evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ I mvgvwRK cwieZ©b

Culture of Bangladesh and Social Change 10

f~wgKv
Introduction
evsjv`‡ki gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZ Zv‡`i cwiP‡qi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| G‡`‡ki gvby‡li ms¯‹w… Zi wewfbœ Dcv`vb
Ges †m¸‡jvi cÖfve Ab¨ ms¯‹…wZi gvbyl †_‡K cwiPqMZ ˆewk‡ó¨ Avjv`v mËv w`‡q‡Q| †hgb- evsjv‡`‡ki
gvby‡li fvlv ev fve Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi gva¨g, †cvkvK-cwi”Q` ev Ab¨vb¨ cwi‡aq, evmbcÎ, wPÎKjv, Mvb, bvP,
†jvKvwqZ Ávb, †jvKms¯‹…wZ, cÖhyw³, weÁvbm¤§Z Ávb, mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ, cÖ_v-cÖwZôvb, AvPvi AvPiY,
g~j¨‡eva, cvwievwiK Ges mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v, m¤úwËi gvwjKvbvi aib Ges DËivwaKvi, miKvi, M„nwbg©vY, wkí-
Drcv`b, PviæKjv, AvPvi-Abyôvb, cÖ_v-c×wZ, iÜb, ivóª, AvBb, Av`k©, AvgjvZš¿, mvgvwRK †PZbv, mvwnZ¨,
wkíKjv, ag©, `k©b BZ¨vw` meB ms¯‹…wZi Ask hv Ab¨‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ †_‡K Avgv‡`i‡K Avjv`v K‡i‡Q| GQvovI
evsjv‡`‡k emevmKvix wewfbœ ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôxi ms¯‹…wZ G‡`‡ki evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ n‡Z Avjv`v| G‡`‡k wewfbœ ÿz`ª
b„‡Mvôxi gvbyl emevm K‡i| †hgbÑ PvKgv, gvigv, Mv‡iv, wÎcyiv, mvuIZvj, gwYcywi, ivLvBb BZ¨vw`| Z‡e G‡`‡k
emevmKvix mKj gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZ‡Z wek¦vqb Ges cÖhyw³i cÖfve my¯úó| ¯^vaxbZv‡Ëvi evsjv‡`‡k wkÿvi cÖmvi,
KjKviLvbv cÖwZôvi Kvi‡Y bMivqY `ªæZ Qwo‡q c‡o‡Q| GQvov gvbyl Kg©ms¯’v‡bi mÜv‡b ev †ckvMZ cwieZ©‡bi
Kvi‡Y ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb Ki‡Q| Z‡e mv¤úªwZK mg‡q wkÿvi cªmvi, cÖhyw³i cÖmvi, bvixi ÿgZvqb, Kg©‡ÿ‡Î bvixi
Dcw¯’wZ, Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi cÖfv‡e G‡`‡ki mgvR e¨e¯’vq cwieZ©b wb‡q G‡m‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 5 w`b

G BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV-10.1: evsjv‡`‡ki MªvgxY I bMi ms¯‹…wZ
cvV-10.2: evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôxi ms¯‹…wZ
cvV 10.3: evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ‡Z wek¦vqb I cÖhyw³i cÖfve
cvV-10.4: evsjv‡`‡ki bMivqY Ges ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb
cvV 10.5: mvgvwRK cwieZ©b I mv¤úªwZK evsjv‡`k

ms¯‹…wZ, MÖvgxY ms¯‹…wZ, bMi ms¯‹…wZ, ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôx, PvKgv, gvigv, Mvu‡iv, wÎcyiv, mvuIZvj, gwYcywi,
gyL¨ kã ivLvBb, ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôxi ms¯‹w… Z, wek¦vqb, cÖhyw³, wek¦vqb I cÖhyw³i cªfve, bMivqY I ¯’vbvšÍi
Mgb, mvgvwRK cwieZ©b|
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq weweG evsjv

evsjv‡`‡ki MªvgxY I bMi ms¯‹…wZ

cvV-10.1
Rural and Urban Culture of Bangladesh

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 ms¯‹…wZi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY I bMi ms¯‹…wZ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
ms¯‹…wZi msÁv
Definition of culture
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY Ges bMi ms¯‹…wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi c~‡e© Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvbv Avek¨K, A_©vr ms¯‹…wZ
Kv‡K e‡j †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv| Bs‡iwR Culture k‡ãi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡jv ms¯‹…wZ| Avi GB ms¯‹…wZ‡K K…wóI ejv
nq| K…wó k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© Kl©Y ev Pvl| wewfbœ mgvRweÁvbx Ges mgvR b„weÁvbxMY ms¯‹…wZ‡K bvbvfv‡e
msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| †hgb
weªwUk b„weÁvbx B.we. UvBj‡ii g‡Z, ms¯‹…wZ A_ev mf¨Zv n‡”Q Ggb GKwU RwUj mvgwMÖK mËv, hvi †fZi i‡q‡Q
Ávb, Av¯’v-wek¦vm, wkíKjv, bxwZ‡eva, AvBb, cÖ_v-c×wZ Ges mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e gvby‡li AwR©Z Ab¨ mKj
`ÿZv I Af¨vm| (Culture or civilization is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art,
morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habit acquired by man as a member of society)|
UvBji AviI gZ †`b †h, mgvR¯’ gvby‡li mgMÖ RxebhvÎv-cÖYvjxB n‡jv ms¯‹…wZ|
ms¯‹…wZi mgvRZvwË¡K w`K we‡kølY Ki‡j ejv hvq GwU n‡jv Rxebhvcb ev RxebhvÎvi c×wZ evWay of life.
Ab¨w`‡K g¨vwj‡bv¯‹x e‡jb, ‘Culture is the handiwork of man and the medium through which he achieves
his ends.’ (A_v©r ms¯‹…wZ n‡”Q gvby‡li Avcb K‡g©i m„wó, hvi gva¨‡g †m Zvi D‡Ïk¨ mvab K‡i)| Z‡e Avgiv
GK_v ej‡Z cvwi †h gvbyl mywkÿv, m`vPvi, mybxwZ, myiæwP, wePvi-eyw×, AvPvi-Abyôvb BZ¨vw`i µgvMZ PP©vi
gva¨‡g ms¯‹…wZ‡K AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i hv Zv‡K wkóZv I AwkóZv, b¤ªZv I iæÿZv, mvgvwRK I AmvgvwRK AvPvi-
AvPi‡Yi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z †kLvq|
mgvRweÁvbx Kvjv©BjÕi g‡Z, gvbweK mËvi c~Y©v½ weKvk Ges Zvi Rb¨ mvabvi bvgB ms¯‹…wZ| Z‡e wbQK mvabv
wKš‘ms¯‹…wZbq| ms¯‹…wZ n‡”Q hv BwZg‡a¨ mvab wµqvq AwR©Z Ges Zvi djvd‡j cÖwZdwjZ|(The great lane of
culture is, let each become all that he was created capable of being)|
Avibì WweøD MÖxbÕi g‡Z, ms¯‹…wZ n‡jv gvby‡li Av¯’v-wek¦vm, Ávb, cÖ_v-c×wZi GKwU Av`k©vwqZ iƒc, hv
mvgvwRKfv‡e n¯ÍvšÍwiZ nq Ges mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Gm‡ei iƒcI e`jvq| (Culture is the socially
transmitted system of idealized ways in knowledge, practice, and belief along with the artifacts that
knowledge and practice produce and maintain as the change in time )|
mgvRweÁvbx g¨vKvBfvi Ges †cRÕi g‡Z, ms¯‹…wZ n‡jv gvby‡li RxebhvÎv, wPšÍv I cÖvZ¨wnK Kg©Kv‡Ði ¯^vfvweK
ewntcÖKvk, hv Zvi wkíKjv, mvwnZ¨, ag©, we‡bv`b I Dc‡fv‡Mi gva¨‡g cÖwZfvZ nq| ( Culture is the expression
of our nature in our modes of living and of thinking, in our everyday intercourses, in our art, in literature,
in religion, in creation and enjoyment)|
e¯‘Z gvby‡li mvgvwRK RxebhvÎvi mewKQzB Zvi ms¯‹…wZi AšÍf³ ©y | †hgb-gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, ag©xq,
ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ| gvby‡li K…wlKvR, M„nwbg©vY,wkí-Drcv`b, PviæKjv, AvPvi-Abyôvb, cÖ_v-c×wZ, iÜb, ivóª,
AvBb, Av`k©, AvgjvZš¿, g~j¨‡eva, mvgvwRK †PZbv, mvwnZ¨, wkíKjv, ag©, `k©b BZ¨vw` meB ms¯‹… wZi AšÍf³
©y |

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

ms¯‹…wZiDcv`vbmg~n
Elements of culture
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY Ges bMi ms¯‹…wZi e¨vwß m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡j Avgv‡`i‡K ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`b¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z
n‡e|
b„weÁvbx Clark WisslerZuvi Man and Culture bvgK MÖ‡š’ ms¯‹…wZi bqwU Dcv`v‡bi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, hvi
gva¨‡g mvs¯‹…wZK KvVv‡gv M‡o I‡V| †hgb-(1) fvlv, (2) e¯‘MZ ˆewkó¨ (evm¯’vb, †cvkvK-cwi”Q`, evmbcÎ
BZ¨vw`), (3) wkíKjv, (4) †cŠivwYK Kvwnbx Ges weÁvbm¤§Z Ávb, (5) ag©xq AvPvi-AvPiY, (6) cwievi I
mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v, (7) m¤úwË, (8) miKvi Ges (9) hy×|
Ab¨w`‡K, mgvRweÁvbx wK¤^j Bqvs Zuvi Sociology bvgK MÖ‡š’ ms¯‹„wZi †Z‡ivwU Dcv`v‡bi K_v D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb
(1) fv‡ei Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi aib (A½fw½ I fvlv);
(2) gvby‡li ˆ`wnK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Dcv`vb I c×wZ (Lv`¨MÖnY, e¨w³MZ †mevhZœ, AvkÖq, nvwZqvi, hš¿cvwZ,
BZ¨vw`);
(3) hvZvqv‡Zi Dcvq (evm, †Uªb, jÂ, D‡ovRvnvR BZ¨vw`);
(4) wRwbmcÎ I †mevi Av`vb cÖ`vb (cY¨ wewbgq, e¨emv-evwYR¨, †ckv BZ¨vw`);
(5) m¤úwËi aib (e¯‘MZ I e¨w³MZ);
(6) cwievi e¨e¯’v (weevn I weevn we‡”Q`), ÁvwZ †Mvôxi m¤úK©, AwffveKZ¡ Ges DËivwaKvi;
(7) mvgvwRK wbqš¿Y I miKvwi cÖwZôvb (Aek¨ cvjbxq †jvKixwZ, RbgZ, msMwVZ ivóª, AvBb-Kvbyb,
ivR‰bwZK `jmg~n I †bZ…Z¡, hy×weMÖn);
(8) ˆkwíK Awfe¨w³(¯’vcZ¨, wPÎKjv, msMxZ, mvwnZ¨, b„Z¨ BZ¨vw`);
(9) Aemi we‡bv`b g~jK Kg©KvÐ (wm‡bgv †`Lv, Mvb †kvbv, cwÎKv cov, †Ljvayjv BZ¨vw`);
(10) ag© I hv`ywe`¨v msµvšÍ a¨vb-aviYv I AvPvi AvPiY;
(11) weÁvb I cÖhyw³;
(12) cyivY I `k©b; Ges
(13) †gŠwjK wg_w®Œqvm~PK cÖwµqvmg~‡ni mvs¯‹…wZK KvVv‡gv|
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY I bMi ms¯‹…wZ
Rural and urban culture of Bangladesh
QK: evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY I bMi ms¯‹…wZ
Dcv`vb I ˆewkó¨ MÖvgxY ms¯‹…wZ bMi ms¯‹…wZ
fvlv ev fv‡ei MÖgxY ms¯‹w… Z g~jZ AÂjwfwËK fvlvi e¨envi bM‡ii Rb‡Mvôxig‡a¨ wkÿvi nvi Ges
Av`vb cÖ`vb jÿYxq, †hLv‡b AvÂwjK k‡ãi e¨envi, D”PwkwÿZ gvby‡li nvi Zzjbvg~jK †ewk nIqvq
AvÂwjK fvlvq m‡¤^vab †ewk n‡q _v‡K| eB- GLv‡b fvlvq Zzjbvg~jK cÖwgZ fvlvi e¨envi
cy¯K
Í ev cÖwgZ fvlvi e¨envi Kg n‡q _v‡K| †ewk| GLv‡b m‡¤^vab ixwZ‡ZI cvðv‡Z¨i aviv
Z‡e eZ©gv‡b MÖvg ch©v‡q wkÿvi cÖmvi NUvq jÿYxq| Z‡e bM‡i ¯’vbvšÍi Mg‡bi d‡j
fvlvi e¨env‡i cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| wewfbœ A‡ji gvby‡li fvlvi Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi
Kvi‡Y bM‡ii fvlvq wgkÖ k‡ãi e¨envi
†e‡o‡Q|
e¯‘MZ ˆewkó¨ K‡qK eQi c~‡e©I MÖvgxY evm¯’vb g~jZ gvwUi bM‡ii gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK DbœwZi d‡j c~‡e©i
Ges gvby‡li ˆZwi †`qvj Ges kb ev wU‡bi Pvjv wQ‡jv| wKš‘ Zzjbvq bM‡ii evm¯’v‡bI ˆecøweK cwieZ©b
Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi eZ©gvb mg‡q MÖv‡gI cvKv A_v©r BU cv_‡ii ˆZwi G‡m‡Q| bM‡i BU cv_‡ii ˆZwi wekvj
c×wZ evwo, †mwg cvKv evwo, wUb‡kW †mwg cvKv Ni AÆvwjKvmn wewfbœ wWRvB‡bi cvKv evwo jÿ¨
jÿ Kiv hvq| Kiv hvq| Z‡e kn‡ii ew¯Í GjvKvq †mwg cvKv

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Dcv`vb I ˆewkó¨ MÖvgxY ms¯‹…wZ bMi ms¯‹…wZ

evwo, wUb‡kW Ni jÿ Kiv hvq|
MÖvgxY ms¯‹…wZi gvby‡li †cvkvK cwi”Q` g~jZ bMi ms¯‹…wZi gvby‡li †cvkvK cwi”Q` g~jZ
evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ‡K Dc¯’vcb K‡i| MÖv‡gi cvðv‡Z¨i mv‡_ †`kxq †cvkv‡Ki †gjeÜb|
cyiæ‡liv g~jZ jyw½, cvqRvgv, cvÄvwe, †g‡qiv kn‡ii cyiæ‡liv g~jZ cvqRvgv,cvÄvwe,
kvwo, mv‡jvqvi KvwgR BZ¨vw` cwiavb K‡i| Z‡e UªvDRvi, wRÝ c¨v›U, kvU©, m¨yU, R¨v‡KU,
bMi ms¯‹…wZi cÖfv‡e MÖv‡gi wkwÿZ Rb‡Mvôxi †g‡qiv mv‡jvqvi KvwgR, kvwo BZ¨vw` cwiavb
g‡a¨I kvU©-c¨v›U, wRÝ c¨v›U, R¨v‡KU, m¨yU, K‡i| Z‡e kn‡ii†g‡qivI kvU©-c¨v›U, wRÝ
UªvDRvi BZ¨vw`i e¨envi jÿ Kiv hvq| c¨v›U, R¨v‡KU, my¨yU, UªvDRvi BZ¨vw` cwiavb
eZ©gv‡b MÖv‡gi gvby‡li e¨envh©¨ evmbcÎI cÖvq K‡i|
kn‡ii gZ, †hgb-wmivwg‡Ki evmb, Kuv‡Pi eZ©gv‡b bM‡ii gvbyl gv‡S wmivwg‡Ki evmb,
ˆZwii evmb Ges †gjvgvB‡bi evmbc‡Îi e¨envi Kv‡Pi ˆZwii evmb Ges †gjvgvB‡bi
†`Lv hvq| evmbc‡Îi e¨envi †`Lv hvq|
MÖv‡gi gvbylRb g~jZ gvwU‡Z gv`yi †c‡Z ev kn‡ii gvbylRbg~jZ †Pqvi †Uwe‡j e‡m Lvevi
wcwo‡Z e‡m Lv`¨MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e MÖnY K‡i|
AvaywbKKv‡j Gi e¨wZµgI jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
bM‡i e¨w³MZ †mev h‡Zœi †ÿ‡Î cwievi
†hgb- †Pqvi †Uwe‡j e‡m Lvevi MÖnY BZ¨vw`|
cwiRbB K‡i _v‡K|Z‡e bM‡i wewfbœ cwiev‡i
MÖv‡g e¨w³MZ †mev h‡Zœi †ÿ‡Î cwievi †mweKv ivLviI cÖPjb i‡q‡Q|
cwiRbmn ÁvwZ †Mvôxi †jvKRb Ges KLbI
KLbI cvov cÖwZ‡ewkivI AskMÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
wkíKjv I †h‡nZz GB evsjv Rbc` wewfbœ ivRv, ev`kv, †h‡nZz ivRv, ev`kv, Rwg`vi Ges we‡`wk
ˆkwíK Awfe¨w³ Rwg`vi Ges we‡`wk kw³i Øviv kvwmZ n‡q‡Q RbMY kni‡Kw›`ªK Avevm¯’j M‡o Zz‡jwQ‡jb
†m‡nZz GLvbKvi MÖvgxY ms¯‹…wZi ¯’vcZ¨, ZvB g~jZ kni GjvKvi ag©xq ¯’vb, hv`yNi,
wPÎKjv‡ZI Hme kvmK †kÖwYi g‡bvwPšÍvi evwoi wbg©vY ˆkwj‡Z wewfbœ ¯’vcZ¨, wPÎKjvi
ewntcÖKvk N‡U‡Q| Z‡e Gme wPÎKjv g~jZ e¨envi jÿYxq|
MÖvgxY ag©xq I mvs¯‹…wZK ¯’vcbv¸‡jv‡Z jÿ¨ Kiv bM‡ii ixwZ bxwZ, ms¯‹…wZ‡Z g~jZ cvðvZ¨i
hvq| cÖfve jÿ¨Yxq| †hgb-kn‡ii D”PweË I
†jvKixwZ, †jvKMvb, mvwnZ¨ BZ¨vw` g~jZ MÖvgxY ga¨weË †jv‡Kivcwðgv mvwnZ¨ c‡o _v‡K|
cwi‡e‡ki Dci wbf©i K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q| †hgb- GQvovI wewfbœ gva¨g †hgb-wmwW, wWwfwW,
gqgbwmsn MxwZKv| GQvov nvIo A‡j B›Uvi‡bUBZ¨vw`i mvnv‡h¨ AvBwc P¨v‡bj,
el©vKv‡ji cwi‡e‡ki Dci wfwË K‡i NvUz Mv‡bi †bUwd¬·, K¨vej P¨v‡b‡jwe‡`wk wm‡bgv, Wªvgv
cÖPjb ˆZwi nq| m¤úªwZ MÖv‡g Gme †jvKvPvi, wmwiR, Lei, WKz‡g›Uvwi, cwi‡ek I b¨vkbvj
†jvKixwZ Ges †jvKms¯‹…wZ‡ZI cwieZ©b wRIMÖvwdmn eû Gwc‡mvW Dc‡fvM K‡i|
G‡m‡Q| †hgb- GLb Avi c~‡e©i g‡Zv cyuw_ cv‡Vi
Avmi, hvÎv, KweMvb, mvwiMvb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq bv|
AvKvk ms¯‹…wZi d‡j MÖv‡gi gvbylI wewfbœ
B‡jKUªwbK gva¨‡g we‡`wk wm‡bgv, Wªvgv wmwiR
BZ¨vw` Dc‡fvM K‡i _v‡K|
ag©, `k©b Ges MÖv‡gi gvbyl Zzjbvg~jK †ewk cwigv‡Y ag©xq bM‡ii Rb‡Mvôx weÁvbm¤§Z Áv‡biDci
weÁvbm¤§Z wek¦vm aviY K‡i| †Kv‡bv Amy¯’Zv ev Amyy‡Li wbf©ikxj| †Kv‡bv Amy¯’Zv ev Amyy‡Li NUbv
Ávb NUbv NU‡j MÖv‡gi gvbyl A‡bKmgq g‡b K‡i †h NU‡j kn‡ii gvbyl cÖ_‡g Wv³v‡ii kibvcbœ
wR¡b ev f~‡Zi AvQo c‡o‡Q, Ges †m Abyhvqx nq|
cvwbcov, Suvo †dvK, ISvu BZ¨vw`i AvkÖq MÖnY
K‡i| MÖv‡g GL‡bv mv‡c Kvgo w`‡j cÖ_‡g ISuvi

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Dcv`vb I ˆewkó¨ MÖvgxY ms¯‹…wZ bMi ms¯‹…wZ

Kv‡Q wb‡q hvq| Z‡e AvaywbKKv‡jmbvZbx
wPwKrmv avivi cvkvcvwk we‡klÁ Wv³v‡ii
kiYvcbœ n‡”Q|

ag©xq AvPvi- MÖv‡gi AwaKvsk gvbyl hv`ywe`¨vq GL‡bv wek¦vm bM‡ii gvbylR‡bi hv`ywe`¨vq wek¦vm Kg| Z‡e
AvPiY ev ag© I iv‡L| ag©xq AvPvi AvPiY I ag©xq ixwZbxwZ evsjv‡`‡ki kn‡i ag©xq AvPvi AvPiY I ag©xq
hv`ywe`¨v msµvšÍ K‡Vvifv‡e cvjb K‡i _v‡K| ixwZbxwZ K‡Vvifv‡e cvj‡b h‡_ó wkw_jZv
a¨vb-aviYv I jÿ¨ Kiv hvq Ges wKQz wKQz D”P wkwÿZ I
AvPvi AvPiY ga¨weË cwievi ag©xq AvPvi-AvPiY A‡bK
†ÿ‡ÎB cvjb K‡i bv|
hvZvqv‡Zi MÖv‡g hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ Miæi Mvwo, gwn‡li Mvwo, bM‡i hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ wi·v-f¨vb, BwRevBK,
Dcvq †Nvovi Mvwomn wi·v-f¨vb, †gvUi evBK, evm, UªvK, cÖvB‡fU, †gvUi mvB‡Kj BZ¨vw`
BwRevBK, †bŠKv, BwÄbPvwjZ †bŠKv, jÂmn bvbv bvbv ai‡bi hvbevnb e¨envi K‡i| kn‡ii
ai‡bi hvbevnb e¨envi K‡i| Z‡e MÖv‡gi A‡bK me©Î cvKv iv¯Ív jÿYxq|
iv¯Ív cvKvI wc‡Pi nIqvq me ai‡bi Mvwo
PjvPj jÿYxq|
cwievi I MÖv‡g GKK cwievi Ges †hŠ_ cwievi e¨e¯’v †ewk
bM‡i g~jZ AYy cwievi e¨e¯’v †ewk jÿ¨bxq|
mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v, jÿYxq| MÖv‡gi wcZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi e¨e¯’vZ‡e bM‡iI wcZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi e¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ
ÁvwZ †Mvôxi cÖPwjZ _vKvq m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi Ges _vKvq m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi Ges AwffvKZ¡
m¤úK©, AwffvKZ¡ wcZvi w`K †_‡K wba©vwiZ nq| MÖv‡gi
wcZvi w`K †_‡K wba©vwiZ nq| Z‡e
AwffveKZ¡ ÁvwZ m¤ú‡K©i †jvKR‡bi gv‡S Mfxi m¤úK© A‡bK‡ÿ‡Î AYy Ges GKK cwievi e¨e¯’v
we`¨gvb _v‡K| cÖPwjZ _vKvq kn‡ii ÁvwZ m¤ú‡K©i
Ges DËivwaKvi
†jvKR‡bi g‡a¨ digvj m¤úK© we`¨gvb|
m¤úwË I MÖv‡g m¤úwË ej‡Z g~jZ RwgRgv, evMvb, bM‡i m¤úwË ej‡Z g~jZ Ni-evwo, Mvwo,
m¤úwËi aib Nievwo‡K †evSvq| MÖv‡g K…wl wfwËK ¯’vei e¨emv cÖwZôvb, e¨vsK e¨v‡jÝ, DcvwR©Z A_©,
m¤úwËi Dci †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq| wewb‡qvMK…Z UvKv BZ¨vw`‡K †evSvq| kn‡i
A¯’vei m¤úwËi Dci †ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv nq|

Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K MÖvgxY Ges bM‡ii ms¯‹…wZ m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ aviYv cvIqv hvq| we‡`wk ms¯‹…wZi Øviv
evsjv‡`‡ki bM‡ii ms¯‹…wZ eûjvs‡k cÖfvweZ n‡”Q hvi cÖfve co‡Q MÖvgxY cwi‡ek I ms¯‹„wZi Dci| Z‡e
G‡ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q †ewk f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q wkÿv, AvKvk ms¯‹…wZ, †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡bj,B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g mvgvwRK
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨gmg~n welq¸‡jv|

mvims‡ÿc
ms¯‹…wZ n‡jv gvby‡li mvwe©K Rxeb hvÎvi bvbvwea Kg©KvÐ I ˆewkó¨| ms¯‹…wZi wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ fvlv,
e¯‘MZ ˆewkó¨ (evm¯’vb, †cvkvK-cwi”Q`, evmbcÎ BZ¨vw`), wkíKjv, †cŠivwYK Kvwnbx Ges weÁvbm¤§Z Ávb,
ag©xq AvPvi-AvPiY, cwievi I mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v, m¤úwË, miKvi BZ¨vw` D‡jøL‡hvM¨| evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY Ges
bMi ms¯‹…wZi wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î ¯^Zš¿ I wfbœ ˆewkó¨ we`¨gvb|

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evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôxi ms¯‹…wZ

cvV-10.2
Culture of main ethnic groups of Bangladesh

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôxm¤ú‡K©aviYv cv‡eb|
 evsj‡`‡ki wewfbœ ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôxi bvgmg~n ißKi‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsj‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôxi ms¯‹…wZ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ÿz`ª b„- †Mvôx
Ethnic group
evsjv‡`‡ki ÿy`ª G_wbK m¤cÖ`vq n‡”Q ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôx| mvaviYfv‡e b„-†Mvôx ej‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó Rbmgwô‡K †evSvq
hv‡`i GKwU mymsMwVZ AÂj i‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b Zviv emevm K‡i, Zv‡`i i‡q‡Q wbR¯^ fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ hv Zv‡`i‡K
Ab¨‡`i †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i|
mgvRweÁvbx John M. Shepar Gi g‡Z, b„‡Mvôx n‡”Q RbmsL¨vi GK we‡kl Ask, hviv DËivwaKvix m~‡Î wKQz
`„wó‡MvPi ˆ`wnK ˆewkó¨ aviY K‡i|
e„wUk b„weÁvbx E.B.TylorGi g‡Z, Ethnic community is a group distinguished by common cultural
characteristics. (A_v©r b„-†Mvôx n‡jv mvaviY mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewk‡ó¨i AwaKvix Rb‡Mvôx|)

evsjv‡`‡ki ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôx Kviv?

Who are the minority ethnic groups of Bangladesh?
evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ ÿz`ª b„‡Mvôx n‡jvPvKgv, gvigv, wÎcyiv, KzwK, Z½¨v, Kzwg, jymvB, cvs‡Lv, Lywg, wLqvs, eb‡hvMx,
gwYcywi, Lvwmqv, Mv‡iv, nvRs, †KvP, `jyB, muvIZvj, ivReskx, gyÐv, IuivI, ivLvBb BZ¨vw`| Z‡e G‡`i g‡a¨ †KD
cvnv‡o, †KD mgZj f~wg‡Z evm K‡i| G‡`i g‡a¨ cÖavb ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôx n‡jv-PvKgv, gvigv, wÎcyiv, Muv‡iv,
muvIZvj,gwYcywi BZ¨vw`|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb ÿy`ª b„-†Mvôxi ms¯‹…wZ
Culture of main ethnic minority groups of Bangladesh
1| fvlv I ag©
 PvKgv: PvKgv mgv‡Ri e„nËi MÖvgxY Rb‡Mvôx wb‡R‡`i ÔPvOgvÕ-bv‡g cwiPq w`‡Z cQ›` K‡i| PvKgviv
c~‡e© wU‡e‡Uv evg©v fvlv cwievify³ AvivKvwb fvlvq K_v ej‡jI Zv‡`i wjwc‡Z AvivKvwb A¶‡ii
cÖvavb¨B †ewk cwijw¶Z nq| PvKgviv ïiæ‡Z cÖvK„wZK a‡g©i Abymvix n‡jI c‡i †eŠ× a‡g©i Abymvix
nIqvq G a‡g©i bvbv Abyôvb, AvPvi, ixwZbxwZ, cÖ_v-c×wZ cvjb K‡i|
 gvigv: gvigviv g‡½vjxq es‡kv™¢~Z| gvigv‡`i eY©gvjv evwg©R| gvigv‡`i fvlv evg©v-AvivKvb †kÖ wYi
AšÍf~³© | Z‡e eZ©gv‡b gvigv‡`i fvlvq evsjv I PÆMÖv‡gi AvÂwjK kãI e¨envi †`Lv hvq| †eŠ× a‡g©i
Abymvix gvigviv G a‡g©i bvbv Abyôvb, AvPvi, ixwZbxwZ, cÖ_v-c×wZ cvjb K‡i|
 wÎcyiv: wÎcyiviv g‡½vjxq es‡kv™¢‚Z| wÎcyiv‡`i fvlvi bvg KKeiK `kok-borok'| wÎcyiviv mbvZb wn›`y
a‡g©i Abymvix nIqvq wke I Kvjx Ges 14 Rb †`e-†`exi c~Rv AP©bv K‡i _v‡K|
 Mv‡iv (gvw›`): gvw›`iv g~jZ g‡½vj‡qW b„†Mvôxi AšÍfy©³| G‡`i fvlvi bvg gvw›`| Giv mvsmv‡iK a‡g©i
Abymvix| msmvi, cwievi, Lvbv A_©vr RvMwZK welq‡K †K›`ª K‡iB Mv‡iv‡`i ag© e‡jB mvsmv‡iK kãwU

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e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Giv me©cÖvYev‡` wek¦vmx| Z‡e weªwUk Dcwb‡ewkK kvmbvg‡j AwaKvsk gvw›`
ag©všÍwiZ n‡q L„óvb a‡g©i Abymvix nq hv g~jZ N‡U G‡`‡k L„óvb wgkbvixi ag© cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g|
 muvIZvj: muvIZvjiv Avw` A÷ªvj‡qW bi‡Mvôxfy³| mvuIZvjiv Kvi‡gwj I gvn‡jm bv‡g `yÕwU fvlv
e¨envi K‡i| muvIZvj m¤cÖ`v‡qi gvbyl cÖavbZ wn›`y I wLª÷vba‡g©©i Abymvix nIqvq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ mbvZb
a‡g© wek¦vmxiv wn›`ya‡g©i Ges wLª÷vb a‡g©i Abymvixiv wLª÷ a‡g©i ixwZbxwZ I ag©xq AvPvi-Abyôvb cvjb
K‡i|
 gwYcywi:gwYcywi‡`i‡K Avw`-g‡½vjxq bi‡Mvôxi AšÍf³ ©y e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| G‡`i fvlvi bvg ˆg‡_qx|
gwYcywiiv wn›`ya‡gi© ˆeòe m¤cÖ`v‡qi AšÍf©y³ nIqvq Zv‡`i gw›`‡i mvaviYZ Zv‡`i gw›`‡i kªx kªx ivav
K…ò, kªx kªx RMbœv_ †`e Ges kªx kªx †MŠiv‡½i g~wZ© †`Lv hvq|
2| cwievi, weevn, DËivwaKvi I m¤úwË
 PvKgv:PvKgv cwievi wcZ…Zvwš¿K I wcZ…m~Îxq nIqvq ¶gZv ev KZ©…Z¡ wcZv, ¯^vgx ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv eq¯‹
cyiæ‡li nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K Ges Zv‡`i DËivwaKvi wcZv †_‡K cy‡Îi Dci eZ©vq| PvKgv‡`i g‡a¨ wbR es‡k
mvZ cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ we‡q wbwl× _vK‡jI AšÍwe©evn I ewnwe©ev‡ni cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| PvKgv mgv‡R ei c‡¶i
†jvKRb wM‡q K‡b‡K Zz‡j wb‡q G‡m e‡ii evwo‡Z weevn Abyôvb K‡i| weevnwe‡”Q‡`i NUbv
PvKgvmgv‡R weij| Z‡e AvaywbK wkwÿZ PvKgv‡`i †KD †KD Ab¨ a‡g©i Abymvix‡`i mv‡_ weevn e܇b
Ave× n‡”Q|
 gvigv: wcZ…Zvwš¿K gvigv cwievi e¨e¯’vq cvwievwiK KvRK‡g© gvZvi f‚wgKvI D‡jøL‡hvM¨| gvigviv GKK
cwievi e¨e¯’viAbymvix| wcZvi m¤úwˇZ †Q‡j I †g‡q Df‡qiB mgvb AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| gvigv mgv‡R
mvaviYZ GKweevn e¨e¯’vB cÖPwjZ _vK‡jI KL‡bv KL‡bv eûweevn cÖ_vI †`Lv hvq| gvigv mgv‡R
weevn we‡”Q‡`i cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| AšÍ©weevn I ewnwe©evn cÖ_v gvigv mgv‡R we`¨gvb| gvigviv weevn, weevn-
we‡”Q` I m¤úwËi gvwjKvbv BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î bvix‡`i‡K ¯^vaxbZv †`q|
 wÎcyiv: wÎcyiv‡`i cwievi e¨e¯’v wcZ…Zvwš¿K Ges GLv‡b wcZvB cwiev‡ii cÖavb| cwiev‡ii †R¨ô cyÎ
m¤úwËi DËivwaKv‡iAMÖvwaKvi cvq| wÎcyiv‡`i mgv‡R wbR †Mv‡Îi g‡a¨ weevn wbwl×| Z‡e G‡`i g‡a¨
weaev weevn I eûweevn cÖPwjZ|
 Mv‡iv (gvw›`): Mv‡iv‡`i mgv‡R gvZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi e¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ nIqvq cwiev‡ii mKj KZ©…Z¡ I ¶gZv
gvZv ev ¯¿xi nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K Ges m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi gv‡qi w`K †_‡K wba©vwiZ nq| Mv‡iv‡`i mgv‡R
gvZ…evm ixwZ AbymiY Kivq we‡qi ci be`¤úwZ ¯¿xi evev gv‡qi evwo‡Z emevm ïiæ K‡i| Mv‡ivmgv‡R
GKK weevnwfwËK cwievi e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb|
 muvIZvj: muvIZvj‡`i mgv‡R wcZ„Zvwš¿K e¨e¯’v cÖPwjZ _vKvq wcZv cwiev‡ii cÖavb wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|
GKK ev AYycwievi muvIZvj‡`i cwievi e¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| wcZvi m¤úwˇZ cy‡Îi AwaKvi
_vK‡jI Kb¨vmšÍv‡bi †Kv‡bv AwaKvi †bB| muvIZvj‡`i g‡a¨ GKK weevn cÖPwjZ| Z‡e m‡Mv‡Î weevn
wbwl×|
 gwYcywi:gwYcywi mgv‡R wcZ…Zvwš¿K Ges wcZ…m~Îxq cwievi e¨e¯’v cÖPvwjZ| m¤úwËi AwaKvi, ÿgZv I
KZ„©Z¡ wcZvi w`K †_‡K wba©vwiZ nq| GKK ev AYycwievi †ewk we`¨gvb| gwYcywi‡`i g‡a¨ ewn©‡MvÎ weevn
cÖPwjZ _vK‡jIAšÍ©‡MvÎweevn e¨e¯’v GLv‡b wbwl×| G‡`i mgv‡R ZvjvKcÖvß I weaevweev‡ni cÖPjb
i‡q‡Q|
3| A_©bxwZ, mgvR-ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvbmg~n
 PvKgv:PvKgv‡`iRxweKv wbe©v‡ni Dcvq n‡jv cvnv‡o RygPvl| RygPv‡li gva¨‡g avb, Zzjv, kmv, wZj, f~Æv
Drcv`b K‡i| K…wlcY¨ Drcv`b QvovI Zviv nvum-gyiwM I k~Ki cvjb K‡i _v‡K|cwievi ev cvwievwiK
msMVbPvKgv mgv‡Ri ¶z`ªZg mvgvwRK GKK| K‡qKwU PvKgvcwievi wb‡q MwVZ nq Av`vg ev cvov hvi

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cÖavb‡K ejv nq Kvievix| MÖvg ev †gŠRv cÖav‡bi mv‡_ Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g PvKgv ivRv Kvievix‡K
wb‡qvM K‡ib| PvKgvivRv eskci¤úivq wbhy³ nb Ges GB ivRvB PvKgvmgv‡Ri msnwZi cÖZxK|
 gvigv: PvKgv‡`i g‡Zv gvigvivIRygPvl K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i| Z‡e gvigv‡`i g‡a¨ emZevwo‡Z evMvb
I K…wlKvR Kivi cÖeYZv †`Lv hvq| K…wlcY¨ QvovI gvigviv bvbv ai‡bi ˆZRlcÎ ˆZwi K‡i we‡kl K‡i
evuk I †e‡Zi mvgMÖxGes †PvjvB g`I ˆZwi K‡i| †evgvs wPd ev †evgvs ivRv gvigv mgv‡Ri cÖavb|
gvigv mgv‡R KZ¸‡jv MÖvg wb‡q †gŠRv MwVZ Ges gvigv mgvR KZ¸‡jv †gŠRvq gvigv mgvR wef³|
HwZn¨MZfv‡e wÎgvwÎK gvigv‡`i ivR‰bwZK cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’vq MÖvg ev cvov cÖavb‡K Kvievwi, †gŠRv
cÖavb‡K†nWg¨vb Ges mv‡K©‡ji cÖavb‡K ivRv ev mv‡K©j wPd ejv nq|
 wÎcyiv: wÎcyiv‡`i A_©bxwZ RygPvl, cï cvjb I nvjPv‡li Dci wbf©ikxj _vK‡jI Zv‡`i g‡a¨ evMvb
PvlI cÖPwjZ| Z‡e wKQz msL¨K wkwÿZ wÎcyiv PvKwi I Ab¨vb¨ †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ| g~jZ Ryg Pv‡li Dci
Ry‡gi Dci wfwË K‡iB wÎcyiv mgv‡Ri A_©bxwZ M‡o D‡V‡Q| wÎcyiv mgvR g~jZ: bvbv ai‡bi `dv Øviv
cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿ZGes hv 36wU `dvq wef³| GB 36 wU `dvi g‡a¨ 16wU `dv evsjv‡`‡k emevm
K‡i| GB `dv¸‡jvi i‡q‡QAvjv`v †cvkvK-cwi”Q`, fvlv AvPvi-Abyôvb, ixwZ-cÖ_v I AjsKvi|
 Mv‡iv (gvw›`):GKmgq Ryg Pv‡l Af¨¯Í Mv‡iveZ©gv‡b nvjK…wl‡Z Af¨¯Í| nvjK…wli gva¨‡g Zviv avb,
bvbvcÖKvi mewR I Avbvim Drcv`b K‡i| Mv‡iviv ¯¿x-cyiæl Df‡qB nvUevRv‡i cY¨ µq weµq
K‡i|MÖvgch©v‡qi †bZ…‡Z¡ i‡q‡Qb MÖvgcÖavb| Mv‡iv mgv‡R BDwbqb cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil‡`i g‡Zv
¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v GLv‡b we`¨gvb hv evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii Ask|
 muvIZvj:mvuIZvj‡`i mgvR 12 wU †Mv‡Î wef³| GB 12 wU †Mv‡Îi evB‡i A‡bK Dc-†MvÎI i‡q‡Q|
cÖwZwU †Mv‡Îi GKRb †nWg¨vb _v‡K hvi Aax‡b wePvi Kvh© cwiPvwjZ nq| mvuIZvj‡`i wZb ai‡bi wePvi
e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q, †hgb- MÖvg cÂv‡qZ, ciMbv cÂv‡qZ Ges R½j gnvmfv|
 gwYcywi: gwYcywi A_©bxwZ K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj| bvix-cyiæl DfqB K…wl Kv‡Ri mv‡_ m¤ú„³| cvnvwo
GjvKvi gwYcywiiv Ryg Pvl c×wZ Avi mgZ‡ji mgZjf~wgi Pvl c×wZ‡Z Af¨¯Í| K…wlKvR QvovI
gwYcywi m¤úª`vq Kvco †evbv ZuvZ cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K|
4| Lv`¨vf¨vm, ¯’vcZ¨ixwZ I †cvkvK
 PvKgv:PvKgv‡`i Lv`¨ ZvwjKvq cÖavbZ fv‡Zi cÖvavb¨ †ewk| fvZ QvovI PvKgviv gvQ, gvsm, djgyj,
Wvj BZ¨vw` Lv`¨ wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| cvbxq wn‡m‡e PvKgviv ¯’vbxqfv‡e ˆZwiK…Z g` cvb K‡i
_v‡K| PvKgv cyiæl‡`i cÖavb †cvkvK aywZ I N‡i-†evbv †KvU| GQvovI Zviv cvMov c‡i _v‡K | PvKgv
†g‡q‡`i cÖavb †cvkvK n‡jv ÔwcbavbÕ, ÔLvw`Õ cvMov ev Lvevs Ges kvwo-eøvDR| ÔwcbavbÕ n‡jv
PvKgv‡`i HwZn¨evnx Kv‡jv i‡Oi NvMiv c‡i hvi Dc‡i I wb‡P jvj †WvivKvUv Ges cv‡k m~wPKg© Kiv
_v‡K| GQvovI PvKgv †g‡qiv gv_vq ¯‹v‡d©i g‡Zv Kvco c‡i _v‡K| PvKgv †g‡qiv AjsKvi wn‡m‡e
iæcvi ˆZwi Mnbv I cywZi gvjv cwiavb K‡i|
 gvigv:gvigv‡`i cÖavb Lvevi n‡jv fvZ, gvQ, gvsm Ges bvbv ai‡bi kvK mewR| gvigviv †ZvnRv bv‡gi
GK ai‡bi Lvevi MÖnY K‡i _v‡K hv wm× kvK mewRi mv‡_ gwiP wgwk‡q cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq| gvigv‡`i
Av‡iKwU HwnZ¨evnx Lvevi n‡jv kyUwK gvQ †_‡K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z ÔbvwàÕ ev ÔavIqvswcÕ| gvigv cyiæl‡`i cÖavb
†cvkvK n‡jv Rvgv, jyw½ Ges ÔMesÕ bvgK gv_vi cvMwo| gvigv bvix‡`i cÖavb †cvkvK n‡jv ÔAvwÄÕ bvgK
GK ai‡bi eøvDR, ÔivsKvBÕ I Ô_vwgÕ| Z‡e jyw½ civ Pj bvix-cyiæl Df‡qiB Av‡Q|
 wÎcyiv:wÎcyiv m¤úª`vq Zv‡`i HwZn¨evnx Lvevi MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|wÎcyiv cyiæl‡`icÖavb †cvkvK ay wZ, gv_vi
cvMwo/Uzwc|wÎcyiv bvix‡`i cÖavb †cvkvK n‡jv eøvDR Gesmvqv| AjsKvi wn‡m‡e wÎcyiv bvixiv †eswK,
evjv, KzbwP, AvuPjx, ivsevZvi, myigv, IqvKzg bvgK Mnbv c‡i _v‡K| Z‡e bvix-cyiæl Df‡qi gv‡SB iƒcv
wbwg©Z e· P›`ªvK…wZi Kv‡bi `yj civi cÖPjb Av‡Q|

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 Mv‡iv (gvw›`):Mv‡iv‡`i cÖavb Lv`¨ fvZ, gvQ, gvsm, Wvj, kvKmewR| Z‡e cuywU gv‡Qi wn`j ïUwK
Mv‡iv‡`i wcÖq Lvevi|GQvovI ïK‡ii gvsm, K”Qc, Kzu‡P, evu‡ki KuwP Pviv Ges e¨v‡Oi QvZv †L‡q _v‡K|
ms¯‹…wZi Ask wn‡m‡e Mv‡iviv cPuyB bv‡g GK ai‡bi g` cvbxq wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| Mv‡iv cyiæ‡liv jyw½,
†MwÄ, cvqRvgv, cvÄvwe, kvU© Avi †g‡qiv kvwo, eøvDR, kvwo, †cwU‡KvU, mv‡jvqvi KvwgR I Iobv c‡i
_v‡K| Mv‡iv‡`i HwZn¨evnx `K¡v›`v †cvkv‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi wkíKg© wPwÎZ _v‡K| Mv‡iv †g‡qiv Pvw›`-iæcv
Ges †mvbvi AjsKvi e¨envi K‡i _v‡K|
 muvIZvj: muvIZvj‡`i cÖavb Lv`¨ n‡jv Wvj, kvKmewR, k~Ki, gyiwM, Bu`yi, KvVweovjx, ¸uBmvc, cvwL,
jvj wcucov BZ¨vw`| Zviv ÔnvwiqvÕ bvgK GKai‡bi g` cvbxq wn‡m‡e cvb K‡i| mvuIZvj †g‡qiv
mvaviYZ Kuv‡ai Dci Rwo‡q kvwo c‡i Ges nv‡Z ivs, †jvnv wKsev kvu ‡Li evjv c‡i| cyiæ‡liv jyw½ I
aywZ c‡i| †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bv cyiæl Mjvq gvjv I nv‡Z evjv e¨envi K‡i|
 gwYcywi: gwYcywi‡`i cÖavb Lv`¨ fvZ, gvQ I kvK mewR|gwYcywi cyiæl‡`i cÖavb †cvkvK ay wZ Avi
†g‡q‡`i cÖavb †cvkvK jyw½| GB we‡kl jyw½ †g‡qiv eyK Ave„Z K‡i cwiavb K‡i _v‡K|
5| wewfbœ AvPvi Abyôvb I mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨mg~n
 PvKgv: msL¨vMwiô †eŠ×ag©vej¤^x PvKgv Rb‡Mvôx †eŠ× a‡g©i wewfbœ AvPvi Abyôvb cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
evsjv m‡bi †kl ˆPÎ gv‡m AbywôZ weRy Drme PvKgv‡`i cÖavb evwl©K ce©| GQvovI PvKgviv KwVb Pxei
`vb Abyôvb I gvNxc~wY©gv Drme cvjb K‡i _v‡K| R‡b¥i ci beRvZ‡Ki gy‡L `ya †`Iqv PvKgv‡`i
ms¯‹…wZi GKUv Ask| g„Z¨yi ci PvKgv‡`i g„Z‡`n Av¸‡b cywo‡q mrKvi Kiv nq|
 gvigv: †eŠ×ag©vej¤^x gvigviv †eŠ×c~wY©gv, Avlvpx c~wY©gv, cÖeviYv c~wY©gv, dvby m Dov‡bvi gZ Abyôvb
cvjb K‡i _v‡K| gvigv‡`i me‡P‡q eo Drmen‡”Q mvsMÖvB | GB Drm‡e eq¯‹‡`i m¤§vb Rvbv‡bvmn
†eŠ× c~RvI Kiv nq| ms¯‹…wZi Ask wn‡m‡e evuk w`‡q ˆZwi †PuvP w`‡q beRvZ‡Ki bvwo KvUv nq|
gvigv‡`i g„Z‡`n `vn Ges mgvwa‡¯’i gva¨‡g mrKvi Kiv nq|
 wÎcyiv:wÎcyiviv ˆew`K c×wZ‡Z wewfbœ ag©xq AvPvi Abyôvb cvjb K‡i| wÎcyiv‡`i cÖavb Drme n‡jv
ˆely, †Ki, †MvgZx, wmeivB, LvPx I nvKv| wÎcyiv mgv‡R †Kv‡bv wkï Rb¥ MªnY Ki‡j k•LaŸwbi gva¨‡g
Zvi AvMvgbx evZ©v cÖPvi Kiv nq| Avi Kv‡iv A‡šÍ¨wówµqvi mgqI ev`¨ hš¿ evwR‡q we`vq Rvbv‡bv nq|
 Mv‡iv (gvw›`):wLªóa‡g© `xwÿZ Mv‡iv mgvRwLªóa‡g©i wewfbœ AvPvi Abyôvb I ixwZbxwZ cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
Mv‡iv‡`i g„Z †`n †cvov‡bv nq| Mv‡iviv Pvlvev‡`i g½j Kvgbvq AvMvj gv°v Avi avb KvUvi Av‡M isPz
Mvjøv Abyôvb cvjb K‡i|
 muvIZvj:mvuIZvj‡`i eQi ïiæ nq dvêyb gv‡m| cÖwZgv‡m Zv‡`i wewfbœ AvPvi Abyôvb i‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i
cÖavb cÖavb Drme n‡jv-m¨vj‡mB, †ev½v‡evw½, †nvg, w`we Ges †mvnivB| evnv bv‡gi Av‡iKwU Drme
i‡q‡Q, hv dzj KvUvi mv‡_ m¤ú„³| mvuIZvj‡`i gi‡`n Av¸‡b cywo‡q mrKvi Kiv nq|
 gwYcywi:Rb¥, g„Z¨y, we‡q BZ¨vw`‡Z gwYcywiiv bvbv iKg AvPvi Abyôvbvw` cvjb K‡i| Zviv emšÍ c~wY© gv
Drme cvjb K‡i| b„Z¨ w`‡q wewfbœ Abyôvb cvjb Kivq gwYcywi b„Z¨ †ek RbwcÖq| gwYcywi‡`i me‡P‡q
RbwcÖq b„‡Z¨i bvg ivm b„Z¨|

mvims‡ÿc
b„-†Mvôx ej‡Z GKwU wbw`©ó Rbmgwô‡K †evSvq hv‡`i GKwU mymsMwVZ AÂj i‡q‡Q, †mLv‡b Zviv emevm K‡i,
Zv‡`i i‡q‡Q wbR¯^ fvlv I ms¯‹…wZ hv Zv‡`i‡K Ab¨‡`i †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k A‡bK¸‡jv ÿz`ª b„-
†Mvôx i‡q‡Q| G‡`i g‡a¨ PvKgv, gvigv, Mv‡iv, wÎcyiv, mvuIZvj, gwYcywi D‡jøL‡hvM¨| cÖwZwU ÿz`ª b„ -†Mvôx
Zv‡`i ¯^Zš¿ mvs¯‹…wZK HwZ‡n¨i Øviv ˆewkó¨gwÐZ|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq weweG evsjv

evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ‡Z wek¦vqb I cÖhyw³i cÖfve

cvV-10.3
Impacts of Globalization and Technology on the Culture of
Bangladesh

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 wek¦vqb I cÖhyw³ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ‡Z wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cÖhyw³i cÖfve e¨vL¨vKi‡Z cvi‡eb|
wek¦vqb(Globalization)
wek¦vqb n‡jv GKwU A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, cÖhyw³MZ I cÖvwZôvwbK cÖwµqv hv we‡k¦i wewfbœ
mgvR I e¨w³i g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb K‡i| A_v©r †h cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ cÖhyw³MZ aviYv, e¨emvwqK
cY¨, cwi‡lev c„w_ex e¨vcx Qwo‡q c‡o Zv‡K wek¦vqb e‡j| g~jZ AZ¨vaywbK cÖhyw³, †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v ev
mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g wek¦vqb cÖwµqv‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i|mvaviYZ e¨w³ ch©vq, mgvR ch©vqGes cÖwZôvb ch©vq
wek¦vqb cÖwµqv m¤úbœ nq| Z‡e evsjvwcwWqvi Z_¨ g‡Z, wek¦vq‡bi aviYv‡K K‡qKwU avivq wef³ Kiv hvq|
†hgbÑ wkí msµvšÍ, Avw_©K, ivR‰bwZK, Z_¨cÖevn, fvlv, cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, cwi‡ek, K…wó, mvgvwRK, KvwiMwi Ges
AvBbMZ ev ˆbwZK|
cÖhyw³ (Technology)
cÖhyw³ n‡jv mywbw`©ó †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Î mswkøó Áv‡bi nv‡Z Kj‡g e¨envi| ˆeÁvwbK Áv‡bi wfwˇZ ˆZwi hš¿cvwZ I
Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb‡K cÖhyw³ e‡j| Z‡e cªhyw³i mv‡_ weÁvb kãwU IZ‡cÖvZfv‡e RwoZ|
evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ‡Z wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve(Impacts of Gloabalization on the Culture of Bangladesh)
1) fvlv: ms¯‹…wZi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb n‡jv fvlv| fvlvi gva¨‡g g‡bi fve Av`vb-cÖ`vbmn fve cÖKvkK bvbv
Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ nq| fvlvi Dci wek¦vq‡bi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖfve jÿ Kiv hvq| wek¦vq‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
Pvwn`v n‡jv me©‡ÿ‡Î GKB fvlvi e¨envi| †m‡ÿ‡Î AvÂwjK fvlvi e¨envi evavMÖ¯’ nq| †hgb- AvšÍR©vwZK
m¤úª`v‡qi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î Bs‡iwR fvlv e¨envi Kiv nq, †mLv‡b evsjv fvlv e¨env‡ii my ‡hvM †bB
ej‡jB P‡j| Gfv‡e evsjv fvlvi e¨envi mvwe©Kfv‡e I bvbv¯’v‡b c~‡e©i Zzjbvq n«vm †c‡q‡Q| Avevi †`‡ki
kû‡i D”PweË I ga¨we‡Ëi ¯‹zj, K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wkÿv_©xiv K_v ejvi †ÿ‡Î evsjv fvlvi k‡ãi
cwie‡Z© Ab¨ fvlv we‡kl K‡i Bs‡iwRfvlv e¨envi K‡i| wnw›`, Aviwe BZ¨vw` fvlvI mxwgZfv‡e e¨eüZ
nq|A‡bK wkwÿZ cwievi evsjvi cwie‡Z© Bs‡iwR Ges wnw›`‡Z wbqwgZfv‡e Zv‡`i fv‡ei Av`vb cÖ`vb
K‡i|wek¦vq‡bi d‡j Bs‡iwR wkÿv Ges Aeva we‡`wk ms¯‹…wZi wePi‡Yi Kvi‡Ywfbœ fvlvicÖfve jÿYxq|
2) AvPvi-Abyôvb:AvPvi Abyôvb †h †Kv‡bv ms¯‹…wZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| Avgv‡`i evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ AvPvi Abyôv‡b
A‡bK mg„×| Z‡e wek¦vq‡bi d‡j evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi AvPvi Abyôv‡b we‡`wk AvPvi Abyôv‡bi AbycÖ‡ek N‡U‡Q|
Avgv‡`i kû‡i D”PweË I ga¨weË Rb‡Mvôx we‡`wk ms¯‹…wZi AvPvi Abyôvb cvj‡b †ewk AvMÖnx n‡q D‡V‡Q|
†hgb-wek¦ fv‡jvevmv w`em cvjb, wek¦ eÜz w`em cvjb, wek¦ gv w`em cvjb, wek¦ evev w`em cvjb, Bs‡iwR
beel© cvjb BZ¨vw` hv we‡`wk ms¯‹…wZi AvPvi Abyôvb Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cÖfve †dj‡Q| Gi d‡j Avgv‡`i
HwZn¨MZ evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi AvPvi Abyôvb ûgwKi gy‡L co‡Q, wKQz wKQz Abyôvb nvwi‡q hv‡”Q| Z‡e wbR¯^
mvs¯‹w„ ZK HwZn¨ a‡i ivLvi j‡ÿ¨ cÖhyw³MZfv‡e bvbv ai‡bi †eø‡ÛW ms¯‹…wZ ˆZwi n‡”Q| †hgb-cwðgv

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

m½xZ, cwðgv ev`¨h‡š¿i mv‡_ evsjv Mv‡bi Ac~e© mgš^q| GQvov wW †R cvwU©, wWm‡Kv, Bs‡iwR beel©, Bs‡iwR
_vwU© dv÷© bvBU D`hvcb BZ¨vw`|
3) Rxebaviv: evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Rxebaviv wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e cÖfvweZ|K¨vej †bUIqv‡K©i d‡j gvby ‡li
Rxebaviv AwZ `ªæZ cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q| MÖvg ev bMi me RvqMv‡ZB cÖwZ evwo‡Z †Uwjwfkb, †gvevBj, †Uwj‡dvb,
wd&ªR BZ¨vw` i‡q‡Q hv gvby‡li Rxebaviv cv‡ë w`‡q‡Q|kn‡ii A‡bK evwo‡Z GKvwaK †Uwjwfkb, GKvwaK
wd«R, †gvevBj †mU, †Uwj‡dvb, kxZvZc wbqwš¿Z e¨e¯’v, e¨w³MZ Mvwo, †gvUi mvB‡Kj †`Lv hvq, hv gvby ‡li
RxebhvÎv cÖYvjxi Avg~j cwieZ©b K‡i‡Q| Avi Gme n‡q‡Q wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e| GLb gvbyl N‡i e‡m
AbjvB‡b †KbvKvUv K‡i hv gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ‡Z wek¦vq‡bi dj| we‡q ev †Kv‡bv Abyôvb QvovI kn‡ii
†g‡qiv cvj©v‡i, †Q‡jiv †R›Um cvj©v‡i hvq †hwU g~jZ wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e Rxebavivi Dci GKwU eo cÖfve|
4) Lvevi I d¨vkb: wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨ MÖnY, ¯^v` I d¨vk‡bI cÖfve c‡o‡Q| GLb kn‡ii gvbyl
B”Qv n‡jB dv÷ dz‡Wi †`vKv‡b ev Kwc nvD‡R P‡j hvq| g¨vK‡Wvbvì, †KGdwm, wcrRv nvU, evM©vi wKs Gi
g‡Zv wek¦e¨vcx †PBb dv÷ dzW kc evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Lv`¨vf¨vm‡K eûjvs‡kcÖfvweZ K‡i‡Q| GQvovI
we‡`wk d¨vkb nvD‡Ri wWRvBb Kiv wewfbœ †cvkvK, RyZv, e¨vM, f¨vwbwU e¨vM †`kxq d¨vk‡b cÖfve †d‡j‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki gvbylI we‡k¦i bvwg`vwg eªv‡Ûi Rvgv, RyZv, Nwo e¨envi K‡i hv wek¦vq‡bi dj| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨
i‡q‡Q gvK©m GÛ †¯úÝv‡ii kvU©, GwWWvm ev bvBwKi RyZv, †iv‡j· ev UvBUvb eªv‡Ûi Nwo BZ¨vw`| Avevi
ga¨weË I wb¤œwe‡Ëi Rb¨ M‡o D‡V‡Q †`kxq avu‡Pi eª¨vÛ h_v †`wk `k, mv`v-Kv‡jv, B‡q‡jv, K¨vUm AvB
BZ¨vw`| cvkvcvwk Av‡iv †`kxq d¨vkb nvDR M‡o D‡V‡Q hv cwðgv ms¯‹„wZi wgkÖ‡Yi cÖwZdjb|
5) we‡bv`b:we‡bv`‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI wek¦vqb eo ai‡bi cÖfve †dj‡Q| we‡bv`‡bi wewfbœ aib, †hgb-Mvb‡kvbv, bvUK
†`Lv, †Ljvayjv, eBcov, Mí ejv, wm‡bgv †`Lv, gÂbvUK †`Lv, b„Z¨ †`Lv, c_ bvUK †`Lv, †gjv, †KbvKvUv
BZ¨vw` wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e w`b w`b cwieZ©b n‡”Q| †`wkq ms¯‹…wZi we‡bv`‡bi cwie‡Z© gvbyl we‡`wk bvUK,
wm‡bgv, b„Z¨, eB, †Ljva~jv BZ¨vw`i cÖwZ †ewk Suz‡K co‡Q, hv evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZi GKwU Awe‡”Q`¨ Ask
e‡j MY¨ Kiv nq| Avgv‡`i †`‡ki nvWzWz Ges `uvwoqvevÜv †Ljvi g‡Zv we‡bv`bg~jK Drm¸‡jvicvkvcvwk
wµ‡KU, dzUej, fwjej, †imwjs BZ¨vw` cÖPÐ RbwcÖq n‡”Q Avi hvi Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jv wek¦vqb hv AvKvk
ms¯‹…wZi gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i‡K AvK…ó Ki‡Q| †Lvjv gv‡Vi cvkvcvwk †Uwjwfk‡b ev B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ †gvevBj
ev j¨vcUc ev Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg‡b e‡m bvbv ai‡bi jvBf Ges †iK‡W©W †Ljvayjv Dc‡fvM Ki‡Q| hv
wek¦vq‡bi AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve|
6) †cvkvK-cwi”Q`:wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li †cvkvK cwi”Q‡`I D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki gvbylI GLb cvðvZ¨ ms¯‹…wZi †cvkvK cwi”Q‡` Af¨¯’ n‡q DV‡Q| kvU©, c¨v›U, wRÝ ev †Wwbg
wRÝ, my¨U, UvB, UªvDRvi, K¨vc BZ¨vw` cvðvZ¨ †cvkvK †ek RbwcÖqZv †c‡q‡Q|
7) mvgvwRK m¤úK©: wek¦vqb mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©I cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q| mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g gy³ AvKvk
ms¯‹…wZi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li mvgvwRK Ges ivR‰bwZK m¤ú‡K© cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q| wewfbœ
AvšÍR©vwZK †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡b‡ji Lei, WKz‡g›Uvwi Abyôvb, UK †kv BZ¨vw` †`kxq ivR‰bwZK Ges mvgvwRK
A½‡b BwZevPK Ges †bwZevPK Dfq ai‡bi cÖfve †dj‡Q|
8) †jvKms¯‹…wZ: wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki †jvK ms¯‹…wZ me‡P‡q †ewk cÖfvweZ|evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKwkí, we‡kl
K‡i XvKvB gmwjb, †jvK bvU¨- gûqv-gjyqv, †eûjv jwL›`i, †jvK m½xZ-fvwUqvwj, fvIqvBqv, jvjb, nvmb
ivRv, kvn Avãyj Kwi‡gi evDj Mvb, ivav igb Gi Mvb, †jvK wek¦vm, †hgb-e„wói Rb¨ e¨v‡Oi we‡q Ges wcVv
Drm‡ei g‡Zv Abyôvbmg~n wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e G‡`i HwZn¨ †hgb nviv‡”Q †Zgwb G¸‡jvi cÖvwZôvwbKxKiY
n‡”Q|
9) ag©,cÖ_v Ges ixwZbxwZ:wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e ag©xq ixwZbxwZ cÖ_v cvj‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ Rb¥w`b Abyôvb cvjb,
weevnevwl©Kx cvjb, fv‡jvevmv w`em cvjb, eÜz w`em cvjb BZ¨vw` Abyôvb evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ‡Z ¯’vb K‡i
wb‡”Q|

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evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cÖhyw³i cÖfve

Impacts of Technology on the Culture of Bangladesh
1) fvlv:wewfbœ cÖhyw³ Dcv`vb Ges gva¨g we‡kl K‡i †dBmeyK, UzBUvi, BDwUDe, †gvevBj †dvb, †Uwjwfkb,
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui cÖfv‡e K_v ejvi †ÿ‡Î evsjv k‡ãi e¨env‡ii cvkvcvwk Bs‡iwR Ges wnw›` k‡ãi e¨envi e„ w×
†c‡q‡Q| cÖhyw³i Gme Dcv`v‡bi cÖfv‡e ZiæY I DVwZ eq‡mi Rb‡Mvôx K_v ejvi †ÿ‡Î evsjv fvlvi k‡ãi
cwie‡Z© Ab¨ fvlv e¨envi Ki‡Q| †hgbÑ Bs‡iwR, wnw›`, Aviwe BZ¨vw`|A‡bK cwiev‡ii †QvU †QvU †Q‡j
†g‡q‡`i †Uwjwfk‡bi wewfbœ we‡`wk KvU©yb ev wmwiqv‡ji Pwi‡Îi fvlvq K_v ej‡Z †`Lv hvq, †hgb- †QvUv
wfg, gyMwj, UviRvb BZ¨vw`|
2) AvPvi-Abyôvb: cÖhyw³i eo Dcv`vb AvKvk ms¯‹…wZ| Avi GB AvKvk ms¯‹…wZ cÖPv‡ii eo gva¨g n‡jv
†Uwjwfkb, B›Uvi‡bUmn wewfbœ mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g| cÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bvbv ai‡bi
A¨vcm (Apps) eûjvs‡k Avgv‡`i evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi AvPvi Abyôv‡b cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Q|Avgv‡`i Kg-eqmx
Rb‡Mvôx †`kxq ms¯‹…wZi cwie‡Z© we‡`wk ms¯‹…wZi AvPvi Abyôvb cvj‡b †ewk AvMÖnx n‡q DV‡Qhvi Ab¨Zg
KviY †Uwjwfkb Avi B›Uvi‡bU|
3) RxebhvÎv cÖYvjx: DbœZcÖhyw³i mvnv‡h¨ ˆZwi†Uwjwfkb, †gvevBj, †Uwj‡dvb, wd&ªR BZ¨vw` gvby‡li RxebhvÎv
cÖYvjx cv‡ë w`‡q‡Q|MÖvg †_‡K knime RvqMvq †Uwjwfkb, wd«R, †gvevBj †mU, †Uwj‡dvb, kxZvZc wbqwš¿Z
e¨e¯’v, e¨w³MZ Mvwo, †gvUi mvB‡Kj †`Lv hvq hv gvby‡li RxebhvÎv cÖYvjx‡Keûjvs‡k cwiewZ©Z K‡i‡Q|
4) Lvevi I d¨vkb: B›Uvi‡bU, BDwUDe, mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g, m¨v‡UjvBU †Uwjwfk‡bi cÖfv‡eLv`¨ MÖnY,
¯^v` I d¨vk‡bI cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| BDwUDe Ges †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡b‡j wewfbœ Lvev‡ii iÜb cÖYvjx †`‡L
evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl †mme Lvevi MÖn‡Y Af¨¯Í n‡q co‡Q| GQvov cÖhyw³ e¨env‡ii Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl
we‡`wk d¨vkb †kv Dc‡fvM K‡i hv we‡`wk d¨vk‡bi cÖwZ gvbyl‡K AvK…ó K‡i| †Uwjwfk‡b weÁvcb Øviv
cÖfvweZ n‡qI gvby‡li d¨vk‡b ev Pvj Pj‡b cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q|
5) we‡bv`b:B›Uvi‡bU, m¨v‡UjvBU †Uwjwfk‡b Ges we‡kl K‡i BDwUD‡e Mvb‡kvbv, bvUK †`Lv, wm‡bgv †`Lv,
b„Z¨ †`Lv we‡bv`‡bi msÁv‡K cv‡ë w`‡q‡Q| GLb gvbyl B”Qv Ki‡jB †Ljvayjv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †KbvKvUv
ch©šÍ AbjvB‡b K‡i _v‡K, hv †`kxq we‡bv`‡bi †ÿ·K msKzwPZ K‡i‡Q| AbjvB‡b eB cov, AvÇv †`Iqv
BZ¨vw`i d‡j gvby‡li mvgvwRKxKiY cÖwµqv‡ZI cÖfve †d‡j‡Q|
6) †cvkvK-cwi”Q`:†dBmeyK ev BDwUDe ev B‡gBj Lyj‡jB wewfbœ †cvkvK ev Ab¨vb¨ iƒcPP©v mvgMÖxi weÁvcb
†Pv‡Li mvg‡b †f‡m D‡V hvi g‡a¨ we‡`wk cY¨B †ewk| we‡`wk ms¯‹…wZi †cvkvK cwi”Q` gvbyl‡K Lye mn‡RB
AvK…ó K‡i| gvbyl we‡`wk ms¯‹…wZi †cvkvK cwi”Q‡`i cÖwZ AvK…ó nIqvq †`kxq ms¯‹…wZi †cvkvK cwi”Q`
e¨env‡i cÖfve c‡o‡Q hv cÖhyw³i GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve|
7) mvgvwRK m¤úK©:cÖhyw³ mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©I cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q| Gme gvbyl wewfbœ mvgvwRK m¤úK© mvgvwRK
†hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g iÿv K‡i _v‡K| †hgb-Rš§w`b ev weevnevwl©Kx‡Z mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g ï‡f”Qv ev
Awfb›`b Rvbv‡bv| Avi Gme n‡q‡Q cÖhyw³i DrK‡l©i d‡j|
8) †jvKms¯‹…wZ: B›Uvi‡bU, m¨v‡UjvBU †Uwjwfkb Ges B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡gi e¨vcK
we¯Ív‡ii Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki †jvK ms¯‹…wZ me‡P‡q †ewk cÖfvweZ| evsjv‡`‡ki †jvKwkí, †jvKm½xZ, †jvK
mvwnZ¨, †jvKbvU¨, †jvK b„‡Z¨i cwie‡Z© B›Uvi‡bU, m¨v‡UjvBU †Uwjwfkb, Ges B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK mvgvwRK
†hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡gi e‡`Šj‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl we‡`wk ms¯‹…wZi cÖwZ AvK…ó n‡”Q|
9) Lv`¨vf¨vm:cÖhyw³i cÖfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Lv`¨vf¨v‡mI cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q| cÖhyw³i cÖfv‡e ¯’vbxqfv‡e ˆZwi
dv÷ dzW, g¨vK‡Wvbvìm, †KvKv‡Kvjv, †ccwm, wcrRv, evM©vi, m¨vÛDBP, wP‡Kb Z›`ywii g‡Zv Lvev‡ii
weÁvcb Ges cÖvw߇Z mnRjf¨Zv Avgv‡`i Lv`¨ ZvwjKv‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q|
10) ag©, cÖ_v Ges ixwZbxwZ: cÖhyw³i cÖfv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡q evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl fv‡jvevmv w`em cvjb, eÜz w`em
cvjb, _vwU©d«v÷© bvBU cvjb BZ¨vw` Abyôv‡b Af¨¯Í n‡q DV‡Q|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

mvims‡ÿc
wek¦vqb ej‡Z GKwU A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, cÖhyw³MZ I cÖvwZôvwbKxKiY cÖwµqv‡K †evSvq, hvi
gva¨‡g we‡k¦i wewfbœ mgv‡Ri Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb K‡i| Avi ˆeÁvwbK Áv‡bi wfwˇZ ˆZwi hš¿cvwZ
I Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vb‡K cÖhyw³ e‡j| fvlv, AvPvi-Abyôvb, RxebhvÎv cÖYvjx, Lvevi I d¨vkb, we‡bv`b, †cvkvK-
cwi”Q`, mvgvwRK m¤úK©, †jvKms¯‹…wZ, Lv`¨vf¨vm, ag©, cÖ_v Ges ixwZbxwZ BZ¨vw` welq wek¦vqb I cÖhyw³ Øviv
cÖfvweZ|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq weweG evsjv

evsjv‡`‡ki bMivqY Ges ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb

cvV-10.4
Urbanization and Migrationin Bangladesh

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 bMivqY m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡k bMivq‡Yi KviY I cÖfve e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbvšÍi Mg‡bi aib e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbvšÍi Mg‡bi cÖfveK¸‡jv we‡kølYKi‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki AvšÍR©vwZK ¯’vbvšÍi Mg‡bi e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

bMivqY
Urbanization
mvaviYZ bMivqY ej‡Z GKwU cÖwµqv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i †h cÖwµqvq MÖvgvÂj kniv‡j iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Ges MÖv‡gi
Zyjbvq bMi A‡j emevmiZ gvby‡li AbycvZ, NbZ¡ I RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi µgk e„w× cvq| GQvovI bMivqY
cÖwµqvq bM‡i emevmiZ Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ GK ai‡bi kû‡i gvbwmKZvi m„ wó nq|
mgvRweÁvbx wg‡P‡ji e³e¨ Abyhvqx, †h c×wZ‡Z gvbyl kû‡i nq Zv bMivqY Ges G c×wZi gva¨‡g gvby ‡li K…wl
wfwËK †ckv cwiewZ©Z n‡q wkí wfwËK ev AK…wl †ckvq ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii mv‡_ mvgwRK ixwZbxwZiI cwieZ©b nq|
ev‡R©j e‡jb, Urbanization should be considered as a process.(bMivqY‡K GKwU cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv
Ki‡Z n‡e|)
myZivs ejv hvq, †h cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g gvbyl MÖvgxY Av_©-mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v †_‡K kû‡i Av_©-mvgvwRK e¨e¯’vq c`vc©Y
K‡i †mwUB bMivqY|
evsjv‡`‡k bMivq‡Yi KviYmg~n
Causes of Urbanization in Bangladesh
1) KjKviLvbvq kÖg kw³i Pvwn`v e„w×:MZ K‡qK `k‡K evsjv‡`‡k AK…wl wfwËK kÖg kw³i e¨vcK Pvwn`v
bMivq‡Yi KviY| kni GjvKvq DrcvbgyLx KjKviLvbv ¯’vc‡bi d‡j MÖv‡gi gvbyl Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b kn‡ii Mgb
K‡i Ges emevm ïiæ K‡i, hvi d‡j `ªæZ bMivqY ïiæ nq|
2) wkwÿZ Rb‡Mvôxi Kv‡Ri mÜvb: ¯^vaxbZv‡Ëvi evsjv‡`‡k wkÿvi cÖmvi NUvq wkwÿZ Rb‡Mvôx Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b
kniv‡j Mgb K‡i| †h‡nZz evsjv‡`‡ki KjKviLvbv, Awdm Av`vjZ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wkwÿZ Rb‡Mvôxi KvR
ev PvKwii my‡hvM kni †Kw›`ªK †m‡nZz GB Rb‡Mvôx Kv‡Ri myweav‡_© cwievi cwiRbmn kn‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq,
hvi d‡j `ªæZ bMivqY nq|
3) e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i cÖmvi: Drcv`bgyLx A_©bxwZi cÖmvi nIqvq evsjv‡`‡ki knivÂj e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i †K‡›`ª
cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB e¨emv evwY‡R¨i myweav‡_© MÖvg ev gd¯^‡ji A‡bK ¯^”Qj gvbyl A‡cÿvK…Z †ewk my‡hvM
myweav m¤úbœ kni GjvKvq wewb‡qv‡Mi j‡ÿ¨ emevm ïiæ K‡i|
4) wkÿvi my‡hvM: evsjv‡`‡k bMivq‡Yi GKwU Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jv †Q‡j‡g‡q‡`i cov‡kvbvi my‡hvM| †ewki fvM
†ÿ‡Î †`Lv hvq, A‡cÿK…Z fv‡jv ¯‹zj, K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv kni GjvKvq Aew¯’Z| ZvB A‡bK
AwffveK Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i fv‡jv ¯‹zj, K‡jR I wek¦we`¨vj‡q cov‡bvi Rb¨ cwievimn ev KL‡bv KL‡bv wb‡R

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Kg©¯‡’ j Ae¯’vb K‡i ïay cwievi‡K kn‡i ivLvi e¨e¯’v K‡i| hvi d‡j RbM‡Yi µgea©gvb Pvwn`vi †cÖwÿ‡Z
bMivqY Z¡ivwš^Z nq|
5) wkí, KjKviLvbv I Awdm Av`vj‡ZiAe¯’vb: evsjv‡`‡ki bMivq‡Yi Avi GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KviY n‡jv
we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi Afve| †`Lv hvq AwaKvsk miKvwi, Avav miKvwi, ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ, †emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©vjq
kni GjvKvq Aew¯’Z| ZvB Gme cÖwZ Kvh©vj‡q Kg©iZ e¨w³iv Kv‡Ri myweav‡_© kni GjvKvq emev‡m †ewk
AvMÖnx nq hv bMivqY‡K Zivwš^Z K‡i|
6) AcÖvwZôvwbK Kv‡Ri my‡hvM:MÖvgv‡ji Zzjvbvq kni GjvKvq AcÖvwZôvwbK Kv‡Ri my‡hvM †ewk| †hgb- nKvi,
iv¯Ívi cv‡k ev cv‡K© wewfbœ Lv`¨ mvgMÖx wewµ, wi·v, BwRevBK, ev A‡Uvwi·v Pvjv‡bv, †QvU gyw` †`vKvb
Pvjv‡bv, f¨v‡b ZiKvwi wewµ, †i‡¯Ívivuq KvR BZ¨vw`| ZvB kn‡i Gme AcÖvwZôvwbK Kv‡Ri my ‡hvM †ewk
_vKvq wb¤œ Av‡qi Gme gvbyl kn‡ii ew¯Í GjvKvq emevm K‡i, hv evsjv‡`‡k bMivq‡Yi Ab¨Zg KviY|
7) GQvov Pig `vwi`ª¨cxwoZ MÖvgxY Rb‡Mvôx, b`x fv½‡b h_vme©¯^ nviv‡bv Rb‡Mvôx, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK,
mvgvwRK Kvi‡Y wbM„nxZ Rb‡Mvôx, `y¯’ I bvRyK Rb‡Mvôx Rxeb-RxweKvi ZvwM‡` kn‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ n‡Z eva¨
nq hv bMivqY‡K Z¡ivwš^Z K‡i|

evsjv‡`‡k bMivq‡Yi cÖfve

Impacts of Urbanization in Bangladesh
evsjv‡`‡k bMivq‡Yi BwZevPK cÖfve
1) A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ Ges Av‡qi my‡hvM m„wó: bMivq‡Yi GKwU BwZevPK cÖfve n‡jv A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ I
DcvR©‡bi c_ ˆZwi Kiv| MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ‡Z K…wlwfwËK Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM _vKvq Ges wkwÿZ Rb‡Mvôxi
µgea©gvb Pvwn`vi †cÖwÿ‡Z bMi GjvKvq bZzb bZzb A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ Ges Av‡qi my‡hvM m„wó n‡”Q|
D`vniY¯^iƒc- evsjv‡`‡ki ˆZwi †cvkvK wkí Lv‡Zi D‡jøL Kiv hvq|
2) e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i my‡hvM m„wó: µgea©gvb bMivq‡Yi d‡j bM‡i emevmKvix Rb‡Mvôxi gv‡S wewfbœ cÖ‡qvRbxq
mvgMÖxi Pvwn`vi †cÖwÿ‡Z bMi GjvKvq bZzb bZzb e¨emv evwY‡R¨i my‡hvM m„wó n‡”Q| d‡j Gme cÖwZôv‡b
gvby‡li Kg©ms¯’v‡biI my‡hvM m„wó n‡”Q|
3) wkÿvi my‡hvM m„wó: bMivq‡Yi d‡j kni A‡ji Pvwn`vi †cÖwÿ‡Z bZzb bZzb ¯‹zj, K‡jR, wek¦we`¨vjqmn
bvbvwea wkÿv cÖwZôvb M‡o DV‡Q, hvi d‡j wkÿvi my‡hvM AviI evo‡Q mv‡_ Gme cÖwZôv‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó n‡”Q|
4) K…wli Dci wbf©ikxjZv n«vm: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ g~jZ K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj| wKš‘ GZ eo Rb‡Mvôxi
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Pvwn`v K…wl Lv‡Zi GKvi c‡ÿ mvgvj †`Iqv m¤¢e bq| ZvB, bMi GjvKvq A‡bK AcÖvwZôvwbK
Lv‡Z Kv‡Ri my‡hvM nIqvq K…wli Dci wbf©ikxj Rb‡Mvôx Gme AcªvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Kv‡R my‡hvM cv‡”Q|
†hgb- `ªæZ bMivq‡Yi d‡j wbg©vY Lv‡Z A‡bK K…wl kÖwgK Kv‡Ri my‡hvM cv‡”Q|
evsjv‡`‡k bMivq‡Yi †bwZevPK cÖfve
1) AcwiKwíZ Avevmb: bM‡i RbmsL¨viµgea©gvb Pvwn`vi †cÖwÿ‡Z AcwiKwíZ Avevmb e¨e¯’v M‡o DV‡Q| Gi
g‡a¨ A‡bK Avevmb Av‡Q †h¸‡jv A¯’vwqfv‡e ˆZwi| A‡bK evwo wbg©vYKv‡j mwVK BgviZ bxwZgvjv AbymiY
bv Kivq cy‡iv bMievwm f~wgK‡¤úi g‡Zv `y‡h©v‡Mi SzuwK‡Z i‡q‡Q|
2) †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Y AcÖZzjZv: bM‡i A‡cÿvK…Z mxwgZ GjvKvq A‡bK gvby‡li emev‡mi Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i
†gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Y mswkøó KZ©„cÿ‡K KL‡bv KL‡bv mgm¨vq co‡Z nq| ZvB bMivq‡Yi d‡j mvaviY
gvby‡li Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wkÿv, wPwKrmv ev we‡bv`‡bi g‡Zv †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~iY n‡”Q bv|
3) ¯^v¯’¨ SzuwK ˆZwi: bM‡i Nb emwZ nIqvq msµvgK †ivM¸‡jv `ªæZ Qovq| GKB RvqMvq A‡bK †jv‡Ki mgvMg,
emevm, AvÇv, we‡bv`b †K‡›`ª Mgb BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y bM‡i msµvgK e¨vwa msµg‡Yi S©uywK †ewk| †hgb-
†KvwfW-19 K‡ivbv fvBivm evsjv‡`‡ki †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡bi Zzjbvq XvKv, PÆMÖvg, bvivqYMÄ, MvRxcy‡ii g‡Zv

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NbemwZc~Y© bMi GjvKvq msµg‡Yi nvi A‡bK †ewk| GQvovI bMivq‡Yi d‡j wewfbœ e¨vK‡Uwiqv I
fvBivmRwbZ †iv‡Mi cÖv`yfv© e †`Lv hvq|
4) ew¯Í GjvKvi m„wó: `ªæZ µgea©gvb Rb‡Mvôxi Avevm‡bi Pvwn`v †gUv‡Z bMi GjvKvq A‡bK ew¯Í M‡o DV‡Q|
Gme ew¯Í GjvKvq wewfbœ Aciva msMwVZ n‡”Q| †hgb- Pzwi, wQbZvB, gv`Kvmw³| GQvovI ew¯Í GjvKvq
A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡e‡ki Kvi‡Y wefbœ †ivM e¨vwai msµgY N‡U|
5) hvbR‡Ui m„wó: bMivq‡Yi d‡j kni GjvKvq A‡bK Kg©ms¯’v‡bi m„wó nq| ZvB A‡bK gvbyl MÖvg ev gd¯^j
†Q‡o bM‡i P‡j Av‡m| Gme gvbyl Kg©‡ÿ‡Î hvIqv-Avmv, evRvi ev †KbvKvUv Kiv, wewfbœ mvgvwRK ev
ivR‰bwZK Abyôv‡b †hvM`v‡bi GK RvqMv †_‡K Ab¨ RvqMvq hvIqv-Avmvi Rb¨ iv¯Ívq Pvc ev‡o Ges
hvbR‡Ui m„wó nq|
6) evqy I kã `~lY: AwZ bMivqY I AcwiKwíZ bMivq‡Yi Kvi‡Y Ges wkí KjKviLvbvq cwi‡ek `~l‡Yi
bMi¸‡jv‡Z evqy `~lY I kã `~l‡Yi gvÎv †e‡o‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡k bMivq‡Yi bvRyKZvmg~n
1) wewfbœ ms¯’v ev cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^qnxbZvi Kvi‡Y wewfbœ Dbœqb cªK‡íi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ bvMwiK `y‡f©v‡Mi m„wó
nq|
2) KL‡bv KL‡bv cvwb mieivn jvBb Ges myqv‡iR jvB‡bi g‡a¨ AcÖZ¨vwkZ ms‡hv‡Mi Kvi‡Y Wvqwiqv, Avgvkq
†iv‡Mi cÖv`yf©ve N‡U|
3) AcwiKwíZ ˆe`¨ywZK jvBb, †Uwj‡dvb jvBb, m¨v‡UjvBU †Uwjwfkb P¨v‡bj jvBb Ges B›Uvi‡bU jvB‡bi
Kvi‡Y bM‡ii †mŠ›`h© bó nq|
4) ew¯Íevwm Ges wb¤œ Av‡qi gvby‡li g‡a¨ Am‡PZbZv|
5) bM‡ii Av‡k cv‡ki b`x bvjv¸‡jv‡Z eR©¨ †djvi Kvi‡Y cwi‡ek `~wlZ nq|
6) wbw`©ó ¯’vb e¨ZxZ Ab¨ ¯’v‡b M„n¯’vwji eR©¨, e¨emvwqK cÖwZôv‡bi eR©¨ Ges wPwKrmv †mevi eR©¨ †djvi Kvi‡Y
cwi‡ek `~wlZ nq|
7) bMi ˆZwii Rb¨, KjKviLvbv ˆZwii Rb¨ MvQ †K‡U eb DRvo Kivi d‡j cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó nq|
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb
Migration in Bangladesh
mvaviYZ ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb ej‡Z ¯’vqx ev A¯’vqxfv‡e GKwU bZzb ¯’v‡b emev‡mi j‡ÿ¨ †h Rb‡Mvôx ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq
Zv‡K eySvq| AvšÍR©vwZK AwfMg‡bi †ÿ‡Î mvaviYZ ¯^í I `xN© †gqv`x nq †hLv‡b me©wb¤œ wZb gvm †_‡K GK
eQ‡ii Kg mg‡qi ¯’vbvšÍi‡K ¯^í †gqv`x Ges Kgc‡ÿ GK eQ‡ii mgqKvj Ab¨Î Ae¯’vb Ki‡j Zv‡K `xN©
†gqv`x ¯’vbvšÍi ejv nq|A‡cÿvK…Z Kg my‡hvM myweav m¤úbœ AÂj ev †`k †_‡K †ewk my‡hvM myweav m¤úbœ AÂj
ev †`‡k Mgb Kiv‡K †evSvq| Gme my‡hvM myweav ej‡Z cÖavbZ A_©‰bwZK, †hgb-Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM, RxweKv
wbe©vn, mvgvwRK my‡hvM myweav, wkÿv BZ¨vw`‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb g~jZ MÖvg ev cðvrc`
GjvKv †_‡K bMi ev kni A_ev †`k †_‡K we‡`‡k n‡q _v‡K|
evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbvšÍi Mg‡bi aib
Types of Migration in Bangladesh
evsjv‡`‡k mvaviYZ `yB ai‡bi ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb n‡q _v‡K|
1) Af¨šÍixY ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb Ges
2) AvšÍR©vwZK ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb|
1) Af¨šÍixY ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb: Af¨šÍixY ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb ej‡Z †`‡ki †fZ‡i GK ¯’vb †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b Kv‡Ri Rb¨
ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y ¯’vqx ev A¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Kiv‡K †evSvq| mvaviYZ †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM `vwi‡`ª¨i
Kvi‡Y G ai‡bi ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb n‡q _v‡K|

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2) AvšÍR©vwZK ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb:Ab¨w`‡K, AvšÍR©vwZK ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb ej‡Z Kv‡Ri Rb¨ ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kvi‡YGK
†`k Ab¨ †`‡k¯’vqx ev A¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Kiv‡K †evSvq| mvaviYZ we‡`‡k PvKwi, e¨emv, ev hy‡×i Kvi‡Y G
ai‡bi ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb n‡q _v‡K|

evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbvšÍi Mg‡b cÖfveK

Factors Behind Migration in Bangladesh
Af¨šÍixY ¯’vbvšÍi Mg‡b cÖfveKmg~n
¯’vbvšÍi Mgb cÖfveK g~jZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v- K) cykd¨v±i (Push factor) Ges L) cyjd¨v±i (Pull factor)
K) cyk d¨v±i (Push factor): A_v©r †hme Kvi‡Y gvbyl ¯’vbvšÍi Mg‡b eva¨ nq Zv‡K K) cyk d¨v±i (Push
factor) e‡j| †hgb:
1) cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM: cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl‡K ¯’vbvšÍi Mg‡b me‡P‡q †ewk cÖfvweZ K‡i| †hgb- b`x
fvO‡bi g‡Zv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y gvbyl me©¯^ nvwi‡q Kv‡Ri mÜv‡b ev AvkÖ‡qi Avkvq bM‡i Mgb K‡i
Ges wewfbœ miKvwi RvqMvq Ni Zz‡j ev ew¯Í‡Z emevm K‡i|
2) Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Afve: MÖvgxY K…wl wfwËK A_©bxwZ‡Z Kg©ms¯’v‡bi m„wó bv nIqvq MÖv‡gi gvbyl kn‡i ¯’vbvšÍwiZ
nq|
3) Lv‡`¨i Afve: cªvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y dmj bó nIqvq MÖv‡g Lv`¨ NvUwZ †`Lv w`‡j gvbyl Lv‡`¨i †hvMvb
w`‡Z kn‡i wM‡q A_© DcvR©b K‡i|
4) A_©‰bwZK msKU: gvby‡li gv‡S A_©‰bwZK msKU †`Lv w`‡j bM‡i A_© DcvR©b K‡i|
5) mvgvwRK ev cvwievwiK Ø›Ø: mvgvwRK ev cvwievwiK ؇›Øi Kvi‡Y gvbyl MÖvg †Q‡o kn‡i ev Ab¨ ¯’v‡b cvwo
Rgvq|

L) cyj d¨v±i (Pull factor): A_v©r †hme bvMwiK my‡hvM-myweav gvbyl‡K ¯’vbvšÍi Mg‡b DØy× K‡i Zv‡K cyj
d¨v±i (Pullfactor) e‡j|
1) †ewk UvKv DcvR©‡bi my‡hvM: MÖv‡gi †P‡q kn‡i †ewk UvKv DcvR©‡bi my‡hvM _vKvq gvbyl †ewk UvKv DcvR©‡bi
Avkvq kn‡i Mgb K‡i|
2) Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM: kni A‡j wewfbœ Awdm, KjKviLvbv ev AcÖvwZôvwbK Lv‡Z Kv‡Ri my‡hvM †ewk _vKvq
¯’vbvšÍi Mgb K‡i|
3) wkÿvi my‡hvM: mvaviYZ kni GjvKvq ¸YMZ I D”Pgv‡bi wkÿv cÖwZôvb _vKvq mšÍv‡bi cov‡jLvi Rb¨
kn‡i cvwo Rgvq|
4) bvMwiK my‡hvM-myweav: kn‡ii bvMwiK my‡hvM myweav MÖv‡gi †P‡q †ewk nIqvq MÖv‡gi gvbyl kn‡i Mgb K‡i|
†hgb- †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v, M¨vm, we`¨yr, wPwKrmv BZ¨vw` cwi‡levi my‡hvM|
GQvovI mvgvwRK KviYmg~nI ¯’vbvšÍi Mg‡b cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| †hgb:
1) eqm
2) ˆeevwnK Ae¯’v
3) wkÿv I cÖwkÿY
4) †ckvMZ KviY
5) ivR‰bwZK bvRyKZv
6) ag©xq ¯^vaxbZv †fvM
7) Avevmb msKU
8) ¯^v¯’¨ I g„Z¨y SuywKBZ¨vw`|

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AvšÍRv© wZK ¯’vbvšÍi Mg‡bi KviYmg~n

Causes of International Migration in Bangladesh
1) AwaK A_© DcvR©b:evsjv‡`‡ki Zzjbvq Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k A_© DcvR©‡bi cwigvY †ewk nIqvq G †`‡ki A`ÿ I
`ÿ Rbkw³ we‡`‡k cvwo Rgvq|
2) RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w×: AwaK A_© DcvR©‡bi gva¨‡g RxebhvÎvi gvb e„w×i Rb¨ we‡`‡k Mgb K‡i|
3) Kg©ms¯’vb: evsjv‡`‡kigvbylKg©ms¯’v‡bi Avkvq we‡`‡k cvwo Rgvq|
4) wkÿvi my‡hvM: evsjv‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv wkÿv_©x we‡`‡ki †Kv‡bv wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b fwZ©i my‡hvM Ges e„wË †c‡j mswkøó
†`‡k Mgb K‡i|
5) ivR‰bwZK cÖwZcÿZv: evsjv‡`‡k ivR‰bwZK Kvi‡Y kÎæZv ev nqivwbi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl ivR‰bwZK
Avkª‡qi mswkøó †`‡k Mgb K‡i|
6) cÖvK„wZK `y‡h©vM: cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y G‡`‡ki gvbyl KL‡bv Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Avkvq we‡`‡k cvwo Rgvq|
7) `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb: `wi`ªZvi nvZ †_‡K †invB cvIqvi Rb¨ G‡`‡ki gvbyl we‡`k Mgb K‡i|

mvims‡ÿc:
mvaviYZ bMivqY ej‡Z GKwU cÖwµqv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i †hLv‡b MÖvgxY Rxeb kû‡i Rxe‡b iƒcvšÍwiZ nq| Avi
¯’vbvšÍi Mgb ej‡Z Zzjbvg~jK Kg my‡hvM myweav m¤úbœ AÂj ev †`k †_‡K †ewk my‡hvM myweav m¤úbœ AÂj ev
†`‡k Mgb Kiv‡K †evSvq| evsjv‡`‡k bMivq‡Yi KviY n‡jv-KjKviLvbvq kÖg kw³i Pvwn`v e„w×, wkwÿZ
Rb‡Mvôxi Kv‡Ri mÜvb, e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i cÖmvi, wkÿvi my‡hvM, wkí, KjKviLvbv I Awdm Av`vj‡Zi Ae¯’vb,
AcÖvwZôvwbK Kv‡Ri my‡hvM BZ¨vw`| evsjv‡`‡k `yBai‡bi ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb n‡q _v‡K-Af¨šÍixY Avi AvšÍR©vwZK|
wewfbœ cÖfveK ¯’vbvšÍi Mg‡b f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †hgb-cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM, Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Afve, Lv‡`¨i Afve,
A_©‰bwZK msKU, mvgvwRK ev cvwievwiK Ø›Ø, †ewk Av‡qi my‡hvM, Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM, wkÿvi my‡hvM, DbœZ
bvMwiK my‡hvM-myweav BZ¨vw`|

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cvV-10.5
Social Change and Contemporary Bangladesh
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 mvgvwRK cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mv¤úªwZK evsjv‡`‡k mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi cÖfvewe¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vbmg~n e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mv¤úªwZK evsjv‡`‡k mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi KviYmg~n we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
mvgvwRK cwieZ©b
Social Change
mgvR cwieZ©b n‡Z n‡Z AvR‡Ki GB Ae¯’vq †cŠu‡Q‡Q| ïiæ‡Z mgvR e¨e¯’v Ggb wQ‡jv bv| mgvRweÁvbxMY
mgv‡Ri GB cwieZ©b‡K wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb| †hgb-mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I
cwi‡ekMZ `„wó‡KvY BZ¨vw`| †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU ev me¸‡jv `„wó‡KvY mgvR KvVv‡gvi GK iƒc †_‡K Ab¨ iƒ‡c
cwieZ©b‡K mvaviY K_vq mvgvwRK cwieZ©b e‡j| Z‡e mvs¯‹…wZK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K mvgvwRK cwieZ©b e¨vL¨vKvix
mgvRweÁvbxMY mvgvwRK cwieZ©b ej‡Z g~jZ: e¯‘MZ Ges Ae¯ÍyMZ ms¯‹…wZi cwieZ©b‡K eywS‡q‡Qb| Avevi
ivR‰bwZK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K e¨vL¨vKvix mgvRweÁvbxMY mvgvwRK cwieZ©b ej‡Z ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôv‡bi cwieZ©b‡K
eywS‡q‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K, gv·©ev`xiv A_©‰bwZK `„wó‡KvY mvgvwRK cwieZ©b e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z wM‡q Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi
cwieZ©b‡K eywS‡q‡Qb|
gwim wMbmevM© Gi g‡Z, mvgvwRK cwieZ©b n‡jv mgvR KvVv‡gvi cwieZ©b| Avi mgvR KvVv‡gv n‡jv mgv‡Ri
AvK…wZ, Mob A_ev G‡`i AšÍf©y³ mKj As‡ki g‡a¨ we`¨gvb m¤úK©| (‘By social change, I understand a
change in social structure, e.g. the size of a society, the composition or balance of its parts or the type of
its organization.’)|
Ab¨w`‡K j¨vÛevM© Gi g‡Z, mvgvwRK cwieZ©b n‡jv AvšÍtgvbweK m¤ú‡K©i cÖwZwôZ iƒc Ges AvPi‡Yi gvb`‡Ði
†ÿ‡Î msNwUZ iƒcvšÍi|
myZivs ejv hvq †h, mvgvwRK cwieZ©b mgvR KvVv‡gv Gi iƒc †_‡K Ab¨ iƒ‡c iƒcvšÍi hvi gva¨‡g mgv‡R
emevmKvix Rb‡Mvôxi RxebhvÎvq cwieZ©b Av‡m|
QK: mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi aviYv
mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi aviYv
mvgwóK ch©vq e¨wóK ch©vq
1. cÖhyw³MZ cwie©Zb: K) Avwe®‹vi Ges L) D™¢veb 1. Ø›Ø: †Mvôxi ga¨Kvi Ges L) f~wgKv Ø›Ø
2. mvs¯‹…wZK: K) mvs¯‹…wZK e¨vwß Ges L) 2. Av`k©nxbZv: e¨w³MZ
mvs¯‹…wZK `xN©m~wÎZv 3. weP¨ywZ
3. Ø›Ø: K) †Mvôxi Af¨šÍ‡i Ges L)mgv‡Ri 4. †hŠ_ AvPiY: K) RbZv, L) D”Q…•Lj
Af¨šÍ‡i RbZv, M) `v½v-nv½vgv, N) jyUcvU Ges
4. Av`k©nxbZv: K) mvs¯‹…wZK GesL) Dcmvs¯‹…wZK O) aŸsmmvab
5. †hŠ_ AvPiY: K)RbgZ, L) d¨vkb GesM) 5. ÿgZv: AvšÍt‡Mvôx
mvgvwRK Av‡›`vjb
6. kû‡i g~j¨‡eva
m~Î: W. isMjvj †mb Ges wek¦¤¢i Kzgvi bv_, cÖviw¤¢K mgvRweÁvb, c„:483

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mv¤úªwZK evsjv‡`‡k mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi cÖfvewe¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vbmg~n

Influencial Elements of Social Change in Contemporary Bangladesh
1) ˆRweK Dcv`vb: mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b cÖfvewe¯ÍvKvix Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ˆRweK Dcv`vb Ab¨Zg| ˆRweK
Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q gvbylmn Ab¨vb¨ cÖvYx I MvQcvjv| ˆRweK cwi‡ek gvby‡li Av_©-mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK,
ivR‰bwZK Rxeb‡K GK iƒc †_‡K Ab¨iƒ‡c wb‡q hvq| mv¤úªwZK mg‡q evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK cwieZ©b g~jZ
Rjevqyi cwieZ©b RwbZ Kvi‡Y ebf~wg DRvo, Rxe‰ewPΨ aŸsm I cwi‡e‡ki ¯^vfvweK fvimv‡g¨i ZviZg¨|
GQvov RbmsL¨v e„w×, g„Z¨z nvi n«vm, bvix-cyiæl ÿgZvqb I A_©‰bwZK Ae`v‡b fvimvg¨, eqmwfwËK
RbmsL¨vi MVb, AwaK RbmsL¨vi d‡j †eKviZ¡, wkïkÖg, bvixi Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó BZ¨vw`
welq¸‡jv cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q| Dciš‘RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j mvgvwRK MwZkxjZv e„w×, ebf~wg aŸs‡mi d‡j LvZ
wfwËK †eKviZ¡ e„w×, AwZ NbemwZi Kvi‡Y msµvgK e¨vwai msµgY e„w× BZ¨vw` welqI ˆRweK Dcv`vb
wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡k mgvR cwieZ©‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q|

2) cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb:Rjevqyi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv e„w×, Pigfvevcbœ AvenvIqvi
m„wó, †giæ GjvKvi eid Mjvmn bvbv cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡”Q| Avi Rjevqy m¤úwK©Z Gme cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y
c„w_exi bvbv cÖv‡šÍ wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM AvNvZ Ki‡Q| †hgb-c„w_exi †Kv‡bv GjvKvq hLb AwaK
ZvcgvÎvi Kvi‡Y Zvc`vn m„wó nq wVK GKB mg‡q Av‡iK cÖv‡šÍ eid Av”Qvw`Z nq| Gfv‡e †Kv‡bv GjvKv
eb¨vq cøvweZ nq, †Kv‡bv GjvKv Av‡MœqwMwii AMœyrcv‡Zi Kvi‡Y RbRxeb wech©¯Í nq, Avevi †Kv‡bv GjvKvq
N~wY©So, U‡b©‡Wv ev mybvwgi g‡Zv cªvK…wZK `y‡h©vM m„wó nq| Avi evsjv‡`kI GB cÖwµqvi evwn‡i bq| M‡o
cÖvq cÖwZ eQiB GLv‡b †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM AvNvZ nv‡b| †hgb- eb¨v, Liv, N~wY©So, R‡jv”Q¡vm,
b`x fvOb BZ¨vw`| Gme cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©‡Mi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR KvVv‡gv µgvš^‡q iƒc cvwë‡q Ab¨ iƒc
aviY Ki‡Q| A_v©r Gme Dcv`vb mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi cÖfveK wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| †hgb- b`x fvO‡bi d‡j
wbwg‡lB gvbyl Zvi mnvq m¤^j, wf‡U gvwU nvwi‡q DØv¯‘‡Z cwiYZ n‡”Q| me nvwi‡q Gme gvbyl kni GjvKvq
Mgb Ki‡Q, †hLv‡b Zviv bZzb ai‡bi mgvR KvVv‡gvi mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡”Q Ges Lvc LvB‡q wb‡”Q| Gfv‡e
Zv‡`i mvgwRK g~j¨‡eva, †ckv, Rxebaviv cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡g mvgwRK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡”Q| wewfbœ cÖvK…wZK
`y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki e„nr Rb‡Mvôx Rjevqy DØv¯‘‡Z cwiYZ n‡q kni GjvKvq Mg‡bi d‡j ew¯Í
GjvKv M‡o DV‡Q, †Kv_vI †Kv_vI ¯’vbxqfv‡e ¸”Q MÖvg M‡o DV‡Q|

3) cÖhyw³MZ Dcv`vb:mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b cÖhyw³MZ Dcv`vb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| cÖhyw³MZ Áv‡bi Rb¨
bZzb bZzb cÖhyw³ wfwËK cY¨ D™¢vebI Drcv`b n‡”Q| Kvj© gvK©m mgvR e¨e¯’v iƒcvšÍ‡i †h cÖwµqv
†`wL‡q‡Qb †mLv‡bI cÖhyw³i cÖfve we‡klfv‡e jÿYxq| evsjv‡`‡k mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bI cªhyw³ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †hgbÑ wKQzw`b Av‡MI evsjv‡`‡ki K…wlg~jZ Miæ gwnl PvwjZ jvO‡ji Dci wbf©ikxj
wQ‡jv| wKš‘ AvaywbK cÖhyw³i mg_©‡b Pvjy n‡q‡Q Uªv±i I cvIqvi wUjvi| gvbe kÖ‡gi Dci wbf©ikxj dmj
Pvl I gvovB‡qi cwie‡Z© nvi‡f÷vi hš¿, mvi, DbœZ km¨ exR BZ¨vw` e¨env‡ii d‡j K…wl mgv‡R e¨vcK
cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| e„wói cvwbi Dci wbf©ikxj K…wl e¨e¯’vi cwie‡Z© wW‡Rj ev we`¨yrPvwjZ AvaywbK
†mPhš¿ K…wl wfwËK A_©‰bwZK KvVv‡gv‡Z cwieZ©b wb‡q G‡m‡Q|GQvovI AvaywbK cÖhyw³MZ Dcv`v‡bi cÖfv‡e
kniv‡jI gvby‡li Rxebavivq cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q, hv cÖKvšÍ‡i mvgvwRK cwieZ©b‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| GQvovI
hvZvqvZ I †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi Dbœq‡bi d‡j cY¨ wecYb e¨e¯’v, †fvM, Pvwn`v BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡ÎI cwiZ©b mvwaZ
n‡q‡Q|

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Causes of Social Change in Contemporary Bangladesh
1) wkÿvi cÖmvi: mv¤úªwZK evsjv‡`‡k wkÿvi nvi AZx‡Zi †h †Kv‡bv mg‡qi †P‡q †ewk| AvaywbK wkÿvi Kvi‡Y
evsjv‡`‡k `ªæZ mvgvwRK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡”Q| AvaywbK wkÿvi d‡j bvix cyiæ‡li †f`v‡f` K‡g‡Q, bvixiv
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM cv‡”Q, wb‡Ri wm×všÍ wb‡R wb‡Z cvi‡Q, bvixi ÿgZvqb n‡”Q, g~j¨‡ev‡ai cwieZ©b n‡”Q,
gvby‡li †ckvMZ ˆewPΨ G‡m‡Q, mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewPΨ evo‡Q, K…wl wfwËK mgv‡Ri Dci wbf©iZv Kwg‡q
Drcv`bgyLx Kv‡Ri my‡hvM evo‡Q, hvi d‡j mgvR cwieZ©b n‡”Q|
2) cÖhyw³i cÖmvi:eZ©gvb evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR e¨e¯’v cwieZ©‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KviY n‡jv cÖhyw³i e¨vcK cÖmvi|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖZ¨šÍ A‡j emevmKvix †h †Kv‡bv e¨w³ c„w_exi †h †Kv‡bv ¯’v‡b †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z mÿg|
B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK †dBmeyK, UzBUvimn bvbv gva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ gvbyl wbwg‡lB Ab¨ †`k ev ms¯‹… wZi gvby‡li mv‡_
cwiwPZ n‡q fv‡ei Av`vb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i, mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva I ms¯‹…wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i, †cvkvK
cwi”Q`, m½xZ, Kjv BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© aviYv wb‡Z cv‡i, hv mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
Z‡e B›Uvi‡bU wfwËK Gme gva¨‡gi Kvi‡Y Avgv‡`i hye mgvR †gvevBj †dvb, Kw¤úDUv‡ii g‡Zv h‡š¿ AvU‡K
†M‡Q, hv Zv‡`i mvgvwRKxKi‡Y e¨vcK cÖfve †dj‡Q| GQvovI mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g Øviv †Kv‡bv
DMÖcwš’‡`i Øviv DØy× n‡q bvbviKg Acivag~jK Kg©Kv‡Ð wjß nIqvi SuywK e„w× cv‡”Q|
3) Rjevqyi cwieZ©b: Rjevqyi cwieZ©b RwbZ Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li †ckv, Rxebaviv, A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v,
Drcv`b c×wZ BZ¨vw` cwieZ©b n‡”Q|†hgb-evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZ eQi Rjevqy cwieZ©b RwbZ Kvi‡Y A‡bK gvbyl
kniv‡j Mgb K‡i Zv‡`i †ckv cwieZ©b K‡i| GQvovI b`xfvO‡bi g‡Zv `y‡h©v‡Mi Kvi‡Y †`‡k f~wg
e¨e¯’v‡ZI cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q|
4) †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b: ebf~wg DRvo, bZzb PivÂj m„wó Ges b`xfvO‡bi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k †Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bv RvqMvq †fŠ‡MvwjK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡”Q| †hgbÑ ebf~wgi Dci wbf©ikxj Rb‡Mvôx ebf~wg DRv‡oi
Kvi‡Y Zv‡`i †ckv cwieZ©b K‡i Ab¨ †ckvq P‡j hv‡”Q, hv‡Z K‡i Zv‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b
n‡”Q|Avevi evsjv‡`‡ki DcK~jxq A‡j jeYv³ cvwbi AbycÖ‡e‡ki Kvi‡Y K…wl Drcv`b e¨vnZ nIqvq
†mLvbKvi K…wl wfwËK mgvR grm¨wfwËK mgv‡R iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡”Q|
5) Drcv`b cÖYvjxi cwieZ©b:evsjv‡`‡ki K…wlwfwËK mgvR Avw` Pvl c×wZi cwie‡Z© AvaywbK cÖhyw³ wbf©i
Pvlvev‡` c`vc©Y Kivq mvgvwRK cwieZ©b mvwaZ n‡q‡Q| GQvovI evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl GLb K… wl wfwËK Drcv`b
e¨e¯’vi Dci wbf©ikxjZv Kwg‡q wk‡ívrcv`b e¨e¯’vq Ges K…wl wfwËK †ckvi Dci wbf©ikxjZv Kwg‡q Ab¨
†ckvq iƒcvšÍi Ki‡Q|
6) AvKvk ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve: AvKvk ms¯‹…wZi cÖfv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR e¨e¯’v cwiewZ©Z n‡”Q| †`wk-we‡`wk wewfbœ
†Uwjwfkb P¨v‡b‡ji e‡`Šj‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl wewfbœ bZzb d¨vkb, jvBd ÷vBj, Mvb, cÖ_v-ixwZ, †cvkvK-
cwi”Q`, Lv`¨vf¨vm, g~j¨‡eva, A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, mgvRbxwZ, wkíKjv BZ¨vw`i cÖfv‡e cÖfvweZ n‡q wb‡R‡`i
g‡a¨ cwieZ©b mvab Ki‡Q, hv mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b f~wgKv ivL‡Q|
7) gnvgvix †iv‡Mi cÖfve:evsjv‡`‡k mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b gnvgvix †ivM ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| †hgb-
†KvwfW-19 bvgK K‡ivbv fvBiv‡mi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR e¨e¯’vq cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| gvby‡li †ckvMZ
cwieZ©bmn Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Afve, †eKviZ¡ e„w×, Drcv`b, †fvM I Pvwn`vq cwieZ©b, mvgvwRK MwZkxjZvq
cwieZ©b, A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v‡b cwieZ©b, `wi`ªZv e„w× BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| GB fvBivm †_‡K m„ó
†ivM gvbyl †_‡K gvby‡l msµwgZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y mvgvwRK `~iZ¡ bxwZ †g‡b Pjvq gvby‡li mv‡_ gvby‡li
mvgvwRK wg_w®Œqvi `~iZ¡ m„wó n‡q‡Q hvi Kvi‡Y gvby‡li g‡a¨ bvbv ai‡bi Aw¯’iZv KvR Ki‡Q| GQvov
wb¤œweË Rb‡Mvôxi Kg©ms¯’v‡b bvRyKZv m„wó n‡q‡Q| gvby‡li gb¯ÍvwË¡K bvRyKZv I mvgvwRK bvbv ai‡bi
†bwZevPK cÖfve c‡o‡Q|

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 204

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq weweG evsjv

8) ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi cÖfve: ivR‰bwZK wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki mgvR e¨e¯’vq
cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| †hgb- wewfbœ RbcÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡b bvix‡`i Rb¨ †KvUv _vKvq †bZ…‡Z¡i †ÿ‡Î bvix cyiæ‡li
ÿgZvi fvimvg¨ iÿv n‡”Q Ges bvixi ÿgZvqb e„w× cv‡”Q, hv mv¤úªwZK evsjv‡`‡ki mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡Q|

mvims‡ÿc
mvgvwRK cwieZ©b n‡jv AvšÍtgvbweK m¤ú‡K©i cÖwZwôZ iƒc Ges AvPi‡Yi gvb`‡Ði †ÿ‡Î msNwUZ iƒcvšÍi|
wewfbœ Dcv`vb mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| †hgbÑ ˆRweK Dcv`vb, cÖvK…wZK Dcv`vb, cÖhyw³MZ
Dcv`vb| wkÿvi cÖmvi, cÖhyw³i cÖmvi, Rjevqy cwieZ©b, †fŠ‡MvwjK Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b, Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi
cwieZ©b, AvKvk ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve, gnvgvix †iv‡Mi cÖfve, ivR‰bwZK KvVv‡gvi cÖfve BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y mvgvwRK
cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq|

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 205

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq evsjv‡`k ÷vwWR

BDwbUg~j¨vqb

1) ms¯‹…wZ ej‡Z Kx ey‡Sb? ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vbmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

(What do you mean by culture? Discuss the elements of culture.)
2) evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgxY ms¯‹…wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
(Discuss the rural culture of Bangladesh.)
3) evsjv‡`‡ki bMi ms¯‹…wZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
(Discuss the urban culture of Bangladesh.)
4) ÿz`ª b„‡Mvôx Kx? PvKgv Ges gvigv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ Zzjbvg~jK we‡kølY Kiæb|
(What is minority ethnic group? Make a comparative analysis between the culture of Chakma and
Marma.)
5) ÿz`ª b„‡Mvôx Kx? Mv‡iv Ges wÎcyiv‡`i ms¯‹…wত Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
(What is minority ethnic group? Discuss the culture of Garo and Tripura.)
6) ÿz`ª b„‡Mvôx Kx? mvuIZvj Ges gwYcywi‡`i ms¯‹…wত Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
(What is minority ethnic group? Discuss the culture of Santal and Monipuri.)
7) evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹„wZi Dci wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
(Discuss the impacts of globalization on the culture of Bangladesh.)
8) evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹„wZi Dci wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(Explain the impacts of technology on the culture of Bangladesh.)
9) bMivqY Kx? evsjv‡`‡k bMivq‡Yi KviY we‡kølY Kiæb|
(What is urbanization? Explain the causes of urbanization in Bangladesh.)
10) bMivqY Kx? evsjv‡`‡k bMivq‡Yi cÖfveAv‡jvPbv Kiæb|
(What is urbanization? Discuss the impacts of urbanization in Bangladesh.)
11) ¯’vbvšÍi Mgb ej‡Z Kx ey‡Sb? evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbvšÍi Mg‡bi cÖfveK¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
(What do you mean by migration? Discuss the factors behind migration in Bangladesh.)
12) mvgvwRK cwieZ©b Kx? mv¤úªwZK evsjv‡`‡k mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡b cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix Dcv`vbmg~n e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(What is social change? Explain the influential elements of social change incontemporary
Bangladesh.)
13) mvgvwRK cwieZ©b ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? mv¤úªwZK evsjv‡`‡k mvgvwRK cwieZ© ‡bi KviYmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
(What is meant by social change? Discuss the causes of social change in contemporary Bangladesh.)

BDwbU 10 c„ôv 206