Physics 1st secondary [Unit1-Chapter 2: scalar and vector quantities]

Vector Algebra
Representing Vector Quantities:
The vector is represented by a straight segment of length proportional
to the vector magnitude, pointing from the initial point to the end point.
The vector is denoted by a bold letter (A) or a letter tagged by a small
arrow ( A )
Graphical representation of Vector:
The vector is represented by an arrow drawn at a suitable scale where:
• The arrow length represents the vector magnitude.
• The arrow direction represents the vector direction.

Vector

Vector Algebra
Basics
Equality of two vectors Multiplying by negative sign
Two vectors are considered equal if they The magnitude of vector A equals the
have the same magnitude and same magnitude of the vector − A but opposite
direction. in direction.
(even if each have a different initial point)
Vector Addition (resultant)
The two vectors required to By Drawing a triangle as Or by Completing
be added shown parallelepiped such that
the two vectors are
adjacent.

Mohammad Farouk Page 13

[UNIT1-CHAPTER 2: SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES] Physics 1st secondary
C = A+ B C = A+ B
Classwork:
ሬԦ.
ሬԦ and 𝒃
8) The opposite figure represents two vectors 𝒂
Which of the following figures represents the resultant of
ሬԦ − 𝒂
subtracting the two vectors (𝒃 ሬԦ)?

Example (8)
The opposite figure represents a group of vectors, so which of the
following choices is correct?

𝐸ሬԦ = 𝐶Ԧ + 𝐵
ሬԦ 𝐸ሬԦ = 3𝐹Ԧ + 𝐷 ሬԦ
𝐸ሬԦ = 𝐶Ԧ + 2𝐹Ԧ 𝐸ሬԦ = 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐹Ԧ
𝑏) 𝐸ሬԦ = 𝐶Ԧ + 2𝐹Ԧ
Answer - The right side in all choice is:
𝐸ሬԦ = 8 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 Its direction is rightward
- The left side in choice (a): 𝐶Ԧ + 𝐵 ሬԦ = 4 + 6 = 10 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
The direction of the resultant is rightward.
- The left side in choice (b): 𝐶Ԧ + 2𝐹Ԧ = 4 + ሺ2 × 2) = 8 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
The direction of the resultant is rightward.
- The left side in choice (c): 3𝐹Ԧ + 𝐷 ሬԦ = ሺ3 × 2) − 4 = 2 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
The direction of the resultant is rightward.
- The left side in choice (d): 𝐴Ԧ + 𝐹Ԧ = ඥሺ𝐴)2 + ሺ𝐹)2 = ඥሺ8)2 + ሺ2)2 = 2ξ17𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
The resultant makes an acute angle with the horizontal.
⸪The correct answer is (b)

Page 14 Mohammad Farouk

Physics 1st secondary [Unit1-Chapter 2: scalar and vector quantities]

Resultant (net) of two perpendicular vectors

Two vectors same direction Two vectors opposite Resultant (net) of two
direction perpendicular vectors

C = A+ B C = A− B C = A+ B
Magnitude: C = A + B Magnitude: C = A − B Magnitude: C = ( A) + ( B)
2 2

The direction of the The direction of the

resultant 𝐶Ԧ is same the resultant 𝐶Ԧ is opposite the B y
The direction: tan  = =
direction of the two vectors direction of the two vectors A x
A and B. A and B.
Classwork:
9) Find the resultant of two forces; one of them acting in dimension, while the
other acting in dimension.

................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................

Four forces are affecting an object as shown

Example in the opposite figure, Total force and the
(9) direction

Answer

Mohammad Farouk Page 15

[UNIT1-CHAPTER 2: SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES] Physics 1st secondary
Classwork:
10) A ship sails to North at velocity 12 km/h. due to tides, it deviated to West at velocity 15
km/h. Find the magnitude and direction of the resultant velocity of the ship.

................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................

Resolution of a vector
Resolving a vector is a reverse operation for the y
process of getting the resultant (adding)
To resolve a vector inclined to the horizontal (x-
axis) by angle θ to two components in the two
directions (x, y)

(Fx) is the force component in x-axis (Fy) is the force component in y-axis
direction (horizontal component) direction (vertical component)
Adjacent F opposite F
cos = = x sin  = = y
Hypotenuse F Hypotenuse F

Fx = F cos Fy = F sin 

Page 16 Mohammad Farouk

Physics 1st secondary [Unit1-Chapter 2: scalar and vector quantities]

Example Two forces are affecting an object as shown in

(10) the opposite figure, find the resultant of the 2-
vector

Answer

Example (11)
A military aircraft had departed the airport to the east, after a while the pilot reported the control tower
that the craft is at 21.5 km away in a direction that makes an angle of 22° with the horizontal. So, find
the vertical height of the craft above the ground and the horizontal distance from the tower at this
moment in the east direction
Answer

Classwork:
11) Two perpendicular force Fx and Fy act on a body. If the magnitude of their resultant is
20N and its direction makes an angle of 45° with the horizontal force, then find the
magnitude of the horizontal force (Fx) and the vertical force (Fy)

................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................

Mohammad Farouk Page 17

[UNIT1-CHAPTER 2: SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES] Physics 1st secondary

Example In the opposite figure, three forces act on a

body, so find the magnitude of their resultant.
(12)

Answer

Classwork:
12) If the resultant of the two vectors ሬ𝑨
ሬԦ and ሬ𝑩
ሬԦ
shown in the opposite figure is vector ሬ𝑪Ԧ, which
figure of the following figures represents
vector 𝑪ሬԦ?

................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
...............................................................................

Page 18 Mohammad Farouk

Physics 1st secondary [Unit1-Chapter 2: scalar and vector quantities]
Product of vectors

Scalar (Dot) product Vector (Cross) product

A  B = AB cos C = A  B = AB sin n
The result is a scalar quantity
( )
The result is a vector quantity C

( n ) is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane

of the vectors A & B
The direction that represents the direction of
the resultant vector C can be defined by the
right hand rule.
A B = B  A A  B = −B  A
The right hand rule:
Move the fingers of the right hand from the first vector towards the
second vector through the smaller angle between them, the
thumb then points to the direction of the resultant vector.

If the magnitudes of two vectors are 5 and 10 respectively

Example and the angle between them is 60˚, find the result of each of:
(13)
First: Second:
Answer

Mohammad Farouk Page 19

[UNIT1-CHAPTER 2: SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES] Physics 1st secondary

Example If the magnitude of the vector of the two vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵

ሬԦ equals double their
scalar product, then find the angle between the two vectors.
(14)
Answer

Classwork:
13) If ,so which of the following relations should be correct?
(Knowing that: θ is the angle between , φ is the angle between )

................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................

Example (15)
The opposite figure represents two perpendicular vectors
𝑋Ԧ and 𝑌ሬԦ of the same type and equal magnitudes. Which one of
the following operations on the two vectors gives a result that
zero?
𝑋Ԧ + 𝑌 ሬԦ 𝑋Ԧ − 𝑌
ሬԦ

𝑋Ԧ ∙ 𝑌
ሬԦ 𝑋Ԧ ∧ 𝑌
ሬԦ

Answer - 𝑋Ԧ + 𝑌 ሬԦ equals zero when the two vectors are equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction.
⸪ The two vectors are perpendicular.
⸫ Choice (a) is wrong.
- 𝑋Ԧ − 𝑌 ሬԦ equals zero when the two vectors are equal in magnitude and same in direction.
⸪ The two vectors are perpendicular.
⸫ Choice (b) is wrong.
- 𝑋Ԧ ∙ 𝑌
ሬԦ equals zero when the two vectors are perpendicular where:
𝑋Ԧ ∙ 𝑌
ሬԦ = 𝑋𝑌 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑋𝑌 cos 90 = 0
⸫ Choice (C) is correct.
- 𝑋Ԧ ∧ 𝑌 ሬԦ equals zero when the two vectors are parallel:
⸪ The two vectors are perpendicular.
⸫ Choice (d) is wrong.

Page 20 Mohammad Farouk

Physics 1st secondary [Unit1-Chapter 2: scalar and vector quantities]

There are two vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 ሬԦ, where the magnitude of vector 𝐴Ԧ is double the
Example magnitude of vector 𝐵 ሬԦ and the magnitude of their vector product equals 13.5
(16) units while their scalar product equals 4.5ξ3 units, then find:
(i) The angle between the two vectors.
(ii) The magnitude of vectors 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 ሬԦ.

Answer

Classwork:
14) The magnitudes of two perpendicular vectors are 3units and 5units. If one vector rotates
by 60° in the same plane towards the other vector, then find the magnitude of the vector
product of the two vectors.

................................................................................
................................................................................
................................................................................
............................................................................... .
................................................................................
................................................................................

Mohammad Farouk Page 21

[UNIT1-CHAPTER 2: SCALAR AND VECTOR QUANTITIES] Physics 1st secondary

Example (17)
In the opposite figure, Find the scalar product of the two vectors
𝐹Ԧ and 𝑟Ԧ.

From the previous figure:

Answer θ = 360 - (132+90+118) = 20°
⸫𝐹Ԧ . 𝑟Ԧ = 𝐹𝑟 cos 𝜃 = 32.8 × 17.3 × cos 20
=533.22N.m

Example (18)
If 𝐹Ԧ = 𝑉ሬԦ ∧ 𝐵
ሬԦ and vector 𝑉
ሬԦ is perpendicular to
vector 𝐵ሬԦ, so the direction of 𝐹Ԧ in the shown
two cases is perpendicular to the page and…..

Case (1) Case (2)

Into the page Out of the page
Into the page Into the page
Out of the page Into the page
Out of the page Out of the page
b) into the page, into the page
Answer Apply the right-hand rule, by moving the fingers of the right hand from vector 𝑉 ሬԦ to
vector 𝐵ሬԦ through the smallest angle between them, then the thumb points to the
direction of vector 𝐹Ԧ and it will be perpendicular into the page in both cases.

Page 22 Mohammad Farouk