Name: Jasmine Kaye D.

Olicia Date Submitted: January 16, 2024

Year and Course: II-BSFT Subject: Applied Statistics

ASSIGNMENT 01

1. What are Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics?

By providing brief explanations of the sample and data measures, descriptive statistics aid in
the description and comprehension of the characteristics of a particular data set. In addition,
it is a succinct informational coefficient that provides an overview of a certain data
collection, which may be a sample or a representation of the full population. On the other
hand, when comparing the variations amongst the treatment groups, inferential statistics
are frequently employed. Measurements from the experiment's sample of subjects are used
to compare the treatment groups and draw conclusions about the subjects in the wider
community.
2. What are the different measures of central tendencies of sample data and groups data?
The mean, median, and mode are all reliable indicators of central tendency, there are
situations in which using one indicator of central tendency is preferable to using another.
The mean, also referred to as the average, is most likely one of the central tendency metrics.
When data are arranged in ascending order, the value of the provided data-set that
represents the middle-most observation is termed the median of the data.
The value that appears in the provided data the most frequently is referred to as the mode;
that is, the observation with the highest frequency is the mode of the data.
3. How are these measures of central tendencies calculated? What is the formula?
The mean, often represented by the letter x̄, or "x bar," is the average of a particular data
collection.
For set of grouped data: Mean = sum of the terms
number of terms
For set of grouped data: Mean, x̄ = ∑fx / ∑f
where,
x̄ = the mean value of the set of given data
f = frequency of each class
x = mid-interval value of each class
The median formula can be used to get the median for both grouped and ungrouped data.
For ungrouped data: for odd number of observations
Median = [(n+1)/2]th term
: for even number observations
Median = [(n/2)th term + ((n/2) + 1)th term] / 2
For grouped data: Median = l + [((n/2) – c)/f] x h
where,
l = lower limit of the median class
c = cumulative frequency
h = class size
n = number of observations
 median class = class where n/2 lies
The mode for grouped data or ungrouped data can be calculated using the formulas given
below:
Mode for ungrouped data: most recurring observation in the data set.
Mode for grouped data: L + h (fm – f1)
(fm – f1) + (fm – f2)
where,
L = lower limit of the modal class
h = size of the class interval
fm = frequency of the modal
f1 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class
f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class
4. In the context of data, what does variability mean?
The degree to which individual data points in a statistical distribution or data collection
diverge—that is, vary—from the average value and from one another is known as variability.
5. What are the different formulas to calculate variability, and what do they mean?
Because it shows the size of the interval over which the data points are scattered, the range
is a measure of variability. In contrast to a broader range, a smaller range denotes less
variability (or dispersion) among the data.
The range of a data set is the number R defined by the formula
R = xmax – xmin
where,
xmax = largest measurement in the data set
xmin = smallest measurement in the data set
The sample variance of a set of n sample data is the number s2 defined by the formula
s2 = ∑(x - x̄)2 / n – 1
which by algebra is equivalent to the formula
s2 = ∑x2 – 1/n (∑x)2 / n – 1
6. Give 5 examples of how statistics is used in Food Science.
Quality Control and Assurance
Processes used in the manufacture of food are monitored and controlled for quality using
statistical process control, or SPC. It assists in identifying manufacturing variances through
sample data analysis, guaranteeing that the finished product consistently satisfies quality
standards.
Sensory Evaluation
In sensory analysis, information gathered from human taste panels is analyzed using
statistical techniques. This includes methods like hedonic scales to gauge overall customer
happiness and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify significant variations in taste
preferences.
Food Safety and Microbiology
Foodborne pathogens and microbiological contamination are monitored using statistical
analysis. This covers the calculation of bacterial counts, the evaluation of food preservation
systems' efficacy, and the risk assessment of foodborne illnesses using approaches such as
predictive microbiology.
Nutritional Studies
 In nutritional research, statistical analysis and experimental design are crucial. Randomized
controlled trials (RCTs) are employed, for instance, to evaluate the effects of various diets or
nutritional therapies on health outcomes. Understanding the importance of observed effects
is aided by the application of statistical approaches.
Food Product Development
Statistical methods are used in the creation of novel food products to optimize procedures
and formulations. In order to determine the best combination for taste, texture, and shelf
life, design of experiments (DOE) is frequently used to methodically investigate the impact of
numerous elements on the product's qualities.
7. Search for one research from a journal and briefly explain how statistics was used in the study.