mvaviY weÁvb

beg-`kg †kÖwY
AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
ga¨g ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
¸iæZ¡c~Y©

Aa¨vq GK: DbœZZi Rxebaviv

 Lv‡`¨i cÖavb KvR- 3wU
 myylg Lv‡`¨i Dcv`vb – 6wU| kK©iv, Avwgl, †¯œn, fvBUvwgb, LwbR jeY I cvwb|
 ‡¯œn I kK©iv RvZxq Lv`¨ - kw³ Drcv`b K‡i|
 Avwgl RvZxq Lv`¨ - †`n MVb K‡i
 fvBUvwgb, LwbR jeY I cvwb - †ivM cÖwZ‡iva K‡i|
 Lv‡`¨i gyL¨ Dcv`vb - kK©iv, Avwgl I ‡¯œn|
 Lv‡`¨I mnvqK Dcv`vb- fvBUvwgb, LwbR jeY I cvwb|
 gvby‡li cÖavb Lv`¨ - kK©iv
 kK©ivi Dcv`vb- Kve©b, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡Rb|
 Dw™¢¾ kK©ivi D`vniY- ‡k^Zmvi ev ÷vP©, Møy‡KvR, d«zK‡UvR, my‡µvR I †mjy‡jvR
 ‡k^Zmv‡ii Drm- avb, Mg, f~Æv, Avjy, KPz BZ¨vw`
 Møy‡Kv‡Ri Drm- AvOzi, Av‡cj, MvRi, †LRyi|
 d«zK‡Uv‡Ri Drm- Avg, †c‡c, Kjv, Kgjv‡jey|
 my‡µvR Gi Drm- Av‡Li im, wPwb, ¸o, wgmwi|
 ‡mjy‡jvR Gi Drm- †ej, ev`vg, Kjv, Avg, kyKbv dj, ZigyR (†eevK AvïK) I kvK-mewR|
 cÖvwYR kK©ivi D`vniY- j¨vK‡UvR, MøvB‡Kv‡Rb
 MøvB‡Kv‡Rb Gi Drm- cÖvwYi hK…Z I gvsm|
 ‡`‡ni Kg©ÿgZv e„w× I Zvckw³ Drcv`b K‡i- kK©iv
 ‡KvôKvwVb¨ †iv‡a mnvqZv K‡i- †mjy‡jvR
 ‡`n ¯’’jKvq I eûg~Î †ivM n‡Z cv‡i - kK©ivi Avwa‡K¨
 c~Y©eq¯‹ e¨w³i ‰`wbK by¨bZg kK©iv cÖ‡qvRb- 300 MÖvg
 kK©iv I ‡cÖvwU‡bi K¨vjwi- 4.1 wK‡jvK¨vjwi/MÖvg
 ‡¯œn RvZxq Lv‡`¨ K¨vjwi -9.3 wK‡jvK¨vjwi/MÖvg
 Avwg‡li Dcv`vb- Kve©b, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb, Aw·‡Rb I bvB‡Uªv‡Rb
 Avwg‡l bvB‡Uªv‡R‡bi cwigvY – 16%
 †gvU A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW - 20wU
 Acwinvh© A¨vgvB‡bv GwmW 8 wU| jvBwmb, wUª‡c‡Uvd¨vb, wgw_Iwbb, f¨vwjb, wjDwmb, AvB‡mvwjDwmb, wdbvBj
A¨vjvwbb, w_ªIbvBb|
  †cÖvwU‡b cwigvb- gvQ: wks>Bwjk, gvsm: Miæ>gyiMx, Wvj: mqvweb>gmyi>gyM>wkg|
 †¯œn c`v_© ev wjwc‡Wi Dcv`vb- d¨vwU GwmW I wMømvij|
 cÖvwYR wjwc‡Wi Drm- gvsm, gvLb, wN, cwbi, wW‡gi Kzmyg
 Dw™¢¾ wjwc‡Wi Drm- mqvweb, wZwm, m~h©gyLx, bvi‡Kj, cvg, KvRy ev`vg, †c¯Ív ev`vg
 †¯œ‡n `ªebxq fvBUvwgb- G, wW, B Ges ‡K
 cvwb‡Z `ªebxq fvBUvwgb- fvBUvwgb we-Kg‡cø· Ges fvBUvwgb wm|
 fvBUvwgb G Gi Drm- jvjkvK, MvRi, KW gvQ, `B
 fvBUvwgb G Gi KvR- Aw¯’ I `v‡Zi MVb, ivZKvbv †ivM cÖwZ‡iva
 fvBUvwgb wW Gi Drm- wW‡gi Kzmyg, evavKwc, `ya, m~hv©‡jv‡Ki AwZ‡e¸bx iwkœ|
 fvBUvwgb B Gi Drm - ZzjvexR, m~h©gyLx exR, †jUzm cvZv|
 fvBUvwgb we-Kg‡cø· nj- 12 wU fvBUvwgb we Gi mw¤§wjZ bvg|
 ¸iæZ¡c~Y© fvBUvwgb we-Kg‡cø· nj- _vqvwgb(we1), ivB‡evd¬¨vwfb(we2), wbqvwmb ev wb‡KvwUwbK GwmW(we5),
wcwiWw·b(we6), †Kvevjvwgb ev mvqv‡bv‡Kvevjvwgb(we12)|
 fvBUvwgb wm Gi Ab¨ bvg GmKiweK GwmW|
 fvBUvwgb wm cvIqv hvq bv - ïKbv dj I ex‡R|
 fvBUvwgb wm Gi Afv‡e †`Lv †`q - ¯‹vwf©
 i³k~b¨Zv †`Lv †`q - wn‡gv‡Møvweb Gi Afv‡e|
 K¨vjwmqv‡gi Afv‡e nq - wi‡KUm I Aw÷Ig¨v‡jwmqv|
 ‡`‡n †ekx cwigv‡b LwbR Av‡Q - K¨vjwmqvg
 Avgv‡`i ‰`wnK IR‡bi Zzjbvq cvwbi cwigvb : 60-75 fvM|
 GKRb c~Y©eq¯‹ e¨w³i ‰`wbK cvwb cvb Kiv DwPr: 2-3 wjUvi|
 gvbe‡`‡ni ¯^vfvweK e„w× N‡U: 20-24 eQi ch©šÍ|
 weGgAvB ev ewW gvm Bb‡W· wb‡`©k K‡i - †`‡n Pwe©i cwigvb|
 cÖvß eq¯‹ cyiæl I gwnjvi Av`k© IRb- 60 †KwR I 50 †KwR|
 GKRb c~Y©eq¯‹ e¨w³i ‰`wbK kw³ cÖ‡qvRb : 2500-3000 wK‡jvK¨vjwi|
 wf‡bMvi nj - GwmwUK Gwm‡Wi 5% `ªeY|
 `B, wgwó msiÿ‡Y e¨envi Kiv nq - miweK GwmW
 d‡ji im msiÿ‡Y e¨envi Kiv nq - †mvwWqvg †eb‡Rv‡qU
 QÎvK I e¨vK‡Uwiqv `g‡b e¨envi Kiv nq - †mvwWqvg evBmvj‡dU|
 dj cvKv‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq - ivB‡cb, Bw_wjb, K¨vjwmqvg Kve©vBW|
 d‡ji (Avg) †c‡K hvIqv †iva Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq - KvjUvi |
 Zvgv‡K _v‡K - wb‡KvwUb|
 me©cÖ_g GBWm †ivM aiv c‡o - Av‡gwiKvq (1981mv‡j)|
 gvby‡li ‰`wnK my¯’Zvi Rb¨ ˆ`wbK Kgc‡ÿ Nygv‡bv cÖ‡qvRb - 6 NÈv|
Aa¨vq `yB: Rxe‡bi Rb¨ cvwb
 gvbe‡`‡n cvwbi cwigvb - kZKiv 60-70 fvM|
 c„w_exc„‡ó cvwbi cwigvb - kZKiv 75 fvM|
  ei‡di MjbvsK - 0 †mjwmqvm|
0

 cvwbi ù~UbvsK - 100 wWwMÖ. †m.

 cvwbi NbZ¡ me‡P‡q †ekx - 4 wWwMÖ. †m. ZvcgvÎvq|
 1 wm.wm/ Nb. †m.wg cvwbi fi - 1 MÖvg|
 mve©Rbxb `ªveK n‡jv - cvwb|
 weï× cvwbi ag© - wbi‡cÿ|
 cvwbi PH nj - 7|
 cvwbi ms‡KZ - H2O |
 cvwbi Dcv`vb - Aw·‡Rb I nvB‡Wªv‡Rb|
 c„w_ex‡Z e¨envi Dc‡hvMx cvwb kZKiv - 1 fvM|
 cvwbi RxevbybvkK wn‡m‡e e¨en„Z nq - weøwPs cvDWvi [Ca(OCl)Cl], ‡mvwWqvg nvB‡cv‡K¬vivBW (NaoCl),
‡K¬vwib M¨vm, IRb, AwZ‡eMybx iwk¥|
 cvwb RxevbybvkK Ki‡Z ù~Ubïiy nIqvi ci dzUv‡Z nq - 15-20 wgwbwU|
 cvwbevwnZ †ivM nj - K‡jiv, UvBd‡qW, Avgvkq, †ncvUvBwUm we
 ‰ewk^K DòZvi dj - wb¤œvÂj Zwj‡q hv‡e|
 eZ©gv‡b g„Z b`x wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ - Ki‡Zvqv, weweqvbv, kvLv eivK, g‡bvR, eovj, Kzgvi, gwiQvc, nvgKzov,
nwini|
 gvby‡li †gŠwjK AwaKvi - 5wU|
 cvwb I gvwU Dfq ¯’v‡b R‡b¥ - Kjwg, †n‡jÂv, †Kki`vg|
 M½v cvwbPzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq - 1996 mv‡j|
Aa¨vq wZb: ü`h‡š¿i hZ K_v
 c~Y©eq¯‹ my¯’ gvby‡li ‡`‡n i³ _v‡K: 5-6 wjUvi
 gvby‡li †`‡n i‡³i cwigvb: †gvU IR‡bi cÖvq 8%
 i³ jvj †`Lvq: wn‡gv‡Møvweb Gi Kvi‡b
 mgMÖ i‡³ i³i‡mi cwigvb: 55%
 i³i‡m cvwbi cwigvb: 90%
 i³KwbKv cÖavbZ: 3 cÖKvi|
 gvby‡li †jvwnZ KwbKvi Avqy: cÖvq 120 w`b|
 ‡`‡ni cÖwZwU †Kv‡l Aw·‡Rb mieivn K‡i: †jvwnZ KwbKv|
 ‡k^Z KwbKvi Mo Avq: 1-15 w`b|
 ÿZ¯’v‡b i³ RgvU eva‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i: AbyPwµKv ev _ª‡¤^vmvBU|
 AbyPwµKvi Mo Avqy: 5-10 w`b|
 wjD‡Kwgqv ev eøvW K¨vÝvi nq: i‡³ †k^ZKwbKv †e‡o †M‡j|
 GKwU eskMZ †ivM nj: _¨vjvwmwgqv
 gvby‡li i‡³i MÖyc: 4 wU (G, we, Gwe, I)
 i‡³i me©Rbxb MÖnxZv: MÖyc Gwe.
 i‡³i me©Rbxb `vZv MÖyc: I MÖæc|
  ‡Kvb Gw›U‡Rb †bB: I MÖæ‡c|
 ‡Kvb Gw›UewW †bB: Gwe MÖæ‡c|
 ‡h MÖæ‡ci i³avix gvby‡li msL¨v ‡ekx: I MÖæc (46%)|
 gvby‡li ürwc‡Û cÖ‡Kv‡ói msL¨v: 4wU|
 ürwc‡Ûi ¯^Z:ù~Z© ms‡KvPb‡K e‡j: wm‡÷vj
 ürwc‡Ûi ¯^Z:ù~Z© cÖmviY‡K e‡j: Wvqv‡÷vj|
 GKRb c~Y©eq¯‹ my¯’ gvby‡li ü`¯ú›`b cÖwZ wgwb‡U: 60-100 evi|
 i³Pvc wbY©vqK h‡š¿i bvg: wùM‡gvg¨v‡bvwgUvi
 gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK i³Pv: 120/80 wg.wg cvi` Pvc|
 ü`‡cwki i³ mieivn eÜ nIqv‡K e‡j: nvU© A¨vUvK|
 Awj›` ev wbj‡qi ms‡KvPb ÿgZv nªvm cvIqv‡K e‡j: nvU© †dwjIi|
 ‡Kv‡j‡÷ij †ekx _v‡K: hK…Z I gM‡R|
 i‡³ †Kv‡j‡÷ij Gi ¯^vfvweK cwigvY: 100-200 wg.MÖv./wW.Gj
 gvbe‡`‡n Møy‡Kv‡Ri ¯^vfvweK gvÎv: 80-120 wg.MÖv/‡Wwm.wj|
 Wvqv‡ewUm GKwU †Qvqv‡P †ivM|
 Wvqv‡ewUm †iv‡Mi Ab¨bvg: gay‡gn|
Aa¨vq Pvi: beRxe‡bi m~Pbv
 ‰kkeKv‡ji cwimxgv: 0-5 eQi|
 evj¨Kvj ejv nq: 6-10 eQi eqm‡K|
 wK‡kviKvj ev ‰K‡kvi Gi we¯Í…wZ: 10-19 eQi|
 ‡Q‡j‡`i kvwiwiK I gvbwmK cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ `vqx ni‡gvb: †U‡÷v‡÷ib|
 ‡g‡q‡`i kvwiwiK I gvbwmK cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ `vqx ni‡gvb: B‡÷ªv‡Rb I cÖ‡R‡÷ib|
 evsjv‡`‡k †Q‡j‡`i Rb¨ we‡qi b~¨bZg eqm: 21 eQi|
 evsjv‡`‡k †g‡q‡`i Rb¨ we‡qi b~¨bZg eqm: 18 eQi|
 me©cÖ_g †U÷wUDe †ewei Rb¥ †`b: W. †cUªywm (1959)
 gvbe‡`‡n µ‡gv‡Rv‡gi msL¨v: 23 †Rvov ev 46 wU|
 mšÍvb †Q‡j ev †g‡q nIqvi Rb¨ `vqx: cyiæl|
 me©cÖ_g Rxevk¥ ev dwmj Avwe¯‹vi K‡ib: †R‡bv‡db
 weeZ©b kãwUi D™¢e n‡q‡Q: j¨vwUb kã (Evolveri) ‡_‡K|
 me©cÖ_g B‡fvwjDkb kãwU e¨envi K‡ib: nvievU© ‡¯úbmvi|
 gvby‡li jyßcÖvq ev wbw¯Œq A½: wmKvg, KK&wm·
 DfPi cÖvwYi (e¨v‡Oi) ürwcÛ: 3 cÖ‡Kvô wewkó
 ms‡hvMKvix Rxe ev Kv‡bKwUs wjsK Gi D`vniY: cøvwUcvm, wbUvg MvQ|
 Ab‡Uv‡Rwb wiwcUm dvB‡jv‡Rwb (Ontogeny repeats phylogeny) Z‡Ë¡I cÖe³v: ‡n‡Kj|
 RxešÍ Rxev‡k¥i D`vniY: wjgyjvm ev ivRKuvKov, †ùv‡bvWb, BKyBwRUvg, wbUvg, cøvwUcvm, wM‡¼v evB‡jvev|
 ev‡qvjwR k‡ãi cÖwZôvZv: j¨vgvK©
 Ómv‡ciI cv wQjÓ e‡j‡Qb: j¨vgvK©
  “Origin of species by means of natural selection” eBwUi †jLK: Pvj©m WviDBb|
 M¨vjvc¨v‡Mvm ØxcwU Aew¯’Z: cÖkvšÍ gnvmvM‡i|
 cÖvK„wZK wbe©vPb Z‡Ë¡i cÖe³v: Pvj©m WviDBb
 ÔÔAw¯’‡Z¡i Rb¨ msMÖvgÓ ZË¡wci cÖe³v: Pvj©m WviDBb
Aa¨vq cuvP: †`L‡Z n‡j Av‡jv PvB
 `~N©Ubv Gov‡Z cvnvwo iv¯Ívi euv‡K e¨envi Kiv nq: †Mvjxq `c©Y|
 Av‡jvi cÖwZmi‡Yi m~Î: 2wU
 eq¯‹ m¦vfvweK †jv‡Ki ¯úó `k©‡Yi wbKUZg `~iZ¡: 25 †m.wg
 wkïi ¯úó `k©‡Yi wbKUZg `~iZ¡: 5 †m.wg
 `ywU †Mvjxq c„ô Øviv Ave× ¯^”Q cÖwZmviK gva¨g‡K e‡j: †jÝ
 ‡jÝ : 2 cÖKvi
 ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZvi cÖPwjZ GKK: WvqÞvi
 ‡j‡Ýi ÿgZvi AvšÍR©vwZK GKK: ‡iwWqvb/wgUvi
 ‡Pv‡Li ÿxb`„wó (Myopia) mgm¨v `~i Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq: AeZj †jÝ
 ‡Pv‡Li `xN©`„wó (Myopia) mgm¨v `~i Ki‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq: DËj †jÝ
Aa¨vq Qq: cwjgvi (AwZms‡ÿwcZ)
 wcwfwm cvBc Gi Dcv`vb: wfbvBj †KøvivBW
 ‰e`y¨wZK myBP nj: ev‡KjvBU cwjgvi (†dbj+digviwWnvBW)
 ‡gjvgvB‡bi _vjv-evmb n‡jv: †gjvgvBb †iwRb †gjvgvBb+digvjwWnvBW)
 cÖvK…wZK cwjgv‡ii D`vniY: cvU, wmé, m~wZ Kvco, ivevi
 K…wÎg cwjgv‡ii D`vniY: ‡gjvgvBb, †iwRb, ev‡KjvBU, cwjw_b, wcwfwm
 cÖvK…wZK Zš‘i D`vniY: cvU, wj‡bb, †ikg, ckg, Dj, wmé, A¨vm‡e÷m
 K…wÎg Zš‘i D`vniY: cwj÷vi, †iqb, †Wµb, bvBjb
 Zvc Kzcwievnx Zš‘ : ckg
 ‡kÖô Zš‘ ev Zš‘i ivbx: †ikg
Aa¨vq mvZ: A¤ø, ÿviK I je‡Yi e¨envi
 kw³kvjx Gwm‡Wi D`vniY: mvjwdDwiK GwmW, bvBwUªK GwmW, nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW
 `~e©j Gwm‡Wi D`vniY: GwmwUK GwmW, mvBwUªK GwmW, A·vwjK GwmW
 ‡evjZv I we”Qyi û‡j _v‡K: wn÷vwgb bvgK ÿviK
 ‡evjZv ev we”Qzi Kvg‡o R¦vjv wbeviK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq: wf‡bMvi, †ewKs †mvWv
 fvBUvwgb wm Gi Ab¨ bvg: GmKiweK GwmW
 fvBUvwgb wm Gi Afv‡e nq: ¯‹vwf©
 ÿZ¯’vb mviv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i: fvBUvwgb wm
 wf‡bMvi nj: GwmwUK GwmW
 `ya, `B, †evinvwb‡Z _v‡K: j¨vKwUK GwmW
  ‡KK ev cvDiæwU †dvjv‡Z e¨envi Kiv nq: †ewKs †mvWv
 evsjv‡`‡k bvix I wkï wbh©vZb AvBb cÖYxZ nq: 1995 mv‡j
 cvK¯’wji Lv`¨ nR‡g mvnvh¨ K‡i: nvB‡Wªv‡K¬vwiK GwmW
 gvby‡li cvK¯’wj‡Z GwmwWwU Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i: meyR Pv, †`qv avb, †jUymcvZv, gvkiæg, ev`vg |
 weï× cvwbi PH: 7
 agwbi i³, wRnŸvi jvjv I gvwUi PH h_vµ‡g: 7.4, 6.6 I 4-8|
 cvK¯’wj‡Z Lv`¨ nRg Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq PH: 2
 gvwUi GwmwWwU Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i: K¨vjwmqvg I g¨vM‡bwkqvg
 gvwUi ÿvi Kgv‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i: bvB‡UªU I dm‡dU|
 jvj wjUgvm‡K bxj K‡i: ÿvi
 bxj wjUgvm‡K jvj K‡i: GwmW
 wb‡`©k‡Ki D`vniY nj: wg_vBj A‡iÄ, wg_vBj †iW, †djd_vwjb|
 wg_vBj A‡iÄ I wg_vBj †iW ÿvi‡K cÖ`k©b K‡i: njy` eY©|
 ‡dbjd_vwjb (eY©nxY) ÿvi‡K cÖ`k©b K‡i: †Mvjvwc eY©|
 wccov I †gŠgvwQi n~‡j _v‡K: diwgK GwmW, †gwjwUb
 wgé Ae jvBg Gi ms‡KZ: [Ca(OH)2]
 G›UvwmW Ilya g~jZ: g¨vM‡bwkqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW ev A¨vjywgwbqvg nvB‡Wªv·vBW
 cvwb‡Z A`ªebxq je‡bi D`vniY: K¨vjwmqvg Kve©‡bU, wmjfvi mvj‡dU, wmjfvi †K¬vivBW|
 Lvev‡ii ¯^v` e„w×i Rb¨ e¨envi Kiv nq: †mvwWqvg MøyUv‡gU ev †Uw÷s më
 Kvco KvuPvi mvevb g~jZ: †mvwWqvg w÷qv‡iU
 ‡mwfs †dvg ev †Rj Gi cÖavb Dcv`vb: †mvwWqvg w÷qv‡iU
 e¨vK‡Uwiqv I fvBivm cÖwZ‡iv‡a e¨envi Kiv nq: Kcvi mvj‡dU (CuSO4.5H2O) ev Zzu‡Z|
Aa¨vq AvU: Avgv‡`i m¤ú`
 evjy gvwUi cÖavY ‰ewkó¨ nj: cvwb avib ÿgZv Lye Kg|
 dmj Pvlvev‡`i Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ekx Dc‡hvMx: ‡`v-Avuk gvwU|
 ‰e`y¨wZK hš¿cvwZ‡Z we`y¨r wb‡ivaK wn‡m‡e e¨en„Z nq: gvBKv