evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ BDwbU

Culture of Bangladesh 2

ms¯‹„wZ gvby‡li Rxebavivi cÖwZdjb| Avgv‡`i AvPvi-AvPiY, g~j¨‡eva, ixwZbxwZ, iæwP, e¨envh© e¯‘MZ
Dcv`vbmg~n BZ¨vw`B ms¯‹…wZ| mgv‡Ri gvbyl wn‡m‡e Avgiv cÖwZwbqZB mvs¯‹w… ZK cwigÛ‡ji g‡a¨ †e‡o DwV|
mvaviY A‡_© ms¯‹…wZ ej‡Z K…wó, ms¯‹vi, wek¦vm BZ¨vw`‡K †evSv‡bv n‡jI mgvRweÁv‡b Gi Avjv`v ¸iæZ¡ i‡q‡Q|
mgvRweÁv‡b ms¯‹…wZ c~Y©v½ Rxeb aviv‡K †evSvq| ms¯‹…wZi Kvi‡YB gvby‡li e¨w³ Rxeb Ges mgvRRxeb Ab¨‡`i
†_‡K ¯^Zš¿Zv cvq|
c„w_exi cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡RiB wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZ i‡q‡Q| cÖwZwU ms¯‹…wZiB i‡q‡Q Avjv`v wKQz ˆewkó¨| g~jZ cÖvK…wZK
cwi‡e‡ki wfbœZv Ges Gi mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bvi wfbœ wfbœ †KŠkj I DcKi‡Yi Kvi‡Y mgv‡Ri mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewkó¨
wbR¯^ n‡q _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZI Gi evB‡i bq| G ms¯‹…wZi i‡q‡Q Avjv`v wKQz ˆewkó¨ hv GwU‡K Ab¨
ms¯‹…wZ †_‡K c„_K K‡i‡Q| Z‡e bvbv RvwZi AvMg‡b G‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ‡Z wewfbœ mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`v‡bi mswgkÖY
N‡U‡Q| ms¯‹…wZi G mKj Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q fvlv, wPšÍv, eyw×, Ávb, a¨vb-aviYv, g~j¨‡eva, AvPvi-AvPiY
BZ¨vw`| Avevi evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ hy‡M hy‡M ewnwe©‡k¦i bvbvwea mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`vb Øviv mg„× I cÖfvweZ n‡q‡Q|
we‡kl K‡i ch©vqµ‡g we‡`kx kw³i AvMvgb, AvMÖvmb, Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb, †kvlY Ges bvbv mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`vb
GKxf~ZKi‡Yi d‡j Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZ GKwU wgkª ms¯‹…wZ‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡q‡Q|
D`vniY¯^iƒc evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ mg‡q AvMZ Rb‡Mvôxi (Avh©, `ªvweo, Aw÷ªK, g‡½vjxq, AvdMvb, cvVvb, gvivVx,
cvwm©qvb, gyNj, mvjZvbvr, cZ©yMxR, Ij›`vR, Bs‡iR BZ¨vw`) Kvi‡Y G A‡ji evOvwjiv †hgb msKi RvwZ‡Z
cwiYZ n‡q‡Q †Zgwb G‡`i AvPvi-AvPiY, a¨vb-aviYv, g~j¨‡eva, cÖ_v, ixwZ-bxwZ, AvPvi-Abyôvb, wkíKjv, fvlv,
mvwnZ¨, A_©bxwZ, mgvRbxwZ BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfveI †d‡j‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 4 w`b

GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV- 2.1: ms¯‹…wZi msÁv
cvV- 2.2: ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vbmg~n
cvV- 2.3: evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZi ˆewkó¨
cvV- 2.4: evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li mvs¯‹…wZK Rxebaviv
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq mgvRweÁvb wØZxqcÎ

cvV-2.1 ms¯‹…wZi msÁv I aib

Definition and Types of Culture

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 ms¯‹…wZi msÁv ej‡Z I wjL‡Z cvi‡eb;
 ms¯‹…wZi aib m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 e¯‘MZ Ges Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZi cv_©K¨ wbiæcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ms¯‹…wZ, RxebcÖYvjx, e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ Ges Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ|

ms¯‹…wZ mgvRweÁv‡bi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖZ¨q| cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡Ri Avjv`v I wbR¯^ ms¯‹…wZ i‡q‡Q|
mvaviY K_vq, ms¯‹…wZ n‡jv Ggb Rxeb aviv hv gvbyl Zvi Rxeb wbe©vn Ki‡Z wM‡q bvbv cÖ‡qvR‡b
wbR¯^ mvs¯Í…wZK Dcv`vb QvovI wewfbœ †`‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`vbmg~n ms‡hvR‡bi gva¨‡g wb‡R‡`i ms¯‹…wZi DrKl©
mvab K‡i| wewfbœ c_ D™¢veb Ki‡Z wk‡L _v‡K|
ms¯‹…wZi msÁv: Bs‡iwR Culture kãwUi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡jv Ôms¯‹w… ZÕ hv j¨vwUb kã 'Cultura’ †_‡K G‡m‡Q, hv‡K
GK K_vq Kl©Y ev Pvl Kiv †evSvq| A_©vr gvbwmK, eyw×wfwËK Ges ˆ`wnK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ PP©vi gva¨‡g cÖvß
welqe¯‘i wbh©vmB n‡jv ms¯‹w… Z| wewfbœ mgvRweÁvbx Ges b„weÁvbx wewfbœfv‡e ms¯‹w… Z‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| †hgb-
weªwUk b„weÁvbx B.we UvBji Zuvi ‘Primitive Culture’ MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb, Òms¯‹„wZ n‡jv mgvR¯’ gvby‡li mgMÖ Rxeb
cÖYvjx|Ó Zuvi g‡Z, ms¯‹…wZ n‡”Q mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e gvby‡li AwR©Z Ávb, wek¦vm, wkíKjv, ˆbwZKZv, AvBb,
ixwZbxwZ Ges Ab¨ †h‡Kv‡bv `¶Zv I Af¨v‡mi RwUj mgwó (Culture is that complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, moral, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a
member of society.)
ms¯‹…wZi msÁvq Jones e‡jb, “Culture is the sum total of man’s creation.” A_v©r gvbyl Zvi Pjvi c‡_ RxweKv
wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ hv wKQz m„wó K‡i Zv-B ms¯‹…wZ|
g¨vwj‡bvw¯‹ Zvui ‘A Scientific Theory of Culture’ MÖ‡š’ e‡jb, Òms¯‹…wZ n‡jv gvby‡li Avcb K‡g©i m„wó hvi
gva¨‡g †m Zvi D‡Ïk¨ mvab K‡iÓ(Culture is the handiwork of man and the medium through which he
achieves his ends.) |
mgvRweÁvbx †¯úbmvi ms¯‹…wZ‡K GKwU Awa-ˆRweK cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb, GB ˆRweK cwi‡ek e„ÿivwR
Ges cïcvwL Øviv MwVZ Ges GwU ˆRweK ev cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek †_‡K wfbœ| (Culture is the super organic
environment as distinguished from the organic, or physical, the worlds of plants and animals).
Samuel Koenig Zuvi Sociology MÖ‡š’ e‡jb: “Culture may be defined as the sum-total of man’s efforts to
adjust himself to his environment and to improve his modes of livings.” A_v©r gvbyl Zvi Pvicv‡ki cwi‡e‡ki
mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bvi Rb¨ †h cÖ‡Póv Pvjvq Ges Zvi Rxebgvb e„wׇZ hZ KvR K‡i Zvi mgwóB n‡jv ms¯‹w… Z|
Dc‡ii msÁv¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j †`Lv hvq †h, gvby‡li mgvwMÖK Kvh©vewj hv †m Zvi Rxeb avi‡Yi Rb¨ K‡i _v‡K
Zv‡K ms¯‹…wZ e‡j| gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY, wek¦vm, g~j¨‡eva, Ávb, cÖÁv, †gav, bxwZ‡eva BZ¨vw`i mgwóB ms¯‹…wZ|
ms¯‹…wZi aib: mgv‡R mvaviYZ `yB ai‡bi ms¯‹…wZ we`¨vgvb| h_v- e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ Ges Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ|
e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ: mKj e¯‘MZ wRwbmcÎ hv gvbyl ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ e¨envi K‡i Zv‡K e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ
e‡j| Gme e¯‘MZ wRwb‡mi g‡a¨ Nievwo, AvmevecÎ, hš¿cvwZ, †cvlvK, evmb ev ˆZRmcÎ, nvwZqvi Ab¨Zg,

BDwbU 02 c„ôv 10
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Avi G¸‡jvB e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ| mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi †ik a‡i mf¨Zvi Dbœq‡bi d‡j ms¯‹…wZi Gme Dcv`v‡bi
g‡a¨I G‡m‡Q cwieZ©b| †hgb- gvby‡li e¨envh© wRwb‡mi g‡a¨I e¨vcK cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| Av‡M gvbyl jvOj,
Kv‡¯Í, gvwUi nuvwo, Nievwo, jyw½, kvwo BZ¨vw` e¨envi Ki‡Zv wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b K‡ji jvOj, avbKvUvi †gwkb, w÷‡ji
nvwo cvwZj BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i _v‡K|
Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ: †hme wel‡qi e¯‘¸Y †bB A_P Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZi Ask Zv‡K Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ e‡j| †hgb-
wPšÍvfvebv, a¨vb-aviYv, ixwZbxwZ, mvwnZ¨, `k©b, ag©, bxwZ‡eva BZ¨vw`| GK K_vq fveMZ ms¯‹…wZ‡K Ae¯‘MZ
ms¯‹…wZ e‡j| GQvovI gvby‡li fvlv, Ávb-weÁvb, AvBb, Av`k©, g~j¨‡eva, cÖ_v, wkíKjv, Af¨vm, wek¦vm, mvg_©¨
BZ¨vw` Dcv`vbI Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZi Ask|
e¯‘MZ I Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨
e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ
1| e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ gvby‡li Rxeb‡K cÖZ¨¶fv‡e 1| Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ gvby‡li Rxeb‡K c‡iv¶fv‡e
cÖfvweZ K‡i| cÖfvweZ K‡i|
2| D`vniY-Ni-evwo, Avmeve-cÎ, †cvlvK-cwi”Q`, 2| D`vniY-wkíKjv, mvwnZ¨, msMxZ, cÖhyw³, fvlv
Mvwo BZ¨vw`| BZ¨vw`|
3| e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ‡K †`Lv hvq Ges GK ¯’vb †_‡K 3| Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ‡K †`Lv hvq bv Ges GK ¯’vb
Ab¨ ¯’v‡b miv‡bv hvq| †_‡K Ab¨ ¯’v‡b miv‡bv hvq bv|
4| e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ ˆelwqK| 4| Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹„wZ fveMZ|
5| e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ evwn¨K w`‡Ki cwieZ©b NUvq| 5| Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ gvbwmK cwieZ©b NUvq|
6| e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ `ªæZ cwieZ©bkxj| 6| Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ A‡cÿvK…Z axi cwieZ©bkxj|
7| e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ mÂvjb cÖwµqv Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹„wZi 7| Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ mÂvjb cÖwµqv e¯‘MZ ms¯‹„wZi
Zzjbvq †ewk mPj| Zzjbvq Kg mPj|

wkÿv_©xi KvR e¯‘MZ Ges Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZi cv_©K¨ wbiæcY Kiæb| mgq: 5 wgwbU

mvims‡ÿc
ms¯‹…wZ mgvRweÁv‡bi GKwU ¸iZ¡c~Y© cÖZ¨q| ms¯‹„wZi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Culture hvi DrcwËMZ A_© Pvl Kiv ev
Kl©Y Kiv| gvbyl Zvi Rxeb Pjvi c‡_ ev Rxeb gvb e„w×i Rb¨ Zvi Pvi cv‡ki cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Lvc LvIqv‡bvi
Rb¨ †h mg¯Í Kvh©vewj K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K ms¯‹w… Z e‡j| ms¯‹zwZ `yB cÖKvi| h_v-e¯‘MZ ms¯‹„wZ Ges Ae¯‘MZ
ms¯‹…wZ| mKj e¯‘MZ wRwbmcÎ hv gvbyl ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ e¨envi K‡i Zv‡K e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ e‡j|
†hme wel‡qi e¯‘¸Y †bB A_P Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZi Ask Zv‡K Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ e‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b|
1| ms¯‹…wZi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã n‡”Q-
(K) Civilization (L) Culture (M) Music (N) Fashion
2| Primitive Culture MÖš’wU Kvi †jLv?
(K) isMjvj †mb Gi (L) Aveyj eviKvZ Gi
(M) B.we UvBji Gi (N) GWIqvW© mvC` Gi

BDwbU 02 c„ôv 11
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq mgvRweÁvb wØZxqcÎ

cvV-2.2 ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vbmg~n

Elements of Culture
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vbmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã cÖZxK, fvlv, AvPiYwewa, g~j¨‡eva, wek¦vm, AvPvi-AvPiY|

†Kv‡bv GKK welq ms¯‹…wZi

wZi Dcv`vb bq eis A‡bK¸‡jv welq ev Dcv`vb wb‡qq ms¯‹…wZ M‡o I‡V| Gme
mvs¯‹…wZK Dcv`vb Avgv‡`ii mgv‡RiB
mgv Ask| wb‡¤œ ms¯‹…wZi K‡qKwU Dcv`vb Av‡jvPbv
jvPbv Kiv nn‡jv:
(1) cÖZxK ev ms‡KZmg~n (Symbols): cÖ‡Z¨K ms¯‹…wZB wKQz cÖZxK ev ms‡KZ Øviv mwbœ‡ewkZ hv Bkviv, Abyf~wZ
ev cÖwZwµqv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i _v‡K|| Avw`g Kvj †_‡KB G¸‡jv ms¯‹…wZi ¸iæZ¡c ¡ ~Y© Dcv`vb e‡
e‡j cwiwPZ|
(2) fvlv (Language): fvlvB m¤¢eZ cÖZxKmg~‡ni c~Y©v½ mviwY hv g‡bi fve m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c c cÖKvk K K‡i| ¸iæZ¡cY~ ©
Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e fvlv ms¯‹…wZ‡K K mg„
mg× K‡i‡Q|
(3) AvPiYwewa (Norms): ms¯‹…wZi
wZi c„_KxKiY me‡P‡q †ewk ewk ¯úó nq AvPiYwewa ev Av`k© AvPiY| `yB ai ai‡bi
AvPiYwewa ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡ee cwiwPZ| h_v-
h_v (K) AvbyôvwbK AvPiYwewa Ges (L) AbvbyôvwbK AvPiYwewaAvPiYwewa|
(4) AvPvi-Abyôvb (Rituals): wfbœ wfbœ ms¯‹…
ms¯ wZi Abyôv‡bi gvÎv, Abyôvb cvj‡bi c×wZ, we‡kl ‡kl Abyôvb BZ¨vw`i
g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb _vK‡jI G¸‡‡jv ms¯‹…wZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|
(5) cwiewZ©Z AvPiYwewa I wek¦vm (Changing Norms and Beliefs): mg‡qi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv mv‡_ Avgv‡`i AvPvi-
AvPiY Ges wek¦v‡mi ai‡biI
biI cwieZ©b N‡U N _v‡K|
K| Gme cwiewZ©Z AvPvi AvPiYGes wek¦vm ms¯ ms¯‹w… Zi Dcv`vb|
(6) g~j¨‡eva (Values): g~j¨‡eva ms¯‹…‹…wZi Av‡iKwU
Av ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb hv gvbyl‡K fvj I g‡›`ii cv_©K¨ †kLvq|
(7) ˆbwZKZv (Ethics): ˆbwZKZv ms¯‹…wZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ a¨ Ab¨Zg| Kg©V, wbijm cwikªgx, Kv Kv‡Ri
cÖwZ kÖ×v A‡bK ms¯‹…wZiB Ask|
(8) n¯Íwkí (Artifacts): n¯Íwbwg©Z wRwbmcÎ ms¯‹ms¯ w… Zi HwZn¨‡K Zz‡j a‡i| †Kv‡bv mvg‡Ri Ri K…wó, wkíKjv BZ¨vw`
n¯Íwk‡íi gva¨‡g dz‡U D‡VV hv ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ|

n¯Íwkí cÖZxKmg~n
ˆbwZKZv fvlv
ms¯‹…wZ
g~j¨‡eva
eva Av`k© AvPiY
cwiewZ©Z Av`k©
AvPiY Ges wek¦vm AvPvi-Abyôvb

wPÎ: ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vbmg~n

BDwbU 02 c„ôv 12
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

b„weÁvbx K¬vK© DBRjvi ms¯‹…wZi KZK¸‡jv Dcv`v‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb| h_v:

(1) fvlv: cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡RB fv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`vb nq fvlvi gva¨‡g| fvlv GKwU ms¯‹…wZ‡K mg„w× `vb K‡i| fvlvi
gva¨‡g ms¯‹…wZi Ab¨vb¨ Dcv`vbmg~‡ni g‡a¨I †hvMm~Î ¯’vwcZ nq|
(2) e¯‘MZ ˆewkó¨: gvby‡li evm¯’vb, †cvlvK cwi”Q`, AvmevecÎ Ges ˆ`bw›`b e¨envh© Ab¨vb¨ wRwbmcÎ
ms¯‹…wZi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|
(3) wkíKjv: wkíKjvi gva¨‡g GKwU mgv‡Ri nvRvi eQ‡ii HwZn¨ Lyu‡R cvIqv hvq| HwnZ¨MZ Dcv`vb,
KviæKvh©gwÐZ wRwbmcÎ, †jvKMvb, b„Z¨ BZ¨vw` hv wkíKjvi Ask Zv ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vb|
(4) †cŠivwYK Kvwnbx I weÁvbm¤§Z Ávb: †Kv‡bv RvwZ‡Mvôxi †cŠivwYK Kvwnbx, hy‡×i weRqMv_v, gnvcyiæ‡li
AvMgb, `vk©wbK mZ¨, weÁv‡bi Avwe®‹vi BZ¨vw` welq ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vb|
(5) ag©xq AvPvi-AvPiY: ag©xq AvPvi-AvPiY mvgvwRK AvPvi-AvPiY‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| ZvB †Kv‡bv ms¯‹w… Zi
A‡bK Dcv`vbB †m ms¯‹…wZi ag©xq ixwZbxwZi gva¨‡g cÖ‡ek K‡i _v‡K| Avgv‡`i †`‡k A‡bK ag©xq AvPvi-
AvPiY ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e AšÍf³©y |
(6) cwievi Ges mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v: mvaviYZ cwievi Ges mvgvwRK Ab¨vb¨ e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g mvs¯‹…wZK AvPvi
AvPiYmg~n cvjb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| ZvB ejv hvq, cwievi Ges mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v ms¯‹…wZi `ywU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb|
(7) m¤úwË: m¤úwËI ms¯‹…wZi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb e‡j we‡ewPZ nq|
(8) miKvi: miKvi e¨e¯’v Ges ivóª cwiPvjbvi mv‡_ mswkøó welqvw` ms¯‹…wZi Acwinvh© Dcv`vb|
(9) hy×: hy×weMÖn, hy‡×i Kjv-†KŠkj, Rq-civRq BZ¨vw` ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z|

wkÿv_©xi KvR ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni bvg wjLyb| mgq: 5 wgwbU

mvims‡ÿc
eûwea Dcv`vb Øviv ms¯‹…wZ MwVZ| †hgb- fvlv, cÖZxK. AvPvi AvPiY, ˆbwZKZv, wkíKjv, †cŠivwYK Kvwnbx,
g~j¨‡eva, cwiewZ©Z AvPvi I wek¦vm BZ¨vw`| Gme Dcv`vb ms¯‹…wZ‡K mg„× I cwic~Y©Zv `vb K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b|
1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`vb-
(i) AvKvk (ii) AvPvi-Abyôvb
(iii) b„Z¨-Kjv (iv) ˆbwZKZv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii I iii
(M) ii, iii I iv (N) †KvbwUB bq|
2| K¬vK© DBRjvi GKRb Ñ
(K) ivRbxwZwe` (L) A_©bxwZwe`
(M) mgvRweÁvbx (N) b„weÁvbx

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq mgvRweÁvb wØZxqcÎ

cvV-2.3 evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹w… Zi ˆewkó¨

Characteristics of Culture of Bangladesh

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZi ˆewkó¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
ms¯‹…wZ, ms¯‹…wZi e¨eavb, cwieZ©bkxjZv, msKi ms¯‹…wZ, AvKvk ms¯‹…wZ,
gyL¨ kã
wek¦vqb|

evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZi †h ˆewkó¨ we`¨gvb Zv GB ms¯‹…wZ‡K Ab¨ ms¯‹…wZ †_‡K Avjv`v ¯^KxqZv
`vb K‡i‡Q| wb‡P evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹„wZi ˆewkó¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
(1) cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖR‡b¥ ¯’vbvšÍwiZ: evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ g~jZ GK cÖRb¥ †_‡K Av‡iK cÖR‡b¥ ¯’vbvšÍi nq| nVvr
†Kv‡bv ˆ`e NUbvi gva¨‡g G ms¯‹…wZ Pvjy nqwb|
(2) jvwjZ HwZn¨: evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ g~jZ nvRvi eQ‡ii jvwjZ HwZn¨‡K ey‡K aviY K‡i wU‡K Av‡Q| Avw`g
g~j AvK‡o a‡i G ms¯‹…wZ c„w_exi ey‡K gv_v DuPz K‡i `vuwo‡q Av‡Q|
(3) cwieZ©bkxjZv: cwieZ©bkxjZv †h‡Kv‡bv ms¯‹…wZiB GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨| †h †Kv‡bv ms¯‹…wZB
cwieZ©bkxj| mg‡qi e¨eavb GKs Pvwn`vi †cÖwÿ‡Z ms¯‹…wZi AvPvi-†iIqvR cwieZ©b nq| evsjv‡`‡ki
ms¯‹…wZI cwieZ©bkxj|
(4) g~j ms¯‹…wZ GK I Awfbœ: evsjv‡`k †h †gŠwjK ms¯‹…wZi Dci `vuwo‡q Av‡Q Zvi cwieZ©b †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZi g~j welq n‡jv evOvwj ms¯‹…wZ|
(5) msKi ms¯‹…wZ: evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZi GKwU †gŠwjK ˆewkó¨ n‡jv GwU GKwU msKi ms¯‹…wZ| cÖvPxb Kvj
†_‡K GB f~L‡Û Avh©, `ªvweo, cviwmK, g½j, AvdMvb, wkL, cZy©MxR, divwm Bs‡iRmn bvbv RvwZ, ag© I
e‡Y©i gvby‡li AvMgb N‡U‡Q| Gme RvwZi AvMg‡bi d‡j G‡`i ms¯‹…wZi A‡bK wKQzB evsjv‡`‡ki
ms¯‹…wZ‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ GKwU msKi ms¯‹…wZ|
(6) mvs¯‹…wZK HwnZ¨: evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZi i‡q‡Q GK mvs¯‹…wZK HwnZ¨ hv G‡K Ab¨ ms¯‹„wZ †_‡K Avjv`v
K‡i‡Q| Avgiv Rvwb fvlv ms¯‹…wZi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| Avi c„w_ex‡Z GKgvÎ evOvwjivB fvlvi Rb¨
jovB K‡i‡Q | Avi Gi d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki mvs¯‹„wZK HwZn¨ Av‡iv my`„p n‡q‡Q|
(7) mvs¯‹…wZK e¨eavb: evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ‡Z mvs¯‹…wZK e¨eavb we`¨gvb| wkÿvi cÖmvi, AvšÍR©vwZK cwigÛ‡j
wePiY, gvby‡li µgea©gvb Pvwn`v, mvgvwRK MwZkxjZv BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹„wZ‡Z mvs¯‹w… ZK
e¨eavb we`¨gvb|
(8) AvKvk ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve: evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹„wZ AvKvk ms¯‹…wZi cÖfv‡e cÖfvweZ|
(9) AvaywbK cÖhyw³i cÖfve: AvaywbK cÖhyw³i cÖfve evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ‡K `viæYfv‡e cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q| bvbv
ai‡bi mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g, †hgb- †dBmeyK, UzBUvi, †nvqvUmA¨vc, B‡gv, fvBevi, g¨v‡mÄvi BZ¨vw`
cÖfv‡e HwZn¨evnx mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i aiY Av‡Mi Zzjbvq cv‡ë †M‡Q|
(10) wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve: wek¦vq‡bi cÖfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ ms¯‹…wZi A‡bK wKQzB evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Q|
c„w_exi bvbv A‡ji gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY, Lv`¨vf¨vm, fvlv, Abyôvb BZ¨vw` Avgv‡`i ms¯‹…wZi Dcv`v‡b
cwiYZ n‡”Q|

BDwbU 02 c„ôv 14
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZi ˆewk󨸇jv wPwýZ Kiæb| mgq: 5 wgwbU

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZi A‡bK¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| †hgb- cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖR‡b¥ ¯’vbvšÍi, jvwjZ HwZn¨,
cwieZ©bkxjZv,g~j ms¯‹…wZ GK I Awfbœ, msKi ms¯‹…wZ, mvs¯‹…wZK HwnZ¨, mvs¯‹…wZK e¨eavb, AvKvk ms¯‹…wZi
cÖfve, AvaywbK cÖhyw³i cÖfve, wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve BZ¨vw`|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b|
1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZi ˆewkó¨-
(i) AvKvk ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve
(ii) cwieZ©bkxjZv
(iii) mvs¯‹…wZK e¨eavb
iv) me¸‡jv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii I iii
(M) ii, iii I iv (N) iv
2| evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZ n‡”QÑ
(K) bMi ms¯‹…wZ (L) msKi ms¯‹…wZ
(M) AvaywbK ms¯‹…wZ (N) fviZxq ms¯‹…wZ

BDwbU 02 c„ôv 15
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq mgvRweÁvb wØZxqcÎ

cvV-2.4 evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li mvs¯‹w… ZK Rxebaviv

Cultural Life of Bangladeshi People
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV Aa¨qb †k‡l AvcwbÑ
 evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li mvs¯‹…wZK Rxebaviv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã evsjv‡`k, gvbyl, ms¯‹…wZ, Rxebaviv|

evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li Rxebaviv hy‡M hy‡M cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| G‡`‡ki gvby‡li mvs¯‹…wZK Rxebaviv Rvbvi
Rb¨ Avgv‡`i‡K RxebaviY cÖYvjx m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e| wb‡¤œ evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li mvs¯‹…wZK Rxebaviv
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv:
(1) fvlv: evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li fvlv evsjv| Z‡e GB evsjv fvlvq Ab¨vb¨ fvlv †_‡K kã G‡m G fvlvi
†gŠwjKZ¡‡K bvov w`‡jI fvlv‡K AviI †ewk mg„× K‡i‡Q| Zrmg, Aa©Zrmg, Z™¢e Ges wewfbœ we‡`wk fvlv
†_‡K AvMZ kã (Aviwe, dvwm©, wnw›`, D`©y, ZzwK©, PvBwbR, Rvcvwb, evwg©R, cZy©MxR, Ij›`vR, ¸RivwU,
gvivwV, Bs‡iwR, divwm, ¯úv¨vwbk BZ¨vw`) evsjv fvlv‡K bZzb gvÎv w`‡q‡Q Ges G‡`‡ki gvbyl GB fvlvi
gva¨‡g Zv‡`i fv‡ei Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
(2) ms‡KZ ev cÖZxK: ms¯‹w… Zi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb n‡jv ms‡KZ ev cÖZxK| evsjv fvlvB evsjv‡`‡ki
gvby‡li AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ms‡KZ| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li RvZxq mvs¯‹…wZK cÖZxK
wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| 1971 mv‡j gnvb gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g jvj-mey‡Ri G cZvKv AwR©Z nq|
(3) Lv`¨vf¨vm: Avgv‡`i AwZ cwiwPZ GKwU cÖev` gv‡Q fv‡Z evOvwj| gv‡Q fv‡Z evOvwj evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li
mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨‡K aviY K‡i| evsjv‡`‡kii gvbyl cÖavbZ fvZ, gvQ, Wvj, kvK mewR, gvsm, wWg, `ya
BZ¨vw` †L‡q _v‡K| †ewki fvM gvbyl wZb †ejv‡ZB fvZ Lvq| Z‡e A‡b‡K fv‡Zi e`‡j iæwUI †L‡q
_v‡Kb| kni GjvKv‡Z gvbyl w`‡bi wewfbœ mgq bv¯ÍvI K‡i _v‡Kb| eZ©gvbKv‡j kni GjvKvq dv÷dzW
RvZxq bv¯Ívi e¨vcK cÖPjb jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †Kv‡bv Drme Abyôv‡b gvsm, †iv÷, †cvjvI, wewiqvwb, R`©v
BZ¨vw`i cÖvavb¨ j¶¨ Kiv hvq|
(4) †cvlvK-cwi”Q`: evsjv‡`‡ki AwaKvsk gvbyl jyw½, †MwÄ, MvgQv, cvRvgv-cvÄvwe, dZzqv cwiavb K‡i| kni
GjvKvq c¨v›U, kvU©, wU-kvU©, UªvDRvi, K¨vc, †eøRvi cwiavb K‡i| †g‡qiv kvwo, eøvDR, †cwU‡KvU, mv‡jvqvi
KvwgR, †eviKv BZ¨vw` cwiavb K‡i| MÖvg wKsev kni meLv‡b MvgQv e¨env‡ii cÖPjb i‡q‡Q| †g‡qiv
cvDWvi, †bjcvwjk, wUc, wjcw÷K, Kv‡Pi Pzwo, Mnbv, SzgKv, bvKdzj BZ¨vw` e¨envi K‡i _v‡K| mbvZb
a‡g©i weevwnZv †g‡qiv wmuw_‡Z wmu`yi Ges nv‡Z kuvLv c‡i|
(5) evwoNi: gvwUi †`qv‡ji Dci kb ev L‡oi Pvjv evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZi GKUv Ask| GKmgq
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖvgv‡j gvbyl †ewki fvM †ÿ‡ÎB gvwUi †`qv‡ji Dci wU‡bi Pvjvi Ni e¨envi Ki‡Zv| Z‡e
B`vbxs wU‡bi †eov Ges wU‡bi Pvj Ges Avav cvKv N‡i wU‡bi Pvj, cvKv feb †`Lv hvq| Z‡e cÖwZK~j
cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki Kvi‡Y AÂj‡f‡` wU‡bi †eovi Ni Ges gvwUi †`qv‡ji Ni cwijwÿZ nq| kni A‡j
†gvUvgywU cvKv N‡ii AvwaK¨ †ewk Ges evwoi wfZ‡i †mvdv‡mU, LvU-cvjsK, WvBwbs †Uwej BZ¨vw` †`Lv
hvq| MÖvgv‡j †PŠwK, LvU BZ¨vw` †ewk jÿ¨Yxq|
(6) ag©: evsjv‡`‡ki †ewkifvM gvbyl Bmjvg a‡g© Abymvix| GQvovI G‡`‡k wn›`y, †eŠ× I wLª÷vb a‡g©i gvbyl
emevm K‡i| wewfbœ ÿz`ª b„ZvwË¡K †Mvôxi RbmsL¨v †hgb-PvKgv, gvigv, nvRs, gwYcywi, Mv‡iv, ivLvBb
BZ¨vw` GLv‡b emevm K‡i Ges Zv‡`i wbR¯^ mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| Bmjvg a‡g©i Abymvix evsjv‡`wkiv

BDwbU 02 c„ôv 16
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

gmwR‡`, wn›`y a‡g©i Abymvixiv gw›`‡i, †eŠ× a‡g©i Abymvixiv c¨v‡MvWvq Ges wLª÷vb a‡g©i Abymvixiv Pv‡P©
hvq Zv‡`i Dcvmbv Kivi Rb¨| gymjgvb‡`i cÖavb ag©xq Drme n‡”Q `yB C`, wgjv`-Db-bex BZ¨vw`|
GQvov bvgvR, †ivRv, hvKvZ Zv‡`i cÖavb agx©q ixwZ| wn›`y‡`i `yM©vc~Rv, Kvwjc~Rv, j²xc~Rv, gbmv c~Rv,
mi¯^Zx c~Rv Ges †eŠ×‡`i †eŠ×c~wY©gv I wLª÷vb‡`i wLª÷gvm, B÷vi mvb‡W BZ¨vw`|
(7) †gŠwjK A_©bxwZ: evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ g~jZ K…wlwfwËK| MZ K‡qK `k‡K †WBwi, †cvwëª Ges grm¨ Pvi
MÖvgxY A_©bxwZ bZzb MwZ mÂvi K‡i‡Q| mv¤úªwZKKv‡j cÖevmx evsjv‡`wk‡`i †cÖwiZ ‰e‡`wkK gy`vª
(†iwg‡UÝ) Ges ˆZwi †cvkvKmn wewfbœ c‡Y¨i ißvwb Avq evsjv‡`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv ivL‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki LwbR m¤ú‡`i g‡a¨ M¨vm me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| my›`iebmn ebvÂj, b`x, mgy`ª BZ¨vw` cÖvK…wZK
m¤ú` †`‡ki A_©bxwZ‡Z ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
(8) we‡bv`b: evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl wewfbœ ai‡bi we‡bv`bg~jK Abyôvb cvjb K‡i| †hgb- AMÖnvqY gv‡m bevbœ
Drme, †cŠl-cve©Y, c‡njv ˆekvL, ˆekvLx †gjv BZ¨vw`| hvÎv, RvwiMvb, †jvKMvb, jvjbMxwZ, gywk©`x,
fvwUqvwj, bRiæjmsMxZ, iex›`ªmsMxZ BZ¨vw` G‡`‡ki gvby‡li ms¯‹w„ Z‡K ¯^Zš¿ ˆewkó¨ `vb K‡i‡Q| nvWyWy,
`uvwoqvevÜv, KvbvgvwQ, †MvjøvQyU-Gi cvkvcvwk dzUej I wµ‡KU RbwcÖq †Ljv| MÖvgv‡ji †gjv¸‡jv‡Z mvK©vm,
cyZzjbvP, bvMi‡`vjv cªavb AvKl©Y| el©eiY Ges weRq w`em †`‡ki RvZxq Drme wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡q‡Q|
(9) wk¶v: evsjv‡`‡k mvaviY wkÿvi cvkvcvwk gv`ªvmv wkÿv e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPwjZ| GQvovI Bs‡iwR gva¨g wkÿv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vb `Lj K‡i Av‡Q| Z‡e wkï‡`i ag©xq wkÿvi GKUv cÖPjbI jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
(10) ¶gZv I KZ©„Z¡: Rwg`vix cÖ_v we‡jv‡ci ci †_‡K f~wgwfwËK ÿgZv KvVv‡gvi KZ©„Z¡ Av‡Mi Zzjbvh n«vm
†c‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b MÖvgxY ÿgZv KvVv‡gv‡Z ivR‰bwZK cÖfve, bM` A_©, wkÿv, cÖkvm‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK©,
cÖhyw³i Dci gvwjKvbv cÖf…wZ Dcv`v‡bi cÖfve jÿ Kiv hvq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li mvs¯‹…wZK Rxebaviv wPwýZ Kiæb| mgq: 5 wgwbU

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li ms¯‹…wZi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Ni-evwoi aib, †cvkvK-cwi”Q`, A_©-e¨e¯’v, ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v,
Lv`¨vfvm, ag©, mvwnZ¨, wk¶ve¨e¯’v, †Ljvayjv BZ¨vw`| evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li fvlv evsjv| Z‡e GB evsjv fvlvq
Ab¨vb¨ fvlv †_‡K kã G‡m G fvlv‡K AviI †ewk mg„× K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki RvZxq cZvKv evsjv‡`‡ki
gvby‡li mvs¯‹…wZK cÖZxK wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki †ewki fvM gvbyl Bmjvg a‡g© Abymvix| GQvovI
G‡`‡k wn›`y, †eŠ× I wLª÷vb a‡g©i gvbyl emevm K‡i| wewfbœ ÿz`ª b„ZvwË¡K †Mvôxi RbmsL¨v †hgb-PvKgv,
gvigv, nvRs, gwYcyix, Mv‡iv, ivLvBb BZ¨vw` GLv‡b emevm K‡i Ges Zv‡`i wbR¯^ mvs¯‹…wZK ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b|
1| evsjv‡`‡ki gvby‡li RvZxq mvs¯‹…wZK cÖZxK Kx?
(K) †bŠKv (L) RvZxq cZvKv
(M) msm` feb (N) kvcjv
2| MÖvgxY ÿgZv KvVv‡gv‡Z eZ©gv‡b †Kvb Dcv`vb †ewk cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Q?
(K) bM` A_© (L) wkÿv
(M) ivR‰bwZK KZ©„Z¡ (N) me¸‡jv

BDwbU 02 c„ôv 17
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq mgvRweÁvb wØZxqcÎ

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

K. eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ (MCQ)

1| Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZi D`vniY n‡”QÑ
(K) wek¦vm-g~j¨‡eva (L) ag©, AvBb
(M) †Kv‡bvwU bq (N) ÔKÕ I ÔLÕ Dfq
2| evsjv‡`‡k mvs¯‹…wZK e¨eavb †Kb ˆZwi n‡”Q?
(K) wkÿvi cÖmv‡i (L) Rjevqyi cwieZ©‡b
(M) cÖhyw³ weKv‡k (N) GKK cwiev‡ii Kvi‡Y
L. wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 3 I 4 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
evsjv‡`‡ki ms¯‹…wZi A‡bK¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| †hgb- cÖRb¥ †_‡K cÖR‡b¥ ¯’vbvšÍi, jvwjZ HwZn¨,
cwieZ©bkxjZv,g~j ms¯‹…wZ GK I Awfbœ, msKi ms¯‹…wZ, mvs¯‹…wZK HwnZ¨, mvs¯‹…wZK e¨eavb, AvKvk
ms¯‹…wZi cÖfve, AvaywbK cÖhyw³i cÖfve, wek¦vq‡bi cÖfve BZ¨vw`|
3| Òms¯‹…wZ n‡”Q gvby‡li mgMÖ m„wóÓ †K e‡j‡Qb?
(K) B.we †UBji (L) †Rvbm
(M) AMv÷ †Kuvr (N) nve©vU© †¯úÝvi
4| ms¯‹…wZi g~j aib `yÕwU wK wK?
(K) Avw`g-AvaywbK (L) ‰eÁvwbK-A‰eÁvwbK
(M) e¯‘MZ-Ae¯‘MZ (N) cvðvZ¨-Gkxq

N) m„Rbkxj (KvVv‡gve×) cÖkœ:

DÏxcKwU co–b Ge wb‡Pi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b|
iwdK D”P gva¨wgK weÁvb kvLvi QvÎ| Zvi eÜz kvIb gvbweK kvLvq c‡o| GKw`b iwdK kvIb‡K ej‡jv, AvR
†mvbvi evsjv AwW‡Uvwiqv‡g mvs¯‹…wZK mܨv Av‡Q| kvIb iwdK‡K cÖkœ Ki‡jv, Ôej‡Zv ms¯‹…wZ KxÕ? iwdK AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi
mv‡_ ej‡jv, ÔMvb, KweZv, bvUK, b„Z¨, †KŠZzK A_©vr hvwKQz Avgv‡`i we‡bv`b †`q ZvB ms¯‹zwZÕ| kvIb gyPwK †n‡m
mgvRweÁv‡b ms¯‹…wZ ej‡Z Kx eySvq, Gi Dcv`vb I ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© iwd‡Ki mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡jv|
1) ms¯‹…wZ Kv‡K e‡j? 1
2) ms¯‹…wZi aib¸‡jv wK wK, D`vniY w`b| 2
3) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K ms¯‹…wZi ˆewk󨸇jv wjLyb| 3
4) evsjv‡`‡ki mvs¯‹…wZK cwieZ©‡b †Kvb †Kvb Dcv`vb wµqvkxj D`vniYmn e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 4

DËigvjv :
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.1 t 1| L 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.2 t 1| M 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.3 t 1| N 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.4 t 1| L 2| N
P‚ovšÍ g~j¨vqb t 1| N 2| K 3| L 4| M

BDwbU 02 c„ôv 18