FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENT BUILT

PROJECT REPORT

NAME COURSE BFC 43103 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

GROUP 2 AHMAD FAUZI BIN MOHAMAD SAPUAN (CF200148)

MEMBERS
FATHIN NAJIHAH BINTI RAMALI (CF200266)

MUHAMMAD AKMAL BIN ZABIDI (CF200258)

MUHAMMAD IRFAN ZAFRI BIN MAZLAN (CF200265)

PATRICIA JUANA TEKONG (CF200134)

SECTION 4

NAME LECTUREE Ts. Dr. NOR AZIZI BIN YUSOFF

DATE SUBMIT 6 JULY 2023

 TABLE CONTENT

CONTENT PAGE
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Soil Investigation
1.2 Field Exploration & Testing
1.2.1 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) 1-10
1.3 Laboratory Testing
1.3.1 Direct Shear Test
1.3.2 Atterberg Limit Test

CHAPTER 2
2.1 Company Background
2.2 Quality Policies 11-15
2.3 Organization Chart
CHAPTER 3
PROJECT STRUCTURE
3.1 Project Description
3.2 Field Exploration and Testing 16 - 20
3.3 Loads used at every column.
3.4 Bore log
3.5 Soil profile

CHAPTER 4
4.1 Shallow Foundation
4.2 Column Grouping
4.3 Settlement Checking 21 - 29
4.4 Summary of Design
4.5 Drawing of Foundation

DISCUSSION 30
CONCLUSION 31
REFERENCES 32
APPENDIX
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Soil Investigation

Soil investigation, also known as geotechnical investigation, is a procedure that

determines the stratigraphy (rock study) and relevant physical properties of the soil
beneath a site. This is done to ensure that the substructure, which will eventually
support homes, is safe and long-lasting.
A proper field survey and a very precise geotechnical investigation are essential
for any civil engineering project, no matter how big or small. Geotechnical
investigation is an essential part of the construction process that is used to learn about
the physical properties of the soil/rock surrounding a site. It is a below-ground
investigation in which soil strata are sampled and tested in order to determine the
characteristics that will influence the construction project.
These investigations serve as the foundation for the structures' planning, design,
and construction. The accuracy and adequacy of these investigations determine the
structure's serviceability and performance. The accuracy of the information in the
geotechnical report has a significant impact on the design, construction, project cost,
and safety. Unfortunately, many people underestimate the significance of proper
geotechnical investigation during a project's conceptual phase. Inadequate knowledge
of ground conditions is one of the leading causes of foundation failure.
In some cases, attempting to save money on such site investigations has resulted
in disastrous results. Because structures built on assumptions or incomplete data can
lead to long-term complications. It may also cause loss of life and property, endanger
residents, damage adjacent structures, and render the structure essentially non-
functional for its intended purpose.

1
 Thus, soil investigations provide the engineer with information about the
subsurface conditions at a construction site. It enables the engineer to create a safe and
cost-effective project design and to inform the construction engineer about the materials
and conditions he will encounter in the field. However, there are several process of site
investigation which are:

i. Project Planning
The first step is to define the objectives of the investigation. This involves
determining the scope of the project, identifying the key factors that may affect
the design and construction, and establishing a budget and timeline for the
investigation.

ii. Desk Study

Before conducting any fieldwork, a desk study is carried out. This involves
reviewing existing geological and geotechnical data available for the site,
including geological maps, previous investigation reports, and any relevant
literature. This helps in understanding the regional geological setting and
identifying potential soil hazards or challenges.

iii. Site Reconnaissance

A site visit is conducted to gather preliminary information about the site and its
surroundings. This includes studying topographic features, drainage patterns,
vegetation cover, and any visible signs of soil instability or other geotechnical
issues. The information collected during the site reconnaissance helps in
selecting suitable locations for soil sampling and determining the depths at
which the samples should be taken.

iv. Soil Sampling

Soil samples are collected from various locations within the project site. The
number and depth of samples depend on the size and complexity of the project.
Typically, samples are obtained using drilling techniques such as hand augers,
mechanical augers, or even boreholes drilled with heavy machinery. The
samples are carefully labeled and preserved to maintain their representative
nature.
2
 v. Laboratory Testing
The collected soil samples are sent to a laboratory for testing. Various tests are
performed to determine the physical and mechanical properties of the soil.
These tests include grain size analysis, moisture content, Atterberg limits (liquid
limit, plastic limit, and shrinkage limit), compaction tests, consolidation tests,
shear strength tests, and permeability tests. The laboratory results provide
valuable information about the soil's engineering behavior and characteristics.

vi. Data Analysis and Interpretation

The data obtained from the laboratory tests is analyzed and interpreted to
understand the soil's properties and behavior. This includes evaluating factors
such as soil classification, shear strength, compaction characteristics,
permeability, and settlement potential. The data analysis helps in assessing the
suitability of the soil for the proposed construction, determining design
parameters, and identifying any potential geotechnical risks.

vii. Reporting
A detailed soil investigation report is prepared, summarizing the findings, test
results, and interpretations. The report includes recommendations and
guidelines for foundation design, earthwork, slope stability, and other relevant
aspects based on the characteristics of the soil. The report serves as a crucial
reference for engineers, architects, and contractors involved in the project.

It is important to note that soil investigation is a specialized field, and the

specific methods and procedures can vary depending on the project requirements, local
regulations, and available resources. Therefore, it is recommended to involve
experienced geotechnical engineers or soil scientists to ensure a comprehensive and
accurate investigation.

3
1.2 Field Exploration & Testing

Field testing and, to a lesser extent, geophysical surveying are important sources of
qualitative and quantitative data about ground conditions. Despite the fact that field
testing is typically more expensive than sampling and laboratory testing, it is an
essential component of many site investigations (F. G. Bell, et, al, 1990). The process
of determining the condition and composition of the ground in the "field" of any
construction project is known as field exploration. This is a very involved, complex,
and important process that must come before any type of construction. Readings and
data must be recorded, and the process necessitates knowledge of geology, geophysics,
hydrology, and advanced mathematics in addition to engineering.
There are several purposes of field exploration which are, firstly, to know the
general topography of the site as it affects foundation design and construction, e.g.,
surface configuration, adjacent property, the presence of watercourses, ponds, hedges,
trees, rock outcrops, etc, and the available access for construction vehicles and
materials. Secondly, to obtain the previous history and use of the site, including
information on any defects or failures of existing or former buildings attributable to
foundation conditions. Next, to obtain the general geology of the area, with particular
reference to the main geologic formations underlying the site and the possibility of
subsidence from mineral extraction or other causes. Furthermore, to obtain a detailed
record of the soil and rock strata and groundwater conditions within the zones affected
by foundation bearing pressures and construction operations, or of any deeper strata
affecting the site conditions in any way.
Field exploration involves several testing methods to gather information about
the subsurface conditions and engineering properties of the soil and rock. Here are some
commonly used testing methods in field exploration:
i. Standard Penetration Test (SPT)
ii. Cone Penetration Test (CPT)
iii. Pressuremeter Test
iv. Vane Shear Test
v. Plate Load Test
vi. Permeability Test
vii. Groundwater Monitoring
4
1.2.1 Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

The standard penetration test is an in-situ test that falls under the penetrometer
test category. Standard penetration tests are performed in boreholes. The test will
determine the resistance of the soil strata to penetration. Between the soil properties
and the penetration resistance, an empirical correlation is developed. The test is
extremely useful for determining cohesionless soils' relative density and angle of
shearing resistance. It is also useful for calculating the unconfined compressive strength
of cohesive soils.
The Standard Penetration Test measures the number of hammer blows required
to penetrate a given depth to characterise the shear strength of engineering materials.
Soil samples and groundwater data are collected as the test progresses (Wazoh, H. N,
et al, 2014). According to (J.P.Guyer, 2020), this test is useful in practice because it
provides a rough estimate of the relative density or consistency of foundation soils and
should always be performed when piles are to be driven. The split spoon is typically
driven 18 inches total, with the penetration resistance based on the last 12 inches, with
the first 6 inches used to seat the sampler in undisturbed soil at the bottom of the boring.
Figure 1.1 shows the standard penetration test.

Figure 1.1: Standard Penetration Test

5
 The test is carried out in a bore hole using a standard split spoon sampler. After
drilling to the desired depth, the drilling tool is removed and the sampler is inserted into
the bore hole. The sampler is driven into the soil using a drop hammer of 63.5kg mass
falling through a height of 750mm at a rate of 30 blows per minute. This is in
accordance with IS -2131:1963. The number of hammer blows required to drive a
150mm hole is counted. It is then driven by 150 mm and the blows are recorded.
Similarly, the sampler is driven by 150mm and the number of blows recorded once
more. The number of blows recorded for the first 150mm was not taken into account.
The standard penetration number (N) is calculated by adding the number of blows
recorded for the last two 150mm intervals. In other words, N = No: of blows required
for 150mm penetration beyond seating drive of 150mm. If the number of blows for the
150mm drive exceeds 50, it is considered a refusal, and the test is terminated. The
standard penetration number is adjusted to account for dilatancy and overburden.
There are several advantages of this testing which are, the test is simple and
economical. The test provides representative samples for visual inspection,
classification tests and for moisture content. Next, actual soil behavior is obtained
through SPT values. Furthermore, this method helps to penetrate dense layers and fills.
Lastly, test can be applied for variety of soil conditions. Table 1 below shows the
correlation between SPT-N value and friction angle and relative density (Meyerhoff
1956).

Table 1: Correlation between SPT-N value and friction angle and relative density
(Meyerhoff 1956).

6
1.3 Laboratory Testing

Geotechnical engineering research and practice both rely on laboratory testing. A well-
planned and executed laboratory testing programmed will provide the soil and/or rock
properties required for geotechnical analyses and the development of geotechnical
models. To obtain accurate results, soil and rock samples must be carefully collected in
the field and properly stored. However, disturbed specimens can also be used at some
tests to determine geotechnical parameters that are not affected by disturbance natural
water content, Atterberg limits, etc. Most test procedures are based on specific
standards followed worldwide. Consistent laboratory routines, suitable and well-
maintained test equipment as well as proper interpretation of test results are essential to
estimate the engineering characteristics of soil and rock materials to accurately predict
their behavior.

1.3.1 Direct Shear Test

The Direct Shear Test is an experimental procedure used in geotechnical engineering

practice and research to determine soil shear strength. The maximum resistance that a
material can withstand when sheared is defined as shear strength. The Direct Shear Test
is one of the most common and simple tests for determining soil strength, and it can be
performed on undisturbed or remolded samples.
In soil mechanics, the shear strength is evaluated using the Mohr-Coulomb (M-
C) Failure Criterion. The M-C Criterion assumes that the shear strength depends on
three factors:

i. The normal effective stress (σn)

ii. The friction angle of the material (φ)
iii. The cohesion of the material (c)

7
 Sandy soils are typically thought to be cohesion-less. Clayey soils, on the other
hand, are cohesive when over-consolidated. Figure 1.2 illustrate the typical curve for
sand and clay.

Figure 1.2: Typical Curve for Sand and Clay.

When a soil or rock mass is subjected to external forces or loads, such as the
weight of a structure or applied forces due to earth pressure, shear stresses develop
within the material. These shear stresses occur along planes or surfaces where sliding
or deformation is likely to take place. The direct shear test is a common laboratory test
used to determine the shear strength parameters of a soil sample.
In the direct shear test, a soil sample is placed in a shear box apparatus, typically
consisting of two halves or sections. The upper half of the shear box is fixed, while the
lower half can be moved horizontally relative to the upper half. The soil sample is
placed between the two halves, and a normal stress or vertical load is applied to the top
of the soil sample.
To perform the test, the lower half of the shear box is gradually displaced
horizontally relative to the upper half. This horizontal displacement causes the soil
sample to shear along a predefined plane within the shear box. The shear displacement
is applied at a constant rate until a specified shear displacement or failure criterion is
reached.
During the shearing process, the shear stress and shear strain are measured. The
shear stress represents the force per unit area acting parallel to the shearing plane, and
it is calculated by dividing the force applied to shear the soil by the cross-sectional area
of the soil sample. The shear strain represents the deformation or displacement of the

8
 soil along the shearing plane and is typically expressed as the ratio of the horizontal
displacement to the initial sample height.
The shear stress-shear strain relationship obtained from the direct shear test is
often plotted on a shear stress-shear strain curve. The peak shear stress corresponds to
the maximum shear strength of the soil sample, and it occurs just before the failure or
sliding of the soil along the shearing plane. The residual shear stress, which is the shear
stress after the peak, represents the shear strength of the soil when it is in a state of
continuous sliding or movement.
The direct shear test and the determination of shear strength parameters are
essential for designing stable foundations, retaining walls, slope stability analyses, and
other geotechnical structures. The results obtained from direct shear tests, along with
other laboratory and field testing, provide critical input for geotechnical engineering
analyses and design considerations.

1.3.2 Atterberg Limit Test

The Atterberg limit test is a laboratory test used to determine the consistency and
moisture-related properties of fine-grained soils, such as silts and clays. It is named
after the Swedish soil scientist Albert Atterberg, who developed the concept of soil
consistency limits in the early 20th century. The test helps in classifying fine-grained
soils and understanding their behavior with changes in moisture content.
The Atterberg limit test determines three specific limits of the soil: the liquid
limit (LL), plastic limit (PL), and shrinkage limit (SL).

i. Liquid Limit (LL)

The liquid limit represents the water content at which a soil transitions from a
liquid-like state to a plastic state. It is determined by using a device called a
Casagrande cup, which is a standardized apparatus for the test. The soil sample
is gradually mixed with water until it acquires a consistency that can flow and
close a groove formed by a specific cup. The moisture content at this point is
recorded as the liquid limit.

9
 ii. Plastic Limit (PL)
The plastic limit is the water content below which a soil can no longer be
remolded or reshaped without cracking or crumbling. The test for plastic limit
involves rolling a small portion of soil into a thread of uniform diameter. The
soil is then progressively kneaded with water until it reaches a point where it
can no longer be rolled into a thread without fracturing. The moisture content at
this point is recorded as the plastic limit.

iii. Shrinkage Limit (SL)

The shrinkage limit represents the water content at which a soil has the
minimum volume and further drying does not cause significant volume change.
To determine the shrinkage limit, a soil sample is initially saturated and then
allowed to air dry. The sample is periodically weighed, and the moisture content
at which no further weight loss occurs is recorded as the shrinkage limit.

The Atterberg limit test results are used for soil classification purposes based on
the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) or other relevant classification systems.
The test also provides information about the soil's plasticity, compressibility, and
potential for volume change, which is essential for geotechnical engineering design,
particularly in areas where fine-grained soils are prevalent.

10
 CHAPTER 2

2.1 Company Background

Name of Company CAHAYA CONSTRUCTION CONSULTANT

Business Address No. 22 , Pejabat 19 Jalan Batu Pahat

86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat

Phone Number 013 - 9575638 011 - 9578838

Fax Number 013 - 9575638 011 - 9578838

Form of Business Construction

Date of Business Registration 27th Date of Business Registration 27th February

February 2021 1999

Initial Capital RM 500,000,000.0

11
 Cahaya Construction Consultant is a prominent civil engineering firm located in Batu
Pahat, Johor. With a reputation for rapid expansion, the company offers comprehensive
construction consulting services and boasts extensive experience in engineering and
management activities across various disciplines. One of the key areas of expertise for Cahaya
Construction Consultant is in providing construction claim services. They have built a strong
presence in the Malaysian construction industry by assisting some of the nation's top
construction companies and projects in managing and resolving construction claims. With their
in-depth knowledge of contractual agreements, industry regulations, and dispute resolution
strategies, Cahaya Construction Consultant ensures that construction projects are carried out
efficiently and within the specified guidelines.

The company takes pride in the professionalism and expertise of its qualified
consultants. These consultants bring a wealth of experience from working with prestigious
construction firms in Malaysia and around the world, allowing them to deliver high-quality
services to their clients. Their diverse backgrounds and expertise enable them to tackle a wide
range of projects, including large-scale residential and commercial developments, hospitality
establishments, stadiums, museums, airports, and other facilities. Cahaya Construction
Consultant specializes in accommodating scheduling requirements for various projects. They
work closely with their clients to develop efficient and timely project schedules that align with
the client's timeline and budget. By collaborating with leading development and construction
companies in Malaysia, Cahaya Construction Consultant aims to contribute to the creation of
diverse and innovative cities that cater to the needs of both residents and visitors.

Overall, Cahaya Construction Consultant stands out as a construction consulting

company that combines industry knowledge, professionalism, and a commitment to delivering
successful projects. Through their extensive experience and expertise, they strive to drive the
growth and development of the Malaysian construction industry.

12
 Vision

Our vision is to building trust is crucial in the construction industry. By aiming

to be the most trusted construction company, the vision emphasizes the
importance of integrity, transparency, and consistently delivering on promises.
A strong reputation as a reliable and trustworthy partner is essential for long-
term success.

Mission

Our mission is to establish a professional organization, capable of providing

outstanding services with uncompromising quality to our valued clients.

• Delivering Excellence -The primary mission of a construction company

should be to consistently deliver excellence in all aspects of their
projects.

• Ensuring Client Satisfaction-Another crucial mission for a construction

company is to prioritize client satisfaction.

• Promoting Safety and Sustainability - A construction company should

prioritize the safety of its workers,

• Fostering Innovation and Continuous Improvement - A construction

company should strive to be at the forefront of technological
advancements and industry best practices

• Building Strong Relationships - Establishing and nurturing strong

relationships with clients, subcontractors, suppliers, and other
stakeholders is crucial for a construction company's success.

13
2.2 Quality Policies

Quality policies are an essential component of a construction company's operations,

outlining their commitment to delivering high-quality projects and services. While specific
quality policies may vary depending on the company's size, specialization, and target market,
here are some examples of quality policies that a construction company in Malaysia may adopt:

- Commitment to Excellence: Our construction company is committed to achieving

excellence in all aspects of our projects and services. We strive to deliver high-quality
workmanship, utilize superior materials, and adhere to industry best practices to ensure
that our projects meet or exceed the highest standards of quality.

- Client Satisfaction: Client satisfaction is at the core of our quality policy. We aim to
understand our clients' needs and expectations fully, and we work collaboratively to
deliver projects that align with their vision. We value open communication,
responsiveness, and proactive problem-solving to ensure that our clients are satisfied
with the results.

- Compliance with Regulations and Standards: We are dedicated to upholding strict

compliance with all relevant regulations, codes, and standards governing the
construction industry in Malaysia. Our policies and practices are aligned with local
building codes, safety regulations, environmental requirements, and other legal
obligations.

- Continuous Improvement: We believe in a culture of continuous improvement. We

actively seek feedback, conduct regular evaluations, and implement lessons learned
from our projects to enhance our processes, techniques, and quality standards. We
encourage innovation, invest in employee training and development, and leverage
technology to stay at the forefront of industry advancements.

Safety and Health: Ensuring the safety and health of our employees, subcontractors, and the
public is of utmost importance. We maintain a robust safety management system, provide
comprehensive safety training, and regularly assess and mitigate risks on our construction sites.
Our commitment to safety extends to the proper handling and disposal of hazardous materials
and the promotion of a healthy work environment.

14
2.3 Organization Chart

15
 CHAPTER 3

PROJECT STRUCTURE

3.1 Project Description

The section goes through the soil investigation work for the proposed two-story house at Jalan
Berjaya, Kampung Attap, 50460, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur. The goal of this research is to
obtain geotechnical engineering information from the site to use in the design and evaluation of the
proposed structural foundation. At the location, 3 boreholes and 6 Mackintosh Probes tests were carried
out. The Rotary Boring Machine YWE D90R was used to advance the deep borehole.

Figure 3.1: Pad foundation key plan

16
3.2 Field Exploration and Testing

The soil survey data show where the borehole was dug into the ground. The following borehole
field trials and sample collections were conducted in compliance with the applicable standard code of
practise and the following guidelines and specifications. The borehole can be used to assess the position
of various soil and rock layers, as well as to collect samples, execute in-situ testing and permeability
tests, and, if necessary, install piezometers and other subsurface monitoring equipment. The test that
conducted in this project is standard penetration test in soils at regular depth intervals, disturbed and
undisturbed soil samples.

3.3 Loads used at every column.

The columns were divided into three groups of loads as shown in Table 3.1 whereas Table 3.2
summarizes the loads applied on all columns. The load of the column in this project was divided into a
group range which is from 0 to 1000kN. Therefore, there will be 2 groups with the range of 200 - 400kN.
The maximum load is from C6 which is 480.7kN and the minimum load from C1 is 92.2kN.

Table 3.1: Column load

No Column Total Load (kN)
1 C1 (1,A) 92.2
2 C2 (1,B) 416.0
3 C3 (1,D) 186.9
4 C4 (2,A) 217.4
5 C5 (4,A) 112.9
6 C6 (4,B) 480.7
7 C7 (4,C) 445.7
8 C8 (4,D) 381.0
9 C9 (F,A) 216.4
10 C10 (5.B) 333.3
11 C11 (5,C) 470.0
12 C12 (5,D) 265.8
13 C13 (6,C) 338.6
14 C14 (6,D) 182.5
15 C15 (7,B) 288.9
16 C16 (8,A) 227.6
17 C17 (8,B) 283.0
18 C18 (8,D) 160.4
17
 Table 3.2: Group of loads
Group Column Load (kN) Categories
F1 0 – 400 14
F2 401 - 600 4

3.4 Bore log

A bore log is a record that describes the conditions and characteristics of geotechnical exploration
activities such as mining and drilling boreholes in real time. Visual inspection of geotechnical process
samples produces the log data required to generate a borehole log. It can also be obtained by taking
geophysical measurements along the drill axis with geotechnical logging equipment designed to collect
and store geotechnical data. A standard log spreadsheet is used to record the data.

A bore log contains information about the project's name, location, number, type of drill rig,
boring depth, drilling technique, sample recovery, soil classification, soil consistency, colour, grain size,
and particle shape, as well as information about the sedimentary structure, blow counts, layer
boundaries and thickness, plasticity, topsoil thickness, mineral composition, texture, and strength. It
also includes images. Data for both rocks and soil are supplied.

The bore log information is useful since it provides information on soil consistency, soil types,
and water tables. Such information is utilised in evaluations to establish the acceptability of formations
uncovered during drilling, depending on the well type. As a result, it aids in determining the nature of
borehole water, such as whether additional treatment is required before usage. In this project, the bore
log is shown in the manner of Natural Moisture Content, Atterberg Limit, Particle Size Distribution,
Unconsolidated Undrained Triaxial Compression Test, One Dimensional Consolidation Test, and
Mackintosh Probe Test. The result of the bore log is as shown in table 3.2.

Table 3.3: Summary of borelog

No Borehole no. Final depth Final Water Type of soil

(m) Table (m)
1 BH 1 36.30 4.50 Sandy loam
2 BH 2 30.25 6.00 Sandy loam
3 BH 3 27.18 5.80 Sandy loam
4 BH 4 30.25 6.00 Sandy loam

18
3.5 Soil profile

The vertical portion of the soil that shows all of its layers is known as the soil profile. The soil
profile runs from the surface of the soil to the source rock material. It enables you to study the structure
and features of soil based on laboratory testing. Table 3.4 displays the results of soil characteristics from
the SI report, whereas Table 3.3 displays soil profile summaries.

Table 3.4: Particular size distribution size by percentage

Borehole Depth Sample Particular Size Distribution Test (%)

(m) Gravel Sand Silt Clay

BH 1 1.50 D2 0 46 51 3

10.50 D8 3 56 39 2

21.00 D15 0 57 41 2

31.50 D22 0 54 44 2

BH 2 7.50 D6 0 57 41 2

15.00 D11 0 47 43 10

21.00 D15 0 47 50 3

28.50 D20 9 48 41 2

BH 3 6.00 D5 3 43 47 7

12.00 D9 0 39 49 12

18.00 D13 0 44 49 7

24.00 D17 3 50 45 2

BH 4 3.50 D3 0 45 51 4

10.50 D8 3 55 40 2

19.50 D14 0 38 51 11

30.00 D21 5 51 42 2

19
 Table 3.5: Soil profile summaries

Depth from ground Description of soil Properties of soil (N)

level (m)

0.00 – 0.30 Topsoil: Yellowish brown sandy

silt with traces of rootlets 2

1.00 – 2.00 Medium stiff to stiff yellowish

sandy brown silt 9

3.00 – 5.00 Stiff yellowish brown sandy silt

11

6.00 – 8.00 Medium dense yellowish-brown

sand and silt 14

9.00 – 11.00 Very stiff yellowish brown sandy

silt 15

12.00 – 21.00 Medium dense chalky white sand

and silt 23

22.00 – 31.00 Very dense yellowish brown sand

and silt with traces of gravel 50

20
 CHAPTER 4

4.1 Shallow Foundation

Shallow foundation is a foundation that bears at a depth less than about two times the foundation width
(D < 2B). It is important to recognize the theoretical limitations of a design procedure that may vary as
a function of depth. There are many types of shallow foundations with various functions namely spread
footing, continuous footing, strap footing and raft footing. For this project, we used spread footing.

The bearing capacity of soils is the ability of soil to support or hold up a foundation and structure.
The ultimate bearing capacity of a soil refers to the loading per unit area that will just cause shear failure
in the soil. It is given the symbol qult. The allowable bearing capacity refers to the loading per unit area
that the soil is able to support without unsafe movement. It is given to the symbol qall. It is also known
as ‘design bearing capacity’ and the formula is qall = qult/FS. The method used for the calculation in
this project is Terzaghi’s Method.

4.2 Column Grouping

Each column will be arranged by group according to their load range (kN). Every group of columns
will be designed based on the maximum column loading (kN).

Table 4.1: Column grouping

Column Group Load Range (kN) Column Maximum

Column Loading
(kN)
1 0 - 199 C1, C3, C5, C14, C18 186.9
2 200 - 299 C4, C9, C12, C15, 288.9
C16, C17
3 300 - 399 C8, C10, C13 381.0
4 400 - 499 C2, C6, C7, C11 480.7

21
Terzaghi’s Method

LOAD : 189.9 KN
Df : 3m Nc : 12.11
ꙋ : 15 kN/m³ Nq : 4.02
ϕ : 14 ̊ Nꙋ : 2.23
c ‘: 30 kPa Fs : 3

qu = 1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4ꙋBNꙋ

qu = 1.3(30)(12.11) + (3 x 15)(4.02) + (0.4)(15)(1.3)(2.23)

So, allowable load per unit area of the foundation,

𝑞𝑢 670.58
qall = = = 223.53 kN
𝑓𝑠 3

The total allowable gross load,

Q = (223.53)B² = (223.53)(1.3x1.3) = 377.77 kN

377.77 kN > 189.9 kN ok !

Df = 3m

1.3m x 1.3 m

22
 LOAD: 288.9 KN
Df : 3m Nc : 12.11
ꙋ : 15 kN/m³ Nq : 4.02
ϕ : 14 ̊ Nꙋ : 2.23
c ‘: 30 kPa Fs : 3

qu = 1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4ꙋBNꙋ

qu = 1.3(30)(12.11) + (3 x 15)(4.02) + (0.4)(15)(1.3)(2.23)

qu = 670.58 kN

So, allowable load per unit area of the foundation,

𝑞𝑢 670.58
qall = = = 223.53 kN
𝑓𝑠 3

The total allowable gross load,

Q = (224.42)B² = (223.53)(1.3x1.3) = 377.77kN

377.77 kN > 288.9 kN ok !

Df = 3m

1.3m x 1.3 m

23
 LOAD : 381.0 KN
Df : 3m Nc: 12.11
ꙋ: 15 kN/m³ Nq: 4.02
ϕ : 14 ̊ Nꙋ: 2.23
c ‘: 30 kPa Fs :3

qu = 1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4ꙋBNꙋ

qu = 1.3(30)(12.11) + (3 x 15)(4.02) + (0.4)(15)(1.5)(2.23)

qu = 673.26 kN

So, allowable load per unit area of the foundation,

𝑞𝑢 673.26
qall = = = 224.42 kN
𝑓𝑠 3

The total allowable gross load,

Q = (224.42)B² = (224.42)(1.5x1.5) = 504.95 kN

504.95 kN > 381 kN ok !

Df = 3m

1.5m x 1.5 m

24
 LOAD: 480 KN
Df: 3m Nc: 12.11
ꙋ: 15 kN/m³ Nq: 4.02
ϕ: 14 ̊ Nꙋ: 2.23
c ‘: 30 kPa Fs: 3

qu = 1.3cNc + qNq + 0.4ꙋBNꙋ

qu = 1.3(30)(12.11) + (3 x 15)(4.02) + (0.4)(15)(1.5)(2.23)

qu = 673.26 kN

So, allowable load per unit area of the foundation,

𝑞𝑢 673.26
qall = = = 224.42 kN
𝑓𝑠 3

The total allowable gross load,

Q = (223.53)B² = (224.42)(1.5x1.5) = 504.95 kN

504.95 kN > 480 kN ok !

Df = 3m

1.5m x 1.5 m

25
4.3 Settlement Checking

1) Column 1 & 1a

Proposed size = 1.3 x 1.3

i) Determine the net allowable bearing pressure, kN/m²

𝑁60 𝐵+0.3
qnet = ( )²
0.125 𝐵

10 1.3+0.3
= ( )²
0.125 1.3

= 121.18 kN/m²

ii) Determine the settlement, mm (B > 1.22 m )

1.25 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡
Se = f
𝑁60 . 𝐹𝑑

1.25 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡
= 𝐷𝑓
𝑁60 (1+0.33( ))
𝐵

1.25 (121.18)
= 3
10(1+0.33(1.3))

= 8.60 < 25 mm

- Acceptable

26
2) Column 2&3

Proposed size = 1.5 x 1.5

i) Determine the net allowable bearing pressure, kN/m²

𝑁60 𝐵+0.3
qnet = ( )²
0.125 𝐵

10 1.5+0.3
= ( )²
0.125 1.5

= 96 kN/m²

ii) Determine the settlement, mm (B > 1.22 m)

1.25 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡
Se = f
𝑁60 . 𝐹𝑑

1.25 𝑞𝑛𝑒𝑡
= 𝐷𝑓
𝑁60 (1+0.33( ))
𝐵

1.25 (96)
= 3
10(1+0.33(1.3))

= 6.81 < 25 mm

- Acceptable

27
4.4 Summary of Design

Column C1 C2 C3 C4

Proposed size (m) 1.3 x 1.3 1.3 x 1.3 1.5 x 1.5 1.5 x 1.5

Qall (kN) 223.53 kN 223.53 kN 224.42 kN 224.42 kN

Settlement,Se (mm) 8.60 8.60 6.81 6.81

Settlement check OK ! OK! OK! OK!

< 25 mm

Table 4.1 : Summary of Design

28
4.5 Drawing of Foundation

Plan Figure
Plan View

Plan X-X

Plan Y-Y

29
 DISCUSSION

This project was proposed two-storey house at Jalan Berjaya, Kampung Attap, 50460,
Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur. This project is to obtain the research of soil investigation
from the site by use the design and to proposal structural foundation. The findings from the soil
investigation work will be used to design a foundation that is safe and reliable. The foundation
will be designed to the weight of the two-storey house.

Four column in total were chosen. Loads have to be designed based on the maximum
loads for each columns. There are will be two groups for group of column loads which is for
the F1 0-400 kN and F2 401-600 kN. The different depth of borehole total were examined.
Which have four final depth of borehole which are 36.30 m, 30.25 m, 27.18 m and 30.25 m.
Then, the type of soil used is sandy loam in this project. Also, shallow foundation will be use
in this project. Due to the depth of the soil profile, spread footings are used as foundation
designs.

Furthermore, the Qall values in each of the calculated columns are higher than the
maximum loads. This can providing with the further evidence the proposed of foundation
support can withstand the load applied. The suggestion size in each column is 1.3 m x 1.3 m
for column 1 and 1a. Meanwhile, the size column 2 and 3 is 1.5 m x 1.5 m. The settlement of
each column was also analyzed. After making the calculation for checking the settlement, the
settlement is acceptable and settlement less than 25 mm as required minimum in each column
which are for column 1 and 1a is 8.60 and for column 2 and 3 both is 6.81.

A limitation of this study is that the current bore log data is designed for shallow
foundation. For the purpose of being justified, the data suggest that foundation should be
constructed from piles because it is assumed that they have weak soil properties in order to
increase the strength of the foundation. In order to be considered a good foundation, it must
possess the following characteristics, which are bearing capacity and strength against collapse.
Foundations ensure that structure is in direct contact with the ground and that the weight of the
structure itself is transferred to the soil below to create a solid, stable foundation.

30
 CONCLUSION

In the conclusion of foundation design, the chosen approach for this project is to employ
shallow foundations, specifically spread footings. This design allows for the calculation of the
foundation based on the maximum column loading, ensuring that the structural requirements
are met. Additionally, it involves evaluating settlement to determine whether it falls within
acceptable limits.

Shallow foundations, as opposed to deep foundations, offer certain advantages in terms

of cost and construction time. They are generally more economical to construct and can be built
more quickly, making them a preferred choice for many projects. Shallow foundations are
particularly suitable for buildings that are less intensive in terms of load and weight.

Within the category of shallow foundations, spread footings are commonly

recommended for low-rise buildings. A spread footing functions by distributing the weight of
the structure over a larger area of soil. This distribution helps to minimize soil compression
and prevent excessive settlement, ensuring the stability and longevity of the foundation.

The size of the spread footing is determined by considering two primary factors: the
weight of the structure it needs to support and the bearing capacity of the soil. By accurately
assessing these factors, engineers can design an appropriately sized footing that can effectively
distribute the load and prevent soil failure.

Spread footings are also favored for their cost-effectiveness. They are relatively
inexpensive to construct compared to other foundation types, making them a practical choice
for many construction projects. Their simplicity and widespread usage in the industry further
contribute to their popularity.

Last but not least, the utilization of shallow foundations, specifically spread footings,
in this project offers several benefits. It allows for the calculation of foundation design based
on maximum column loading and settlement considerations. Shallow foundations, in general,
offer cost and time advantages over deep foundations, making them more suitable for less
intensive and lighter structures. Spread footings, specifically, distribute the structure's weight
over a larger soil area, preventing soil compression and settlement. Their cost-effectiveness
and common usage make them a preferred choice for low-rise buildings.

31
 REFERENCES

Desk, Housing News. “Shallow Foundation: Types, Design, Advantages and Disadvantages.”

Housing News, 22 Feb. 2023, housing.com/news/shallow-foundation-meaning-types-

construction-standards-designing-steps-and-pros-and-cons/.

“Foundation - Civil Engineering.” Civiltoday.com, 2019, civiltoday.com/geotechnical-

engineering/foundation-engineering.

“Geo Technical Engineering and Foundation Engineering - Definitions and Class Notes.”

Www.aboutcivil.org, www.aboutcivil.org/geo-technical-foundation-engineering.html.

GeoEngineer. “Direct Shear Test.” Www.geoengineer.org,

www.geoengineer.org/education/laboratory-testing/direct-shear-test.

https://www.facebook.com/TheConstructor. “Types of Shallow Foundations and Their Uses.”

The Constructor, 18 Mar. 2013, theconstructor.org/geotechnical/shallow-foundations-

types/5308/.

Kunkolienkar, Abhay. “Soil Investigation - What Is It and Why Is It Important ?” Tridentia -

Goa’s Renowned Real Estate Developer, 7 Mar. 2016, www.tridentia.in/buying-a-

home/soil-investigation-what-is-it-and-why-is-it-important/.

“Shallow Foundation.” Wikipedia, 8 Mar. 2022,

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shallow_foundation#:~:text=A%20shallow%20foundation%20

is%20a.

“Shallow Foundations.” Www.geoengineer.org, www.geoengineer.org/education/foundation-

design-construction/shallow-foundations.

Somers, Jason. “The Importance of Site Investigation with New Construction.” Crest Real

Estate, 8 Mar. 2021, www.crestrealestate.com/the-importance-of-site-investigation-

with-new-construction/#:~:text=The%20purpose%20of%20a%20site.

32
APPENDIX A
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN
MALAYSIA
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

BFC 43103 : FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

TITLE : PROJECT

AHMAD FAUZI BIN MOHAMAD SAPUAN (CF200148)

FATHIN NAJIHAH BINTI RAMALI (CF200266)
MUHAMMAD AKMAL BIN ZABIDI (CF200258)
MUHAMMAD IRFAN ZAFRI BIN MAZLAN (CF200265)
PATRICIA JUANA TEKONG (CF200134)
SCALE : 1:500
DRAWN BY: GROUP 2
CHECKED BY: Ts.Dr. NOR AZIZI BIN YUSOFF
DATE: 12 JUNE 2023
DRAWING NO: UPPER ROOF LAYOUT
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN
MALAYSIA
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

BFC 43103 : FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

2400
2600
1133

1200

TITLE : PROJECT
450
450

AHMAD FAUZI BIN MOHAMAD SAPUAN (CF200148)

FATHIN NAJIHAH BINTI RAMALI (CF200266)
MUHAMMAD AKMAL BIN ZABIDI (CF200258)
MUHAMMAD IRFAN ZAFRI BIN MAZLAN (CF200265)
PATRICIA JUANA TEKONG (CF200134)
SCALE : 1:500
DRAWN BY: GROUP 2
CHECKED BY: Ts.Dr. NOR AZIZI BIN YUSOFF

6000.0000
DATE: 12 JUNE 2023
DRAWING NO: FIRST FLOOR LAYOUT
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN
MALAYSIA
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

BFC 43103 : FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

TITLE : PROJECT

AHMAD FAUZI BIN MOHAMAD SAPUAN (CF200148)

FATHIN NAJIHAH BINTI RAMALI (CF200266)
MUHAMMAD AKMAL BIN ZABIDI (CF200258)
MUHAMMAD IRFAN ZAFRI BIN MAZLAN (CF200265)
PATRICIA JUANA TEKONG (CF200134)
SCALE : 1:500
DRAWN BY: GROUP 2
CHECKED BY: Ts.Dr. NOR AZIZI BIN YUSOFF
DATE: 12 JUNE 2023
DRAWING NO: GROUND BEAM BASE COLUMN
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN
MALAYSIA
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

BFC 43103 : FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

TITLE : PROJECT

AHMAD FAUZI BIN MOHAMAD SAPUAN (CF200148)

FATHIN NAJIHAH BINTI RAMALI (CF200266)
MUHAMMAD AKMAL BIN ZABIDI (CF200258)
MUHAMMAD IRFAN ZAFRI BIN MAZLAN (CF200265)
PATRICIA JUANA TEKONG (CF200134)
SCALE : 1:500
DRAWN BY: GROUP 2
CHECKED BY: Ts.Dr. NOR AZIZI BIN YUSOFF
DATE: 12 JUNE 2023
DRAWING NO: UPPER ROOF LAYOUT
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN
MALAYSIA
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

BFC 43103 : FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

TITLE : PROJECT

AHMAD FAUZI BIN MOHAMAD SAPUAN (CF200148)

FATHIN NAJIHAH BINTI RAMALI (CF200266)
MUHAMMAD AKMAL BIN ZABIDI (CF200258)
MUHAMMAD IRFAN ZAFRI BIN MAZLAN (CF200265)
PATRICIA JUANA TEKONG (CF200134)
SCALE : 1:500
DRAWN BY: GROUP 2
CHECKED BY: Ts.Dr. NOR AZIZI BIN YUSOFF
DATE: 12 JUNE 2023
DRAWING NO: UPPER ROOF LAYOUT
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN
MALAYSIA
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

BFC 43103 : FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

TITLE : PROJECT

AHMAD FAUZI BIN MOHAMAD SAPUAN (CF200148)

FATHIN NAJIHAH BINTI RAMALI (CF200266)
MUHAMMAD AKMAL BIN ZABIDI (CF200258)
MUHAMMAD IRFAN ZAFRI BIN MAZLAN (CF200265)
PATRICIA JUANA TEKONG (CF200134)
SCALE : 1:500
DRAWN BY: GROUP 2
CHECKED BY: Ts.Dr. NOR AZIZI BIN YUSOFF
DATE: 12 JUNE 2023
DRAWING NO: GROUND FLOOR LAYOUT
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN
MALAYSIA
FACULTY OF CIVIL AND
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

BFC 43103 : FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

TITLE : PROJECT

AHMAD FAUZI BIN MOHAMAD SAPUAN (CF200148)

FATHIN NAJIHAH BINTI RAMALI (CF200266)
MUHAMMAD AKMAL BIN ZABIDI (CF200258)
MUHAMMAD IRFAN ZAFRI BIN MAZLAN (CF200265)
PATRICIA JUANA TEKONG (CF200134)
SCALE : 1:500
DRAWN BY: GROUP 2
CHECKED BY: Ts.Dr. NOR AZIZI BIN YUSOFF
DATE: 12 JUNE 2023
DRAWING NO: PAD FOOTING