CARS5

PPL CARS Lesson 5/5
CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 1

Enabling Objectives – Class 5/5
Aircraft Requirements
Operational Equipment and Emergency Requirements
Flight Preparation, Flight Plans and Flight Itineraries
Pre-flight and Fuel Requirements
Operations at or in the vicinity of an Aerodrome

Aircraft Requirements

605.03 Flight Authority
(Certificate of Airworthiness)
No person shall operate an aircraft in flight unless:

• The Certificate of Airworthiness is in effect.
• The aircraft is operated in accordance with the conditions set out in
Certificate of Airworthiness.
• The Certificate of Airworthiness is carried on board the aircraft.

605.04 Availability of Aircraft Flight Manual
The aircraft flight manual must be on

board and available to the flight crew
members at their duty stations.

605.05 Markings and Placards
Markings or placards shall be

affixed to the aircraft or
attached to a component of
the aircraft in accordance
with those standards.
• Example: Compass
Correction Card

605.08 Unserviceable and Removed Equipment -
General
No person shall conduct a take-off in an
aircraft that has equipment that is not
serviceable or from which equipment has
been removed if, in the opinion of the pilot
in command, aviation safety is affected.

605.14 Power-driven A/C - Day VFR
Power-driven aircraft for the purpose of day VFR flight must have the following
equipment:
• Altimeter (sub-scale required in controlled airspace)

• Airspeed indicator
• Magnetic compass (or Directional Gyro if not linked to the electrical system)
• Tachometer (for each engine)
• Oil pressure indicator (for each engine)
• Oil temperature indicator (for each engine)
• Fuel quantity gauge (for each tank)

Required equipment
• 2-way Radio communication system (Class A, B, C, D,

MF, ADIZ)
• Manifold pressure gauge (for each engine)
• Coolant temperature indicator (for each engine)
• Landing gear indicator (Retractable Gear)
• Radio navigation equipment (Class B, or if engaged in

commercial air services)

Required equipment

605.15 Power-driven A/C - VFR OTT
Power-driven aircraft operating VFR OTT must have the previous listed equipment
(Day VFR) plus the following:
• The altimeter must have sub-scale

• A means of preventing a malfunction caused by icing for each airspeed
indicating system (pitot heat)
• Directional Gyro
• Attitude Indicator
• Turn and slip indicator or Turn Coordinator
• 2-way Radio communication system

605.15 Power-driven A/C - VFR OTT

605.16 Power-driven A/C - Night VFR

605.16 Power-driven A/C - Night VFR
Power-driven aircraft operating Night VFR must have the previous

equipment Day VFR plus the following equipment:
• The altimeter must have sub-scale
• Turn and slip indicator or Turn Coordinator
• Directional Gyro
• Landing light (when carrying passengers)
• A means of illumination for all the instruments used to operate the aircraft
• Position and anti-collision lights
• An adequate source of electrical energy for all the electrical and radio equipment
• Spare fuses (least 50% of the total number of installed fuses (That are accessible
to the Pilot while flying)

605.16 Power-driven Aircraft - Night VFR

605.17 Use of Position and Anti-collision Lights
Operations in the air or on the ground at night, or on

water, between sunset and sunrise, must:
• Have position lights and anti-collision lights on.
• However, anti-collision lights may be turned off
where the Pilot in command determines that,
because of operating conditions, doing so would be
in the interests of aviation safety.
For example, holding short of a runway while another

plane is on approach to land. The anti-collision lights
could be distracting for the approaching aircraft.

Steady Red Light from Steady Green Light from
Dead Ahead to 110° Dead Ahead to 110°
110° - 180° 110° - 180°

605.22 Seat and Safety Belt Requirements
No person shall operate an aircraft, other than a balloon, unless it is

equipped with a seat and safety belt for each person on board the
aircraft (other than an infant).
• Note: Shall include a latching device of the metal-to-metal type.

605.24 Shoulder Harness Requirements
Each front seat shall be equipped with a safety belt that includes a shoulder
harness.
• Shoulder harness exception: Small aeroplanes manufactured before July 18, 1978.

605.25 General Use of Safety Belts
and Restraint Systems
The Pilot in Command of an aircraft shall

direct all the persons on board the aircraft to
fasten safety belts, including any shoulder
harness:
• During movement on the surface.
• During take-off and landing.
• At any time during flight that the Pilot in
Command considers it necessary that safety
belts be fastened (example: turbulence).

605.29 Flight Control Locks
No operator of an aircraft shall permit the use of a flight control lock in

respect of the aircraft unless:
• The flight control lock is incapable of becoming engaged when the aircraft is being
operated.
• An unmistakable warning is provided to the person operating the aircraft
whenever the flight control lock is engaged.

605.31 Oxygen Equipment and Supply
- Unpressurized Aircraft

605.32 Use of Oxygen for all Unpressurized
A/C
• For operations above 10,000’ ASL but not exceeding 13,000’ ASL, each
crew member shall wear an oxygen mask and use supplemental oxygen
for any part of the flight at those altitudes that is more than 30 minutes
in duration.

605.32 Use of Oxygen for all Unpressurized A/C
• Operations above 13,000’ ASL, each person on board the aircraft shall
wear an oxygen mask and use supplemental oxygen for the duration of
the flight at those altitudes.

605.35 Transponder & Automatic
Pressure-altitude Reporting Equipment (MODE-C)
Transponders carried in aircraft respond to radar interrogation, which results in

your position being displayed on an ATC display screen.
Except for balloons and gliders all aircraft must have MODE-C in designated
transponder airspace, unless:
• The aircraft Minimum Equipment List dictates otherwise (minister approved).

In the case of losing your transponder enroute:
• In which case, with ATC clearance you can fly to the next aerodrome of
intended landing (in flight plan) or to the first aerodrome with facilities to
remove and fix the unit.

605.35 Transponder & Automatic Pressure-altitude
Reporting Equipment (MODE-C)
ATC may exempt you if:

• ATC decides safety is not at risk and provides
separation and you request the exemption prior to
operating in that airspace.

605.38 Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
No person shall operate an aircraft unless it is equipped

with one or more ELT's.
• ELT's help rescue personnel, and help find and locate
aircraft in distress by emitting a distress signal upon
impact or activation.
Except for:
• A Flight Training Unit engaged in flight training and
operated within 25 NM of the aerodrome of
departure.
• Engaged in a test flight.
• A new aircraft engaged in flight operations
incidental to manufacture, preparation or delivery
of the aircraft (test flight).
605.38 Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)
Aircraft Area of Operation Minimum Equipment
One ELT of type AD, AF or AP, as

All Aircraft Over land referred to in chapter 551 of the
airworthiness manual.
Large multi-engined turbo-jet Over water at a distance from land that Two ELTs of type S, as referred to in
aeroplanes engaged in an air transport requires the carriage of life rafts under chapter 551 of the airworthiness
service carrying passengers CARs 602.63 manual.
Over water at a distance from land that One ELT of type S, as referred to in
All aircraft that require an ELT other
requires the carriage of life rafts under chapter 551 of the airworthiness
than those set out in item 2
CARs 602.63 manual.

605.39 Use of Emergency Locator Transmitter
Where an aircraft is required to be equipped with an ELT, you can fly without it if in
the case of losing your ELT en-route:
• You can fly to the next aerodrome of intended landing (in flight plan).
• To the first aerodrome with facilities to remove and fix the unit.

605.39 Use of Emergency Locator Transmitter
You can also fly without an ELT if:
• Displayed on a readily visible placard within the aircraft cockpit,

for the period of removal of the ELT from the aircraft, stating that
the ELT has been removed and setting out the date of removal.
• The aircraft replaced with a serviceable ELT within 30 days of the

date of removal.

605.40 Emergency Locator Transmitter Activation
No person shall activate an ELT except in an emergency.
• Exceptions:
• During the first five minutes of any hour UTC for a duration of not
more than five seconds for the purpose of testing it.
• Inadvertently activating during flight, the P.I.C of the aircraft shall
notify ATC, FSS, CARS and switch off the ELT as soon as possible.

605.84 Aircraft Maintenance - General
Don’t take-off (or permit someone else to take-off) in an aircraft which is in your legal
custody and control, unless the aircraft is maintained in accordance with:
• Any airworthiness limitations applicable to that aircraft type design.

• The requirements of any airworthiness directives (or equivalent) issued by the
Minister.

605.85 Maintenance Release and Elementary Work
Where an aircraft has undergone maintenance,

it shall not fly unless:
• The maintenance has been certified by the

signing of a maintenance release.
• No maintenance release is required in
respect of tasks identified as elementary
work.

Elementary Work
Elementary Work- Is work which can be completed by the owner operator. Any
elementary work performed on an aircraft must be detailed in the Journey Log
and must be accompanied by the signature of the person who performed the work.
Example
• Fabric patches (no more than 6 inches)
• Removal or installation of tires, wheels, skids that do not require the separation
of hydraulic lines
• Removal or installation of seats, safety belts and harnesses
• Non-structural fairings or cover plates
• Cabin trim or upholstery
• Cleaning and installation of spark plugs
• Cleaning or changing of oil, fuel or air filters
• Glider wings and tail surfaces that are designed for quick assembly
605.85 Maintenance Release and Elementary Work
Where a maintenance release is conditional on

the satisfactory completion of a test flight:
• The aircraft may be operated if no person
is carried on board other than flight crew
members and persons necessary for the
purpose of making observations that are
essential to the test flight.
• Following a test flight, the Pilot in
Command shall enter the results of the
test flight in the journey log.

605.86 Maintenance Schedule
Don’t take-off in an aircraft (or let someone else take-off) in

an aircraft that is in your legal custody and control, unless
the aircraft is maintained in accordance with (not only a
maintenance release, but):
• A regular maintenance schedule approved by the

Minister in respect to the aircraft.
• A Maintenance schedule is a mandatory schedule to
perform checks on the aircraft and its individual
components/parts. This schedule can be determined
by a calendar life, hourly operation, or cycles. It's used
in conjunction between Transport Canada and the
parts manufacturers. Ex. Engine Overhauls or Oil leak
checks.

605.86 Maintenance Schedule
The Minister shall authorize an operator to deviate from the requirements

of the applicable maintenance schedule where the operator:
• Submits a request in writing to the Minister which demonstrates that

the deviation will not affect aviation safety.

605.88 Inspection after Abnormal Occurrences
Don’t take-off in an aircraft that has been subjected to any abnormal occurrence
unless the aircraft has been inspected for damage.
• Where the inspection does not involve disassembly, it may be performed by

the pilot-in-command.
• An entry must be made in the journey log describing the event.

606.01 Munitions of War
No person shall carry weapons, ammunition or

other equipment designed for use in war on
board an aircraft unless the aircraft is a Canadian
aircraft or when authorized by the Minister.

606.02 Liability Insurance
No owner or operator of an aircraft shall

operate the aircraft unless there is carried on
board the aircraft proof of liability insurance.

Operational Equipment and Emergency Requirements

602.59 & 602.60 Requirements for Power-driven Aircraft
• Emergency equipment required on board:
• Checklist or placards
• Current aeronautical charts
• Handheld fire extinguisher in the cockpit
• Timepiece (indication of seconds)
• Flashlight (“means of illumination” for night flying)
• First aid kit.
• Note: Ultra Lights are exempt

No person shall conduct a take-off in a

power-driven aircraft, (other than an ultra-
light aeroplane), unless the following
operational and emergency equipment is
carried on board:
• A checklist or placards that enable the aircraft
to be operated in accordance with limitations
specified in the aircraft flight manual, aircraft
operating manual, pilot operating handbook or
any equivalent document provided by the
manufacturer.

• All the necessary current aeronautical charts

and publications covering the route of the
proposed flight and any probable diversionary
route, if the aircraft is operated in VFR OTT,
night VFR flight or IFR flight.

A hand-held fire extinguisher in the cockpit that:

• Is of a type suitable for extinguishing fires that are
likely to occur.
• Is designed to minimize the hazard of toxic gas
concentrations.
• Is readily available to each flight crew member.

A time piece that is readily available to

each flight crew member and that
displays the time in hours, minutes and
seconds.

A flashlight that is readily available to each

crew member, if the aircraft is operated at
night.

602.59 & 602.60 Requirements for
Power-driven Aircraft
A checklist or placards that shall enable the

aircraft to be operated in normal, abnormal
and emergency conditions and shall include:
• Pre-Start Check
• Pre-Take-off Check
• Post-Take-off Check
• Pre-Landing Check
• Emergency Procedures

602.59 & 602.60 Requirements for
Power-driven Aircraft
Emergency Procedures shall include:

• Emergency operation of fuel, hydraulic, electrical
and mechanical systems, where applicable.
• Emergency operation of instruments and controls,
where applicable.
• Engine inoperative procedures.
• Any other procedure that is necessary for aviation
safety.

First Aid Kit.

• Transport Canada requires all
commercial aircraft to have an Aviation
Occupational Health and safety
approved first aid kit onboard. The
requirements for each kit depend on
the individual user's operation and
passenger loads.
• Example. A flight training unit
operating small fixed wing planes
would require a type "A" fist aid kit.

602.61 Survival Equipment - Flights over Land
Survival Equipment must include means for:

• Starting a fire
• Providing shelter
• Providing or purifying water
• Visually signaling distress

602.61 Survival Equipment - Flights over Land
Exceptions for Survival Equipment:

• Operations within 25 nautical miles of the aerodrome
of departure, provided you are capable of radio
communication with a surface-based radio station for
the duration of the flight; or
• Operations in a geographical area where (and at a
time of year when) the survival of the persons on
board is not jeopardized.
• A balloon, a glider, a hang glider, a gyroplane or
an ultra-light aeroplane.

602.62 Life Preservers and Flotation Devices
A life preserver, or personal flotation device, or

individual flotation device must be carried on
board for each person:
• When taking-off or a landing on water in an
aircraft
• When operating an aircraft over water beyond a
point where the aircraft could reach shore (glide
to land) in the event of an engine failure.

LIFE PRESERVER - Keeps your head out of the water.

• Compared to Personal Flotation Devices, life preservers
offer a higher level of protection by turning the individual
over, even if they are unconscious.

PERSONAL FLOATATION DEVICE - Keeps your body

afloat.
• While a Personal Floatation Device will keep your body
afloat, it doesn’t guarantee that your head will be
turned in a face up position.

INDIVIDUAL FLOATATION DEVICE - Is something you

hold onto to keep afloat.

• No person shall operate a land

aeroplane, more than 50 nautical miles
from shore unless a life preserver is
carried for each person on board.
• Note: Life Preservers, Personal Floatation
Devices, Individual Floatation
Devices shall be stowed in a position that
is easily accessible to the person for
whose use it is provided, when that
person is seated.

602.63 Life Rafts and Survival Equipment -
Flights over Water
No person shall operate over water:

• Single engine aircraft or
• Multi-engine aircraft unable to
maintain flight with any engine failed
• At a distance more than 100 nautical
miles or a distance covered in 30 minutes
at cruise speed from a suitable
emergency landing area unless sufficient
life rafts for all persons on board are
carried.

Flights over Water
No person shall operate over water:

• A multi-engine aircraft that is able to
maintain flight with any engine failed at a
distance more than 200 nautical miles, or
a distance covered in 60 minutes at cruise
speed from a suitable emergency landing
area. Unless sufficient life rafts for all
persons on board are carried.

Flights over Water
The life rafts shall be:

• Easily accessible for use in the event of a
ditching.
• Installed in conspicuously marked locations near
an exit.
• Equipped with a survival kit that provides a
means for
• Shelter
• Water or a way to purify water
• Visually signaling distress

Flight Preparation, Flight Plans and Flight Itineraries

602.70 Flight Preparation, Flight Plans and Flight
Itineraries
• An Overdue Flight Plan means an arrival report has

not been filed.
• An aircraft can be considered overdue in the
following situations.
• If a search and rescue notification time is
specified on the flight plan. You are considered
overdue immediately after the last filed arrival
time.
• In all other cases, within one hour after the last
reported ETA.

Itineraries
• An Overdue Flight Itinerary means an arrival

report has not been filed
• If a search and rescue notification time is
specified in the flight itinerary,
immediately after the last reported such
time, or
• In all other cases, within 24 hours after the
last reported ETA.

Itineraries
Flight Itinerary
• A Responsible Person means an individual
who has agreed with the person who has
filed a flight itinerary to ensure that the
following are notified if the aircraft is
overdue:
• An air traffic control unit, a flight service station
or a community aerodrome radio station, or
• A Rescue Co-ordination Centre

602.71 Pre-flight Information
• The Pilot in Command of an aircraft

shall, before commencing a flight, be
familiar with the available information
that is appropriate to the intended
flight.

602.72 Weather Information
• The Pilot in Command of an aircraft

shall, before commencing a flight, be
familiar with the available weather
information that is appropriate to the
intended flight.

602.73 Requirement to file a Flight Plan
or Flight Itinerary
• All IFR flights are required to file an IFR Flight Plan

(with some exceptions)
• All VFR flights are required to file a Flight Plan or

Flight Itinerary when flying beyond 25 nautical
miles from the departure point.
• All VFR and IFR flights are required to file a Flight
Plan for a trans-border flights.

602.74 Contents of a Flight Plan or a Flight
Itinerary
• A Flight Plan or Flight Itinerary shall contain

such information as is specified by the
Minister in the Canada Flight Supplement.

602.75 Filing of a Flight Plan or a Flight Itinerary
• A Flight Plan shall be filed with an Air

Traffic Control Unit, Flight Service Station,
or a Community Aerodrome Radio
Station.
• A Flight Itinerary shall be filed with a
Responsible Person, Air Traffic Control
Unit, Flight Service Station, or Community
Aerodrome Radio Station (CARS).

602.75 Filing of a Flight Plan or a Flight Itinerary
• By phone: 1-866-WXBRIEF (992-7433)

anywhere in Canada
• By phone: number specified in the CFS
(sometimes IFR only)
• By radio: using 126.7 or the FSS
frequency specified on the
aeronautical chart
• Online

602.76 Changes in the Flight Plan
As soon as practical, the Pilot in

Command of a VFR Flight Plan or
Flight Itinerary shall notify an ATC
Unit, FSS, CARS, or the Responsible
Person if there is an intended
change in any of the following
information:
• The route of flight.
• The duration of the flight; or
• The destination aerodrome.

602.77 Requirement to file an Arrival Report
• All VFR aircraft have 1 hour to close a Flight Plan.
• All VFR aircraft have 24 hours to close a Flight Itinerary.
• IFR aircraft don’t have to close (unless requested) when

landing at a destination with an ATC or FSS.

602.78 Contents of an Arrival Report
The Pilot In Command may file an arrival report by closing the Flight Plan
or Flight Itinerary with an ATC unit, FSS or CARS prior to landing.
CFS Section C Planning

602.79 Overdue Aircraft Report
Any person who assumes responsibilities with

respect to an aircraft and has reason to believe
that the aircraft is overdue shall immediately:
• Notify an ATC unit, FSS, CARS, or Rescue Co-
ordination Centre; and
• To the best of their knowledge provide all
information concerning the overdue aircraft.

Pre-Flight and Fuel Requirements

602.86 Carry-on Baggage, Equipment and Cargo
Carry-on baggage, equipment or

cargo on board must be:
• Stowed in a bin, compartment,
rack or other location that is
certified in accordance with the
aircraft type.

• Restrained to prevent them from shifting

during movement of the aircraft on the
surface and during take-off, landing and
in-flight turbulence.

• Carry-on baggage, equipment or cargo cannot block

safety equipment, normal exits or emergency exits.
• Equipment and cargo in a passenger compartment
must be packaged or covered to avoid injury to
passengers.
• Cargo in accessible compartments must be stowed to
allow crew members to reach all parts of the
compartment with a hand-held fire extinguisher.

602.88 Fuel Requirements
Except for gliders, balloons and ultralights.

All VFR aircraft require enough fuel to fly to the
destination PLUS:
• During DAY a 30 minute reserve at cruising speed.

• At NIGHT a 45 minute reserve at cruising speed.

602.89 Passenger Briefings
• All passengers on board the aircraft must be

briefed before take-off with respect to the
following, if applicable:
• Emergency and normal exits.
• Safety belts, shoulder harnesses and restraint
devices.
• The positioning of seats and the securing of seat
backs and chair tables.
• The stowage of carry-on baggage.
• Any prohibition against smoking.
• Operation of oxygen equipment if applicable.
602.89 Passenger Briefings
Use and location of:

• life preservers, individual flotation
devices or personal flotation devices
• first aid kits and survival equipment
• ELT
• life raft

Lesson 5 Quiz Part 1
What is the difference between an Individual and Personal Floatation
Device?
1. An individual floatation device keeps your head out of water and a

personal floatation device is something you hold onto.
2. A personable floatation device is something you hold on to and an
individual floatation device will keep your body afloat.
3. An individual floatation device is something you hold on to and a
personal floatation device will keep your body afloat.
4. A personal floatation device keeps your head out of water and an
individual floatation device will keep you afloat.
All VFR aircraft have ______ to close a ________.
1. 24 hours, flight plan
2. 1 hour, flight itinerary
3. 20 hours, flight itinerary
4. 1 hour, flight plan

All VFR aircraft require enough fuel to fly to the destination plus:
1. During day, a 45 minute reserve at cruising speed.
2. During night, a 45 minute reserve at cruising speed.
3. During night, a 30 minute reserve at cruising speed.
4. During day, a 60 minute reserve at cruising speed.

What is the minimum weather required for Special VFR flight?
1. 2sm visibility, 1000 ft horizontally from cloud
2. 1sm visibility, clear of cloud
3. 1sm visibility, 1000 ft horizontally from cloud
4. 2sm visibility, clear of cloud

If a 2-way communication failure occurs, what code shall the pilot put on
the transponder?
1. 7500
2. 7700
3. 1200
4. 7600

When flying VFR in controlled airspace, visibility shall not be less than ___
miles.
1. 1 mile
2. 2 miles
3. 3 miles
4. 4 miles

Operations at or in the Vicinity of an Aerodrome

602.96 Operations at or in the vicinity of
an aerodrome
• Applies to both VFR & IFR aircraft at or around

an uncontrolled or controlled aerodromes.
• Before operating at an aerodrome the Pilot in
Command shall ensure:
• No likelihood of collision with Aircraft or Vehicle.
• Aerodrome is suitable for the intended operation.

602.96 Operations at or in the vicinity of
an aerodrome
• The Pilot in Command of an Aircraft in the

vicinity of an Aerodrome shall:
• Observe traffic to avoid a collision.
• Conform to or avoid the traffic pattern formed by
other Aircraft in operation.
• Make all turns to the left when operating in the
Aerodrome traffic circuit, except as otherwise
directed.
• If Aerodrome is an airport, comply with any airport
operating restrictions in the CFS, or in a NOTAM.

602.96 Operations at or in the vicinity of an
aerodrome
• The Pilot in Command of an Aircraft in the

vicinity of an Aerodrome shall:
•Where practicable, land and take off into wind.
•Maintain listening watch on appropriate
frequency.
•Where the aerodrome is controlled, obtain
clearances from the appropriate ATC unit.

602.96 Operations at or in the vicinity of an aerodrome
• Unless authorized by the appropriate

ATC unit, no Pilot in Command shall
operate less than 2000’ AGL over an
aerodrome except for the purpose of
taking off or landing.

When it is necessary to the operation, the

Pilot in Command may fly below 2000’ if:
• In the service of a police authority.
• For the purpose of saving human life.
• Fire-fighting or air ambulance
ops. Fisheries/Coastal Fisheries Protection Acts.
• For the purpose of national/provincial parks.
• For flight inspections.

When it is necessary to the operation, the Pilot

in Command may fly below 2000 ft if:
• For aerial application or aerial inspections.
• For highway or city traffic patrol.
• Aerial photography (air operator certificate
required).
• Helicopter external load operations.
• Flight training (certificate required).

602.97 – Operations within an MF area
• MF = Mandatory Frequency.
• Mandatory Frequencies (MF) have been
designated for use at selected uncontrolled
aerodromes.
• Aircraft operating within MF areas shall have a
functioning two-way radio (with exceptions).
• MF areas are published in the CFS.

602.97 – Operations within an MF area NORDO Aircraft
NORDO (no radio) VFR Aircraft may operate

within an MF area if:
• A ground station is in operation.
• Prior notice given to the ground station of
intentions to operate at the aerodrome.
• When conducting a takeoff, the pilot in
command confirms visually that no danger of
collision with other traffic exists.

602.97 – Operations within an MF area NORDO Aircraft
d) When approaching to land, the

aircraft enters the
aerodrome traffic circuit
and completes two sides of the
circuit before turning onto final
approach.

602.98 – MF Reporting Requirements
• Aircraft operating within an MF area

must be equipped with proper radio
equipment.
• Radio calls will be directed to the
ground station.
• "Saint John radio this is Diamond Eclipse
Golf Mike Foxtrot Kilo"
• If a ground station does not exist,
calls will be broadcast to other traffic.
• "Havelock Traffic this is Diamond Eclipse
Golf Mike Foxtrot Kilo"

602.99 – MF Procedures Before Entering Maneuvering Area
The Pilot In Command of a VFR or IFR aircraft

that are operated at an uncontrolled
aerodrome that lies within an MF area
shall, report their intentions before entering
the maneuvering area of the aerodrome.

602.100 – MF Reporting Procedures
on Departure
Radio calls are required:

1. Before moving onto the take-off
surface.
2. Before take-off.
3. When clear of the circuit.
All aircraft departing from an MF must

climb to 1000 ft above aerodrome
elevation prior to turning.

602.101 – MF Reporting Procedures
on Arrival

1. At least 5 minutes before entering the area and report the aircraft's:
• Position, Altitude, ETA and Intentions.
2. 1500' AAE/AGL crossing midfield
(if applicable).
1. Joining the circuit.
2. On downwind (if applicable).
3. On final.
4. Clear of the landing surface.

602.102 – MF Reporting when Flying Continuous Circuits

1. When joining the Downwind.
2. When on Final Approach, stating intentions.
3. When clear of the landing surface.

602.103 – Reporting Procedures when
Flying through an MF Area

1. Report position, altitude, and intentions,
at least 5 minutes prior to entering the MF
area.
2. When clear of the MF area.

Pre-Planning your Arrival
• It is essential that you’re aware of other

traffic and exchange information when
approaching (or departing) an uncontrolled
aerodrome since some aircraft may not
have communications capability.
• For example, some aircraft are not
equipped with a radio (NORDO)

Communication Requirements
• Information can be exchanged with

an FSS, CARS, UNICOM, or vehicle
operators by direct transmissions
or with other aircraft by
broadcasting transmissions.

Aerodrome Traffic Frequency (ATF)
• An ATF is normally designated for active uncontrolled aerodromes

that do not meet the criteria for an Mandatory Frequency (MF).
• The ATF is established to ensure that all radio-equipped aircraft in
the area are on the same frequency.
• Normally the frequency will be the UNICOM frequency where one
exists, otherwise use 123.2 MHz.
• ATF areas and frequencies are in the CFS.

MF & ATF Aerodromes
• When designated, an MF or ATF

aerodrome, the area is normally a 5NM
radius up to 3000 feet above
aerodrome elevation (AAE).
• All radio-equipped aircraft
should monitor a common designated
frequency when at an MF, and when
possible, at an ATF .

MF & ATF Aerodromes
• When approaching initially, if necessary to

cross over the aerodrome prior to joining
the circuit (or after departure), crossover
at least 500 feet above circuit altitude.
• Circuit Altitude is normally 1000 feet above
the airport elevation.

MF & ATF Aerodromes

MF & ATF Aerodromes
• When flying continuous circuits:

• You can initiate the turn at 500 ft after
takeoff.
• Report entering downwind.
• Report established on final.
• Report clear of the active runway after
the final landing.

ATF Aerodrome Reporting
If you are radio-equipped, it is

recommended that the same
positions reports at MF
aerodromes be made at ATF
aerodromes.

ATF Aerodrome Reporting
At ATF aerodromes (or when MF procedures are not invoked), keep a

sharp lookout, NORDO (no radio) traffic may also be established in or be
entering the circuit without other traffic or the ground station being
aware.
ALWAYS KEEP A GOOD LOOKOUT FOR OTHER AIRCRAFT

Radar Traffic Information
Direction of flight from ATC may be

expressed as opposite direction or
same direction, while the altitude may
be expressed as number of feet above
or below the aircraft receiving the
traffic information.
Example: TRAFFIC, TWO O’CLOCK,
THREE AND A HALF MILES,
WESTBOUND, METROLINER, ONE
THOUSAND FEET ABOVE YOUR
ALTITUDE.

If ATC has a non-radar-identified

aircraft, they may be able to tell other
aircraft:
• Position of the traffic in relation to a fix.
• Direction of flight.
• Type of aircraft, the relative speed and
the altitude, if known.

Issue traffic information to radar-identified

aircraft as follows:
• Position of the traffic in relation to the
aircraft’s observed track.
• Direction of flight.
• Type of aircraft, the relative speed and the
altitude, if known.


Wake Turbulence
• Wake turbulence has its greatest impact

on departure and arrival procedures;
however, pilots should not assume that it
will only be encountered in the vicinity of
aerodromes. Caution should be exercised
whenever a flight is conducted anywhere
behind and at less than 1 000 ft below a
large aircraft.

Wake Turbulence

Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO)
• Operations that include simultaneous

takeoffs and landings and/or
simultaneous landings. When a landing
aircraft is able and is instructed by the
controller to hold short of the
intersecting runway/taxiway or
designated hold-short point.

Runway Incursion
• Any occurrence at an aerodrome involving
the incorrect presence of an aircraft,
vehicle, or person on the protected area of
a surface (Runway) designated for the
landing and takeoff of aircraft.

According to the regulations, no person shall operate less than

______________ over an aerodrome except for the purpose of take-off
or landing.
1. 1000 ft AGL
2. 2000 ft AGL
3. Circuit Altitude
4. 500 ft AGL

If there is no published frequency for an uncontrolled aerodrome, what

frequency should the pilot broadcast on?
1. 121.5 MHz
2. 120.8 MHz
3. 126.7 MHz
4. 123.2 MHz
When flying continuous circuits at an uncontrolled aerodrome at what

altitude can a pilot initiate a turn after take-off?
• 1000 ft AGL
• 1000 ft ASL
• 500 ft AGL
• 500 ft ASL

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PPL CARS Lesson 5/5

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 1

Operational Equipment and Emergency Requirements

Flight Preparation, Flight Plans and Flight Itineraries

Pre-flight and Fuel Requirements

Operations at or in the vicinity of an Aerodrome

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 2

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 3

No person shall operate an aircraft in flight unless:

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 4

The aircraft flight manual must be on

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 5

Markings or placards shall be

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 6

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 7

• Altimeter (sub-scale required in controlled airspace)

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 8

• 2-way Radio communication system (Class A, B, C, D,

• Manifold pressure gauge (for each engine)

• Coolant temperature indicator (for each engine)

• Landing gear indicator (Retractable Gear)

• Radio navigation equipment (Class B, or if engaged in

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 9

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 10

• The altimeter must have sub-scale

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 11

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 12

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 13

Power-driven aircraft operating Night VFR must have the previous

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 14

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 15

Operations in the air or on the ground at night, or on

For example, holding short of a runway while another

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 16

110° - 180° 110° - 180°

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 17

No person shall operate an aircraft, other than a balloon, unless it is

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 18

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 19

The Pilot in Command of an aircraft shall

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 20

No operator of an aircraft shall permit the use of a flight control lock in

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 21

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 22

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 23

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 24

Transponders carried in aircraft respond to radar interrogation, which results in

• The aircraft Minimum Equipment List dictates otherwise (minister approved).

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 25

ATC may exempt you if:

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 26

No person shall operate an aircraft unless it is equipped

Aircraft Area of Operation Minimum Equipment

One ELT of type AD, AF or AP, as

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 28

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 29

You can also fly without an ELT if:

• Displayed on a readily visible placard within the aircraft cockpit,

• The aircraft replaced with a serviceable ELT within 30 days of the

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 30

No person shall activate an ELT except in an emergency.

CONFIDENTIAL | © MONCTON FLIGHT COLLEGE | mfctraining.com| 31

• Any airworthiness limitations applicable to that aircraft type design.