Physiology and pathophysiology Respiratory system

1- The main inspiratory muscle is

a. Diaphragm
b. Intestinal intercostals
c. Sternomastoids
d. External intercostals

2- The normal dead space volume is

a. 150 ml
b. 200 ml
c. 50 ml
d. 100 ml

3- Dead space may be:

a. Physiological
b. Anatomical
c. Alveolar
d. All of them

4- Alveolar dead space denotes to:

a. Volume of air in the basal alveoli
b. Air volume trapped in the air ways
c. Volume of air in the apical non-functioning alveoli
d. Air volume trapped in the nasal cavity

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Physiology and pathophysiology Respiratory system
5- Tidal volume normally equals
a. 500 ml
b. 750 ml
c. 100 ml
d. 200 ml
6- Which of the following processes occur passively
a. Normal inspiration
b. Normal expiration
c. Forced inspiration
d. Forced expiration

7- The type of hypoxia we may suffer at high altitude is

a. Hypoxic hypoxia
b. Stagnant hypoxia
c. Anemic hypoxia
d. Histoxic hypoxia

8- Cyanosis can be detected

a. When reduced Hb exceeds 5 mg/dl
b. In case of histoxic hypoxia
c. In cases suffering stagnant hypoxia
d. Both (a) and (c) are correct

9- Which of the following statements is true:

a. Inspiration is a passive process
b. Inspiration is an active process
c. Upward movement of the diaphragm increases the longitudinal chest cavity
d. Elevation of the ribs increases the longitudinal chest cavity

10-Dead space:
a. is the volume of air that undergoes gas exchange with the blood
b. is the volume of air that does not undergo gas exchange with the blood
c. equal 350 ml
d. equal 250 ml

11- Surfactant:
a. is secreted by bronchial mucosa
b. helps oxygen transport
c. Prevents lung collapse
d. Warms inspired air

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Physiology and pathophysiology Respiratory system
12- Cyanosis:
a. Occurs when the amount of reduced haemoglobin is below 5 gm /100 cc
capillary blood.
b. Occurs when the amount of reduced haemoglobin is 5 gm/ 100 cc capillary
blood.
c. Occurs when the amount of reduced haemoglobin is above 5 gm /100 cc
capillary blood.
d. is observed in anaemic hypoxia.

13- Surfactant:

a. is completely formed before 6 months of intrauterine life.

b. is secreted by type II alveolar cells.
c. secreted by basophils.
d. increased with cigarette smoking.

14- Ascending to high altitude may cause the following type of hypoxia:

a. stagnant.
b. anemic.
c. histotoxic.
d. hypoxic.

15- Cyanosis occurs in which of the following conditions?

a. anemic hypoxia.
b. CO poisoning.
c. stagnant hypoxia.
d. histotoxic hypoxia.

16- Regarding respiratory centers, the inspiratory neurons are located in:

a. mid brain,
b. hypothalamus.
c. cerebral cortex.
d. medulla oblongata.

17- Which of the following parts of respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange?

a. nose.
b. bronchi.
c. bronchioles.
d. alveoli.
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Physiology and pathophysiology Respiratory system

18- The type of hypoxia caused by carbon monoxide poisoning is:

a. hypoxic.
b. anemic.
c. stagnant.
d. histotoxic.

19- The rate of diffusion across the respiratory membrane is decreased by increased of
which of the following?

a. surface area of the membrane.

b. thickness of the membrane.
c. pressure gradient of gases across the-membrane.
d. solubility of gases.

20- Tidal volume that inspired or expired each cycle during normal breathing is about:

a. 150 ml.
b. 350 ml.
c. 500 ml.
d. 1000 ml.

21- Stagnant hypoxia is caused by:

a. heart failure.
b. high altitude.
c. CO poisoning.
d. cyanide poisoning.

22- About mechanisms of breathing, resting expiration:

a. is an active process.
b. occurs due to contraction of internal intercostal muscles.
c. is a passive process.
d. occurs due to contraction of abdominal muscles.

23- Considering dead space, which of the following statements is TRUE?

a. its volume is 500 ml.

b. anatomical dead space is a pathological condition.
c. normally, physiological dead space equals anatomical dead space.
d. it undergo gas exchange.

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Physiology and pathophysiology Respiratory system

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
a a d c a b a d b b
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
c c b d c d d b b a
21 22 23
a c c

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Physiology and pathophysiology Respiratory system
put (F) or (T) in front of the following:

1. Vagal stimulation produces bradycardia ( √ )

2. Sympathetic stimulation causes coronary vasoconstriction ( X )
3. Acetyl Choline is n Parasympathomimetic drug ( √ )
4. Atropine can be used as a mitotic ( X )
5. Prostigmine is used in treatment of myasthenia gravis ( √ )
6. SANodal resting potential is the same as the ventricular potential ( X )
7. Adrenaline can be used as bronchodilator (√ )
8. Sympathetic NS has a thoracolumbar origin ( √ )
9. Aldosterone hormone increases Na+ reabsorption via DCT ( √ )
10. Glucocorticoids produce hypoglycemia in humans ( X )
11. Salivary secretion can digest proteins ( X )
12. Gastric HCl helps gastric enzyme actions ( √ )
13. Peristaltic movements are myogenic in nature ( X )
14. Expiration is normally a passive process ( √ )
15. To concentrate urine ADH is secreted in excess (√ )
16. The glomerular capillary pressure is the main determent of GFR ( √ )
17. Exophthalmos can be detected in myxedema ( X )
18. Vitamin B12 deficiency results in aplastic anaemia ( √ )
19. During stress there is coronary vasoconstriction. ( X )
20. Growth hormone is a catabolic hormone. ( X )
21. According to Staling-law myocardial contraction is independent on initial length
of the muscle fibers. ( X )
22. CCK hormone is a strong stimulant to bile secretion from hepatocytes. ( X )
23. Gastrin hormone delays gastric emptying ( X )
24. Hypoprotenemia can produce generalized edema ( √ )
25. Normally the physiological dead space is higher than the anatomical DS. ( X )

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