevb, `~i`kx© Ges wbôvevb †bZ„ZB¡ †Kej cv‡i MYZš¿‡K ev¯Íe iƒc w`‡Z| Aa¨vcK
†M‡Uj e‡jb, MYZ‡š¿i mvdj¨ kvmKe„‡›ì `¶Zv I RbM‡Yi mš‘wói Dci wbf©ikxj|Ó
 mr, my`¶ I KZ©e¨civqY miKvix Kg©Pvix : kvmbKvh© my`¶fv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †h wk¶v I we‡kl Áv‡bi
ìKvi nq, A‡bK mgqB MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vq RbcÖwZwbwaM‡Yi Zv _v‡K bv| ZvB kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvi Rb¨
miKvix Kg©Pvix‡ì Dci Zv‡ì we‡kl fv‡e wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ miKvix Kg©Pvixiv hw` mr, my`¶ I
KZ©e¨civqY Ges RbKj¨vYKvgx bv nb, Zvn‡j MYZš¿ Zvi Bw¯úZ j‡¶¨ KLbB DcbxZ n‡Z cvi‡e bv|
 AvB‡bi kvmb : MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï Ab¨Zg kZ© n‡”Q AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv Kiv| AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mevB‡K
mgvbfv‡e †`L‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡Z¨KwU †jvK †hb g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡i †h, †m AvB‡bi QÎQvqvq GKvšÍ wbivc‡` evm
Ki‡Q| KviI †Lqvj I gwR©i †LmviZ †hb Ab¨ KvD‡K w`‡Z bv nq|
 mwnòzZv I mg‡SvZv g‡bvfve : MYZ‡š¿ mK‡jB hv‡Z ¯^vaxbfv‡e wbR wbR gZv`k© cÖPvi Ki‡Z cv‡i, B”Qvbyhvqx
†h-‡Kvb Av`k©‡K mg_©b Ki‡Z cv‡i, †mRb¨ AbyK~j cwi‡ek cÖ‡qvRb| G cwi‡ek m„wói Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb AvZ¥mshg
Ges mwnòzZvi| MYZ‡š¿ miKvi I we‡ivaxcÿ‡K mwnòz n‡Z nq Ges Av‡cvmagx© g‡bvfve cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z nq|
miKvi‡K gvb¨ I cÖ‡qvRbxq mn‡hvwMZv Kiv we‡ivax c‡¶i †hgb KZ©e¨, †Zgwb we‡ivax c‡¶i gZvgZ‡K
h_v‡hvM¨ g~j¨ †`qvI miKv‡ii KZ©e¨| G iKg cigZmwnòzZv I cvi¯úwiK †evSvcov bv _vK‡j MYZš¿ KLbB
mdj n‡Z cv‡i bv|
 ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK AwaKvi : MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi Rb¨ bvMwiK‡ì mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKv‡ii ïay
¯^xK…wZB h‡_ó bq, †m¸‡jv‡K ev¯Í‡e Kvh©Kix Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| G Rb¨ Aek¨B evK& I gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv,
Pjv‡div Kivi ¯^vaxbZv, msN-mwgwZ MV‡bi ¯^vaxbZv, m‡e©vcwi wbw`©ó mgq AšÍi AšÍi Aeva, myôz I wbi‡c¶
wbe©vP‡bi cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| †mB mv‡_ cÖ‡qvRb Rvb-gvj i¶vi AwaKvi, a‡g©i AwaKvi I mvgvwRK
mv‡gï AwaKvi BZ¨vw`|
 A_©‰bwZK mvg¨ : MYZš¿‡K mvdj¨gwÛZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb A_©‰bwZK mv‡gï cÖwZôv| †h mgv‡R A_©‰bwZK
†¶‡Î êlg¨ we`¨gvb, †`‡ki m¤ú` KwZcq cyuwRcwZi wbqš¿Yvaxb, †mLv‡b gvbyl KLbB myôz MYZvwš¿K Rxebhvcb
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| jvw¯‹ h_v_©B e‡jb, ÒMYZš¿‡K mdj Kivi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ e¨vcK ab‰elg¨ `~i Kiv ìKvi|Ó
 ¶gZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY : A‡b‡K ÿgZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY†K MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi Ab¨Zg kZ© e‡j g‡b K‡ib| Zv‡ì
g‡Z, ÿgZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY n‡j RbMY ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvmbg~jK cÖwZôvb¸‡jv cwiPvjbvq mwµqfv‡e AskMÖnY
Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Zv‡ì ivR‰bwZK Ávb e„w× cvq|
 wjwLZ msweavb : †jKx, †nbix †gBb cÖgyL †jLK MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï Rb¨ wjwLZ msweav‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v
D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Zuviv e‡jb, msweavb wjwLZ n‡j mvaviY gvbyl wb‡R‡ì AwaKvi, KZ©e¨, miKvix ¶gZvi mxgv-
Gme m¤ú‡K© mg¨K AewnZ n‡Z cvi‡e| d‡j miKvi mn‡R ˆ¯îvPvix n‡Z cvi‡e bv|
 RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i cÖvavb¨ I HKgZ¨ cÖwZôv : RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i cÖvavb¨ †Kvb mgv‡R cÖwZwôZ bv n‡j wewfbœ `j I †Mvôxi
Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq RvZxq Kj¨vY e¨vnZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges Gi d‡j MYZvwš¿K eë¯’v ¶Zwe¶Z n‡Z eva¨| ZvB
MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i †¶‡Î HKgZ¨ cÖwZôv|
 ¯^vaxb wePvi wefvM: ¯^^vaxb wePvi wefvM MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kZ©| wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZvi mv‡_
MYZ‡š¿i Kvh©KvwiZv I‡Zv‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ|
 ¶gZvi ¯^Zš¿xKiY: miKv‡ii ¶gZv Ges KZ„©Z¡ Gi wewfbœ wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ ¯^Zš¿xK„Z bv _vK‡j e¨w³ ¯^vZš¿¨ wewNœZ
nq| G m¤ú‡K© divmx ivóªwPšÍvwe` g‡›U¯‹z Zvi cÖwm× ÔThe Spirit of LawsÕ MÖ‡š’ we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zvi
Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GUv eySv hvq †h, MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï Rb¨ ¶gZvi ¯^Zš¿xKiY cÖ‡qvRb|
 wePvi wefv‡Mi cÖvavb¨: †gŠwjK gvbevwaKv‡ii msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ wePvi wefv‡Mi cÖvavb¨ Ab¯^xKvh©| wePvi wefv‡Mi
cÖvavb¨ miKv‡ii ˆ¯îvPvix cÖeYZv †iva K‡i| wePvi wefv‡Mi cÖvavb¨ i¶vi Rb¨ wePvi wefvM‡K miKv‡ii
wbqš¿Ygy³ ivL‡Z n‡e| wePvi wefv‡Mi cÖvavb¨‡K MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi Ab¨Zg kZ© g‡b Kiv nq|
mviK_v
MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’vi ¯^c‡¶ I wec‡¶ wewfbœ mg‡q wewfbœ hyw³Z‡K©i AeZviYv m‡Ë¡I MYZš¿ MÖnYxq wKsev eR©bxq
†m m¤ú‡K© †Kvb w¯’i wm×všÍ DcbxZ nIqv ivóªweÁvbx‡ì c‡¶ A`¨vewa m¤¢e nqwb| Gwi÷Uj, Rb ÷zqvU© wgj, †eš’vg,
UKwfj, nve©vU© †¯úbmvi,jvw¯‹, evK©vi, eªvBm cÖgyL ivóªbxwZwe‡ìv MYZš¿‡K Ôme©‡kªô kvmbÕ e‡j cÖgvY Kivi Rb¨
bvbv cÖKvi hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K †jKx, DBwj, dv¸‡q, Kvj©vBj, bxU‡m, nj, †cÖm&KU cÖgyL cwÛZMY wfbœ
wfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K MYZš¿‡K Pigfv‡e mgv‡jvPbv K‡i G kvmb eë¯’vi AmviZv cÖgvY Kivi †Póv K‡i‡Qb|
BDwbU-2 c„ôv-23
GmGmGBPGj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK ( ) wPý w`b|
1. MYZš¿ mdj Kivi c~e©kZ© wK?

K. PvKzixi eë¯’v Kiv; L. AÁ Rb‡Mvôx †K msMwVZ Kiv;
M. `vwi`ª `~ixKiY; N. e¨vcK wfwËK wk¶v Kvh©µg MÖnY|
2. ÔÔMYZš¿‡K mdj Kvivi Rb¨ RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ e¨vcK ab êlg¨ `~i Kiv ìKviÕÕ Dw³wU- Kvi?
K. Aa¨vcK Mvb©v‡ii; L. †cø‡Uvi;
M. jW© eªvB‡mi; N. jvw¯‹i|
3. MYZ‡š¿i mvdj¨ kvmKe„‡›ì `¶Zv Ges RbM‡Yi mš‘wói Dci wbf©ikxj- Dw³wU †K K‡i‡Qb-?
K. Gwi÷j; L. Aa¨vcK †M‡Uj;
M. wgj; N. Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi|
4. MYZ‡š¿i Rb¨ wb‡Pi †Kvb& K_vwU mwVK-

K. MYZvwš¿K kvmbeë¯’v h‡_ó cwigv‡Y ¯’vqx; L. MYZš¿ ivR‰bwZK †PZbv e„w×i mnvqK;
M. MYZ‡š¿ mykvmb cÖwZôv I kvwm‡Zi mvwe©K Kj¨vY mvab m¤¢e;
N. Dc‡ii me¸‡jvB|
DËigvjv t 1| N 2| N 3| L 4| N

1. MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi †¶‡Î mymsMwVZ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ¸iæZ¡ KZUzKz?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi kZ©vejxi eY©bv w`b|

cvV - 4
GKbvqKZš¿
D‡Ïk¨
 GKbvqKZš¿ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
f~wgKv
GKbvqKZš¿ n‡jv MYZ‡š¿i m¤ú~Y© wecixZagx© GKwU aviYv| GwU GKwU †¯^”QvPvix I ˆ¯îvPvix kvmb eë¯’v| GKbvqKZš¿
GK e¨w³ I GK `‡ji kvmb| iv‡óªi me©gq KZ©„Z¡ hLb GKRb kvm‡Ki nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K Ges ¶gZvi Drm RbMY bv
n‡q kvmK wb‡R nb ZLb Zv‡K GKbvqKZš¿ e‡j| wbDg¨v‡bi g‡Z, ÒAvgiv †mB kvmb eë¯’v‡K GKbvqKZš¿ e‡j
AwfwnZ Ki‡Z cvwi hLb GK ev K‡qK e¨w³ †`‡ki mKj kvmb ¶gZv KivqË K‡i Ges evavnxbfv‡e Zv cÖ‡qvM
K‡i|Ó iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠg ÿgZv hLb GKRb e¨w³i nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K Ges H e¨w³ Zvi B”QvgZ kvmb ¶gZv cwiPvjbv
K‡i Zv‡K GKbvqKZš¿ e‡j| G ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’vq mg¯Í we‡ivax`j‡K wbg©gfv‡e `gb Kiv nq| RbMY ¯^vaxbfv‡e
miKvi wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wecøe, mvgwqK ev MYAfz¨Ìvb miKvi cwieZ©‡bi GKgvÎ Dcvq wn‡m‡e cÖZxqgvb nq|
cÖ_g gnvhy‡×i ci Rvg©vbx, BZvjx, †¯úb, ivwkqv cÖf„wZ K‡qKwU †`‡k GKbvqKZ‡š¿i D™¢e N‡U| 1922 mv‡j
d¨vwm÷ `‡ji bvqK gy‡mvwjbxi †bZ„‡Z¡ BZvwj‡Z Ges 1933 mv‡j bvrmx `‡ji bvqK wnUjvi Rvg©vbx‡Z GKbvqKZš¿
Kv‡qg K‡ib| wØZxq gnvhy‡×i ci `w¶Y-c~e© Gwkqv, ga¨cÖvP¨, j¨vwUb Av‡gwiKv Ges Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k GKbvqKZ‡š¿i
Avwef©ve N‡U| wesk kZvãxi †Mvov‡ZB BD‡iv‡c GKbvqKZ‡š¿i †MvovcËb nq| cÖ_g wek¦hy× (1914-1918) I wØZxq
wek¦hy‡×i (1939-1945) gaëZx© mg‡q MYZ‡š¿i weiæ‡× Zxeª cÖwZwµqv †`Lv †`q|
GKbvqKZvwš¿K iv‡óª e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi †Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K bv| bvMwiK Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU †¶‡Î e¨w³i Dci bvbvwea wbqš¿Y
Av‡ivc Kiv nq| e¨w³ ev Zvi `jB GKbvqKZ‡š¿i iv‡óªi me©gq ¶gZv I KZ©„Z¡ MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb|
GKbvqKZ‡š¿i êwkó¨:
 cÖ_g: GKbvqKZš¿ n‡”Q e¨w³ ev Zvi GK`jxq wbi¼zk kvmb eë¯’v| miKvix `j Qvov Ab¨ `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi
Kiv nq bv| we‡ivax `j weKv‡ki mg¯Í my‡hvM webó Kiv nq| GKbvqK wb‡RB `‡ji †bZv| †bZvB `‡ji
bxwZgvjv wba©viY K‡ib Ges RbMY Zuvi wb‡`©k Abymv‡i KvR K‡i| AvBb wefvM, kvmb wefvM I wePvi wefvM
`jxq bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi G‡R›U wnmv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|
 wØZxqZ: GKbvqKZ‡š¿ bvMwiK‡ì mvg¨, ¯^vaxbZv I AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ n¯Í‡¶c Kiv nq| msweavb I MYZvwš¿K
cÖwZôvb Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv webó
Kiv nq| gvbe mgv‡Ri †Kvb †¶‡ÎB e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ weivR K‡i bv|
 Z„ZxqZ: GKbvqKZvwš¿K miKvi RbMY‡K ¯^vaxb wPšÍvaviv cÖKv‡ki my‡hvM bv w`‡q GKK Av`k©ev` MÖn‡Y eva¨
K‡i| GK †bZv, GKRvwZ, GK‡`k †køvMvb †Ìqv nq| †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, msev`cÎ, Pjw”PÎ BZ¨vw` mKj
cÖPvi gva¨‡g Awfbœ Av`k©ev` cÖPvi Kiv nq|
 PZz_©Z: cÖPvi gva¨g¸‡jvi GKbvqKZvwš¿K miKv‡ii Pig wbqš¿‡Y _v‡K| GK bvq‡Ki RqMvb Qvov miKvi we‡ivax
†Kvb e³e¨ cÖPvi Kivi my‡hvM _v‡K bv|
 cÂgZ: GKbvqKZvwš¿K miKv‡ii mvwe©K Kg©KvÛB nq `gbg~jK| RbM‡Yi B”Qv I kw³‡K †Rvic~e©K `gb Kiv
nq| kw³ cÖ‡qvM K‡i cÖnmbg~jK wbe©vPb Abyôvb I AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq| D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ cywjk evwnbx
I we‡kl evwnbx‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡bv nq|
 lôZ: †h †Kvb †`‡k AivRKZv, hy×weMÖn, wek„•Ljv, A_©‰bwZK msKU I ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZvi d‡j AK®§vr
GKbvqKZ‡š¿i Avwf©fv‡ei c_ myMg nq|
BDwbU-2 c„ôv-25
GmGmGBPGj
 AógZ: GKbvqKZvwš¿K miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ n‡”Q †K›`ªxKiY| cwiKíbv cÖYqb, wm×všÍ MÖnY ¶gZvi cÖ‡qvM
BZ¨vw` KvR GKwU kw³kvjx †K›`ª †_‡K Kiv nq| miKv‡ii Acwimxg ¶gZv wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi nv‡Z †K›`ªxf‚Z
_v‡K| AvBbmfv wbw®Œq _v‡K|
Aa¨vcK dvBbvi Zuvi ÔTheory and Practice of Modern GovernmentÕ MÖ‡š’ PviwU êwk‡óï K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb:
 GK `jxq kvmb eë¯’v;
 ¶gZvi e¨vcK †K›`ªxKiY;
 wbqwš¿Z AvBb mfv;
 cÖPviYvi e¨vcK cÖ‡qvM|
mviK_v
GKbvqKZš¿ Pig AMYZvwš¿K, †¯^”QvPvix, me©vZ¥Kev`x, cÖwZwµqvkxj kvmbeë¯’v| Avi GR‡b¨B GKbvqKZvwš¿K
miKvieë¯’v Kvg¨ bq| gbyl¨‡Z¡i mvwe©K weKvk Ges gvbe mgv‡Ri AMÖMwZi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì Kvg¨ cÖMwZkxj MYZvwš¿K
kvmb eë¯’v|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. BZvwj‡Z GKbvqKZš¿ Kv‡qg nq KZ mv‡j?
K. 1921; K. 1922;
M. 1920; N. 1918|
2. Rvg©vbx‡Z KZ mv‡j GKbvqKZš¿ Kv‡qg nq?

K. 1922; K. 1930;
M. 1933; N. 1932|
3. ÔTheory and Practice of Modern GovernmentÕ MÖ‡š’i †jLK †K?

K. dvBbvi; L. wbDg¨vb;
M. Rb jK; N. iæ‡kv|
DËigvjvt 1. L, 2. M, 3. K|

1. GKbvqKZ‡š¿i e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. GKbvqKZ‡š¿i êwkó¨¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
BDwbU-2 c„ôv-27
GmGmGBPGj
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BDwbU-2 c„ôv-29
3
GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq miKvi
f~wgKv
†K›`ª I A½ivR¨ ev As‡ki g‡a¨ ¶gZv e›U‡bi wfwË‡Z AvaywbK miKvi‡K GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq G `yÕfv‡M wef³
Kiv n‡q‡Q| iv‡óªi kvmb ¶gZv hLb GKwU gvÎ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K ZLb Zv‡K GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi
e‡j| GK‡Kw›`ªK kvmb eë¯’vq kvmbZ‡š¿i weavb Abyhvqx mKj ¶gZv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z _v‡K| GB eë¯’vq
cÖv‡`wkK ev AvÂwjK miKv‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vK‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e Zv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wbKU †_‡K ¶gZvcÖvß nq| kvmbZ‡š¿i
e‡j Zviv ¶gZvcÖvß nq bv| Zviv †Kvb †gŠwjK ¶gZvi AwaKvix bq| GK‡Kw›`ªK kvmb eë¯’vq cÖv‡`wkK ev AvÂwjK
miKvi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii G‡R›U wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| d«vÝ, Rvcvb, hy³ivR¨, evsjv‡`k cÖf„wZ †`k GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii
D`vniY|
hy³ivóª MwVZ nq GKvwaK ivR¨ ev iv‡óªi mgš^‡q| ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡b c~Y©Zv cÖvwßi Rb¨ Zviv ¯’vqxfv‡e msNe× nq|
KZK¸‡jv †QvU †QvU AÂj GKwÎZ n‡q kvmbZ‡š¿ D‡jøwLZ ¶gZv e›U‡bi wfwË‡Z hLb GKwU e„nr ivó MVb K‡i
ZLb GKwU hy³ivóªxq miKvi MwVZ nq| hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq kvmbZš¿ wbi‡c¶ `wjj wn‡m‡e †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨
¶gZv e›Ub K‡i| ¶gZv e›Ub †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡i bv| hy³ivóªxq miKv‡i Lye msMZ Kvi‡YB msweav‡bi
cÖvavb¨ i¶v Kiv nq| mycxÖ g †KvU© msweav‡bi cÖvavb¨ i¶v K‡i| fviZ, KvbvWv I gvwK©b hy³ivóª hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii
`„óvšÍ|

 cvV - 1 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi
 cvV - 2 hy³ivóªxq miKvi
 cvV - 3 hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii mv¤cÖwZK cÖeYZv
 cvV - 4 hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii mvd‡jï kZ©vejx
BDwbU-3 c„ôv-29
GmGmGBPGj
cvV - 1
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi
D‡Ïk¨
 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi wK Zv e¨vLv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii ¸Y Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii †`vl ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi GK ai‡bi GKK, ALÛ I mymse× miKvi eë¯’v †hLv‡b iv‡óªi ¶gZv mvsweavwbKfv‡e †K›`ªxq
miKv‡ii nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K| G ai‡bi kvmb eë¯’vq †K›`ªB _v‡K mKj ¶gZvi Drm| GK‡Kw›`ªK kvmb eë¯’vq
AvÂwjK ev ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vK‡Z cv‡i, G miKvi¸‡jv wKQy wKQy ¶gZv Dc‡fvM Ki‡ZI cv‡i| Z‡e Zv‡ì
¶gZv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii †Ìqv| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e G miKvi¸‡jv Zv‡ì ¶gZv eënvi K‡i| †K›`ªxq
miKvi B”Qv Ki‡j G ¶gZv evov‡Z cv‡i, Kgv‡ZI cv‡i| GK‡Kw›`ªK kvmbeë¯’vq ¯’vbxq ev AvÂwjK miKvi¸‡jvi
mvsweavwbK †Kvb ¶gZv †bB| weª‡Ub, d«vÝ, Rvcvb, evsjv‡`k G ai‡bi miKv‡ii D`vniY|
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii êwkó¨
 ¶gZvi †Kw›`ªKiY GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii cÖ_g I cÖavb êwkó¨| G eë¯’vq iv‡óªi mKj ¶gZv †K‡›`ªi Dci b¨¯Í
_v‡K|
 †K‡›`ªi gva¨‡g ¶gZvi e›Ub GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg êwkó¨| G eë¯’vq AvÂwjK ev ¯’vbxq miKvi _vK‡Z
cv‡i| wKš‘ Zviv ¶gZv jvf K‡i †K‡›`ªi KvQ †_‡K| †K›`ª Zvi B”QvgZ G ¶gZv e„w× Ki‡Z ev Kgv‡Z cv‡i|
 AvÂwjK ev ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii wbR¯^ †Kvb ¶gZv _v‡K bv| mvsweavwbK fv‡e Giv †Kvb ¶gZv Dc‡fvM K‡i bv|
miKv‡ii me wefvM I A½ GKwU AwefvR¨ cÖkvmwbK h‡š¿i Aaxb|
 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii AvÂwjK ev ¯’vbxq miKvi¸‡jv †Kvb ¯^^vqËkvmb †fvM K‡i bv| Giv †K›`ªxq ev GKK
miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e ¶gZv eënvi K‡i|
 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ Gi HK¨| †h‡nZz G ai‡bi miKv‡i ¶gZvi wefvRb †bB, ZvB RwUjZvI
Kg| kvmb eë¯’vq mvsMVwbK mvij¨ we`¨gvb Ges bxwZ cÖYq‡bi mgm¨v Kg|
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii ¸Y
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi eë¯’vq A‡bK¸‡jv ¸Y i‡q‡Q| wb‡P Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg ¸Y nj Gi mvsMVwbK mijZv| G miKvi Lye mn‡RB msMwVZ n‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡qvRb
ïay GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi MV‡bi wm×všÍ| GB wm×v‡šÍi d‡jB miKvi MV‡bi RwUj mgm¨vwU mnR n‡q I‡V| KviY
G ai‡bi eë¯’vq ¶gZv wefw³Ki‡Yi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb nq bv, ZvB GKwU gvÎ miKviB cÖwZôv Ki‡Z nq|
 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi mn‡R Kvh©Ki n‡Z cv‡i| KviY G ai‡bi eë¯’vq ivóªxq ¶gZv GKwU †K‡›`ª b¨¯Í _v‡K| ZvB
†h †Kvb mgm¨vi mgvavb `ªæZ Kiv hvq| GLv‡b ¶gZvi Ø›Ø Kg _v‡K e‡j †Kvb mgm¨vi mgvav‡b c~Y© ¶gZv
cÖ‡qvM Kiv hvq| GQvov GKB †K›`ª †_‡K AvBb cÖ‡qvM nq e‡j me©Î GKB AvBb weivRgvb|
 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi Kg e¨qeûj| KviY G ai‡Yi eë¯’vq bxwZ cÖYqb, bxwZ cÖ‡qvM I bxwZ ch©‡e¶‡Y †Kvb
mgm¨v nq bv| miKvi GKwU gvÎ †K›`ª †_‡K meai‡bi KvR cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 GKwU gvÎ †K›`ª †_‡K kvmb ¶gZv cÖ‡qvM I cwiPvjbv nq e‡j †h †Kvb mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejvq G ai‡bi miKvi
bgbxqfv‡e mgvav‡b Avm‡Z cv‡i| cÖ‡qvR‡b AwZ wec‡Ì mg‡SvZvi gva¨‡g mgm¨v wbimb Ki‡Z cv‡i|

 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi Lye `ªæZ †h †Kvb RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK wec` I msK‡Ui †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY GLv‡b
GKwU gvÎ †K‡›`ªi nv‡ZB ivóªxq ¶gZv †K›`ªxf~Z _v‡K| cÖv‡`wkK ev AvÂwjK miKvi _vK‡jI ¶gZv Zv‡ì
nv‡Z _v‡K bv eis Zviv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii G‡R›U wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi we‡klZ †QvU iv‡óªi Rb¨ †ekx Dc‡hvMx| GQvovI †h me iv‡óª †fŠ‡MvwjK, RvZxq, mvs¯‹…wZK
HK¨ Av‡Q †m me iv‡óªi G ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’v Dc‡hvMx|
 kvmbZvwš¿K †h †Kvb ms¯‹vi mva‡bi Rb¨ GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi AZ¨šÍ Dc‡hvMx| KviY `ªæZ †Kvb ms¯‹v‡ii wm×všÍ
MÖnY I cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g ivóªxq I RbM‡Yi Dbœqb G ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’vq mnRmva¨|
 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi eë¯’vq GKwU †K‡›`ªi Aax‡b kvmb Kvh© cwiPvwjZ nq e‡j RvZxq HK¨ I msnwZ eRvq _v‡K|
Ø›Ø I msNv‡Zi m¤¢vebv Kg _v‡K|
 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi aviK I evnK | G eë¯’vq miKvi Zvi ¶gZv, `¶Zv, †gav, kw³ I
mvg_©¨ GKwÎZ K‡i †h †Kvb Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Û AvZ¥wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges ivóªxq Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk RbM‡Yi
Rxe‡bi Dbœqb mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 G eë¯’vq mg‡qi AcPq Kg nq| KviY †K›`ªxq miKvi‡K †Kvb cÖv‡`wkK miKvi, †Kvb wefvM ev ¯Íi-KviI mv‡_
Avjvc Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z nq bv| ZvB mg‡qi AcPq †hgb †iva Kiv hvq, KvRI `ªæZ mgvav Kiv hvq|
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii †`vl

A‡bK¸‡jv ¸‡Yi cvkvcvwk GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii KZK¸‡jv †`vlI Av‡Q, †h †`vl¸‡jvi Kvi‡Y G ai‡bi miKvi
eë¯’vi cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨Zv wKQyUv n‡jI mxwgZ n‡q‡Q| bx‡P GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii †`vl¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv
nj|
 GK‡Kw›`ªK kvmbeë¯’v ˆ¯îZ‡š¿i †¶‡Î cÖ¯‘Z K‡i| KviY GLv‡b ¶gZv †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z †K›`ªxf~Z _v‡K e‡j kvmK
mn‡R ˆ¯^îkvm‡K cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡ib|
 G ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’vq AvÂwjK ev cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii nv‡Z ¶gZv mvsweavwbK fv‡e Awc©Z nq bv d‡j
AvÂwjK ev ¯’vbxq mgm¨vi A‡bK mgqB mgvavb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| ¯’vbxq mgm¨v D‡cw¶Z _v‡K|
 ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q ¶gZvi wefvRb †bB e‡j ¯’vbxq e¨w³iv ivRbxwZ‡Z cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| d‡j ¯’vbxq
†bZ…Z¡ weKwkZ nq bv| ¯’vbxq cÖfvekvjx e¨w³iv cieZx©‡Z ivRbxwZ m¤ú‡K© D`vmxb n‡q c‡ob, MYZ‡š¿i
mvd‡jï Rb¨ G g‡bvfve Kvg¨ bq|
 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi eë¯’vq AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZv Lye †ekx †`Lv hvq| †h‡nZz kvmb¶gZv †K›`ªxf~Z _v‡K, ZvB
G ai‡bi eë¯’vq Avgjv‡ì ¶gZv I cÖfve Lye e„w× †c‡Z cv‡i| AvgjvivI kvmb ¶gZvq n¯Í‡¶c K‡i RwUjZv
e„w× K‡ib d‡j KvR m¤úv`‡bi MwZ axi n‡q c‡o|
 GK‡Kw›`ªK kvmb eë¯’vq kvmb cwiPvjbvi m¤ú~Y© `vwqZ¡ _v‡K †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z| d‡j †K‡›`ªi Ici wbf©iZv I
Kv‡Ri Pvc e„w× cvq| ZvB †Kvb †Kvb mgq †K›`ª myôf z v‡e KvR m¤úv`‡b m¶g nq bv| we‡klZt AvšÍR©vwZK
mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejvq e¨¯Í †_‡K RvZxq mgm¨vi mgvavb D‡cw¶Z n‡Z cv‡i|
 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi eë¯’v eo eo iv‡óªi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx bq| †QvU fzLÛ, ¶z`ª Rb‡Mvôx GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi eë¯’v‡K
mvdj¨ w`‡Z cv‡i| e„nr ivóª ev e„nr Rb‡Mvôx‡Z Gi cÖ‡qvM n‡j kvmbKvh© `~iƒn n‡q c‡o|
BDwbU- 3 c„ôv-31
GmGmGBPGj
mviK_v
`ªæZ Dbœqb I Kg©cš’v ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi AZ¨šÍ Dc‡hvMx| KviY G‡¶‡Î †K›`ª ¶gZv jvf K‡i
msweav‡bi gva¨‡g Avi ¯’vbxq miKvi ¶gZv jvf K‡i †K‡›`ªi KvQ †_‡K| d‡j wm×všÍ ev¯Íevq‡b †K›`ª‡K †Kvb euvavi
m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq bv| miKvi MVb KivI LyeB mnRmva¨| ivóªweÁvbx DB‡jvex h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, ÒGK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi
cÖwZôvi wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡j miKv‡ii msMVb mgm¨v AZ¨šÍ mnR n‡q c‡o|ÕÕ Z‡e G eë¯’vq ¯’vbxq mgm¨v¸‡jv D‡cw¶Z
n‡q c‡o| ¯’vbxq †bZ„‡Z¡ weKwkZ nIqvi my‡hvM Kg _vKvq MYZš¿ wec`MÖ¯’ n‡Z cv‡i| Zv Qvov GK‡K›`ªxq eë¯’vq
AvgjvZš¿ kw³kvjx n‡q MYZvwš¿K cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ ûgKx ¯îƒc n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbev©Pbx cÖkœ
1. †K›`ª mKj ¶gZvi Drm
K. ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eë¯’vq; L. gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi eë¯’vq;
M. GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi eë¯’vq; N. hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’vq|
2. GK‡Kw›`ªK kvmb eë¯’vq ¯’vbxq ev AvÂwjK miKv‡ii †Kvb& ¶gZv †bB ?

K. mvsweavwbK ¶gZv; L. cÖkvmwbK ¶gZv;
M. AvBbMZ ¶gZv; N. A_©‰bwZK ¶gZv|
3. GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii cÖavb êwkó¨ wK ?

K. ¶gZv n«vm Kiv; L. ¶gZvi †K›`ªxKiY;
M. ¶gZvi we‡K›`ªxKiY; N. ¶gZvi †kªYxweb¨vmKiY|
4. GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q

K. hy³iv‡óª; L. fvi‡Z;
M. A‡÷ªwjqvq; N. hy³iv‡R¨|
DËigvjv t 1. M; 2. K; 3. L; 4. N;
1. GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii myweav¸‡jv wK?
2. GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii Amyweav¸‡jv wK?
iPbvgyjK cÖkœ
1. GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi ej‡Z wK eySvq ? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii êwkó¨ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV - 2
hy³ivóªxq miKvi
D‡Ïk
 hy³ivóªxq miKvi wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii MVb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb Ges hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii †`vl I ¸Y Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
hy³ivóªxq miKvi nj Ggb GK ai‡bi miKvi eë¯’v †hLv‡b ivóªxq ¶gZv msweavb Abyhvqx †K›`ªxq I cÖv‡`wkK
miKv‡ii g‡a¨ e›Ub Kiv nq| WvBwm e‡j‡Qb, ÔÔhy³ivóªxq eë¯’v Ggb GK ivR‰bwZK msMVb †hLv‡b RvZxq miKv‡ii
mv‡_ cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii AwaKv‡ii mvgÄm¨c~Y© mgš^q mvab m¤¢e nq|ÕÕ G eë¯’vq ¶gZv e›Ub Ggb cÖwµqvq nq, hvi
d‡j †K›`ªxq miKvi I AvÂwjK miKvi - cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wbR wbR GjvKvq ¯^Zš¿ I ¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| G
AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb, †K, wm, ûBqvi (By the federal principle, I mean the method of dividing power so that
the general and regional governments are each within a sphere co-ordinate and independent.)
hy³iv‡óªi Bs‡iRx cÖwZkã Federation G‡m‡Q j¨vwUb kã †dv‡qWvm (Foedus) †_‡K| Gi A_© HK¨ ev wgjb| myZivs
kãMZ A‡_© hy³ivóª ej‡Z †evSvq HK¨ ev wgj‡bi wfwË‡Z MwVZ ivóª‡K| G †¶‡Î K‡qKwU ivóª ev cÖ‡`‡ki mgš^‡q
MwVZ nq GKwU ivóª - †hLv‡b mvsweavwbK fv‡e †K›`ª I AÂ‡ji g‡a¨ ¶gZvi e›Ub n‡q _v‡K| †KD KviI Aaxb
bq Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki ¶gZvi Drm _v‡K msweavb| Av‡gwiKv hy³ivóª, KvbvWv, A‡÷ªwjqv I fviZ G ai‡bi miKvi
eë¯’vi D`vniY| KZK¸‡jv wbw`©ó I mvaviY ¯^v‡_©i wfwË‡Z ivóª¸‡jv GKwÎZ n‡q GKwU †K›`ª ev †dWv‡ikb MVb
K‡i _v‡K| mvaviYZ cÖwZi¶v, ciivóª welqK ¶gZv e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ ¶gZv †hgb wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨, wkí, K…wl, mvgvwRK
Dbœqbg~jK ¶gZv BZ¨vw` A½iv‡Rï nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K|
hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii êwkó¨

hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii KZK¸‡jv êwkó¨ i‡q‡Q, hv GB miKvi eë¯’v‡K GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi †_‡K wfbœZv `vb K‡i‡Q|
êwkó¨¸‡jv wbgœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
 `yÕai‡bi kvmb eë¯’v : hy³ivóªxq kvmb eë¯’vq `yÕai‡bi miKvi eë¯’v we`¨gvb _v‡K| †hgb : †K›`ªxq miKvi I
AvÂwjK ev cÖv‡`wkK miKvi| G ai‡bi kvmbeë¯’vq DfqB wfbœ wfbœ gh©v`vi AwaKvix Ges †KD KviI Aaxb
bq| msweavb KZ©„K cÖ`Ë ¶gZve‡j Df‡qB wbR wbR Kg©‡¶‡Î ¯^vaxb Ges MwVZ ivóª¸‡jv m‡e©v”P ¯^vqËkvmb
Dc‡fvM K‡i|
 ¯^vaxb mËv we`¨gvb : hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ nÕj wewfbœ A½iv‡Rï ev cÖ‡`‡ki mw¤§jb| GLv‡b mevB
HKë× nq, wKš‘ GKxf~Z nq bv| cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB ¯^vaxb mËv we`¨gvb _v‡K Ges hvi hvi ¯^vZš¿¨ i¶v K‡i _v‡K|
 ¶gZv e›Ub : hy³ivóªxq miKv‡i ¶gZv ew›UZ nq msweav‡bi gva¨‡g, hwÌ ¶gZv e›Ub bxwZ wewfbœ hy³iv‡óª wfbœ
wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZt RvZxq welq¸‡jv _v‡K †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z Ges AvÂwjK welq¸‡jv AvÂwjK miKv‡ii
nv‡Z _v‡K|
 ¯^^vqËkvmb : AvÂwjK miKvi ev A½ivR¨¸‡jv mve©‡fŠg ¶gZv †fvM K‡i bv, Z‡e me©vwaK ¯^^vqËkvmb Dc‡fvM
K‡i| ¯^vqËkvmb hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg GKwU êwkó¨|
 msweav‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ : msweav‡bi cÖvavb¨ hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’v‡K Ab¨vb¨ eë¯’v †_‡K wfbœZv `vb K‡i‡Q|
msweavb m‡e©v”P I me©‡kªô `wjj Ges hy³ivóª msweavb KZ©„K m„ó| msweav‡bi ¶gZvB GLv‡b
P~ovšÍ| hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’vq msweavb mve©‡fŠg|
BDwbU- 3 c„ôv-33
GmGmGBPGj
 wjwLZ msweavb t my¯úó I wjwLZ msweavb I hy³iv‡óªi GKwU êwkó¨| mvaviYZ: hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq msweavb
wjwLZ I `y®úwieZ©bxq nq| AvÂwjK miKv‡ii ¯^v_© †hb ¶zbœ bv nq, †mRb¨B mvaviYZ: G eë¯’v M„nxZ n‡q
_v‡K|
 wePviwefv‡Mi cÖvavb¨ t hy³ivóªxq wePvivjq G ai‡bi eë¯’vq msweav‡bi i¶K wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| †K›`ª I AÂ‡ji
g‡a¨ †Kvb we‡iva †`Lv w`‡j gxgvsmvi `vwqZ¡ †bq GB wePvivjq| G Qvov msweav‡bi e¨vL¨vI K‡i _v‡K hy³ivóªxq
Av`vjZ| gvwK©b hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq wePvi wefv‡Mi cÖvavb¨ †`Lv hvq| mycÖxg †KvU© msweav‡bi i¶K I AwffveK
wnmv‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K|
 wØK¶wewkó AvBbmfv t hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’vq mvaviYZ wØK¶ wewkó AvBbmfv †`Lv hvq| wbgœK¶ mgMÖ
RvwZi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i Ges D”PK¶ cÖ‡`k ev AvÂ‡ji cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i|
 ˆØZ bvMwiKZv t ˆØZ bvMwiKZv hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ êwkó¨| cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiKB GLv‡b `yai‡bi
bvMwiKZv Dc‡fvM K‡i| (K) ¯^xq A½iv‡Rï Ges (L) hy³iv‡óªi| `yai‡bi bvMwiKZvi Kvi‡Y hy³iv‡óªi
bvMwiKK‡K ˆØZ AvbyMZÏ cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq|
 †K›`ªgyLx I †K›`ªwegyLx cÖeYZv t hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg êwkó¨ nj Gi A½ivR¨¸‡jvi †K›`ªgyLx Ges
†K›`ªwegyLx cÖeYZv| A½ivR¨¸‡jv †K‡›`ªi cÖwZ AbyMZ _v‡K Ges GKB m‡½ wb‡R‡ì ¯^vaxb mËvI eRvq iv‡L|
†K‡›`ª wejxb nÕ‡Z Pvq bv| hy³ivóªxq miKvi †K›`ªgyLx I †K›`ªwegyLx kw³i g‡a¨ mgš^q weavb K‡i|
hy³iv‡óªi MVb cÖYvjx

`ywU c×wZ‡Z hy³ivóª MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i| hy³iv‡óªi MVb cÖYvjx wb‡P Av‡jvwPZ njt
cÖ_gZ t †QvU †QvU KZK¸‡jv ivóª wb‡R‡ì ¯^^v‡_© I wbivcËv i¶vi Kvi‡Y GKwÎZ n‡q hy³ivóª MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Gi d‡j Zviv ¯^^vqËkvmb †hgb †fvM K‡i †Zgwb A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK myweavI jvf K‡i|
wØZxqZ t †Kvb e„nr ivóª mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡q mvsweavwbKfv‡e AÂj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ¶gZv e›Ub K‡i hy³ivóª MVb Ki‡Z
cvi‡e, G‡Z Zvi ALÛZv †hgb eRvq _v‡K, †Zgwb ¯^vqËkvmb jv‡fi gva¨‡g AÂj¸‡jvI †K‡›`ªi mv‡_ m™¢ve eRvq
ivL‡Z cv‡i|
hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii ¸Y
hy³ivóªxq kvmb eë¯’vi KZK¸‡jv mydj bx‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
 G eë¯’vq †QvU †QvU `ye©j ivóª¸‡jv wb‡R‡ì ¯^vZš¿¨ eRvq †i‡LI HKë× n‡q e„nr iv‡óªi myweav I mydj¸‡jv
†fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 G eë¯’v AvÂwjK ¯^vZš¿¨ I RvZxq H‡Kï g‡a¨ mgš^q NUvq| RvZxq welq¸‡jv †K›`ª Ges AvÂwjK welq¸‡jv
AÂj cwiPvjbv K‡i `ªæZ Dbœq‡bi c‡_ AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡i|
 †QvU †QvU ivóª¸‡jv mve©‡fŠgZ¡ wemR©b w`‡q jvf K‡i ¯^vqËkvmb, wbivcËv, gh©v`v I ¶gZv| ¯^vqËkvm‡bi gva¨‡g
wb‡R‡ì ¯^vZš¿Ï i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j kw³kvjx iv‡óªi †h myweav ZvI Giv jvf K‡i|
 mvsweavwbK fv‡e ¶gZv e›Ub nq e‡j †K›`ª I AvÂwjK miKvi - Df‡qiB KvR wbw`©ó _v‡K| d‡j †KD Kv‡iv
Kv‡R n¯Í‡¶‡ci gva¨‡g †hgb ˆ¯îvPvix n‡Z cv‡i bv, †Zgwb cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki KvRI `¶Zvi mv‡_ m¤úbœ nq| Gi d‡j
`vwqZ¡kxj miKvi eë¯’v cÖewZ©Z nq|
 RvZxq cÖkvmb I AvÂwjK cÖkvm‡b ¶gZv wef³ _v‡K e‡j bvMwiKiv GLv‡b cÖkvmwbK Kv‡R RwoZ nIqvi
my‡hvM jvf K‡i| d‡j bvMwiK‡ì g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv e„w× cvq Ges Zv‡ì `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨‡eva e„w× cvq| hy³ivóªxq
eë¯’v bZzb †bZ…Z¡ M‡o DV‡ZI mvnvh¨ K‡i|
 hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq wecøe I we‡`ªv‡ni m¤¢vebv Kg _v‡K| KviY AÂj¸‡jv‡Z ¯^vqËkvmb _vKv‡Z Zviv mš‘ó _v‡K|
¶gZv we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi d‡j RbMYI G‡Z AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j we‡¶vf `~i nq|
 MYZš¿ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ hy³ivóªxq eë¯’v GKwU DËg Av`k©| GLv‡b ¯^vqËkvmb I ¶gZvi we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi d‡j RbMY
ivRbxwZ‡Z AskMÖn‡Y Drmvnx nq Ges ivRbxwZ m‡PZb n‡q I‡V - hv MYZ‡š¿i mvd‡jï Ab¨Zg cÖavb kZ©|

 hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq †h †Kvb mgm¨vi Lye `ªæZ mgvavb m¤¢e nq| KviY AvÂwjK miKvi¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨‡K wb‡R‡ì
mgm¨v mgvav‡bi D‡`¨vM wb‡Z cv‡i| †K›`ª‡K AÂj¸‡jv wb‡q e¨¯Í _vK‡Z nq bv e‡j RvZxq mgm¨vi mgvav‡b
Ges ivóªxq Dbœq‡b KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii †`vl

hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’vq †hgb wKQy ¸Y Av‡Q †m mv‡_ wKQy †`vlI Av‡Q| bx‡P †`vl¸‡jv Av‡jvwPZ njt
 hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii me‡P‡q eo mgm¨v nj Gi AšÍwb©wnZ `ye©jZv| hy³ivóªxq miKvi †h †Kvb mg‡q †f‡O co‡Z
cv‡i| KviY A‡bK †¶‡ÎB †`Lv hvq †h, wewfbœ AÂj hy³ivóª †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqvi †Póv Pvjvq Ges Gi d‡j
hy³iv‡óªi wfwË `ye©j n‡q c‡o|
 hy³ivóªxq eë¯’v RwUj| †K›`ª I AÂj¸‡jv‡Z c„_K kvmb eë¯’v Pvjy _vKvi Kvi‡Y G RwUjZv m„wó nq| hv
mvaviY bvMwiK‡ì mgm¨vq †d‡j †`q|
 ¶gZv e›U‡bi mydj †hgb Av‡Q - Gi KzdjI †Zgb Av‡Q| ¶gZvi e›Ub †K›`ª Z_v hy³ivóªxq eë¯’v‡K `ye©j
K‡i w`‡q‡Q|
 hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq AvBb I Kg©c×wZi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ i¶v Kiv AZ¨šÍ KwVb| KviY c„_K c„_K A½ivR¨ c„_K
c„_K ci¯úi we‡ivax AvBb ˆZix Ki‡Z cv‡i| †K‡›`ªi Rb¨ ci¯úi we‡ivax G AvB‡bi g‡a¨ mgZv weavb Kiv
AZ¨šÍ Kó mva¨|
 hy³ivóªxq kvmb eë¯’v e¨qeûj| GKB ai‡bi KvR wb®úwË Kivi Rb¨ eû KZ©„c¶ _v‡K| G‡Z GKw`‡K †hgb
kvmbeë¯’vi wØwea cÖf‡~ Z¡i we¯Ívi N‡U| †Zgwb e¨qI †e‡o hvq|
 †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ AšÍ©Ø›Ø _vK‡j Zv ciivóªxq †¶‡ÎI cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡i Ges G‡Z K‡i †`‡ki fveg~wZ©
webó n‡Z cv‡i|
 hy³ivóªxq eë¯’v cÖMwZkxjZvi cwicš’x| KviY msweavb `y®úwieZ©bxq nq e‡j †h †Kvb cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ miKvi
mn‡R Lvc LvIqv‡Z cv‡i bv| G QvovI GKB Kvi‡Y wecøe I we‡`ªv‡ni AvksKvI _v‡K|
 hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’vi me‡P‡q eo `ye©jZv nj G ai‡bi eë¯’v Riæix Ae¯’vi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z e¨_©| `vwqZ¡
LwÛZ I mxgve× e‡j msKUKvjxb mg‡q `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY m¤¢e nq bv| d‡j A‡bK mg‡q miKvi‡K msK‡U
co‡Z nq|
mviK_v
hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’vq ivóªxq ¶gZv msweavb Abyhvqx †K›`ªxq I cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii g‡a¨ e›Ub Kiv nq| G miKvi
eë¯’vi ¶gZvi Drm nj msweavb| Gi d‡j †K›`ªxq I AvÂwjK miKvi wbR wbR GjvKvq ¯^vaxb I ¯^Zš¿fv‡e KvR
Ki‡Z cv‡i| RbM‡Yi ¶gZv cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î hy³ivóªxq eë¯’v GKwU DrK„ó Av`k©| hy³ivóªxq kvmb eë¯’vq †hgb
KZK¸‡jv fvj w`K Av‡Q, †m m‡½ wKQy Lvivc w`KI i‡q‡Q|
BDwbU- 3 c„ôv-35
GmGmGBPGj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DË‡i wUK () wPý w`b
1. hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii ¶gZvi Drm n‡”Q
K. msweavb; L. cvj©v‡g›U;
M. gwš¿cwil`; N. †Kwe‡bU|
2. hy³ivóªxq miKvi we`¨gvb

K. d«v‡Ý; L. weª‡U‡b;
M. evsjv‡`‡k; N. fvi‡Z|
3. ¯^vqËkvmb †Kvb miKv‡ii cÖavb êwkó¨?

K. GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii; L. hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii;
M. ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii; N. cvj©v‡g›U kvwmZ miKv‡ii|
4. hy³ivóª eë¯’vq msweav‡bi i¶K wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i

K. kvmbwefvM; L. AvBb mfv;
M. hy³ivóªxq wePvivjq; N. gwš¿cwil`|
DËigvjv t 1.K; 2.N; 3.L; 4.M

1. hy³ivóªxq miKvi ej‡Z wK eySvq ?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
2. hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii êwkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii †`vl¸Y eY©bv Kiæb|

cvV - 3
hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii mv¤cÖwZK cÖeYZv

Dáœk¨
 hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii mv¤cÖwZK cÖeYZv m¤úK© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii †K›`ªxqKi‡Yi KviY m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f~wgKvt
hy³ivóªxq kvmb eë¯’vq msweav‡bi gva¨‡g †K›`ªxq I AvÂwjK miKvi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ kvmb ¶gZv e›Ub Kiv m‡Ë¡I
AvRKvj †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ¶gZve„w×i GKwU mvaviY cÖeYZv j¶¨ Kiv hvq| hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’vq ¶gZv e›Ub
GKwU ¸iæZ¡cY~ © welq| hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq †K›`ªxq I AvÂwjK miKvi msweavb †_‡K ¶gZv jvf K‡i _v‡K| ZË¡MZfv‡e
G K_v mZ¨ n‡jI, ev¯Íe wPÎwU GKUz wfbœZi| G cÖeYZv j¶¨ K‡i ivóªeÁvbx DB‡jvex e‡jb, ÔÔ†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii
¶gZv e„w×i cÖeYZv hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii GKwU mvaviY cÖeYZv|ÕÕ (The extension of power over the central
government is a general tendency of Federal governments)| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii GB ¶gZv e„w× I cÖmvi GK‡Kw›`ªK
miKvi cÖwZôvi bvgvšÍi| D‡jøL¨ †h, hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii †K›`ªxKiY cÖeYZv RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i cwicwš’ bq, eis Gi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q e‡j A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib| RvZxq cÖ‡kœ we‡ivax `j ch©šÍ †K‡›`ªi ¶gZv evov‡bv c‡_ †Rviv‡jv
mg_©b w`‡q _v‡K| mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡bi ZvwM‡` †K›`ªgyLx cÖeYZv Aek¨¤¢¢vex n‡q D‡V‡Q| gvwK©b hy³ivóª,
KvbvWv, fviZ, cÖfw„ Z mKj hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq G cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ¶gZv e„w×i
cÖeYZv m¤ú‡K© Aa¨vcK dvBbvi e‡jb, hy³ivóª Gi mgMÖ GjvKve¨vcx mgwš^Z Av_©-mvgvwRK eë¯’vi w`‡K `ªæZ avweZ
n‡”Q| G cÖm‡½ Aa¨vcK †M‡Uj e‡jb, ÔÔe„n`vqZb wkí, cwienb I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi DbœwZ, e„nr evRvi Ges
AÂj¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ci®úi ew›UZ wbf©ikxjZv miKv‡ii Kvh©vejxi Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi bv K‡i cv‡i bv|ÕÕ
GK_v mZ¨ †h mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j hy³ivóªxq miKvi c×wZ‡Z †K›`ªxq KiY cÖeYZv AZ¨šÍ cÖej Ges ev¯Íe| hy³ivóªxq eë¯’v
MV‡bi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z †h ¶gZv †Ìqv n‡qwQj, Zv µgk e„w× n‡q‡Q|
Aa¨vcK †K, wm, ûBqvi hy³ivóªxq kvmb c×wZ‡Z †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ¶gZv e„w×i cÖeYZvi PviwU KviY D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb|
h_v hy×, A_©‰bwZK g›`v, mvgvwRK Kvh© Ges e¨vcK cÖqvm, †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v Ges wkí‡¶‡Î hvwš¿K wecøe| j¶¨bxq
e¨cvi nj GB †h, †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ¶gZv e„w×i Rb¨ wKQy Dcv`vb I kw³ i‡q‡Q| †h mKj Dcv`vb †K›`ªxq miKvi‡K
AZ¨vwaK ¶gZvevb Ges ivR‰bwZK ¯^v_© msi¶‡Y DØy× K‡i‡Q Zv wbgœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
 hy×: †K›`ªxKiY cÖeYZvi GKwU eo KviY nj hy×| hy‡×i mgq iv‡óªi ¯^ve©‡fŠgZ¡, AvÂwjK ALÛZv I ivóªxq
wbivcËv i¶v Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq `ªæZ cwiKíbv cÖYqb I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi| d‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡e ¶gZv G‡m hvq
†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z| AvaywbK Kv‡j hz× n‡”Q AZ¨šÍ e¨q eûj e¨vcvi| hy‡×i cÖ‡qvRbxq LiP Ges Gi Rb¨
Ki wba©viY †K›`ªxq miKviB K‡i _v‡K| hy‡×i mgq iv‡óªi mvwe©K Ae¯’v Riæix eë¯’vcbvi AšÍf©³
~ nq| hy‡×i
mgq ivóªxq KvRKg© †h Awbevh© cwiw¯’wZ Ges mgm¨vi m„wó nq Zv †Kej †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii c‡¶B mgvavb Kiv
m¤¢e| Gi d‡j †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ¶gZve„w× †c‡q _v‡K| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi ivóªcwZ hy‡×i mgq GZ e¨vcK ¶gZv
cÖ‡qvM K‡ib †h, wZwb cÖvq wewam¤§Z GK bvq‡K cwiYZ nb|
 A_©‰bwZK g›`v: A_©‰bwZK msKU I g›`vRwbZ cwiw¯’wZ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii kw³ I ¶gZv e„w×‡Z h‡_ó cwigv‡Y
mvnvh¨ K‡i _v‡K| Avw_©K msK‡Ui d‡j e¨vcK †eKviZ¡, `ywf©¶, gnvgvix, gy`ªvùxwZ BZ¨vw` †h mgm¨vi m„wó nq
Zv †gvKvwejv Kivi kw³ AvÂwjK miKv‡ii _v‡K bv| G‡¶‡Î A_©‰bwZK g›`v †_‡K †`k‡K gy³ Kivi `vwqZ¡
†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Dci b¨¯Í nq| mxwgZ m¤ú‡ì Kvi‡Y AvÂwjK miKvi¸‡jv †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z _vKvq AvÂwjK
miKvi¸‡jvi Dci †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wbqš¿Y e„w× cvq|
BDwbU- 3 c„ôv-37
GmGmGBPGj
 Kj¨vY iv‡óªi aviYv: AvaywbK ivóª n‡”Q Kj¨vYKvgx ivóª| AvaywbK Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi bxwZ I Av`k© M„nxZ nIqvq
†mevg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi e¨vcK cÖmvi jvf K‡i‡Q| G mKj Kv‡h©i g‡a¨ Abœ, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wk¶v I wPwKrmvi eë¯’v
Kiv, RbKj¨vY I kªwgK ¯^v_© msi¶Y, `vwi`ª I †eKviZ¡RwbZ mgm¨v `~i Kiv, mvgvwRK b¨vq-wePvi wbwðZKiv,
Rxeb hvÎvi b~b¨Zg gvb eRvq ivLv BZ¨vw`| G mKj KvR †ek e¨qeûj| AwaKvsk hy³ivóªxq eë¯’v‡ZB †`Lv
hvq cÖv‡`wkK miKvi G me mgvR †mev g~jK Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii mvnvh¨ mn‡hvMxZvi Dci wbf©ikxj
n‡q c‡o| G Kvi‡Y cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii Dci †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wbqš¿Y mycÖwZwôZ nq|
 A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv: RvZxq A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi Øviv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ¶gZv e„w× †c‡q _v‡K| AvaywbK Kj¨vY
iv‡óªi mvd‡jï Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©| Rbmvavi‡Yi mvwe©K Kj¨vY mva‡bi Rb¨
mywPwšÍZ I mywbw`©ó A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi cÖ‡qvRb| RvZxq wfwËK A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbvi Rb¨ wecyj cwigvY A‡_©i
cÖ‡qvRb| GB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z b¨¯Í Kiv nq| Gfv‡e ALÛ cwiKíbvi gva¨‡g AvÂwjK
miKv‡ii Dci †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wbqš¿Y I AvwacZ¨ cÖwZwôZ nq|
 †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi DbœwZ: †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi Af~Zc~e© DbœwZi d‡j RvZxq H‡Kï c_ myMg K‡i‡Q| Kw¤úDUvi,
d¨v·, B-‡gBj, B›Uvi‡bU AwWI-wfwWI Kbdv‡iÝ, †UwjKbdv‡iÝ cÖfw„ Z wgwWqvi `ªæZ m¤cÖmvi‡Yi d‡j †K›`ª
I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ eëavb A‡bK K‡g G‡m‡Q| †`‡ki ¸iæZ¡cY~ Kvh©vejx mn‡RB †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wbqš¿‡Y G‡m
c‡o‡Q| AvÂwjKZv I msKxY©Zv `~ixf~Z n‡q m„wó n‡q‡Q e„nËi H‡Kï †mvcvb| Gfv‡e †e‡o †M‡Q †K›`ªxKiY
cÖeYZv|
 AvÂwjK miKv‡ii Amvg_©: hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii †K›`ªxKiY cÖeYZvi GKwU Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY nj †K›`ªxq
miKv‡ii cÖvej¨ Ges AvÂwjK miKvi¸‡jvi e¨_©Zv| †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki Ae¯’vbMZ gh©v`v, kw³ mvg‡_©i cv_©‡Kï
Kvi‡Y AvÂwjK miKvi¸‡jv wb‡R‡ì ¯^v_© msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ †K‡›`ªi evav AwZµ‡g Amg_© n‡q‡Q| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii
cÖvavb¨ †K›`ªxq cÖeYZvi hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii Avi GKwU KviY|
 wePvi wefv‡Mi ch©v‡jvPbv: hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq mycÖxg †KvU© msweav‡bi e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY K‡i _v‡K| Av`vjZ wn‡m‡e
mywcÖg †Kv‡U©i e¨vL¨vi Kvi‡Y †K›`ªxq miKvi †hvMv‡hvM eëmv-evwYR¨, kªwgK‡ì mgm¨v, cÖvK„wZK wech©q, †K›`ª
I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ ¶gZvi Ø›Ø cÖfw„ Z wel‡q AvBb cÖYqb K‡i _v‡K| hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii †K›`ªxKi‡Y Gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
cÖfve i‡q‡Q| gvwK©b miKv‡ii †K›`ªxKi‡Y Gi ¸iæZ¡cY~ © cÖfve i‡q‡Q| gvwK©b hy³ivóª I KvbvWv Gi cÖK„ó
D`vniY| A‡÷ªwjqvi msweavb Interstate Financial Agreement ev ÔAvšÍ‡`kxq Avw_©K m¤§wZiÕ bxwZ _vKvi
Kvi‡Y †K›`ª AwaK kw³kvjx n‡”Q|
mviK_v
c„w_exi mKj hy³ivóªxq miKviB †K‡›`ªi w`‡K avegvb| miKv‡ii †K›`ªgyLx cÖeYZv †Kvb K„wÎg welq bq eis AvR‡Ki
we‡k¦i Pjgvb ev¯ÍeZv| m‡e©vcwi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii cÖwZ Rbmvavi‡Yi Av¯’v e„w×i Ges cwiewZ©Z `„wófw½ †K›`ªxqKiY
cÖeYZvi cÖavb KviY e‡j Avgiv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvwi|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. ¶gZv e›Ub GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq †Kvb miKvi eë¯’vq ?
K. MYZvwš¿K miKvi eë¯’vq L. GK‡K›`ªxK miKvi eë¯’vq
M. hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’vq N. gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi eë¯’vq|
2. †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ¶gZv e„w× hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii GKwU mvaviY cÖeYZv| GB e³e¨wU Kvi?
K. DB‡jvex; L. MvY©vi;
M. jvw¯‹; N. †M‡Uj|
3. †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ¶gZv e„w×i cÖeYZvi PviwU Kvi‡Yi K_v †K e‡j‡Qb ?

K. WvBmx; L. †K, wm, ûBqvi;
M. evK©vi; N. †M‡Uj|
4. gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ¶gZv e„w×i cÖeYZv m¤ú©‡K †K Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb ?
K. D‡Wªv DBjmb; L. dvBbvi;
M. DB‡jvex; N. †K, wm, ûBqvi|
DËigvjv: 1.M; 2.K; 3.L; 4.L

1. hy³ivóªxq kvmb eë¯’vq †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ¶gZv e„w×i cÖeYZvi KviY wn‡m‡e Kj¨vY g~jK iv‡óªi aviYv e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii mv¤cÖwZK cÖeYZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
BDwbU- 3 c„ôv-39
GmGmGBPGj
cvV - 4
hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vi mvd‡jï kZ©vejx

D‡Ïk¨
 hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vi mdjZvi kZ©vejx Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq mdjZvi Rb¨ wKQy kZ©c~iY Avek¨K, †hgb:

 hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vi mvd‡jï cÖavb I Ab¨Zg kZ© nj hy³ivóªxq g‡bvfve| hy³ivóªxq g‡bvfve n‡”Q RbM‡Yi
cvi®úwiK mngwg©Zv ev H‡Kï Abyfw~ Z| bvMwiK‡ì g‡a¨ hy³ivóª MVb Kivi g‡bvfve †hgb _vK‡Z n‡e, GKB
m‡½ wb‡R‡ì ¯^vZš¿¨ iÿv Kivi I GKxf~Z bv nIqvi g‡bvfve _vK‡Z n‡e| KviY AÂj ev cÖ‡`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨
hw` HK¨‡eva bv _v‡K Zvn‡j hy³ivóª M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i bv| G cÖm‡½ Aa¨vcK †K, wm, ûqvi e‡jb †h, Òhy³ivóª
MV‡b B”QzK Rbm¤cÖ`vq ev ivóªmg~n ci®ú‡ii mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q m¤ú~Y© GK n‡q †h‡Z Pvq bv|Ó
 hy³ivóªxq miKvi MV‡bi Av‡iKwU cÖavb kZ© nj A•M¸‡jvi cvi®úwiK msjMœZv| AÂj¸‡jv msjMœ bv n‡j,
we‡kl K‡i gv‡S †Kvb cÖwZeÜKZv _vK‡j kvmb cwiPvjbvq mgm¨vi m„wó nq| Avi †fŠMwjK ˆbKU¨ A‡bK mgq
GKÎfv‡e _vKvi g‡bvfve m„wó K‡i| †fŠMwjK msjMœZv hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vi HK¨ Avbq‡b mnvqZv K‡i| Aa¨vcK
WvBwm D‡jøL K‡ib, hy³ivóª MV‡b B”QzK Rbm¤cÖ`vq ev A½ivR¨¸‡jv †hgb ci®ú‡ii m‡½ wgwjZ nevi g‡bvfve
†cvlY K‡i †Zgwb Zv‡ì ¯^vZš¿Ï eRvq ivL‡Z Pvq| †hLv‡b RbmvaviY G‡K Ac‡ii wbKU †_‡K AwZgvÎvq
`~i‡Z¡ Ae¯’vb K‡i †mLv‡b RvZxq HK¨jvf Kiv KwVb| ZrKvjxb Awef³ cvwK¯Ívb-Gi D`vniY|
 hy³ivóª MV‡bi Rb¨ A½ ivR¨¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mgZv _vKv evÃbxq| Rb ózqvU© wgj D‡jøL K‡ib †h, Ggb †Kvb
A½iv‡Rï Dcw¯’wZ _vKv Kvg¨ bq hv Ab¨vb¨ A½ivR¨ n‡Z AwaKZi kw³m¤úbœ| AvqZb, A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v,
m¤ú`, ivR‡bwZK fveaviv, RbmsL¨v BZ¨vwì g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨ _vK‡j hy³ivóª MVb mnR nq| Aa¨vcK †K, wm,
ûBqvi hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq mdjZvi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK H‡Kï mgZvi cÖwZ ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb|
cÖ‡`k ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ êlg¨ we`¨gvb _vK‡j fvimvg¨ bó n‡Z cv‡i|
 msweav‡bi cÖvavb¨ hy³iv‡óªi mvd‡jï R‡b¨ AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb| msweav‡b wjwLZ AvBb my¯úó n‡e Ges msweavb
`y®úwieZ©bxq n‡e| hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq msweavb †`‡ki cÖavb, cweÎ I m‡e©v”P `wjj|
 hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vi mvd‡jï Av‡iKwU cÖavb kZ© nj RvZxqZv‡eva| fvlv, ag©, ms¯‹„wZ, BwZnvm I HwZn¨
RvZxqZv‡eva RbMY‡K D¾xweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| RvZxqZv‡ev‡a DØy× RbMY mn‡RB GKgZ n‡q hy³ivóª MVb
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqZ¡kvmb hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’vi mvd‡jï Av‡iKwU Ab¨Zg kZ©| KviY ¯’vbxq ev cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii
Kv‡R †K›`ª n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡j hy³ivóªxq miKvi †ekx w`b wU‡K _vK‡e bv|
 hy³ivóªxq miKvi eë¯’v mdj n‡Z n‡j Gi cwiPjbvi Rb¨ PvB Ggb †hvM¨ †bZ…Z,¡ whwb mKj cÖ‡`k Ges cÖ‡`k
I †K‡›`ªi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| ZvÕQvov Ggb †bZv cÖ‡qvRb hvi †bZ„‡Z¡ RbMb GKwÎZ nevi
g‡bvfve m¤úbœ n‡q DV‡e| hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq †hvM¨ †bZ„‡Z¡i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv we‡klfv‡e AbyfZ
~ nq|
 hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq Av‡iKwU cÖavb kZ© nj AvB‡bi cÖwZ kª×v| G kZ© c~iY n‡j G eë¯’v mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡e|
AvB‡bi cÖwZ kª×vkxj _vK‡j †KDB wbq‡gi evB‡i hv‡e bv Ges hy³iv‡óªi KvR myôfv‡e m¤úbœ n‡e| AvB‡bi
cÖwZ kª×vkxj nIqvi d‡j wewfbœ fvlvfvlx †jvK GKB ivóªxq KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ emevm Ki‡Z AvMÖnx n‡q D‡V|

mviK_v
hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii mdjZv bvbvwea k‡Z©i Dci wbf©ikxj| ev¯ÍweK c‡_ DcwiD³ kZ©¸‡jv cvjb Kiv KwVb e¨vcvi|
gvwK©b hy³ivóª hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii c~e©kZ© cvj‡b mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q| Aa¨vcK †K, wm ûBqvi h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb,
Òhy³ivóªxq eë¯’v K`vwPr †`Lv hvq, †Kbbv Gi kZ©vejx cÖPzi|Ó (Federal Government is rare because its
prerequisites are many)| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ kw³kvjx ivóª¸‡jv hy³ivóªxq cÖK„wZi|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ t
1. hy³ivóª MV‡b B”QzK Rbm¤cÖ`vq †hgb ci®ú‡ii mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡Z Pvq, Avevi Zv‡ì ¯^vZš¿Ï eRvq ivL‡Z Pvq,
†K e‡j‡Qb?
K. †R, Gm wgj;
L. g¨vwKqv‡fjx;
M. G, wf, DBjex;
N. †K, wm, ûBqvi|
4. "Federal government is rare because its prerequisites are manyÕÕ. †K e‡j‡Qb?

K. DBjex;
L. †K, wm, ûBqvi;
M. Gwi÷Uj;
N. †cø‡Uv|
DËi gvjv t 1. N; 2.L;
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
cÖkœ-1 t hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq mvd‡jï kZ©vejx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
BDwbU- 3 c„ôv-41
GmGmGBPGj
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BDwbU- 3 c„ôv-43
4
msm`xq I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi
f~wgKv
AvBbwefvM I kvmb wefv‡Mi m¤ú‡K©i wfwË‡Z AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K miKvi¸‡jv‡K msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi
Ges ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi - G `yÕ‡kªYx‡Z wef³ Kiv nq| msm`xq miKvi eë¯’vq kvmb ¶gZv b¨¯Í _v‡K gwš¿cwil‡ì
Dci| gwš¿mfvi m`m¨MY AvBb mfvi wbKU `vqx _v‡Kb| gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii g~j K_v nj GB †h kvmb wefvM
Gi Kvh©vejxi Rb¨ AvBb wefv‡Mi wbKU `vqx _vK‡e|
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡i P‚ovšÍ kvmb ¶gZv ivóªcwZi nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K| ivóªcwZ Zuvi KvRK‡g©i Rb¨ AvBbmfvi wbKU
`vqx _v‡Kb bv| G ai‡Yi kvmb eë¯’vq ivóªcwZ cÖK…Z kvmK, Zuv‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ GKwU gwš¿cwil` _v‡K| G
gwš¿cwil‡ì `vq-`vwqZ¡ ïaygvÎ ivóªcwZi wbKU| kvmbZš¿ KZ©„K ivóªcwZi ¶gZv I gh©`v msiw¶Z nq| gvwK©b
hy³ivóª ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii cÖK…ó D`vniY| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ MYZ‡š¿i G `yÕwU iƒcB Kvh©Ki i‡q‡Q|
G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q:

 cvV - 1. ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi
 cvV - 2. msm`xq miKvi
 cvV - 3. msm`xq I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
BDwbU-4 c„ôv-43
GmGmGBPGj
cvV - 1
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi
D‡Ïk¨
 ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvejx m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eë¯’vi ÎæwU¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii êwkó¨

ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eë¯’vi KZ¸‡jv êwkó¨ i‡q‡Q hv G‡K Ab¨ eë¯’v †_‡K c„_K K‡i‡Q| †hgb:
 GB kvmb eë¯’vq ivóªcwZ GKvav‡i ivóªcÖavb I miKvi cÖavb| ivóªcwZB cÖK…Z kvmK Ges AvBbMZ w`K †_‡K
wZwb cÖK…Z ¶gZvi AwaKvix|
 ivóªcwZ AvBbmfvi m`m¨ bb Ges AvBb mfvi wbKU `vwqZ¡kxjI bb| Z‡e AvBb mfvi M„nxZ we‡j †f‡Uv `v‡bi
¶gZv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 mvaviYZ: ivóªcwZ RbM‡Yi Øviv wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa| wZwb RbM‡Yi Kv‡QB `vqx _v‡Kb| G eë¯’vq g~jZ: ivóªcwZ
wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ RbMY KZ©„K wbe©vwPZ nb| †KejgvÎ kvmbZ‡š¿i j•Nb, ¸iæZi Am`vPi‡Yi `v‡q wKsev
kvixwiK ev gvbwmK Amvg‡_©i Kvi‡Y ivóªcwZ‡K AwfkswmZ (impeached) Kiv hvq|
 ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi ¶gZvi g~jZ: ¯^^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi Dci cÖwZwôZ| AvBb wefvM I kvmb wefvM Zv‡ì c„_K
c„_K Aw¯ÍZ¡ eRvq iv‡L|
 G eë¯’vq msweavb mvaviYZ wjwLZ I `y®úwieZ©bxq n‡q _v‡K|
 G kvmb eë¯’vq gwš¿cwil` ivóªcwZi wek¦¯Í Kg©Pvix wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| Zuviv AvBb mfvi Kv‡Q
`vqx bb| gš¿xiv Zuv‡ì KvR K‡g©i Rb¨ ivóªcwZi Kv‡Q `vqx _v‡Kb|
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvejx
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvejx wb‡gœ Av‡jvwPZ nj:
 ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii cÖavb ¸Y nj †h, Zv kvmb wefvM‡K AwaK ¯’vqxZ¡ weavb K‡i| ¯’vqx‡Z¡i Kvi‡Y miKvi
`xN© †gqv`x cwiKíbv MÖnY I ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j Dbœq‡bi MwZi avivevwnKZv i¶v Kiv hvq|
 G eë¯’vq AvBb cwil‡ì m`m¨MY kvmb wefv‡Mi wbqš¿Ygy³ †_‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e AvBb cÖYq‡b `¶Zvi cwiPq w`‡Z
cv‡i|
 RvZxq msKU, hz×, A_©‰bwZK g›`v BZ¨vw` Riæwi Ae¯’vq ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi we‡klfv‡e Kvh©Ki| G eë¯’v
Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e AwaKZi ˆbcyY¨ I `¶Zvi mv‡_ miKvix bxwZ Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z m¶g| †hgb, cÖ_g I wØZxq
wek¦hy‡×i mgq gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U D‡Wªv DBjmb I iæR‡fë w¶cÖZvi m‡½ cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY
K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvB ejv nq G kvmb eë¯’v `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi cÖZxK|
 G kvmb eë¯’vq ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY I fvimvg¨ bxwZi mydj cvIqv hvq| msweav‡b kvmb wefvM I AvBb wefv‡Mi
g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ i¶v Kivi eë¯’v _vKvq mvaviYZ ¶gZvi Aceënvi nq bv|
 ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii `jxq †Kv›`j I msNl© n«vm cvq| jW© eªvB‡mi g‡Z, msm`xq miKv‡ii Zzjbvq ivóªcwZ
kvwmZ miKv‡i `jxq g‡bvfv‡ei cÖwZdjb Kg cÖvavb¨ jvf K‡i| Gi d‡j kvmb wefv‡Mi `¶Zv e„w× cvq I
cÖkvmb hš¿ †ckv`vix g‡bvfve wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|

ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii ÎæwU
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eë¯’vi ÎæwU¸‡jv wb‡¤œ Av‡jvwPZ nj:
 G kvmb eë¯’vq ivóªcwZ kvmb wefv‡Mi me©gq KZ©v Ges AvBb cwil‡ì wbqš¿Ygy³| wZwb GKbvqK I †¯^”QvPvix
n‡q DV‡Z cv‡ib| ivóªxq ¶gZv mwVKfv‡e †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui Dci b¨¯Í nIqvq ˆ¯îvPv‡ii c_ cÖk¯Í nIqvi m¤¢vebv
i‡q‡Q|
 G miKvi‡K `vwqZ¡nxb miKvi e‡jI AvL¨vwqZ Kiv nq| KviY, ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi AvBb mfvi Kv‡Q `vqx
bb|
 G kvmb eë¯’vq Ab¨Zg cÖavb ÎæwU n‡”Q AvBb wefvM I kvmb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨Kvi wbZ¨w`‡bi we‡iva| G eë¯’vq
AvBb cwil` I kvmb wefvM‡K m¤ú~Y©fv‡e c„_K ivLv nq| d‡j AvBb cÖYq‡b weNœ m„wó Avi kvmb †¶‡Î RwUjZv
†`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| Aek¨ kvmbKvh© my›ì fv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ miKv‡ii G `yÕwU wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ Kvh©Ki mn‡hvwMZv
GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| kvmb wefvM I AvBb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ we`¨vgvb _vKvq AvBb cÖYq‡b RwUjZvi m„wó nq|
 ivóªcwZ kvwmZ kvmb eë¯’v bgbxq cÖK„wZi| G cÖKvi kvmb eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© †eRn‡Ui e³e¨ LyeB cÖwbavb‡hvM¨|
wZwb e‡jb, ÒRbMY Ggb miKvi‡K wbe©vwPZ K‡ib, †hB miKv‡ii bxwZ I KvR, AvPvi AvPiY Zv‡ì Avkv
AvKv•Lvi mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡Z cviæK Avi bvB cviæK, AvBbZ Zv mn¨ Ki‡Z nq|Ó ivóªweÁvbx Mvb©vi D‡jøL
K‡ib †h, ÒAvBb cwil` hZ wKQyB KiæK bv †Kb wKš‘ ivóªcwZ mvsweavwbK ¶gZv Ges †fv‡Ui mgq wbe©vPK
gÛjxi ivq wQwb‡q wb‡Z cv‡ib bv|Ó
 G kvmb eë¯’vq AvBb cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î †bZ…‡Z¡i Afve cwijw¶Z nq| ivóªcwZ Ges Zvi gš¿xiv AvBb mfvi
Kvh©µ‡g mwµqfv‡e Ask †bb bv|
mviK_v
ivóªcwZ RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa weavq wewfbœ †`vl _vKvi c‡ii ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eë¯’vq ¯’vqx I `¶ cÖkvmb
eë¯’v M‡o †Zvjv m¤¢e| RvwZi `yw`©‡b G eë¯’v Zwor MwZ‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
BDwbU- 4 c„ôv-45
GmGmGBPGj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©Pbx cÖkœ
1. ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eë¯’vq AvBb mfvi wbKU `vwqZ¡kxj bb †K ?
K. cÖavbgš¿x; L. ivóªcwZ;
M. wePvicwZ; N. ¯úxKvi|
2. RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q `vqx _v‡Kb †K ?

K. ivóªcwZ; L. msm` m`m¨;
M. cÖavbgš¿x; N. AvBbgš¿x;
3. D‡Wªv DBjmb wQ‡jb-

K. hy³iv‡Rï cÖavbgš¿x; L. hy³iv‡óªi †mbvcwZ;
M. hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U; N. Av‡gwiKvi weÁvbx|
4. †Kvb ai‡bi miKv‡i AvBb wefvM I kvmb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ `~iZ¡ we`¨gvb?
K. gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡i; L. GK‡K›`ªxK miKv‡i;
M. hy³ivóªxq miKv‡i; N. ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡i|
DËigvjv t 1.L; 2.K; 3.M; 4.N;

1. ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvejx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii cÖavb `yÕwU êwkó¨ eY©bv Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvejx I ÎæwU¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV - 2
msm`xq miKvi
D‡Ïk¨
 msm`xq miKv‡ii êwkó¨¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 msm`xq miKv‡ii ¸Yvejx Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 msm`xq miKv‡ii ÎæwU¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
msm`xq miKv‡ii êwkó¨¸‡jv wbæiƒc-

 `vwqZ¡kxj kvmb eë¯’vt msm`xq miKvi eë¯’vq gwš¿cwil‡ì m`m¨MY e¨w³MZ Ges mgwóMZ fv‡e me KvR
K‡g©i Rb¨ AvBb-mfvi Kv‡Q `vqx _v‡Kb| gš¿xMY Zv‡ì Kvh©Kjv‡ci e¨vcv‡i AvBb mfvq wewfbœ cÖ‡kœi
Revew`wn Ki‡Z eva¨ _v‡Kb| AvBb mfvi Av¯’v nviv‡j gwš¿cwil‡ì cZb N‡U|
 wbqgZvwš¿K ivóªcÖavb: msm`xq miKv‡ii GKRb bvggvÎ ivóªcÖavb _v‡Kb| cÖavbgš¿xi †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU gwš¿mfv cÖK…Z
kvmb ¶gZvi AwaKix| cÖavbgš¿xi civgk© Qvov ivóªcÖavb wKQyB Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
 cÖavbgš¿xi †bZ…Z¡: G ai‡Yi kvmb eë¯’vq cÖavbgš¿x n‡”Qb miKv‡ii me©v‡c¶v ¸iæZ¡c~Y© e¨w³| wZwb gwš¿cwil‡ì
cÖavb| Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡ gwš¿mfv †`k kvm‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|
 we‡ivax `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ : AvBb mfvq we‡ivvax `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K| AvBfi †Rwbsm&-Gi g‡Z msm`xq miKv‡ii †¶‡Î
we‡ivvax `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ Acwinvh©| Zuviv miKv‡ii mgv‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †¯^”QvPvwiZv †iva Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 bgbxq msweavb: msm`xq miKvi mvaviYZ bgbxq cÖKw„ Zi nq| RbcÖwZwbwa‡ì kvmb e‡j msweavb mn‡R
cwieZ©b Kiv hvq|
 `jxq kvmb : msm`xq miKvi n‡”Q `jxq kvmb eë¯’v, msm‡ì msL¨vMwió `j miKvi MVb K‡i|
 AvBbmfvi cÖvavb¨ : G miKv‡i AvBbmfvi cÖavb¨ ¯^xKvi Kiv nq| GwU †h †Kvb ai‡bi AvBb cÖYqb Ges msweavb
ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| gwš¿mfvi m`mïv AvB‡bi wej I ev‡RU cÖ¯vÍ e K‡i|
msm`xq miKv‡ii ¸Yvejx

msm`xq miKvi eû¸‡Y ¸Yvwš^Z| G Kvi‡YB we‡k¦i eû‡`‡k G miKvi eë¯’v mv`‡i M„nxZ n‡q‡Q|
 msm`xq miKvi `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi| gwš¿mfvi m`m¨MY Zv‡ì Kvh©Kjv‡ci Rb¨ AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqx _v‡K e‡j
Zv ˆ¯îvPvix n‡q DVvi my‡hvM cvq bv|
 G kvmb eë¯’vi Ab¨Zg ¸Y nj †h, kvmb wefvM I AvBb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ Nwbó m¤úK© we`¨gvb _v‡K| G `ywU
wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ cÖ‡f` mym¤úK© _vKvi d‡j myôzfv‡e AvBb cÖ‡qv‡Mi myweav nq| kvmb Kv‡h© Gi ïf cÖwZwµqv
cÖwZdwjZ nq|
 msm`xq miKvi eë¯’vq ivR‰bwZK wk¶vi cÖmvi NUvq| ivR‰bwZK `j Qvov G miKvi mdjZv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i
bv| RbgZ‡K AbyK~‡j ivLvi Rb¨ miKvix `j I we‡ivvax`j me©`v Zrci _v‡K| `jxq cÖPviYv I ivRbxwZ PP©v
me mgqB Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| d‡j RbM‡Yi ivR‰bwZK †PZbvi cÖmvi d‡j|
 G kvmb eë¯’vq gš¿x‡ì‡K GKw`‡K AvBb cÖYq‡b AskMÖnY Ki‡Z nq Ab¨w`‡K kvmb Kvh©vejx cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z
nq| d‡j gš¿x‡ì `¶Zv e„w× cvq| G miKvi eë¯’vq ivRbxwZK‡ì nv‡Z kvmbfvi Awc©Z nq| d‡j ivR‰bwZK
ms¯‹…wZ cwicyó nIqvi my‡hvM cvq|
 msm`xq miKvi cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vq mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bvi Dc‡hvMx| Riæwi Ae¯’v ev hy×Kvjxb mg‡q †h †Kvb
cwiw¯’wZi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBb cÖYqb I Aby‡gv`b jvf mnR nq|
BDwbU- 4 c„ôv-47
GmGmGBPGj
msm`xq miKv‡ii ÎæwU

mgv‡jvPKMY msm`xq miKv‡ii wewfbœ ÎæwUi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| ÎæwU¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc :
 msm`xq miKvi w¯’wZkxj bq| AvBb cwil‡ì m`m¨‡ì Av¯’v nviv‡j G ai‡bi miKv‡ii cZb N‡U| gwš¿cwil‡ì
¯’vwqZ¡ AvBb mfvi gwR©i Dci wbf©i K‡i| d‡j miKvi w¯’wZnxbZvq †fv‡M| w¯’wZkxjZvi Afv‡e miKv‡ii c‡¶
`xN©‡gqv`x bxwZ I cwiKíbv MÖnY I ev¯Íevqb Kiv m¤¢e nq bv|
 G kvmb eë¯’v `jxq g‡bvfve m„wó K‡i| A‡bK mgq `jxq ¯^v_©‡K RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i D‡×© ¯’vb †`qv nq| jW© eªvBm
e‡jb, ÒGB c×wZ `jxq g‡bvfve‡K Nbxf~Z K‡i Ges mRxe iv‡L|Ó msL¨vMwió `j msL¨vjwNô `‡ji Dci
Ab¨vq AwePvi Ki‡ZI wØav‡eva K‡i bv| G kvmbeë¯’vq †bvsiv `jv`wj I †Kv›`‡ji m„wó nq|
 msm`xq miKv‡ii kvmb wefvM I AvBb wefvM mshy³ n‡q kvmb Kvh©cwiPvjbv K‡i| Gi d‡j ¶gZv
¯^Zš¿xKiYbxwZ jw•NZ nq Ges kvmb wefv‡Mi ¶gZv Aceënv‡ii my‡hvM N‡U| wmWbx I‡qe G kvmb eë¯’v‡K
GK e¨w³ ev GK `‡ji GKbvqKZ¡ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
 G kvmb eë¯’vq wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wej¤^^ N‡U| ¸iæZ¡cY~ © wm×všÍ¸‡jv gwš¿mfv I AvBbmfvi Aby‡gv`b mv‡c‡¶ M„nxZ
nq| d‡j Riæwi Ae¯’vq Z¡wiZ eë¯’v MÖnY A‡bK mgq KwVb n‡q c‡o| GQvov ¶gZvkxb `j I we‡ivvax`‡ji
g‡a¨ AcÖ‡qvRbxq hyw³nxb weZ‡K©i d‡j A‡bK g~jëvb mgq bó nq Ges A‡_©i AcPq N‡U|
 cvj©v‡g‡›Ui ¶gZvi AšÍiv‡j cÖK…Zc‡¶ cÖavbgš¿x Ges Zuvi K¨vwe‡bU GK”QÎ ¶gZv PP©v K‡ib| bxwZ wba©viY ev
AvBb cÖYqb I ev¯Íevq‡b K¨vwe‡bUB g~L¨ I AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb Kivq ev¯Í‡e msm`xq miKvi eë¯’v gwš¿cwil`
kvwmZ miKv‡ii iƒc wb‡q‡Q e‡j A‡bK weklÁ I ivóªweÁvbx AwfgZ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| †KD †KD G cwiw¯’wZ‡K
ÔK¨vwe‡b‡Ui ˆ¯îvPviÕ wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb|
mviK_v
msm`xq miKvi GKwU `vwqZ¡kxj kvmb eë¯’v| GLv‡b miKv‡ii ˆ¯îvPvi n‡q IVvi m¤¢veb ej‡Z †M‡j †bB| GB
kvmb eë¯’v RbM‡Yi gZvg‡Zi Dci MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ msm`xq miKvi eë¯’v
MYZvwš¿K I RbKj¨vYag©x kvmb eë¯’v wn‡m‡e ¯^xK„Z|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©Pbx cÖkœ
1. gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii me©v‡c¶v ¸iæZ¡cY~ © e¨w³ n‡jb:
K. ivóªcwZ; L. cÖavbgš¿x;
M. ¯úxKvi; N. cÖavb wePvicwZ|
2. msm`xq miKv‡i we‡ivax `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ Acwinvh©, GB e³e¨wU Kvi ?

K. AvBfi †Rwbsm; L. †M‡Uj;
M. jvw¯‹; N. MvY©vi|
3. gwš¿mfvi m`m¨MY Zuv‡ì Kvh©Kjv‡ci Rb¨ `vqx _v‡Kb-

K. cÖavbgš¿xi wbKU; L. †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui wbKU;
M. ¯úxKv‡ii wbKU; N. AvBbmfvi wbKU|
4. gwš¿mfvi ¯’vwqZ¡ wbf©i K‡i -

K. AvBbmfvi Dci; L. wePvi wefv‡Mi Dci;
M. kvmb wefv‡Mi Dci; N. ¯úxKv‡ii Dci|
DËigvjv t 1.L; 2.K; 3.N; 4.K;
msw__ DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. msm`xq miKv‡ii `yÕwU cÖavb êwkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb |
2. msm`xq miKv‡ii `yÕwU cÖavb ÎæwU eY©bv Kiæb|
3. msm`xq miK‡ii `yÕwU cÖavb ¸Y wK? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. msm`xq miKv‡ii ¸Yvejx I ÎæwU¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
BDwbU- 4 c„ôv-49
GmGmGBPGj
cvV - 3
msm`xq I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
D‡Ïk¨
 msm`xq I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚wgKv:
msm`xq miKvi cÖavbZ AvBbmfv Øviv cwiPvwjZ miKvi| AvBbmfvi Av¯’v nviv‡j gwš¿mfvi cZb N‡U| AvBbmfvi
msL¨vMwió m`m¨‡ì mg_©b gwš¿mfvi ¶gZv i¶v KeP| Ab¨w`‡K ivóªcwZi ¶gZv msm`xq miKv‡ii gZ AwbðqZvc~Y©
bq eis Zv kvmbZš¿ KZ„©K wbwðZ Kiv n‡q _v‡K| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ eë¯’vq ivóªcwZ gwš¿mfvi civgk© MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡ib, bvI Ki‡Z cv‡ib eis gwš¿mfvi `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q ivóªcwZi wm×všÍ ev¯Íevqb Kiv |
msm`xq miKv‡i AvBb wefv‡Mi cÖvavb¨ cwijw¶Z nq| G kvmb eë¯’vq gš¿xMY AvBb mfvi Awa‡ek‡b †hvM`vb Ges
mwµqfv‡e Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K d‡j Zviv AvBb mfvi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y cÖfve LvUv‡Z cv‡ib| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ
kvmb eë¯’vq gš¿xMY wefvMxq cÖavb Zviv AvBb mfvi Kvh©µ‡g AskMÖnY K‡ib bv e‡j Zuviv AvBb mfvi wm×všÍ‡K
cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
msm`xq eë¯’vq cÖavbgš¿x `‡ji †bZv, AvBbmfvi †bZv Ges gwš¿cwil‡ì †bZv| d‡j wZwb bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î -
¸iæZ¡c~Y© fzwgKv cvjb K‡i| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ eë¯’vq ivóªcwZ ïay wbR `‡ji g‡bvbxZ e¨w³gvÎ| wZwb †KejgvÎ
c‡iv¶fv‡e AvBbmfv‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
msm`xq I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii g‡a¨ my®úó cv_©K¨¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc
cÖ_gZ : msm`xq miKv‡i ivóªcÖavb _v‡Kb wbqgZvwš¿K| †hgb, Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv ev ivYx| G kvmb eë¯’vi wZwb bvggvÎ
ivóªcÖavb| cÖavbgš¿x n‡jb cÖK…Z ¶gZvi AwaKvix| wKš‘ ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii ivóªcÖavb cÖK…Z ¶gZvi AwaKvix|
Zuv‡K wN‡iB kvmb Kvh© AvewZ©Z nq| †hgb, gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U| wZwb iv‡óªi cÖavb Ges miKv‡iiI cÖavb|
wØZxqZ : msm`xq miKv‡i gwš¿cwil` AvBbmfvi m`m¨ Ges Zuviv Zuv‡ì Kvh©vejxi R‡b¨ AvBbmfvi Kv‡Q `vqx
_v‡Kb| wKš‘ ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡i ivóªcwZ AvBbmfvi m`m¨ bb Ges wZwb KviI Kv‡Q `vqx _v‡Kb bv| msweavb
ev kvmbZš¿ Zuvi ¶gZvi Drm|
Z„ZxqZ : ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡i ivóªcÖavb wbw`©ó †gqv‡ì R‡b¨ ¶gZvi AwawôZ nb| †gqv` †kl nIqvi c~‡e© Zuv‡K
mn‡R AcmviY ev c`Py¨Z Kiv hvq bv| Zuv‡K AcmviY Ki‡Z wePvi wefvMxq c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq, hv RwUj I
mgq mv‡c¶| msm`xq miKv‡i AvBb mfvq Abv¯’v cÖ¯vÍ e cvk K‡i gwš¿mfv‡K AcmviY Kiv hvq| Avi ivóªcwZ wbw`©ó
†gqv‡ì Av‡MI AvBbmfv †f‡O w`‡Z cv‡ib| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ eë¯’vq ev m¤¢e bq|
PZz_©Z: msm`xq eë¯’vq cÖavbgš¿x AvBb mfvi msL¨vMwió `‡ji †bZv Ges Ab¨vb¨ gš¿xivI AvBbmfvi m`m¨| GLv‡b
AvBb mfv I wbe©vnx wefvM wg‡j wg‡k KvR K‡i, gwš¿cwil` Dfq wefv‡Mi m`m¨ nIqv‡Z GB my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q|
wKš‘ ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡i ivóªcwZ Ges Zvui wbhy³ gwš¿mfv wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi cÖavb m`mëM©, AvBbmfvi m`m¨ bb|
GRb¨ ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eë¯’vq ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ AbymiY Kiv nq| kvmb wefvM I AvBb wefvM ci®úi
¯^vaxb wKš‘ gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡i wefvMxq HK¨B g~j êwkó¨| Aciw`‡K ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡i ivóªcwZ Zvi
gwš¿cwil` AvBbmfvi wbKU `vwqZ¡kxj bb|
cÂgZ : msm`xq miKvi eë¯’vq gwš¿mfvi m`mïv AvBb mfvi m`m¨ nIqvq wewfbœ wej DÌvcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib, ev‡RU
†ck K‡ib Ges Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| wKš‘ ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii gš¿xiv ivóªcwZi B”Qvbyhvqx wbhy³

nb Ges c`Pz¨Z nb| Zviv ivóªcwZi Aaxb¯’ I AvÁvevnx Kg©Pvix gvÎ| ivóªcwZi mš‘wói Dci Zuviv Zuv‡ì c‡` envj
_v‡Kb|
mviK_v
msm`xq miKvi Ges ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi Df‡qB MYZvwš¿K Ges RbKj¨vYKvgx| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ eë¯’v †hgb
w¯’wZkxjZvi cÖZxK Ges `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY I ev¯Íevq‡b m¶g, msm`xq miKvi eë¯’vI †Zgwb bgbxq, `vwqZ¡kxj I
hy‡Mvc‡hvMx| msm`xq miKv‡i gš¿xMY AvBbmfvi wbKU Ges c‡iv¶fv‡e RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqx _v‡Kb| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ
miKv‡ii gwš¿mfvi m`m¨MY †Kej ivóªcwZi wbKU `vqx _v‡Kb|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©Pbx cÖkœ
1. AvBbmfvi Av¯’v nviv‡j cZb N‡U -
K. cÖavbgš¿xi; L. ivóªcwZi;
M. gš¿xmfvi; N. gš¿xi|
2. AvBbmfvq bxwZ wba©vi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fzwgKv cvjb K‡ib †K ?

K. ¯úxKvi; L. cÖavbgš¿x;
M. ivóªcwZ; N. gš¿xmfv|
3. ¶gZvi ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ AbymiY Kiv nq †Kvb eë¯’vq ?

K. ivóªcwZ kvwmZ eë¯’vq; L. msm`xq miKvi eë¯’vq;
M. MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vq; N. GK‡K›`ªxK ivóªxq eë¯’vq|
4. AvBb mfvi wbKU `vwqZ¡kxj bb †K ?

K. ivóªcwZ; L. cÖavbgwš¿;
M. gwš¿mfv; N. ¯úxKvi|
DËigvjv t 1.M; 2.L; 3.K; 4.K
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. msm`xq I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii Zyjbvg~jK Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
BDwbU- 4 c„ôv-51
GmGmGBPGj
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BDwbU- 4 c„ôv-53
5
miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefvM I ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ
f~wgKv
ivóª GKwU weg~Z© aviYv| ivóª miKv‡ii gva¨‡g Zvi B”Qv I AvKv•¶vi cÖwZdjb NwU‡q _v‡K wewfbœ cÖKvi Kvh©vejx
m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g| MZvbyMwZKfv‡e G me KvR m¤úv`‡b AvBb wefvM, kvmb wefvM I wePvi wefvM `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i
_v‡K| Kg© m¤úv`‡b GK wefvM Ab¨ wefv‡Mi Kv‡R n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡j e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi c‡_ cÖwZeÜKZv ev ûgwK m„wó
nevi Avk¼v †`Lv †`q| wKš‘ †h‡nZz miKvi GKwU ˆRe mË¡vi gZ †m‡nZz wZbwU wefv‡Mi Kv‡Ri g‡a¨ my®úó wefvRb
KivI m¤¢e bq, me©`v KvgÏ bq| KviY, miKv‡ii KvR iv‡óªi bvMwiK gvbyl‡K wb‡q| gvbeRxe‡bi wewfbœ mgm¨v
wb‡q G‡K fve‡Z nq e‡j we‡kl GK wefvM me©`v ¯^^qsm¤ú~Y©fv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv‡K cÖ‡qvR‡b Ab¨ wefv‡Mi
mv‡_ cvi¯úwiK wµqv ev mn‡hvwMZv K‡i Pj‡Z nq| Gme Kvi‡Y, †`Lv hvq †h, Kg© m¤úv`‡bi †¶‡Î miKvix
wefvM¸‡jv mvaviY‡¶‡Î G‡K Ac‡ii †_‡K ¯^vaxb I ¯^Zš¿ n‡jI we‡kl †¶‡Î wbf©ikxjZvi m¤úK©I Zv‡ì g‡a¨
i‡q‡Q| G cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z GB BDwbUwU iwPZ|
G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q :

 cvV-1: ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ I Gi Kvh©KvwiZv
 cvV-2: AvBbcwil‡ì ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vejx- AvBb cÖYqb c×wZ
 cvV-3: GKK¶ I wØK¶ AvBbmfvi êwkó¨
 cvV-4: kvmb wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vejx
 cvV-5: wePvi wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vejx Ges wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^^vaxbZv|
BDwbU- 5 c„ôv-53
GmGmGBPGj
cvV - 1
¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ I Zvi Kvh©KvwiZv

D‡Ïk¨
 ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi msÁv m¤^‡Ü eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY cÖK„Zc‡¶ ev¯Íem¤§Z I m¤¢e wK0bv Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ : msÁv I e¨vL¨v

AvaywbK Kv‡j c„w_exi cÖvq me ivóªB RvZxq ivóª| G‡ì AvqZb wekvj, RbmsL¨v wecyj| ZvQvov iv‡óªi KvRI Av‡Mi
Zzjbvq eû¸Y †e‡o †M‡Q| weÁvb I cÖhyw³i e¨vcK DbœwZ, gvbyy‡li Rxeb-hvcb c×wZ‡Z RwUjZv e„w× Ges
Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi aviYv iv‡óªi KvR †e‡o hvevi cÖavb KviY| iv‡óªi me KvRB mvaviYZ AvBb gvwdK cwiPvwjZ nq|
kvmb wefv‡Mi QÎ”Qvqvq cÖkvmwbK ms¯’v¸‡jv AvBb cÖ‡qvM K‡i| AvBbmfv cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBb cÖYqb K‡i| AvBb
cÖ‡qv‡Mi d‡j bvMwiK Rxe‡b †Kvb mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡j wePvi cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g wePvi wefvM Zvi mgvavb K‡i| mnR
K_vq ej‡Z †M‡j, AvBb wefvM AvBb ˆZwi Ki‡e, Zv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e kvmb wefvM Ges AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v `vb Ki‡e wePvi
wefvM| iv‡óªi G wZb ai‡bi Kv‡R miKv‡ii wZbwU wefvM c„_K fv‡e wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡e - GUvB ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKi‡Yi
g~jK_v|
msÁv : †h bxwZ Abyhvqx miKv‡ii wZbwU wefvM msweavb KZ„©K Zv‡ì Rb¨ wba©vwiZ †¶‡Î `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i, GK
wefvM Ab¨ wefv‡Mi Kv‡R n¯Í‡¶c K‡i bv, †m bxwZ‡KB ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ (Theory of separation of power)
e‡j| ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKi‡Yi aviYv bZzb wKQy bq| MÖxK `vk©wbK Gwi÷U‡ji The Politics MÖ‡š’i PZz_© c‡e©i PZz`©k
Aa¨v‡q Gi mÜvb cvIqv hvq| wZwb miKv‡ii A½ ev wefvMmg~n‡K MYcwil` kvmKeM© Ges wePvi wefvM bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ
K‡ib| divmx `vk©wbK g‡›U¯‹z 1748 mv‡j cÖKvwkZ Zvi wjwLZ The Spirit of Laws MÖ‡š’ G m¤^‡Ü me‡P‡q cvwÛZ¨c~Y©
e³e¨ iv‡Lb| wZwb e‡jb, ÒcÖ‡Z¨K miKv‡ii wZb cÖKvi ¶gZv i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gwU; AvBb cÖYqb wKsev cÖYxZ AvBb
evwZj Kiv; wØZxqwU; kvwšÍKvjxb ev hy×Kvjxb Ae¯’v eRvq ivLv, K~U‰bwZK wgkb †cÖiY ev MÖnY K‡i MYwbivcËv
cÖwZôv I AbwaKvi cÖ‡ek eÜ Kiv ; Z„ZxqwU Øviv Acivaxi kvw¯Í weavb ev e¨w³‡Z e¨w³‡Z Ø›Ø gxgvsmv Kiv nq|Ó
g‡›U¯‹zi g‡Z, AvBb cÖYqb I kvmb msµvšÍ ¶gZv GKB e¨w³ ev ms¯’vi nv‡Z †K›`ªxf~Z n‡j †Kvb ¯^vaxbZv _vK‡Z
cv‡i bv| KviY, G‡Z GKB kvmK ev wm‡bU KZ„©K ˆ¯îvPvix AvBb cÖYxZ nevi Ges Zv cÖ‡qv‡Mi AvksKv _vK‡e|
Avevi hw` AvBb wefvM I wePvi wefv‡Mi nv‡Z wePvi wefvMxq ¶gZvi mgv‡ek N‡U Zvn‡jI e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv n‡e
ûgwKi m¤§yLxb| hw` Zv AvBb wefv‡Mi nv‡Z †`qv nq, Zvn‡j cÖRv mvavi‡Yi Rxeb ˆ¯î wbqš¿‡Yi Ke‡j cwZZ n‡e|
G me ¶gZv kvmb wefv‡Mi mv‡_ mshy³ n‡j wePvi‡Ki AvPiY n‡e wnsmv I wbh©vZbg~jK|
weªwUk AvBbwe` eøvK‡÷vb (Blackstone) G cÖm‡½ e‡jb, ÔÔAvBb cÖYqb I cÖ‡qv‡Mi AwaKvi GKB e¨w³ ev GKB
e¨w³-ms¯’vi nv‡Z Awc©Z n‡j RbM‡Yi †Kvb ¯^vaxbZv _vK‡e bv| kvmK ˆ¯îvPvix AvBb cÖYqb K‡i †¯^”QvPvixi gZ
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e| wePvi wefvMxq ¶gZv AvBb cÖ‡YZvi nv‡Z w`‡j RbM‡Yi Rxeb, ¯^vaxbZv I m¤úwË †¯^”QvPvix wePvi‡Ki
Ke‡j cwZZ n‡e| Zuviv wb‡R‡ì gZvgZ Øviv wb‡R‡ìB wm×všÍ‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡e| †mLv‡b AvB‡bi †Kvb Kvh©KvwiZv
_vK‡e bv| wePvi ¶gZv kvmb ¶gZvi mv‡_ hy³ n‡j Zv n‡e AvBb wefv‡Mi mv‡_ Amg|ÕÕ
Dc‡ii msÁv I e¨vL¨vi g~jK_v nj, miKv‡ii wZbwU wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ ¶gZv fvM K‡i w`‡Z n‡e Ges cÖ‡Z¨K wefv‡Mi
¶gZvi mxgvbv n‡Z n‡e mywPwýZ, hv‡Z GK wefvM Ab¨ wefv‡Mi mxgvbvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z bv cv‡i| GwUB n‡”Q ¶gZv
¯^Zš¿xKiY| iv‡óªi g~j D‡Ïk¨ gvbeKj¨vY| G Kj¨vY mva‡b e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv I AwaKvi msi¶‡Yi eë¯’v _vKv
Avek¨K| G Z‡Ë¡ g‡b Kiv nq ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKi‡Yi gva¨‡gB Zv m¤¢e|
¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY wK m¤¢e ?

GK K_vq ej‡Z †M‡j miKv‡ii ¶gZvi c~Y© c„_KxKiY ev ¯^Zš¿xKiY m¤¢e bq| wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K G e³e¨
wePvi Kiv hvq| cÖ_gZ, g‡›U¯‹z I eøvK‡÷vb- Gi K_vq hv cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q Zv me©Rbxb n‡Z cv‡i| G bxwZi
AvswkK ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e| KviY, Zuv‡ì e³‡e¨ GK e¨w³ ev e¨w³ ms¯’vi nv‡Z me ¶gZv †K›`ªxf~Z Kiv n‡j
mvaviYfv‡e wK NU‡Z cv‡i ZvB eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| cÖK„Zc‡¶ ¶gZvi mxgvbv wbw`©ófv‡e wPwýZ Kiv hvq bv| KviY,
ivóª‡`n n‡”Q gvbe‡`‡ni gZB ˆRemËv| Gi GK Ask Ab¨ As‡ki mv‡_ hy³ †_‡K Ges GKwU AciwUi mnvqZv
K‡iB †MvUv mËvi Aw¯ÍË¡ eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡i| gvbe‡`‡ni gZ miKv‡ii †Kvb Ask ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© bq| Federalist bvgK
MÖ‡š’ g¨vwWmb e‡j‡Qb, ÒcÖK„Zc‡¶ g‡›U¯‹z hv eySv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb Zv nj GK wefv‡Mi m¤ú~Y© ¶gZv Ab¨ wefv‡Mi GKB
e¨w³ ev e¨w³ms¯’vi Øviv eëüZ n‡j miKvi eë¯’vi †gŠwjK bxwZ jswNZ n‡e|Ó
†Kvb †Kvb †jLK miKv‡ii KvR wZb wefv‡M wef³ Kivi bxwZB gvb‡Z ivRx bb| Zv‡ì †KD †KD ¶gZv‡K
`yÕ‡kªYx‡Z Ges †KDev cuvP †kªYx‡Z wef³ Kivi c¶cvwZ| wKQy †jLK wefvM¸‡jv c„_K K‡i miKvix Kv‡Ri g‡a¨
wbweo fvimvg¨ ¯’vc‡bi wec‡¶| Zuv‡ì g‡Z, miKvix KvR mgš^‡qi gva¨‡g GK mv‡_, GK Zv‡j, GKxf~Z c×wZ‡Z
nIqv fvj| G‡ì mK‡ji gZ nj, miKv‡ii KvR‡K c„_Kfv‡e wPwýZ n‡Z n‡e, Kv‡Ri we‡klxKiY Ki‡Z n‡e
Ges Zvi ga¨ w`‡q AwR©Z n‡e `¶Zv|
cÖvq me miKv‡iB wefvM¸‡jv ci®ú‡ii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z| GK wefvM Ab¨ wefv‡Mi Ici wbf©ikxj| GK wefvM‡K Ggb
wKQy KvR Ki‡Z nq hv mwZ¨B Ab¨ wefv‡Mi KvR| Gi g‡a¨ wePvi wefv‡Mi Ae¯’vb mvaviYfv‡e my®úó| wePvi‡Ki
PvKwii †gqv` Av‡M _vK‡Z wba©vwiZ _vKvq Zuviv ivR‰bwZK c¶cvZ ev evwn¨K cÖfve n‡Z gy³ _v‡Kb| mvaviYZ
Zuv‡ì wb‡qvM K‡ib kvmb wefv‡Mi KZ©„c¶| Zvi ciI wePvi wefvMxq wKQy KvR AvBbmfv I kvmb wefvM‡K
Ki‡ZB nq| AvBb cÖYqb I cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î wePvi wefvM wbQK GKwU Askx`vi| ZvQvov cÖkvmwbK KZ©‡eï
avivevwnKZvq kvmb wefvM‡K ¶gZv cÖ`k©b I Ø›Ø wbim‡bi Rb¨ †h KvR Ki‡Z nq Zv‡Z wePvi wefvMxq KZ©„Ë¡B
cÖKvk cvq|
AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi c~Y© c„_KxKiY m¤¢e bq| kvmb wefvM †h AvBb ev¯ÍevwqZ K‡i Zvi weivU Ask AvBbmfv
KZ„©K cÖYxZ| msm`xq miKv‡i gwš¿cwil` Ggb me AvBb cÖYq‡b cvj©v‡g›U‡K wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i hv kvmb wefvMxq
KZ©c„ ¶ wnmv‡e Gi m`m¨MY‡K cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b GKB ai‡bi e¨w³gÛjx `yÕwU wefvM‡K wbqš¿Y
K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K AvBb wefvM Gi wbqš¿Y ¶gZv e‡j kvmb wefv‡Mi Ki Av‡ivc I msMÖn eë¯’v‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|
AvBb wefv‡Mi Aby‡gv`b Qvov †Kvb †`‡kB kvmb wefvM Pzw³ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| kvmb wefvM Zvi †f‡Uv
¶gZv, Aa¨v‡`k Rvwii ¶gZv Ges m¤ú~iK AvBb cÖYqb ¶gZv eënv‡ii gva¨‡g AvBb wefvMxq KZ„©‡Z¡ AskMÖnY
K‡i _v‡K| mvgwiK evwnbxi Dci c~Y© wbqš¿Y _vKvq kvmb wefvM hy‡×i mgq mgMÖ miKv‡ii Dci e¨vcK ¶gZv
cÖwZôv K‡i|
weª‡U‡bi D`vniY
MYZ‡š¿i m~wZKvMvi I PP©v‡K›`ª weª‡U‡b msm`xq eë¯’v we`¨gvb| GLv‡b gwš¿mfv AvBb cwil‡ì Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask|
gš¿xmfvi m`m¨MY g~jZ AvBbmfvi m`m¨ Ges AvBbmfvi wbKU cÖZ¨¶fv‡e `vqx| ZvQvov AvBb cÖYq‡b kvmK
`‡ji †K›`ªxq ‡bZ…eM© wnmv‡e gš¿xMY AvBbmfvi KwgwUi gZ| Iqvëvi †eR&nU (Walter Bazehot) ZvB e‡jb,
ÔÔThe British Cabinet is not merely a fusion but almost a complete union of both the legislative and
the executive functions of the governmentÕÕ A_©vr weªwUk gwš¿mfv ïay GKwU wgkªY gvÎ bq eis miKv‡ii AvBb I
kvmb m¤^Üxq Kvh©vwì c~Y© mgvnvi| weª‡U‡b †Kwe‡b‡Ui civg‡k© ivYx ev ivRv wePviKMY‡K wbhy³ K‡ib| Zuviv Zuv‡ì
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ `vqx _v‡Kb †Kwe‡b‡Ui wbKU Ges m`vPiY mv‡c‡¶ ¯^xq c‡` envj _v‡Kb| cvj©v‡g‡›Ui `yÕK‡¶i
mycvwikµ‡g Zuv‡ì‡K AcmviY Kiv, hvq| wePviK cÖ`Ë ivq‡K AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z A‰ea †NvlYv Kivi AwaKvi
cvjv©‡g‡›Ui i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov jW© mfvi mfvcwZ jW© P¨v‡Ýji gwš¿cwil‡ì m`m¨ Ges cÖavb wePvivj‡qi GKRb
wePviK| Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq †h, weª‡U‡bi kvmb eë¯’vq GKB e¨w³ miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡M `vwqZ¡ cvjb
Kivq ¶gZvi e¨w³MZ ¯^Zš¿xKiY N‡U wb| wKš‘ Kg©‡¶‡Î wefvM wZbwUi g‡a¨ †h ¯^Zš¿xKiY N‡U‡Q Zv‡K wefvMxq
¯^Zš¿xKiY Organic separation e‡j| G †_‡K ejv hvq †h, weª‡U‡b miKvix ¶gZvi wefvMxq ¯^Zš¿xKiY N‡U‡Q|
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi D`vniY
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MYZ‡š¿i Av‡iK Av`k© †¶Î gvwK©b hy³ivóª| †m †`‡ki msweavb cÖ‡YZvMY msweavb iPbvi mgq g‡›U¯‹zi ¶gZv
¯^Zš¿xKiY ZË¡ Øviv cÖfvweZ nb| †mRb¨ H msweav‡b G ZË¡‡K iƒcvwqZ Kivi cÖeYZv j¶¨ Kiv hvq| G cÖm‡½
ÒTheory and Practice of Modern GovernmentÓ MÖ‡š’ nvi‡gb dvBbvi (Finer) e‡jb ÒThe American constitution
was consciously and elaborately made an essay on the separation of powers.” A_©vr gvwK©b msweav‡b
m‡PZb I wek`fv‡e ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi Dci GKwU cÖeÜ wjwLZ n‡q‡Q|
gvwK©b kvmb eë¯’vq ivóªcwZ Ges Ks‡MÖm ci®ú‡ii wbqš¿Ygy³| ivóªcwZ Zuvi Pvi eQ‡ii †gqv‡` GKRb AZ¨šÍ
¶gZvevb kvm‡Ki gZB kvmb K‡i _v‡Kb| GKgvÎ `xN©¯’vqx I RwUj Awfksmb c×wZ‡Z msweavb jsN‡bi my®úó
Awf‡hvM cÖgvwYZ bv n‡j Ks‡MÖm Zuv‡K ¶gZvPz¨Z Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| gvwK©b †Kwe‡bU Zuvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ïaygvÎ ivóªcwZi
wbKU `vqx| Ab¨w`‡K mycxÖ g †KvU© Ks‡MÖm I ivóªcwZi wbqš¿Ygy³| ivóªcwZ Ks‡MÖ‡mi wØZxq K¶ wm‡b‡Ui
Aby‡gv`bµ‡g wePviKMY‡K wb‡qvM K‡ib e‡U, wKš‘ wePviKv‡h© wZwb †Kvbiƒc n¯Í‡¶c K‡ib bv| Dc‡ii G eY©bvq
hy³iv‡óª ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ c~Y© cÖwZwôZ e‡j g‡b n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e wPÎ m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| ivóª †h gvbe‡`‡ni
gZB GKwU ˆRe mËv Zv G kvmb eë¯’vq we‡klfv‡e cwiõ~U|
gvwK©b ivóªcwZ Ks‡MÖ‡m evYx †cÖiY K‡ib| wZwb cÖ‡qvR‡b wbe©vnx Av‡`k Rvwi K‡i iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡ m¤úv`b K‡ib,
†f‡Uv cÖ`vb K‡ib Ks‡MÖm cÖYxZ we‡j| Gme Kv‡Ri Øviv wZwb AvBb cÖYqb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡ib| gvwK©b ivóªcwZ
†m †`‡ki Rbg‡Zi †K›`ªwe›`y Ges cÖavbZg cÖwZwbwa| Zvui e³…Zv wee„wZ I wm×všÍ RbgZ‡K PvwjZ I cÖfvweZ
K‡i| d‡j Ks‡MÖm AvBb cÖYqb Kv‡j Rbg‡Zi Av‡eM I Abyfw~ Z D‡c¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
wm‡bUxq †mŠRb¨ (Senatorial courtesy) gvwK©b kvmb eë¯’vq GK D‡jøL‡hvM¨ w`K| ivóªcwZ Zuvi c‡` wbe©vwPZ nevi
ci miKv‡ii †Kwe‡bUmn wewfbœ D”Pc‡` wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ †h me e¨w³‡K g‡bvbxZ K‡ib Ks‡MÖ‡mi wØZxq K¶ wm‡bU
(Senate)- Gi Aby‡gv`b Qvov Zuv‡ì wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| mvaviYZ wm‡bU Zuvi g‡bvbqb‡K †mŠR‡bï LvwZ‡i
Aby‡gv`b K‡i| Z‡e cÖ‡qvR‡b AvcwË DÌvc‡biI eû bRxi we`¨gvb| ZvQvov Ks‡MÖm A_©msµvšÍ wej cvm I
ev‡RU Aby‡gv`b bv Ki‡j ivóªcwZ ivóªxq †KvlvMvi †_‡K †Kvb A_© e¨q Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
AvBb cÖYq‡b Ks‡MÖm kvmb wefv‡Mi wbqš¿Ygy³ GKwU mve©‡fŠg ms¯’v| wKš‘ mycÖxg†KvU© Ks‡MÖm cÖYxZ AvBb‡K wePvi
wefvMxq ch©v‡jvPbv Øviv msweavb cwicwš’ †NvlYv Ki‡j †m AvBb Avi Kvh©Ki _v‡K bv| ev¯Í‡e msweav‡bi e¨vL¨vq
mywcÖg †KvU©B m‡e©v”P KZ„©c¶| wePvicwZ wnD‡Rm (Hughes) e‡jb, ÒWe are under a constitution, but the
constitution is, what the judges say it is.ÕÕ A_©vr Avgiv GKwU msweav‡bi Aax‡b, wKš‘ msweavb ZvB hv wePvicwZiv
e‡jb|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvq †`Lv hvq †h, gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ fveMZ fv‡e weivRgvb| ev¯Í‡e †mLv‡b GK
wefvM‡K Ab¨ wefv‡Mi cÖwZ wbf©ikxj †i‡L ¶gZvi fvimvg¨c~Y© e›Ub Kiv n‡q‡Q - hv wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ bxwZ
(Theory of checks and balances) - Gi ewntcÖKvk| we‡k¦i cÖvq mKj miKv‡iiB ¶gZv †gvUvgywU Gfv‡eB web¨¯Í
Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwUB ev¯Íe I cÖ‡qvRbxq| ZvB ejv †h‡Z cv‡i †h, ¶gZvi c~Y© ¯^Zš¿xKiY m¤¢e bq, KvgÏ bq (Theory
of separation of power is neither possible, nor desirable)|

mviK_v
AvaywbK me ivóªB wekvj AvqZb I wecyj †jvKmsL¨v AaÿwlZ| miKv‡ii KvRI ZvB A‡bK †ewk| G me KvR‡K
wef³ K‡i AvBb, kvmb I wePvi wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ fvM K‡i †`qv n‡q‡Q| ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ Abyhvqx AvBbmfv
AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡e, kvmb wefvM †m AvBb w`‡q †`k cwiPvjbv Ki‡e Ges wePvi wefvM wewfbœ Ø›Ø I mgm¨vi mgvav‡b
†m AvBb w`‡q wePvi Ki‡e| miKv‡ii G wZb ai‡bi KvR Ki‡Z wM‡q wZb wefv‡Mi †KvbwUB A‡bï GLwZqv‡i
n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡e bv| GUvB ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKi‡Yi g~jK_v| Gi e¨wZµg NU‡j e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv I AwaKvi ¶zbœ n‡e| Z‡e
ivóª Rxe‡`‡ni gZ| Gi wefvM wZbwU‡KI ZvB wew”Qbœ ivLv m¤¢e bq| wKš‘ miKv‡ii KvR‡K wZb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨
KwVbfv‡e mxwgZ Ki‡j miKviB APj n‡q co‡e| GRb¨ GK wefvM Ab¨ wefv‡Mi Dci me mgq n¯Í‡¶c bv K‡i
wKsev me©`vB `~‡i `~‡i bv †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbgZ ci®ú‡ii e¨vcv‡i mgš^q mvab K‡i fvimvg¨ ¯’vcb Ki‡e| G bxwZ‡KB
ejv nq ¶gZvi wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨ bxwZ| c„w_exi m‡e©vrK„ó MYZš¿ weª‡Ub wefvM†Kw›`ªK ¯^Zš¿xKiY I gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi
kvmb eë¯’vq e¨w³‡Kw›`ªK ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZiB cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
1. ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY wK ?
K. miKv‡ii wZbwU wefv‡Mi Kv‡Ri ¯úó wefvRb; L. iv‡óªi me ÿgZvi AvBb gvwdK wefvRb;
M. miKv‡ii GK wefv‡Mi Dci Ab¨ wefv‡Mi wbqš¿Y bv _vKv; N. GK wefv‡Mi mv‡_ Ab¨ wefv‡Mi ¯^Zš¿ aviv m„wó|
2. ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY Z‡Ë¡i g~j cÖe³v †K ?

K. MÖxK `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj; L. divmx `vk©wbK g‡›U¯‹z;
M. weªwUk `vk©wbK eøvK‡÷vb; N. BZvjxq wPšÍvwe` g¨vwKqv‡fjx|
3. weªwUk kvmbeë¯’vq cÖK„Zc‡¶ †Kvb bxwZ we`¨gvb ?

K. wefvMxq ¯^Zš¿xKiY; L. e¨w³MZ ¯^Zš¿xKiY;
M. Kg©MZ ¯^Zš¿xKiY; N. e¨w³MZ we‡K›`ªxKiY|
mwVK DËi t 1.K 2.L 3.K

1. ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ wK?
2. ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ wK ev¯Íevqb †hvM¨?
3. ¶gZvi fvimv‡gï A_© wK?
4. gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª wKfv‡e ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ Kvh©Ki?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi e¨vL¨vmn msÁv w`b|
2. ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY wK ev¯Í‡e m¤¢e ? weª‡Ub I gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
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cvV - 2
AvBb cwil‡ì ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vejx Ges AvBb cÖYqb c×wZ

D‡Ïk¨
GcvV †k‡l Avcwb
 AvBbcwil‡ì msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 miKv‡ii Ab¨Zg A½ wnmv‡e AvBb cwil‡ì ¸iæZ¡ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 AvBb cwil‡ì Kvh©vejx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 AvBb cÖYq‡bi c×wZ we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AvBb cwil‡ì msÁv

cÖvPxbKv‡j AvBb cÖYqb miKv‡ii †Kvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR e‡j we‡ewPZ nZ bv| KviY ZLb AvBb wQj ivRvi ev
wbe©vnxi Av‡`k| ZvQvov mgv‡R `xN©w`b a‡i cÖPwjZ HwZn¨ I cÖ_v AvBb e‡j we‡ewPZ nZ| KLbI wbe©vnx ev
g¨vwR‡÷ªUMY wb‡R‡ì hyw³ I wePvi‡eva Øviv †h me wbqgKvbyb ˆZix Ki‡Zb ZvB AvBb e‡j we‡ewPZ nZ| H
mgq AvR‡Ki Zzjbvq iv‡óªi AvqZb wQj ¶z`ª, †jvKmsL¨v wQj Kg, gvby‡li Rxeb wQj mnR mij cÖKw„ Zi| ivRvi
Av‡`k‡K RbmvaviY wk‡ivavh© e‡j †g‡b wbZ| Kvjµ‡g iv‡óªi AvqZb, †jvKmsL¨v, KvR I gvbeRxe‡bi RwUjZv
evo‡Z _v‡K| gvbyl ivRv, wbe©vnx ev g¨vwR‡÷ªU‡ì †eu‡a †`qv wbqg bxwZi Q‡K Pj‡Z Awb”Qv cÖKvk K‡i| G Ae¯’vq
weKvk jvf K‡i cÖwZwbwaZ¡gj~ K eë¯’v| iv‡óªi AvBb-Kvbyb ˆZix Kivi Rb¨ RbMY Zuv‡ì Øviv wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì
`vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i| KLbIev ivRv wKsev kvmK RbM‡Yi g‡bvfve I †gRvR AuvP K‡i wKQy msL¨K †jvK‡K AvBb
cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ g‡bvbxZ K‡ib| †gvUK_v GKvwaK e¨w³ ev cÖwZwbwa mgš^‡q MwVZ ms¯’v‡K †`‡ki AvBb ˆZixi fvi
†`qv nq| miKv‡ii kvmbKv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ eZ©vq c„_K Av‡iKwU ms¯’vi nv‡Z| G †_‡KB M‡o I‡V AvR‡Ki AvBbcwil`|
weKv‡ki G avivi mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L ejv hvq †h, miKv‡ii †h ms¯’v ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wbqgKvbyb cÖYqb
K‡i, cÖPwjZ wbqgKvbyb ms‡kvab K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b evwZj K‡i bZzb weavb cÖeZ©b K‡i Zv‡KB AvBb cwil`
e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm`, fvi‡Zi cvj©v‡g›U, gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi Ks‡MÖm wKsev weª‡U‡bi cvj©v‡g›U Ggwb G‡KKwU
AvBb cwil‡ì bvg|
AvBbcwil‡ì ¸iæZ¡
wewfbœ Kvh©vejxi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍË¡ Dcjw× Kiv hvq| †m KvR¸‡jv m¤úv`b K‡i miKvi| miKvi cwiPvwjZ nq
wZbwU c„_K wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g| AvBb cwil` G‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ_g I cÖavb wefvM| miKv‡ii wZbwU wefv‡Mi g‡a¨
AvBbcwil‡ì cÖvavb¨ †ewk| KviY, AvBb cwil` AvBb ˆZwi Ki‡j Z‡eB kvmb wefvM Zvi mvnv‡h¨ ivóª kvmb
Ki‡e, RbMY‡K cwiPvwjZ Ki‡e| wePvi wefvM †mB AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v Ki‡e I cÖ‡qvR‡b †mB AvBb Øviv Aciv‡ai
wePvi Ki‡e| G e¨vcv‡i Mvb©vi e‡jb, ÒOf the several organs through which the will of the state is expressed
and carried out, the legislature unquestionably occupies the paramount placeÕÕ A_©vr miKv‡ii †h me wefv‡Mi
ga¨ w`‡q iv‡óªi B”Qv cÖKvwkZ I Kvh©Kix nq Zv‡ì g‡a¨ AvBb cwil‡ì ¯’vb wbtm‡›`‡n mevi Dc‡i| AvBb
cwil` †h me KvR K‡i Zv wePvi Ki‡j G wefvMwU‡K miKv‡ii wZbwU wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|
G cÖm‡½ Aa¨vcK wMjwµ÷ e‡jb, AvBb cÖYqb n‡”Q ev¯ÍweKc‡¶ miKv‡ii me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †gŠwjK KvR, G
wefvM‡K ev` w`‡q kvmb I wePvi wefvM wUK‡Z cv‡i bv| †R. G. †Kvix (J.A. Corry) Gi g‡Z, ZË¡MZfv‡e
AvBbcwil`B mvsweavwbK KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ me©v‡c¶v cÖvavb¨ we¯ÍviKvix| AvBb ˆZix I miKvix A‡_©i e¨q eivÏ K‡i
AvBbmfv kvmbwefv‡Mi KvR‡K myweb¨¯Í K‡i, RbM‡Yi g½‡ji Rb¨ wK wK Kiv n‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i Ges †Kvb& †Kvb&
mxgve×Zvi g‡a¨ miKvi‡K KvR Ki‡Z n‡e Zv w¯’i K‡i|
AvBbcwil‡ì me‡P‡q eo ¸iæZ¡ †h, GwU miKv‡ii Acwinvh© wefvM| we‡klZ MYZvwš¿K miKv‡ii Rb¨ AvBb cwil`
n‡”Q DËg cwigvcK ms¯’v| G ms¯’v †h‡nZz RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwaË¡ K‡i ZvB Gi Kv‡Ri cÖKw„ Z I kvmb wefv‡Mi Dci
wbqš¿‡Yi gvÎv Øviv Dcjwä Kiv hvq miKvi cÖK„Z MYZvwš¿K bv ˆ¯^îZvwš¿K| Aek¨ eZ©gv‡b kvmb wefv‡Mi Kv‡Ri

µgea©gvb we¯Í…wZi d‡j AvBb cwil‡ì ¶gZv K‡g hv‡”Q e‡j Awf‡hvM D‡V‡Q| Aóv`k I Dbwesk kZ‡Ki gZ
¶gZv I cÖwZcwË GKwesk kZ‡K G‡m AvBb cwil` Avi a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i wb| Zv m‡Ë¡I MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª AvBbmfvq
`jxq msL¨vMwióZv miKvwi Kv‡Ri m‡e©vËg mnvqK e‡j we‡ewPZ nq| ZvB MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª AvBbmfv‡K D‡c¶v Kivi
†Kvb my‡hvM †bB| KviY, Gi †gŠwjK KvR¸‡jv miKv‡ii Ab¨ wefv‡Mi Øviv m¤úv`b Kiv m¤¢e bq|
AvBbcwil‡ì Kvh©vejx
AvaywbK miKvi eë¯’vq AvBbwefvM mevi E‡×©| MYZ‡š¿ †Zv e‡UB, me©vZ¥Kev`x GKbvqKZ‡š¿i Gi ¸iæZ¡ Kg bq|
KviY GKbvqK‡ì ¶gZv we¯Ívi I msi¶‡Y AvBbmfvi weKí †bB|
 AvBb cÖYqb msµvšÍ KvR: AvBbcwil‡ì me©cÖ_g I cÖavbZg KvR AvBb cÖYqb| MYZš¿- GKbvqKZš¿ mn
mKj cÖKvi miKvi eë¯’vqB AvBb cÖYq‡b cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb K‡i AvBbmfv|G wefvM bZzb AvBb cÖYq‡bi
cvkvcvwk cyi‡bv AvBb ms‡kvab, ms¯‹vi I evwZj Kivi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| msm`xq miKv‡i kvmb wefv‡Mi
†bZ…e„›Ì AvBbmfvi Kv‡R AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb; GgbwK ZvivB †bZ…Z¡ †`b| KviY, †mLv‡b miKvix mKj wej
gwš¿cwil‡ì m`mïvB DÌvcb K‡ib| wKš‘ ivóªcwZ c×wZi miKv‡i GUv m¤¢e bq|
 msweavb msµvšÍ KvR : msweavb †`‡ki m‡e©v”P AvBb| msweavb cÖYq‡bi KvRwU AvBbcwil`B K‡i _v‡K|
Z‡e †m mgq Gi bvg nq MY-cwil`| msweav‡bi †h †Kvb cÖKvi ms‡kvab, ms‡hvRb wKsev †Kvb aviv ev
kã we‡gvPb I cÖwZ¯’vcb AvBb wefv‡Mi KvR| GZ`&msµvšÍ cÖ¯vÍ e kvmb wefvM †ck Ki‡j P~ovšÍfv‡e MÖnY
K‡i AvBb wefvM|
 miKvi MVb : gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ eë¯’vq miKvi MVb AvBbmfvi AwZ ¸iæZ¡cY~ © GKwU KvR| ejv hvq, G‡Kev‡i
cÖv_wgK I m‡e©v”P ¸iæZ¡cY~ ©| KviY miKvi MwVZ bv nIqv ch©šÍ AvBbmfv Zvi KvRB ïiæ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G
eë¯’vq msL¨vMwiôZv AR©bKvix `j gwš¿cwil` MVb K‡i| G gwš¿cwil`B miKvix bxwZ wba©viY K‡i Ges Zv
AvBb AvKv‡i iƒc`v‡bi †¶‡Î †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡i|
 A_©msµvšÍ KvR : cÖ‡Z¨K miKv‡ii AvBbcwil`B RvZxq A_©fvÛvi A_©vr †UªRvixi AwffveK I eë¯’vcK|
†`‡ki Avq-e¨q wba©viYx ev‡RU cÖYqb Ges Zv AvBb mfvq †ck Kiv I Gi m¤§wZ MÖnY kvmb wefv‡Mi Ab¨Zg
`vwqZ¡| AvBb mfvi Aby‡gv`b Qvov miKvi †Kvb Ki Av‡ivc I msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| miKvwi A‡_©i e¨qeivÏ
AvBb mfvi Aby‡y gv`b bv †c‡j Kvh©Kix nq bv| Ks‡MÖ‡mi Aby‡gv`b bv †c‡j gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi AwZ ¶gZvkvjx
ivóªcwZI miKvwi †KvlvMvi †_‡K †Kvb A_© e¨q Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| wewfbœ msm`xq KwgwUi Z_v miKvwi wnmve
KwgwUi gva¨‡g AvBbmfv miKv‡ii Avq I e¨q msµvšÍ wel‡q bRi`vix K‡i Ges Revew`wnZv I `vwqZ¡kxjZv
wbwðZ K‡i|
 kvmb wefvM wbqš¿Y : msm`xq miKv‡i AvBb wefvM I kvmb wefvM ci®úi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
G c×wZi cÖavb êwkó¨ n‡”Q mKj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBb wefv‡Mi wbKU kvmb wefv‡Mi `vqe×Zv I
Revew`wnZv| G‡Z AvBb wefvM cÖZ¨¶fv‡e kvmbwefvM‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i| AvBb wefv‡Mi cÖZ¨¶ mg_©b I
Av¯’v bv _vK‡j gwš¿cwil` ¶gZvmxb _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| gš¿xiv Zuv‡ì miKvwi Kvh©vejxi Rb¨ GKK I †hŠ_fv‡e
AvBb mfvi wbKU `vqx _v‡Kb| AvBb cwil` gš¿x‡ì wRÁvmvev`, mgv‡jvPbv, c`Z¨vM `vwe, miKvwi wej
ev ev‡RU ms‡kvab wKsev cÖZ¨vL¨v‡bi ûgwK w`‡q gwš¿cwil`‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡K| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ c×wZ‡Z,
we‡klZ gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª wm‡b‡Ui Aby‡gv`b Qvov †cÖwm‡W›U †Kvb D”P c`vwaKvix e¨w³‡K wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib
bv| Ks‡MÖ‡mi Aby‡gv`b e¨ZxZ †Kvb A_©wej Kvh©Kix nq bv| AvBb mfvq wewfbœ ¯’vqx KwgwU miKvwi Kv‡Ri
wePvi we‡kølY K‡i †m †gvZv‡eK AvBb cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ mycvwik †ck K‡i|
 wePvi msµvšÍ KvR : AvBbcwil‡ì wKQy wePvi wefvMxq KvRI i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq msm` ivóªcwZi
weiæ‡× msweavb jsNb, ¸iæZi Amy¯Z’ v I ivóªxq Kg© m¤úv`‡b Amvg‡_©i Awf‡hvM Avb‡j h_vh_ Z`‡šÍi gva¨‡g
Awf‡hvM cÖgvYmv‡c‡¶ wZb-PZz_©vsk m`‡mï †fv‡U ivóªcwZ‡K AwfkswmZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| weª‡U‡b AvBbmfvi
D”P K¶ nvDm Ae jW©m AvBbÁ jW©‡ì wb‡q Avcxj gvgjvi D”PZg Av`vjZ ev wcÖwf KvDwÝj MVb K‡i|
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª Ks‡MÖ‡mi wØZxq K¶ wm‡bU ivóªcwZ Ges D”PZi miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡ì weiæ‡× ¸iæZi Awf‡hvM
DÌvwcZ n‡j Zvi wePvi K‡i _v‡K|
BDwbU- 5 c„ôv-59
GmGmGBPGj
 wbe©vPb msµvšÍ KvR : AvBb cwil‡ì wbe©vPb msµvšÍ KvR me©Rbwew`Z| evsjv‡`‡k I fvi‡Z AvBbcwil`
(RvZxq msm` Ges cvj©v‡g›U I weavbmfv) ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb K‡i| ¯úxKvi I †WcywU ¯úxKvi c‡` wbe©vPbI
AvBbmfvi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| AvBb cÖYq‡b RwUjZv wbim‡bi Rb¨ AvBb cwil‡` A‡bK mgq wefw³
†fv‡Ui eë¯’v Kiv nq| wbe©vPb msµvšÍ Kv‡Ri GwU Ab¨Zg w`K|
 RvZxq weZK© I Av‡jvPbvi †dvivg: AvBbcwil` GKwU †`‡ki †K›`ªwee›`y| RvZxq bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î
Av‡jvPbv, weZK© I gZwewbg‡qi gva¨‡g AvBb cÖ‡YZvMY wm×v‡šÍ †cŠQvb GLv‡b| GLv‡b RbM‡Yi gZvgZ
I ¯^v‡_©i mw¤§jb N‡U| GLv‡b gZwewbgq I weZ‡K©i weeiY wewfbœ msev` I MYgva¨‡g RbM‡Yi wbKU †cuŠ‡Q|
d‡j RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK wk¶vi we¯Ívi I m‡PZbZvi weKvk N‡U| RbM‡Yi K_v miKvi‡K I miKv‡ii
Kvh©vejxi we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q †cuŠQvevi †mZz wnmv‡e KvR K‡i AvBb wefvM|
 RbgZ MVb: eZ©gvb hyM AvBb wefv‡Mi ¶gZv nªvm I kvmb wefv‡Mi cÖvavb¨ e„w×i hyM| GLv‡b gwš¿cwil` Z_v
wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ wecyj cwigv‡Y e„w× cvIqv m‡Ë¡I miKv‡ii w¯’wZ I ¯’vwqZ¡ i¶vq RbgZ MV‡bi KvRwU
AvBbmfvi m`m¨‡ì gva¨‡gB m¤úvw`Z nq| AvBbcwil‡ì m`m¨MY wbR wbR GjvKvq wM‡q miKv‡ii c‡¶-
wec‡¶ RbMY‡K msMwVZ K‡i| d‡j wba©vwiZ †gqv‡` kvwšÍcY~ © Dcv‡q, ¯^w¯Íi mv‡_ KvR Kiv m¤¢e nq kvmb
wefv‡Mi c‡¶|
 wewea Kvh©vejx : AvBbcwil` wba©vwiZ Kv‡Ri evB‡i Ab¨vb¨ bvbvwea Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b K‡i| m`m¨‡ì wbe©vPbx
†hvM¨Zv wba©viY, Acivag~jK I A‡mŠRb¨c~Y© Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wb›`v Ávcb, wbR `‡ji weiæ‡× e³e¨ †ck I
†fvU`v‡bi Aciv‡a ewn¯‹vi, ¯úxKvi I †WcywU ¯úxKv‡ii Abycw¯’wZ‡Z mfv cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ mfvcwZ c¨v‡bj
g‡bvbqb, wewfbœ KwgwU MVb, KwgwUi êV‡K †hvM`vb Ges G‡Z M„nxZ wm×všÍ ¯úxKv‡ii gva¨‡g mfv‡K
AewnZKiY, ivóªcwZ c` k~b¨ n‡j ¯úxKvi KZ©K „ A¯’vqx ivóªcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb, ivóªcwZi fvl‡Yi Dci abëv`
cÖ¯vÍ e Avbqb, Riæwi Rb¸iæZ¡m¤úbœ wel‡q Kwgkb MVb BZ¨vw` KvR AvBbcwil‡ì AvIZvfz³|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡kB AvBbcwil` ¸iæZ¡cY~ © KvR m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| †`‡ki mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK
w¯’wZkxjZv i¶vq Gi f~wgKvi †Kvb weKí †bB| G‡¶‡Î cÖYxZ AvBb‡K Kv‡R jvMvevi eë¯’v AvBbmfv K‡i _v‡K|
ZvB wMjµvB÷ e‡jb, ÒThe Legislature is more important than the Executive or Judiciary.Ó
AvBb cÖYqb c×wZ
AvBbcÖYq‡bi mve©Rbxb †Kvb c×wZ †bB| wewfbœ †`‡ki AvBbcwil` wewfbœfv‡e AvBbcÖYqb K‡i _v‡K| †gvUvgywU
GKwU aviYv jv‡fi D‡Ï‡k¨ gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii AvBbcwil` KZ©„K AvBbcÖYqb c×wZ ms‡¶‡c eY©bv Kiv
nj|
AvBb cÖ_‡g Lmov cÖ¯vÍ e AvKv‡i AvBbcwil‡` DÌvcb Kiv nq| AvB‡bi G cÖ¯vÍ e‡K wej (Bill) e‡j| wej mvaviYZ
`yÕcÖKvi nq| 1. cvewjK wej (Public Bill) 2. cÖvB‡fU wej (Private Bill) mgMÖ †`‡k ev †`‡ki AwaKvsk AÂ‡ji
Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ Ggb AvB‡bi cÖ¯vÍ e hLb DÌvwcZ nq ZLb Zv nq cvewjK wej| †h me AvBb wbw`©ó †Kvb e¨w³,
ms¯’v, †Mvôx ev ¯’vbxq GjvKvi m‡½ mswkøó ‡m¸‡jvi cÖ¯vÍ eB cÖvB‡fU wej|
cvewjK wej‡K Avevi `yÕfv‡M wef³ Kiv hvq| 1. miKvwi wej I 2. †emiKvwi m`m¨ wej (Private Membersí
Bill)| †h wej ev AvB‡bi cÖ¯vÍ e miKv‡ii †Kvb gš¿x DÌvcb K‡ib Zv‡K miKvwi wej e‡j| Ab¨w`‡K AvBbcwil‡ì
Ab¨ †Kvb mvaviY m`m¨ hw` †Kvb cÖ¯vÍ e DÌvcb K‡ib Z‡e Zv n‡e †emiKvwi m`m¨ wej|
cÖ¯vÍ e wnmv‡e DÌvwcZ nevi ci K‡qKwU ch©v‡qi ga¨ w`‡q GKwU wej AvB‡b cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_g ch©v‡q we‡ji
Lmov ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| miKvix wej n‡j mswkøó `ß‡ii fvicÖvß gš¿x we‡ji iƒc‡iLv ˆZwi K‡i Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨
gwš¿mfvq †ck K‡ib| gwš¿mfv Aby‡gv`b Kivi ci mswkøó gš¿Yvj‡qi Kg©PvwiMY LmovwU ˆZwi K‡ib| ˆZwi nevi ci
cybivq m¤§wZi Rb¨ gwš¿mfvq †ck Ki‡Z nq| †emiKvwi m`m¨ wej mswkøó m`m¨ wb‡RB cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib|
gwš¿mfvi m¤§wZ cvevi ci AvBbcwil‡` cÖ¯vÍ e AvKv‡i ev Av‡M †bvwUk w`‡q H gš¿x wKsev H m`m¨ wej DÌvc‡bi Rb¨
¯úxKv‡ii gva¨‡g AvBbcwil‡ì AbygwZ Pvb| AbygwZ †c‡j wejwU DÌvc‡bi †hŠw³KZv †`wL‡q gš¿x ev m`m¨‡K
e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| G e¨vL¨vi Dci weZK© AbywôZ nq| Zvici ¯úxKv‡ii AbygwZ wb‡q AvbyôvwbKfv‡e wejwU

DÌvcb Kiv nq| Gmgq gš¿x ev m`m¨ ïaygvÎ wejwUi wk‡ivbvg c‡o †`b| covi Av‡M Aek¨ Lmov we‡ji Kwc
mKj m`m¨‡K weZiY Kiv nq| wej †ck Kivi G ch©vq‡K cÖ_g cvV e‡j|
Gici wejwUi DÌvcK we‡ji D‡Ïk¨, welqe¯‘ BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© `xN© e³…Zv K‡ib| Zvici we‡ji Dci weZK© ïay
nq| weZ‡K©i ci wejwU MÖnY Kiv n‡e wKbv Zvi Dci †fvU †bIqv Kiv nq| miKvix wej¸‡jv mvaviYZ M„nxZ nq|
†emiKvwi m`m¨ wej-Gi †¶‡Î M„nxZ bv neviB m¤¢vebv _v‡K| wej MÖnY ev eR©‡bi G ch©vq‡K wØZxq cvV e‡j|
wØZxq cv‡V Aby‡gvw`Z ev M„nxZ nevi ci wejwU‡K ¯’vqx KwgwU‡Z cvVvb nq| KwgwU‡Z wejwUi LuywUbvwU wek`fv‡e
Av‡jvwPZ nq| G mgq KwgwU wejwUi Dci ev Gi Askwe‡k‡li Dci cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvabx Avb‡Z cv‡i| Gi †Kvb
Ask MÖnY ev eR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e wek` wePviwe‡ePbvi ci KwgwU wejwU m¤ú‡K© cÖwZ‡e`b †ck K‡i|
Gici KwgwUi cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Dci AvBbcwil‡` avivIqvix Av‡jvPbv nq| cÖwZ‡e`‡b KwgwU †hme ms‡kva‡bi
cÖ¯vÍ e iv‡L Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv I weZ‡K©i ci cÖwZwU avivq ms‡kvabx cÖ¯vÍ eI Avbv †h‡Z cv‡i| mewKQy wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
I weZ‡K©i ci cÖwZwU aviv I ms‡kvabx cÖ¯vÍ em¤ú‡K© †fvU †bqv nq|
wej cv‡mi GwU nj †kl ch©vq| †kl ch©v‡q wejwUi Dci Avevi mvaviY Av‡jvPbv nq| G ch©v‡qI ms‡kvabx Avbv
hvq| Z‡e Zv †gŠwLKfv‡e| wKš‘ G ch©v‡q we‡ji †Kvb avivi cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv| cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j Zv Avevi
KwgwU‡Z cvVv‡Z nq| cwieZ©b cÖ‡qvRb n‡j wejwU‡K P~ovšÍfv‡e MÖn‡Yi c‡¶-wec‡¶ †fvU MÖnY Kiv nq| c‡¶ †ewk
†fvU co‡j wejwU AvBbcwil‡` M„nxZ n‡q‡Q e‡j ¯úxKvi †NvlYv K‡ib| me©‡kl G ch©vq Z„Zxq cvV bv‡g cwiwPZ|
G ch©vq †kl n‡j GKK¶ wewkó¨ AvBbcwil‡ì †¶‡Î ¯úxKvi wejwU‡K mZ¨vqb K‡i ivóªcaÖ v‡bi m¤§wZi Rb¨ cvwV‡q
†`b| wØK¶wewkó AvBbcwil` n‡j wbgœK‡¶ wej cvm nevi ci D”PK‡¶ cvVv‡bv nq| D”PK‡¶ M„nxZ nevi ciB Zv
ivóªcaÖ v‡bi m¤§wZi Rb¨ †cÖiY Kiv nq| Gfv‡e AvB‡bi GKwU cÖ¯vÍ e wewfbœ ch©vq †k‡l ivóªcÖav‡bi m¤§wZm~PK
¯^v¶‡ii ga¨ w`‡q AvB‡b cwiYZ nq|
mviK_v
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv n‡Z GUv ®úó †h, AvBbcwil` miKv‡ii g~j wefvM| G wefvM cÖYxZ AvBb Øviv ivóª kvwmZ nq,
wePvi KvR myôfz v‡e P‡j| G wefv‡Mi g~j KvR AvBb cÖYqb, cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi ms‡kvab, cwigvR©b I cÖwZ¯’vcb| wKš‘
Gi cvkvcvwk Gi Ab¨vb¨ KvRI i‡q‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨ kvmbwefvM‡K wbqš¿Y, Z`viwK, †Kvb †Kvb †`‡k ivóªcÖavb
wbe©vPb, ivóªxq †KvlvMv‡ii †ndvRZ, miKvi I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb iPbv BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨| ivóªcwZ I
D”Pc`¯’ miKvix Kg©KZ©v GgbwK m‡e©v”P wePvivj‡qi wePvi‡Ki weiæ‡× AvbxZ Awf‡hv‡Mi Z`šÍ I wePviKvh©I
AvBbcwil` K‡i _v‡K| gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi cy‡ivcywi AvBb cwil‡ì Dci wbf©ikxj| AvBbcwil` Zvi g~jKvR
AvBbcÖYqb wewfbœ ¯Íi ev ch©vq AwZµg Ki‡Z nq| AvBb wej ev cÖ¯vÍ e AvKv‡i DÌvwcZ nevi ci KwgwU‡Z †cÖiY,
Av‡jvPbv, weZK©, ms‡kvabx BZ¨vwì ci mgMÖ cwil‡ì †fv‡U M„nxZ n‡j ivóªcÖav‡bi m¤§wZi gva¨‡g AvBb bvg
aviY K‡i| AvBbcwil‡ì Kvh©KvwiZv GKwU mdj miKv‡ii cwigvcK|
BDwbU- 5 c„ôv-61
GmGmGBPGj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. miKv‡ii g‡a¨ †Kvb wefv‡Mi cÖvavb¨ †ewk ?
K. gwš¿mfvi;
L. wePviwefv‡Mi;
M. AvBbcwil‡ì;
N. wbe©vPK gÛjxi|
2. AvBbcwil‡ì g~j KvR †KvbwU ?

K. AvBb cÖYqb;
L. AvB‡bi ms‡kvab;
M. AvBb cwigvR©b;
N. AvBb ev¯Íevqb Z`viwK|
mwVK DËi t 1.M 2.K

1. AvBb cwil` wK?
2. AvBb cwil‡ì `ywU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kv‡Ri weeiY w`b|
3. miKvix I †emiKvix we‡ji g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Av‡Q wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. MYZvwš¿K miKv‡i AvBbcwil‡ì ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|
2. ÒmiKv‡ii me KwU wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ wbtm‡›`‡n AvBbmfvB m‡e©v”P ¯’vbwU AwaKvi K‡i Av‡Q|Ó Dw³wUi h_v_©Zv cÖgvY
Kiæb|
3. wKfv‡e AvBb cÖYxZ nq ? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

cvV - 3
GKK¶ I wØK¶ wewkó AvBbmfvi êwkó¨

D‡Ïk¨
 GKK¶ wewkó AvBbmfv I Zvi ‰ewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wØK¶ wewkó AvBbmfv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb I êwkó¨¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
GKK¶ wewkó AvBbmfvi msÁv

GKK¶ wewkó AvBbmfv ej‡Z †mB AvBbmfv‡K eySvq hv iv‡óª RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgË¡ I mvaviY B”Qvi mw¤§wjZ cÖKvk
AvB‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡q cÖwZdwjZ Kivi Rb¨ GKwUgvÎ K¶ ev cwil` wb‡q MwVZ nq| G ai‡bi AvBbmfvq mvaviYZ
GKwU †`k‡K KZK¸‡jv GKK wbe©vPbx GjvKvq wef³ K‡i cÖvßeq¯‹ me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z cÖwZwbwa
wbe©vwPZ Kiv nq| †eÄvwgb d«vsKwjb Ges †R‡igx †eš’vg G ai‡bi AvBbmfvi mg_©K wQ‡jb| evsjv‡`k, Zzi¯‹, MÖxm,
eyj‡Mwiqv, wbDwRj¨vÛ cÖf„wZ †`‡k G ai‡bi AvBbmfv i‡q‡Q|
BwZevPK êwkó¨
G eë¯’vq AvBb cÖYq‡b RbM‡Yi ALÛ mve©‡fŠgZ¡ I msnZ mvaviY B”Qvi cÖwZdjb N‡U| G cÖm‡½ mx‡qm (Sieyes)
e‡jb, ÒAvBb †h‡nZz RbM‡Yi B”Qvi cÖKvk †m‡nZz GKB wel‡q RbM‡Yi `y ai‡bi B”Qv _vK‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB
RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwa wnmv‡e AvBbmfv GKK¶wewkó nIqvB hyw³m½Z|Ó jW© eªvBm e‡jb, A_©vr ÒwØZxq K¶ cÖ_g K‡¶i
wm×v‡šÍ Am¤§Z n‡j Zv ¶wZKi n‡e, Avi hw` m¤§Z nq Z‡e †Zv IwU (A_©vr wØZxq K¶) AwZwi³|Ó
 GKK¶ wewkó AvBbmfv RbmsL¨vi wfwË‡Z wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g MVb Kiv nq weavq GLv‡b cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i †¶‡Î
†Kvb cÖKvi RwUjZv m„wó nq bv|
 GKK¶ wewkó AvBbmfv mgq mvkªq K‡i| Gi d‡j AvBb cÖYqb ¯^í mg‡q m¤¢e nq weavq Avbylw½K e¨q Kg
nq| m`m¨‡ì †eZb, fvZv, AvBbmfvi Awa‡ek‡bi e¨q BZ¨vw` Kg jv‡M| we‡klZ †QvU I `wi`ª †`‡ki Rb¨
G eë¯’vB Dc‡hvMx|
 G eë¯’vq AvBbmfv RvwZi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i| d‡j RvwZ Z_v RbM‡Yi cÖwZ `vqe×Zv _v‡K| †m Rb¨ cÖMwZkxj
wPšÍvaviv I a¨vb aviYvi wfwË‡Z AvBb cÖYq‡b †Kvb cÖKvi evav _v‡K bv|
†bwZevPK êwkó¨
 GKK¶ wewkó AvBbmfvi GK‡PwUqvË¡ _vKvi Kvi‡Y AZ¨šÍ Zvovûovi ga¨ w`‡q AvBb cÖYxZ nq| mvaviYZ nVvr
K‡i D™¢Zy mgm¨v ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K mvg‡b †i‡L AvBb cÖYxZ nq e‡j Gi cÖ‡YZvMY Lye VvÛv gv_vq axiw¯’ifv‡e
†f‡e wP‡šÍ wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| d‡j wKQyw`‡bi g‡a¨B H AvB‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv I ¸iæZ¡ n«vm cvq| ZLb
bZzb AvBb cÖYq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| G‡Z ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZvi Rb¥ n‡Z cv‡i|
 GKK¶ AvBbmfv ˆ¯^îvPv‡ii Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i| †KejgvÎ RbmsL¨vi wfwË‡Z wbe©vwPZ nq e‡j G AvBbmfvq
msL¨vMwiô Avmb AR©bKvix `‡ji †bZv‡ì g‡a¨ AnwgKv m„wó nq Ges Zviv Zv‡ì kvmb‡K `xN©¯’vqx Kivi Rb¨
bvbviKg AvBbKvbyb cÖeZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| wØZxqevi Gme AvBb wePvi we‡køl‡Yi †KvbiKg my‡hvM bv _vKvq
kvmK m¤úª`vq Gme AvB‡bi e‡j h‡_”QvPvix n‡q D‡V|
 GKK¶ wewkó AvBbmfvi cÖwZwbwaË¡ RbmsL¨vwfwËK nIqvq A‡c¶vK„Z PvjvK-PZzi I mvaviY wkw¶Z ivR‰bwZK
†bZviv RbMY‡K Zv‡ì R¡vjvgqx e³„Zvwee„wZi Øviv m‡¤§vwnZ K‡i wbe©vP‡b Rqjvf K‡i| Zviv AvBb Ges Zvi
LuywUbvwU w`K I Kjv‡KŠkj m¤ú‡K© AÁ _v‡Kb| ZvB Zv‡ì Øviv cÖYxZ AvBb m¤ú‡K© cyYtfvebv ev we‡køl‡Yi
BDwbU- 5 c„ôv-63
GmGmGBPGj
†Kvb my‡hvM GKK¶ AvBbmfvi Rb¨ _v‡K bv| d‡j AvBb cÖKw„ ZMZfv‡e I
ev¯ÍeZvi wbwi‡L Lye hy‡Mvc‡hvMx bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Ávbx I ¸Yx‡ì msL¨víZvB Gi cÖavb KviY|
 GKK¶ AvBbmfv †KejgvÎ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g MwVZ nq e‡j mgv‡Ri wewfbœgyLx ¯^v_© I †ckvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| †m Kvi‡Y GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii Rb¨ hvB †nvK hy³ivóªxq eë¯’vq G c×wZ djcÖm~ bq|
wØK¶ wewkó AvBbmfv
msÁv: GKK¶ wewkó AvBbmfvi mxgve×Zv ÎæwUwePz¨wZi Kvi‡Y c„w_exi AwaKvsk †`‡kB AvBbmfvq wØK¶ eë¯’v
cÖewZ©Z nq‡Q| weª‡Ub Gi eo D`vniY| GLv‡b AwfRvZ ivRbë‡M©i cÖvav‡bï cvkvcvwk mvaviY gvby‡li AwfgZ‡K
we‡ePbvq †i‡L jW©mfv I KgÝmfvi mgš^‡q M‡o D‡V‡Q weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U| hy³iv‡óª RbmsL¨vwfwËK cÖwZwbwa cwil‡ì
mv‡_ ivR¨-cÖwZwbwa‡ì ¯^^xK„wZ ¯^îƒc wm‡b‡Ui Aw¯ÍZ¡ PgKcÖ`| †Zgwb cÖwZ‡ekx ivóª fvi‡Zi cvj©v‡g‡›U mnve¯’vb
Ki‡Q RbmsL¨vwfwËK †jvKmfv Ges cÖ‡`kwfwËK ivR¨mfv|
BwZevPK êwkó¨
 wØK¶ wewkó AvBbmfv cwiKwíZ Dcv‡q I mveavbZvi mv‡_ wePvi we‡kølY K‡i AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Z mg_©¨|
†hLv‡b GKK¶ AvBbmfv nVKvixfv‡e `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wm×n¯Í, `yÕK¶ †mLv‡b w¯’iZvi mv‡_ AvBb cÖYq‡b
`¶Zvi ¯^v¶i ivL‡Z cv‡i|
 wØK¶ wewkó AvBbmfv mvavi‡Yi B”Qvi mwVKZi we‡kølY Ki‡Z mg_©| †Kvb Kvi‡Y wbgœK¶ Av‡eM I `jxq
msKxY©Zvq PvwjZ n‡q MYwegyLx wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡jI D”PK‡¶i m`m¨MY axiw¯’ifv‡e Zvi g‡a¨ MYB”Qvi
cÖwZdjb‡K cwigvc Ki‡Z cv‡ib Ges AvBb‡K †X‡j mvRv‡Z cv‡ib|
 wØK¶ wewkó AvBbmfvq wewfbœgyLx ¯^v‡_©i cÖwZwbwaM‡Yi Avmb _vKvq me †kªYx I †ckvi gvby‡li `vwe`vIqv
we‡ePbv Kiv m¤¢e nq| G‡Z K‡i †h AvBb cÖYxZ nq Zv nq me©v½ my›ì, me©mvavi‡Yi Dc‡hvMx, me©Rbxb I
me©‡Zvfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨|
 wØK¶ wewkó AvBbmfv e¨w³¯^vaxbZv mgybZ
œ iv‡L Ges ˆ¯îvPvix AvBb cÖYq‡bi MwZ iæ× K‡i| GKK¶ ˆ¯îvPvix
n‡q DV‡Z PvB‡j Ab¨K‡¶i AvcwË I AbvMÖn Zv cÖkwgZ K‡i| d‡j e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv mgybZ œ _v‡K|
 wØK¶ AvBbmfv wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZvi c_‡KI cÖk¯Í K‡i| hw` `yB K¶B kw³mvg‡_© mgvb nq Ges kvmb
wefvM‡K `yÕK‡¶i wbKUB Revew`wn bv Ki‡Z nq Zvn‡j G‡K Ab¨‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z wM‡q AvBbmfv kvmb
wefvM‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e KvR Kivi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i †`q| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi Ks‡MÖm Gi me‡P‡q eo D`vniY| hvi
Kvi‡Y kvmb wefvM †mLv‡b ¯âxbfv‡e Kv‡R K‡i _v‡K|
 `yÕK¶ wewkó AvBbmfv D‡ËRbv, `jxq I e¨w³ cÖfve cÖkwgZ K‡i| AvB‡bi Pzj‡Piv we‡kølY nq| gvbe cÖK„wZ‡Z
AšÍwbwn©Z `ybx©wZ I †¯^”QvPvi cÖwZ‡iva K‡i|
†bwZevPK êwkó¨
A‡b‡K wØK¶ wewkó AvBbmfv‡K AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ges AvBbmfvi AwZwi³ I A‡nZzK ms‡hvRb g‡b K‡ib| Zv‡ì
g‡Z, wbe©vPKgÛjx hw` wkw¶Z I m‡PZb nq Zvn‡j Zviv Ggb †jvK‡ì AvBbmfvq wbe©vwPZ Ki‡e hviv GKK¶
AvBbmfv n‡jI h_vh_ I Dc‡hvMx AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| †m‡¶‡Î Av‡iKwU K‡¶i cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
AvBbmfvq `yB K¶ _vK‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ AvBb msµvšÍ wØgZ cÖKvk cvIqvB ¯^vfvweK| wbgœK¶ cÖYxZ AvBb‡K D”PK¶
hw` bvKP K‡i †`q Zvn‡j mswkøó †¶‡Î miKv‡ii c`‡¶c wejw¤^Z nevi I iv‡óªi AMÖMwZ wcwQ‡q hvevi m¤¢vebv
i‡q‡Q| weª‡U‡b KgÝmfvi Awa‡ek‡b M„nxZ AvB‡b m¤§wZ cÖ`v‡b jW© mfvi wej‡¤î Kvi‡Y †kl ch©šÍ Ggb weavb
Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q hv‡Z jW©mfv‡K A_©we‡ji gZ ¸iæZ¡cY~ © we‡jI mË¡i m¤§wZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq| G cÖm‡½ jW© eªvBm-Gi
AwfgZ n‡”Q, hLb †Kvb wel‡q `ywU K¶B GKgZ nq ZLb wØZxq K¶ Ab_©K; hLb gZcv_©K¨ nq ZLb ¶wZKi|
wØK¶ wewkó AvBbmfv _vKvi A_©B n‡”Q AvBbcÖYq‡b `xN©m~ÎZv| we‡klZ Riæwi Ae¯’v DËi‡Y G eë¯’v A‡nZzK
wej¤^ m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov mvaviYZ GKB `‡ji m`mïv Dfq K‡¶ msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡ib| G‡¶‡Î `jxq
bxwZB †h‡nZz Dfq K‡¶i m`m¨‡ì we‡eP¨, †mLv‡b Av‡iKwU K‡¶i wK jvf?

wØK¶ AvBbmfv gv‡bB GKwU e„nËi cÖwZôvb-hvi m`m¨ msL¨v GK K‡¶i wØ¸Y| d‡j Zv‡ì ms¯’vcb mn Ab¨vb¨
e¨q me‡¶‡Î wØ¸Y n‡e| Ggb ai‡Yi AvBbmfv abx‡ì wejvwmZv n‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ `wi`ª †`‡ki Rb¨ AvZ¥NvZx|
RbMYB †hLv‡b AvBbmfvi wbe©vPK, †mLv‡b Zv‡ì `yÕevi `yÕiKg `„wófw½ MVb me©`v m¤¢e bq| GKevi RbmsL¨v bxwZ
Ges Abëvi cÖv‡`wkK cÖwZwbwa‡Ë¡i bxwZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kiv mvaviY gvby‡li c‡¶ m¤¢e bq| ZvB GUv MYZ‡š¿i bv‡g
Ah_v Pvwc‡q †`qv †evSv| ZvQvov weª‡U‡bi wØK¶ cvj©v‡g‡›U jW©mfv mgv‡Ri AwfRvZ m¤úª`v‡qi cÖwZwbwaË¡ K‡i
eskMwigv I mvgvwRK Ae¯’v‡bi m~‡Î| GwU MYZš¿ bq eis AMYZ‡š¿iB cÖwZiƒc|
wØK¶ wewkó AvBbmfvi wec‡¶ DÌvwcZ hyw³ I Awf‡hvM †bnvqZB ZË¡MZ| Gi mv‡_ ev¯Í‡ei eëavb A‡bK| KviY,
ev¯Í‡e †`Lv hvq †h, c„w_exi †ewkifvM MYZ‡š¿B G eë¯’v cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| Avevi AwaKvsk †`‡k Aw¯ÍË¡ _vKv‡KI Gi
c‡¶ eo hyw³ wnmv‡e D×„Z Kiv hvq bv; KviY †Kvb cÖwZôvbB GKk fvM ÎæwUnxb n‡Z cv‡i bv| Zv m‡Ë¡I †h‡nZz
gvbeRxe‡bi myôz I my›ì weKv‡ki AbyKj~ cwi‡ek m„wó K‡i mgv‡R kvwšÍ I k„sLjv i¶v AvB‡bi †gŠj êwkó¨, †m‡nZz
Gi mywPwšÍZ cÖYqb, ev¯ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K weï×KiY Ges cwic~Y©Zvi Rb¨ evisevi I we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbvi †hŠw³KZv
Ab¯^xKvh©| a‡i †bqv hvq Gi d‡jB wØK¶ wewkó AvBbmfv ¯^xK„wZ †c‡q‡Q|
mviK_v
GKK¶B †nvK Avi wØK¶B †nvK AvBbmfv miKv‡ii Acwinvh© A½| GKK¶ wewkó AvBbmfvq evKme©¯^ †jv‡Kiv
`jxq msL¨vMwiôZvi †Rv‡i h_v_© Kj¨vYKi AvBb me©`v cÖYqb Ki‡Z bv cvi‡jI iv‡óªi msnwZ, e¨q n«vm, mgq
ms‡¶c‡bi †cÖw¶‡Z G eë¯’v `wi`ª †`‡ki Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx| wØK¶ wewkó AvwBbmfv `ywU K‡¶i g‡a¨ fvimvg¨ ¯’vcb
Kivq kvmb wefvM wbwiwewj KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| AvBb cÖYq‡b fvimvg¨ I `¶Zvi mgš^q N‡U| AvBb cwil` RbM‡Yi
¯^vaxbZvi mnvqK nq| wKš‘ mgq‡¶cb I `xN©m~ÎZv, e¨qeûjZv I AvwfRvZ¨ †eva Gi ¸iæZ¡ wKQyUv n«vm K‡i‡Q|
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mwVK DË‡i ()wPý w`b
1. ÒGKB wel‡q RbM‡Yi `yÕai‡Yi B”Qv _vK‡Z cv‡i bvÓ - K_vwU †K e‡j‡Qb ?
K. Mvb©vi;
L. eªvBm;
M. wm‡qm;
N. wMjwµ÷|
2. AvBbmfvi GKK¶ Aci K¶‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i †Kvb †`‡k ?

K. fvi‡Z;
L. weª‡U‡b;
M. gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª;
N. evsjv‡`‡k|
mwVK DËi t 1.L 2.M
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. GKK¶ wewkó AvBbmfv Kv‡K e‡j ? GKK¶ wewkó AvBbmfvi BwZevPK I †bwZevPK êwkó¨¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv
Kiæb|
2. wØK¶ wewkó AvBbmfvi msÁv w`b| G AvBbmfvi êwkó¨¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|

cvV - 4
kvmb wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vejx

D‡Ïk¨
 kvmbwefv‡Mi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 eZ©gvbKv‡j kvmb wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 kvmbwefv‡Mi Kvh©vejx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
msÁv
miKv‡ii †h A½ ev wefvM RbRxe‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó iv‡óªi ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b K‡i, RbRxe‡b kvwšÍ-k„sLjv
eRvq iv‡L Ges `ªe¨ I †mev mieiv‡ni `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i Zv‡KB kvmb wefvM e‡j| cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi ev¯Íevqb, `y‡ói
`gb I wk‡ói cvjb, ivóªkvm‡bi bxwZgvjv ev¯Íevqb cÖfw„ Z Kv‡R RwoZ miKv‡ii A½wU kvmbwefvM bv‡g cwiwPZ|
kvmbwefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ t AvaywbK iv‡óª kvmbwefv‡Mi Kvh©Kjvc wbw`©ó †Kvb MwÛ‡Z mxgve× Kiv hvq bv| e¨w³ I mgvR
Rxe‡bi Ggb †Kvb †¶Î †bB †hLv‡b kvmbwefvM n¯Í‡¶c K‡i bv| c~‡e© cywjwk iv‡óªi aviYv cÖPwjZ _vKvq kvmbwefvM
Ki Av`vq, kvwšÍ k„sLjv i¶v Ges mxgvšÍ i¶vi gZ †¶Î Qvov bvMwiK Rxe‡b Lye KgB n¯Í‡¶c KiZ| µgvš^‡q
gvbeRxe‡bi RwUjZv e„w× Ges weÁvb I cÖhyw³i µgvMZ DbœwZi d‡j iv‡óªi KvR e„w× cvIqvq kvmb wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡
†e‡oB P‡j‡Q| miKv‡ii AvBb I wePvi wefvM RbM‡Yi ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi mv‡_ me©`v RwoZ _v‡K bv| kvmb
wefvM‡KB cÖwZw`b cÖwZ g~û‡Z© RbRxe‡bi mgm¨v Ges Zvi mgvavb wb‡q e¨¯Í _vK‡Z nq| cÖvK„wZK `~‡h©vM, hy×, Riæwi
Ae¯’v cÖfw„ Zi †gvKv‡ejv GKKfv‡e kvmbwefvM‡KB Ki‡Z nq| G mgq cÖ‡qvRb †ev‡a AvBbwefvM I wePviwefv‡Mi
KvR cy‡ivcywi eÜ ivLv nq| Avgv‡ì gZ Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvv‡Z mvgwiK evwnbx ivóª¶gZv `Lj Ki‡j AvBb I wePvi
wefv‡Mi Kg©KvÛ ¯’wMZ ivLv nq| wKš‘ kvmb wefv‡Mi KvR Pj‡ZB _v‡K| cÖavb kvmK Zvi wbe©vnx cwil`, gwš¿mfv I
wmwfj mvwf©‡mi gva¨‡g kvmb wefvMxq KvR Pvjy iv‡L| miKvi‡K hw` GKwU †`‡ni mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq, Z‡e
kvmbwefvM‡K Zvi i³ mÂvjbKvix ürwcÛ ej‡j AZz¨w³ n‡e bv| ZvB ejv hvq, kvmb wefvMB n‡”Q ivóª h‡š¿i g~j
Dcv`vb Ges miKvwi Kvh©Kjv‡ci †K›`ªwe›`y|
kvmb wefv‡Mi Kvh©vejx
kvmb wefvM miKv‡ii AwZ Riæwi Kvh©vejxi mv‡_ RwoZ| GQvov KZK¸‡jv wbqwgZ KvR kvmb wefvM‡K m¤úv`b
Ki‡Z nq, †hgb:
 Af¨šÍixY wbivcËv i¶v: bvMwiK Rxe‡bi cÖv_wgK Pvwn`v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ kvwšÍ I k„•Ljv Ab¨Zg| myôz Rxeb weKv‡ki
†¶‡Î me©cÖ_g cÖ‡qvRb e¨w³i wbivcËv| kvmb wefvM Zvi ¯îvóªwefvM wKsev Af¨šÍixY wbivcËv wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g
kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv i¶v K‡i _v‡K| GRb¨ cywjk wKsev Af¨šÍixY wbivcËv wefv‡Mi m`m¨‡ì wb‡qvM, c`vqb, e`wj,
c‡`vbœwZ BZ¨vw` msµvšÍ KvR K‡i| Gme evwnbxi gva¨‡g kvmb wefvM AvBbcÖ‡qv‡Mi eë¯’v K‡i Ges AvBb
h_vh_ fv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡”Q wKbv Zv ZË¡veavb K‡i|
 A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vejx: AvBb mfvi Aby‡gv`b mv‡c‡¶ kvmb wefvM ivóªcwiPvjbvi Rb¨ A_© msMÖn I Zv e¨q K‡i|
bvMwiK Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ Ki Av`vq I wba©vwiZ Lv‡Z Zv e¨q Kivi gva¨‡g kvmb wefvM iv‡óªi A_©bxwZ‡K mPj
iv‡L| A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cwiKíbv cÖYqb, cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ A_© ms¯’vb, Af¨šÍixY I ê‡`wkK
A‡_©i Drm mÜvb, `vZv ms¯’vi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v I †`bìevi Kiv BZ¨vw` A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vejxi AšÍf©y³|
iv‡óªi Dbœqb I AMÖMwZ cÖavbZ kvmb wefv‡Mi mvg_©, `¶Zv I Kg©ZrciZvi Dci wbf©ikxj|
 cÖwZi¶v I hy× msµvšÍ Kvh©vejx: Aa¨vcK †M‡Uj G KvRwU‡K kvmb wefv‡Mi mvgwiK Kvh©vejx e‡j AwfwnZ
K‡i‡Qb| GKv‡R iv‡óªi ¯’j, wegvb I †bŠ evwnbx wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| kvmb wefv‡Mi cÖavb mw¤§wjZ fv‡e G me
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evwnbxi me©vwabvqK| wZwb cÖwZi¶v evwnbxi m`m¨ I Kg©KZ©v‡ì wb‡qvM I eiLv¯Í K‡ib, c‡`vbœwZ `vb K‡ib
Ges mvgwiK wb‡`©kvejx cÖ`vb K‡ib| AvBbmfvi AbygwZ mv‡c‡¶ wZwb hy× †NvlYv K‡ib, kvwšÍ Pzw³ m¤úv`b
K‡ib, hy×Kv‡j mvgwiK evwnbx cwiPvjbv K‡ib, †`‡k Riæwi Ae¯’v †NvlYv K‡ib Ges †`‡ki A_©bxwZ wbqš¿Y
K‡ib| AvBb mfvi AbygwZ bv cvIqv ‡M‡j cÖavb kvmK wnmv‡e AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i †¶‡Î wZwb Ggb Ae¯’v m„wó
Ki‡Z cv‡ib hv hy× †NvlYv‡K Awbevh© K‡i ‡Zv‡j| GQvov †`‡ki mxgvšÍ i¶vq mve©¶wYK evwnbx †gvZv‡qb,
Zv‡ì wb‡qvM I eiLv¯Í, †eZb I fvZv BZ¨vw` wbav©iY Kiv kvmb wefv‡Mi KvR|
 AvšÍR©vwZK Kvh©vejx: AvšÍR©vwZK Kvh©vejx ej‡Z cÖK„Z c‡¶ iv‡óªi K~U‰bwZK Kvh©vejx eySvq| †`‡ki mvgwMÖK
¯^v‡_© AvšÍR©vwZK we‡k¦i mv‡_ m¤úK© ivLv iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| kvmb wefvM GRb¨ we‡`‡k ivóª`~Z
wb‡qvM K‡i, we‡`kx ivóª`~ZM‡Yi cwiPqcÎ MÖnY K‡i| we‡`‡k wewfbœ cÖKvi evwYwR¨K I K~U‰bwZK cÖwZwbwa `j
‡cÖiY K‡i, wewfbœ cÖKvi Pzw³ m¤úv`b K‡i Ges ciivóªbxwZ wba©viY K‡i| eZ©gv‡b VvÛv jovB-Gi Aemvb,
†mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi cZb Ges GK †giæ wek¦ eë¯’v M‡o DVvi d‡j evwYwR¨K cÖwZ‡hvwMZv e„w× †c‡q‡Q| G
Ae¯’vq kvmb wefvM iv‡óªi evwYwR¨K ¯^v_© i¶v I †`‡k Drcvw`Z cY¨ AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i wewµi D‡Ï‡k¨
A_©‰bwZK K~UbxwZ cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|
 AvBb msµvšÍ Kvh©vejx : msm`xq miKv‡i kvmb wefv‡Mi †bZ…e„›` AvBb cwil‡ìI m`m¨| d‡j G eë¯’vq kvmb
wefvM Z_v gwš¿mfv mivmwi AvBb cÖYq‡b AskMÖnY K‡i I †bZ…Z¡ †`q| AvB‡bi Lmov cÖYqb †_‡K ïay K‡i
ivóªcwZi m¤§wZ MÖnY ch©šÍ c`‡¶‡c kvmb wefvMB gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| eZ©gv‡b AvBbmfvi KvR ïay
Av‡jvPbv, weZK© I AvB‡bi c‡¶-wec‡¶ †fvU `v‡bi g‡a¨B mxgve× n‡q †M‡Q| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡i AvBb
mfvi Awa‡ekb AvnŸvb, ¯’wMZKiY ev we‡kl Awa‡ekb AvnŸv‡bi gva¨‡g kvmb wefvM AvBbmsµvšÍ KvR K‡i
_v‡K| †f‡Uv cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g cÖYxZ AvBb‡K evwZj Kivi ¶gZvI cÖavb kvm‡Ki AwaKvi iƒ‡c ¯^xK„Z| AvBbmfv
MV‡bi Rb¨ mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY I wbe©vPbKvjxb kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv i¶v kvmb wefv‡Mi KvR| kvmbwefvM
cÖ‡qvR‡b Aa¨v‡`k ev wewa weavb Rvwi K‡i kvmb KvR Pvjy ivL‡Z cv‡i| ZvQvov cÖZ¨vwc©Z AvBb cÖYqb
(Delegated Legislation) Pvjy nevi d‡j kvmb wefvM AvBb wefv‡Mi A‡bK KvR m¤úv`b K‡i P‡j‡Q|
 wePvi wefvMxq Kvh©vejx : bvMwiK AwaKvi mgybZ
œ ivLv Ges b¨vqwePvi wbwðZ Kiv wePvi wefv‡Mi Ab¨Zg `vwqZ¡|
kvmbwefv‡Mi me©vZ¥K mn‡hvwMZv Qvov G KvR myôf z v‡e m¤úv`b Kiv wePvi wefv‡Mi c‡¶ m¤¢e bq| kvmbwefvM
wePviKMY‡K wb‡qvM K‡i, Zuv‡ì mvgvwRK my‡hvM myweav wbwðZ K‡i, ivóª ebvg bvMwiK gvgjvq iv‡óªi c‡¶
AvBbMZ mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i Ges myôz wePv‡ii ¯^v‡_© AvBb ms¯‹v‡ii D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| cÖavb wePvivjq KZ©K „
cÖ`Ë g„Z¨z `Û ev hve¾xeb Kviv`Û cÖv_ Avmvgxi `Û n«vm ev gIKzd Kiv ivóª cÖav‡bi we‡kl AwaKvi|
kvmbwefv‡Mi mn‡hvwMZv Qvov wePvi wefvM cÖ`Ë ivq ev¯Íevqb Kiv m¤¢e bq|
mviK_v
kvmbwefvM iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍË¡ Zz‡j a‡i| miKv‡ii ˆ`bw›`b Dcw¯’wZ I mPjZv cÖgvY K‡i| RbRxe‡bi MwZ eRvq iv‡L|
RbM‡Yi ˆ`bw›`b cÖ‡qvRb †gUvq| cÖ‡qvR‡b hy‡× wjß nq| kvwšÍi¶vq GwM‡q Av‡m, iv‡óªi c¶ †_‡K| AvBb cÖYq‡b,
wePvi m¤úv`‡b, A_© bxwZ‡K mPj I RxešÍ ivLvq m`v D‡`¨vM †bq| ZvB ejv hvq, kvmb wefv‡Mi Abycw¯’wZ wKsev
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ej‡jB h_v_© n‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
1. kvmb wefvM A_‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wK KvR K‡i ?
K. Ki Av‡ivc;
L. cwiKíbv cÖYqb;
M. AvBb cÖYqb;
N. FY MÖnY|
2. VvÛv jovB- Gi Aemvb I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡bi cZ‡bi ci wK e„w× †c‡q‡Q ?

K. RvwZ‡Z RvwZ‡Z D‡ËRbv;
L. mvgwiK Lv‡Z e¨q;
M. weÁvb I cÖhyw³i Dbœqb;
N. evwYwR¨K cÖwZ‡hvwMZv|
3. †Kvb AwaKvi e‡j kvmb wefvM AvBb cÖYqb K‡i ?

K. cywjk evwnbx nv‡Z _vKvq;
L. mvgwiK evwnbx wbqš¿‡Y _vKvq;
M. AvBbmfv APj nIqvq;
N. fvivwc©Z ¶gZv e‡j|
mwVK DËi : 1.K 2.N 3.N

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2. kvmb wefv‡Mi `ywU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KvR wK?
3. msm`xq eë¯’vq kvmb wefv‡Mi gh©`v KZUzKz?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. kvmbwefvM ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb ? kvmbwefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|
2. miKv‡ii AwZ cÖ‡qvRbxq A½ wnmv‡e kvmbwefv‡Mi Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
BDwbU- 5 c„ôv-69
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wePvi wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vejx Ges wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv

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 wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv wKfv‡e i¶v Kiv hvq Zv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wePvi wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡

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Gme Z`šÍ wi‡cvU© cÖKvwkZ bv n‡j A_ev G wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx kvmbwefvM eë¯’v MÖnY bv Ki‡j wePvi wefv‡Mi
c‡¶ cÖwZKvig~jK wKQyB Kivi _v‡K bv|
wePviwefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv: ¯^vaxbZvi i¶vKeP
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`„wófw½ `xN©w`b aviY Kiv m¤¢e bq|
 we‡kl AwaKvi msiÿY: G cÖm‡½ ivóªweÁvbx DB‡jvex wePviK‡ì Rb¨ wZbwU kZ© c~i‡Yi `vwe K‡ib t K.
wePvicwZMY‡K G AwaKvi w`‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Zuviv AcivaxMY‡K Zuv‡ì mvg‡b nvwRi Kiv‡Z cv‡ib, L. wePviKvh©

Z_v Av`j‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ Rbmg‡¶ Zz‡j ai‡Z cv‡ib, Ges M. Av`vj‡Zi ivq Kvh©KiKi‡Y wePviKMY‡K ¶gZv
cÖ`vb|
 kvmb wefv‡Mi cÖfvegy³ ivLv: ¯^vaxb wePvi wefvM cÖwZôvi Kvh©Ki Dcvq nj ¶gZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZi c~Y© ev¯Íevqb|
wePvi‡Ki wb‡qvM, c`vqb, c‡`vbœwZ BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î hw` kvmb wefv‡Mi KZ„©Ë¡ envj Kiv nq Zvn‡j wePvi wefv‡Mi
¯^vaxbZv A_©nxb cÖjv‡c cwiYZ n‡e| evsjv‡`‡k G cÖeYZv Lye †ewk| GLv‡b †Rjv RR‡KvU© mn wbgœZg Av`vjZ
I g¨vwR‡÷ªmxi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ wePviK‡ì PvKwi msµvšÍ wbqš¿Y gš¿Yvj‡qi nv‡Z _vKvq wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv
wb‡q D‡ØM e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
 bvMwiK AwaKvi msi¶Y c×wZ: me MYZvwš¿K mgv‡RB wePvi wefvM bvMwiK AwaKvi msiÿ‡Y cÖZ¨¶ I ¸iæZ¡cY~ ©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| G Kv‡R wePviwefvM wb‡gœv³ c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡K: K. †nweqvm Kicvm ev ew›`
cÖZ¨¶xKiY, L. g¨vÛvgvm Ges cÖfw„ Z Ab¨Zg| AwaKvi ewÂZ ev ¶zä †h †Kvb e¨w³i Av‡e`bµ‡g Dc‡i ewY©Z
c×wZ Abyhvqx ûKzgbvgv Rvwi K‡i| wePvi wefvM hv‡Z mswkøó e¨w³ ev KZ„©c¶‡K wePv‡ii Rb¨ Av`vj‡Z nvwRi
Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi eë¯’v _vKv evÃbxq|
 Dc‡i ewY©Z i¶vKeP¸‡jv wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv i¶vq Acwinvh© m‡›`n †bB| wKš‘ i¶vKePB h‡_ó bq|
wePviKM‡Yi Kg©m¤úv`‡bi B”Qv, ¯^vaxbfv‡e Kg©m¤úv`‡bi gZ g‡bvej, †ckv`vwiZ¡, RbMY I msweav‡bi cÖwZ
Ges m‡e©vcwi AvB‡bi cÖwZ AÜ AvbyM‡Zï mw¤§jb NUvb m¤¢e n‡jB wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv ev¯Íe I A_©c~Y© n‡e|
mviK_v
kvmbwefvM †hgb iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍË¡ I wbivcËv i¶vq AvB‡bi mnvqZv cÖ`v‡b †hgb AvBbwefvM, †Zgwb wePviwefvM iv‡óªi
g~j Dcv`vb bvMwiK ¯^vaxbZv I AwaKvi i¶vi Acwinvh© cÖwZôvb| G wefvM miKv‡ii cÖK…Z MYZvwš¿K bv ˆ¯îZvwš¿K
Zv wba©viY K‡i| G `vwq‡Z¡i Ask wnmv‡e msweavb I AvB‡bi e¨vL¨v †`q, weev` wggvsmv K‡i, bvMwiKM‡Yi
AwffveKË¡ K‡i Ges m‡e©vcwi m¤úv`b K‡i b¨vqwePvi| Gme KvR wbi‡c¶fv‡e Kivi Rb¨ wePvi wefvM‡K
kvmbwefvM Ges wewfbœ ms¯’v I cÖwZôv‡bi cÖfve n‡Z gy³ ivLvi eë¯’v _vK‡Z n‡e| m†e©vcwi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e wePviKM‡Yi
wbR¯^ mw`”Qv, g‡bvej, †ckv`vwiZ¡ Ges RbMY, AvBb I msweav‡bi cÖwZ A½xKvi|
BDwbU- 5 c„ôv-73
GmGmGBPGj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. GKbvqKMY wePvi wefv‡Mi Kvh©KvwiZv n«vm K‡i †Kb ?
K. Zv‡ì ¶gZv wbisKzk Kivi Rb¨;
L. wePviK‡ì `ybx©wZi Rb¨;
M. wePvi wefv‡Mi A`¶Zvi Rb¨;
N. AvBb wefv‡Mi Pv‡ci Rb¨|
2. wePvi wefv‡Mi †gŠwjK KvR †KvbwU ?

K. AvBb cÖYqb;
L. msweav‡bi e¨vL¨v `vb;
M. Z`šÍKvh© m¤úv`b;
N. b¨vqwePvi m¤úv`b|
3. wePviK wb‡qv‡Mi m‡e©vËg c×wZ †KvbwU ?

K. AvBbmfvi m`m¨MY KZ„©K wePviK wbe©vPb;
L. RbMY KZ„©K wbe©vPb;
M. ivR‰bwZK `j KZ„©K g‡bvbqb;
N. evQvB c×wZ‡Z wb‡qvM|
mwVK DËi t 1.K 2.N 3.N

1. wePvi wefvM wK?
2. wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZvi A_© wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. wePviwefvM kvmbwefv‡Mi Kg© wba©viK cÖfy¯îƒc| Dw³wU e¨vL¨vi gva¨‡g wePvi wefv‡Mi
¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. GKwU iv‡óª wePvi wefvM wK wK KvR m¤úv`b K‡i ? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. wePviwefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv ej‡Z wK eySvq ? wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv i¶vq wK wK i¶vKeP cÖ‡qvRb ?
Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

6
wbe©vPKgÛjx I ivR‰bwZK `j
f~wgKv
AvaywbKKv‡j miKvi g~jZ `jxq miKvi| Gme miKvi wbe©vPbx cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi GK weivU Ask Øviv mgw_©Z|
ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi Z_v †fvUv`v‡bi AwaKvi cÖvß Rb‡MvôxB wbe©vPKgÛjx bv‡g cwiwPwZ| wbe©vKgÛjx miKvi MVb
I miKvix Kg© cwiPvjbvi †¶‡Î GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| ivóªcwiPvjK wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î wbe©vPKgÛjx
Rbg‡Zi cÖwZdjb NwU‡q _v‡K| wKš‘ RbgZ AvcbvAvcwbB msMwVZ nq bv| Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq ivR‰bwZK `j
Ges Gi ZrciZvi| g~jZ ivR‰bwZK `jB RbgZ‡K wb‡R‡ì c‡_ Avbvi Rb¨ cÖPviYv Pvjvq Ges Gi wfwË‡Z
wbe©vPKgÛjx‡K Zv‡ì `jxq Kg©mw~ P mg_©b Kivi Rb¨ DØy× K‡i _v‡K| wbe©vP‡b GiB cÖfve c‡o| wbe©vPKgÛjx
KLbI c‡iv¶fv‡e, KLbI cÖZ¨¶fv‡e G mg_©b e¨³ K‡i _v‡K| G e¨vcv‡i g~L¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i ivR‰bwZK `j|
ivR‰bwZK `j ivóªkvm‡b miKv‡ii wZbwU wefv‡Mi cvkvcvwk GKwU ¯^Zš¿ wefv‡Mi êwkó¨ wb‡q M‡o D‡V‡Q| miKvi
MVb I cwiPvjbvq ivR‰bwZK `‡ji f~wgKv Acwinvh©| Z‡e `jeë¯’v n‡e †Kgb Zv wbf©i K‡i mswkøó †`‡ki miKv‡ii
cÖK„wZ I RbM‡Yi gvbwmKZvi Dci| Gme welq‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB M‡o D‡V‡Q G BDwbUwU| G‡Z cuvPwU cvV AšÍf~©³
Kiv n‡q‡Q|

 cvV-1 wbe©vPKgÛjxi ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vejx
 cvV-2 me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi : cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb
 cvV-3 ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv I Kvh©vejx
 cvV-4 GK`jxq, wØ`jxq I eû`jxq eë¯’v I MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª we‡ivax`j
 cvV-5 RbgZ|
BDwbU-6 c„ôv-75
GmGmGBPGj
cvV - 1
wbe©vPKgÛjxi ¸iæZ¡ I Kvh©vejx
D‡Ïk¨
 wbe©vPKgÛjx m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ivóªcwiPvjbvq wbe©vPKgÛjxi ¸iæZ¡ Abyaveb Ki‡eb Ges
 wbe©vPKgÛjxi Kvh©vejx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
wbe©vPK Kv‡K e‡j ?

AvBb Abyhvqx †h e¨w³ AvBbmfvi m`m¨ wbe©vP‡b wKsev †`‡ki †cÖwm‡W›U c‡` ev ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vq wbe©vP‡b
†fvU `vb K‡i Zv‡KB wbe©vPK e‡j| GKK_vq wbe©vPK A_© n‡”Q †fvUvi| A_©vr †h †fvU †`q ev †fvU †èvi AwaKvi
iv‡L| AZGe †fvUvi ev wbe©vPK n‡”Q GK e¨w³| G e¨w³i AwaKvi _v‡K Zuvi cQ‡›ì cÖwZwbwa †e‡Q †bevi| G
AwaKvi e‡j †Kvb e¨w³ AvBbmfvq m`m¨ c‡` ev kvmb wefv‡Mi m‡e©v”P c‡` hLb KvD‡K wbw`©ó c×wZ‡Z †e‡Q
†bq ZLb †m nj †fvUvi| †hgb evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq msm‡ì m`m¨ wbe©vP‡b †`‡ki 18 eQi eq¯‹ me bvix-cyiæl Zuv‡ì
B‡”QgZ cÖv_x©i c‡_ †fvU †`q| †fvU`vbKvix G me †jv‡Ki cÖ‡Z¨‡K G‡KKRb †fvUvi|
wbe©vPKgÛjxi msÁv
GKK_vq wbev©PKgÛjx n‡”Q mKj †fvUvi ev wbe©vPK‡ì mgwó| cÖ‡Z¨K AvaywbK iv‡óª G ai‡bi e¨w³ i‡q‡Q huviv
Zuv‡ì cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i| Gme e¨w³ AvBb Abyhvqx cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi AwaKvi jvf K‡i| G mKj e¨w³i
mgvnvi‡K wbe©vPKgÛjx (Electorate) e‡j|
wbe©vPKgÛjx msµvšÍ aviYv Av‡iv cwi¯‹vi Ki‡Z n‡j GKUz wcQ‡b wd‡i ZvKv‡Z nq| MYZš¿ `yÕcÖKvi| GK cÖZ¨¶ I
`yB c‡iv¶| cÖZ¨¶ MYZ‡š¿ bvMwiKMY GK‡Î AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡Z Ges kvmb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb :
cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi bMiivóª¸‡jv Kiv nZ| eZ©gv‡b myBRvij¨v‡Û GgbwU Av‡Q| GUv Lye Kg msL¨K bvMwi‡Ki †`‡k
m¤¢e| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi cÖvq me †`kB †jvKmsL¨vq cwic~Y©| ZvÕQvov mevB GK‡Î AvBb cÖYqb I kvmb cwiPvjbvi
KvR G hy‡M m¤¢e bq| †m Rb¨ bvMwiKMY Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g Gme KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z Pvb| d‡j cÖwZwbwa
wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g, wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡ì Øviv †h MYZvwš¿K eë¯’v cwiPvwjZ nq - Zv‡K c‡iv¶ MYZš¿ e‡j| c‡iv¶
MYZ‡š¿ miKvi MVb I AvBb cÖYq‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ iv‡óªi AvBb Abyhvqx †hme bvMwiK Zuv‡ì cQ›`gZ cÖwZwbwa wbe©vwPZ
Kivi AwaKvi cvq ZvivB mgwóMZfv‡e wbe©vPKgÛjx bv‡g cwiwPZ|
wbe©vPKgÛjxi ¸iæZ¡
AvaywbK hy‡M c„w_exi cÖvq meLv‡bB MYZ‡š¿i †Rvqvi eB‡Q| me©Î MYZš¿ cyivcywi I c~Y©gvÎvq cÖwZwôZ bv n‡jI
RbM‡Yi m¤§wZ wb‡q kvmb¶gZv jv‡fi cÖwµqv me©ÎB Pvjy Av‡Q| ZvB m¤§wZi `„wó‡KvY n‡Z wbe©vPKgÛjxi ¸iæZ¡
µgkB e„w× †c‡q‡Q| G m¤ú‡K© wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
 MYmve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i cÖKvk N‡U : MYZ‡š¿ RbMY‡K mve©‡fŠg g‡b Kiv nq| kvmb ¶gZvi Drm †h RbMY-GwU
MYZ‡š¿i †gŠwjK wek¦vm| ZvB kvmb ¶gZv jv‡fi Rb¨ wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `j I †bZv‡K RbM‡Yi Øv‡i †h‡Z
nq| RbMY Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Kvi cÖwZ Av¯’vkxj Zvi ewntcÖKvk N‡U wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g| Avi G wbe©vP‡b †fvUvwaKvi
cÖ‡qvM K‡i wbe©vPKgÛjx RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i gwngv cÖwZwôZ K‡i|

 miKvi‡K cÖfvweZKiY : wbe©vPKgÛjxi `vwqZ¡ †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi ga¨ w`‡qB †kl nq bv| eis wbe©vP‡bi Av‡M
I c‡i wbe©vPKgÛjxi wkw¶Z I AMÖmi Ask miKvix Kvh©Kjv‡ci c‡¶ I wec‡¶ cÖPvi Pvwj‡q Rbg‡Zi Ici
cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 miKvix Kg©m~wP‡Z cÖfve m„wó : wbe©vP‡bi ci ¶gZvmxb n‡q miKvi †hme bxwZwba©viY K‡i I Kg©m~wP cÖYqb
K‡i †m wel‡q wbe©vPKgÛjx‡K h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq| G ch©v‡q miKvi‡K wbe©vPKgÛjxi Av¯’vi K_v we‡klfv‡e
we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| miKvi Ggb Kg©m~wP MÖnY †_‡K weiZ _v‡K hv wbe©vPKgÛjxi wbKU weiƒc cÖwZwµqv m„wó
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 miKv‡ii PZz_© wefvM : mvsweavwbK AvBb ms‡kva‡bi †¶‡Î wbe©vPK gÛjxi ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q| we‡klZ wbe©vPKgÛjx
MY‡fvU, MYD‡`¨vM I c`Pz¨wZ bvgK wZbwU cÖZ¨¶ MYZvwš¿K c×wZ eënvi K‡i msweavb ms‡kvab, AvBb
cÖYqb I cÖwZwbwa Acmvi‡Y RwoZ n‡Z cv‡i| myBRvij¨v‡Û G c×wZ we`¨gvb|
wbe©vPKgÛjxi Kvh©vejx
 wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY : MYZ‡š¿ †`‡ki AvBb Abymv‡i wbw`©ó eq‡mi bibvix †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvix| G AwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi
Rb¨ Zviv wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY K‡i| Zviv AvBbmfvi wbe©vP‡b wb‡R‡ì cQ›` I wePvieyw× cÖ‡qvM K‡i mr I †hvM¨
cÖv_x©© wbe©vPb K‡i| ivóªcwZ c×wZi miKv‡i mivmwi wKsev wbe©vPbx ms¯’vi m`m¨ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g wbe©vPKgÛjx
ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb K‡i _v‡K|
 miKvix Kvh©vejx Z`viwK : wbe©vPKgÛjx ïay cÖwZwbwa wbe©vwPZ K‡iB ¶všÍ _v‡K bv| wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaMY †`k
I RbM‡Yi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx AvBbcÖYqb wKsev miKvix †bZ…e„›` ¶gZvi Aceënvi Ki‡Q wKbv Zvi Dci mRvM
`„wó iv‡L| Zviv Gme wel‡q e¨vcK RbgZ MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b cieZ©x wbe©vP‡b bZzb †Kvb `j I
e¨w³eM©‡K wbe©vwPZ K‡i cÖwZwbwa cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 AvBb cÖYqb : cÖZ¨¶ MYZ‡š¿ MY‡fvU I MYD‡`¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g wbe©vPKgÛjx mivmwi AvBb cÖYq‡b AskMÖnY K‡i|
c‡iv¶ MYZ‡š¿ wewfbœ †hvMv‡hvM I MYgva¨‡g gZvgZ cÖ`vb K‡i AvBb cÖ‡YZv‡ì‡K Dc‡hvMx AvBb cÖYq‡b
cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 msweavb ms‡kvab : AvBb wefvM msweav‡bi †Kvb †gŠwjK ms‡kvab Ki‡j Zv wbe©vPKgÛjxi m¤§wZ Qvov Kvh©Ki
nq bv| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq msm` hw` msweav‡b †Kvb †gŠwjK ms‡kvab K‡i Z‡e ivóªcwZ Zv‡Z m¤§wZ †èvi
c~‡e© MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g wbe©vPKgÛjxi gZvgZ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
 `j‡K cÖfvweZ Kiv : †`‡ki cÖwZwU ivR‰bwZK `jB wbe©vPKgÛjxi Øviv cÖfvweZ A_©vr cÖwZwU `j‡KB
wbe©vPKgÛjxi †gRvR, gwR©, Pvwn`v, g‡bvfve cÖf„wZi cÖwZ †Lqvj †i‡L `jxq mg_©b e„w×i D‡`¨vM wb‡Z
nq| Gfv‡e wbe©vPKgÛjx `j¸‡jv‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| KviY, P~ovšÍ ch©v‡q miKvix ¶gZv jv‡fi Rb¨
wbe©vPKgÛjxi Av¯’v I mg_©b jvf Acwinvh©|
mviK_v
wbe©vPKgÛjxB GKwU iv‡óªi ¶gZvi wba©viK| †Kvb& `j ¶gZvq hv‡e, ivóª cwiPvjbv Ki‡e, AvBb cÖYqb Ki‡e Zv
wba©vi‡Y wbe©vPKgÛjxi ivqB P~ovšÍ| ZvB †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ †hgb wbe©vPKgÛjxi iv‡qi gva¨‡g
cÖwZdwjZ nq, †Zgwb miKvi MVb n‡Z ïiæ K‡i miKvix Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Z`viwK, AvBb cÖYqb, msweavb
ms‡kvab Ges ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mg¯Í Kvh©µg cÖfvweZKi‡Y wbe©vPKgÛjx mwµq I e¨vcK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| ZvB
ejv hvq †h, cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj I cÖZ¨¶ MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vq wbe©vPKgÛjx miKv‡ii PZz_© A½ ¯îƒc|
BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-77
GmGmGBPGj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
mwVK DË‡i () wUK wPý w`b
1. wbe©vPK †K ?
K. whwb wbe©vwPZ K‡ib wZwbB wbe©vPK;
L. wbe©vPK GKRb ¸iæZ¡cY~ © bvMwiK;
M. whwb miKvi MVb K‡ib wZwbB wbe©vPK;
N. whwb miKvi‡K mg_©b K‡ib wZwbB wbe©vPK|
2. wbe©vPKgÛjx ej‡Z wK eySvq ?

K. mKj †fvU`vZvi mgwó‡K eySvq;
L. hviv GK‡hv‡M †Kvb miKvi‡K mg_©b `vb K‡i ZvivB wbe©vPKgÛjx
M. wbe©vPKgÛjx nj c‡iv¶ MYZ‡š¿i GKwU A½;
N. miKvi †hLvb †_‡K mg_©b msM÷n K‡i ZvB wbe©vPKgÛjx|
3. wbe©vPKgÛjx wK fv‡e msweavb ms‡kvab K‡i ?

K. MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g;
L. mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g;
M. ivóªcwZ‡K Acmvi‡Yi gva¨‡g;
N. AvBb mfvq cÖwZwbwa †cÖi‡Yi gva¨‡g|
mwVK DËi t 1.K, 2.K 3.K
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. wbe©vPKgÛjxi msÁv w`b| MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wbe©vPKgÛjxi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. Ôwbe©vPKgÛjx miKv‡ii PZz_© A½|Õ MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vq wbe©vPKgÛjxi Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g G K_vi c‡_
hyw³ cÖ`vb Kiæb|

cvV - 2
me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi t cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb

D‡Ïk¨
 me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii myweav I Amyweav e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ wbe©vP‡bi ÎæwU I ¸Yvejx we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii A_©

MYZ‡š¿i g~j wbwnZ i‡q‡Q me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii g‡a¨| MYZ‡š¿i g~j¨‡evaB `vex K‡i †h, ivóª cwiPvjbvq mKj
bvMwi‡KiB AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| mvgvwRKfv‡e mKj bvMwiKB mgvb Ges ivR‰bwZKfv‡e GB mgvbvwaKvi
cÖ‡qv‡Mi AwaKvi Zv‡ì i‡q‡Q| G m~Î Abyhvqx hLb RvwZ, ag©, eY©, bvix-cyiæ‡l I †ckv wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡jB ivóª
cwiPvjbvi D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi AwaKvi jvf K‡i ZLb Zv‡K me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi e‡j| Db¥v`, †`Dwjqv,
ivR‡`ªvnx I AcÖvßeq¯‹ Qvov †`‡ki mK‡jB G AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| divmx `vk©wbK Ru¨v R¨vK iæ‡kvi weL¨vZ
ZË¡ mvaviY B”Qv (General Will) n‡ZB me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi Z‡Ë¡i D™¢e| wKš‘ Rb ÷zqvU© wgj, †jKx, m¨vi †nbix
†gBb, wmRDBK, e›Uzmjx cÖgyL G Z‡Ë¡i cÖavb we‡ivax|
me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii myweav

 ivR‰bwZK mgvbvwaKv‡ii cÖZxK : me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKviB GKgvÎ MYZvwš¿K c×wZ hvi gva¨‡g Rbmvavi‡Yi
ivR‰bwZK mv‡gï AwaKvi wbwðZ nq| cÖ‡Z¨K cÖvßeq¯‹ bvMwiK G AwaKv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ ivRbxwZ‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi
my‡hvM jvf K‡i|
 AvBbmfvi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ : me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii gva¨‡g G mZ¨B cÖwZwôZ nq †h, †`‡ki AvBbmfv g~jZ:
RbM‡YiB cÖwZwbwa‡ì Øviv MwVZ| AvBbmfvq hviv wbe©vwPZ nb Zviv RbM‡Yi gyLcvÎ wn‡m‡e Zv‡ì myL `yt‡Li
mv‡_ RwoZ mKj cÖ‡kœi gxgvsmv K‡ib|
 mylg cÖwZwbwaZ¡ : G c×wZi d‡j ivR‰bwZK mvg¨ †fv‡Mi †¶‡Î †gvU RbmsL¨vi †Kvb AskB ev` c‡o bv|
m¤cÖ`vq I esk, abx I `wi`ª, kni I MÖvg, bvix I cyiæl, `wjZ I kªwgK †kªYxi mK‡jB G AwaKvi †fv‡Mi
mgvb my‡hvM cvq|
 we‡kl †fvUvwaKvi evwZj K‡i : me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi cÖwZwôZ n‡j we‡kl †kªYx ev m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ we‡kl
†fvUvwaKvi c×wZ cÖeZ©‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| G‡Z mKj e¨w³i gh©v`v e„w× cvq| ewÂZ †kªYxi nxbgb¨Zv `~i
nq|
 e¨w³i weKv‡k mnvqK : G c×wZ e¨w³i g‡a¨ AvZ¥wek¦vm m„wó K‡i| ivóª cwiPvjbvq Zvi gZvg‡Zi g~j¨ ¯^xK…wZ
cvIqvq Zuvi g‡a¨ gh©v`v‡eva `„wó nq| †fvUvwaKvi cÖvß n‡j e¨w³i g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv e„w× cvq| Zviv wb‡R‡ì
¸iæZ¡ I ghv©`v Dcjw× Ki‡Z cv‡i| jW© eªvBm e‡jb, ÔivR‰bwZK †fvUvwaKvi gvbyl‡K e¨w³Z¡ I gh©v`vm¤úbœ
K‡i|Õ
 AvbyMZ¨ cÖmvwiZ K‡i : †fvUvwaKvi cÖvß e¨w³i msL¨v hZ Kg n‡e iv‡óªi cÖwZ AbyMZ e¨w³i msL¨vI ZZ Kg
n‡e| KviY, †fvUvwaKvi n‡Z ewÂZ e¨w³ iv‡óªi cÖwZ êix n‡Z cv‡i| †m Rb¨ AvbyM‡Zï cwimxgv e¨wßi j‡¶¨
me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi c×wZB DËg|
BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-79
GmGmGBPGj
mve©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii Amyweavmg~n
 Rb¥MZ AwaKvi bq : AwaKvi AR©‡bi welq, †KDB Rb¥MZfv‡e Zv `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| G cÖm‡½ wgj e‡jb,
Avwg GUv‡K G‡Kev‡iB AMÖnY‡hvM¨ g‡b Kwi| KviY b~¨bZg wjL‡Z, co‡Z I mvaviY wnmv‡ei KvR Ki‡Z bv
cvi‡j †Kvb e¨w³iB †fvUvwaKvi cvIqv DwPZ n‡e bv| G wZbwU kZ©‡K ev` w`‡q, †fvUvwaKvi cÖ`vb b¨vq n‡Z
cv‡i bv|ÕÕ †nbix †gBb I †jKx e‡jb, Ò†fvUvwaKvi iv‡óªi †`qv AwaKvi| ZvB G AwaKvi mK‡j †c‡Z cv‡i bv|
cvIqv DwPZI bq|ÕÕ
 †fvUvwaKvi `vwqZ¡I e‡U : G AwaKvi cÖvß e¨w³ ÔïaygvÎ †fvU`vb Ki‡jB nq bv| eis †fvU`v‡bi c~‡e© wePvi
we‡ePbviI `vex iv‡L| GUv GK cÖKvi `vwqZ¡ | G `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi mgq e„nËi Kj¨‡Yi wPšÍv _vKv DwPZ| wKš‘
me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi G `vwqZ¡ †eva wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| MvY©vi e‡jb, Ò†fvUwaKvi RbKj¨v‡Yi ¯^v‡_© `vwqZ¡
cvj‡b mg_© bvMwiK‡ì Dci Awc©Z GKwU `vwqZ¡|Ó
 RbZvZ‡š¿i cÖeZ©K : me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡i wkw¶Z I g~L‡© ì‡K GKB cvjøvq IRb Kiv nq| A_©vr wkw¶Z
e¨w³i †fv‡Ui †h IRb, GKRb g~L© †jv‡Ki †fv‡UiI †mB IRb| mgv‡R †h‡nZz wkw¶Z, m‡PZb I cÖv‡ †jv‡Ki
msL¨v Kg Ges gyL©‡ì msL¨v †ewk ZvB †ewk †jvK‡ì †fv‡U RbZvZ‡š¿i (Mobocracy) cÖeZ©b N‡U| †mRb¨B
wgj e‡jb, me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii c~‡e© me©Rbxb wk¶vi cÖ‡qvRb|
 A‡hvM¨ miKvi cÖwZôv K‡i : Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z me©Rbxb †fvUwaKvi cÖK„Z Kj¨v‡Yi cwicwš’| KviY, Gme
†`‡k wkw¶‡Zi nvi Kg nIqvq evKme©¯^ †bZviv QjPvZzix I wg_¨v cÖwZkÖæwZ w`‡q mvaviY †fvUvi‡ì gb Rq
K‡i wbe©vP‡b Rqx n‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ ivóª cwiPvjbvi †hvM¨Zv Zv‡ì g‡a¨ bv _vKvq RbMY GK A‡hvM¨ miKvi
Øviv Avbvwofv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq| Aa¨vcK †jKx ZvB e‡jb, Òme©Rbxb †fvUwaKvi cÖ`v‡bi A_© n‡”Q Awkw¶Z
RbM‡Yi miKvi cÖwZwôZ Kiv|Ó
 cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vPb : †fvUviMY hLb mivmwi wb‡RivB Zuv‡ì cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi my‡hvM cvq ZLb Zuv‡K cÖZ¨¶
wbe©vPb ejv nq| GwU‡K cÖv_wgK wbe©vPb c×wZI ejv hvq| G‡Z †fvU`vZv I †fvU cÖv_©xi gvSLv‡b †Kvb e¨w³
Ae¯’vb K‡i bv| †hgb evsjv‡`k, fviZ, †MÖU weª‡Ub cÖf„wZ †`‡ki AvBbmfvi m`m¨MY mvaviY †fvUvi‡ì Øviv
wbe©vwPZ nb|
cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vP‡bi myweav
 G eë¯’vq †fvUvi RbmvaviY †`‡Lï‡b mivmwi cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j †fvU`vZv I cÖv_x©i g‡a¨ GKU
†evSvcovi my‡hvM _v‡K| ZvQvov weRqx n‡j †m cÖwZwbwa †fvUvi‡ì wbKU wb‡Ri cÖZ¨¶ `vwq‡Z¡i K_v Dcjwä
K‡i|
 cÖZ¨¶ c×wZ‡Z wbe©vP‡bi my‡hvM _vKvq †fvUviMY wewfbœ `j I cÖv_©xi ZrciZv †`‡Lï‡b, wePvi we‡kølY K‡i
†fvU w`‡Z cv‡i| d‡j Zv‡ì ivRbxwZ m¤^‡Ü wk¶v I m‡PZbZvi cÖmvi N‡U|
 G c×wZ‡Z cÖv_x©i c‡¶ cÖ‡jvfb †`wL‡q mKj †fvUvi‡K cÖfvweZ Kiv KwVb| d‡j wbev©Pbx `ybx©wZ Kg nq|
 †fvUviMY G c×wZ‡Z Zv‡ì Afve Awf‡hv‡Mi K_v wb‡RivB wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡K Rvbv‡Z I c~i‡Y Pvc cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| G‡Z Gm‡ei `ªæZ wb®úwË m¤¢e nq|
cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vP‡bi Amyweav
 G c×wZ‡Z cÖv_x©‡ì mv‡_ cÖZ¨¶ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi my‡hvM _vKvq A‡bK cÖv_©xi ga¨ †_‡K †hvM¨Zg e¨w³‡K evQvB
Ki‡Z †fvUvi‡ì †eM †c‡Z nq| A‡bK mgq PZzi ev ayZ© cÖv_x©i K_vi hv`y‡Z fy‡j cÖK„Z †hvM¨Zv wePvi bv
K‡iB †fvUviiv cÖwZwbwa wbe©vwPZ K‡i|
 †fvUvi‡ì cÖfvweZ Kivi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv _vKvq G c×wZ mg¯Í GjvKvq wbe©vPbx D‡ËRbv Qwo‡q †`q| G‡Z ¯^vfvweK
RxebhvÎv e¨vnZ nq| A‡bK mgq ˆn ˆP, Ø›Ø, †Kv›`j I msNl© n‡Z †`Lv hvq|

c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb
mvaviY †fvUiMY hLb c‡iv¶fv‡e AvBbmfv ev †cÖwm‡W›U c‡` †Kvb cÖv_x©‡K wbe©vwPZ K‡i ZLb Zv‡K c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb
e‡j| evsjv‡`‡ki mvaviY †fvUviiv †fvU w`‡q RvZxq msm‡ì m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ K‡i| GB m`m¨M‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ
nb †`‡ki †cÖwm‡W›U| fviZ I gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªI ivóªcwZ wbe©vP‡bi †¶‡Î Giƒc c‡iv¶ c×wZ cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
P~ovšÍ ch©v‡q huviv wbe©vP‡Ki `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib Zuv‡ì wb‡qB MwVZ nq wbe©vPbx ms¯’v (Electoral College)|
c‡iv¶ wbe©vP‡bi myweav
 mvaviY †fvUvi‡ì Øviv wbe©vwPZ wbe©vPbx ms¯’v P~ovšÍ cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡b AwaKZi †hvM¨Zvi cwiPq w`‡Z cv‡ib|
KviY, Zviv A‡c¶vK…Z wkw¶Z, m‡PZb I ivRbxwZ m‡PZb nb| G‡Z `yÕevi K‡i wbe©vPb nIqvq we‡ePbvi
evowZ my‡hvM cvIqv hvq|
 D‡ËRbv I Av‡eM cÖkwgZ K‡i| Ø›Ø I msNvZ Gov‡bv m¤¢e nq| cÖv_©x evQvB‡q hyw³i cÖvavb¨ we¯Í…Z nq|
 G eë¯’vq †Kvb ivR‰bwZK `jB K_vi Zzewo‡Z P~ovšÍ †fvUvi‡ì cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wbe©vPKMY ax‡i
my‡¯’ cÖv_©x‡ì †hvM¨Zvi Zzjbvg~jK wnmvewbKvk Kivi my‡hvM cvb|
c‡iv¶ wbe©vP‡bi Amyweav

 P~ovšÍ cÖwZwbwa I cÖv_wgK †fvUvi‡ì g‡a¨ h‡_ó eëavb _vKvq Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU cÖv_©x‡ì `vq‡eva Kg
_v‡K| G‡Z MYZ‡š¿i Av‡e`b K‡g hvq|
 RbMY Zv‡ì wePvi we‡ePbv gaëZx© †fvUvi ch©šÍ mxgve× iv‡L| G‡Z ivRbxwZi cÖwZ Zv‡ì Drmvn K‡g hvq|
ivR‰bwZK wk¶v I m‡PZbZvi we¯Ívi h‡_ó gvÎvq nq bv|
 MYZ‡š¿ `jxq eë¯’vi GKvwacZ¨ _vKvq c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb‡K A‡nZzK g‡b nq| KviY gaëZx© †fvUvi I P~ovšÍ
cÖv_©x‡ì mevB †Kvb bv †Kvb ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Abymvix| ZvB gaëZx wbe©vPb KZKUv A‡nZzK g‡b nq|
 `yÕevi K‡i wbe©vP‡bi Av‡qvRb e¨q e„w× K‡i|
mviK_v
me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi c„w_exi cÖvq me MYZvwš¿K †`‡kB cÖPwjZ| G bxwZ GK e¨w³, GK ‡fvU c×wZ‡Z Av¯’vkxj|
G c×wZi c‡_ me‡P‡q †Rvivj G hyw³B cÖ`vb Kiv hvq †h, me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi bvMwiK mvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖwZwbwa
wbe©vP‡b mvg¨ I ¯^vaxb B”Qv cÖ‡qv‡Mi m¤¢vebv m„wó K‡i| wKš‘ Gi weivU ÎæwU n‡”Q †h, G c×wZ wkw¶Z-Awkw¶Z
wbwe©‡k‡l mevB‡K cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi AwaKv‡ii †¶‡Î ïay eq‡mi †hvM¨Zv w`‡q wePvi K‡i| G eë¯’v Awkw¶Z‡ì
AwaKvi cÖ`vb Ki‡jI wkw¶Z I Ávbx‡ì gh©v`v Kiv nq| wbe©vP‡b cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ †fvU`vb c×wZ AbymiY Kiv
nq| `yB c×wZiB ¸Y I †`vl i‡q‡Q| Z‡e AwaKvsk †`‡kB cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vPb c×wZ Abym„Z nq| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb
†`‡k Abym„Z nq c‡iv¶ c×wZ| evsjv‡`k msm` wbe©vP‡b cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ Ges †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡b c‡iv¶ c×wZ
AbymiY K‡i|
BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-81
GmGmGBPGj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi wK ?
K. RvwZ, ag©, eY©, wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l we‡kl eq‡mi mK‡ji †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvi;
L. we‡kl a‡g©i mKj †jv‡Ki †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvi;
M. ivR‡`ªvnx Qvov mK‡ji †fvU`v‡bi AwaKvi;
N. e¨w³i we‡kl mvgvwRK AwaKvi|
2. me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii †gŠwjK myweav wK ?

K. mgvbvwaKvi cÖwZôv Kiv;
L. miKvi cwiPvjbvi my‡hvM †`qv;
M. AvbyMZ¨ e„w× Kiv;
N. we‡kl AwaKvi `vb Kiv|
3. me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi †Kvb ai‡bi AwaKvi ?

K. Rb¥MZ AwaKvi;
L. ivóª cÖ`Ë AwaKvi;
M. mvgvwRK AwaKvi;
N. ‰bwZK AwaKvi|
mwVK DËi t 1.K 2.K 3.L
msw¶ß DËi-g~jK cÖkœ

1. me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi wK?
2. me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii wec‡¶ wK wK hyw³ Av‡Q?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii msÁv w`b| Gi myweav I Amyweav eY©bv Kiæb|
2. cÖZ¨¶ wbe©vPb wK ? Gi wK wK myweav I Amyweav i‡q‡Q ?
3. c‡iv¶ wbe©vPb ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb ? G c×wZi myweav Amyweav Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV - 3
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv I Kvh©vejx

D‡Ïk¨
 ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ivR‰bwZK `‡ji êwkó¨ ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mvaviY Kvh©vejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 GKwU AvaywbK ivR‰bwZK `j-Gi Kvh©vejx we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
msÁv
wKQy msL¨K e¨w³ †Kvb wbw`©ó ivR‰bwZK Kg©m~wPi wfwË‡Z msNe× n‡j †h msMVb M‡o I‡V Zv‡KB ivR‰bwZK `j
e‡j| miKvix ¶gZv `L‡ji gva¨‡g ivóª cwiPvjbvi D‡Ï‡k¨ †h Rb‡Mvôx KZK¸‡jv mvaviY j‡¶¨ I Av`‡k© GKwÎZ
n‡q mvsMVwbKfv‡e wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K Zv‡ì‡KB mw¤§wjZfv‡e ivR‰bwZK `j ejv hvq| g¨vKvBfvi-Gi G‡Z,
ivR‰bwZK `j n‡”Q †mB msNe× RbmgvR hv êa Dcv‡q kvmb ¶gZv `L‡ji †Póv K‡i| †M‡Uj ivR‰bwZK `j
ej‡Z msMwVZ bvMwiK m¤cÖ`vq‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| G cÖm‡½ ivóªweÁvbx I ivRbxwZwe` GWgÛ ev‡K©i K_vq, ivR‰bwZK
`j nj wbw`©ó I ¯^xK…Z bxwZi wfwË‡Z Ges mg‡eZ cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡g RvZxq ¯^v_© i¶vi Rb¨ GKwÎZ GK Rbmgwó|
Aa¨vcK wMjwµ÷ e‡jb, Òmg gZv`‡k© wek¦vmx bvMwiK‡ì †mB Ask‡K ivR‰bwZK `j e‡j hv GKwU ivR‰bwZK
msMVb wn‡m‡e miKvi‡K wbqš¿Y Kivi †Póv K‡i|Ó evK©vi-Gi g‡Z, Òwe‡kl gZev‡ì Øviv cwiPvwjZ nIqv m‡Ë¡I
RvZxq ¯^v‡_©i Øviv DØy× n‡q mgMÖ RvwZi mvaviY ¯^v_©mswkøó e¨vcK Kg©m~wP MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wbe©vPK‡ì mg_©b Av`v‡qi
†Póvq wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K ivR‰bwZK `j|Ó Aa¨vcK m~jR-Gi g‡Z, ÒivR‰bwZK `j Ggb GK msMVb hv wbe©vP‡b
cÖv_x© `vuo Kivq Ges Kg©m~wP †ck K‡i|Ó GjWvim‡fÛ-Gi g‡Z, ÒivR‰bwZK `j nj GKwU mvgvwRK †Mvôx|Ó †R.
Gm. †Kvjg¨vb e‡jb, ÒhLb †Kvb Rb‡Mvôx GKKfv‡e ev Abyiƒc †Kvb ms‡Ni mv‡_ wgwjZ n‡q wKsev cÖwZØw›ØZv
K‡i eZ©gvb ev fwel¨r mve©‡fŠg iv‡óªi miKvwi bxwZ I Kg©Pvix‡ì Dci AvBbMZ KZ©„Z¡ ¯’vcb ev msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ ¯úó
I we‡NvwlZ D‡Ï‡k¨ msMwVZ nq ZLb H Rbmgwó‡K ivR‰bwZK `j ejv hvq|Ó
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji êwkó¨

ivR‰bwZK `j wK Zv cwi¯‹vi fv‡e eyS‡Z n‡j Gi êwkó¨¸‡jv Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| êwkó¨¸‡jv wbgœiƒc:
 ivR‰bwZK `j GKwU mvgvwRK †Mvôx| KviY, Gi m`m¨‡ì mv‡_ cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© ¯’vcb KivB Gi cÖ_g KvR|
Zvici wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ GB †Mvôx KvR K‡i|
 GwU Ggb GK msMVb hvi m`m¨MY GKB ivR‰bwZK gZv`‡k© wek¦vmx I Zv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ AbycÖvwYZ|
 ivR‰bwZK `j Zvi wbR¯^^ gZv`k©, bxwZ I Kg©m~wP Abyhvqx mgvR I iv‡óªi Kj¨vY mvab Ki‡Z Zrci _v‡K|
 ivR‰bwZK `j mgv‡Ri ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v wb‡q Avjvc Av‡jvPbv K‡i Ges wbR gZv`‡k©i
mg_©‡b RbgZ MVb K‡i|
 cÖ‡qvRbxq Rbmg_©b †c‡j wbR Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Kivi D‡Ïk¨ miKvix `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ¯‘Z _v‡K|
 wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q ivóª¶gZv `L‡ji Rb¨ Aweivg †Póv K‡i|
 ivR‰bwZK `j ¯ÍiwfwËK msMVb| Gi †bZ…Z¡ G‡Kev‡i wbgœ ch©vq n‡Z †K›`ª ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z _v‡K|
BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-83
GmGmGBPGj
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Kvh©vejx
wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbx wewfbœfv‡e ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Kvhv©ejx Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡ì Av‡jvPbvi m~Î a‡i ivR‰bwZK
`‡ji Kvh©vejx‡K cÖavbZ `yÕfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb t GK. cÖPwjZ ev MZvbyMwZK Kvh©vejx Ges `yB. AvaywbK
Kvh©vejx| Gme KvR m¤úv`b Kivi gva¨‡gB ivR‰bwZK `jmg~n Zv‡ì K„wZZ¡ ev mvdj¨ `vwe Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gme
KvR miKvwi `j I we‡ivax `j Df‡qB K‡i _v‡K| wb‡gœ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
cÖPwjZ ev MZvbyMwZK Kvh©vejx
 bxwZ wba©viY : `j MV‡bi ci cÖ_g KvRB n‡”Q `‡ji Rb¨ bxwZ wba©viY Kiv| `jxq †NvlYvc‡Î mvaviYZ:
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji bxwZgvjv eY©bv Kiv nq|
 msMÖn : `‡ji c‡¶ Rbmg_©b †Rvi`vi Kivi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK `j e¨vcK ZrciZv Pvjvq| me©¶Y G ZrciZv
Pvjy ivLvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nq AwaK msL¨K `jxq Kg©xi| cÖv_wgK m`m¨ msMÖn Kivi ci Zuv‡ì ga¨ n‡Z
Kg©xevwnbx M‡o †Zvjv nq| m`m¨ msL¨v hZ †ewk n‡e, Kgx©i msL¨vI †m Abycv‡Z evo‡e| G `„wó‡Kvb n‡Z m`m¨
msMÖ‡ni Kv†R `j¸‡jv m‡Pó _v‡K|
 RbgZ MVb : wbqgZvwš¿K ivóªeë¯’vq ivR‰bwZK `‡ji D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K RbM‡Yi Av¯’v AR©b| j¶¨ _v‡K e¨vcK
Rbmg_©‡bi wfwË‡Z ¶gZv jvf| GRb¨ `‡ji c‡¶ RbgZ M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ †bZv I Kgx©MY GK‡hv‡M KvR
K‡i _v‡Kb|
 cÖv_©x g‡bvbqb : wbqgZvwš¿K ivRbxwZ‡Z wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g ¶gZvq †h‡Z nq| GwU GKwU MYZvwš¿K cÖwµqv|
wbe©vP‡b weRqx n‡jB Zv m¤¢e nq| G‡¶‡Î Dchy³ I †hvM¨ cÖv_x© g‡bvbqb LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| RbwcÖqZv I
MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv we‡ePbv K‡i ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv wbe©vP‡b Rqjv‡fi Rb¨ cÖv_x© g‡bvbxZ K‡i|
 cÖPvivwfhvb : cÖv_©x g‡bvbqb Kivi ciB Zuvi c‡¶ e¨vcK cÖPv‡i ‡b‡g c‡o ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv| cÖv_©xi c‡¶
MYRvMiY m„wó‡Z m‡Pó nq| mfvmwgwZ, wgwQj, mgv‡ek, cÖPvicÎ wewj, †`qvj wjLb, †cvóvwis BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g
`jxq cÖv_©xi c‡¶ cÖPviYv Pvjvq| G Qvov GKB mv‡_ `jxq Kg©m~wP I Av`k© RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡i|
 Znwej msMÖn : wbe©vP‡b Rqjvfmn ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mvwe©K Kg©KvÛ myóf z v‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖPzi A_© jv‡M|
GRb¨ `jxq m`m¨, myax, ïfvbya¨vqx, eëmvqx, abx cÖf„wZ e¨w³ I Drm n‡Z A_© msMÖn K‡i `j¸‡jv Znwej
M‡o †Zv‡j| eZ©gv‡b `jxq eë¯’v GZB DbœZ I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK n‡q‡Q †h, `jxq A_©mvnvh¨ bv †c‡j `‡ji
ZrciZv Ae¨vnZ ivLv I wbe©vP‡b AskMÖn‡Yi K_v fvevB hvq bv|
 HK¨ mvab : ivR‰bwZK `j RbM‡Yi H‡Kï cÖZxK| Rbg‡Zi wewfbœ aviYvi g‡a¨ †mZzeÜb m„wó K‡i ivR‰bwZK
`j RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ RvZxq Bmy¨‡Z HK¨ M‡o †Zv‡j| wbe©vP‡b Rqjvf I ¶gZv fvMvfvwM Kivi Rb¨ mggbv
`j¸‡jv cÖ‡qvR‡b wbe©vPbx d«›U MVb K‡i| †gvU K_v, RvZxq Rxe‡b wewfbœ avivi gv‡S mgš^q NwU‡q RvwZ‡K
HKë× ivLv ivR‰bwZK `‡ji KvR|
 miKvi MVb : cÖwZwU ivR‰bwZK `‡jiB g~j j¶¨ _v‡K miKvix ¶gZv AR©b| KviY, ¶gZv e¨ZxZ wbe©vPb
Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb Kiv m¤¢e bq| `j GRb¨ wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY K‡i Ges weRqx nevi ci me©cÖ_g miKvi MV‡b
g‡bvwb‡ek K‡i| ivóªcwZ c×wZi miKvi n‡j wbe©vwPZ ivóªcwZ Zuvi gwš¿mfv MVb K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K, cvj©v‡g›U
kvwmZ miKvi n‡j AvBbmfvq msL¨vMwiô m`m¨‡ì Av¯’vfvRb †bZv cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e `jxq †bZv‡ì wb‡q MVb
K‡ib gwš¿cwil`|
 we‡ivwaZv : wbe©vP‡b civwRZ `‡ji KvR nq ¶gZvmxb miKv‡ii MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv I we‡ivwaZv Kiv| G
we‡ivwaZv Kiv nq miKv‡ii bxwZ I Kg©m~wPi cÖwZ| hv‡Z miKvi G¸‡jv ms‡kvab K‡i bZzb fv‡e wm×všÍ wb‡Z
cv‡i| G we‡ivwaZv cÖKvk cvq miKv‡ii mgv‡jvPbv, AvBbmfvq weZK©, Av‡jvPbv I cÖ‡kœvË‡ii gva¨‡g|
cÖ‡qvR‡b ivóªcwZ‡K Awfksm‡bi D‡`¨vM ev gwš¿cwil‡ì weiæ‡× Abv¯’v cÖ¯vÍ e †c‡ki gva¨‡gI we‡ivwaZv cÖKvk
Kiv nq|
 ivR‰bwZK cÖwk¶Y : `‡ji Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR myPviæiƒ‡c m¤úv`‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv Kgx©‡ì‡K
`‡ji Av`k©, D‡Ïk¨, Kg©bxwZ I Kg©c×wZ m¤ú‡K© cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb K‡i| †h `‡j hZ ‡ewk cÖwk¶YcÖvß Kgx©
_v‡K, †mB `‡ji Kv‡R ZZ †ewk mdjZv Av‡M|

 mgm¨v wPwýZKiY : cÖ‡Z¨K iv‡óªB RbRxe‡b bvbv cÖKvi mgm¨v _v‡K| Gme mgm¨v AmsL¨ Ges eûgyLx|
ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv Gm‡ei ga¨ †_‡K AMÖvwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z mgm¨v wPwýZ K‡i Ges Zv mgvav‡b miKvwi `j
¶gZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i Ges we‡ivax `j ¶gZve„‡Ëi evB‡i †_‡K miKv‡ii cÖwZ Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i mgvav‡bi †Póv K‡i|
 wbe©vPKgÛjxi ¯^v_© msi¶Y : wbe©vP‡b weRqx nevi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK `j wbe©vPKgÛjxi ¯^v_© i¶v‡_© bvbvcÖKvi
cÖwZkÖæwZ cÖ`vb K‡i| wbR `‡ji cÖ‡qvR‡b Z_v cieZx© wbe©vP‡b Zv‡ì mnvbyfw~ Z AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ `j¸‡jv
†fvU`vZv‡ì ¯^v_© msi¶‡Y we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i|
AvaywbK Kvh©vejx
AvaywbK Kv‡j ivR‰bwZK `j m¤^‡Ü ivóªweÁvbx I mgvRZË¡we`‡ì `„wófw½ GK wfbœ †gvo wb‡q‡Q| Zviv m¤ú~Y© bZzb
avivq ivR‰bwZK `‡ji f~wgKv I Kvh©vejx wePvi Ki‡Z Pvb| G‡ì g‡a¨ i‡q‡Qb G¨vjgÛ, cvI‡qj, `ÿfviRvi,
wbDg¨vb, Avjvb ej cÖgyL| G‡ì mK‡ji mgwš^Z wPšÍvavivi Av‡jv‡K ivR‰bwZK `‡ji AvaywbK Kvh©vejx wbgœiƒcfv‡e
Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq|
 HK¨ ¯’vcb, mijxKiY I ¯’vwqZ¡ i¶v : ivR‰bwZK `j RbM‡Yi LÛ LÛ ¯^v_© ev `vex‡K HKë× I mgwš^Z K‡i,
iv‡óªi wewfbœ AÂ‡ji ga¨Kvi †fŠ‡MvwjK eëavb NywP‡q †`q Ges miKv‡ii wewfbœ KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM mva‡bi
gva¨‡g iv‡óªi ¯’vwqZ¡ eRvq iv‡L| cvj©v‡g›U kvwmZ miKv‡i AvBbmfv I kvmb wefv‡Mi ga¨Kvi HK¨ ivR‰bwZK
`‡ji f~wgKviB dj|
 k„sLjv i¶v : cÖwZwU `jB ¶gZv jv‡fi Rb¨ GKcÖKvi jovB K‡i| G mgq mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ wek„sLjv hv‡Z bv N‡U
Zvi cÖwZ †Lqvj iv‡L| k„sLjv i¶vq Zviv Ggb f~wgKv iv‡L hv Zv‡ì cÖwZ RbM‡Yi `„wófw½ cÖmvwiZ K‡i †`q|
 †mZz eÜb : ivR‰bwZK `j RbM‡Yi c¶ n‡Z wewfbœgyLx `vwe miKv‡ii wbKU †ck K‡i| Avevi miKv‡ii M„nxZ
RbKj¨vYg~jK c`‡¶c I Zvi ev¯Íevqb m¤^‡Ü RbMY‡K AewnZ K‡i| Gfv‡e miKvi I RbM‡Yi gv‡S †hvMv‡hvM
i¶v K‡i|
 ivR‰bwZK †bZ…Z¡ m„wó : wb‡R‡ì Kv‡Ri †¶Î cÖmvwiZ K‡i Ges RbMY‡K †ekx gvÎvq `‡ji mv‡_ m¤ú„³ K‡i
ivR‰bwZK `j fwel¨Z ivR‰bwZK †bZ„Z¡ m„wói c_‡K myMg K‡i †Zv‡j| G‡Z ivR‰bwZK GwjUMY `‡j Avmvi
my‡hvM cvb Ges RbM‡Yi AMÖmi Ask ivR‰bwZK AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j †hvM¨ †bZ…Z¡ M‡o IVvi my‡hvM
N‡U|
 mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva cÖwZôv : ivR‰bwZK `‡ji wµqvKjvc, AvPiY, cÖPvi †cÖvcvMvÛv, K_vevZ©v Ges `jxq Av`k©,
D‡Ïk¨ I Kg©m~wP RbMY AvMÖ‡ni mv‡_ j¶¨ K‡i| Zv‡ì G mg¯Í KvR Rbg‡b cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| Zviv `jxq
†jvK‡ì Øviv cÖZ¨¶ ev c‡iv¶fv‡e AbycÖvwYZ nq| d‡j ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Øviv mgv‡R g~j¨‡ev‡ai D™¢e, jvjb
I weKvk N‡U|
 ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY : w¯’wZkxj ivóªMV‡b ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY AZ¨šÍ Dc‡hvMx gva¨g| GwU GK ai‡Yi
wk¶Y cÖwµqv hvi gva¨‡g cÖKvk¨ I myôz fv‡e RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ cÖPwjZ I cÖwZôv‡hvM¨ ivR‰bwZK eë¯’v m¤^‡Ü aviYv
M‡o †Zvjv nq| G Kv‡R ivR‰bwZK `‡ji weKí †Kvb gva¨g †bB| G‡Z RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK wPšÍv‡PZvbvi
AbycÖ‡ek NUvb hvq| dvBbvi g‡b K‡ib, ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv mKj bvMwi‡Ki, we‡klZ hviv cÖZ¨¶fv‡e
ivRbxwZ‡Z AskMÖn‡Y AbvMÖnx Zv‡ì D`vmxbZv I wb®ú„nZv‡K `~i K‡i †cÖiYv m„wó K‡i|
BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-85
GmGmGBPGj
mviK_v
mywbw`©ó bxwZi wfwË‡Z mg Av`‡k© D×z× bvMwiK‡ì GKwU mymsMwVZ Ask hLb RvZxq ¯^v_© msi¶Y,DbœwZ I AMÖMwZi
Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK msMVb wn‡m‡e miKvi MVb, wbqš¿Y I `jxq bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i ZLb Zv‡K ivR‰bwZK
`j ejv nq| GwU †mB ivR‰bwZK msMVb hvi D‡Ïk¨ nj ¶gZv jvf I miKvi cwiPvjbv Kiv| ivR‰bwZK `j
miKvwi ¶gZv `L‡ji D‡Ï‡k¨ wbw`©ó Av`k© I Kg©m~wPi wfwË‡Z D”P ch©vq n‡Z wbgœ¯iÍ ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z †bZ…Z¡ Øviv
cwiPvwjZ GKwU wbqgZvwš¿K msMVb hv ¶gZvi Avm‡b e‡m wbR¯^^ mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK Kg©m~wP
ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g RbKj¨vY mvab Ki‡Z AvMÖnx| ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mbvZb I AvaywbK Kvh©vejxi Øviv GUvB cÖgvwYZ
nq †h, GKwU †`‡ki Av_© mvgvwRK Dbœqb I RvZxq weKvk mva‡b ivR‰bwZK `‡ji f~wgKv AMÖMY¨| ivR‰bwZK `‡ji
w`Kwb‡`©kbv, Rb‡mevi g‡bvfve, AvPiY, wk¶v`vb c×wZ BZ¨vw` RbM‡Yi Rb¨ AbyKiYxq nq Ges Zvi cÖfv‡e Zviv
mwµq n‡q D‡V|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. ivR‰bwZK `j wK ?
K. ¶gZvwjáy †Mvôx;
L. ivR‰bwZK gZvej¤^x Pµ;
M. msMwVZ bvMwiK m¤cÖ`vq;
N. Rbm¶v_© i¶vKvix e¨w³eM©|
2. ivR‰bwZK `‡ji m`m¨MY †Kgb cÖK„wZi ?

K. wewfbœgyLx wPšÍvavivi evnK;
L. mg gZv`‡k© wek¦vmx;
M. †jRyie„wË civqY;
N. ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ we‡ivax g‡bvfvevcbœ|
3. ivR‰bwZK `‡ji g~j êwkó¨ wK ?

K. RbMY‡K msMwVZ Kiv;
L. `vwe Av`v‡q Av‡›`vjb Kiv;
M. ivóª¶gZv AR©‡bi †Póv Kiv;
N. miKv‡ii weiæ‡× KvR Kiv|
mwVK DËi t 1.M 2.L 3.L
msw¶ß DËi-cÖkœ
1. ivR‰bwZK `j wK?
2. ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv w`b| G cÖm‡½ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji êwkó¨mg~n eY©bv Kiæb|
2. ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mvaviY Kvh©vejx Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. GKwU AvaywbK ivR‰bwZK `j wK wK KvR K‡i ? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV - 4
GK`jxq, wØ`jxq I eû`jxq eë¯’v I MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª we‡ivax`j

D‡Ïk¨
 GK`jxq I wØ`jxq ivR‰bwZK eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 eû`jxq eë¯’vi msÁv, ¯îƒc I êwkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
GK`jxq eë¯’v
msÁv : hLb †Kvb iv‡óª GKwU gvÎ `j miKvi cwiPvjbv, RbgZ wbqš¿Y I Rb¯^v_© i¶vq GK‡PwUqvfv‡e KvR K‡i
ZLb H ivóªeë¯’v‡K GK`jxq eë¯’v e‡j| mvaviYZ GKbvqKZvwš¿K I mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óª GK`jxq eë¯’v †`Lv hvq|
G¨vjgÛ GK`jxq eë¯’v‡K `yÕfv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Qb; K. mvaviY GK`jxq eë¯’v I L. me©vZ¥K GK`jxq eë¯’v| mvaviY
GK`jxq eë¯’vq ivóªcwiPvjbvq GKwU gvÎ `‡ji GK‡PwUqv AvwacZ¨ _v‡K| wKš‘ RbRxe‡bi mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK
†¶‡Î H `‡ji K‡Vvi wbqš¿Y _v‡K bv| eis D`vi eë¯’v weivR K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K, me©vZ¥K GK`jxq eë¯’vq †bZ…Z¡
`vbKvix `j e¨w³ I ivóªxq Rxe‡bi me †¶‡ÎB cÖfve we¯Ívi Ges wbqš¿Y Av‡ivc K‡i| DMÖ RvZxqZvev`x gZv`k©
†_‡KI G ai‡bi eë¯’vi D™¢e n‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb cÖKvi we‡ivax gZ ev mgv‡jvPbv mn¨ K‡i bv| eis Zv cy‡ivcywi wbwl×
Kiv nq|
¯^îƒc : G eë¯’vi mg_©KMY GK`j eë¯’v‡K MYZš¿ we‡ivax e‡j gv‡bb bv| Zv‡ì G‡Z GKwUi AwaK `j _vK‡j
†m¸‡jv nq †kªYx¯^v‡_©i cÖwZwbwa Ges mvgvwRK êl‡gï evnb| †h mgv‡R †kªYx êlg¨ †bB, †mLv‡b †ewk msL¨K `‡ji
cÖ‡qvRb †bB| GKwU gvÎ `jB mgMÖ gvby‡li Kj¨vY I gyw³i Rb¨ m‡Pó _v‡K| ZvQvov wbe©vP‡b GKB `j n‡Z GKvwaK
e¨w³I cÖwZØw›ØZv Ki‡Z cv‡i| GUvB MYZ‡š¿i DËg `„óvšÍ| Rb ÷zqvU© wgj -Gi g‡Z, ÒGK`jxq eë¯’v MYZš¿
we‡ivax|Ó KviY, we‡ivax `j Qvov MYZš¿ djcÖm~ n‡Z cv‡i bv| GK`jxq eë¯’vq iv‡óªi AeKvVv‡gvMZ ev †fŠZ Dbœqb
n‡jI gvby‡li e¨w³mËvi h_vh_ weKvk NU‡Z cv‡i bv|
cÖK„wZ I êwkó¨ : GK`jxq eë¯’vq `‡ji †bZv mewKQyi wbqš¿K n‡q e‡mb| Zuvi wPšÍvaviv, Av`k© I g~j¨‡eva‡KB `j
Z_v mgMÖ RvwZ‡K †g‡b wb‡Z nq| e¨w³ gvby‡li gZvgZ wb‡qB `‡ji †bZ…‡Z¡i ¯Íi web¨vm N‡U| †K, †Kvb ch©v‡q
†bZ…Z¡ †`‡e ZvI `jxq †bZv w¯’i K‡ib| †bZvi bv‡gB `j, †`k Z_v ivóª cwiPvwjZ nq| A_©vr, †bZvB `j, mgvR
I iv‡óªi weKí kw³iƒ‡c Avwef~©Z nb| GK e¨w³ hLb `j I iv‡óªi Dci Zvi wbisKzk, Aeva I GK‡PwUqv wbqš¿Y
cÖwZôvq mdj nb, ZLb Zvi g‡a¨ B‡Mv ev Ans‡eva Ges cÖvavb¨ Kivi cÖeYZv GZ e„w× cvq †h, Zvi wecixZ wKQy
†kvbvi ev †`Lvi gvbwmKZv _v‡K bv| d‡j e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv m‡e©vZfv‡e ¶zbœ nq| mv‡eK †mvwf‡qZ BDwbq‡b †jwbb ev
÷¨vwj‡bi kvmbKv‡j wKsev eZ©gvb Px‡bi kvmb eë¯’vq GK`jxq êwkó¨ cyivcywi j¶¨ Kiv hvq| DMÖ RvZxqZvev`x
g‡bvfvevcbœ Rvg©vbxi bvrmx I BZvwji d¨vwm÷ `‡ji gva¨‡g me©Z¥Kev`x eë¯’vi D™¢e N‡UwQj cÖ_g gnvhy‡×vËi
BD‡iv‡c Ges hvi mgvwß N‡U wØZxq wek¦h‡y ×i gva¨‡g|
wØ`jxq eë¯’v : hLb †Kvb †`‡ki miKvi cwiPvjbvq g~jZ `ywU `jB f~wgKv cvjb K‡i, ch©vqµ‡g GKwU `j miKvi
cwiPvjbv K‡i Ges Ab¨wU miKv‡ii we‡ivwaZvi KvR m¤úv`b K‡i ZLb Zv‡K wØ`jxq eë¯’v e‡j| †MÖU weª‡Ub I
gvwK©b hy³iv‡óª wØ`jxq eë¯’v i‡q‡Q| wØ`jxq eë¯’vq †`‡k `ywUi AwaK `j _vK‡Z cv‡i| KviY G eë¯’v MYZš¿m¤§Z|
wKš‘ ¶gZvi cU cwieZ©‡b `yÕwU `jB ch©vqµ‡g cÖvavb¨ we¯Ívi K‡i| G cÖm‡½ †M‡Uj e‡jb, †hLv‡b ci¯úiwe‡ivax
mymsnZ ivR‰bwZK `j Av‡Q, †mLv‡b fvj ivR‰bwZK cwi‡ek weivRgvb _vK‡e e‡j Avkv Kiv hvq| jvw¯‹, evK©vi
cÖgyL ivóªweÁvbx G g‡Zi mg_©K| wKš‘ g¨vKvBfvi G eë¯’vi cÖm‡½ e‡jb, `yÕwU `j _vK‡j ivRbxwZ‡Z gZ cÖKv‡ki
my‡hvM mxwgZ n‡q hvq| we‡ivax gZvgZ hvB _vKyKbv †Kb, wØ`jxq eë¯’v MYZš¿ myi¶v, msi¶Y I weKv‡k me‡P‡q
BwZevPK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| we‡k¦i Av`k©¯’vbxq MYZ‡š¿i †`k †MÖU weª‡Ub I gvwK©b hy³ivóª Gi eo cÖgvY| mvaviYZ
cÖavb cÖavb RvZxq Bmy¨‡Z †hLv‡b HKgZ¨ cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q Ges miKvi cwieZ©‡bi aviv iæwUbgvwdK Pj‡Q I
A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK †f`v‡f` ZZ cÖKU bq Ggb †`‡kB wØ`jxq eë¯’v M‡o D‡V‡Q|
BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-87
GmGmGBPGj
eû`jxq eë¯’v
msÁv : †h me iv‡óª `yÕ‡qi AwaK ivR‰bwZK `j _v‡K Ges Gme `‡ji g‡a¨ ivóª¶gZv jv‡fi Rb¨ Zxeª cÖwZØw›ØZv
nq †mB iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK eë¯’v‡KB eû`jxq eë¯’v ejv nq| Gme `‡ji ga¨ n‡Z GKwU `j wbe©vP‡b wbisKzk Rq
jvf K‡i miKvwi ¶gZv jvf K‡i| KLbI KLbI GKwU gvÎ `j wbisKzk msL¨vMwiôZv bv cvIqvq K‡qKwU `j
GK‡Î wg‡j miKvi MVb K‡i| fviZ, evsjv‡`k, cvwK¯Ívb eû`jxq eë¯’vi cÖK„ó D`vniY|
myweav
 eû`jxq eë¯’vq wbe©vPKgÛjxi mvg‡b A‡bK¸‡jv ivR‰bwZK `j Zv‡ì bxwZ I Kg©m~wP wb‡q Dcw¯’Z nq| RbMY
Gme `j‡K fvjfv‡e wePvi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges evQvB‡qi my‡hvM _vKvq G‡ì ga¨ ‡_‡K GKwU‡K †e‡Q †bq|
 eZ©gv‡b cÖvq cÖwZwU ivóªB RvwZ ivóª, Gi AvqZb †hgb wekvj †jvKmsL¨v †Zgwb wecyj| d‡j RbRxe‡bi Pvwn`v,
mgm¨v I `vwe eûgyLx I eûgvwÎK n‡q _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î eû`j _vK‡j Rbg‡Zi †Kvb w`KB AcÖKvwkZ _vK‡Z
cv‡i bv| wewfbœ `‡ji gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi wewfbœgyLx `vwe cÖKvwkZ nq|
 eû`jxq eë¯’vq mvaviYZ †Kvb `jB wbe©vP‡b wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j K‡qKwU `j wg‡j
†Kvqvwjkb miKvi MVb K‡i| d‡j GK`‡ji GKbvqKZ¡ ev wb`©q msL¨vMwiôZv Kzdj †_‡K †`k I RbMY gy³
_v‡K|
 cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡kB wewfbœ ag© I mvs¯‹…wZK m¤cÖ`v‡qi †jvK evm K‡i| eû`jxq eë¯’v _vK‡j Gme m¤cÖ`v‡qi ¯^v‡_©i
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ N‡U| G‡Z mK‡jB AvbycvwZK fv‡e kvmb Kv‡R AskMÖnY I ¯^v‡_©i Pvwn`v c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 G eë¯’vq wewfbœ `j I g‡Zi gnvwgjb N‡U| d‡j AvBbmfv RvZxq ¯^v_© m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbvi †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z cwiYZ
n‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv‡Z RvZxq msnwZ I GKZv e„w× cvq|
Amyweavmg~n:
 eû`jxq eë¯’v Aw¯’wZkxj| †Kvb `jB wbisKzk msL¨vMwiôZv bv cvIqvq me †P‡q eo `jwU‡K Ab¨vb¨ †QvU
`j‡K m‡½ wb‡q mw¤§wjZ miKvi MVb Ki‡Z nq| G‡Z †QvU `j¸‡jvi mv‡_ ì KlvKwl K‡i miKvi Pvjv‡Z
nq| G‡Z fzj eySveywSi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| d‡j †Kvb `j miKv‡ii cÖwZ mg_©b cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡j miKv‡ii cZb N‡U|
Zv‡Z ivR‰bwZK w¯’wZkxjZv ¶zbœ nq|
 eû`jxq miKvi GK cÖKvi `ye©j miKvi| GKwU `‡ji GKK msL¨vMwiôZvq MwVZ miKvi †hgb kw³kvjx nq
eû`j mgš^‡q MwVZ miKvi †Zgb kw³kvjx nq bv| d‡j RvZxq Dbœq‡b miKvi †Kvb `„p c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv|
 kixK me `‡ji gb RywM‡q Pj‡Z nq e‡j G eë¯’vq miKvi `ªæZ wm×šÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j Riæwi Ae¯’vq
wm×všÍ MÖnY m¤¢e nq bv| ZvB RbKj¨vYg~jK Kvh©vejx wejw¤^Z nq|
 RbMY h‡_ó gvÎvq wkw¶Z bv n‡j eû msL¨K `‡ji bxwZ I Kg©m~wP wePvi we‡kølb K‡i †hvM¨Zg‡K evQvB Ki‡Z
cv‡i bv| d‡j cÖPviYvq weåvšÍ n‡q fzj bxwZ I Av`‡k©i cvjøvq †fvU cÖ`vb K‡i e‡m|
we‡ivax`‡ji f~wgKv
MYZ‡š¿i myôz Kvh©KvwiZvi Rb¨ kw³kvjx we‡ivax `j _vKv ìKvi| wb‡gœ we‡ivax `‡ji f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Kiv nj:
 Qvqv miKvi MVb : msm`xq eë¯’vq miKvix `j cÖavbgš¿xi †bZ„‡Z¡ miKvi MVb K‡i Ges miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefvM
I gš¿Yvj‡qi `vwqZ¡ gš¿x‡ì g‡a¨ e›Ub K‡i †`q| cvkvcvwk we‡ivax`jI Zvi msm`xq `‡ji †bZvi †bZ„‡Z¡
GKwU Qvqv miKvi (Shadow Government) MVb K‡i Ges miKv‡ii gZB wewfbœ `dZ‡ii bxwZgvjvi cvkvcvwk
wb‡R‡ì bxwZgvjv AvBbmfvq Zz‡j a‡i Ges Gme †¶‡Î miKv‡ii fyjÎæwU wb‡`©k K‡i|
 we‡ivwaZvi bxwZgvjv I Kvh©m~wP cÖYqb t MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª ¶gZvmxb `j miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_
Zv‡ì we‡ivax `j¸‡jv w¯’i K‡i wKfv‡e Zviv miKv‡ii M„nxZ wm×všÍ I Kvh©µ‡gi we‡ivwaZv Ki‡e| G we‡ivwaZv
ïaygvÎ we‡ivwaZvi Rb¨B Kiv nq bv, eis wKQy mywbw`©ó bxwZgvjvi gva¨‡gB Kiv nq| Gme bxwZgvjvi g‡a¨
†Kvb&wU KLb, wK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ev¯ÍevwqZ Kiv n‡e Zvi Rb¨ Kvh©m~wPI cÖYqb Kiv nq|
 MYms‡hvM mvab : we‡ivax`j miKv‡ii M„nxZ c`‡¶‡ci fyjÎæwU RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡i Ges miKv‡ii
`ye©jZv¸‡jv †`wL‡q †`q| miKvi KZ©„K cÖYxZ AvBb I wewagvjv m¤^‡Ü RbMY‡K AewnZ K‡i| G‡Z we‡ivax`j

wbe©vP‡bi ci RbM‡Yi wbKU wb‡R‡ì Av`k© I Kg©m~wP cybivq cÖPvi Kivi my‡hvM cvq| Aa¨vcK jvI‡qj e‡jb,
`j¸‡jv Av`k© we‡µZv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
 RbgZ msMVb : we‡ivax`j wbe©vP‡b Rqx n‡Z ev AvBbmfvq msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b Ki‡Z bv cvivi KviY¸‡jv
ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i| G mgq †Kvb& †Kvb& †¶‡Î Zv‡ì wK `ye©jZv wQj ZvI LwZ‡q †`Lvi †Póv K‡i| AZtci G
welq¸‡jv RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q Zz‡j a‡i Ges wb‡R‡ì fzjÎæwU ¯^xKvi K‡i RbgZ‡K Zv‡ì AbyK~‡j msMwVZ Kivi
†Póv K‡i|
 miKv‡ii mgv‡jvPbv : we‡ivax `j AvBbmfvq weZK©, Av‡jvPbv, gyjZex cÖ¯vÍ e Dc¯’vcb, QuvUvB cÖ¯vÍ e †ck,
cÖ‡kœvËvi BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g miKv‡ii mgv‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K| mgv‡jvPbvi P~ovšÍ ch©v‡q miKv‡ii weiæ‡× Abv¯’v
cÖ¯vÍ e G‡b miKvi‡K ¶gZv n‡Z Acmvi‡Yi †PóvI Pvjvq| AvBbmfvi evB‡iI Rbmfv, cÖPvi, †cÖvcvMvÛv,
wee„wZ, Av‡jvPbvmfv BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g miKv‡ii mgv‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
 weKí miKvi MV‡bi cÖ¯vÍ e : mms`xq MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vq A‡bK mgq mggbv `j ev MÖæ‡ci mnvqZv I mg_©‡b
†Kvqvwjkb miKvi MVb Kiv nq| we‡ivax`j G Ae¯’vq †Kvqvwjk‡bi Askx`vi `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ A‰bK¨ `„wói †Póv
K‡i Ges ¶gZvmxb `‡ji cÖwZ mg_©b cÖZ¨vnvi Kivi Rb¨ Gme `j‡K D×z× K‡i| Zv‡ì †m cÖ‡Póv mdj nq
hLb AvBbmfvq miKvix `j Av¯’v †fv‡U civRq eiY K‡i| Gfv‡e ¶gZvmxb miKv‡ii cZb NU‡j we‡ivax `j
Zvi Nwbó mn‡hvMx `j I Ab¨vb¨ bZzb wgÎ `‡ji mg_©‡b weKí miKvi MV‡b D‡`¨vMx nq|
 miKv‡ii mnvqZv : we‡ivax`j ïaygvÎ we‡ivwaZvi Rb¨B we‡ivwaZv K‡i bv| KviY MYZš¿ n‡”Q cwiPh©v I
AskMÖn‡Yi miKvi| we‡ivax`j †hgb miKv‡ii fzjÎæwU I AcK‡g©i mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡e, †Zgwb RvZxq msKU,
cÖvK„wZK `y‡h©vM, hy×, Riæix Ae¯’v, RvZxq ¯^v_©© BZ¨vwì cÖ‡kœ miKvix `‡ji cv‡k wM‡q ùvov‡e| miKvix `j‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© cÖ`vb Ki‡e Ges RbMY‡K HKë×fv‡e msKU †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨ AvnŸvb Rvbv‡e|
 miKvi wbqš¿Y : we‡ivax`‡ji g~j KvR n‡”Q miKvi‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv| KviY †h miKv‡ii Ici †Kvb wbqš¿Y _v‡K
bv, †m miKvi MYZvwš¿K n‡qI ïaygvÎ GK‡PwUqv ¶gZv I msL¨vMwiôZvi †Rv‡i ˆ¯îvPvix f~wgKv MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
mviK_v
GK`jxq, wØ`jxq I eû`jxq eë¯’v we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, MYZvwš¿K Rxeb c×wZ cÖwZôvq wØ`j eë¯’vB Dchy³|
G‡Z †Kvb cÖKvi ÎæwU †h †bB Zv ejv hvq bv| KviY `ywU `j ch©vqµ‡g iv‡óªi kvmb¶gZv jvf Kivq RbM‡Yi c‡¶
G‡ì †h †Kvb GKwU‡K wbe©vwPZ Ki‡ZB nq| Zv m‡Ë¡I G eë¯’vq ¸‡Yi Ask †ewk| we‡klZ w¯’wZkxj miKvi MVb
I Dbœqb KvR Z¡ivwš^Z Kivi †¶‡Î wØ`jxq eë¯’vB m‡e©vËg| ZvB hy³ivóª I hy³ivR¨ G eë¯’vi gva¨‡g MYZ‡š¿i
me©vwaK weKvk I cÖwZôvq mvdj¨ AR©b K‡i‡Q| MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vq miKvix `j †hgwb, we‡ivax`jI †ZgbB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
fzwgKv cvjb K‡i Ges Kvh©vejx m¤úv`b K‡i| MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vq mK‡ji AskMÖnY Acwinvh©| KviY MYZš¿ `jeë¯’vi
DciB M‡o I‡V| †mBme `‡ji g‡a¨ †KvbwU miKvix `j wnmv‡e miKvi cwiPvjbv Kivi my‡hvM cvq| Avevi †KvbwU
we‡ivax `j wn‡m‡e Kvh© m¤úv`b I fzwgKv cvj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q mgv‡R kvwšÍ, w¯’wZ I fvimvg¨ i¶v K‡i _v‡K| ZvB
MYZ‡š¿ we‡ivax`‡ji f‚wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-89
GmGmGBPGj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. wØ`jxq eë¯’vi A_© wK ?
K. †`‡k gvÎ `ywU `j _vKv;
L. `ywU `‡ji cÖvavb¨ eRvq _vKv;
M. `ywU `j wgwjZfv‡e miKvi cwiPvjbv Kiv;
N. `ywU `‡ji wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY|
2. GK`jxq eë¯’vi g~j êwkó¨ wK ?

K. `j‡bZv me wKQyi wbqš¿K n‡q emv;
L. `‡ji ÿviv ivóª¶gZv wbqš¿Y;
M. `j KZ©„K e¨w³ I mgvR Rxe‡bi Dci wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv;
N. miKv‡i GK‡PwUqv AvwacZ¨ wKš‘ A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK †¶‡Î D`viZv eRvq ivLv|
3. eû`jxq eë¯’v Kv‡K e‡j ?

K. ivR‰bwZK wµqvKjv‡ci A‡bK¸‡jv `‡ji AskMÖnY;
L. A‡bK¸‡jv `j wg‡j ivóªcwiPvjbv Kiv;
M. A‡bK¸‡jv `‡ji g‡a¨ †_‡K GKwU `j‡K †e‡Q †bqv;
N. GKvwaK `j wgwjZfv‡e miKvi MV‡bi gva¨‡g ivóª cwiPvjbv Kiv|
mwVK DËi t 1.L 2.K 3.K

1| eû`jxq eë¯’vi `ywU Amyweav eY©bv Kiæb|
2| GK`jxq eë¯’vi êwkó¨mg~n wK wK ?
3| MYZ‡š¿ we‡ivax`j †Kb miKvi‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z Pvq?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| eû`jxq eë¯’vi myweav I Amyweav eY©bv Kiæb|
2| MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vq we‡ivax `‡ji f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV - 5
RbgZ
D‡Ïk¨
 RbgZ m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Rbg‡Zi cÖK„wZ eyS‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RbgZ‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi Dcvq m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Rbg‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
f‚wgKv :
Ggb GK mgq wQj hLb AvR‡Ki gZ myMwVZ ivóª wQj bv| wKsev ivóª _vK‡jI Zv cwiPvjbvq mvaviY gvby‡li
†Kvb f~wgKv wQj bv| ivRv ev kvm‡Ki B”Qv I m¤§wZi Dci wfwË K‡i miKvix KvRKg© m¤úvw`Z nZ| Gme KvR
RbM‡Yi cQ›` †nvK Avi bv †nvK, Zv‡ì‡K G‡Z m¤§wZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nÕZ| KviY RbM‡Yi c¶ †_‡K miKvix Kv‡Ri
cÖwZ mymsMwVZ cÖwZev` ev mg_©b Rvbvevi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji gZ †Kvb msMVb ZLb M‡o I‡Vwb| Zvici GKmgq
MYZvwš¿K wPšÍvavivi weKvk N‡U, iv‡óªi KvR e„w× cvq, RbM‡Yi f~wgKv MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb evo‡Z ïiæ K‡i| Gme KvR
myôzfv‡e m¤úv`b wKsev RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v †gUvevi Rb¨ miKvi‡K RbM‡Yi B”Qv-Awb”Qv, wµqv-cÖwZwµqv I gZvgZ‡K
¸iæZ¡ w`‡Z nÕj| mg‡qi †cÖ¶vc‡U wbe©vPb c×wZi weKvk NUj| miKvi MV‡b Ges cwiPvjbvq wbe©vPK ev †fvUviMY
gyL¨ fzwgKv cvj‡b GwM‡q Gj| Gme †fvUvi‡ì B”Qv, Av‡eM, Abyfw~ Z, Pvwn`v, ¯^v_©© BZ¨vwì mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q
miKvi‡K wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Af¨vm M‡o Zzj‡Z nj| Gfv‡e miKvix Kvh© m¤úv`b I ivóª cwiPvjbvq Rbg‡Zi D™¢e I
weKvk NU‡Z _v‡K|
msÁv: mvaviYfv‡e RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY mva‡bi Dcvq wnmv‡e RbM‡Yi gZvgZ‡KB RbgZ ejv hvq| iv‡óªi ¯^v_© m¤^‡Ü
ev miKv‡ii j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I Kvh©vejx RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ †kªYxMZ, †MvôxMZ ev wPšÍvavivMZ gZvgZ _vK‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘
Gm‡ei me¸‡jvB RbgZ n‡e bv| RbgZ n‡e †mUvB hv msL¨vMwiô †jvK‡ì Dci cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡e| RbgZ n‡e
†mUvB hvi g‡a¨ hyw³ _vK‡e Ges hvi wfwË‡Z KvR Ki‡j AwaKZi Kj¨vY mvwaZ n‡e| GLv‡b msL¨vMwi‡ôi gZ
n‡ZB n‡e Ggb `vex Kiv hv‡e bv| †h‡Kvb GKR‡bi gZI RbgZ n‡e hw` Zvi g‡a¨ hyw³, MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv I
Kj¨vYKvwgZv †ewk _v‡K| G cÖm‡½ jW© eªvBm e‡jb, Òm¤cÖ`v‡qi ¯^v_©RwoZ wel‡q RbM‡Yi Awfg‡Zi mgwóB
RbgZ|Ó m`v me©`v miKvi I we‡ivax `j‡K mZ©K iv‡L RbgZ| Rbg‡Zi gy³ I Aeva cÖevn MYZ‡š¿i mdjZvi
Ab¨Zg c~e©kZ©|
Rbg‡Zi cÖK„wZ
 wk¶v eë¯’vi cÖmv‡ii d‡j RbM‡Yi Ávb I eyw×gËv e„w× cvevi Rb¨B Rbg‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ e„w× †c‡Z _v‡K|
 RbgZ me©`vB e„nËi Rb‡Mvôxi gZvgZ bq, eis e„nËi Rb‡Mvôx KZ©„K mgw_©Z gZvgZB RbgZ| †mRb¨B ejv
nq †h, RbgZ RbI bq, gZI bq (Public opinion is neither public nor opinion)|
 RbgZ Rbgvbyy‡li wek¦vm, iæwP, hyw³, Ávb I ¯^v‡_©i cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i _v‡K| G‡¶‡Î hviv cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z
cv‡i Zv‡ì gZvgZB RbgZ iƒ‡c M„nxZ nq|
 †h †Kvb ai‡bi ivóª I miKvi eë¯’v‡ZB RbgZ‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq|
 †M‡Uj G ch©v‡q e‡jb, hw` RbM‡Yi ivR‰bwZK gvbwmKZv mwVK nq, Zvn‡j †QvULvU cv_©K¨ _vK‡jI miKv‡ii
cÖK„wZ msi¶Y Ges iv‡óªi Av`k© ev¯Íevqb Kiv m¤¢e|
 ivóª weÁvbx ievU© cxj Gi g‡Z, RbgZ KL‡bv KL‡bv RbM‡Yi ms¯‹vi, AÜwek¦vm, e¨w³ ¯^v_©, †jvf, jvjmv
BZ¨vw` Dcv`v‡bi mgwóMZ dj e‡j we‡ewPZ|
BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-91
GmGmGBPGj
Rbg‡Zi evnb ev RbgZ cÖfvweZ Kivi Dcvqmg~n
AvaywbK iv‡óª RbgZ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| RbgZ hZ mRvM, weP¶Y I mZK© n‡e miKvix wm×všÍ MÖnY I Kvh©m¤úv`b
ZZB mywe‡ePbv cÖm~Z n‡e| RbgZ Avcbv Avcwb M‡o I‡V bv| eis G‡K wewfbœ Kjv‡KŠkj I gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ M‡o
Zzj‡Z nq| Gme Kjv‡KŠkj I gva¨g‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cvi‡j RbgZ cÖ‡qvRbgZ msMwVZ ev cÖfvweZ Kiv hvq| ZvB
ejv nq, RbgZ ZvB hv wewfbœ gva¨‡g M‡o †Zvjv nq| (Public opinion is what its media make it to us.)|
RbgZ MV‡bi Gme evnb m¤ú‡K© wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
 msev`cÎ : RbgZ MV‡bi Dcvq ev evnb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© n‡”Q msev`cÎ| G‡Z wewfbœ `j I g‡Zi
Abymvixiv †jLbxi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì gZvgZ Zz‡j a‡ib| cÖwZw`b msev`c‡Îi gva¨‡g †`‡ki PjwZ NUbv cÖevn,
wewfbœ `j, Dc`‡ji Lei RbMY Rvb‡Z cv‡i| Gme msev` Rbg‡b †h cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i Zv RbgZ MV‡b
we‡kl f~wgKv iv‡L| D‡j- L¨ †h, gy`ªY h‡š¿i gva¨‡g RbgZ MV‡bi KvR hZUv wbiwew”Qbœ I avivevwnK fv‡e
m¤úvw`Z nq Ab¨ gva¨‡g ZZUv nqbv| GB wkí‡K KivqË K‡i AvaywbK we‡k¦ cÖfvekvjx e¨w³, msMVb,
ivR‰bwZK `j Zv‡ì mg_©‡b RbgZ MVb I wbqš¿‡Yi †Póv Pvjvq| cÖPv‡ii kw³ GZB †ewk †h, µgvMZ cÖPv‡ii
d‡j A‡bK mgq AmZ¨ I wfwËnxb welq‡KI gvbyl mwZ¨ e‡j fv‡e| ZvB ejv hvq, †cÖm †hfv‡e Pvq, RbgZ
†mfv‡eB M‡o I‡V|
 ivR‰bwZK `j : RbgZ MV‡b eûgyLx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i ivR‰bwZK `j| `jxq mfvmwgwZ, Av‡jvPbv-
†mwgbvi, cÖPvi, †cÖvcvMvÛv, †`qvj wjLb, †cv÷vwis, msev`c‡Î wee„wZ cÖ`vb BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g ivR‰bwZK `j
Zv‡ì e¨³e¨ Rbmgy‡¶ Zz‡j a‡i| RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK wk¶vi we¯Ívi mvab K‡i Ges GiB gva¨‡g
RbgZ‡K AbyK~‡j wb‡q Av‡M| RbgZ MV‡bi Ab¨vb¨ me evnb‡KI ivR‰bwZK `j Zvi cÖfv‡ei mvnv‡h¨ wbqš¿Y
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, B›Uvi‡bU: AvaywbK B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqv RbgZ MV‡b Kvh©Ki f~wgKv ivL‡Q| wewfbœ cÖKvi
wPËvKl©K Abyôvb Gme gva¨g AZ¨šÍ †KŠk‡j Zv‡ì ivR‰bwZK e³e¨ `k©K‡kªvZvi mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡i| AvRKvj
B›Uvi‡bU, I‡qemvBU, B-‡gBj BZ¨vwì mvnv‡h¨ AwZ mn‡R I ¯^í mg‡q e³e¨ mieivn K‡i Rbg‡Zi Ici
mn‡RB cÖfve we¯Ívi Kiv n‡”Q|
 wk¶v cÖwZôvb: wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b cuyw_MZ we`¨v AR©‡bi cvkvcvwk mncvwV I eÜz-evÜe Ges wk¶K‡ì KvQ †_‡K
†`k I mgv‡Ri bvbvwea mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© wk¶v_x©iv cwiwPZ nq| Gfv‡e Zv‡ì g‡a¨ †`‡ki ivRbxwZ m¤^‡Ü
GKUv wbR¯^ aviYvi weKvk N‡U| ZvÔQvov ¯‹zj-K‡j‡R wewfbœ `‡ji QvÎmsMVb †h ivR‰bwZK ZrciZv Pvjvq -
Zvi gva¨‡gI RbgZ m„wó nq|
 wewfbœ ms¯’v : mivmwi †Kvb ivR‰bwZK `„wófw½i mv‡_ RwoZ bv †_‡KI wewfbœ miKvix I †emiKvix cÖwZôvb
c‡iv¶fv‡e RbgZ MVb K‡i _v‡K| Gme cÖwZôv‡bi `wjjcÎ, cÖwZ‡e`b, cwimsL¨vb ¯’vbxq ev †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii
D‡`¨v‡M gyw`ªZ n‡j ev wewfbœ M‡el‡Ki M‡elYv wi‡cv‡U© cÖKvwkZ n‡j Zv Rbg‡Zi Dci weivU cÖfve †d‡j|
G wi‡cv‡U©i wfwË‡Z RbgZ mswkøó‡ì c‡¶ ev wec‡¶ M‡o D‡V|
 AvBbmfv : AvBbmfvq miKvi I we‡ivax`j AvBb cÖYqb I ivóª cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ †h me wel‡q Av‡jvPbv, weZK©,
cÖkœ wRÁvmv BZ¨vw`‡Z kixK nq- Zvi msev` Le‡ii KvM‡R wKsev Qwe I Lei wUwf ev †iwWIi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi
Kv‡Q †cuŠQvq| RbMY Gme n‡Z Zv‡ì gZvgZ I `„wófw½ M‡o †Zv‡j|
Rbg‡Zi ¸iæZ¡
eZ©gvbKv‡j we‡k¦i cÖvq cÖwZwU ivóªB †h‡nZz Kj¨vY ivóª ZvB Gme iv‡óª RbgZ AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| miKv‡ii w¯’wZ I
fvimvg¨ wbf©i K‡i AbyK~j Rbg‡Zi Dci| AvaywbKKv‡j mvg¨, ¯^vaxbZv, e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨ BZ¨vw` i¶vq RbgZB cÖnix|
RbgZ miKvi cwiPvjbv I kvmb eë¯’vi mœvqy‡K›`ª ¯îƒc|
MYZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’vq RbgZB mewKQyi wfwË| MYZvwš¿K ivRbxwZi g~j j¶¨ hw` ¶gZv AR©b nq Zvn‡j RbgZ
n‡e †mB ¶gZvi wmuwo| ¶gZvq `xN©w`b hveZ mvd‡jï mv‡_ _vKv hw` D‡Ïk¨ nq Z‡e RbgZ n‡e Zvi nvwZqvi
| †h AvBb I wewagvjv Øviv MYZvwš¿K miKvi cwiPvjbv Kiv nq Zvi wfwË nj RbgZ| miKvix ¶gZvi DÌv‡b

†hgb A_ev cZ‡b RbgZ cÖavb f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †mRb¨B ejv P‡j †h, AvaywbK iv‡óª mdj cÖkvmb A‡bKvs‡k
RbgZ MVb I e¨³ Kivi c×wZi Dci wbf©ikxj|
A‡bK †`‡kB miKv‡ii AvBbmfv‡K wKsev msweavb‡K mve©‡fŠg e‡j †NvlYv Kiv nq| †MÖU weª‡U‡b AvBbmfv
Ges hy³iv‡óª msweavb P~ovšÍ ¶gZvi AwaKvix| weª‡U‡bi cÖPzi ¶gZv m‡Ë¡I AvBbmfv (cvj©v‡g›U) Ggb †Kvb AvBb
cÖYqb K‡i bv hv Rbg‡Zi wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U Zuvi kvmbKv‡ji Pvi eQ‡ii †gqv‡`
msweavb Abyhvqx cÖPzi ¶gZvi AwaKvix nqv m‡Ë¡ wZwb Ggb wm×všÍ mvaviYZ †bb bv hv gvwK©b RbgZ‡K we¶zä Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmb eë¯’v‡ZI Rbg‡Zi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡Q| GgbwK †¯^”QvPvix kvmKMYI RbgZ‡K h‡_ó we‡ePbv K‡i|
ZvB Zviv RbM‡Yi wPišÍb g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm, jvwjZ AvkvAvKv•Lv‡K AvNvZ K‡i Ggb †Kvb wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv †_‡K
weiZ _v‡Kb| A‡bK mgq GKbvqK ev †¯^”QvPvix kvmK Zvi kvmb ¶gZv‡K êaZv `vb Kivi Rb¨ Rbmg_©b jv‡fi
wewfbœ c×wZ Kv‡R jvMvb| mvgwiK ˆ¯^îkvmKMYI Zv‡ì kvmb‡K êaZv †èvi Rb¨ MY‡fv‡Ui gva¨‡g Rbg‡Zi
Av¯’v AR©‡bi †PóvK‡i| KviY, RbMY Avi c~‡e©i gZ AmsMwVZ I D`vmxb bq| †h †Kvb c×wZi kvmb eë¯’v‡ZB
Zviv Zv‡ì gZvgZ cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K|
mviK_v
RbgZ AvaywbK mKj ai‡bi kvmbeë¯’v I miKv‡ii g~j wfwË| MYZš¿ I GKbvqKZš¿, †cÖwm‡W›U c×wZi miKvi
wKsev cvj©v‡g›UkvwmZ miKvi - me©‡¶‡ÎB RbgZ wbqš¿K, wbqvgK Ges ivRbxwZi DÌb-cZ‡bi g~j kw³| Z‡e
RbgZ KLbB mKj RbM‡Yi gZvg‡Zi †hvMdj bq| eis Rb¯^v‡_©i AbyK~j, RbKj¨v‡Yi Bw½Zevnx, hyw³m¤§Z,
wbi‡c¶ I D`vi †h †Kvb e¨w³MZ †MvôxMZ gZvgZ Rbmg_©b †c‡j Rbg‡Z cwiYZ nq| RbM‡Yi gZ‡K Rbg‡Z
iƒcvšÍwiZ Ki‡Z wKsev miKv‡ii c‡_ RbgZ‡K msMwVZ Ki‡Z n‡j KZK¸‡jv evnb ev gva¨‡gi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq|
G m‡ei g‡a¨ msev`cÎ, ivR‰bwZK `j Ges †Uwjwfkb - †iwWI AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki I kw³kvjx| G m‡ei mvnv‡h¨
cÖ‡qvRbgZ RbgZ‡K wbqš¿Y I cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq| RbgZ AvaywbKKv‡j RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ mvg¨ cÖwZôv, e¨w³ AwaKvi
I ¯^vaxbZv i¶v Ges iv‡óªi ¯’vwqZ¡ I miKv‡ii fvimvg¨ i¶vq AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki nvwZqvi|
BDwbU- 6 c„ôv-93
GmGmGBPGj
cv‡VvËi g~&j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1| Rbg‡Zi weKvk †Kb N‡U ?
K. iv‡óªi KvR e„w× I RbM‡Yi mg_©b jv‡fi Avkvq;
L. wbe©vPb c×wZi weKv‡ki d‡j;
M. MYZvwš¿K wPšÍvavivi weKv‡ki d‡j;
N. kvm‡Ki B”QvgZ iv‡óªi KvR m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨|
2| RbgZ wK ?
K. hyw³, MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv I msL¨vMwi‡ôi Rb¨ Kj¨vYKi gZ;
L. †`‡ki me©mvavi‡Yi gZvg‡Zi mgwó;
M. cÖfvekvjx †kªYxi ÿviv cÖfvweZ gZvgZ;
N. †`‡ki miKvi †hme g‡Zi Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq|
3| †cÖm †hfv‡e Pvq, RbgZ †mfv‡eB M‡o I‡V-K_vwU Rbg‡Zi †Kvb& evnbwU‡K me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q?
K. ivR‰bwZK `j;
L. †iwWI - †Uwjwfkb - B›Uvi‡bU;
M. wk¶v cÖwZôvb;
N. msev`cÎ|
mwVK DËi t 1.K 2.K Z.N

1. RbgZ wK?
2. RbgZ wK me mgq RbM‡Yi gZvgZ?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. RbgZ ej‡Z Avcwb wK ey‡Sb? G cÖm‡½ Rbg‡Zi cÖKÖwZ eY©bv Kiæb|
2. Rbg‡Zi evnb ev RbgZ‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi Dcvq¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|
3. RbgZ‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi †¶‡Î msev`c‡Îi fzwgKv me©vwaK| Avcwb wK Ggb gZ mg_©b K‡ib ? Avcbvi e³‡eï
c‡_ hyw³ w`b|

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7
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AvgjvZš¿ I Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx

f~wgKv
AvaywbK kvmb eë¯’vq AvgjvZš¿ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| AvgjvZš¿ GKwU gva¨g we‡kl| AvgjvZš¿ ej‡Z
Ggb GKwU e¨vcK msMVb‡K †evSvq hvi gva¨‡g kvmKeM© ev wewa cÖ‡YZviv wb‡R‡ì wm×všÍ‡K Kvh©Ki Kivi †Póv
K‡ib| AvgjvZ‡š¿i ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Aa¨vcK dvBbvi D‡jøL K‡ib †h, Ò¯’vqx miKvix Kg©Pvix‡ì mvnvh¨ Qvov AvaywbK
miKv‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ iÿv Kiv Am¤¢e|Ó RbKj¨vYg~jK iv‡óª Avgjveë¯’v mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv
iv‡L| G Kvi‡Y, AvgjvZš¿‡K AvaywbKxKi‡Yi evnb wnmv‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx nj †¯^”Qvg~jK msMwVZ †Mvôx| Aa¨vcK AvjgÛ G‡ì‡K GK ai‡bi ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx e‡j AwfwnZ
K‡i‡Qb| AvaywbK iv‡óª Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx wfwËK c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i ¯^v_© Av`vq K‡i _v‡K| DbœZ I
Dbœqbkxj mKj iv‡óªB miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi Dci G‡ì cÖfve cwijwÿZ nq| AvaywbK ivR‰bwZK cÖwµqvq
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji b¨vq Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôxi f~wgKv LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
AvgjvZš¿ I Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx kxl©K BDwb‡Ui Av‡jvPbv wb¤œiƒc 3wU cv‡V web¨¯Í n‡e :
GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q :

 cvV - 1. AvgjvZš¿
 cvV - 2. AvgjvZ‡š¿i f~wgKv I Gi wbqš¿Y
 cvV - 3. Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx
BDwbU - 7 c„ôv - 95
GmGmGBPGj

 cvV-1


AvgjvZš¿

D‡Ïk¨
 AvgjvZš¿ wK Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 g¨v·I‡qevi KZ©„K ewY©Z AvgjvZ‡š¿i êwkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AvaywbK ivóª eë¯’vq AvgjvZš¿ GK we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| †h †Kvb miKvi eë¯’v‡ZB AvgjvZ‡š¿i
¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| AvgjvZš¿ Qvov †`‡ki kvmb cwiPvjbv Kiv Am¤¢e| AvaywbK kvmbeë¯’vq AvgjvZš¿ cÖvY‡K›`ªiƒ‡c
we‡ewPZ nq| Avgjvg‡š¿i Bs‡iRx cÖwZkã Bureaucracy, kãwU divmx Bureau †_‡K DrcwË n‡q‡Q| Gi A_© nj
`ßi wbf©i miKvi| AvgjvZš¿ ej‡Z ¯’vqx †eZbf~³ `ÿ I †ckv`vi Kg©Pvix‡ì msMVb‡K eySvq| mvaviYfv‡e
miKv‡ii bxwZ wba©viY Ges miKvi cwiPvjbvq wb‡qvwRZ Kg©PvixMY Avgjv bv‡g AwfwnZ| wewfbœ mgvRweÁvbx I
ivóªweÁvbx AvgjvZš¿‡K wewfbœfv‡e e¨vL¨v Ki‡Qb| cÖ‡dmi dvBbvi e‡jb, ÒAvgjvZš¿ n‡”Q GKwU ¯’vqx, †eZbf~³
Ges `ÿ PvKzixRxwe †kÖYx|Ó cÖ‡dmi MvY©v‡ii g‡Z, ÒmiKv‡ii wm×všÍ I bxwZgvjv wba©vi‡Y Ges mvaviYfv‡e miKvi
cwiPvjbvq wb‡qvwRZ Kg©PvixMYB Avgjvbv‡g AwfwnZ|Ó cÖ‡dmi AM AvgjvZ‡š¿i my›ì msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb,
Òivóªxq Kg©Pvixe„›` n‡”Q my`ÿ †ckv`vix Aaxb¯Í Kg©KZ©v hviv ¯’vqxfv‡e PvKwi K‡ib Ges ivRbxwZ wbi‡cÿ _v‡Kb|Ó
AvjÛ I cvI‡q‡ji g‡Z, ÒAvgjvZš¿ ej‡Z e¨vcK msMVb‡K eySvq hvi gva¨‡g kvmK‡kÖYx wb‡R‡ì wm×všÍ‡K Kvh©Ki
K‡i _v‡K|Ó
g¨v·I‡qev‡ii aviYv
Rvg©vb mgvRZË¡we` g¨v· I‡qevi Zuvi Essays in sociology bvgK MÖ‡š’ GKwU Av`k© KvVv‡gv wn‡m‡e AvgjvZ‡š¿i
KZK¸‡jv êwk‡óï K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| AvgjvZ‡š¿i cÖK…wZ I mvsMVwbK iƒc‡iLv m¤ú‡K© wZwb wek`fv‡e Av‡jvPbv
K‡i‡Qb Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ZË¡ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| wZwb K‡qKwU cÖavb êwkó¨ D‡jøL K‡i AvgjvZ‡š¿i e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY
K‡i‡Qb| Avmyb Avgiv Gevi g¨v·I‡qevi KZ©„K ewY©Z AvgjvZ‡š¿i êwkó¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kwi|
 Kg© cwiwa t AvgjvZvwš¿K msMV‡b GKwU mywbw`©ó Kg©cwiwa we`¨gvb _v‡K| mvaviY wewa Øviv msMV‡bi Kvh©c×wZ
wba©vwiZ I wb‡`©wkZ nq| cÖ‡Z¨K Kg©Pvixi `vwqZ¡ I AwaKvi wewa‡Z cwi®‹vifv‡e D‡jøL _v‡K| GKRb Kg©KZ©v
Av‡M †_‡KB Zvi ÿgZvi cwimxgv I `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡ib| wewa Abymv‡i cÖ‡Z¨K Kg©Pvix Zuvi Kvh©
m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K|
 wb‡qvM c×wZ t AvgjvZvwš¿K msMV‡b Kg©Pvix wb‡qv‡Mi g~j gvcKvwV n‡”Q †gav| wjwLZ, gbm¯ÍvwË¡K cixÿv I
mvÿvrKvi c×wZi gva¨‡g †gav hvPvB Kiv nq| cÖwkÿY, AwfÁZv, KvwiMwi I welqwfwËK Ávb‡K PvKzixi
Ab¨Zg †hvM¨Zv I kZ© wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq| Kg©Pvix wb‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ: wbi‡cÿ c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv
nq|
 c` †mvcvb bxwZ t AvgjvZ‡š¿i c`‡mvcvb (Hierarchy) bxwZ Abymv‡i wewfbœ c‡ì †kÖYxweb¨vm Kiv nq| G
msMV‡b DaŸ©Zb I Aa¯Íb m¤úK© weivR K‡i| cÖwZwU wb¤œZi c`B †Kvb D”PZi c‡ì Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| mnR
K_vq wewfbœ c‡ì g‡a¨ KZ©„Z¡MZ m¤úK© wbw`©ó _v‡K|
 Kg©e›Ub ev wefvMxqKiY t msMV‡bi D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ev mvgwMÖK Kvh©vejx‡K wewfbœ wefvM, ms¯’v
ev `dZ‡i wefvwRZ I e›Ub Kiv nq| †mLv‡b we‡kl c‡` †Kej we‡klÁ‡ì wb‡qvM Kiv nq| cÖ‡Z¨K Kg©Pvix
Zvi KZ©e¨ `ÿZvi mv‡_ cvj‡bi e¨vcv‡i `vqx _v‡Kb|
ivR‰bwZK msMVb c„ôv - 96

 †UKwbK¨vj Ávb t AvgjvZ‡š¿ †UKwbK¨vj Ávb I AwfÁZv‡K PvKzixi Ab¨Zg †hvM¨Zv ev kZ© wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv
nq| Kg©Pvix‡ì KvwiMix Ávb wjwLZ cixÿvi gva¨‡g hvPvB Kiv nq| g¨v·‡qev‡ii g‡Z Avgjv eë¯’vq
†UKwbK¨vj Ávb I †hvM¨Zvi ¸iæZ¡ µgvš^‡q e„w× cv‡”Q|
 wjwLZ wewaweavb t msMV‡bi Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ m„cÖwZwôZ wewa weavb _v‡K| msMV‡b Kg©iZ e¨w³eM©‡K
H me wewagvjv †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| Gme wewa †g‡b Pjvi R¨ Zv‡ì cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
 †eZb-fvZv t AvgjvZvwš¿K msMV‡b-Kg©Pvix‡ì †eZb-fvZv cÖavbZ: wewfbœ c‡ì `vwqZ¡ I gh©v`v Abyhvqx †kÖYx
web¨vm Kiv nq| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB Zuv‡ì †eZbµg I Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM myweavi weeiY wjwce× _v‡K|
 wbi‡cÿZv t Avgjviv D‡ËRbv I Av‡e‡Mi cÖfvegy³ †_‡K wbi‡cÿZv I `ÿZvi mv‡_ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
cÿcvwZË¡ eR©b K‡i Zuviv mevi m‡½ †mevg~jK mg AvPiY I b¨vqwePvi Ki‡Z cÖqvmx nb| Zviv AivR‰bwZK,
wb`©jxq I wbqgwm×fv‡e KvR K‡i _v‡Kb|
 Awdwmqvj †iKW© t G msMV‡b cÖkvmwbK Kvh©vejx, wm×všÍ Ges wewaweavb wjwLZfv‡e †iKW© K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv
nq| msMV‡bi wjwLZ wbqg-Kvbyb I KvR¸‡jv Awdm bvgK GKwU ms¯’vq msMwVZ nq|
 †ckv`vwiZ¡ t AvgjvZvwš¿K msMV‡b wb‡qvwRZ Kg©Pvixiv †ckv`vi wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i Ges PvKzwiRxex †kÖYx‡Z
cwiYZ nq| PvKzwiB Zv‡ì RxweKvi evnb| wmwbqwiwU, K…wZZ¡, †gav I †hvM¨Zvi gvb`‡Û Zuv‡ì c‡`vbœwZ †Ìqv
nq| c‡`vbœwZi welqwU cÖavbZ DaŸ©Zb KZ©„c‡ÿi wePvi we‡ePbvi Dci wbf©ikxj|
g¨v·I‡qevi KZ©„K cÖ`Ë AvgjvZ‡š¿ KvVv‡gv I AvPi‡Yi web¨vm cwijwÿZ nq| Zuvi AvgjvZvwš¿K aviYv I e¨vL¨v-
we‡kølY‡K me©Rbxb wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| AvgjvZš¿ m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv jvf Kivi Rb¨ Gi êwkó¨¸‡jv LyeB
Zvrch©c~Y©| I‡qev‡ii AvgjvZš¿‡K Av`k© cÖK…wZi AvgjvZš¿ ejv nq|


mviK_v
AvgjvZš¿ Ggb GK ai‡bi eë¯’v hv cÖkvm‡bi `ÿZv e„w× K‡i| †hLv‡bB miKvi i‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b AvgjvZš¿ i‡q‡Q|
Rvg©vb mgvRweÁvbx g¨v· I‡qev‡ii cÖ‡Póvq AvgjvZš¿ mv_©Kiƒc jvf K‡i‡Q| wZwb wbi‡cÿ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Avgjv
eë¯’v‡K wePvi K‡i‡Qb|

GmGmGBPGj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖkœ

1. AvgjvZš¿ n‡”Q GKwU ¯’vqx †eZbf~³ Ges `ÿ PvKzixRxwe †kÖYx| - GB msÁvwU †K w`‡q‡Qb ?
K. cÖ‡dmi AvM;
L. cÖ‡dmi dvBbvi;
M. cÖ‡dmi MvY©vi;
N. cÖ‡dmi Awób|
2. Essays in Sociology MÖ‡š’i †jLK †K ?

K. g¨v· I‡qevi;
L. nvw›Us Ub;
M. MvY©vi;
N. dvBbvi|
3. kvmK †kÖYx Zv‡ì wm×všÍ ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡Kb †Kvb msMV‡bi gva¨‡g ?
K. ivR‰bwZK msMVb;
L. cvj©v‡g‡›Ui gva¨‡g;
M. AvgjvZvwš¿K msMVb Øviv;
N. gš¿xmfvi gva¨‡g|
4. g¨v·I‡qevi †K ?
K. GKRb ivóªweÁvbx;
L. `vk©wbK;
M. g‡bv¯ÍvwË¡K;
N. mgvRZË¡we`|
DËigvjv t 1. L, 2. K, 3. L, 4. N|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. AvgjvZ‡š¿i msÁv w`b|
2. g¨v·I‡qevi ewY©Z AvgjvZ‡š¿i êwkó¨¸‡jv eY©bv Kiæb|

 cvV-2


AvgjvZ‡š¿i f~wgKv I Gi wbqš¿Y
D‡Ïk¨
 AvgjvZ‡š¿i f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 AvgjvZ‡š¿i wbqš¿Y m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AvaywbK ivóªeë¯’vq Ges miKvix cÖkvmwbK eë¯’vcbvq AvgjvZ‡š¿i f~wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| miKv‡ii Kvh©µg cÖmv‡ii
m‡½ m‡½ Avgjv‡ì `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ eûjvs‡k e„w× †c‡q‡Q| RbM‡Yi mvwe©K Kj¨vY mva‡b AvaywbK ivóª¸‡jv‡Z
Avgjv‡ì f~wgKv wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
 AvBbmfv‡K cÖfvweZKiY t AvgjvMY AvBbmfv‡K cÖfvweZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb|
wewfbœ wefvM I ms¯’v, AvBb mfvi KwgwUi m`m¨‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨vw` miPeivn K‡i _v‡K| A‡bK mgq
AvgjvMY Zuv‡ì ¯^ ¯^ wefv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Dc‡`k cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ AvBb mfvi wewfbœ KwgwU¸‡jv‡Z Dcw¯’Z _v‡Kb| Gi
d‡j bxwZ wba©vi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î AvgjvZ‡š¿i GKwU MiæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
 AvBb Kvh©KiKiY t AvgjvMY ïay †h AvBb cÖYq‡bB mn‡hvwMZv Ki ZvB bq, eis AvBb‡K Zviv Kvh©Kix K‡i
_v‡K| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ AvBb Kvh©Kix Kievi †ÿ‡Î Gi cÖfve AwaK cwigvY jÿYxq| AvgjvMY we‡kl ÿgZve‡j
AvBb ev¯Íevqb K‡i _v‡Kb| Gfv‡e AvgjvZš¿ AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ †mZz wnmv‡e KvR K‡i _vK‡b|
 mvgvwRK cwieZ©b Avbq‡Y f~wgKv t AvaywbKxKi‡Y I AvgjvZ‡š¿i f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| MYZvwš¿K miKv‡ii ¯’vwqZ¡
wbf©i K‡i cwieZ©bkxj mvgvwRK Pvwn`v †gUv‡bvi Dci| AvgjvZš¿ cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv I AwfÁZvi †hvMvb w`‡q
_v‡K| Gfv‡e AvgjvZš¿ mvgvwRK BwZevPK cwieZ©‡bi †ÿ‡Î f~wgKv iv‡L|
 kvmbKv‡h©i wbiwew”QbœZv eRvq ivLv t MYZvwš¿K eë¯’vq miKvi Nb Nb cwiewZ©Z nIqvq ivR‰bwZK kvmbK‡ì
c‡ÿ kvmbKv‡h©i avivevwnKZv iÿv Kiv m¤¢e bq| miKv‡ii DÌvb cZ‡bi g‡a¨ kvmb Kv‡h©i wbiwew”QbœZv ev
avivevwnKZv eRvq iv‡L miKvwi Kg©Pvix ev AvgjvMY|
 Z_¨vw` cÖ`vb t msev` I Z_¨vw` Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi e¨vcv‡i AvgjvMY ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb| kvmKe„›`
I AvBbmfv wewfbœ cÖkvmb KZ©„K cÖ`Ë Z_¨vwì Dci wfwË K‡i miKvwi bxwZ wba©viY I AvBb cÖYqb K‡i
_v‡Kb|
 miKvix ˆ`bw›`b Kvh© cwiPvjbv t AvgjvZš¿ miKvix ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©vejx cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡Kb| †hgb t wkÿv,
RbwnZKi Kvh©vejx, mvgvwRK wbivcËv, AvBb k„•Ljv iÿv, ms¯’vcb, Ki eë¯’v BZ¨vw` mewKQzB Avgjv‡ì
mnvqZv e¨ZxZ GK g~ûZ© Pj‡Z cv‡i bv|
 cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK ¯^v‡_©i g~j¨vqb t AvgjvMY wewfbœ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK ¯^v‡_©i g~j¨vqb Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ _v‡Kb|
†Kvb wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Rb¯^v‡_i †hŠw³K cÖ‡qvM K‡i _v‡Kb| G ch©v‡q Avgjv‡ì‡K wewfbœ cÖwZØ›Øx ¯^v‡_©i
h_vh_ g~j¨vqb Ki‡Z nq| †Kvb& wm×všÍ RbM‡Yi ¯^v_©iÿv Ki‡e, Ges †KvbwU Zv Ki‡e bv †mwU cixÿv K‡i
wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb Avgjviv|
 AvBb cÖYqb t AvBbmfvq †h mg¯Í ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wej DÌvwcZ nq Kvh©Z: cÖkvmwbK wefvMB AwaKvsk we‡ji cÖ¯‘wZg~jK
KvR m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K| ZvB AvBb cÖYqb I bZzb wej cv‡ki †ÿ‡Î Avgjv‡ì f~wgKv LyeB Zvrch©c~Y©|
 wePvi Kvh©m¤úv`b t wKQz wKQz wePviKvh© mvaviYZ Av`vj‡Z nq bv| eis Zv m¤úv`b K‡i cÖkvmwbK ms¯’vb| Gi
d‡j AvgjvMY wePvi Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi my‡hvM cvq| †hgb Rwg µq weµ‡qi †iwR‡÷ªkb Ges †UªWgvK© †iwR‡÷ªkb
BZ¨vw`|
GmGmGBPGj
 †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb t Avgjv eë¯’vi Avi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR nj †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb| D×©Zb KZ©„cÿ †_‡K A_©vr gš¿x
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i wb¤œ ch©šÍ †hvMv‡h‡Mi †mZzeÜb nj AvgjvMY| `ß‡ii wm×všÍ GKw`‡K †hgb DaŸ©Zb KZ©„cÿ‡K
AewnZ Ki‡Z nq Ab¨w`‡K AaŸ¯Íb Kg©Pvix‡ìI Rvbv‡Z nq|
AvgjvZ‡š¿i wbqš¿Y
Avgjv‡ì e¨cK ÿgZv I `vwqZ¡ wewfbœ `„wó‡Kvb †_‡K mgv‡jvPbvi m¤§yLxb n‡q‡Q| wiPvW© µmg¨vb h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb,
ÒAwbqwš¿Z AvgjvZš¿ MYZ‡š¿i Rb¨ ûgwK¯îƒc|Ó Avgjv‡ì wKfv‡e wbqš¿Y Kiv hvq †m wel‡q wb‡¤œ Av‡jvPbv Kiv
†Mj:
1. ivR‰bwZK wbqš¿Y t ivR‰bwZK wbqš¿Y n‡jv evwn¨Kfv‡e Avgjv‡ì wbqš¿‡Yi GKwU c×wZ| ivR‰bwZK wbqš¿Y
ej‡Z AvBbmfv, gwš¿mfv, ivR‰bwZK `j Ges Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx¸‡jvi gva¨‡g Av‡qvwRZ wbqš¿Y‡K †evSvq|
2. AvBbmfv KZ…©K wbqš¿Y t AvBbmfv K‡qKwU Dcv‡q Avgjv‡ì wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb t-
 AvBbmfv KZ©„K cÖkœ, AwZwi³ cÖkœ DÌvc‡bi gva¨‡g wbqš¿Y
 AvBbmfvq wewfbœ KwgwUi gva¨‡g wbqš¿Y
 GKvDw›Us Ges AwWwUs ms¯’vi gva¨‡g, cÖ¯ÍvweZ bZzb AvB‡bi ïbvbxi gva¨‡g, cÖPwjZ AvB‡bi ms‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g
wbqš¿Y| Gfv‡e AvBbmfv Avgjveë¯’vi Dci wbqš¿Y PP©v Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. wePvi wefvMxq wbqš¿Y t Avgjv‡ì cÖkvmwbK Kv‡h© Av`vjZ mvaviYZ: QqwU c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i wbqš¿Yg~jK
KvR K‡i _v‡K|
G¸‡jv nj t
 †Kv Iqv‡i‡›Uv wiU
 †nweqvm Kc©vm wiU
 mvwU Iqvix wiU
 g¨vbWvg¨vg wiU
 BbRvskb
 cÖwnwekb
4. bvMwiK wbqš¿Y t Avgjv‡ì b¨vqwbôv I mZZv A‡bKvs‡k wbf©ikxj bvMwiK‡ì e¨vcKfv‡e miKvix Kg©Kv‡Û
AskMÖn‡Yi Dci| Avgjv eë¯’vi yci bvMwiK wbqš¿Y wb‡¤œv³fA‡e Kvh©Ki Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i:
 cÖMwZkxj bxwZ I †bZ…‡Z¡i gva¨‡g
 wewfYœ †evW© I Kwgk‡bi gva¨‡g
 bvMwiK Dc‡`k cÖ`vbKvix KwgwUi gva¨‡g Ges
 wewfbœ ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvóxi gva¨‡g|
5. miKvi cÖavb KZ©„K wbqš¿Y t miKvix Kvh©µg Øviv bvMwiKMY DcK…Z Ges mš‘ó n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv P~ovšÍK‡i wePvi
we‡køljY K‡ib iv‡óªi cÖavb wbe©vnxKZ©v ivóªcwZ ev cÖavbgš¿x| wZwb cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©ve„‡›ì cÖwZ we‡kl wb‡`©k
cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡ì Kvh©vewj I AvPiY wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z mÿg nb|
6. ÿgZv I `vwqZ¡ h_vh_fv‡e we‡K›`ªxKiY t ÿgZv I `vwqZ¡ wbw`©ó †K‡›`ª GKxf~Z bv K‡i eis we‡K›`ªxKiY bxwZ
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡j ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Avgjviv wbqwš¿Z n‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i e‡j A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib|
7. cÖkvmwbK AvZ¥wbqš¿Y t m‡e©vcwi Avgjv eë¯’vi kw³ hw` wb‡Riv wb‡R‡ì wbqš¿Y K‡ib †mUvB Zv‡ì wbqš¿Y
Kievi Kvh©Ki c×wZ n‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb cÖKvi ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zv m¤¢e bq| eis cÖkvmKMY hw` mwVKfv‡e Ges
AvBbvbyMfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cÖ¯‘Z _v‡Kb Z‡e Zv m¤¢e| G Rb¨ Db¥y³ cÖwkÿY Kvh©Ki ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i|
mviK_v

AvaywbK iv‡óªi cÖkvmwbK Kg©Kv‡Û AvgjvZš¿ n‡”Q †K›`ªwe›`y| g~jZ: Zuv‡ì †gav, Kg© ZrciZv, mywPwšÍZ wm×všÍ,
ÿgZv, AwfÁZv, cÖwkÿY BZ¨vw` ivóªxq Kg©Kv‡Ûi GK Awe‡”Q`¨ As‡k cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki mgvwRK,
ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK AMÖMwZ mva‡b AvgjvZš¿ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKvq Avmxb| Avgjviv AvBb cÖYq‡b
AskMÖnY K‡ib, gš¿x‡ì mnvqZv K‡ib Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡ib| GK_v me©Rb ¯^xK…Z †h Avgjv‡ì mwVK
c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì‡K ivR‰bwZK wbqš¿‡Y ivL‡Z Kvh©Ki eë¯’v wb‡Z n‡e|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe¨w³©K cÖkœ
1. AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi †mZzeÜb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i
K. cvj©v‡g›U;
L. gwš¿cwil`;
M. AvgjvZš¿;
N. wePvi wefvM|
2. miKv‡ii DÌvb cZ‡bi g‡a¨ kvmb Kv‡h©i avivevwnKZv iÿv K‡i †K?
K. miKvix Kg©PvixMY;
L. ivR‰bwZK `j;
M. ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„›`;
N. AvBb wefvM|
3. Avgjv‡ì mwVK c‡_ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb nj

K. cÖkvmwbK †Uªwbs;
L. ivR‰bwZK wbqš¿Y;
M. ¯^vaxbZv;
N. my‡hvM myweav|
DËigvjv t 1. M; 2. K; 3. L;
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. AvaywbK ivóªeë¯’vq Avgjv‡ì f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. Rb¯^v‡_© AvgjvZ‡š¿i wbqš¿‡Yi wewa Dcvq m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

 

GmGmGBPGj
 cvV - 3

Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx

D‡Ïk¨
 Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Aa¨vcK AvjgÛ I cvI‡q‡ji Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôxi †kÖYxweb¨vm I e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôxi f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôxi msÁv I bvgKiY wb‡q ivóªweÁvbx‡ì g‡a¨ gZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| A‡b‡K Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx bv e‡j
G‡K ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| A‡b‡K Avevi Giƒc †Mvôx‡K ivR‰bwZK †Mvôx, g‡bvfve‡Kw›`ªK †Mvôx
e‡jI D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Aa¨vcK dvBbvi Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx‡K jwe (Lobby) Ges Gjvb cUvi GUv‡K mymse× †Mvôx
e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| †hgb-wkÿK mwgwZ, eëmvqx mwgwZ, †UªW BDwbqb, kÖwgK msN BZ¨vw`| Aa¨vcK Gjvb
Avi ej Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx mgfvevcbœ m`m¨M‡Yi mgš^‡q MwVZ †Mvôx‡K eySv‡Z †P‡q‡Qb| wZwb Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx‡K
`yfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb †hgb ¯^v_©Kvix (Interest Group) †Mvôx Ges mg`„wóm¤úbœ (Attitude Group) †Mvôx| Aa¨vcK
gvBib Dnbv‡ii e³e¨ LyeB cÖwbavb‡hvM¨, wZwb e‡jb, Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx nj †Kvb †¯^”Qvg~jK msMwVZ †Mvôx hv
miKvix KvVv‡gvi evB‡i †_‡K miKvix Kg©KZ©v‡ì g‡bvbqb I wb‡qvM, miKvix bxwZ MÖnY, cwiPvjbv ev wba©vi‡bi
†ÿ‡Î cÖfve we¯Ív‡ii †Póv K‡i|
Aa¨vcK A¨vjgÛ I cvI‡qj Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx GK ai‡Yi ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| Zviv mgv‡R
we`¨gvb wewfbœ †Mvôx¸‡jv‡K PviwU †kÖYx‡Z wef³ Ki‡Qb| †hgb t-
 ¯^ZtùzZ© ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx
 msMVb wfwËK ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx
 AmsMwVZ ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx
 cÖvwZôvwbK ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx
1. ¯^Ztùz_© ¯^v_©Kvgx t ¯^Ztùz_© ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx †Kvb GKwU we‡kl NUbv‡K †K›`ª K‡i fvev‡eM Øviv PvwjZ n‡q
nVvr K‡i wnsmvZ¥K Kvh©Kjv‡ci gva¨‡g Pvc cÖ‡qvM K‡i _v‡K| Av‡eM G‡ì‡K msNe× K‡i| `v½v nv½vgv Ges
we‡ÿvf cÖ`k©b G ai‡Yi Pvc‡Mvôxi cÖavb êwkó¨|
2. msMVbwfwËK ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx t †h Pvc‡Mvôx wbR¯^v_© D×v‡ii D‡Ï‡k¨ we‡klÁ e¨w³‡ì mgš^‡q M‡o I‡V
Zv‡K msMVbwfwËK ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx e‡j| GB †Mvôx †Mvôx¯^v_© msiÿ‡Yi GK we‡kl Dcvq wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| G †Mvôx
†Kvb nVKvix AvPiY K‡ibv| eis mycwiKwíZfv‡e AMÖmi n‡q _v‡K| Giv wewfbœ P¨v‡b‡j wb‡R‡ì ¯^v‡_©i K_v,
AvBbmfv, ivR‰bwZK `j I MYgva¨‡g †ck K‡i| kÖwgK msMVb, K…lK msMVb, eëmvqx mwgwZ, wkícwZ‡ì
mwgwZ Ges Ab¨vb¨ †ckvRxex msMVb G ai‡Yi ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôxi D`vniY|
3. AmsMwVZ ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx t AmsMwVZ ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx †Zgb †Kvb mymsnZ ev mymsMwVZ †Mvôx bq| G‡ì
mvsMVwbK `ye©jZv my¯úô| †Mvôx we‡kl e¨w³, cwievi, ag©‡bZv, AÂj cÖavb cÖf…wZi gva¨‡g `vwe †ck I Av`v‡qi
†Póv K‡i| wewfbœ DcRvZxq †Mvôx, ag©¸iæi Abymvix †Mvôx Giƒc ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx cÖK…ó D`vniY| miKvix eë¯’vq
G‡ì Pvc cÖ‡qvM †Zgb †Rvi`vi nq bv| d‡j `vex Av`v‡qi e¨_©Zv dz‡U D‡V| esk, eY©, AÂj cÖf…wZ †kÖYxi
ÿz`ªZi web¨v‡mi wfwË‡Z M‡o DVv Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôx‡K AmsMwVZ ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx ejv nq|
4. cÖvwZôvwbK ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx t Dbœqbkxj †`k cÖvwZôvwbK ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx f~wgKv we‡kl ¸iæZ¡c~b©| miKvi Ges
miKv‡ii evB‡i wewfbœ †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ †Mvôx hLb Zv‡ì †ckv mswkøó ¯^v_© Av`v‡qi Rb¨ msNe× nq ZLb
cÖwZôvwbK ¯^v_©‡Mvôxi D™¢e N‡U| G‡ì mvsMVwbK wfwË LyeB gReyZ n‡q _v‡K| wbw`©ó cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ G‡ì

D™¢e N‡U| AvBb cwil`, AvgjvZš¿, †mbvevwnbx, cÖf…wZ Gai‡Yi ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôxi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ D`vniY| mw¤§wjZ
ms¯’v wnmv‡e G †Mvôx mvgvwRK I ivóªxq KvR m¤úv`b K‡i|
Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôxi f~wgKv

AvaywbKKv‡j Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx wewfbœ Kjv‡KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡i wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z Zv‡ì ¯^v_© nvwmj K‡i _v‡K| miKvix
bxwZgvjv wba©viY, cÖYqb, cwieZ©b Ges miKvix wm×všÍ ev¯Íevq‡b Pvc cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯’v ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K| wb‡¤œ G‡ì Kvh©vewj ev f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
 Avgjv‡ì Dci cÖfve t miKvix KvRKg© mvaviYZ AvgjvivB cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| bxwZwba©viY I Zv Kvh©Ki
Kivi †ÿ‡Î Zv‡ì ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| D”Pch©v‡qi Avgjviv ivóªxq wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
e‡j Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx Zv‡ì cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K| D‡jøL¨ †h hy³iv‡Rï cÖkvm‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i bxwZ wba©viYx
KwgwU‡Z cÖvqB Pvc cÖ‡qvMKvix m`m¨‡ì ¯’vb †Ìqv nq|
 AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi Dci cÖfve t Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx AvBb cwil`‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K| Pvc cÖ‡qvMKvix
ms¯’vi †bZ…e„›` AvBb cwil‡ì ¸iæZ¡c~Y© m`m¨‡ì Kv‡Q Zv‡ì `vwe `vIqv Zz‡j a‡i Ges Zv‡ì AbyK~‡j AvBb
cvk Kivi eë¯’v K‡i| mvaviYZ: kvmb wefv‡Mi Dci Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôxi cÖfve AwaK gvÎvq cÖwZdwjZ nq|
¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx¸‡jv gwš¿cwil`‡KI cÖfvweZ K‡i| Ggb wK cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖavbgš¿x I ivóªcwZi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi
gva¨‡g kvmb wefv‡Mi KvRKg© wbqš¿‡Yi †Póv K‡i|
 wePvi wefv‡Mi Dci cÖfve t Pvc cÖ‡qvMKvix †Mvôx wePvi wefvM‡KI cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K| wePviK‡ì wb‡qvMKv‡j
Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôx kvmb wefvM ev wb‡qvMKvix KZ©„cÿ‡K Ggbfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K hv‡Z Zv‡ì cÖwZ
mnvbyf~wZm¤úbœ e¨w³‡K wePviK c‡` wb‡qvM Kiv nq| AvBbRxwe msMVb (Bar Association) G‡ÿ‡Î
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i| Ab¨w`‡K AvBb m¤ú‡K© kvmb wefvM †h e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb K‡i †Mvôx¸‡jv Zvi weiæ‡×
Av`vj‡Z gvgjv `v‡qi K‡i hyw³ cÖ`k©b K‡i wePvi‡Ki ivq‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
 ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv‡K cÖfvweZKiY t AvaywbKKv‡j ivR‰bwZK `‡ji gva¨‡g miKvi cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K|
ivR‰bwZK `j ¯^v_© GKÎxKi‡Yi me‡P‡q Kvh©Ki gva¨g| G Kvi‡Y Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx¸‡jv miKvix bxwZ I
wm×všÍ‡K Zv‡ì ¯^v‡_©i AbyK~‡j ivLvi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK `j‡K wewfbœ mnvqZv cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z
m‡Pó nq| ivR‰bwZK `j ÿgZvq AwawôZ n‡q mgv‡R we`¨gvb wewfbœ †Mvôx¸‡jvi `vexc~iY K‡i _v‡K|
mviK_v
PvccÖ‡qvMKvix †Mvôx GKB ai‡Yi A_©‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZi ¯^v‡_©i wfwË‡Z msNe× Rb‡Mvôx| D`vi ˆbwZK MYZvwš¿K
eë¯’vq Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b ivR‰bwZK eë¯’vq GUv GKwU Acwinvh© A½iƒ‡c
we‡ewPZ nq| DbœZ I AbybœZ me iv‡óªiB miKv‡ii kvmb AvBb I wePvi wefv‡Mi Dci Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx¸‡jvi cÖfve
cwijwÿZ nq|

GmGmGBPGj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ
1. Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx‡K jwe (Lobby) e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †K?
K. Gjvb Avi ej;
L. Gjvb cUvi;
M. Gm, B, dvBbvi;
N. AvjgÛ|
2. Aa¨vcK AvjgÛ ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx‡K wK e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb?

K. msNVb wfwËK Rb‡Mvôx;
L. ¯^Ztù~Z© ¯^v_©Kvix †Mvôx;
M. AmsMwVZ ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx;
N. ûRy‡M ¯^v_©Kvgx †Mvôx|
3. †Kvb †`‡ki cÖkvmwbK bxwZ wba©viYx KwgwU‡Z Pvc cÖ‡qvMKvix m`m¨‡ì ¯’vb †Ìqv nq ?
K. fviZ;
L. hy³ivR¨;
M. evsjv‡`k;
N, hy³ivóª|
4. mvaviYZ Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôxi AwaK gvÎvq cÖfve cÖwZdwjZ nq

K. kvmb wefv‡M;
L. AvBb wefv‡M;
M. wePvi wefv‡M;
N. ivR‰bwZK `‡j|
DËigvjv t 1. M; 2. N; 3.L; 4K;
mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôx wK?
2. G¨vjgÐ I †Kvjg¨vb Pvc m„wóKvix †Mvôx‡K Kqfv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. Pvcm„wóKvix †Mvôxi †kÖYxwefvM m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|




8
¯’vbxq miKvi I Dbœqb cÖkvmb
f‚wgKv
¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v iv‡óªi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU Ask| cÖkvmb†K mvaviY gvby‡li AwZ wbK‡U †cŠ‡Q w`‡Z ¯’vbxq ch©vq†h
cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjv nq, †mUvB ¯’vbxq miKvi| AZxZ Kvj †_‡K G AÂ‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v Pvjy i‡q‡Q|
¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvi BwZnvm A‡bK cy‡iv‡bv| cÖvPxb hy‡MI fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k GK ai‡bi ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v
Pvjy wQj | gyMj kvmbvg‡ji MÖvg cÂv‡qZ eë¯’v ZviB cwiewZ©Z iƒc| evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvi ¯Íi PviwU|
Z‡e ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †M‡j weªwUk I cvwK¯Ívbx kvmbvg‡j ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii weKvk I KvVv‡gv wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv Kiv Acwinvh©| g~jZ HwZnvwmK avivevwnKZvq evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvi weKvk N‡U‡Q|
¯’vbxq miKvi Av‡jvPbvq cÖm½µ‡gB ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvmb wKsev ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKvi wb‡qI Av‡jvPbv evÂbxq|
GKB mv‡_ Dbœqb cÖkvm‡bi Av‡jvPvI G‡m hvq| wcÖq wk¶v_x© myZivs ¯’vbxq miKvi Aa¨vq‡K Pvifv‡M mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q|
cÖ_g fv‡M _vK‡Q ¯’vbxq miKvi I Zvi µgwKevk, wØZxq fv‡M _vK‡Q evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii KvVv‡gv| Z…Zxq
I PZz_©fv‡M †K›`ªxq miKvi I ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvmb Ges Dbœqb cÖkvmb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q :

 cvV - 1. ¯’vbxq miKvi I Zvi µgweKvk
 cvV - 2. evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v
 cvV - 3. †Kw›`ªq miKvi I ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvmb
 cvV - 4. Dbœqb cÖkvb
cvV-1

Gm Gm GBP Gj
¯’vbxq miKvi I Zvi µgweKvk

 ¯’vbxq miKvi Kv‡K e‡j Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii mv‡_ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii cv_©K¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †gvMj Z_v weªwUk kvmbvg‡j ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii aviYv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 cvwK¯Ívb kvmbvg‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vi iƒc e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
eZ©gvb hy‡M iv‡óªi cwiwa I Kg©KvÛ e¨vcK| ivóª‡K ïaygvÎ †`‡ki kvmbKvh©B cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq bv eis Kj¨vYg~jK
A‡bK KvR Ki‡Z nq| †hgb Dbœqbg~jK KvR| GKwU †K›`ª †_‡K mivmwi kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Ges Dbœqb KvR
Z`viwK Kiv mgm¨v n‡q †`Lv †`q| G Rb¨B ivóª Zvi cÖkvmwbK I Dbœqbg~jK KvR myôyfv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ
AÂ‡j wef³ K‡i †m me AÂ‡ji Rb¨ Avjv`v cÖkvmwbK e¨ve¯’v M‡o †Zv‡j| †hgb ejv †h‡Z cv‡i ivRavbx †_‡K
200 wKsev 300 gvBj `~‡ii GKwU MÖv‡gi K_v| D³ MÖv‡gi DbœqbKvR wKsev cÖkvmwbK KvR myôfv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi
Rb¨ ¯’vbxqfv‡e GKwU cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjv nq| G cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvB ¯’vbxq miKvi bv‡g cwiwPZ| ¯’vbxq
miKvi ïaygvÎ Dbœqbkxj †`‡k i‡q‡Q Zv bq,hy³iv‡óªi gZ DbœZ †`‡kI ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii KvVv‡gv i‡q‡Q| ¯’vbxq
cwil‡ì gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qi KvRKg© cwiPvjbv K‡i| MÖvg ch©v‡q wKsev AÂj wfwË‡Z †h cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o
†Zvjv n‡q‡Q, Zv †`‡ki mvgwMÖK cÖkvm‡bi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
¯’vbxq miKvi `yÕai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| h_v-¯’vbxq miKvi I ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKvi| mKj ¯’vbxq miKvi †K›`ªxq
miKv‡ii ¯’vbxq cÖkvmwbK BDwbU wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKvi ¯’vbxq †jvK‡ì Øviv wbe©vwPZ
nq Ges KvRK‡g© †¶‡Î A‡bKUv ¯^vqËkvm‡bi ¶gZv †fvM K‡i _v‡K|
¯’vbxq miKvi n‡jv ¯’vbxq fv‡e wbe©vwPZ GKwU cÖkvmwbK BDwbU ev cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv| G cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv‡K
mvaviYZ ¯’vbxq RbMY †fvU w`‡q wbe©vwPZ K‡i| Zviv RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa n‡q ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi Dbœqbg~jK
wewfbœ cÖKí MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| †hgb ¯‹zj wbg©vY, wKsev cyj- Kvjfv‡U©i ms¯‹vi BZ¨vw`| cÖvq †¶‡ÎB ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii
Av‡qi wbR¯^ Drm _v‡K| ¯’vbxq ch©vq †_‡K Giv AvswkK A_© DcvR©b K‡i _v‡K| GKB mv‡_ ivóª cÖwZeQ‡i Zv‡ì
Rb¨ wewfbœ Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wKQy eivÏ w`‡q _v‡K| ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii Avevi wewfbœ ch©vq _v‡K| MÖvg ch©v‡q †h
¯’vbxq miKvi _v‡K, Zvi mv‡_ †Rjv ch©v‡qi ¯’vbxq miKv†ii bv‡gi †hgwb cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q, wVK †Zgwb G‡ì
Kg©Kv‡ÛiI cv_©KÏ i‡q‡Q|
¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© we‡klÁiv bvbv ai‡bi gšÍe¨ K‡i‡Qb| Wzqvb jKvW© (Duane Lockard) Gi g‡Z Ò¯’vbxq
miKvi Ggb GK ai‡bi ms¯’v hv ¯’vbxqfv‡e ¶gZv cwiPvjbv K‡i|Ó ¯’vbxq miKvi‡K wZwb wcivwg‡Wi b¨vq GKwU
kvmb KvVv‡gvi me©wb¤œ miKvix ¯Íi wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, †hLv‡b RvZxq miKvi n‡”Q m‡e©v”P ¯Íi| Ab¨w`‡K
RvwZmsN ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v‡K Ggb GKwU eë¯’v wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb, hv iv‡óªi AvBb Øviv MwVZ nq Ges G
ms¯’v ¯’vbxq chv©‡q Ki Av`vqmn ¯’vbxq chv©‡qi mKj Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y Kivi ¶gZv iv‡L|
¯’vbxq miKv‡ii mv‡_ †K‡›`ªi †K›`ªxq cÖkvm‡bi cv_©K¨ D‡jøL¨ Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| ¯’vbxq miKvi ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi †fv‡U
wbe©vwPZ| Giv RbM‡Yi wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa| cÖ‡qvR‡b wKsev we‡kl mg‡qi †cÖw¶‡Z †K›`ªxq miKvi KL‡bv KL‡bv ¯’vbxq
miKv‡i mivmwi g‡bvbqb w`‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ Zv ¯’vqx bq| mvgwqK mg‡qi Rb¨ miKvi G KvRwU K‡i| hLb ¯’vbxq
cwil` †fs‡M hvq, wKsev Ggb GKwU cwiw¯’wZ m„wó nq, hLb ivóª ¯’vbxq miKvi †fs‡M w`‡Z eva¨ nq, ZLb miKvi
mvgwqK mg‡qi Rb¨ †K›`ª †_‡K ¯’vbxq miKvi wbqš¿b K‡i| wKš‘ c‡i wbe©vP‡bi eë¯’v Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii
wbe©vwPZ cwil`‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kivi Rb¨ me mgq wKQy miKvix Kg©Pvix _v‡Kb| Giv †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Kg©Pvix| Giv
†eZb cvb †K›`ªxq miKvi †_‡K| Aciw`‡K ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii wbe©vwPZ e¨w³ivI miKvi †_‡K GKwU fvZv †c‡q _v‡Kb|
Z‡e ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii mv‡_ ¯’vbxq ¯^vqË¡kvwmZ miKv†ii GKwU cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| ¯’vbxq ¯^vqË¡kvwmZ miKvi ¯^-kvwmZ|
†hgb BDwbqb cwil`| wKš‘ †hLv‡b miKv‡ii cÖwZwbwa i‡q‡Q, Zv ¯^-kvwmZ bq| GLv‡b miKv‡ii KZ…Z¡© i‡q‡Q|
†Rjv cwil` miKvwi Kg©KZ©viv i‡q‡Qb|
evsjv‡`‡k mvaviYZ `yÕai‡bi ¯’vbxq cwil` i‡q‡Q| GK ai‡bi i‡q‡Q MÖvg†Kw›`ªK AciwU kni †Kw›`ªK| cÖkvmwbK
cybtMV‡bi j‡¶¨ 1982 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZv c~e©Kv‡ji 19wU †Rjv‡K 64wU †Rjvq DbœxZ Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b 64wU †Rjvq
499wU _vbv i‡q‡Q| 1982 mv‡j _vbv¸‡jv‡K Dc‡Rjvq DbœxZ Kiv nq| wKš‘ ivR‰bwZK cU cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_
1992 mv‡j Dc‡Rjv¸‡jv‡K cybivq _vbvq cwiYZ Kiv nq| miKvi 1997 mv‡j Avevi Dc‡Rjv c×wZ envj †i‡L‡Q|
_vbv cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil`, †Rjv cwil`, †cŠimfv cÖf…wZ ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii AšÍM©Z|
¯’vbxq miKv‡ii µgweKvk
AvaywbK ivóª eë¯’vq ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖkvm‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask n‡jI, G AÂ‡j we‡kl K‡i fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki
BwZnvm LuyR‡j Rvbv hvq GLv‡b ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii Kvh©µg ïiæ n‡qwQj A‡bK Av‡M †_‡K| weªwUkiv eZ©gv‡b we`¨gvb
¯’vbxq miKv‡ii KvVv‡gvi †MvovcËb Ki‡jI, wLªóªc~e© GK nvRvi eQi Av‡MI G AÂ‡j MÖvg cwil‡ì Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj|
†gŠh© hy‡M I †gŠh©ce~ ©hy‡M (wLªóc~e© 324-183) MÖvg‡Kw›`ªK †h cÖkvmb eë¯’v M‡o D‡VwQj, Zv cwiPvwjZ nZ MÖv‡gi
cÖexY e¨vw³‡ì Øviv| ¸ß kvmbvg‡j (320-535 L„óvã) ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvi GKwU wPÎI Avgiv cvB, †hLv‡b
¯’vbxq miKv‡i‡K QÕwU BDwb‡U fvM Kiv n‡qwQj| †hgb f‚w³ (Bhukti), welq (Vishay), gÛj (Mandal), exw_
(Beethi), MÖvg (Gram) BZ¨vw`| AvaywbK hy‡M G¸‡jvB wefvM, †Rjv, gnvKzgv, Dc‡Rjv (ev _vbv) Ges MÖvg bv‡g
weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| Hme cÖkvmwbK BDwb‡Ui kvmbfvi hv‡ì nv‡Z Ac©b Kiv n‡qwQj, ZvivI GK GK bv‡g cwiwPwZ
†c‡qwQ‡jb| †hgb fzw³i cÖkvmK DcwiK ev DcwiK gnvivRv bv‡g AwfwnZ n‡Zb| Zvi †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU cÖkvmwbK
cwilÌ wQj|
cvj kvmbvg‡jI G aviv eRvq _v‡K Ges GKwU kw³kvjx AvgjvZ‡š¿i Rb¥ nq| cvj ivR‡Z¡i ci evOjvq †mb es‡ki
kvmb cÖwZwôZ nq| H mgq ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvq ‡Kvb cwieZ©‡bi Lei cvIqv hvq bv| †mb es‡ki kvmbvg‡ji
†kl w`‡K evOjvq gymwjg kvmb we¯Ívi jvf K‡i|
myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h AvaywbK hy‡M cÖkvm‡bi GKwU kw³kvjx BDwbU wn‡m‡e ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii weKvk NU‡jI cÖvPxb
hyM †_‡K G eë¯’v Pvjy i‡q‡Q| hwÌ G m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ †Zgb GKUv cvIqv hvq bv| cÖvPxb Avg‡jI MÖvg cwil`
wQj| Zvi cÖavb wQ‡jb MÖvgcvj, hviv cÖavbZ DËivwaKvi m~‡Î H c` †c‡Zb| MÖv‡gi cªkvm‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z me
KvRB Zviv Ki‡Zb| GgbwK Ki Av`vq, wbivcËv eë¯’v, RwgRgvi Z`viwK, ag©xq Abyôv‡bi Z`viwK BZ¨vw` me
KvRB Zviv Ki‡Zb| ejvB evûj¨, MÖvgB wQj g~j kw³| cªvPxb Avg‡j kn‡ii msL¨v Kg wQj| gyMj‡ì kvmbvg‡j
kn‡ii msL¨v ax‡i ax‡i e„w× cvq| Avi †m Kvi‡Y bMi cÖkvmbI M‡o †Zvjv nq| m„wó Kiv nq bZzb bZzb c`| †hgb
bMi †Kv‡Zvqvj ev †Kv‡Zvqvj hvi Dci bMi cÖkvm‡bi `vwqZ¡ Ac©b Kiv nq| kvwšÍi¶v, Ki Av`vq BZ¨vw` Zvi `vwq‡Z¡i
AšÍf³©y wQ‡jv|
gyMj kvmbvg‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gv‡K bZzb K‡i †X‡j mvRv‡bv nq| kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbvi myweav‡_© gyMjiv evOjv‡K
wewfbœ cÖkvmwbK BDwb‡U fvM K‡ib| †hgb ciMYv, _vbv, †gŠRv, gnjøv BZ¨vw` Ges cÖwZwU cÖkvmwbK BDwb‡U GKRb
K‡i cÖkvmK wbhy³ K‡ib| gyMj kvmbvg‡j MÖv‡g cÂv‡qZ eë¯’v M‡o †Zvjv nq| G cÂv‡qZ eë¯’v wQj MÖvg cÖkvm‡bi
g~j †K›`ªwe›`y| G MÖvg cÂv‡q‡Z GKRb MÖvg cÖavb wQ‡jb| wZwb †K‡›`ªi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Ki‡Zb| wZwb Pvlx‡ì
KvQ †_‡K LvRbv Av`vq Ki‡Zb Ges Zv †K‡›`ª cvVv‡Zb|
weªwUk kvmbvg‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v
weªwUk kvmbvg‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨ve¯’vq wKQy cwieZ©b Avbv nq| Dcgnv‡`‡k weªwUk kvm‡b cÖwZwôZ nevi ci weªwUkiv
gyMj Avg‡j †h ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨ve¯’v Pvjy wQj, Zv‡Z wKQy cwieZ©b Av‡bb| 1870 mv‡j weªwUk miKvi ‡e½j †PŠwK`vix
AvBb Pvjy K‡ib| G‡Z †Rjv g¨vwR‡óªU‡K MÖvg ch©v‡q cuvPe¨w³i mgš^‡q GKwU cÂv‡qZ KwgwU MVb Kivi ¶gZv †`qv
nq| cÂv‡q‡Zi nv‡Z MÖv‡gi kvwšÍ I k„sLjv i¶vi `vwqZ¡ I ‡PŠwK`vi wb‡qv‡Mi ¶gZv †`qv nq| cÂv‡qZ MÖvgevmx‡ì
KvQ †_‡K ¯’vbxq Ki Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv| 1882 mv‡j jW© wicb ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v myôfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wKQy
ms¯‹vi Av‡bb| Avi G j‡¶ 1885 mv‡j ¯’vbxq ¯^vqZ¡kvmb AvBb cvm nq| G AvB‡bi d‡j MÖvgvÂ‡j wZb¯Íi wewkó
¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| G‡Z cÖwZ †Rjvq †Rjv†evW©, gnvKzgv ch©v‡q †jvKvj †evW© I K‡qKwU MÖv‡gi Rb¨
BDwbqb KwgwU MVb Kiv nq|
†Rjv †ev‡W©i m`m¨ msL¨v wQj †Rjvi AvqZb I †jvKmsL¨v Abyhvqx 18 †_‡K 34 Rb| Gi A‡a©K †jvKvj †evW© KZ…©K
wbe©vwPZ, evKx A‡a©K miKvix Kg©Pvix| †Rjv g¨vwR‡óªU wQ‡jb †Rjv †ev‡W©i mfvcwZ| Kvh©Kvj wQj 5 eQi| ¯’vbxq
Ki, wd, miKvwi Aby`vb wQj †Rjv †ev‡W©i Av‡qi Drm| ¯‹zj cÖwZôv, iv¯ÍvNvU wbg©vb BZ¨vw` wQj †Rjv †ev‡W©i KvR|
†jvKvj †evW© I BDwbqb KwgwU wQj †Rjv †ev‡W©i Dci wbf©ikxj| Ab¨w`‡K †jvKvj †ev‡W©i m`m¨ msL¨v wQj b‚b¨Zg
QqRb, hvi †fZi `yB-Z…Zxqvsk wbe©vwPZ n‡Zb| evKxiv miKvi KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ n‡Zb| †Pqvig¨vb m`m¨‡ì ga¨
†_‡K wbe©vwPZ n‡Zb I miKvi‡K Zv Aby‡gv`b Ki‡Z nZ| †jvKvj †ev‡W©i wbR¯^ ‡Kvb ¶gZv wQ‡jv bv| †Rjv †evW©

Gm Gm GBP Gj
‡h mg¯Í ¶gZv Ac©Y Ki‡Zv, †jvKvj †evW© Zv cvjb Ki‡Zv| †jvKvj †evW© Avevi BDwbqb KwgwUi Kvh©Kjvc Z`viwK
Ki‡Zv| BDwbqb KwgwUi m`m¨msL¨v wQj Kgc‡¶ 5 Rb, I me©vwaK 9 Rb| BDwbq‡bi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K m`m¨
wbe©vPZ Kiv nZ|
†Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î wefvMxq KwgkbviI m`m¨ wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb| g~j AvB‡b (1885 mv‡ji AvB‡b) †Pqvig¨v‡bi
†Kvb c` wQj bv| c‡i 1908 mv‡j ms‡kvabx AvBb cvm Kiv nq I m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K †Pqvig¨vb wb‡qvM Kivi
weavb Kiv nq| BDwbqb KwgwU MÖvgevmx‡ì KvQ †_‡K ¯’vbxq Ki Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv Ges ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q iv¯Ív NvU
wbg©vb, cyKzi-Rjvkvq i¶vYv‡e¶b, cÖv_wgK wk¶v BZ¨vw` Z`viwK Ki‡Zv| D‡jøL¨, D³ AvBb e‡j cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg
e¨wZZ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZwU †Rjvq GB ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v cÖewZ©Z n‡qwQj|
1885 mv‡ji ¯’vbxq ¯v^vqZ¡kvmb AvB‡b †ek wKQy ÎæwU wQj| Gi GKwU wQj ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q Rbmvavi‡Yi ¶gZvi
mxgve×Zv| d‡j 1909 mv‡ji gvwj© wg‡›Uv ms‡kvabx cÖ¯vÍ ‡e fvi‡Z cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK ¯’vbxq kvmb eë¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi
mycvwik Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z 1918 mv‡j Av‡iv wKQy ms‡kvabx Avbv nq g‡›U¸ †Pgm‡dvW© wi‡cv‡U©| 1919 mv‡j Aci
GKwU ¯’vbxq cwil` AvBb cvm nq| GB AvB‡b BDwbqb KwgwU¸‡jv wejzß K‡i BDwbqb †evW© cÖwZôv Kiv nq| †evW©
MwVZ nq 6 †_‡K 9 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q, hvi `yB-Z…Zxqvsk wbe©vwPZ, GK Z…Zxqvsk g‡bvbxZ| wbe©vP‡bi ci m`m¨‡ì
g‡a¨ †_‡K †cwm‡W›U I fvBm-†cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vPb Kiv nZ| †ev‡W©i Kvh©Kjvc g~jZ Av‡Mi gZB wQj| 1919 mv‡ji
AvB‡b †jvKvj †ev‡W©i ÎæwU ms‡kvab Kiv bv n‡jI †Rjv †ev‡W©i ÎæwU ms‡kvab Kiv nq| m`m¨‡ì `yB Z…Zxqvsk
wbe©vwPZ I GK Z…Zxqvsk g‡bvbq‡bi eë¯’v Kiv nq| gwnjv‡ì †Kvb †fvUvwaKvi wQj bv| wefvMxq Kwgkbvi g‡bvbxZ
m`m¨‡ì wb‡qvM Ki‡Zb| c‡i Zv ¯’vbxq miKvi `dZ‡ii gš¿x‡ì nv‡Z Awc©Z nq| †Rjv g¨vwR‡óªU †ev†W©i
†Pqvig¨v‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Zb| wKš‘ 1921 mv‡ji ci †_‡K m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K †Pqvig¨vb wbe©vwPZ n‡Zb| Avi
cÖv‡`wkK Mf©bi Zv Aby‡gv`b Ki‡Zb| †Pqvig¨v‡bi Acmvi‡Yi AwaKvi miKv‡ii wQj| †Rjv †evW©‡K wk¶v,
†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v, ¯^v¯’¨, Kiv‡ivc BZ¨vw` wKQ `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y Kiv n‡qwQj|
cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v
1947 mv‡j fviZxq Dc-gnv‡`‡ki wefw³ G AÂ‡j fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb bv‡g `ywU ¯^vaxb I ¯^ve©‡fŠg iv‡óªi Rb¥ †`q|
¯^vaxbZvi ci cvwK¯Ívb weªwUk Avg‡j cÖYxZ I Pvjy _vKv ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v Ae¨vnZ iv‡L| 1959 mv‡ji GK Aa¨v‡`k
Abyhvqx cvwK¯Ív‡b †gŠwjK MYZš¿ eë¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| H eë¯’vq cuvP ai‡bi š’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvi cÖ¯Íve Kiv
n‡qwQj| G¸‡jv n‡”Q t (1) BDwbqb KvDwÝj (2) _vbv KvDwÝj (3) †Rjv KvDwÝj (4) wefvMxq KvDwÝj (5)
cÖv‡`wkK Dbœqb Dc‡`óv KvDwÝj| 1962 mv‡ji msweav‡b †gŠwjK MYZš¿x eë¯’v‡K mvsweavwbK iƒc †Ìqv nq|
Z‡e Zv‡Z cÖv‡`wkK Dbœqb Dc‡`óv KvDwÝj ev` w`‡q †gvU Pvi ¯Íi wewkó ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| Gi
AvIZv c‚e© I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi †jvK msL¨vi wfwË‡Z †`kwU‡K K‡qKwU wbe©vPbx BDwb‡U fvM Kiv nq| cÖ_gw`‡K G
wbe©vPbx BDwb‡Ui msL¨v 40 nvRvi _vK‡jI, cieZ©x‡Z Zv 80 nvRv‡i DbœxZ Kiv nq| cÖwZwU wbe©vPbx BDwb‡Ui
AšÍ©MZ RbMb cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U Zv‡ì GKRb cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb Ki‡Zb, hviv †gŠwjK MYZš¿x wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ wQ‡jb|
Giv Avevi †fvU w`‡q ivóªcwZ, cÖv‡`wkK I RvZxq cwil‡ì m`m¨‡ì wbe©vwPZ Ki‡Zb| A_©vr cÖv‡`wkK I RvZxq
cwil‡ì m`mïv mivmwi RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ n‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| Giv wbe©vwPZ n‡Zb c‡iv¶ †fv‡U, H †gŠwjK
MYZš¿x‡ì †fv‡U|
BDwbqb KvDwÝj mvaviYZ c‡bi Rb m`m¨ wb‡q MwVZ nZ| Gi gv‡S `yB-Z…Zxqvsk wQj wbe©vwPZ| Avi GK-Z…Zxqvsk
wQj miKvi KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ| 1962 mv‡ji ci g‡bvbqb cÖ_v evwZj Kiv nq| Gici m`mïv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K
GKRb‡K †Pqvig¨vb I GKRb‡K fvBm-‡Pqvig¨vb wbe©vwPZ Ki‡Zb|
mvaviYZ cywjk †ók‡bi AšÍ©f‚³ GjvKv wb‡q _vbv KvDwÝj MwVZ n‡qwQj| Gi AšÍ©f³ y wQj 8 †_‡K 15 wU BDwbqb
KvDwÝj| _vbv KvDwÝ‡j RbcÖwZwbwa I miKvix Kg©Pvix Dfq †kªYx AšÍ©f³ y wQj| gnvKzgv cÖkvmK c`vwaKvi e‡j _vbv
KvDwÝ‡ji †Pqvig¨vb n‡Zb, Avi fvBm †Pqvig¨vb n‡Zb mv‡K©j Awdmvi (Dbœqb)| _vbvi AšÍ©MZ K…wl, wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨,
grm I mgevq wefv‡Mi Kg©KZ©viv KvDwÝ‡ji m`m¨ (miKvix) n‡Zb| Ab¨w`‡K _vbvi AšÍ©f‚³ BDwbqb KvDwÝj I
UvDb KwgwUi †Pqvig¨vbiv c`vwaKvi e‡j _vbv KvDwÝ‡ji m`m¨ wQ‡jb| _vbv KvDwÝ‡ji AšÍ©f‚³ wewfbœ BDwbq‡bi
Kv‡Ri mgš^q KivB wQj Gi KvR|
†Rjv KvDwÝjI GKBfv‡e miKvix I wbe©vwPZ m`m¨‡ì Øviv MwVZ n‡qwQj| m`m¨msL¨v wQj 30 †_‡K 50 R‡bi
g‡a¨ mxgve×| †Rjv cÖkvmK c`vwaKvi e‡j wQ‡jb †Rjv KvDwÝ‡ji †Pqvig¨vb| fvBm †Pqvig¨vb wbe©vwPZ m`m¨‡ì
g‡a¨ †_‡K wbe©vwPZ n‡Zb| miKvi KZ©„K hviv †Rjv KvDwÝ‡ji m`m¨c‡` g‡bvbxZ n‡Zb, Zviv n‡”Qb gnvKzgv

cÖkvmK, wbe©vnx cÖ‡KŠkjx (wmGÛwe I Iqvc`v), †Rjv K„wl I eb Awdmvi, wmwfj mvR©b, Avbmvi GWRyU¨v›U, mgevq
mwgwZi mnKvix wbeÜK cÖg~L| Ab¨w`‡K †Rjvi AšÍ©MZ BDwbqb KvDwÝj I UvDb KwgwUi †Pqvig¨vbiv †Rjv
KvDwÝ‡ji m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ Ki‡Zb| miKvi KZ©„K GKRb Avgjv m`m¨ mwPe wn‡m‡e †Rjv KvDwÝ‡j KvR Ki‡Zb|
wZwb wQ‡jb AZ¨šÍ ¶gZvevb| wefvMxq KvDwÝj wQj ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vi m‡e©v”P ¯Íi| GLv‡bI miKvwi I †emiKvwi
m`mïv wQ‡jb| wefv‡Mi AšÍ©f³ y †Rjv KvDwÝ‡ji m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K wefvMxq KvDwÝ‡ji †emiKvwi m`mïv
wbe©vwPZ n‡Zb| Ab¨w`‡K wefv‡Mi kxl© ¯’vbxq miKvwi Kg©KZ©viv (†Rjv cÖkvmK MYc~©Z wefv‡Mi ZË¡veavqK cÖ‡KŠkjx,
wefvMxq ¯‹zj BÝ‡c±i, eb Awdmvi BZ¨vw`) wefvMxq KvDwÝ‡j g‡bvbxZ m`m¨ wQ‡jb| wefvMxq KvDwÝ‡ji ‡Kvb
wbw`©ó f‚wgKv wQj bv| cÖavb KvR wQj †Rjv KvDwÝj, K¨v›Ub‡g›U †evW©, †cŠimfvi Kvh©vejx mgš^q Kiv| Zv‡ì Ki
avh© Kivi †Kvb ¶gZv wQj bv| KvDwÝ‡ji wbR¯^ †Kvb ZnwejI wQj bv|
g~jZ †gŠwjK MYZš¿ eë¯’vi Av‡jv‡KB G ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjv n‡qwQj| GB eë¯’v Ggbfv‡e M‡o †Zvjv
n‡qwQj, hv‡Z K‡i ¶gZvi kx‡h© Ae¯’vbiZ e¨w³i, A_©vr ‡`‡ki ‡cÖwm‡W‡›Ui ¶gZv‡K Av‡iv cvKv‡cv³ Kiv hvq|
BDwbqb KvDwÝ‡ji m`m¨ I †Pqvig¨vbiv †Rjv KvDwÝj, cÖv‡`wkK cwil` I RvZxq cwil` Ges †cÖwm‡W›U wbe©vP‡b
†fvU w`‡Zb|Gme wbe©vP‡b mvaviY gvby‡li †Kvb AskMÖnY wQj bv| Zv‡ì AwaKvi GLv‡b Le© Kiv n‡qwQj| miKvi
Lye mn‡RB BDwbqb KvDwÝ‡ji m`m¨ †Pqvig¨vb‡ì cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cvi‡Zb|
GKB mv‡_ ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i miKvwi Kg©Pvix‡ì AvwaK¨ _vKvq miKv‡ii GKUv cÖZ¨¶ wbqš¿Y wQj|
RbM‡Yi cÖ‡Z¨K AskMÖnY bv _vKvq ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v cvwK¯Ívb kvmbvg‡j RbwcÖqZv cvqwb| 1969 mv‡ji
MYAfz¨Ìv‡b AvBqye Lv‡bi cZb NU‡j G eë¯’vI †f‡½ hvq|
mviK_v
iv‡óªi cwiwa †e‡o hvIqvq myô cwiPvjbv I Dbœqb mva‡bi Rb¨ ivóª ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gv M‡o Zz‡j‡Q| cÖvPxb Kv‡jI
fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k GK ai‡bi ¯’vbxq miKvi wQj| weªwUk kvmbvg‡j ¯’vbxq miKv†ii AvaywbK iæc ‡`qv nq|
cvwK¯Ívb kvmbvg‡j GK ai‡bi ¯’vbxq miKv†ii weKvk NU‡jI, Zv‡Z RbM‡Yi Ask MÖnY wQj mxwgZ| ¶gZvmxb†ì
¶gZv†K cvKv‡cv³ Kivi Rb¨B G eë¯’v M‡o †Zvjv n‡qwQj|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ t
1. ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjv nq-
K. ¯’vbxq KvR myôfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨;
L. †`k‡K wef³ Kivi Rb¨;
M. ¶gZvmxb‡ì nvZ‡K kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ ;
N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUi Rb¨ bq|
2. evsjv‡`‡k †Rjvi msL¨v-

K. 17wU;
L. 64wU;
M. 19wU;
N. 100wU|
3. _vbv ¸‡jv‡K Dc‡Rjvq cwiYZ Kiv nq-

K. 1982 mv‡j;
L. 1984 mv‡j;
M. 1972 mv‡j;
N. 1997 mv‡j|
4. ¸ß kvmbvg‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gv Kq fv‡M wef³ wQj-

K. 6 fv‡M;
L. 2 fv‡M;
M. 4 fv‡M;
N. 10 fv‡M|
5. DcwiK wQ‡jb-
K. GKRb ¯’vbxq kvmK|
L. ivRbxwZwe`;
M. GKRb ivRv;
N. GKRb mgªvU|
6. bMi †KvZqvj wQ‡jb-

K. bMi kvmK;
L. ivRcwiev‡ii mv‡_ m¤c„³;
M. mvaviY GKRb gvbyl;
N. GKRb miKvix Kg©Pvix|
7. fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k †PŠwK`vix AvBb cvk nq-

K. 1870 mv‡j;
L. 1875 mv‡j;
M. 1720 mv‡j;
N. 1946 mv‡j|

8. weªwUk Avg‡j cÖ_g ¯’vbxq ¯^vqË¡kvmb AvBb cvk nq-

K. 1885 mv‡j;
L. 1882 mv‡j;
M. 1792 mv‡j;
N. 1885 mv‡j|
9. g‡›U¸ †Pgm‡dv©W wi‡cvU© cvk nq-

K. 1919 mv‡j;
L. 1918 mv‡j;
M. 1912 mv‡j;
N. 1927 mv‡j|
10. †gŠwjK MYZš¿ eë¯’v msweavwbKfv‡e cÖeZ©b Kiv nq-

K. 1961 mv‡j;
L. 1960 mv‡j;
M. 1962 mv‡j;
N. 1969 mv‡j|
11. †gŠwjK MYZš¿ eë¯’vq KqwU ¯Íi wQj-

K. 4wU;
L. 2wU;
M. 1wU;
N. 5wU|
DËi gvjv t 1.K 2.L 3.K 4.K 5.K 6.K 7.K 8.K 9.L 10. M 11.K
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
2. cÖvPxb hy‡M ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© GKwU aviYv w`b |
3. weªwUk kvmbvg‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb |
4. †gŠwjKMYZš¿x eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi gZvgZ wjwce× Kiæb |

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV - 2
evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v

D‡Ïk¨
 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Dc‡Rjv eë¯’v wK Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cv‡eb;
 wZbwU cve©Z¨ †Rjvi ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v M‡o I‡V ¯^vaxbZvi †ek wKQy w`b ci| 1972 mv‡j †cÖwm‡W‡›Ui Av‡`k e‡j BDwbqb
KvDwÝ‡ji bvg cwieZ©b K‡i BDwbqb cÂv‡qZ ivLv nq| cieZ©x‡Z 1973 mv‡j G bvg cwieZ©b K‡i BDwbqb cwil`
ivLv nq| 1976 mv‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi Aa¨v‡`k Rvix K‡i wZb¯Íi wewkó ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vi cÖ¯Íve Kiv nq| G¸‡jv n‡”Q
BDwbqb cwil`, _vbv cwil` I †Rjv cwil`|
1976 mv‡ji Aa¨v‡`k Abyhvqx cÖwZwU BDwbqb‡K wZbwU Iqv‡W© wef³ Kiv nq| cÖwZ BDwbq‡b GKRb †Pqvig¨vb I
9 Rb m`m¨ wQ‡jb| cÖwZ Iqv‡W© wZbRb K‡i m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡Zb| mswkøó Iq©v‡Wi †fvUviiv Zv‡ì wbR¯^ m`m¨
wbe©vPb Ki‡Zb| Avi †Pqvig¨vb wbe©vwPZ n‡Zb BDwbq‡bi †fvUvi‡ì cÖZ¨¶ †fv‡U| gnvKzgv cÖkvmK `yÔRb gwnjv
m`m¨ g‡bvbxZ Ki‡Zb| 1979 mv‡ji GK ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g †m mv‡_ `yÔRb K…lK m`‡mï g‡bvbq‡bi eë¯’v Kiv
nq| G‡ì g‡bvbq‡bi ¶gZv wQj gnvKzgv cÖkvm‡Ki nv‡Z| 1983 mv‡j Av‡iK Aa¨v‡`k e‡j G eë¯’v evwZj Kiv
nq|
_vbv cwil‡` miKvwi m`m¨‡ì cvkvcvwk †emiKvwi m`mïvI wQ‡jb| _vbvi AšÍM©Z mKj BDwbqb cwil‡ì †Pqvig¨vb
c`vwaKvi e‡j _vbv cwil‡ì m`m¨ wQ‡jb| Ab¨w`‡K _vbvi AšÍ©MZ miKvwi Kg©Pvixiv c`vwaKvi e‡j _vbv cwil‡ì
m`m¨ wQ‡jb| gnvKzgv cÖkvmK I mv‡K©j Awdmvi h_vµ‡g cwil‡ì †Pqvig¨vb I fvBm-‡Pqvig¨vb wQ‡jb| mevi
†fvUvwaKvi wQj|
1976 mv‡ji Aa¨v‡`k Avbyhvqx †Rjv cwil‡ì weavb _vK‡jI †Rjv cwil‡ì †Kvb wbe©vPb nq wb| GB cwil‡Ì
wbe©vwPZ m`m¨‡ì cvkvcvwk g‡bvbxZ I gwnjv m`m¨‡ì weavb ivLv n‡qwQj| wbe©vwPZ m`mïv RbM‡Yi mivmwi
†fv‡U wbe©vwPZ n‡Zb| Avi gwnjv m`mïv mswkøó †Rjvi wbw`©ó KZ©„c¶ (A_©vr Kwgkbvi) KZ©„K g‡bvbxZ n‡Zb|
Z‡e gwnjv‡ì msL¨v †gvU m`m¨‡ì GK `kgvs‡ki †ekx n‡Z cvi‡Zv bv| wbe©vwPZ m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K GKRb‡K
†Pqvig¨vb I Ab¨ Rb‡K fvBm †Pqvig¨vb wn‡m‡e wbe©vwPZ Kivi weavb wQj| wKš‘ wbe©vPb bv nIqvq cyivZb 22wU
†Rjvq †Rjv cwil` we`¨gvb wQj Ges †Rjv cÖkvmK cwil‡ì †Pqvig¨v‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| †cÖwm‡W›U wRqvDi
ingv‡bi kvmbvg‡j ¯^wbf©i MÖvg miKvi e¨ve¯’v Pvjy Kivi D‡`¨vM †bIqv n‡qwQj| ¯’vbxq miKvi Aa¨v‡`k 1976
(BDwbqb cwil`) Gi 85 I 86 bs avivq miKvi‡K MÖvg cwil` e¨ve¯’v cÖeZ©b Kivi ¶gZv †Ìqv n‡qwQj| 1980
mv‡j MÖvg miKvi Aa¨v‡`k Rvix Kiv nq| D³ MÖvg miKv‡i GKRb MÖvgcÖavb, `yÕRb gwnjv m`m¨, 9Rb Ab¨vb¨
m`m¨ hviv MÖv‡gi wewfbœ †kªYx ev †Mvôxi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡eb Zv‡ì bvg cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡qwQj| Aa¨v‡`‡k ejv n‡qwQj
me©m¤§wZµ‡g MÖvg cÖavb Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡ì Øviv g‡bvbxZ n‡eb| ¯^wbf©i MÖvg miKvi †h welq¸‡jv †`Lv†kvbv Ki‡e,
†m¸‡jv n‡”Q Lv`¨ Drcv`b e„w×, wbi¶iZv `~ixKiY, Rb¥ wbqš¿Y e¨ve¯’v Kvh©Ki Kiv, ¯’vbxq AvBb k„sLjv cwiw¯’wZ
BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ 1982 mv‡j wRqvDi ingv‡bi g„Zzï mv‡_ mv‡_ GB e¨ve¯’viI wejywß N‡U|
¯’vbxq miKvi Aa¨v‡`k, 1982 I ¯’vbxq miKvi Aa¨v‡`k, 1983 i AvIZvq ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨ve¯’vq †gŠwjK cwieZ©b
Avbv nq| cÖkvmwbK we‡K›`ªKiY I `ªæZ Dbœq‡bi bv‡g Gikv` miKvi _vbv ¸‡jv‡K cÖ_‡g DbœxZ _vbvq iƒcvšÍi K‡i
I c‡i Zv Dc‡Rjv bvgKiY Kiv nq| Dc‡Rjvq cÖkvmb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Dc‡Rjv cwil` MVb Kiv nq| wb¤œwjwLZ
m`m¨‡ì wb‡q Dc‡Rjv cwil` MwVZ nq; (1)†Pqvig¨vb, (2) cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj m`m¨, (3) wZbRb gwnjv m`m¨, (4)
miKvwi Kg©Pvix, (5) GKRb g‡bvbxZ m`m¨, (6) Dc‡Rjvi mgevq mwgwZi †Pqvig¨vb| Dc‡Rjv cwil‡` mvaviYZt
`yai‡bi m`m¨ wQj| GKai‡bi m`m¨ wQj, hviv †fvU w`‡Z cvi‡Zb, Avi Aci ai‡bi m`m¨ wQj, hv‡ì †fv‡Ui
†Kvb ¶gZv wQj bv| miKvix m`mïv †fvU w`‡Z cvi‡Zb bv| Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Awdmvi Dc‡Rjv †Pqvig¨v‡bi Aax‡b
cÖavb wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Zb| Dc‡Rjv †Pqvig¨vb RbM‡Yi †fv‡U mivmwi wbe©vwPZ n‡Zb| Dc‡Rjv
wQj mg¯Í Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ûi †K›`ªwe›`y|
Dc‡Rjvi cvkvcvwk †Rjv cwil‡ì Kg©KvÛ Z`viwK Kivi Rb¨ †Rjv cwil` cybtMV‡biI D‡`¨vM †bqv nq| G
Dcj‡¶ ¯’vbxq miKvi AvBb (†Rjv cwil`, 1988) cÖYqb Kiv nq| G AvB‡b cÖ‡Z¨K †Rjv cwil` cÖwZwbwa m`m¨,
g‡bvbxZ m`m¨, gwnjv m`m¨ I miKvix Kg©KË©v m`m¨ wb‡q MwVZ n‡e| †Rjvi mKj msm` m`m¨, Dc‡Rjv cwil`
I †cŠimfv¸‡jv †Pqvig¨vbMY c`vwaKvi e‡j †Rjv cwil‡ì cÖwZwbwa m`m¨ n‡eb| miKvwi Kg©KZ©v‡ì †Kvb
†fvUvwaKvi wQj bv Ges †Rjv cwil` †Pqvig¨vb miKvi KZ©„K wbhy³ n‡Zb|
1989 mv‡ji cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi wZbwU †Rjvi ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨ve¯’v bZzb K‡i cyb©MVb Kiv nq| iv½vgvwU †Rjv ¯’vbxq
miKvi cwil` AvBb, 1989 Abyhvqx iv½vgvwU †Rjv cwil` †gvU 30 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q MwVZ nq| 30 R‡bi gv‡S 20
Rb wQ‡jb DcRvwZ, 10 Rb evOvwj| DcRvZxq m`mïv wQ‡jb wb¤œiƒct PvKgv 10, gvigv 4, wÎcyiv 1, ZsP½v 2,
jymvB 1, †Lvqvs 1, cvs‡Lv 1| wVK †Zgwb LvMovQwo †Rjv cwil` AvBb 1989 Abyhvqx †Rjv cwil‡ì KvVv‡gv wQj
wb¤œiƒct evOvwj 9, DcRvwZ 21| DcRvZxq†ì g‡a¨ PvKgv 9 Rb, gvigv 6 Rb I wÎcyiv 6 Rb| ev›ìevb †Rjv
cwil` AvBb, 1989 Abyhvqx †Rjv cwil‡ì KvVv‡gv wQj wb¤œiƒct evOvwj 11, DcRvwZ 19| DcRvZxqiv n‡jb PvKgv
2, gvigv 9, wÎcyiv 1, ZsP½v 1, gyis 3, jymvB 1, †Lvqvs 1, Lygx 1| GB wZbwU Dc‡Rjvi †Pqvig¨vbiv
eva¨Zvg~jKfv‡e DcRvZxq‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K wbe©vwPZ n‡Zb| mswkøó †Rjv cÖkvmKiv †Rjv cwil‡ì mwP‡ei `vwqZ¡
cvjb K‡ib|
1991 mv‡j wbe©vP‡b weRqx n‡q evsjv‡`k RvZxqZvev`x `j (weGbwc) miKvi MVb K‡i| Zviv Dc‡Rjv eë¯’v evwZj
K‡i †`q| weGbwc kvmbvg‡j û`v Kwgkb BDwbqb cwil` cyb©MVb, †Rjv cwil` MVb, GgbwK MÖvgmfv MVb Kivi
cÖ¯Íve Ki‡jI Zv ev¯ÍevwqZ nqwb| 1996 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi g‡a¨ w`‡q AvIqvgx jxM miKvi MVb K‡i| G miKv‡ii
Avg‡j bZzb Av‡iKwU Kwgkb (ingZ Avjx) MVb Kiv nq, hviv Pvi ai‡bi ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vi cÖ¯Íve K‡i I Zv
Kvh©Ki nq| G ¸‡jv n‡”Q, MÖvg cwil`, BDwbqb cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil` I †Rjv cwil`| BDwbqb cwil‡ì
KvVv‡gv‡ZI cwieZ©b Avbv nq| BDwbqb cwil` MwVZ n‡e mswkøô Iqv‡W©i 9 Rb m`m¨, MÖvg cwil‡ì †Pqvig¨vb I
3 Rb gwnjv m`m¨‡K wb‡q| 3wU Iqv‡W©i cwie‡Z© 9wU IqvW© wb‡q MVb Kiv nq BDwbqb cwil`| cÖwZ BDwbq‡bi
cÖ_g ev‡ii gZ wZbRb gwnjv m`m¨ mivmwi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nIqvi weavb ivLv nq| B‡Zvg‡a¨ mviv‡`‡k gwnjv m`mïv
wbe©vP‡b cÖwZØw›ØZv K‡i weRqx n‡q‡Qb|
MÖvg cwil` MwVZ n‡e cuvP eQ‡ii Rb¨| G‡Z _vK‡eb GKRb †Pqvig¨vb, 3 Rb gwnjv mn 12 Rb m`m¨ I GKRb
Kg©KZ©v| mswkøó Iqv‡W©i Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ GKRb BDwbqb cwil` m`m¨ MÖvg cwil‡ì †Pqvig¨vb n‡eb| Iqv‡W©i
GjvKvfy³ MÖvg¸‡jv †_‡K 9 Rb cyiæl I 3 Rb gwnjv m`m¨‡K g‡bvbqb `vb Kiv nq|
AvIqvgx jxM miKv‡ii (1996-2001) Avg‡j cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gv eo ai‡bi cwieZ©b mvab Kiv
nq| 1989 mv‡ji ¯’vbxq miKvi cwil` AvB‡bi wewfbœ aviv cwieZ©b, ms‡kvab, ms‡hvRb I iwnZKiY K‡i bZzb
AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq| bZzb AvBb e‡j (cyivZb wZbwU †Rjv cwil` envj †i‡L) GKwU AvÂwjK cwil` MVb Kiv
nq| cve©Z¨ †Rjv ¯’vbxq miKvi cwil` Gi bvg cwieZ©b K‡i cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil` bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| AvB‡b
AvÂwjK cwil`‡K GKwU Dc‡`óvg~jK ms¯’v wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Ki‡jI, AvÂwjK cwil`B g~jZ cvnvox ivRbxwZ‡Z g~j
kw³ wn‡m‡e Avwefz©Z n‡q‡Q| AvÂwjK cwil‡ì KvVv‡gv wb¤œiƒc m`m¨ msL¨v 22 Rb| Gi gv‡S ÿz`ªb„‡Mvôx 15 Rb
(gwnjv mn), evOvjx 7 Rb| ÿz`ª‡Mvôx‡ì g‡a¨ (cyiæl) 5 Rb PvKgv, 3 Rb gvigv, 2 Rb wÎcyiv, 1 Rb wbe©vwPZ
n‡eb gyis I ZsP½v‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K Ges evKx 1 Rb wbe©vwPZ n‡eb jymvB, †evg, cvs‡Lv, Lygx, PvK I wLqvs
ÿz`ªb„‡Mvôx‡ì g‡a¨ †_‡K| 15 Rb ÿz`ªb„‡Mvôx m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ 1 Rb n‡eb †Pqvig¨vb, 12 Rb cyiæl I 2 Rb gwnjv|
7 Rb evOvjx ‡ì g‡a¨ 6 Rb cyiæl, 1Rb gwnjv| AvÂwjK cwil‡ì KvVv‡gvq gwnjv‡ì msL¨v 3 Rb| evOvjxiv
wZb †Rjv †_‡K 2 Rb K‡i wbe©vwPZ n‡eb| gwnjv ÿ`ªb„‡Mvôx‡ì g‡a¨ 1 Rb PvKgv, evKx 1 Rb Ab¨ ÿz`ªb„‡Mvôx|
cwil‡ì m`mïv wZb cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil‡ì wbe©vwPZ m`m¨‡ì hviv c‡iv¶fv‡e wbe©vwPZ n‡eb| wZb cve©Z¨ †Rjvi
†Pqvig¨vbMY c`vwaKvi e‡j cwil‡ì m`m¨ n‡eb Ges Zv‡ì †fvUvwaKvi _vK‡e| cwil‡ì †gqv` n‡e 5 eQi Ges
†Pqvig¨vb wZb cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil‡ì m`m¨‡ì Øviv c‡iv¶fv‡e wbe©vwPZ n‡eb| AvÂwjK cwil` cve©Z¨ GjvKvq
fvix wk‡íi jvB‡mÝ cÖ`vb Ki‡eb, ¯’vbxq cwil`¸‡jvi ZË¡veavb I mgš^q Ki‡eb AvBb k„Ljv Dbœq‡b mgš^q I
ZË¡veavb Ki‡eb, `y‡h©vM eë¯’vcbv I ÎvY Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv I Ki Av`vq Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
mviK_v
evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvi ¯Íi g~jZ 4wU| BDwbqb cwil‡` cÖ_gev‡ii gZ wZbRb gwnjv mivmwi †fv‡U
wbev©wPZ n‡q‡Qb| Dc‡Rjv eë¯’vi cybtcÖeZ©b Kiv n‡q‡Q| cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g GKwU AvÂwjK cwil` MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q,
†hLv‡b cvnvox‡ì cÖwZwbwaZ¡ I f‚wgKv evov‡bv n‡q‡Q| AvÂwjK cwil` evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvi GKwU
bZzb aviYv |
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
1. 1976 mv‡ji ¯’vbxq miKvi Aa¨v‡`‡k Kq ¯Íi wewkó?
K. 3 ¯Íi;
L. 4 ¯Íi;
M. 2 ¯Íi;
N. 5 ¯Íi|
2. Dc‡Rjv eë¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv n‡qwQj-

K. 1989 mv‡j;
L. 1983 mv‡j;
M. 1985 mv‡j;
N. 1988 mv‡j|
3. 1996 mv‡j Kq ¯Íi wewkó ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vi cÖ¯Íve Kiv nq?
K. 4 ¯Íi;
L. 3 ¯Íi;
M. 2 ¯Íi;
N. 10 ¯Íi|
4. AvÂwjK cwil‡ì †gvU m`m¨ msL¨v -

K. 22 Rb;
L. 15 Rb;
M. 10 Rb;
N. 12 Rb|
DËigvjv t 1.K 2.L 3.K 4.K
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
2| AvÂwjK cwil` m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi aviYv wjwce× Kiæb|
3| 1976 mv‡ji Aa¨v‡`k Abyhvqx †h miKvi eë¯’vi K_v ejv n‡qwQj, †m e¨vcv‡i ms‡¶‡c
Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| Dc‡Rjv eë¯’v m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi gZvgZ w`b|

cvV - 3
†K›`ªxq miKvi I ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvmb

 ¯’vbxq miKv†ii mv‡_ ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKv‡ii cv_K¨© m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 †K›`ªxq miKv†ii mv‡_ ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKv†ii cv_K¨© eyS‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ¯’vbxq miKv†ii Kvhv©ejx Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvm†bi ¸iæZ¡ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
¯’vbxq miKv‡ii f‚wgKv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †M‡j †Kw›`ªq miKv‡ii mv‡_ ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii m¤c©K I †mB mv‡_ ¯’vbxq
miKvi I ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKv‡ii cv_K¨© D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb|
¯^vqËkvwmZ miKvi eë¯’vq RbM‡Yi Aswk`vwiZ¡ wbwðZ Kivi g‡a¨ w`‡q ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvmb wbwðZ n‡q‡Q| GB
¯^vqËkvm‡b MYZ‡š¿i wfwË‡K kw³kvjx Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|
¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKvi g~jZ †mB ai‡bi ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v hv ¯^-¯^ GjvKvi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î AwaKvsk ¯^-
kvmb †fvM K‡i _v‡K| RbMY Kg©Kv‡Ði mv‡_ Ges cÖwZwU wbe©vP‡b cÖZ¨¶fv‡e RwoZ _v‡K|
¯’vbxq miKvi I ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKv‡ii g‡a¨ wKQy wKQy cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| †hgb BDwbqb cwil` I †Rjv cwil`|
BDwbqb cwil` ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKvi, Ab¨w`‡K †Rjv cwil` ¯’vbxq miKvi| mvaviYZ ¯’vbxq miKvi †K›`ªxq
miKv‡ii G‡R›U iæ‡c cwiPvwjZ nq| G‡ì wbR¯^ †Kvb bxwZ †bB Ges Giv cwiPvwjZ nq †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii wb‡`©‡k|
Ab¨w`‡K ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKv‡ii wbR¯^ bxwZ i‡q‡Q| wbR¯^ MwÛ‡Z Giv Zv‡ì KZ…Z¡© eRvq ivL‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e
†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii †`Õqv `vwqZ¡ Zviv cvjb K‡i| wbev©Pb, RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ BZ¨vw` wbwi‡L G `yB ms¯’vi g‡a¨ cv_K¨©
wbY©q Kiv hvq| ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKvi eë¯’vq RbM‡Yi mivmwi AskMÖnY _v‡K| RbM‡Yi wbev©wPZ cÖwZwbwaiv
¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKv†ii KvVv‡gvq wbev©wPZ n‡q _v‡Kb| wKš‘ ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vq RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ mivmwi
bq| BDwbqb cwil‡ì †Pqvig¨vb I m`mïv (GgbwK gwnjv m`mïvI) GLb RbM‡Yi mivmwi †fv‡U wbev©wPZ nq|
Ab¨w`‡K †Rjv cwil‡ì †Pqvig¨v‡bi †Rjvi mKj RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbev©wPZ nIqvi †Kvb weavb †bB| Dciš‘ †mLv‡b
i‡q‡Q g‡bvbqb eë¯’v| wbevwPZ© m`m¨‡ì cvkvcvwk †Rjv cwil‡` miKvix m`mïvI i‡q‡Qb| Kg©KZ©v wb‡qv‡Mi
†¶‡ÎI ¯’vbxq miKvi I ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_K¨© j¶¨ Kiv hvq| ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKv‡ii ¯’vbxq
cwil` Kg©KZ©v‡ì wb‡qvM w`‡q _v‡Kb| wKš‘ ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii Kg©KZ©viv wb‡qvM jvf K‡ib †K›`ªxq miKvi Øviv|
†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii mv‡_ ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii †hgwb m¤úK© i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKv‡iiI m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|
Z‡e GLv‡b my¯có GKwU cv_K¨© i‡q‡Q| ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKv‡ii KvVv‡gvq †K›`ªxq miKvi †Kvb Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM
†`b bv| miKv‡ii †Kvb cÖwZwbwa †bB GLv‡b| Z‡e miKvi cÖ‡qvRb †ev‡a Avw_©K Aby`vb †`b| miKv‡ii Aby`vb
wb‡q ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKvi ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q wewfbœ Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbv K‡i| wKš‘ †K›`ªxq miKvi ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvq
Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM †`b| Avi GB Avgjviv ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii ¯^v‡_©i PvB‡Z †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ¯^v_©‡KB eo K‡i †`‡Lb|
Z‡e B`vwbs ¯’vbxq miKvi I ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_K¨© K‡g Avm‡Q| ¯’vbxq miKvi Av‡iv cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj
n‡”Q, Ab¨w`‡K ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKv‡ii Dci †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii KZ©„Z¡ e„w× cv‡”Q| djkÖæwZ‡Z ¯’vbxq miKvi I
¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_K¨© K‡g Avm‡Q|
ejv †h‡Z cv‡i iv‡óªi Dbœq‡bi g~j PvweKvwV ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z| RbwnZKi Kvhv©ejx †_‡K ¸iæ K‡i ¯’vbxq miKvi
Dbœqbg~jK A‡bK KvR K‡i _v‡K| ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii Kvhv©ejx A‡bKUv wb¤œiƒc:
 ¯’vbxq GjvKvq Rbwk¶v, we‡kl K‡i, bvix wk¶v, Dbœqb wk¶v cÖwZôvb ms¯‹vi wKsev wbgv©Y, gmwR` -gv`ªvmvi
m¤cÖmviY BZ¨vw` `vwqZ¡ ¯’vbxq miKv†ii Dci b¨¯Í|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
 ¯’vbxq chv‡q© †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi Dbœqb, cyj-KvjfvU© wbgv©Y, my‡cq cvwb mieiv‡ni eë¯’v Kiv, cÖv_wgK wPwKrmvjq
¯’vcb I i¶vbv‡e¶Y BZ¨vw` ¯’vbxq miKv†ii AvIZvgy³|
 ¯’vbxq AvBb k„sLjv cwiw¯’wZi Dbœqb, K…wl Drcv`b, mvwjkx Kiv I mxwgZ chv‡q© wePvi wb®cwË Kiv BZ¨vwÌ
¯’vbxq miKv‡ii `vwq‡Z¡i AšÍfy©³|
 Kv‡Ri wewbgq Lv`¨ ev Z`ªæc Ab¨vb¨ Kg©mw~ PI Z`viwK K‡i ¯’vbxq miKvi|
Av‡MB D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, ¯’vbxq miKvi GK ai‡bi ¯^vqËkvmb †fvM K‡i _v‡K| †hgb, BDwbqb cwil‡ì K_v
hw` Avgivv Av‡jvPbv Kwi, Zvn‡j †`L‡Z cve BDwbqb cwil` ¯’vbxq chv‡q© Ki Av‡iv‡ci ¶gZv iv‡L| RbM‡Yi
mivmwi †fv‡U Giv wbev©wPZ nb| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii †Kvb KZ…Z©¡ G‡ì Dci _v‡K bv| cwil‡ì Kg©KZ©v wb‡qv‡Mi
†¶‡ÎI ¯’vbxq cwil` ¯^vaxb| Gi d‡j ¯’vbxq miKvi ¯^- kvwmZfv‡e cwiPvwjZ n‡PQ| GB ¯^-kvmb GKwU MYZvwš¿K
iv‡óªi Rb¨ LyeB cÖ‡qvRb| †Kbbv, MYZvš¿i g~j K_v n‡PQ RbM‡Yi KZ…Z¡© cÖwZôv Kiv| Avi RbM‡Yi KZ…Z¡© cÖwZwôZ
n‡Z cv‡i, hw` RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ wbwðZ nq| ¯’vbxq chv©‡q G KZ…Z¡© wbwðZ n‡q‡Q| RbMY Zv‡ì †fvUvwaKvi
cÖ‡qvM K‡i Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwa wbev©Pb Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb| GB wbev©wPZ cÖwZwbwaiv RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q `vqe×| †Kbbv, RbM‡Yi
†fv‡U Zviv wbev©wPZ| d‡j Zviv RbKj¨vYgyLx Kg©mw~ P nv‡Z †bb Ges RbM‡Yi ¯^v‡_©B Zviv KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ nb|
GKRb g‡bvbxZ wKsev A-wbev©wPZ e¨w³ RbKj¨vYgyLx bxwZ ZZUv Kvh©Kifv‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv| Zv‡ì †Kvb
`vqe×Zv _v‡K bv| ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨¶ AskMÖnY wbwðZ nIqvq MYZ‡š¿i wfwË kw³kvjx n‡q‡Q| ¯’vbxq
ch©v‡q hw` RbM‡Yi KZ…Z¡© wbwðZ Kiv bv hvq, Zvn‡j GKwU mgv‡R MYZš¿ weKwkZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| MYZ†š¿i myô weKvk
I MYZvwš¿K KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ ZvB ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q RbM‡Yi KZ…Z¡© I AskMÖnY Riæwi| evsjv‡`‡k 1991 mv‡j
msweav‡bi Øv`k ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g msm`xq ivRbxwZ Pvjy n‡q‡Q| G msm`xq ivRbxwZi mvd‡jï GKwU Ab¨Zg kZ©
n‡PQ ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q MYZvwš¿K fveaviv‡K m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiv| ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q MYZš¿ weKwkZ bv n‡j, ivóªxq ch©v‡q MYZš¿
weKwkZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q AvR evsjv‡`‡k †h MYZvwš¿K fveaviv weKvk jvf Ki‡Q, Zv Av‡iv
m¤cÖmvwiZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Dc‡Rjv Qvwo‡q †Rjv ch©v‡q ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvq hw` RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY I cÖwZwbwaZ¡
wbwðZ Kiv hvq, Zvn‡j mwVKfv‡e Zv †`‡k MYZvwš¿K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K Av‡iv kw³kvjx Ki‡e Ges MYZš¿‡K kw³kvjx
wfwË w`‡Z mvnvh¨ Ki‡e|
mviK_v
¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’v †`‡ki kvmb eë¯’vi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vq †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii KZ…©Z¡ _vK‡jI,
¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKvi ¯^-kvwmZfv‡e M‡o D‡V‡Q| GKwU MYZvwš¿K mgvR KvVv‡gvi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vi
wewfbœ ¯Í‡i Av‡iv MYZš¿vqb cÖ‡qvRb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eû wbe©vPbx cÖkœ:
1. ¯’vbxq miKvi eë¯’vq †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii KZ…Z-¡©
K. _v‡K;
L. _v‡K bv;
M. wbi‡c¶ _v‡K;
N. Dc‡ii †KvbwUB bq|
2. ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKvi ¯’vbxqfv‡e

K. RbM‡bi †fv‡U wbevwP©Z nq;
L. miKvi KZ„©K g‡bvbxZ nq;
M. miKvwi Kg©Pvixiv Gi m`m¨ nb;
3. ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKv‡ii Av‡qi Drm n‡”Q

K. ïaygvÎ miKvi †_‡K cÖvß Aby`vb;
L. ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi †Ìqv Ki;
M. we‡`kx mvnvh¨;
4. ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKvi ¯’vbxq chv©‡q Ki Av‡ivc Ki‡Z

K. cv‡i;
L. cv‡i bv;
M. †Kvb ¶gZv †bB;
N. Aí Aí cv‡i|
DËigvjv : 1.K 2.K 3.L 4. K
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ:
2. ¯’vbxq miKvi I ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKv‡ii g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiæb |
3. ¯’vbxq ¯^vqËkvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ m¤c©‡K Av‡jvPbv Kiæb |

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV - 4
Dbœqb cÖkvmb
 Dbœqb cÖkvmb ej‡Z wK †evSvq Zv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Dbœqb cÖkvmb ‡Kb GZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Dbœqb cÖkvm†bi mgm¨vejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Dbœqb cÖkvmb n‡PQ cÖkvmwbK eë¯’vi AvaywbK iƒc| cÖkvm‡bi mv‡_ Dbœq‡bi cÖkœwU RwoZ| Dbœqb ej‡Z †evSvq
†`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi BwZevPK cwie©Zb| GK mgq g‡b Kiv nZ Dbœqb gv‡bB n‡PQ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK
Dbœqb| A_v©r †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z cwie©Zb G‡b †h Dbœqb mvab Kiv nq, mvgwMÖK wePv‡i Zv‡KB Dbœqb wnmv‡e wPwýZ
Kiv nq| †`‡ki e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôxi Rxeb hvÎvi gv‡bi Dbœœqb, `vwi`ª `~ixKiY BZ¨vwì Rb¨ ivóª A_©bxwZ‡Z cwie©Zb
Avbvi D‡`¨vM †bq| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b cÖkvm‡bi mv‡_ m¯c©wKZ we‡klÁiv g‡b K‡ib ¸aygvÎ A_©bxwZ‡Z cwie©Zb Avb‡jB
†`‡ki Dbœqb m¤fe bq| †`‡ki Dbœqb wbf©i K‡i mvgwMÖK wePv‡i †`kwU wk¶v †¶‡Î, bvix Dbœq†b, `vwi`ª n«v‡m,
wbi¶iZv `~ixKi†Y wKsev ¯^v¯’¨Lv‡Z KZUzKz AMÖMwZ mvab K‡i‡Q, Zvi Dci| MZ K‡qKeQi a‡iB RvwZms‡Ni
mn‡hvMx As½ msMVb BDGbwWwc c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡ki gvbe Dbœqb m~PK cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| cÖwZ eQi Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ
LvZ¸‡jv‡Z GKwU ivóª KZ`~i AMÖMwZ mvab K‡i‡Q, gvbe Dbœqb m~PK G Zv D‡jøL Kiv nq| Ges †mB m~PK AbyhvqxB
wbav©wiZ nq GKUv ivóª KZUzKz Dbœqb mvab K‡i‡Q| †m mv‡_ mvgvwRK b¨vq wePvi I e›Ub e¨¯’vi DbœqbI ¸iæZ¡c~Y|©
Z‡e mvgvwRK Lv‡Z Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk A_©‰bwZK LvZ‡K AeÁv KiviI my‡hvM †bB| mvgvwRK Lv‡Z Dbœqb m‡ËI
hw` A_©bxwZ †¶‡Î cÖe„w× AR©b Kiv bv hvq, Zvn‡j Zv Dbœqb cÖwµqv†K evavMÖ¯’ Ki‡e| mvgwMÖK wePv‡i ZvB Dbœqb
ej†Z GKwU †`‡ki mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK Z_v mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœqb‡KB †evSvq| Dbœqbkxj †`‡ki cvkvcvwk DbœZ
†`k¸‡jv‡ZI GB Dbœqb cÖwµqv evavMÖ¯’ n‡”Q| Avgv‡ì g‡Zv Dbœqbkxj †`‡k Dbœqb cÖwµqv MwZkxjZv cv‡PQ bv
bvbv Kvi‡Y| GKw`‡K i‡q‡Q Kzms¯‹vi, †Mvuovgx, Ab¨w`‡K i‡q‡Q cÖkvmwbK A-eë¯’v| †m mv‡_ Dbœqb AMÖvwaKvi
DbœZ Kjv‡KŠkj cÖ‡qv‡Mi Afve BZ¨vw` Kvi‡YI Dbœqb cÖwµqv Zvi MwZ cv‡PQ bv| ZvB cÖkvmwbK weÁv‡bi
we‡klÁiv DbœqbgzLx cÖkvmb‡K AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb Dbœqb cÖkvmb wnmv‡e| A_v©r †h cÖkvmb †`‡ki mvgwMÖK Dbœqb
cÖwµqv‡K AMÖvwaKvi †`q, †mB cÖkvmbB n‡PQ Dbœqb cÖkvmb| Z‡e GLv‡b GKwU K_v ejv cÖ‡qvRb, ¸aygvÎ Dbœq‡bi
†¶Î¸‡jv‡K wPwýZ K‡i †mB Abyhvqx bxwZgvjv cÖYqb Ki‡jB Pj‡e bv, Gi Rb¨ PvB `¶ cÖkvmK I `¶ cÖkvmwbK
KvVv‡gv| `¶ cÖkvmK A_v©r wkw¶Z I cÖwk¶Y cÖvß Kg©KZ©v bv _vK‡j, mwVK bxwZ cÖYqb Kiv n‡jI Zv ev¯ÍevwqZ
n‡e bv| ZvB gvbe m¤ú` Dbœqb I Gi AvIZvfz³ Dbœqb cÖkvm‡bi mv‡_ m¤c©wKZ we‡klÁiv mvaviYZ Dbœqbkxj
†`‡ki †cÖ¶vc‡U wbw`©ó wKQy welq‡K AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q _v‡Kb Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i Rb¨ †h welqwU‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`qv
nq, Zv n‡PQ K…wl I MÖvgxY Dbœqb| KviY, Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i Rb‡Mvôxi GKUv eo Ask GLbI MÖv‡g evm K‡i|
myZivs MÖvg†K AeÁv K‡i hw` ïaygvÎ kni †Kw›`ªK Dbœqb KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjv nq, Zvn‡j mvgwMÖK wePv‡i Zv‡K
Dbœqb ejv hv‡e bv| MÖvg†K cÖvavb¨ w`‡qB Dbœqb Kg©KvÛ GwM‡q wb‡q †h‡Z n‡e| GKB mv‡_ K…wlLvZ‡KI AMÖvwaKvi
w`‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv, Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i Rb‡Mvôxi GKUv eo Ask GLbI K…wlLv‡Zi mv‡_ m¤c©wKZ| evsjv‡`‡ki K_v
hw` Avgiv we‡ePbvq Avwb, Zvn‡j †`Lv hv‡e `¶ kªgkw³i kZKiv cÖvq 64 fvM K…wl†¶‡Î wb‡qvwRZ| cÖkvmb G†¶‡Î
miKv‡ii c¶ n‡q RvZxq Avq e„w×i Rb¨ mwVK I ev¯ÍegyLx bxwZ MÖnY Ki‡e Ges `¶ I cªwkw¶Z Kg©KZ©v‡ì gva¨‡g
†mB bxwZ ev¯Íevqb Ki‡e| miKvi bxwZ MÖnY Ki‡eb e‡U, wKš‘ Zv ev¯Íevq†bi Rb¨ ìKvi `¶ cÖkvmb| GB cÖkvmb
mv‡_ m¤c³ _vK‡e `¶ cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©viv| †mB mv‡_ DbœZ cÖhyw³i mgš^q NwU‡q Dbœqb cÖwµqv‡K gvby‡li †`vo
†Mvovq †cŠ‡Q †`‡e cÖkvmb|
GLv‡b Dbœqb cÖkvm‡bi mv‡_ mbvZb cÖkvm‡bi GKwU cv_K¨© D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| mbvZb cÖkvmb mvaviYZt iæwUb
gvwdK KvR K‡i _v‡K| A_vr© ivóª I miKvi Zv‡ì Dci †h `vwqZ¡ Ac©Y K‡i, iæwUb gvwdK †mB `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i
_v‡K| mbvZb cÖkvmb miKv†ii M„wnZ bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi D‡`¨vM †bq e‡U, wKš‘ G bxwZi Kvh©KvwiZv KZUzKz, G bxwZ
Av‡`Š RbM‡Yi g½j e‡q Avb‡e wKbv, †m e¨vcv‡iI mbvZb cÖkvm‡bi mv‡_ m¤c©wKZ e¨w³e‡M©i †Kvb Drmvn _v‡K
bv| Zviv wbqg gvwdK KvR m¤cv`b K‡i| †h †Kvb ms¯‹v‡ii cÖ‡kœ Zv‡ì D‡`¨vM wKsev Drmvn cwijw¶Z nh bv|
Giv mbvZb eë¯’v eRvq ivL‡ZB Pvb| Avi Dbœqb cÖkvmb n‡PQ D`¨gkxj I Kg©gyLx| Giv hy‡Mi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q
cwie©Zb Avbvi c¶cvwZ| Dbœqb cÖkvm†bi Kg©KZ©v‡ì GK ai‡bi m„RbkxjZv KvR K‡i| G †¶‡Î Zviv ïay mwVK

bxwZ, cwiKíbv I Kg©c×wZwUB MÖnY K‡ib bv, GB bxwZ KZUzKz mdjZv e‡q Avb‡Q wKsev j‡¶¨ KZUzKz †cuŠQvb
†M†Q, †m e¨vcv‡iI Zv‡ì D‡`¨vM _v‡K| †hgb GKwU `„óvšÍ GLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i, `vwi`ª `~ixKi‡Yi e¨vcv‡i
miKvi mv¤cÖwZKKv‡j e¨vcK Kg©mw~ P MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| cÖwZ eQi ev‡R‡U `vwi`ª `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ †_vK eiv× †`qv _v‡K|
GLv‡b Dbœqb cÖkvm‡bi `vwqZ¡ n‡PQ GB Kg©mw~ P chv©‡jvPbv Kiv, miKvi †h Kg©mw~ P MÖnY K‡i‡Q, Zv †Kvb mdjZv
e‡q Avb‡Q wKbv, Zv gwbUwis Kiv, Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b †mB Kg©mw~ P‡Z cwie©Zb Avbvi mycvwik Kiv| Dbœqb cÖkvm‡bi
KvRB n‡PQ miKv‡ii M„nxZ bxwZ Zvi j‡¶¨ †cŠQuv‡Z cvi‡Q wKbv, Zv †`Lv| G †¶‡Î M„nxZ bxwZ hw` †Kvb dj e‡q
bv Av‡b, Zvn‡j bZzb Kg©mw~ P MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ bxwZ wba©viK‡ì Kv‡Q cÖ¯Íve †ck Kiv| mbvZb cÖkvmb mvaviYZ GwU
K‡i bv| Zviv Zv‡ì Dci Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i gvÎ|
GK K_vq ejv †h‡Z cv‡i, mbvZb cÖkvmb wbqggyLx Avi Dbœqb cÖkvmb Kvh© m¤cv`bgyLx| A_©vr GLv‡b P‚ovšÍ
djvdj‡KB cÖvavb¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi G djvdj wbf©i K‡i GKwU mwVK cwiKíbv, bxwZ, Kg©mP~ x I cÖK‡íi Dci|
Avi †mB mv‡_ i‡q‡Q RbM‡Yi mwµq AskMÖnY| RbM‡Yi mwµq AskMÖnY Qvov †Kvb bxwZi mdj ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e bq|
Dbœqb cÖkvmb RbM‡Yi GB mwµq AskMÖnY†K wbwðZ K‡i| Z‡e Dbœqb cÖkvmb mgm¨vgy³ bq| Dbœqbkxj †`‡k G
cÖkvmb bvbv ai‡bi cÖwZeÜKZvi m¤§ywLb nh| Gi KviY wb¤œiƒc:
AvgjvZ‡š¿i AwZwi³ †K›`ªxKZvi Kvi‡Y DbœqbgyLx bxwZ MÖnY I ev¯Íevqb A‡bK mgq bvbv RwUjZvi m„wó K‡i|
Dbœqb cÖkvm†bi mdjZvi Rb¨ †h cÖwk¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb, cÖkvmwbK Kgx©‡ì g‡a¨ †mB cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨vcv‡i A‡bK mgq
AbvMÖn j¶¨ Kiv hvq|
GKUv myô mgš^‡qi Afve cwijw¶Z nq|
¯’vbxq ivR‰bwZK †bZ…‡Z¡i mv‡_ Dbœqb cÖkvm†bi Kgx©‡ì Ø›Ø mwVK bxwZ ev¯Íevq†b cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i | GgbwK
¯’vbxq AivR‰bwZK ¯^v_v©‡š^lx MÖæc Dbœqb cÖKí ev¯Íevq†b bvbv ai‡bi RwUjZvi m„wó K‡i |
mvgvwRK Aw¯’iZv, mš¿vm Dbœqb cÖkvmb†K evavMÖ¯’ K‡i |
Gme AšÍivq `~i Kivi D‡`¨vM †bqv DwPZ| †`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi ¯^v‡_© I e¨vcK Rb‡Mvôx‡K Dbœqb cÖkvm†bi
mydj †cŠ‡Qu w`‡Z n‡j, miKvi†K G e¨vcv‡i AMÖYx f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e |
mviK_v
Dbœqb cÖkvmb n‡PQ cÖkvmwbK eë¯’vi AvaywbK iƒc| Dbœqb cÖkvmb RbM‡Yi g½‡ji Rb¨ ev¯ÍegyLx bxwZ, I cwiKíbv
MÖnY K‡i I RbM‡Yi AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †mB bxwZ I cwiKíbv ev¯Íevqb K‡i |

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
1. gvbe Dbœqb m~PK †K cÖYqb K‡i?
K. RvwZms‡Ni BDGbwWwc;
L. wbR wbR ivóª;
M. hy³ ivóª;
2. gvbe Dbœqb m~P†Ki gva¨‡g GKwU †`‡ki-

K. `vwi`ª cwigvc Kiv hvq;
L. Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi Ae¯’v Rvbv hvq;
M. Dbœqb cÖkvmb m¤c©‡K aviYv cvIqv hvq;
3. evsjv‡`‡k wRwWwc †Z K…wlLv‡Zi cwigvY kZKiv

K. 32 fvM;
L. 60 fvM;
M. 80 fvM;
N. 10 fvM|
4. evsjv‡`‡k †gvU kªg kw³i gv‡S K…wl‡¶‡Î kªgkw³i cwigvY kZKiv

K. 64 fvM;
L. 54 fvM;
M. 40 fvM;
N. 10 fvM|
DËigvjv : 1. K 2. L 3.K 4.K
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. mbvZb cÖkvmb I Dbœqb cÖkvm†bi g‡a¨ cv_K©¨ wbY©q Kiæb |
2. Dbœqb cÖkvm†bi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb |

9
RvwZmsN
f~wgKv
AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‡Z Ges wek¦ kvwšÍ cÖwZôvq RvwZms‡Ni f‚wgKv AvR AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| we‡k¦ D‡ËRbv n«vm, RvwZMZ
Ø‡›Øi Aemvb, hy× eÜ, kvwšÍc~Y© mnve¯’v‡bi cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z RvwZms‡Ni f‚wgKv ev‡iev‡i Av‡jvwPZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
RvwZms‡Ni G mbvZb f‚wgKvi cvkvcvwk †hvM n‡q‡Q cwi‡ekMZ mgm¨v wKsev bvix Dbœœqb m¤cwK©Z mgm¨vejx, †h me
†¶‡Î RvwZms‡Ni f‚wgKv AvR e¨vcKfv‡e Av‡jvwPZ| RvwZmsN kx©lK Av‡jvPbvq †gvU 5wU cvV i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g cv‡V
RvwZmsN MV‡bi cUf‚wg eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wØZxq cv‡V i‡q‡Q RvwZms‡Ni j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZgvjv| Z…Zxq cv‡V
i‡q‡Q RvwZms‡Ni MVbc×wZ I RvwZms‡Ni †h 6wU kvLv wb‡q MwVZ Zvi weeiY| PZz_© cv‡V RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwP‡ei
f‚wgKv I Kg©KvÛ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi 5g cv‡V RvwZms‡Ni mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q:

 cvV - 1. RvwZmsN MV‡bi cUf‚wg
 cvV - 2. RvwZms‡Ni j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZgvjv
 cvV - 3. RvwZms‡Ni MVb c×wZ
 cvV - 4. RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe
 cvV - 5. RvwZms‡Ni mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zv

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV - 1
RvwZmsN MV‡bi cUf‚wg

D‡Ïk¨
 RvwZms‡Ni R‡b¥i BwZnvm eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RvwZmsN m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wØZxq wek¦hy× PjvKvjxb mg‡qi ivRbxwZ I e„nr kw³¸‡jvi f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
RvwZmsN ev (United Nations) n‡”Q GKwU AvšÍ©RvwZK ms¯’v| hy³iv‡óªi wbDBq©K kn‡i G ms¯’vi mì `dZi Aew¯’Z|
kvLv Awdm i‡q‡Q †R‡bfv, wf‡qbv I bvB‡Rwiqv‡Z| c„w_exi cÖvq cÖwZwU ¯^vaxb †`k G ms¯’vi m`m¨| RvwZmsN
bvgwUi aviYv w`‡qwQ‡jb hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U d«v¼wjb wW. iæR‡fë| G ms¯’vwUi eqm B‡Zvg‡a¨ lvU eQi AwZµg
K‡i‡Q| AvšÍ©RvwZK D‡ËRbv n«vm I wewfbœ iv‡óªi gv‡S we‡iva wggvsmvq RvwZmsN GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i
Avm‡Q|
wØZxq wek¦hy× cieZ©x mg‡q RvwZms‡Ni Rb¥ n‡jI g~jZ cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i ci MwVZ mw¤§wjZ RvwZcyÄ ev League of
Nations Gi e¨_©Zv‡K †K›`ª K‡i wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci wek¦ †bZ…e„›` G ai‡bi GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v MV‡bi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡ib| wØZxq wek¦h‡y ×i ci hy‡×i e¨vcK aŸsmjxjv I fqvenZvi Kvi‡Y hy‡×i cÖwZ gvby‡li N„Yv
I weZ…òvi Rb¥ nq| †mB mv‡_ e¨vcKfv‡e kvwšÍ cÖwZôv I wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZv I ˆgÎx e„w× Kivi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyf‚Z nq| GB cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB ZrKvjxb wek¦ †bZ…e„›` GKwU AvšÍ©RvwZK ms¯’v MVb Kivi
D‡`¨vM †bb| 1941 mv‡ji ci †_‡K 1945 mvj ch©šÍ wek¦ †bZ…e„›` we‡k¦ D‡ËRbv Kgv‡Z †hme kxl© êV‡K wgwjZ
n‡qwQ‡jb, †hLv‡b G ai‡bi GKwU AvšÍ©RvwZK ms¯’v MV‡bi K_v ejv n‡qwQj|
1941 mv‡ji AvMó gv‡m hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U iæR‡fë I weªwUk cÖavbgš¿x PvwP©j AvUjvw›UK PvU©vi mb` (Atlantic
Charter) G ¯^v¶i K‡ib| G mb‡` we‡k¦i mKj RvwZi AvZœwbqš¿Y AwaKvi, evK ¯^vaxbZv, ¯’vqx kvwšÍ ¯’vc‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨
AvµgYKvix‡ì wbi¯¿xKi‡Yi K_v ejv n‡qwQj| Gme Av`‡k©i Dci wfwË K‡iB c‡i RvwZmsN mb` iwPZ nq| Z‡e
RvwZmsN bvgwU G‡m‡Q 1942 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvix weª‡Ub, hy³ivóª, Pxb I †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb †h †NvlYvcÎ ¯^v¶i
K‡iwQj, †mB †NvlYvc‡Îi g‡a¨ w`‡q| G PviwU †`k GK †NvlYvc‡Î AvUjvw›UK PvU©v‡i ewY©Z bxwZ I Av`‡k©i cÖwZ
Zv‡ì mg_©‡bi K_v e¨³ K‡iwQ‡jb hv ÒUnited Nations DeclarationÓ ev RvwZmsN †NvlYv bv‡g cwiwPZ| c‡i 2
Rvbyqvix AviI 22wU ivóª G †NvlYvi cÖwZ mg_©b Rvbvq| RvwZmsN MV‡bi †cÖ¶vcU wn‡m‡e g‡¯‹v †NvlYv, †Znivb
m‡¤§jb, Wz¤^viUb IKm m‡¤§jb I Bqvëv m‡¤§j‡bi K_v D‡jøL Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| 1943 mv‡ji A‡±vei gv‡m hy³ivóª,
†mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb, weª‡Ub I Px‡bi ciivóª gš¿xiv g‡¯‹v‡Z GK êV‡K wgwjZ n‡q GKwU Bk‡Znvi cÖKvk K‡ib, hv
g‡¯‹v †NvlYv ev ÒMoscow DeclarationÓ bv‡g cwiwPZ| g‡¯‹v †NvlYvq GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v MVb Kivi K_v ejv
n‡qwQj| D³ †NvlYvq ejv n‡qwQj †h, G ms¯’v mKj kvwšÍwcÖq †`‡ki mve©‡fŠg I mgZvi bxwZi Dci cÖwZwôZ n‡e|
wek¦ kvwšÍ I wbivcËv i¶vi Rb¨ †QvU eo kvwšÍ wcÖq mKj †`‡ki Kv‡QB G msMV‡bi m`m¨c` Db¥y³ _vK‡e|
1943 mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡m †Zniv‡b wek¦ ivRbxwZi wZb kxl© †bZv, iæR‡fë (hy³ivóª), ó¨vwjb (†mvwf‡qU BDwbqb)
I PvwP©j (weª‡Ub) Aci GK kxl© êV‡K wgwjZ nb| GK †hŠ_ wee„wZ‡Z Zuviv Rvbvb †h, GKwU AvšÍ©RvwZK ms¯’vq
†hvM`v‡bi Rb¨ we‡k¦i mKj †QvU I eo †`k‡K Avgš¿Y Rvbvb n‡e| Zuviv Av‡iv Rvwb‡qwQ‡jb †h, wek¦ kvwšÍ i¶vq
Zuv‡ì D‡`¨vM mdj n‡e| Ges kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi g‡a¨ w`‡q we‡k¦i mKj RvwZ hy‡×i fqvenZv KvwU‡q DV‡Z cvi‡e|
GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v MV‡bi †h D‡`¨vM †bIqv n‡qwQj Zvi iƒc‡iLv cÖYxZ I M„nxZ nq 1944 mv‡ji AvMó gv‡m
IqvwksU‡bi Wz¤^viUb IKm (Dumbarton Oaks) m‡¤§j‡b| cÖ_g ch©v‡q †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb, hy³ivóª I †MÖU weª‡U‡bi
g‡a¨ Av‡jvPbv AbywôZ nq| 1944 mv‡ji 21 AvMó †_‡K 28 †m‡Þ¤î ch©šÍ G Av‡jvPbv P‡j| wØZxq ch©v‡qi
Av‡jvPbv ïiæ nq 29 †m‡Þ¤î †_‡K Ges Zv P‡j 7 A‡±vei ch©šÍ| m‡¤§j‡b GKwU wek¦ms¯’v MVb I Gi KvVv‡gv

m¤ú‡K© cÖ¯Íve M„nxZ nq| m‡¤§j‡b wek¦ms¯’vi bvgKiY Kiv nq mw¤§wjZ RvwZcyÄ ev RvwZmsN| m‡¤§j‡b wm×všÍ nq
†h wek¦ms¯’vi PviwU kvLv _vK‡e| mKj m`m¨ ivóª wb‡q mvaviY mfv, 11 m`m¨ wewkó wbivcËv cwil`, AvšÍR©vwZK
wePvivjq I GKwU mwPevjq _vK‡e| wbivcËv cwil` MV‡b ¯’vqx I A¯’vqx m`‡mï cÖ¯vÍ e Kiv nq| ejv nq cvuPwU ‡`k
¯’vqx m`m¨ I QÕwU †`k A¯’vqx m`m¨ c` cv‡e| ¯’vqx m`m¨‡ì †f‡Uvi AwaKvi †Ìqvi wm×všÍ M„nxZ n‡qwQj| Z‡e
†f‡Uv `v‡bi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© †Kvb HK¨gZ nq wb| A¯’vqx m`m¨c` m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡qwQj `yÕeQi ci ci mvaviY mfv
KZ©„K Giv wbe©vwPZ n‡e|
Wz¤^viUb IKm cwiKíbv‡K ev¯Í‡e iƒc †Ìqvi Rb¨ 1945 mv‡ji †deªæqvix gv‡m wµBqvëvq GKwU kxl© m‡¤§jb AbywôZ
nq| G‡Z †hvM †`b iæR‡fë, ó¨vwjb I PvwP©j| IB m‡¤§j‡b e„nr cvuPwU kw³ hy³ivóª, †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb, weª‡Ub,
Pxb I d«vÝ‡K †f‡Uv ¶gZv †Ìqv nq| Ges Zuviv Ggb wm×všÍ †`b †h kvwšÍ I wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi ¯^v‡_© `ªæZ cÖ¯vÍ weZ
AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vwU MVb Kiv n‡e| Bqvëv kxl© êV‡Ki wm×všÍ Abyhvqx GKwU mb` iPbv Kivi Rb¨ hy³iv‡óªi
mvbd«vwÝm‡Kv kn‡i 1945 mv‡ji 25 GwcÖj †_‡K 26 Ryb ch©šÍ 50wU †`‡ki cÖwZwbwaiv wgwjZ nb| 26 Ryb 111 wU
aviv m¤^wjZ mb`wU Aby‡gvw`Z nq| Ges Zv‡Z e„nr cÂ kw³i †f‡Uv ¶gZv ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv nq| Z‡e me©m¤§Zfv‡e
mb`wU ¯^v¶wiZ nq 24 A‡±vei| †gvU 51wU †`k g~j mb‡` ¯^v¶i K‡iwQj| G Kvi‡Y, cÖwZ eQi 24 A‡±vei‡K
RvwZmsN wèm wn‡m‡e D`&hvcb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Gfv‡eB `xN© Pvi eQ‡ii cwiKíbv I wek¦ kvwšÍ I wbivcËv wbwðZKiY
Ges wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZvg~jK m¤úK© evov‡bvi cÖ‡qvR‡b RvwZmsN AvZœcÖKvk K‡iwQj| RvwZmsN mb`
M„nxZ nevi ci 1946 mv‡ji 10 Rvbyqvix jÛ‡bi I‡qó wgwbóv‡ii †m›Uªvj n‡j cÖ_g ev‡ii gZ mvaviY cwil‡ì
Awa‡ekb e‡m| D‡jøL¨, RvwZmsN mb` M„nxZ nevi ci G ch©šÍ mb‡ì PviwU aviv ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1965 mv‡j
wbivcËv cwil‡ì m`m¨c` 11 †_‡K evwo‡q 15 Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ges wewfbœ c×wZMZ I Ab¨vb¨ mKj wel‡q wbivcËv
cwil‡ì nu¨v m~PK †fv‡Ui msL¨v 7 †_‡K evwo‡q 9 Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ ¯’vqx cuvP m`‡mï †fvU Aek¨B _vK‡Z
n‡e| 1965 mv‡j A_©‡bwZK I mvgvwRK cwil‡ì m`m¨c` 18 †_‡K evwo‡q 27 Kiv n‡q‡Q, Ges 1973 mv‡j Zv
Av‡iv evwo‡q 54 Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1968 mv‡j mb` ch©v‡jvPbvi Rb¨ wbivcËv cwil` KZ…©K mvaviY m‡¤§jb WvK‡Z
cÖ‡qvRbxq †fv‡Ui msL¨v 7 †_‡K evwo‡q 9 Kiv n‡q‡Q|
mviK_v
1945 mv‡j RvwZmsN AvZœcÖKvk Ki‡jI, `xN© Pvi eQi †j‡M‡Q GB cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z| 1941 †_‡K 1945 mvj
ch©šÍ wek¦ †bZ…e„›` wewfbœ kxl© êV‡K GKwU AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v MV‡bi cÖ‡kœ gZ wewbgq K‡ib I msMVbwUi P‚ovšÍ iƒc‡iLv
cÖYqb K‡ib| RvwZms‡Ni g~j mb‡` 51wU †`k ¯^v¶i Ki‡jI, eZ©gv‡b RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨ msL¨v wZb¸‡Yi Dc‡i e„w×
†c‡q‡Q| AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ cÖwZôv, A_©vr wewfbœ iv‡óªi g‡a¨ D‡ËRbv n«vm I we‡iva wggvsmvq RvwZmsN ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv
cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ :
mwVK DË‡i wUK wPý w`b
1. RvwZms‡Ni mì `dZi †Kv_vq Aew¯’Z ?
K) †R‡bfv;
L) bqvw`jøx;
M) bvB‡ivex;
N) wbDBqK©|
2. RvwZmsN KZ mv‡j AvZœcÖKvk K‡i ?

K) 1945;
L) 1941;
M) 1946;
N) 1940|
3. RvwZmsN mb` ‡Kvb Zvwi‡L me©m¤§wZµ‡g ¯^v¶wiZ nq ?

K. 24 A‡±vei;
L. 26 Ryb;
M. 25 GwcÖj;
N. 10 b‡f¤î|
4. RvwZmsN mb‡ì aviv KqwU ?

K. 111wU;
L. 100wU;
M. 12wU;
N. 18wU|
5. Wz¤^viUb IKm wK ?
K. GKwU Mv‡Qi bvg;
L. GKwU ¯’v‡bi bvg;
M. GKRb gvby‡li bvg;
N.GKwU cvLxi bvg|
6. RvwZmsN bvgwU †K w`‡qwQ‡jb ?

K. PvwP©j;
L. ó¨vwjb;
M. iæR‡fë;
N. wPqvs KvB‡mK|
7. AvUjvw›UK PvU©vi K‡e ¯^v¶wiZ nq ?

K. 1941 mv‡j;
L. 1945 mv‡j;
M. 1952 mv‡j;
N. 1940 mv‡j|

8. RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡ì ¯’vqx m`m¨ †`k KÕwU ?
K. 11wU;
L. 15wU;
M. 5wU;
N. 20wU|
9. †Kvb kn‡i RvwZmsN mb`wU ¯^v¶wiZ n‡qwQj ?

K. jÛb;
L. wbDBqK©;
M. mvbd«vbwmm‡Kv;
N. †Znivb|
10. mvaviY cwil‡ì cÖ_g Awa‡ekb e‡m †Kvb kn‡i ?

K. jÛb;
L. wbDBqK©;
M. †Znivb;
N. g‡¯‹v|
DËigvjv : 1.N 2.K 3.K 4.K 5.L 6.M 7.K 8.M 9.M 10.K
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. RvwZmsN MV‡bi cUf‚wg ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cvV - 2
RvwZms‡Ni j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZgvjv
D‡Ïk¨
 RvwZms‡Ni j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wek¦ kvwšÍ i¶vq RvwZms‡Ni f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 m`m¨f‚³ ivóª¸‡jvi e¨vcv‡i RvwZms‡Ni KZ©e¨¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
RvwZmsN mb‡ì cÖ¯vÍ ebv I mb‡ì 1 I 2 bs avivq G msMV‡bi j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZ¸‡jv ¯úófv‡e K‡i D‡jøL Kiv
n‡q‡Q| G wek¦ms¯’vi cÖavb j¶¨ n‡”Q wek¦ kvwšÍ I wbivcËv mywbwðZ Kiv| g~jZ `yÕwU wek¦hy× Ges wek¦hy‡×i Kvi‡Y
mgMÖ gvbe RvwZi Rxe‡b †h AeY©b©xq `ytL-`y`©kvi m„wó n‡qwQj, Zvi fqvenZv Abyaveb K‡iB wek¦‡bZ…e„›` RvwZms‡Ni
j¶¨ wba©viY K‡iwQ‡jb| wek¦ †bZ…e„‡›ì Kv‡Q †hme welq ZLb cÖvavb¨ †c‡qwQj, Zv n‡jv †h †Kvb ai‡Yi hy×‡K
wbiæRmvwnZ Kiv, †QvU †QvU †`‡ki wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv, AvMÖvmx †`k¸‡jvi weiæ‡× eë¯’v †bqv, GKwU wbivcËv ejq
m„wó Kiv, we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡ki gvbevwaKvi cwiw¯’wZi DbœwZmvab Kiv, AvšÍR©vwZK AvB‡bi evaëvaKZvi e¨vcv‡i
†`k¸‡jv‡K aviYv †`qv, Dciš‘ †QvU †QvU †`k¸‡jvi cÖMwZ I Dbœqb mva‡b ewjô f‚wgKv cvjb Kiv BZ¨vw`|
wek¦‡bZ…e„›` Gme j¶¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB RvwZms‡Ni mb` iPbv K‡ib| RvwZmsN mb‡` ejv n‡q‡Q Gme j¶¨¸‡jv
ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z n‡j cÖwZwU ivóª mnbkxjZvi bxwZ AbymiY Ki‡e| cÖwZwU ivóª mr cÖwZ‡ekx myjf AvPiY Ki‡e Ges
kvwšÍ‡Z emevm Ki‡e| A_©vr †Kvb ivóª AvMÖvmx f‚wgKv †b‡e bv I mg-gh©v`vi wfwË‡Z cvk¦©eZ©x †`k¸‡jvi mv‡_ my-
m¤úK© M‡o Zzj‡e| mb‡` ejv n‡q‡Q AvšÍ©RvwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv i¶v Kivi Rb¨ mKj iv‡óªi kw³ HKë× Ki‡Z
n‡e| A_©vr AvMÖvmx iv‡óªi weiæ‡× †QvU †QvU iv‡óªi wbivcËv GKwU HKë× cÖ‡Póvi gva¨‡gB wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e| GB
HKë× cÖ‡PóvB wek¦kvwšÍi Ab¨Zg i¶vKeP| RvwZmsN mb‡` mk¯¿ evwnbx eënvi‡KI wbiæRmvwnZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
e¨w³MZ ¯^v_© D×v‡i mk¯¿ evwnbxi eënvi hy‡×i m¤¢vebvi Rb¥• w`‡qwQj| GRb¨ wbw`©ó KviY Qvov mk¯¿ evwnbx‡K
eënvi bv Kivi Dci ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q| RvwZmsN hv‡Z GKwU iv‡óªi mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î
mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z cv‡i, RvwZms‡Ni mb‡` GB welqwUiI D‡jøL Av‡Q|
RvwZms‡Ni mb‡ì 1bs avivq PviwU D‡Ï‡kï K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Qt
 AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv eRvq ivLv;
 cÖ‡Z¨K RvwZi AvZœwbqš¿‡Yi AwaKvi ¯^xKvi K‡i mv‡gï wfwË‡Z Zv‡ì g‡a¨ eÜzZc
¡ ~Y© m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv;
 A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ AvšÍ©RvwZK mn‡hvwMZv e„w× Kiv| †mB mv‡_ gvbevwaKvi I gvby‡li
†gŠwjK ¯^vaxbZvi cÖwZ kª×v‡eva wbwðZ Kiv;
 Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ GB AvšÍ©RvwZK msMVb‡K mKj RvwZi wµqvKjv‡ci †K›`ªwe›`y‡Z
cwiYZ Kiv|
Ab¨w`‡K RvwZmsN mb‡ì 2bs avivq mvZwU †gŠwjK bxwZi K_v D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1bs avivq †h me D‡Ï‡kï K_v
ejv n‡q‡Q, Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ GB bxwZ¸‡jv Acwinvh©| RvwZmsN mb‡` Avkvev` e¨³ Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, cÖwZwU †`k
GB mvZwU †gŠwjK bxwZ‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB Zv‡ì ivóªxq Kvh©Kjvc cwiPvjbv Ki‡e| GB mvZwU bxwZ n‡”Q h_vµ‡gt
 cÖwZwU iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠg I mgZv bxwZi Dci RvwZmsN cÖwZwôZ;
 cÖwZwU m`m¨ ivóª Ab¨ iv‡óªi AwaKv‡ii e¨vcv‡i RvwZmsN mb‡` †h weavb I evaëvaKZv Av‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q,
Zv †g‡b Pj‡Z eva¨ _vK‡e;
 AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv hv‡Z wewNœZ bv nq, †mw`‡K cÖwZwU m`m¨ ivóª j¶¨ ivL‡e| m`m¨ ivóª¸‡jv Ab¨
iv‡óªi mv‡_ we‡iva wb®úwËi †¶‡Î Ggb wKQy Ki‡e bv, hv‡Z kvwšÍ I wbivcËv wewNœZ nq;

 cÖwZwU ivóª Ab¨ iv‡óªi ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv I †fŠ‡MvwjK ALÛZvi cÖwZ kª×vkxj _vK‡e;
 RvwZms‡N M„nxZ cÖwZwU wm×všÍ m`m¨ ivóª¸‡jv mg_©b Ki‡e;
 RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨ bq Ggb †`k wek¦kvwšÍ I wbivcËv i¶vi †¶‡Î hv‡Z GB bxwZ¸‡jv AbymiY K‡i RvwZmsN †m
e¨vcv‡i D‡`¨vM †b‡e;
 RvwZmsN †Kvb iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY NUbvq n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ kvwšÍ I wbivcËv hw` wewNœZ nq, Zvn‡j
RvwZmsN H iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY NUbvq n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
mviK_v
RvwZms‡Ni j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZ n‡”Q wek¦ kvwšÍ I wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv| RvwZmsN cÖwZwU RvwZi AvZœwbqš¿Y AwaKvi
¯^xKvi K‡i Ges mgZvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZwU iv‡óªi mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kivi bxwZ‡Z wek¦vmx| RvwZmsN cÖwZwU †`‡ki
A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi e¨vcv‡i A½xKvive×| RvwZmsN †Kvb †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY NUbvq n¯Í‡¶c Ki‡e bv|
wKš‘ hw` H ivóª wek¦ kvwšÍ I wbivcËvi cÖwZ ûgwK n‡q †`Lv †`q, Zvn‡j H iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY NUbvq n¯Í‡¶c‡K ¯^xKvi
K‡i †bqv n‡q‡Q|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. RvwZms‡Ni g~j j¶¨ n‡jv
K. wek¦kvwšÍ I wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv;
L. ïaygvÎ hy× weaŸ¯Í †`k‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv;
M. hy× †NvlYv Kiv;
N. wØcvw¶K welq¸‡jv‡K ¸iæZ¡ bv †`qv|
2. RvwZmsN mb‡` ejv n‡q‡Q-

K. mg gh©v`vi K_v;
L. GK †`‡ki GKK KZ…©‡Z¡i K_v;
M. e„nr cuvPwU †`‡ki †hŠ_ KZ©…‡Z¡i K_v;
N. e„nr kw³i KZ…©‡Z¡i K_v|
3. RvwZmsN 1bs avivq ejv n‡q‡Q-

K. GKvwaK D‡Ï‡kï K_v;
L. 4wU D‡Ï‡kï K_v;
M. GKwU D‡Ï‡kï K_v;
N. †Kvb D‡Ï‡kï K_v ejv nq wb|
4. RvwZmsN mb‡ì 2bs avivq ejv n‡q‡Q -

K. GKvwaK bxwZi K_v;
L. `ywU bxwZi K_v;
M. mvZwU bxwZi K_v;
DËigvjv : 1.K 2.K 3.K 4.M
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. RvwZms‡Ni j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. RvwZms‡Ni bxwZ¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV - 3
RvwZms‡Ni MVb c×wZ

D‡Ïk¨
 RvwZms‡Ni MVb KvVv‡gv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 G QqwU kvLvi MVb I f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 RvwZms‡Ni Aax‡b †h we‡kl ms¯’v i‡q‡Q, †mB ms¯’v¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© GKUv aviYv cv‡eb|
mb` Abyhvqx RvwZms‡Ni 6wU kvLv i‡q‡Q| GB kvLv¸‡jv n‡”Q -

 mvaviY cwil` (General Assembly)
 wbivcËv cwil` (Security Council)
 A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cwil` (Economic and Social Council)
 AwQ cwil` (Trusteeship Council)
 AvšÍ©RvwZK wePvivjq (International Court of Justice)
 mwPevjq (Secretariat)
mvaviY cwil`
RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨f‚³ cÖwZwU †`k mvaviY cwil‡ì m`m¨| cÖwZwU †`‡ki GKwU K‡i †fvU i‡q‡Q| mvaviY cwil†`
g~jZ wewfbœ welq wb‡q Avjvc Av‡jvPbv nq| ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î, we‡kl K‡i kvwšÍ I wbivcËvi
cÖ‡kœ, bZzb m`m¨ AšÍ©f~w³i cÖ‡kœ, ev‡RU msµvšÍ Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡kœ mvaviY msL¨vMwiô †fv‡U wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq|
RvwZmsN mb` Abyhvqx mvaviY cwil` †hme KvR K‡i, Zv wb¤œiƒc:

 wbi¯¿xKiY m¤úwK©Z †h †Kvb Av‡jvPbv I mycvwik Kiv;
 AvšÍ©RvwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv m¤úwK©Z †h †Kvb Av‡jvPbv, Z‡e kZ© _v‡K †h, welqwU wb‡q BwZc~‡e© wbivcËv
cwil‡` Av‡jvPbv nq wb, Ges welqwU wbivcËv cwil‡ì we‡ePbvaxbI bq;
 RvwZms‡Ni †h †Kvb A½ msMV‡bi KvR ev ¶gZv msµvšÍ welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv I mycvwik †ck Kiv;
 AvšÍ©RvwZK mn‡hvwMZv †Rvi`vi Kivi j‡¶¨ †h †Kvb mycvwik †ck Kiv, AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb Dbœqb, gvbevwaKvi,
I mevi Rb¨ †gŠwjK AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv, wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨, mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Î mn‡hvwMZv e„w×i e¨vcv‡i mycvwik Kiv;
 wbivcËv cwil`mn msMV‡bi Ab¨vb¨ A½ msMV‡bi wi‡cvU© MÖnY Kiv I †mB wi‡cvU© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv;
 RvwZms‡Ni ev‡RU wb‡q Av‡jvPbv I Zv Aby‡gv`b Kiv| m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi Puv`vi nvi wbav©iY Kiv;
 wbivcËv cwil‡ì A¯’vqx m`m¨‡ì I †mB mv‡_ A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cwil` Ges AwQ cwil‡ì m`m¨‡ì
wbe©vwPZ Kiv| wbivcËv cwil‡ì mv‡_ GK mv‡_ AvšÍ©RvwZK Av`vj‡Zi m`m¨‡ì wbe©vwPZ Kiv Ges wbivcËv
cwil‡ì mycvwi‡ki wfwË‡Z RvwZms‡Ni Rb¨ GKRb gnvmwPe wbe©vwPZ Kiv|
 AvšÍ©RvwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv wewNœZ n‡q‡Q Ggb †Kvb Kv‡R ev †`‡ki weiæ‡× wbivcËv cwil` hw` †Kvb Kvh©Kix
e¨ve¯’v wb‡Z e¨_© nq, Zvn‡j G †¶‡Î mvaviY cwil` c`‡¶c wb‡Z cv‡i|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cÖwZeQ‡ii †m‡Þ¤î gv‡mi Z…Zxq g½jev‡i mvaviY cwil‡ì wbqwgZ Awa‡ekb ïiæ nq, Ges Zv P‡j wW‡m¤^‡ii
gvSvgvwS ch©šÍ| cÖwZwU wbqwgZ Awa‡ek‡bi Av‡M GKRb mfvcwZ, 21 Rb mn-mfvcwZ I cwil‡ì QqwU cÖavb
KwgwUi †Pqvig¨vbiv wbe©wPZ nb| cÖavb KwgwU¸‡jv wbæiƒc:
 wbi¯¿xKiY I AvšÍR©vwZK wbivcËv welqK KwgwU (cÖ_g KwgwU);
 A_©bxwZ I Avw_©K welq m¤ú‡K© KwgwU (wØZxq KwgwU);
 mvgvwRK, gvbeKj¨vY I ms¯‹…wZ welqK KwgwU (Z…Zxq KwgwU);
 we‡kl ivR‰bwZK I Dcwb‡ek we‡jvc KwgwU ( PZz_© KwgwU);
 cÖkvmwbK I ev‡RU welqK KwgwU (cÂg KwgwU);
 AvBb welqK KwgwU (ló KwgwU)|
mvaviY cwil‡ì mfvcwZ mvaviYZ cÖwZeQi Avwd«Kv, Gwkqv, ga¨ BD‡ivc, j¨vwZb Av‡gwiKv, cwðg BD‡ivc- GB
cuvPwU MÖæ‡ci g‡a¨ †_‡K cvjvµ‡g wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡Kb| mvaviY cwil‡ì mfvcwZ, 21 Rb mn-mfvcwZ I QqwU
cÖavb KwgwUi †Pqvig¨vb‡ì wb‡q Avevi GKwU mvaviY KwgwU i‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz cÖwZeQi mvaviY cwil‡` Av‡jvPbvi
Rb¨ wewfbœ welq AšÍf³©y nq, †m‡nZz Av‡jvPbvi myweav‡_© welq¸‡jv Dc‡i D‡jøwLZ QqwU KwgwUi Dci b¨v¯Í Kiv nq|
wKQy wKQy welq KwgwU‡Z Av‡jvPbv bv n†q c~Y©v½ mfvq Av‡jvwPZ nq| KwgwU¸‡jv‡Z mvaviY msL¨vMwiôZvq †Kvb
wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| KLbI aŸbx †fv‡UI wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| Z‡e cwil‡` M„nxZ †Kvb wm×všÍ gvb‡Z m`m¨ ivóª¸‡jv‡K
mvaviY cwil` eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
wbivcËv cwil`
RvwZmsN mb` Abyhvqx wbivcËv cwil‡ì g~j `vwqZ¡ n‡”Q AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv eRvq ivLv| wbivcËv cwil‡ì
eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v n‡”Q 15| Gi gv‡S 5wU (hy³ivóª, ivwkqv, Pxb, d«vÝ I hy³ivR¨) n‡”Q ¯’vqx m`m¨| evwK `kwU
m`m¨ ivóª AÂj wfwË‡Z mvaviY cwil` KZ©„K `yB eQi †gqv‡ì Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡K| G‡ì †gqv` ïiæ nq
Rvbyqvix †_‡K, Ges †kl nq c‡ii eQ‡ii wW‡m¤î gv‡m| wbivcËv cwil‡` cÖwZwU iv‡óªi GKwU K‡i †fvU i‡q‡Q|
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î cuvPwU ¯’vqx cwil‡ì †fvUmn †gvU 9wU †fv‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb nq| ¯’vqx m`m¨‡ì GKwU
we‡kl ¶gZv Av‡Q| GB we‡kl ¶gZv‡K ejv nq †f‡Uv| cuvPwU ¯’vqx m`‡mï †h †Kvb GKwU ivóª †h †Kvb cÖ¯vÍ ‡ei
mv‡_ wØgZ †cvlY K‡i †f‡Uv cÖ‡qvM K‡i IB cÖ¯vÍ ‡ei g„Zy¨ NUv‡Z cv‡i| A¯’vqx m`m¨‡ì †Kvb †f‡Uv ¶gZv †bB|
RvwZms‡Ni Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’v ev kvLv (†hgb mvaviY cwil`) †hLv‡b miKvi¸‡jvi Kv‡Q mycvwik †ck Ki‡Z cv‡i, †mLv‡b
wbivcËv cwil` †m me wm×všÍ gvb‡Z m`m¨ ivóª¸‡jv‡K eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| RvwZms‡Ni mb` Abyhvqx wbivcËv cwil‡ì
¶gZv I KvR wb¤œiƒc t
 AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv eRvq ivLv;
 msNl©, weev` I D‡ËRbvi Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i, Ggb me wel‡qi Z`šÍ Kiv Ges kvwšÍi cÖwZ ûgwK I AvMÖvmb‡K
wPwýZ Kiv| Gme wel‡q wK ai‡bi c`‡¶c †bqv hvq, Zvi mycvwik Kiv;
 mgiv‡¯¿i gRy` I wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ wewfbœ †KŠkj Aej¤^b Kiv;
 AvMÖvmx †Kvb kw³i cÖ‡qvR‡b †mB kw³i weiæ‡× A_©‰bwZK Ae‡iva Av‡ivc Kiv;
 mvgwiK w`K w`‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb¸‡jv Dci wKQy welqK Pzw³ Aby‡gv`b I Zvi cwieZ©b Kiv;
 RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwP‡ei g‡bvbqb P‚ovšÍ Kiv I wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ Zuvi bvg mvaviY cwil‡` mycvwik Kiv Ges
 mvaviY cwil‡ì mv‡_ GK‡hv‡M wg‡j AvšÍR©vwZK Av`vj‡Zi wePviK‡ì wb‡qvM Kiv|
RvwZmsN mb‡` wbivcËv cwil`‡K AvMÖvmx †Kvb kw³i weiæ‡× cÖ‡qvR‡b mvgwiK eë¯’v †bqvi AwaKvi w`‡jI, wbivcËv
cwil` me †¶‡Î G eë¯’v †bq bv| kvwšÍ wewNœZ nIqvi AvksKv †`Lv w`‡j wbivcËv cwil` cÖ_‡g weev`gvb c¶¸‡jv‡K
kvwšÍcY~ ©fv‡e mgm¨v mgvav‡bi AvnŸvb Rvbvq| KLbI ga¨¯’Zv K‡i, KLbI †Mvj‡hvMc~Y© GjvKvq RvwZms‡Ni kvwšÍi¶x
evwnbx cvwV‡q D‡ËRbv cÖkg‡bi D‡`¨vM †bq| P‚ovšÍ ch©v‡q wbivcËv cwil` mvgwiK eë¯’v †bq| †Kvb iv‡óªi weiæ‡×

kvw¯Íg~jK eë¯’v †bqv, wek¦ mfv †_‡K †mB ivóª‡K ewn®‹vi Kivi e¨vcv‡i wbivcËv cwil` mvaviY cwil`‡K mycvwik
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cwil`

GB ms¯’vwU RvwZms‡Ni A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK KvRK‡g©i mgš^q K‡i _v‡K| cwil‡ì m`m¨ msL¨v 54| cÖ_g w`‡K
GB m`m¨ msL¨v wQj 18| 1965 mv‡j m`m¨ msL¨v evwo‡q Kiv nq 27, Avi 1973 mv‡j Zv Av‡iv evwo‡q Kiv nq
54| m`mïv wZb eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡K| cÖwZeQi 18wU m`m¨ ivóª wZb eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ nq Ges †h
18wU iv‡óªi wZb eQ‡ii †gqv` †kl nq, Zv‡ì ¯’vb c~iY K‡i bZzb 18wU ivóª| msL¨vMwió †fv‡U A_©‰bwZK I
mvgvwRK cwil‡ì wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| RvwZmsN mb` Abyhvqx A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cwil‡ì KvR I ¶gZv wb¤œiƒc:
 AvšÍR©vwZK A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, wk¶v, I ¯^v¯’¨ msµvšÍ wel‡q mgx¶v I cÖwZ eQi GB mgx¶v wi‡c©vU
†c‡ki eë¯’v Kiv;
 gvbevwaKvi I †gŠwjK ¯^vaxbZvi weKvk jv‡fi Rb¨ mycvwik Kiv;
 Gi AšÍf³ y© wel‡qi Dci AvšÍ©RvwZK m‡¤§jb WvKv I mvaviY cwil‡` †ck Kivi Rb¨ Lmov bxwZgvjv ˆZix Kiv;
 RvwZms‡Ni mv‡_ we‡kl cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi m¤úK© ¯’vcb Kiv Ges mvaviY cwil‡ì Øviv Aby‡gvw`Z n‡q RvwZms‡Ni
m`m¨‡ì Rb¨ Ges Aby‡iva Kiv n‡j we‡klÁ cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Rb¨ KvR Kiv;
 cwil` †hme welq wb‡q KvR K‡i †mme welq wb‡q †emiKvix ms¯’v¸‡jvi m‡½ gZ wewbgq Kiv|
A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK wewfbœ mnvqK cÖwZôvb, wewfbœ Kwgkb I wewfbœ KwgwU Øviv cl©` Zvi KvRKg© cwiPvjbv K‡i|
G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q cwimsL¨vb Kwgkb, RbmsL¨v Kwgkb, mvgvwRK Dbœqb Kwgkb, gvbevwaKvi Kwgkb, bvix
AwaKvi Kwgkb I gv`K`ªe¨ welqK Kwgkb, Avwd«Kv, Gwkqv I cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMixq AÂj, BD‡ivc, j¨vwZb Av‡gwiKv
I K¨vwiexq AÂj, I cwðg Gwkqvi Rb¨ c„_K cuvPwU A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Kwgkb| †h QqwU ¯’vqx KwgwU i‡q‡Q,
Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Kg©m~Px I mgš^q KwgwU, cÖvK…wZK m¤ú` KwgwU, †emiKvix ms¯’v welqK KwgwU, AvšÍtmiKvix
G‡RwÝ¸‡jvi m‡½ Avjvc Av‡jvPbv msµvšÍ KwgwU, eûRvwZK K‡c©v‡ikb msµvšÍ Kwgkb I gvbe emwZ welqK
Kwgkb| GKB mv‡_ Aciva `gb I wbqš¿Y, Dbœqb cwiKíbv wel‡q AvšÍR©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv Ges wec¾bK `ªe¨
cwien‡bi gZ wel‡qi Dci †ek K‡qKwU ¯’vqx we‡kl cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q|
cwil` eQ‡i `yevi Awa‡ek‡b wgwjZ nq| GLv‡b D‡jøL¨ †h, RvwZms‡Ni mb‡` we‡kl ms¯’vi K_v D‡jøL i‡q‡Q|
Gme ms¯’v RvwZms‡Ni mv‡_ we‡kl Pzw³‡Z Ave× n‡jI, Giv ¯^vqËkvwmZ| Gme ms¯’v cÖwZeQ‡i A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK
cwil‡ì Kv‡Q Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri wn‡me `vwLj K‡i| G ai‡bi †gvU 19wU ms¯’v i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q -
 AvšÍR©vwZK kªg ms¯’v (ILO)
 AvšÍR©vwZK Lv`¨ I K…wl ms¯’v (FAO)
 RvwZms‡Ni wk¶v, weÁvb I ms¯‹…wZ welqK ms¯’v (UNESCO)
 wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v (WHO)
 AvšÍR©vwZK c~Ye©vmb I Dbœqb e¨vsK (IBRD)
 AvšÍR©vwZK Dbœqb mwgwZ (IDA)
 AvšÍR©vwZK A_© ms¯’v (IFC)
 eûc¶xq wewb‡qvM M¨vivw›U ms¯’v (MIGA)
 AvšÍR©vwZK gy`ªv Znwej (IMF)
 AvšÍR©vwZK †emvgwiK wegvb PjvPj ms¯’v (ICAO)
 wek¦ WvK BDwbqb (UPU)
 AvšÍR©vwZK †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM BDwbqb (ITU)
 wek¦ AvenvIqv ms¯’v (WMO)
 AvšÍR©vwZK mgy`ª PjvPj ms¯’v (IMO)
 wek¦ eyw×e„wË m¤ú` ms¯’v (WIPO)

Gm Gm GBP Gj
 K…wl Dbœqb msµvšÍ AvšÍR©vwZK Znwej (IFAD)

 RvwZmsN wkí Dbœqb ms¯’v (UNIDO)
 AvšÍR©vwZK AvYweK kw³ ms¯’v (IAEA)
 ïé I evwYR¨ welqK mvaviY Pzw³ (GATT)
AwQ cwil`
RvwZmsN MwVZ nevi ci H me AÂ‡ji `vwqZ¡fvi RvwZms‡Ni Dci eZ©vq †h me AÂj ZLb ch©šÍ ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi
Rb¨ Dchy³ n‡q I‡V wb| RvwZms‡Ni `vwqZ¡ co‡jv H me AÂj¸‡jv‡K ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ ˆZix Kiv| Avi G Kvi‡YB
RvwZmsN H me AÂj cÖkvm‡bi Rb¨ AwQ cwil` MVb K‡i| RvwZmsN mb` Abyhvqx AwQ eë¯’vi D‡Ïk¨ nj wb¤œiƒc :
 AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv e„w× Kiv;
 AwQ eë¯’vi AšÍM©Z AÂj¸‡jv Awaevmx‡ì ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I wk¶vi DbœwZ mvab K‡i †mB
me AÂj‡K ¯^vqËkvm‡bi Rb¨ ˆZix Kiv;
 IB me AÂ‡ji RbM‡Yi gvbweK AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv|
mvgªvRëv`x ivóª¸‡jv c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k †h Dcwb‡ek cÖwZôv K‡iwQj, H me Dcwb‡e‡ki cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡Z AwQ cwil‡ì
KZ…©Z¡ cÖwZwôZ nq wb| wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci wewRZ A¶ kw³i AwaKvi †_‡K †hme AÂj gy³ n‡qwQj, †mB me
AÂ‡ji DciB AwQ cwil‡ì KZ©„Z¡ cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj|
AwQ cwil` mvaviY cwil‡ì Aax‡b KvR K‡i| Z‡e mvgwqKfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y© †h me AÂj i‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b AwQ cwil`
wbivcËv cwil‡ì KZ©„Z¡vax‡b KvR K‡i| AwQ cwil‡ì wbw`©ó †Kvb m`m¨ wQj bv| Gi A‡a©K cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Zv
AwQfy³ AÂj †_‡K| evKx A‡a©K Ab¨ ivóª¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †_‡K †bqv nZ| eZ©gv‡b Gi m`m¨ msL¨v Kg‡Q| eZ©gv‡b
wbivcËv cwil‡ì ¯’vqx m`m¨fy³ cuvPwU †`k Gi m`m¨| mvaviY msL¨vMwiô †fv‡U wm×všÍ †bqv nq| 1994 mv‡ji
b‡f¤^‡i †cvjvÛ-Gi ¯^vaxbZvi g‡a¨ w`‡q AwQ cwil‡ì Kg©Kv‡Ûi mdj cwimgvwß N‡U| GLb cÖ‡qvRb †ev‡aB †h
AwQ cwil` wgwjZ nq|
AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivjq
AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivj‡qi aviYvwU A‡bK cyiv‡bv| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i ci jxM Ai †bkbm Gi A½ cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e GKwU
¯’vqx AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivjq cÖwZwôZ n‡qwQj| c‡i RvwZmsN hLb MwVZ nq, ZLbI Gi D‡`¨v³viv G ai‡bi GKwU
AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivjq cÖwZôv Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe K‡ib| †m Abyhvqx RvwZms‡Ni mb‡` GB wePvivjq MVb
Kivi K_v D‡jøL Kiv nq| GwU GLb RvwZmsN mb‡ì Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask| RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨fz³ mKj ivóªB AvšÍR©vwZK
wePvivj‡qi m`m¨| †h mKj ivóª RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨ bq, ZvivI G wePvivj‡qi m`m¨ n‡Z cv‡i|Z‡e G †¶‡Î wbivcËv
cwil‡ì mycvwikµ‡g mvaviY cwil` G e¨vcv‡i wm×všÍ †b‡e|
†Kvb ivóª AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivj‡qi †Kej gvÎ wePvi cÖv_©x n‡Z cv‡i, †Kvb e¨w³ we‡kl wePvi cÖv_©x n‡Z cv‡i bv|
ZvQvov GKvwaK iv‡óªi g‡a¨ †h weev`, †mB weev` AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivjq wbR D‡`¨v‡M gxgvsmv Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GKgvÎ
weev`gvb ivóª¸‡jvi m¤§wZi ciB AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivjq †Kvb weev` gxgvsmvi D‡`¨vM wb‡Z cv‡i| weev` gxgvsmvi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRb Dfq c‡¶i AbygwZ Avi G AbygwZ Avm‡e Pzw³ †_‡K| wewfbœ ivóª Pzw³ K‡i wm×všÍ †b‡e †h, Zviv weev`
gxgvsmvi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivj‡qi kibvcbœ n‡e| G †¶‡Î AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivjq we‡iva gxgvsmv Ki‡e| we‡iva
gxgvsmvi mgq wePvivjq †hme welq we‡ePbv Ki‡e Zv n‡”Q:
 AvšÍR©vwZK cÖPwjZ wewa weavb;
 AvšÍR©vwZK cÖ_v‡K M„nxZ AvBb wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv;
 wewfbœ RvwZ KZ©„K ¯^xK…Z AvBb Kvbyb;
 wewfbœ †`‡ki wewkó AvBbwe`‡ì wePvi msµvšÍ wm×všÍ|
Z‡e AvšÍR©vwZK Av`vjZ Dc‡`k †`qvi ¶gZvI iv‡L| AvBbMZfv‡e GwU Ki‡ZI eva¨ bq| Dc‡`k †`qvi ¶gZv
m¤ú~Y© †¯^”Qvaxb|
AvšÍR©wZK wePvivj‡qi wePvi‡Ki msL¨v 15 Rb| mvaviY cwil` I wbivcËv cwil` c„_K c„_K fv‡e †fv‡U G‡ì
wbe©vwPZ K‡i| G‡ì evQvB Kiv nq †hvM¨Zvi wfwË‡Z| GKB †`k †_‡K `yÕRb wePvicwZ _vK‡Z cv‡ib bv| wePviKiv
bq eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ nb, Ges cybtwbe©vwPZ n‡Z cv‡ib| Zv‡ì PvKwii †gqv`Kv‡j Zuviv Ab¨ †Kvb †ckv MÖnY
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb bv| hviv AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivj‡qi wePviK wn‡m‡e wbhy³ n‡eb, Zuv‡ì‡K wbR wbR †`‡ki m‡e©v”P
wePvivj‡qi wePvicwZ wn‡m‡e wbhy³ nIqvi †hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ eQi GK Z…Zxqvsk wePviK Aemi MÖnY K‡ib
Ges Zuv‡ì ¯’v‡b bZzb wePviK wbe©vwPZ nb| AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivjq †b`vij¨v‡Ûi †nM kn‡i Aew¯’Z|
mwPevjq
mwPevj‡qi gva¨‡g RvwZms‡Ni ˆ`bw›`b Kg©KvÛ cwiPvwjZ nq| RvwZmsN mb‡ì cÖ‡YZviv GwU Dcjwä Ki‡Z
†c‡iwQ‡jb †h, RvwZmsN †h wekvj Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z hv‡”Q, Zvi Rb¨ GKwU †K›`ªxq mwPevjq ìKvi| mwPevjq
cÖwZôvi ¸iæZ¡ Zviv Abyaveb Ki‡Z †c‡iwQ‡jb| Avi G Rb¨B RvwZmsN mb‡` mwPevjq‡K RvwZms‡Ni Ab¨Zg
†K›`ªxq ms¯’vi gh©v`v †`qv n‡qwQj| RvwZms‡Ni ˆ`bw›`b cÖkvmb cwiPvjbv Kiv I Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’v‡K mvnvh¨ KivB n‡”Q
mwPevj‡qi cÖavb KvR| mwPevj‡qi gyL¨ e¨w³ n‡”Qb gnvmwPe| gnvmwPe‡K mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ K‡qKRb Dc-gnvmwPe
I mnKvix gnvmwPe i‡q‡Qb| wbDBq‡K© RvwZms‡Ni cÖavb mwPevjq Aew¯’Z| Gi evB‡i †R‡bfv, bvB‡ivex mn we‡k¦i
‡ek K‡qKwU ¯’v‡b RvwZms‡Ni AvÂwjK Awdm i‡q‡Q| †gvU 60 nvRvi †jvK RvwZms‡Ni mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ kvLvq
KvR K‡i _v‡Kb|
RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe G ms¯’vi ¸iæZ¡c©Y~ e¨vw³| wbivcËv cwil‡ì mycvwikµ‡g wZwb mvaviY cwil` KZ©„K wbhy³ nb|
gnvmwPe g‡bvbq‡b wbivcËv cwil‡ì ¯’vqx m`m¨‡ì f‚wgKvB ZvB †ekx| RvwZms‡Ni mwPevjq mvaviYZ `vßwiK
KvR-Kg© mgvavb K‡i| wewfbœ ms¯’vq Z_¨ †cÖiY Kivi `vwqZ¡ mwPevj‡qi| mwPevjq wewfbœ ms¯’vi g‡a¨ mgš^qKvixi
f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| e¨vL¨v, Abyev`, wewfbœ ms¯’vi Kvh©-weeiYx wjwce× Kiv, Lmov cÖYqb BZ¨vw` KvRI mwPevjq
K‡i _v‡K|
RvwZmsN mwPevj‡q KvR hv‡Z myôfv‡e m¤úbœ nq, †mRb¨ mwPevj‡qi K‡qKwU wefvM i‡q‡Q| †hgb, wbivcËv cwil‡ì
Kvh©vejx msµvšÍ wefvM, A_©bxwZ msµvšÍ wefvM, mvgvwRK wefvM, Rbms‡hvM wefvM, m‡¤§jb I mvaviY Kvh©vejx,
cÖkvmwbK I Avw_©K wefvM, AvBb wefvM, KvwiMix mnvqZv wefvM| cÖwZwU wefv‡Mi Avevi K‡qKwU DcwefvM i‡q‡Q|
G mg¯Í wefvM I Dcwefv‡Mi gva¨‡g mwPevjq Zvi Kvh©vejx m¤úbœ K‡i _v‡K|
mviK_v
†gvU 6wU kvLvi gva¨‡g RvwZmsN Zvi Kg©KvÛ cwiPvjbv K‡i| Z‡e RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡` cÖwZwU iv‡óªi
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ _vK‡jI, wbivcËv cwil‡` cÖwZwU iv‡óªi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ †bB| wbivcËv cwil‡` i‡q‡Q 5wU ¯’vqx m`m¨ I 10wU
A¯’vqx m`m¨| ¯’vqx m`m¨‡ì †f‡Uv ¶gZv i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ A¯’vqx m`m¨‡ì †f‡Uv ¶gZv †bB| A¯’vqx m`mïv `yB eQ‡ii
Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ nq| RvwZms‡Ni g~j ¶gZv wbivcËv cwil‡ì nv‡Z b¨¯Í| AvšÍR©vwZK Dbœqb mwgwZ wKsev wek¦ Lv`¨
ms¯’vi gZ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v¸‡jv mivmwifv‡e RvwZms‡Ni A½ msMVb bv n‡jI, we‡kl ms¯’v iƒ‡c RvwZms‡Ni mv‡_
RwoZ|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ :
1. RvwZms‡Ni †gvU kvLv -
K. 5wU;
L. 6wU;
M. 2wU|
2. RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡ì m`m¨ -
K. m`m¨f‚³ cÖwZwU †`k;
L. wbw`©ó K‡qKwU †`k;
M. †gvU 15wU †`k|
3. wbivcË cwil‡ì ¯’vqx m`m¨ msL¨v -
K) 5wU;
L) 15wU;
M) 10wU|
4. wbivcËv cwil‡ì ¯’vqx m`mïv wbe©vwPZ nq -
K. 2 eQ‡ii Rb¨;
L. 5 eQ‡ii Rb¨;
M. Awba©vwiZ mg‡qi Rb¨|
5. we‡kl ms¯’v¸‡jv RvwZms‡Ni-
K) GKwU ¯’vqx kvLv;
L) m‡½ Pzw³ e‡j RwoZ;
M) mv‡_ Av‡`Š RwoZ bq|
6. AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivj‡q wePv‡ii Rb¨
K. †Kvb †`k cÖv_©x nq;
L. †Mvôx cÖv_©x nq;
M. e¨w³ cÖv_©x nq|
7. AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivj‡qi wePvi‡Ki msL¨v -
K. 15 Rb;
L. 10 Rb;
M. 5 Rb|
8. AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivjq Aew¯’Z -
K. w` †n‡M;
L. wbDBq‡K©;
M. IqvwksUb wWwm‡Z|
DËi gvjv : 1.L 2.K 3.K 4.M 5.L 6.K 7.K 8.K

2. RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil` m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡ì KvVv‡gv I Gi f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4. AwQ cwil` †Kb MwVZ n‡qwQj Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
5. AvšÍR©vwZK Av`vj‡Zi f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV - 4
RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe
D‡Ïk¨
 RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwP‡ei ¶gZv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 gnvmwP‡ei wbe©vPb cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
gnvmwPe RvwZms‡Ni cÖavb cÖkvmwbK Awdmvi| mwPevjq cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y Kivi ¶gZv Zvi nv‡Z b¨v¯Í| Z‡e
mvaviY GKRb cÖkvmwbK Awdmvi wn‡m‡e Zuv‡K MY¨ Kiv n‡j fzj Kiv n‡e| wZwb g~jZ RvwZms‡Ni Kg©Kv‡Ûi g~j
kw³| Zuv‡K wN‡iB RvwZms‡Ni Kg©KvÛ AvewZ©Z nq| we‡k¦i D‡ËRbv n«vm I msKU †gvP‡b wZwb e¨w³MZfv‡e, KL‡bv
RvwZms‡Ni c¶ †_‡K D‡`¨vM †bb| wbivcËv cwil` Zuvi wb‡qvM P‚ovšÍ K‡i I mvaviY cwil‡ì gva¨‡g wZwb
wb‡qvMcÖvß nb| wZwb mvaviYZ cuvP eQ‡ii Rb¨ wb‡qvMcÖvß nb| wZwb cybivq wbe©vwPZ n‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e wbivcËv
cwil‡ì ¯’vqx m`mïv hw` GwU bv Pvb, Zvn‡j †Kvbfv‡eB cybtwbe©vPb m¤¢e bq|
RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe g~jZ mvaviY cwil` A_ev wbivcËv cwil‡ì wb‡`©‡kB KvR K‡ib, wZwb †Kvb †`k ev miKvi
cÖav‡bi wb‡`©‡k KvR K‡ib bv| hwÌ gnvmwPe †Kvb GKwU †`‡ki bvMwiK wKš‘ H †`‡ki cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ †`Lv‡bvi
†Kvb my‡hvM Zuvi †bB| gnvmwP‡ei Kvh©vejxi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:
 wZwb mwPevjq‡K myôfv‡e wbqš¿Y I cwiPvjbv Ki‡eb;
 wZwb mwPevj‡qi Ab¨vb¨ Kg©Pvwi‡ì wb‡qvM Ki‡eb;
 wbivcËv cwil‡ì we‡kl Aby‡iv‡a wZwb mvaviY cwil‡ì we‡kl Awa‡ekb Avnevb Ki‡Z cv‡ib;
 wZwb RvwZms‡Ni ev‡RU cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib| †mB mv‡_ mg¯Í †`k¸‡jvi Puv`v Av`vq I RvwZms‡Ni e¨q wbqš¿‡Yi ¶gZv
Zuvi nv‡Z b¨¯Í;
 wZwb cÖwZeQi mvaviY mfvi wbKU RvwZms‡Ni wµqvKjvc m¤ú‡K© cÖwZ‡e`b †cÖiY K‡ib;
 AwQ AÂj m¤ú‡K© †h wi‡cvU© gnvmwP‡ei Kv‡Q †ck Kiv nq, †mB wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx wZwb IBme AÂ‡ji ¯^vaxbZvi
e¨vcv‡i RvwZms‡Ni A½xKvi c~i‡Yi e¨vcv‡i AMÖmi n‡eb;
 wZwb we‡kl ms¯’v¸‡jvi mv‡_ ms‡hvM I †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Ki‡eb Ges mgš^q‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡eb;
 wZwb AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv i¶v I AvšÍtivóªxq we‡iva gxgvsmvq D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib;
 AvšÍR©vwZK wePvivj‡q wePvicwZ wb‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î wZwb mKj iv‡óªi Kv‡Q g‡bvbqbcÎ AvnŸvb K‡ib|
A_©vr †`Lv hv‡”Q gnvmwPe ïaygvÎ GKRb cÖkvmwbK AwdmviB bb, Zuvi `vwqZ¡ I f‚wgKv e¨vcK| ejv †h‡Z cv‡i
Zuv‡K wN‡iB RvwZmsN AvewZ©Z nq| wZwbB H ms¯’vi gyL¨ e¨w³| AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv i¶vq Zvi f‚wgKv‡K
¸iæZ¡ mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
mviK_v
RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe GB ms¯’vi g~j cÖkvm‡Ki f‚wgKv AwZµg K‡i AvšÍR©vwZK we‡iva gxgvsmvq GKwU ga¨¯’ZvKvixi
f‚wgKvq AeZxY© n‡q‡Qb| AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv i¶vq Zvi f‚wgKv AvR ¯^xK…Z| wZwb GKRb cÖkvmKB bb eis
GKRb kvwšÍi¶vKvix|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe g~jZ GKRb -

K. cÖkvmwbK Awdmvi;
L. ivóª cÖwZwbwa:
M. GKwU iv‡óªi miKvi cÖavb|
2. RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwP‡ei wb‡qvM P‚ovšÍ K‡i -

K. mvaviY cwil`;
L. wbivcËv cwil`;
M. AwQ cwil`|
3. gnvmwPe `yB iv‡óªi g‡a¨ weev‡` mg‡SvZvi †Kvb D‡`¨vM -

K. wb‡Z cv‡ib;
L. wb‡Z cv‡ib bv;
M. †bIqv DwPZ bq?
DËigvjv : 1.K 2.L 3.K
iPbvg~jK DËig~jK cÖkœ

2. RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwP‡ei f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

cvV - 5
RvwZms‡Ni mvdj¨ I e¨_©Zv

D‡Ïk¨
 RvwZms‡Ni AZxZ f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK Bmy¨‡Z RvwZms‡Ni f‚wgKv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 GKzk kZ‡Ki RvwZms‡Ni f‚wgKv wK nIqv DwPZ, †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb;
 †Kvb& †Kvb& †¶‡Î RvwZmsN e¨_© n‡q‡Q, †m e¨vcv‡i ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
1945 mv‡j gvÎ 51wU †`k wb‡q †h cÖwZôvbwUi hvÎv ïiæ n‡qwQj, †mB cÖwZôvbwUi eqm AvR Pzqvbœ eQi| GB Pzqvbœ
eQ‡i m`m¨fz³ iv‡óªi msL¨v 51 †_‡K 186‡Z G‡m ùvwo‡q‡Q| RvwZms‡Ni BwZnv‡m mvdj¨ †hgbwU i‡q‡Q, ‡Zgwb
i‡q‡Q e¨v_©Zv| Z‡e RvwZms‡Ni cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †hgb AZx‡Z wQj, GLbI wVK †Zgb i‡q †M‡Q| RvwZms‡Ni G `xN©
hvÎvc‡_ RvwZms‡Ni e¨_©Zvi cvkvcvwk RvwZms‡Ni mvdjÏ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e e¨_©Zvi †P‡q RvwZms‡Ni mvdj¨B †ekx|
RvwZms‡Ni MV‡bi D‡Ïk¨ wQj AvšÍR©wZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv| G D‡Ï‡k¨ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK iv‡óªi g‡a¨
we‡iva wb¯úwË‡Z I ‡mLv‡b GKwU kvwšÍcY~ © cwi‡ek m„wó‡Z RvwZmsN GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i Avm‡Q|
AvdMvwb¯Ívb, K‡¤^vwWqv I Gj mvjfv`‡i kvwšÍ cÖwZôvq RvwZms‡Ni f‚wgKv GLv‡b D‡jø¨L Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 1979
mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b †mvwf‡qZ mvgwiK n¯Í‡¶‡ci ci RvwZmsN AvdMvwb¯’vb †_‡K †mvwf‡qZ ˆmb¨ cÖZ¨vnvi
I †mLv‡b ivR‰bwZK wb¯úwËi c‡¶ KvR K‡i| 1988 mv‡ji 14GwcÖj †R‡bfvq RvwZms‡Ni D‡`¨v‡M GKwU Pzw³
mv¶wiZ nq, hv †R‡bfv Pzw³ bv‡g cwiwPZ| weev`gvb †`k¸‡jv G‡Z mv¶i K‡i| G‡Z †mLv‡b Îvb I gvbweK mvnvh¨
cvVv‡bvi my‡hv‡Mi m„wó nq|
1988 mv‡j MwVZ nq UNGOMAP hv AvdMvwb¯Ívb I cvwK¯Ívb RvwZmsN ga¨¯’Zv wgkb| UNGOMAP Gi D‡Ïk¨
wQj AvdMvwb¯Ívb †_‡K †mvwf‡qZ ˆmb¨ cÖZ¨vnv‡i Z`viwK Kiv| 1989 mv‡ji 15 †deªæqvix GB KvR m¤úbœ nq|
1990 mv‡j K‡¤^vwWqvi Rb¨ MwVZ nq UNTAG ev RvwZmsN AvšÍeZ©xKvwjb KZ©„c¶| UNTAG †mLv‡b wbe©vPb
Abyôvb, cywjk ch©‡e¶Y, gvbevwaKvi Dbœqb, mv‡o wZb jv‡Li †ewk kiYv_x© I Zv‡ì cÖZ¨vevmb I cybe©vm‡bi `vwqZ¡
m¤úbœ K‡i| bvwgweqvq RvwZmsN AšÍeZ©xKvwjb mnvqZv MÖæc UNTAA kvwšÍcb~ © fv‡e †`kwUi ¯^vaxbZv jvf wbwðZ
K‡i| ga¨ Av‡gwiKvi Gj-mvjfv`‡i †mLvbKvi miKvi I we‡`ªvnx Kvivey‡›`v gvwë b¨vkbvj wjev‡ikb d«‡›Ui FMLN
g‡a¨ RvwZms‡Ni ga¨¯’Zvq 1992 mv‡ji 16 Rvbyqvix †gw·‡Kv wmwU‡Z GKwU Pzw³ mv¶wiZ nq| Gi d‡j †`kwU‡Z
msNv‡Zi Aemvb N‡U| bvwgweqvi ¯^vaxbZvi cÖ‡kœI RvwZmsN GKwU ¸iæZ¡cb~ © f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| bvwgweqv c~‡e© `w¶Y
cwðg Avwd«Kvi wbqš¿bvax‡b wQj| `w¶Y Avwd«Kv †`kwU kvmb Ki‡Zv| RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil` bvwgweqvi ¯^vaxbZv
msµvšÍ GKwU cwiKíbv MÖnb K‡i 1978 mv‡j Ges †m Abyhvqx RvwZmsN AvšÍeZx©Kvjxb mnvqZv MÖæc UNTAG MVb
Kiv nq| UNTAG †mLv‡b wbe©vP‡bi e¨ve¯’v K‡i| 1989 mv‡ji 7-11 b‡f¤î †mLv‡b wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| Ges
Zv‡Z †mvqv‡cv `j weRqx nq| 1990 mv‡j 9 †deªæqvix me©m¤§wZµ‡g GKwU bqv msweavb Aby‡gvw`Z nq| Avi †`kwU
¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i 1990 mv‡ji 21 gvP©| RvwZms‡Ni Rb¨ bvwgweqvi ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ Kivi KvRwU wQj KwVb| c„w_exi
wewfbœ †`‡ki Af¨šÍixY Ø‡›Øi mgvavb, hy× e‡Üi D‡`¨vM,I ‡mLv‡b w¯’wZkxjZv wbwðZ Kivi ¯^v‡_© RvwZms‡Ni D‡`¨v‡M
kvwšÍevwnbx MVb I †gvZv‡qb Kiv n‡qwQj|
1964 mv‡ji gv‡P© mvBcÖv‡m RvwZmsN kvwšÍi¶v evwnbx UNFICYP MVb Kiv nq| 1988 mv‡ji 9 AvMó MVb Kiv
n‡qwQj RvwZmsN Bivb-BivK mvgwiK ch©‡e¶K MÖæc UNIIMOG ga¨cÖv‡Pï wdwjw¯Íbx msKU‡K †K›`ª K‡i RvwZmsN
Riæwi evwnbx UNEF, 1956 hy× weiwZ ZË¡veavqK ms¯’v UNTSO, 1948 RvwZmsN Riæwi evwnbx UNEFI, 1973
RvwZmsN cÖZ¨vnvi ch©‡e¶K evwnbx UNDOF, 1974 †jevb‡b AšÍeZ©xKvwjb RvwZmsN evwnbx UNIFIL, 1978 BZ¨vw`
MVb Kiv nq|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
RvwZms‡Ni D‡`¨v‡M MwVZ kvwšÍi¶v evwnbx GLb c„w_exi wewfbœ †`‡k kvwšÍi¶vq wb‡qvwRZ| 1945 †_‡K 1987 mvj
ch©šÍ wewfbœ †`‡k 13wU kvwšÍi¶v Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ 1988 †_‡K 1994 mvj ch©šÍ 22wU bZzb kvwšÍi¶v
Kh©µg MwVZ n‡q‡Q| †hgb UNOMIG RwR©qv, 1993, UNOMIL jvB‡ewiqv, 1993, UNMIH (nvBwZ),
UNAMIR (iæqvÛv, 1993), UNMOT (ZvwRwK¯Ívb, 1994) BZ¨vw`| RvwZms‡Ni wbR¯^ †Kvb kvwšÍi¶v evwnbx
†bB| c„w_exi wewfbœ †`k †_‡K kvwšÍi¶v evwnbxi Rb¨ m`m¨ msMÖn Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki †mbvevwnbxI RvwZms‡Ni
kvwšÍi¶v Kvh©µ‡g Ask wb‡”Q| 1988 mv‡j RvwZms‡Ni kvwšÍi¶v evwnbx‡K †bv‡ej kvwšÍ cyi¯‹v‡i f‚wlZ Kiv nq|
wbi¯¿xKi‡Yi e¨vcv‡iI RvwZms‡Ni c¶ †_‡K e¨vcK D‡`¨vM †bqv n‡q‡Q| 1959 mv‡ji A¨v›Uv©KwUK Pzw³‡Z
A¨v›UwKwUKvq AmvgwiKxKi‡Yi eë¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q| 1967 mv‡j gnvk~b¨ Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ nq| G‡Z gnvï‡b¨ A_ev
gnvk~‡bï Ab¨vb¨ ¯’v‡b cvigvbweK I Ab¨vb¨ MYweaŸsmx A¯¿ †gvZv‡qb I gRyZ wbwl× Kiv nq| 1967 mv‡j j¨vwZb
Av‡gwiKv I K¨vwiexq AÂj‡K cvigvbweK A¯¿gy³ AÂ‡j cwiYZ Kiv nq (jv‡U †jvb‡Kv Pzw³)| 1968 mv‡j cÖ_g
ev‡ii gZ ¯^v¶wiZ nq cvi¯úwiK A¯¿ we¯Ívi †iva Pzw³| 1971 mv‡j mgy`ª Zj‡`‡k, mgy`ª c„‡ó cvigvbweK I Ab¨vb¨
MYweaŸsmx A¯¿ emv‡bv Pzw³ I 1972 mv‡j Rxevby I ivmvqwbK A¯¿ Dbœqb, Drcv`b, gRyZ wbwl× msµvšÍ Pzw³ ¯^v¶wiZ
nq| 1981 mv‡j cÖPwjZ A‡¯¿i (gvBb, eywe Uªvc BZ¨vw`) eënvi wbwl× Kiv nq| 1985 mv‡j ¯^v¶wiZ nq `w¶Y
cÖkvšÍ gnvmvMixq cigvY~ A¯¿gy³ AÂj|
cwi‡ek msi¶Y I Dbœq‡bi e¨vcv‡i RvwZms‡Ni f‚wgKv j¶¨ ivLvi gZ| 1972 mv‡j RvwZms‡Ni D‡`¨v‡M óK‡nv‡g
cwi‡ekMZ cÖ_g wek¦ m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| GB m‡¤§j‡bi †ik a‡iB 1992 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m eªvwR‡ji wiIwW †Rwb‡iv‡Z
AbywôZ nq cÖ_g awiÎx m‡¤§jb| kZwaK ivóª I miKvi cÖavbiv G‡Z †hvM †`b| wiI m‡¤§j‡b †h `yÕwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Pzw³
¯^v¶wiZ n‡qwQj, Zvi GKwU n‡”Q AvenvIqv cwieZ©b Kb‡fkb ev Framework Convention on Climate
Change, Ges wØZxqwU n‡”Q Rxe êwPÎ Kb‡fbkb ev Biological Diversity Convention AvenvIqv cwieZ©b
Kb‡fbk‡bi cÖavb w`K¸‡jv n‡jv t
 evqygÐ‡j MÖxb nvDR M¨v‡mi cwigvY Ggb GKwU ¯Í‡i w¯’i ivLv, hvi d‡j cwi‡e‡ki Dci ¶wZKi cÖwZwµqv
Gov‡bv m¤¢e nq| mvaviYZ Kve©b WvB A·vBW, wg‡_b, bvBUªvm A·vBW M¨vm‡K MÖxb nvDR M¨vm ejv nq|
 MÖxb nvDR M¨v‡mi D`&MxiY 1990 mv‡ji gvÎvq w¯’i ivLv;
 DbœZ †`k¸‡jv Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡K cwi‡e‡ki w`K †_‡K MÖnY‡hvM¨ KvwiMix Ávb mieivn Ki‡e|
Ab¨w`‡K Rxe êwPÎ¨ Kb‡fbkb Pzw³‡Z i‡q‡Q t

 Rxe cÖRvwZi Avevm Ges B‡Kv wmm‡U‡gi webvm Kgvevi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡ki RvZxq cwiKíbvq Kvh©Ki eë¯’v
ivLv ;
 AMÖvwaKvi I we‡kl myweavi wfwË‡Z KvwiMix Ávb n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv ;
 cÖ‡Z¨K †`‡k †ek wKQy msiw¶Z GjvKv m„wó Kiv ;
 eb¨cÖvYx I m¤ú` msi¶Y I †UKmB eë¯’vcbv|
GQvov G‡RÛv 21 M„nxZ n‡qwQj, hv AvšÍR©vwZK cwi‡ek msi¶Y AvB‡bi Rb¨ h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡c~Y|©
wiI m‡¤§j‡bi ci wØZxq wek¦ awiÎx m‡¤§jj (wek¦ awiÎx m‡¤§jb + 5) AbywôZ n‡qwQj wbDBq‡K© 1997 mv‡ji Ryb
gv‡m, Avi wW‡m¤^‡i (1997) Rvcv‡bi wK‡qv‡Uv‡Z AbywôZ n‡qwQj wek¦ ZvcgvÎv †iva m¤úwK©Z kxl© m‡¤§jb|
wK‡qv‡Uv‡Z GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Pzw³ mv¶wiZ n‡q‡Q| Zv‡Z BD‡ivcxq BDwbqb 1990 mv‡ji Kve©bWvB A·vBW M¨vm
wbtmi‡Yi gvÎvi †P‡q 8 kZvsk, hy³ivóª 7 kZvsk, Rvcvb 6 kZvsk n«vm Ki‡e| ZvQvov mvwe©Kfv‡e 5.2 kZvsk
M¨vm wbtmiY n«v‡mi AvBbMZ evaëvaKZv wba©viY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avevi GKzkwU wk‡ívbœZ †`kI Abyiƒc wewae× gvÎv
AR©b Ki‡e| me¸‡jv †`k‡K 2008-12 mv‡ji g‡a¨ M¨vm wbtmiY n«v‡mi j¶¨gvÎv AR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
wewfbœ †`‡k Avkªq ‡bqv kibv_©x‡ì mvnvh¨ Kiv RvwZms‡Ni Kg©m~wPi GKwU Ab¨Zg w`K| G j‡¶¨ RvwZmsN KvR
K‡i Avm‡Q| Ges GLbI Ki‡Q| GQvov wewfbœ †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b RvwZmsN Dbœqb mn‡hvwMiƒ‡c
KvR K‡i Avm‡Q| G‡¶‡Î RvwZmsN PviwU AMÖvwaKv‡ii †¶Î wPwýZ K‡i‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡”Q : `vwi`ª I ¶zav wbg~©j,

gvbe m¤ú` I cÖvwZôvwbK Dbœqb, RbmsL¨v Ges cwi‡ek| Gi evB‡i bvix Dbœqb, gvbevwaKvi, m`m¨kw³ wbqš¿Y,
Aciva `gb, Dbœq‡b weÁvb I cÖhyw³i eënvi I cwi‡ek msi¶‡Yi gZ mvgvwRK ¸iæZ¡ m¤úbœ Kg©m~wP¸wj‡K
AMÖvwaKvi †`qv n‡”Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ RvwZms‡Ni D‡`¨v‡M MwVZ n‡q‡Q wewfbœ ms¯’v, hviv Gme Kg©m~Px‡K mvg‡b †i‡L
KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| †hLv‡b ejv †h‡Z cv‡i RvwZmsN Dbœqb Kg©m~wP UNDP RvwZmsN cwi‡ek Kg©m~Px UNEP RvwZmsN
RbmsL¨v Znwej UNFPA RvwZmsN AvšÍR©vwZK gv`K wbqš¿K Kg©m~Px UNDCP wkï Znwej UNICEF BZ¨vw`|
1948 mv‡ji 10 wW‡m¤î RvwZms‡Ni mvaviY cwil‡` gvbevwaKvi m¤úvwK©Z me©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi †NvlYv ¯^v¶wiZ
nq| G‡Z we‡k¦i mKj gvby‡li mggh©v`v I AwaKvi ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqv n‡q‡Q| RvwZ, †MvÎ, eY©, bvix cyiæl, fvlv, ag©
†f‡` mK‡ji AwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv RvwZmsN mb` Abyhvqx GK I Awfbœ| 1963 mv‡j mvaviY cwil‡` me©cÖKvi
RvwZMZ êlg¨ we‡jvc msµvšÍ RvwZmsN †NvlYv M„nxZ nq| 1946 mv‡j AvšÍR©vwZK Av`vjZ cÖwZôvi ci †_‡K AvR
ch©šÍ m`m¨ ivóª¸‡jv GB Av`vj‡Z 65wUi †ekx gvgjv †ck K‡i‡Q Ges wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v 20wU civgk©g~jK
gZvg‡Zi Rb¨ Aby‡iva Rvwb‡q‡Q| PviwU e¨ZxZ me¸‡jv gvgjvi DciB Av`vjZ P‚ovšÍ ivq cÖ`vb K‡i|
AvcvZ `„wó‡Z RvwZms‡Ni mvdj¨ †ewk e‡j g‡b n‡jI, RvwZmsN cÖwZwU †¶‡Î †h mdj n‡q‡Q, Zv ejv hv‡e bv|
†ek wKQy †¶‡Î RvwZms‡Ni e¨_©ZvI j¶¨ Kivi gZ| we‡k¦ kvwšÍ cÖwZôv RvwZms‡Ni Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨| A_P †`Lv †Mj
wewfbœ †`‡ki g‡a¨ †hme hy× msMwVZ n‡qwQj, we‡kl K‡i Bivb-BivK hy×, Pxb-wf‡qZbvg hy×, AvdMvwb¯Ív‡b
†mvwf‡qU BDwbq‡bi AvMÖvmb, wf‡qZbvg KZ©„K K¤úywPqv AvMÖvmb wKsev wKDevi Dci hy³iv‡óªi mvgwiK Pvc - Gme
cÖwZ‡iva Ki‡Z RvwZmsN e¨_© n‡qwQj| Dciš‘ wØZxq wek¦hy‡×i ci `yBwU e„nr kw³ hy³ivóª I mv‡eK †mvwf‡qZ
BDwbq‡bi g‡a¨ AvšÍ cÖwZ‡hvwMZv‡K †K›`ª K‡i †h ¯œvqyhy‡×i Rb¥ n‡qwQj, †mB ¯œvqyhy× †iva Kiv wKsev D‡ËRbv n«vm
Kivi e¨vcv‡i RvwZmsN †Kvb Kvh©Ki eë¯’v wb‡Z cv‡iwb| cvi¯úwiK A¯¿ Drcv`b n«vm Kiv I cvigvYweK A¯¿
cÖwZ‡hvwMZv Kwg‡q Avbvi e¨vcv‡iI RvwZms‡Ni e¨_©Zv j¶¨ Kivi gZ| RvwZMZ êlg¨ we‡jvc msµvšÍ RvwZmsN
†NvlYv M„nxZ n‡jI, weMZ eQi¸‡jv‡Z abx I Mwie ivóª¸‡jvi g‡a¨ eëavb Av‡iv †e‡o‡Q| Mwie †`k¸‡jvi F‡Yi
cwigvY w`‡b w`‡b evo‡jI RvwZmsN Ø‡›Øi Kvi‡Y c„w_exi wewfbœ AÂ‡j, we‡kl K‡i Avwd«Kvq iæqvÛv-eyiæwÛ‡Z wKsev
BD‡iv‡c emwbqv nv‡R©‡Mvwfbv I Km‡fv‡Z nvRvi nvRvi gvby‡li g„Zz¨ I j¶ j¶ gvby‡li †`kvšÍwiZ nIqvi †iva
Kivi e¨vcv‡i RvwZmsN Av‡`Š †Kvb c`‡¶c wb‡Z cv‡iwb| GgbwK RvwZmsN Gme †`‡k MYnZ¨vi mv‡_ hviv RwoZ,
Zv‡ì mevB‡K wePv‡ii Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK Av`vj‡Z †mvc`© Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
c¨v‡j÷vB‡bi Dci BmivB‡ji bMœ-AvMÖvm‡bi e¨vcv‡i RvwZmsN A`¨vevwa †Kvb Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡iwb|
MYweaŸsmx A¯¿ †Mvcb ivLvi Awf‡hv‡M Biv‡Ki Dci eyk miKv‡ii Ab¨vq Avµg‡Yi cÖ‡kœI RvwZmsN †Kvb Kvh©Ki
f‚wgKv cvj‡b e¨_© n‡q‡Q e‡jB Kvh©Z g‡b nq| RvwZms‡Ni e¨vcv‡i eo Awf‡hvM GB ms¯’vwU g~jZ eo †`k, we‡kl
K‡i gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªi ¯^v_© i¶v K‡i| RvwZms‡Ni wm×všÍ MÖnbKvix cÖwµqvq Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i †Kvb cÖwZwbwaZ¡ †bB|
we‡k¦i cÖvq 108wU †`k Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i AšÍM©Z| GB †`k¸‡jvi †gvU RbmsL¨v 200 †KvwUi †ekx| A_©vr c„w_exi
†gvU RbmsL¨vi A‡a©‡Ki wKQy Kg| A_P GB wecyj Rb‡Mvôxi cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix †`k¸‡jvi ¶gZv RvwZms‡Ni wm×všÍ
MÖnYKvix ms¯’vq GK`g †bB| A_©¨vr RvwZms‡Ni g~j ¶gZv wbivcËv cwil‡ì nv‡Z| Avi wbivcËv cwil` wbqš¿Y
K‡i ¯’vqx 5wU †`k| G Rb¨B wbivcËv cwil‡ì KvVv‡gv cwieZ©‡bi `vex D‡V‡Q| RvwZmsN‡K GKzk kZ‡Ki Dc‡hvMx
K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡j RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡ì KvVv‡gvi cwieZ©b, Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i F‡bi †evSv Kgv‡bv, bvix
Dbœqb BZ¨vw` e¨vcv‡i we‡kl D‡`¨vM wb‡Z n‡e| Z‡e GUv ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡Lbv †h wØZxq wek¦ hy‡×i ci RvwZms‡Ni
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †hgb wQj, AvR †Zàvbœ eQi ci GB ms¯’vwUi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wVK †Zgwb i‡q †M‡Q|
mviK_v
cÖwZwU ms¯’viB mvdj¨ †hgwb i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb i‡q‡Q e¨_©Zv| RvwZms‡Ni †¶‡ÎI GB K_vUv cÖ‡hvR¨| RvwZms‡Ni
mvdj¨ †hgwb i‡q‡Q, †Zgwb i‡q‡Q Gi e¨_©ZvI| Z‡e Zzjbvg~jK wePv‡i RvwZms‡Ni mvdj¨ †ekx| we‡kl K‡i
kvwšÍi¶v, cwi‡ek Kvh©µg, wKsev Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ûi mv‡_ RwoZ n‡q RvwZmsN Dbœqbkxj we‡k¦i Dbœq‡b KvR K‡i
hv‡”Q| wewfbœ †`‡k kvwšÍi¶x cvwV‡q RvwZMZ Ø‡›Øi Aemv‡bi D‡`¨vM wb‡q‡Q RwZmsN| Z‡e P‚ovšÍ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y e„nr
kw³¸‡jvi GKwU f‚wgKv I KZ…©Z¡ Kivi cÖebZv j¶¨ Kiv hvq| Avi ZvB `vex D‡V‡Q RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡ì
KvVv‡gvMZ ms¯‹v‡ii|

Gm Gm GBP Gj
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ
1. †gvU KÔwU †`k wb‡q RvwZmsN Zvi hvÎv ïiæ K‡iwQj?
K) 100;
L) 51;
M) 83|
2. UNGOMAP ev AvdMvwb¯’vb - cvwK¯Ívb ga¨¯’Zv wgkb MwVZ n‡qwQj-
K) 1988 mv‡j;
L) 1991 mv‡j;
M) 1979 mv‡j|
3. UNTAC ev K‡¤^vwWqv msµvšÍ RvwZmsN AšÍeZ©xKvwjb cwil` MwVZ n‡qwQj-
K) 1988 mv‡j;
L) 1990 mv‡j;
M) 1992 mv‡j|
4. RvwZms‡Ni kvwšÍi¶v evwnbx‡K †bv‡ej kvwšÍ cyi¯‹vi †`qv nq-
K) 1988 mv‡j;
L) 1990 mv‡j;
M) 1972 mv‡j|
5. cvigvbweK A¯¿ we¯Ívi †iva Pzw³ mv¶wiZ nq-
K) 1990 mv‡j;
L) 1968 mv‡j;
M) 1997 mv‡j|
6. RvwZms‡Ni D‡`¨v‡M cÖ_g wek¦ cwi‡ek m‡b¥jb AbywôZ nq
K) wiI wW †Rwb‡iv‡Z;
L) óK‡nv‡g;
M) wbDBqK© G|
7. cwi‡ek msµvšÍ me©‡kl m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq-
K) wK‡qv‡Uv‡Z;
L) †eBwRs;
M) wbDBqK© G|
8. RvwZms‡Ni me©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi †Nvlbv mv¶wiZ nq-

K) 1952 mv‡j;
L) 1974 mv‡j|
M) 1948 mv‡j|
9. RvwZMZ êlg¨ we‡jvc msµvšÍ RvwZmsN †Nvlbv M„nxZ nq-

K) 1945 mv‡j;
L) 1963 mv‡j;
M) 1989 mv‡j|

10. AvšÍRv©wZK Av`vjZ cÖwZwôZ nq-

K) 1946 mv‡j;
L) 1971 mv‡j;
M) 1983 mv‡j|
DËigvjv t 1.L 2.K 3.L 4.K 5.L 6.L 7.K 8.M 9.L 10.K
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. RvwZms‡Ni mvdj¨ m¤ú‡K© Avcbvi gZvgZ w`b|
2. RvwZms‡Ni e¨_©Zv m¤ú‡K© ms‡¶‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbvi Rb¨ co–b

1. Stanley Meisler, United Nations: The First Fifty Years, Atlantic Monthly Press, New York, 1995.
2. Thomas G. Weiss, The United Nation at Fifty: Recent Lessons, Current History, May, 1995.
3. AvR‡Ki RvwZmsN, RvwZmsN Z_¨‡K›`ª, XvKv, 1996

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