Air Law

References:
1. CARs
2. A.I.P. Canada
3 . FTGU (Pgs 100 - 112)
Aerodromes & Airports

Aerodromes
(Cars - Part III)
 Markers And Markings
• When an aerodrome is closed permanently,
the operator of the aerodrome shall remove
all of the markers and marking installed at
the aerodrome

• The operator of an aerodrome shall install

red flags or red cones along the boundary of
an unserviceable movement area
 Markers And Markings
• Where a taxiway or part of a taxiway is
closed, the operator of the aerodrome shall
place on each end of the closed taxiway, or
part thereof, a closed marking
 Markers And Markings
• Where a manoeuvring area or part thereof is
closed permanently, the operator of the
aerodrome shall
• Obliterate all of the markings that indicate
that the manoeuvring area or part thereof is
open and
 Markers And Markings
• Paint on the manoeuvring area or part thereof the
markings required

• Where the surface of a manoeuvring area or part

thereof is snow-covered or otherwise unsuitable
for painting, closed marking may be applied by
means of a coloured dye or may be constructed
from a suitable coloured material or product
 Wind Direction Indicator
• Except where the direction of the wind at an
aerodrome can be determined by radio or other
means, the operator of the aerodrome shall install
and maintain at the aerodrome a wind direction
indicator that is
• Of a conspicuous colour
• In the shape of a truncated cone
• Visible from an aircraft at an altitude of 1000 ft
• Illuminated when the aerodrome is used at night
 Wind Direction Indicator
• When an aerodrome is closed permanently,
the operator of the aerodrome shall
immediately remove all of the wind
direction indicators
 Dry Wind Socks
• A wind sock works by allowing wind to
blow into the wide opening
• If a wind sock is:
• Horizontal = 15 kts
• 5 degrees below horizontal = 10 kts
• 30 degrees below horizontal = 6 kts
 Lighting
(301.07)
When a runway is used at night, the operator of
the aerodrome shall indicate each side of the
runway along its length with a line of fixed
white lights that is visible in all directions
from an aircraft in flight at a distance of not
less than 2 nautical miles
 Lighting
(301.07)
Where it is not practical to provide at an
aerodrome fixed white lights, the operator
may, if a fixed white light is displayed at each
end of the runway, use white retro-reflective
markers that are capable of reflecting aircraft
lights and that are visible at a distance of not
less than two nautical miles from an aircraft in
flight that is aligned with the center line of the
runway.
 Lighting
(301.07)
The lines of lights or retro-reflective markers shall be
arranged so that:
a) The lines of lights or markers are parallel and of equal
length and the transverse distance between the lines is
equal to the runway width in use during the day
b) The distance between adjacent lights or markers in each
line is the same and is not more than 200 feet
c) Each line of lights or markers in not less than 450 m and
contains no fewer than 8 lights or markers and each light
or marker is situated opposite to a light or marker on the
other side of the runway
 Lighting
(301.07)
• Where a taxiway is used at night, the
operator shall indicate each side of the
taxiway with a line of fixed blue lights or
retro-reflective marker not more then 200 ft
apart
 Lighting
(301.07)
• Where a manoeuvring area or part thereof is
closed, the operator of the aerodrome shall
not operate the lights or keep the retro-
reflective markers thereon

• Unserviceable portion of the movement area

with fixed red lights, red retro-reflective
markers or floodlighting
 Lighting
(301.07)
• Where an aircraft parking area is used at night,
indicate the boundary of the area with fixed blue
lights or blue retro-reflective markings, placed no
more then 200 ft apart or with floodlighting

• The operator may display flare pots to provide

temporary lighting for the landing or taking off or
aircraft
 Prohibitions
No person shall
• Walk, stand, drive a vehicle, park, a vehicle or
aircraft or cause an obstruction on the movement
area of an airport, except in accordance with
permission given by the operator of the airport or
by the appropriate ATC
• Tow an aircraft on an active movement area at
night unless the aircraft displays operating
wingtip, tail and anti-collision lights or
illuminated by lights mounted on the towing
vehicle and directed at the aircraft
 Prohibitions
• Park or otherwise leave an aircraft on an active
manoeuvring area at night unless the aircraft
displays operating wingtip, tail and anti-collision
lights or illuminated by lanterns

• Knowingly remove, deface, extinguish or interfere

with marker, marking, light or signal that is used
for the purpose of air navigation, except in
accordance with permission given by the operator
or ATC
 Prohibitions
• Knowingly display a marker, sign, light or
signal that is likely to be hazardous to
aviation safety by causing glare or by
causing confusion with or preventing clear
visual perception of a marker, marking,
sign, light or signal
 Prohibitions
• Allow a bird or other animal that is in the
persons control to be unrestrained within
the boundaries of an airport, except for the
purpose of controlling other animals at the
airport

• Discharge a firearm within or into an airport

with out the permission of the operator of
the airport
 Fire Prevention
No person shall smoke or display an open
flame
• On an apron
• On an aircraft loading bridge or on a gallery
or balcony that is contiguous to or that
overhangs an apron
 Fire Prevention
• In an area where smoking or an open flame
is likely to create a fire hazard that could
endanger persons or property

• The operator of an airport may display flare

pots to provide temporary lighting for the
take-off or landing of aircraft
 Fire Prevention
• The operator may authorize operations on an
apron that involve the use of an open flame where
the operation are conducted in a manner that is not
likely to create a fire hazard that could endanger
persons or property

• The operator may permit smoking in an enclosed

building or shelter located on an apron where such
smoking is not likely to create a fire hazard that
could endanger persons or property
Personal Licensing & Training

Flight Crew Permits Licenses and

Ratings
(Cars - Part IV)
 Requirement to Hold a Flight Crew
Permit, Licence or Rating
(401.03)
No person shall act as a flight crew member or exercise the
privileges of a flight crew permit, license or rating
unless:
• The person is the holder of, and can produce while so
acting and while exercising such privileges, the
appropriate permit, license or rating

• The person is the holder of, and can produce while so

acting and while exercising such privileges, a valid and
appropriate medical certificate
 Flight Crew Member of Aircraft
Registered in Contracting States Other
Then Canada
• No person shall act as a flight crew member or
exercise the privileges of a flight crew licence in
Canada in an aircraft registered in a contracting
state other then Canada, unless the person holds,
and can produce while so acting or while
exercising such privileges
• A flight crew licence or a document equivalent to
a foreign licence validation certificate, that is
issued under the laws of the contracting state
 Pilot Recency Requirements
(401.05)

No holder of a flight crew permit, license or

rating, shall exercise the privileges of the
permit, license or rating unless:
• The holder has acted as pilot-in-command
or co-pilot of an aircraft within the five
years preceding the flight, or
 Pilot Recency Requirements
(401.05)
• Within the 12 months preceding the flight:
• The holder has completed a flight review with a
flight instructor
• The flight instructor certifies in the holder’s log that
the holder meets the skill requirements for the
issuance of the permit or license
• The holder has successfully completed the
appropriate examination specified in the personal
licensing standards (PSTAR)
 Pilot Recency Requirements
(401.05)
No holder of a flight crew permit or licence
shall exercise the privileges of the permit in
an aircraft unless the holder
• Has successfully completed a recurrent
training program within the 24 months
preceding the flight
 Pilot Recency Requirements
(401.05)
Where passengers, other than a flight test
examiner is carried on board the
aircraft, has completed within the 6
months preceding the flight:
• 5 take-offs and landings by day or night, if
the flight is conducted during the day
• 5 take-off and landing by night, if the flight
is conducted at night
 Personal Logs
(401.08)
Every holder of a flight crew permit, licence or
rating shall maintain a personal log for the
documentation of:
• Experience accumulated in respect of the flight
crew permit, licence or rating
• Proof of recency
 Personal Logs
(401.08)
The personal shall contain the holder’s name and the
following information with respect to each flight:
1) Date of flight
2) Type of aircraft and registration
3) Flight crew position (dual, PIC, co-pilot)
4) The PIC if (dual or co-pilot)
5) Flight conditions (day, night, VFR, IFR)
6) Route of flight
7) The flight time
 Private Pilot License Privileges
The holder of a private pilot licence may act
as
• PIC or SIC of an aeroplane of a class and
type in respect of which the license is
endorsed with ratings
• PIC of an ultra-light
• PIC or SIC of any aircraft for the solo
purpose of the holders flight training of
flight test where
 Private Pilot License Privileges
In the case of flight training
• It is conducted under the direct supervision
of the holder of a flight instructor rating for
that category of the aircraft
• No passenger is carried on board
• In the case of a flight test no passengers
other then the person doing the flight test
and flight test examiner are on board
 Reimbursement of Costs
(401.28)
• No holder of a PPL shall act as the pilot of an
aeroplane for hire or reward
• The holder of a PPL may receive reimbursement for
costs when:
• The holder is the owner/operator of the aircraft
 Reimbursement of Costs
(401.28)
• The holder conducts the flight for purposes other
than hire
• The holder carries passengers incidentally to the
purpose of the flight
• The holder is aiding in search & rescue operations
being reimbursed by a none profit organization
 Reimbursement of Costs
(401.28)
• If the reimbursement is for the purpose of
sharing costs for fuel, oil and fees charged
against the aircraft
• The holder of a private pilot license may
receive reimbursement from the employer
for the cost of the flight if the holder is
employed on a full time basic by the
employer for purposes other them flying
Medical Requirements
 Medical Certificate Requirements
(404.03)

No person shall exercise the privileges of a permit,

rating or licence unless a valid medical certificate
is held.
 Issuance and Renewal of Medical
(404.04)
• An applicant for a medical certificate must either submit a
self declaration (for a recreational pilot permit) or have a
medical examination conducted by a civil aviation medical
examiner (CAME)
• An applicant may be required to undergo additional
medical tests or examinations to determine if the applicant
meets or continues to meet the specified medical fitness
requirements
• A medical certificate can be refused or suspended if the
applicant fails to meet the specified medical fitness
requirements
 Validity of Medical
(404.04)
The maximum period of validity of a medical certificate is:
• Class I valid for 12 months and 6 months for an
Individual over 40
• Class III valid for 60 months and 24 months for an
Individual over 40
• Class IV valid for 60 months and 60 months for an
Individual over 40
 Prohibition
No holder of a permit, license or rating shall exercise
the privileges of the permit, license or rating if
• The holder suffers from an illness, injury or
disability
• The holder is taking drug
• The holder is receiving medical treatment
• The holder has entered the 30th week of pregnancy
• The holder has given birth in the preceding 6
weeks
 Prohibition
No holder of a permit, license or rating shall exercise
the privileges of the permit, license or rating unless:
• The holder has undergone a medical examination
• The medical examiner has indicated on the holder
medical certificate that the holder is medically fit
to exercise the privileges of the license or rating
 Permission To Continue The Privileges
Of A License, Rating Or Permit
• Where the holder of a medical certificate
undergoes a medical examination by a
physician for the purpose of obtaining
permission to continue to exercise the
privileges of the holders permit, license or
rating, the medical examiner shall
 Permission To Continue The Privileges
Of A License, Rating Or Permit
• Return the medical certificate to the
applicant with the appropriate endorsement
marked on it “fit” or “unfit” and signed and
dated by the medical examiner
• Where the applicants medical certificate has
been marked with endorsement the
certificate is valid for 90 days from that date
that it was endorsed